THER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Ether: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84416-X 1. Ether-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on ether. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ETHER ....................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Ether.............................................................................................. 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 65 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 71 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ETHER ....................................................................... 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 91 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 96 General References ..................................................................................................................... 160 CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON ETHER ....................................................................................... 161 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 161 Dissertations on Ether ............................................................................................................... 161 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 164 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON ETHER .................................................................................................. 165 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 165 Patents on Ether......................................................................................................................... 165 Patent Applications on Ether..................................................................................................... 196 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 234 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ETHER ...................................................................................................... 235 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 235 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 235 Chapters on Ether ...................................................................................................................... 245 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ETHER ........................................................................ 247 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 247 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 247 Academic Periodicals covering Ether......................................................................................... 248 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 251 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 251 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 251 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 265 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 269 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 269 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 269 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 271 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 273 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 275 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 275 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 275 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 281 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 283 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 283 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 283 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 283 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 283 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 289 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 289
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ETHER DICTIONARY.................................................................................................................. 291 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 371
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with ether is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about ether, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to ether, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on ether. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to ether, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on ether. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ETHER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on ether.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and ether, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “ether” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Rapid Dissolution of Gallstones by Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether Source: Journal of Lithotripsy and Stone Disease. 3(1): 62-65. January 1991. Summary: Dissolution of gallbladder or bile-duct stones has received increasing interest in the past decade. This article reviews the rapid dissolution of gallstones by methyl tertbutyl ether (MTBE). MTBE is an ether that remains liquid at body temperature and has dissolved multiple human gallstones implanted in dog gallbladders, within 4 to 6 hours and without serious side effects. This article reports on initial studies of MTBE in humans. The authors describe two patients in whom MTBE was used to dissolve cholesterol gallstones in the gallbladder and bile duct within hours. 6 figures. 12 references.
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Dissolution of Gallbladder Stones with Methyl tert-Butyl Ether and Stone Recurrence: A European Survey Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 43(5): 911-920. May 1998. Contact: Available from Plenum Publishing Corporation. 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013. (212) 620-8468. Fax (212) 807-1047. Summary: Since there are now several ways to treat symptomatic gallstone disease, physicians can select a treatment on the basis of the patient's comfort; the practicability, effectiveness, and side effects of the technique; and the relative costs. In a study undertaken to assess the present status of contact dissolution with methyl tert-butyl ether at 21 European hospitals; 803 patients were selected for contact litholysis of cholesterol gallstones using methyl tert-butyl ether. Percutaneous (through the skin) transhepatic puncture of the gallbladder was performed under x-ray or ultrasound guidance. Dissolution rate, side effects, and treatment times of 268 patients from a single center were compared with those of 535 patients from the other 20 centers and 264 patients were followed for 5 years to monitor for stone recurrence. Physicians were asked how they assessed the method's cost, the discomfort to the patients, and the staffing situation. Patients were asked to indicate their acceptance on an analog scale. Puncture was successful in 761 patients (94.8 percent) and prophylactic administration of antibiotics was not necessary. Stones were dissolved in 724 patients (95.1 percent). In 315 patients (43.5 percent), sludge remained in the gallbladder. The most severe complication was bile leakage, which led 12 patients (1.6 percent) to have elective cholecystectomy. No toxic injuries due to ether were reported. The recurrence rate over 5 years was about 40 percent for single stones and about 70 percent for multiple ones. Some 70 to 90 percent of the centers found the puncture to be simple and not distressing for patients, and the relation between expenditure and therapeutic success to be acceptable. The acceptance of contact litholysis by the patients was excellent. The authors conclude that contact litholysis, when performed by an experienced team, provides real advantages in the treatment of gallstone disease. The method is technically simple and well accepted by the patients, and it can be easily applied in community hospitals. Contact litholysis may be of particular value in patients who are not suitable for anesthesia or surgery. 5 figures. 4 tables. 36 references. (AA-M).
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Commentary: Rapid Dissolution of Gallstones in Humans Using Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether Source: Journal of Lithotripsy and Stone Disease. 3(1): 58-61. January 1991. Summary: This article comments on the first report of the clinical use of methyl tertbutyl ether (MTBE) to dissolve gallbladder and bile duct gallstones (simultaneously published with this commentary). The author presents a brief history of the use of dissolution therapy, the introduction of ether solvents, the use of an automatic infusionaspiration pump, and a comparison of dissolution therapy to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. An annotated bibliography of 6 related items is appended. 19 references.
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Federally Funded Research on Ether The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to ether. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to ether. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore ether. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for ether: •
Project Title: A NOVEL TECHNOLOGY FOR MTBE REMOVAL FROM DRINKING WATER Principal Investigator & Institution: Tennakoon, Charles L.; Lynntech, Inc. College Station, Tx 77840 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (Applicant?s abstract): Some 18 billion pounds of MTBE was produced in 1995, making it the second most widely produced organic chemical in the United States. Despite its advantages in reducing air pollution, it has now been found that both ground water surface water sources are being contaminated with MTBE. The most serious contamination to date occurred in ground ware supplies in California, where 20 production wells are closed due to high MTBE contamination. USEPA currently classifies MTBE as a possible carcinogen in its largest directive this year and has decided to phase out the use of MTBE in gasoline. In the coming years, this nation faces a formidable task of ensuring that our drinking water supplies are free of MTBE. MTBE is not readily amenable to treatment by conventional techniques. It is high solubility in water (50g/L) limits adsorption on to activated carbon. Other oxidative techniques produce bromate ions far exceeding the allowed maximum concentration level (MCL) of 10mg/L in drinking water. Hence, efficient non-oxidative alternatives to remove MTBE from water are highly desirable and are urgently needed. The aim of this proposal is to develop a cartridge filter using a remarkably effective separation technology developed at Lynntech. Based upon the Phase I results, this technology would lead to the development of a cartridge that could supply MTBE safe drinking water for more than six months to household of four. Projected sale price of such a cartridge is about $25.00. During the Phase II, practical issues related to long-term stability, regenerability and reusability of the absorbent, large scale manufacturing, and production will be addressed. Phase II will also include designing and assembling prototype cartridges for further evaluation and demonstration to potential industrial partners. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Project Title: A UNIFIED APPROACH TO (+) AND (-) SPIROXINS AE Principal Investigator & Institution: Moniz, Georgr A.; Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University Holyoke Center 727 Cambridge, Ma 02138 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 17-SEP-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant) This proposal will detail studies directed towards the total synthesis of (+)- and (-)-Spiroxins A-E, new members of the bisnaphthospiroketal class of natural products. Spiroxin A has been shown to possess very promising biological activity, exhibiting antitumor activity in nude mice against ovarian carcinoma (59 percent inhibition after 21 days) at 1mg/kg dosing and cytotoxicity with a mean IC50 value of 0.09 mg/mL against a panel of 25 diverse cell lines. The mechanism of this activity is not known, nor are the biological activities of spiroxins B-E. The spiroxins are therefore very attractive targets for synthesis and analog preparation. Furthermore, the absolute stereochemistry of these natural products is not known, nor are the relative stereochemistries of Spiroxins D and E. The syntheses proposed herein would therefore also serve to provide critical stereochemical information by accessing the unnatural enantiomers and diastereomers which may themselves possess important biological activity. The proposed synthetic route is convergent, incorporates new methodology for the asymmetric preparation of naphthoquinols, and expands the utility of existing biaryl ether-forming methodologies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ANESTHETIC BINDING SITES ON THREE-HELIX BUNDLE PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Johansson, Jonas S.; Assistant Professor; Anesthesia; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2007 Summary: The proposed research has the long-range goal of providing an understanding of how the inhaled general anesthetics interact with proteins, from structural and dynamic points of view, at the molecular level. This will be achieved using approaches developed in this laboratory to detect anesthetic binding to protein targets. The primary experimental focus will be synthetic three-alpha-helix bundles that can be structurally modified by established techniques. These synthetic proteins serve as simplified models for the bundles of transmembrane alpha-helices that are ubiquitous structural components of ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors in the central nervous system, and are the favored targets for general anesthetics at present. The current structural understanding of membrane proteins precludes their use to precisely examine anesthetic- protein complexation. However, the proposed use of simplified, well-defined, models of the transmembrane domains of native proteins lend themselves to the direct determination of the structural features of anesthetic binding sites using various spectroscopic approaches and X-ray crystallography. This will provide a detailed frame to evaluate hydrophobic, polar, and protein cavity contributions to anesthetic binding, providing insight into the relative importance of specific molecular interactions for anesthetic complexation. This information will provide guidelines for the structural composition of in vivo binding sites for volatile general anesthetics. The consequences of anesthetic binding to protein targets will be determined using measures of protein dynamics such as fluorescence anisotropy and protein thermodynamic stability, with the goal of furthering our understanding of how a bound anesthetic might alter protein function. The proposed studies build on the reported findings on halothane binding to dimeric four-alpha-helix bundles to (i) define the structure of the anesthetic
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binding site, and (ii) obtain atomic-level X-ray crystal structures of protein with bound anesthetic. Ultimately, the use of such model systems will provide fundamental information concerning how these important clinical compounds interact with potential target sites in the central nervous system at the molecular level, and will establish a framework for testing such associations, with natural membrane proteins. A precise structural description of the anesthetic binding site on this model system will allow a focused search of the Protein Data Bank for potential binding sites on existing- and future entries. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANESTHETIC CONSEQUENCES
RENAL
METABOLISM--MECHANISMS
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Kharasch, Evan D.; Professor; Anesthesiology; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1999; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) The overall long-term objective of the proposed research is to enhance the clinical safety and efficacy of currently used fluorinated volatile anesthetics, to improve the development of future anesthetics, and to develop in vitro nephrotoxicity models which translate directly to clinical application. The immediate goals are to elucidate mechanisms of anesthetic nephrotoxicity, assess human risk, prevent clinical toxicity, and modernize in vitro screening methods for new anesthetic development. Two issues which drive this research are: 1) Certain fluorinated anesthetics cause nephrotoxicity, which is intrinsically linked to their metabolism by cytochrome P450. Nevertheless, the historically accepted explanation that hepatic P450catalyzed anesthetic defluorination and systemic fluorosis causes renal insufficiency is now clearly invalid and unapplicable to modern anesthetics, and 2) Sevoflurane, the most recently approved anesthetic, undergoes chemical degradation in clinical anesthesia machines and exposes patients to fluoromethyl-2,2- difluoro-1(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether. This fluoroalkene causes profound proximal renal tubular necrosis in rats. In humans, some evidence suggests dose-related clinically significant sevoflurane fluoroalkene nephrotoxicity, however data are very contradictory and the controversy remains unresolved. The potential risk to humans remains ambiguous, in part because the biochemical mechanism of fluoroalkene toxicity in rats and its relevance to humans is unknown. The central hypothesis to he tested in this investigation is that intrarenal metabolism is the critical etiologic factor responsible for the organ-specific nephrotoxicity of certain fluorinated anesthetics and the tubular necrosis caused by fluoroalkene anesthetic degradation products, and that species and drug specific differences in intrarenal anesthetic metabolism confers similar differences in nephrotoxicity. This hypothesis will be tested using complementary in vivo and in vitro approaches in both animal models and humans. Rat studies will evaluate anesthetic metabolism and toxicity using subcellular fractions, isolated proximal tubular segments, and whole animal models. Human studies will evaluate hepatic and renal metabolism in vitro, cultured human kidney cells, and clinical investigations in surgical patients. If intrarenal, rather than hepatic bioactivation underlies anesthetic nephrotoxicity, then screening mechanisms to identify such anesthetics and prevent their toxicity can be revised and future anesthetics more rationally developed. Identifying intrarenal pathways responsible for fluoroalkene breakdown product nephrotoxicity and their interspecies differences will permit adequate assessment of human anesthetic risks. More broadly, resulting biochemical and clinical insights will be
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applicable to the numerous other nephrotoxic haloalkenes that are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: APPLICATIONS CYCLIZATIONS
OF
ELECTRON
TRANSFER
INITIATED
Principal Investigator & Institution: Floreancig, Paul E.; Chemistry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: The purpose of this proposal is to continue the development of the electron transfer initiated cyclization reaction and to use this methodology for the synthesis of biologically important structures. In this reaction the photoinitiated single electron oxidation of alkylarenes substituted at the homobenzylic position with an electron donating substituent produces radical cations containing substantially weakened and polarized benzylic carbon-carbon bonds. Appended nucleophiles, such as hydroxyl, ether, and amide groups can displace benzylic radicals, resulting in a cyclization reaction. The mild reaction conditions and unique chemoselectivity exhibited by single electron transfer make this reaction a potentially very powerful new method for constructing organic molecules. Specific goals for the project include: A thorough study of the types of cation stabilizing substituents, aromatic leaving groups, and nucleophiles tolerated by this reaction. This study includes the development of new heterogenerative cascade reactions. The development of a chemically initiated variant of the reaction. The development of an electron transfer initiated cyclorelease reaction from a polymer support. Employment of the reaction as the key step in brief total syntheses of potent antitumor and immunosuppressant agents from the pederin and mycalamide family, and the use of these sequences in the synthesis of analogs. The proposed program provides both new methodology for organic synthesis and efficient routes to challenging and medicinally important structures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: APPLICATIONS REARRANGEMEN
OF
THE
STEREORETENTIVE
O
AND
C
Principal Investigator & Institution: Rovis, Tomislav; Chemistry; Colorado State University Fort Collins, Co 80523 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) The overall goal of this research is to develop stereoselective methods for the formation of sterically congested carbon-carbon bonds in order to provide rapid, efficient, and selective routes to biologically active molecules. These types of bonds are found in numerous natural product targets. The structurally related class of tetramic acid macrolactams, characterized by a polysubstituted bicyclo (3.3.0 core and a tetramic acid moiety connected within a macrolactam, are accessible by this methodology. They are of fundamental interest since members of this class exhibit a diverse biological activity profile. Cylindramide exhibits cytotoxicity against B16 melanoma cells. Geodin A is a potent nematocidal agent. Alteramide A shows cytotoxicity against murine leukemia P388 cells, murine lymphoma L1210 cells, and the human epidermoid carcinoma KB cells in vitro. Discodermide inhibits the in vitro proliferation of cultured murine P388 leukemia cells and has some antifungal activity. Aburatubolactam A was found to inhibit superoxide anion generation while aburatubolactam C induces apoptosis. The central approach of this research is to convert
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chiral vinyl ethers into the corresponding carbon-carbon bonds with retention of stereochemistry. This strategy takes advantage of the multitude of ways to control carbon-oxygen bond stereochemistry to translate it into carbon-carbon bond stereochemistry. Specifically, the goals of this research are: 1) develop and explore the scope of the stereoretentive O to C rearrangement of vinyl acetals; 2) apply this insight to the development of a general vinyl ether O to C rearrangement and investigate its limits; 3) explore new methods for the stereodefined generation of vinyl ethers in order to expand the scope of the stereoretentive O to C rearrangement of vinyl acetals and ethers; 4) extend these studies to the stereoretentive replacement of chiral ethers with other nucleophiles; 5) develop a mechanistic understanding of these reactions; 6) couple the stereoretentive O to C rearrangement with a subsequent transformation to facilitate the rapid assembly of oligopyrans relevant to the ladder toxin family of natural products; 7) implement these methods in the stereoselective synthesis of tetramic acid macrolactams such as cylindramide. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ARENE ACTIVATION BY TRANSITION METALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pearson, Anthony J.; Rudolph and Susan Rense Professor and c; Chemistry; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1986; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) The objectives of the proposed research are to use in organic synthesis the ability of transition metals to activate aromatic substrates toward nucleophilic addition. Two main areas of endeavor will be studied: (1) Chromium tricarbonyl complexes of alkoxybenzene derivatives, in which the alkoxy group is chiral, will be used as substrates for asymmetric carbon nucleophile addition reactions. The outcome of this protocol is the formation of chiral substituted cyclohexenones in high enantiomeric excess. (2) Cyclopentadienylruthenium complexes of chloroarenes will be used to effect nucleophilic aromatic substitution as a key step in the total synthesis of the aglycone of ristocetin A, which is a complex peptido aryl ether related to the important glycopeptide antibiotics vancomycin and teicoplanin. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ASSESMENT OF A CHRONIC SUBCUTANEOUS GLUCOSE SENSOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Ward, W Kenneth.; Legacy Health System 1919 Nw Lovejoy St Portland, or 97209 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): In the United States, diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end-stage kidney failure, blindness in adults under age 65, and is the second leading cause (after trauma) of limb amputation. Poorly-controlled glucose levels are the major cause of these complications, but tight glycemic control is difficult to safely achieve using present technology. While a continuously-functioning glucose sensor would assist in safely achieving tight glucose control, such devices are typified by instability and loss of output over time due to the formation of foreign-body scar tissue, which eventually surrounds the sensors. Miniaturized sensors could be implanted under the skin with minimal discomfort. It is possible that the surrounding scar capsule could be made much more "friendly" to a glucose sensor by the slow release of growth factor compounds from the sensor surface. The hypothesis is that such compounds would reduce the scar fibrosis and generate many blood vessels in the capsule. These
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blood vessels are important to the long-term function of the sensor given its need for continuous glucose and oxygen delivery. A study will initially be performed in order to ascertain the optimal dosage of the growth factor. Then the growth factor (or saline control) will be slowly released over one month from miniaturized pumps into the tissue, which directly contacts the sensor. The thickness of the capsule and the formation of new blood vessels will measured by standard histologic staining techniques and by endothelial Factor Vifi immunohistochemistry. Another major problem of glucose sensors is short-term drift. It is frequently observed but poorly understood. It now appears that it may be possible to obtain stable readings from simultaneous recordings of multiple sensor electrodes. The technique which will be used to separate the accurate electrode signals from the inaccurate (outlying) signals is from the field of median statistics and is called the ZMAD method of Rousseeauw. The ZMAD data processing will be performed prospectively and continuously. In addition, the sensors and their transmitters will be miniaturized with the help of a biotelemetry company, MiniMitter. The body can be hostile to compounds which coat implanted devices. We will compare two promising polyurethanes as sensor coats: a carbonate based- vs. ether-based polymer. We will compare their long term function in studies using rabbits, which will be also be used to ascertain the effect of the growth factors and the real-time data processing. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF MEDIUM RING POLYETHERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Crimmins, Michael T.; George & Alice Welsh Professor; Chemistry; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: This new program will focus on the development of a novel strategy for the enantioselective synthesis of complex medium ring ether marine natural products. A practical asymmetric aldol addition followed by a ring closing metathesis reaction will be used to construct six to nine membered cyclic ethers. The ring closing metathesis reaction of medium rings can be effected without cyclic constraints by exploiting the gauche effect of adjacent oxygen substituents. This effect will be explored in a tandem ring opening-ring closing metathesis reaction for the simultaneous production of two medium-sized cyclic ethers. The methods for medium ring ether synthesis will be utilized in the synthesis of a variety of novel, pharmacologically active marine natural products such as isolaurallene, pannosallene, brevetoxin A, mucocin and gigantecin. Since many of the polyether toxins and the cytotoxic annonaceous acetogenins are available in very small quantities, chemical synthesis offers one solution to the supply problem for further studies on the mechanism of action and chemical modification of the toxins and antitumor agents, leading ultimately to improvements in public health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BIOMATERIALS THAT PROMOTE HEALING & PREVENT INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Bryers, James D.; Professor; None; University of Connecticut Sch of Med/Dnt Bb20, Mc 2806 Farmington, Ct 060302806 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Several prokaryotic and eukaryotic intra- and intercellular processes are initiated and controlled by a communication pathway from
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stimulus, to cell surface receptor, to cell nucleus, to mRNA, to cytokine signaling agents and higher tissue response. We recognize that both prokaryotic and eucaryotic biological processes can be influenced through cell membrane receptor mechanisms. With NIH support, we will develop model cardiovascular biomaterials that (a) use surface-tethered ligands to promote macrophage adhesion and instigate a healing cascade [1-2], while (b) releasing bioactive molecules specifically selected to negate bacterial receptor-mediated adhesion. We have developed poly(ether urethane) materials, modified with poly(ethylene glycol) tethers that (1) eliminate random protein adsorption and (2) allow for surface modifications by cell adhesion promoting peptides and monoclonal antibody fragments. While all treatments promoted macrophage adhesion, some also promoted macrophage activation. Results also indicate that both peptide- and Mab-decorated PEU surfaces significantly enhanced bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation versus base material. Consequently, for biomaterials to attract macrophage without promoting bacterial infection, a means to negate bacterial adhesion is needed. Thus, we will over a three (3) year period, develop model biomaterials that biologically prevent bacterial colonization. Objectives are: 1. We will isolate and characterize the cognate receptor(s) that the bacterium, Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE), employs to bind to fibronectin (FN)-coated surfaces - i.e., FN binding receptors (FN-BR) - and we will generate monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to the entire receptor and its FN-binding domains. 2. A single chain variable fragment (scFV) antibody will be engineered from the variable heavy and light binding domains of the monoclonal antibody (MabFNBR) produced above. We will verify that the scFV antibody (FVFNBR) has the ability to bind to the SE FNBR receptor and block SE bacterial adhesion. 3. PEU materials will be fabricated containing one of the bacterial adhesion receptor blocking molecules (the MabFNBR or scFV antibody FVFNBR). Rates of bacterial anti-adhesion molecule release as a function of the amount of therapeutic agent loaded and biomaterial preparation will be determined. SE bacterial attachment studies will be carried out as a function of the specific biomaterial preparation in question and fluid phase cell concentration; under controlled hydrodynamic conditions. We will quantify macrophage adhesion, cytokine production, and macrophage activation; both with and without the presence of bacteria. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIOTHERMODYNAMIC STUDIES OF THE SOLVATION AND CLUSTERING OF NONIONIC AMPHIPHILES Principal Investigator & Institution: Davis, Michael I.; University of Texas El Paso El Paso, Tx 79968 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CHARACTERIZATION PLASMENYLCHOLINES
OF
PHOTOOXIDIZED
Principal Investigator & Institution: Thompson, David H.; Professor; Chemistry; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, in 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: The primary objectives of the proposed research are to quantify the formation rates of photooxidized plasmenylcholines and characterize their impact on membrane fluidity and lipidmediated membrane fusogenicity. An interdisciplinary project is
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proposed involving lipid synthesis, HPLC analysis with electrochemical & mass spectrometric detection, vesicle leakage, and EPR lipid diffusion experiments aimed at understanding the effects of photooxidation on membrane permeability. Water-soluble and membrane-soluble sensitizers, incorporated within guest membrane vesicles, will be illuminated under aerobic conditions to determine the effects of sensitizer localization on the lipid photooxidation rate. Results from these experiments will be compared with observations made using chemical oxidants. Labeled plasmenylcholines will be synthesized for 13C NMR experiments using methodology developed by Rui & Thompson [Chem. Eur. J. 1996 2 1505]. HPLC analysis and membrane fusion fluorescence assays will be used to monitor the rates of lipid photooxidation, vesicle lipid mixing, and vesicle contents mixing as a function of irradiation time & sensitizer type. Physical characterization of the membrane structures, before and after triggering, will also be performed using 31P NMR and EM techniques. These experiments will yield insights into the oxidative mechanisms of vinyl ether linked glycerophospholipids, such as plasmenylcholine and plasmenylethanolamine, that may be involved in reperfiision injury, multiple sclerosis, and other demyelinating disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHEMICAL BASIS FOR POTASSIUM CHANNEL MODULATION Principal Investigator & Institution: England, Pamela M.; Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Ion channels are a class of proteins that play critical role in cellular signaling by mediating the excitability of cells. This activity of ion channels is not static, but constantly changes in response to various intracellular and extracellular signals and, in recent years, many of the factors that directly modulate the activity of ion channels have begun to be identified. Understanding the chemical basis for how the activity of these proteins is modulated represents one of the most important areas of modern science as it impacts our understanding of how the nervous system works as well as our ability to pharmacologically manipulate it. The proposed research seeks to characterize several potential modes of modulation of the human ether-a-go-go related gene (HERG) ion channel, a voltage-gated potassium channel found in brain and heart. The activity of HERG channels is modulated by oxygen (02) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro and it has been proposed that HERG channels function as direct sensors of O2/ROS in vivo. The hypothesis that O2/ROS sensing by HERG channels is mediated by the reversible oxidation of methionine residues within the channel will be evaluated by characterizing the biophysical effects of site-specifically incorporating methionine sulfoxide into the channel on channel biophysics. HERG channel activity is also modulated by various classes of small molecules in vivo. In all but a few cases, the binding site(s) for these compounds have not been identified, however. The hypothesis that small molecules modulate the activity of HERG channels by binding to the Nterminal (PAS) domain will be evaluated using NMR spectroscopy (to detect structural perturbations associated with ligand binding) and electrophysiology (to define biophysical changes associated with ligand binding). Finally, HERG channel activity also appears to be modulated by various protein-protein interactions. To determine the site(s) in HERG that interact with other proteins, photoreactive amino acids capable of forming protein cross-links will be site-specifically incorporated into the HERG. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CONFORMATIONAL STUDY BY DYNAMIC NMR SPECTROSCOPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Noe, Eric A.; Jackson State University 1400 John R. Lynch St Jackson, Ms 39217 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: The proposed research involves the application of dynamic NMR spectroscopy and/or computational methods to studies of the conformational equilibria of a series of carboxylic acids, esters, and related compounds. The projects are expected to provide evidence that electron-releasing groups attached to the carbonyl group of an ester will increase the population of the E-isomers, and electron-withdrawing groups attached to the "ether" oxygen of an ester will also increase the stability of the E-isomers. Compounds to be studied include acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, oxalic, pyruvic acid, performic acid, and the cyanate esters of formic acid and acetic acid. Rotational barriers about the bond between oxygen and R' in RCO2 R' should affect the free-energy difference between E and Z conformations in esters, which a smaller barrier giving rise to a higher entropy and lower free energy. Studies of these barriers in several compounds, including tert-butyl formate and triphenylmethyl formate, are proposed. Esters occur widely in biological systems, and their properties are influenced by their conformations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--ENZYMES AND ANTIBODIES FACILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Thomas, Paul E.; Professor; Univ of Med/Dent Nj-R W Johnson Med Sch Robert Wood Johnson Medical Sch Piscataway, Nj 08854 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The overall purpose of the Enzymes and Antibodies Facility Core is to provide expertise and facilities for the characterization of enzymes that are important in the biotransformation of environmental chemicals. The application provides a detailed list of specific services to be provided by the Enzymes and Antibodies Facility Core. The Enzyme and Antibody Facility Core was formed in October of 1996 by combining two pre-existing Cores, namely the Monoclonal Antibody Production and Assay Laboratory (which was directed by P.E. Thomas), and the Laboratory for Protein Purification and Characterization (which was directed by C.S. Yang). The new Core Facility is directed by Dr. Thomas, which provides continuity. Dr. Thomas will be assisted by Dr. Hong, who will oversee the Core Facility?s new role in providing expertise and resources for expressing recombinant enzymes, for analyzing genetic polymorphisms in xenobioticmetabolizing enzymes (XME?s) and for preparing DNA probes. The Enzyme and Antibody Facility Core is located in laboratories in three different buildings: the EOSHI building, the Laboratory for Cancer Research (located next to the EOSHI building) and Dr. Chada?s laboratory in the RWJMS (also located next to the EOSHI building). This Core Facility is readily accessible to members of the Center. The Enzyme and Antibody Facility Core has produced one of best, if not the best, inventory of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against various P450 enzymes and other xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XME). The inventory is impressive not only in terms of the number of antibodies that have been prepared, but also for the degree to which these antibodies have been characterized with respect to their specificity and properties (such as whether they recognize the denatured P450 enzyme on western immunoblots, and whether they inhibit P450-dependent metabolism, a highly desirable property of such antibodies). The Enzyme and Antibody Facility Core has supported an impressive number and variety of research projects carried out by Center members. The facility was used to prepare
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recombinant P450 enzymes for studies of methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) metabolism (for C.S. Yang and J.Y. Hong); to purify P450 enzymes, the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase and muconaldehyde cross-linked proteins (for P.E. Thomas, J. Laskin and G. Witz); to prepare monoclonal antibodies against heme oxygenase (for M. Iba); to provide antibodies for immunoquantitation and immunocytochemistry (for M. Iba, D. Morse, H. Lowndres, C.S. Yang, J. Landau, C. Gardner, D. Laskin and numerous outside investigators); to conduct antibody-inhibition experiments to identify the contribution of individual P450 enzymes to the metabolism of MTBE (for C.S. Yang and J.Y. Hong) and estradiol (for B.T. Zhu and A.H. Conney); and to screen for polymorphisms in the human genes encoding CYP2A6, CYP2E1, the pi and mu forms glutathione Stransferases and quinone oxidoreductase (for J.Y. Hong and S. Mohr). The Enzyme and Antibody Facility Core also provides training in a variety of immunochemical and molecular biology techniques. The Enzyme and Antibody Facility Core is used by members in each of the research cores (albeit to varying extent), and by numerous outside researchers. The application identifies a large number of future research projects that will be supported by the Enzyme and Antibody Facility Core. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--OPTICS AND PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY DOSIMETRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Potter, William R.; Roswell Park Cancer Institute Buffalo, Ny 14263 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The overall aim of Core B, the Optics and PDT Dosimetry Core, is to provide support for the light delivery for PDT both in the clinic and in the laboratory. This include the setup for the light delivery devices (lasers, fibers, beam splinters) for both clinical and laboratory photodynamic therapy. PDT in both the laboratory and clinic requires proper dosimetry. The Core provides equipment and personnel to support the research of the projects and works to maximize the yield of useful information. To perform this function it is necessity to understand the dosimetry of PDT. This leads an effort in modeling. The limited understanding of dosimetry as dependent on the light and a drug has been expanded through study of the QSAR data on the pyropheophorbide hexyl ether series to include a sensitive target for PDT. We intend to continue to study the dosimetry of PDT in an attempt to support and provide a testable model framework in which to understand the results of the other projects in the overall study of structure activity relationships. Core personnel will perform laser maintenance, calibration and dosimetric measurements required by the clinical and laboratory research activities of the projects. The specific aims of Core B are: i. Technical support for clinical and scientific lasers; ii. Measurement of photobleaching during therapy; iii. Measurement of the total attenuation of tumor and normal tissue in patients undergoing PDT for the treatment of skin tumors; iv. Study of the pharmacokinetics of pyropheophorbide hexyl ether and subsequent series and ALA; v. PS distributions in frozen sections of tumors and normal tissues; vi. Refining the analytic framework of PDT targeting and dosimetry. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DEFECTIVE TRAFFICKING MECHANISMS IN A CARDIAC K+ CHANNEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Kupershmidt, Sabina; Pharmacology; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is a cardiovascular disorder characterized by an abnormality in cardiac repolarization leading to a prolonged QT interval on the ECG. Three of the five genetic loci known to cause the inherited form of the disease code for cardiac potassium channel subunits. One is the Human-ether-a-go-go-related-gene product (HERG) underlying the fast component of the cardiac delayed rectifier IKr. HERG-associated LQT mutations can result either in dysfunctional channels at the plasma membrane, or in incompletely processed channels retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and then targeted for degradation by ERresident quality control mechanisms. The forward trafficking of ion channels and other multimeric protein complexes can be regulated through assembly-dependent masking of specific ER retention motifs. One recently identified retention motif found in several membrane protein complexes, is 'RXR' where 'R' is arginine and 'X' can be any amino acid. Our preliminary data indicate that RXR is an important regulator of plasma membrane expression of HERG as well. We found that truncation of 147 amino acids from the distal C-terminus of HERG results in the loss of IKr However, IKr could be restored by deleting an RXR signal immediately upstream of the truncated C-terminus. The central hypothesis of our proposal is that the C-terminus of HERG influences IKr by controlling the rate of HERG trafficking through RXR ER retention signals. Thus, Cterminal LQT truncation mutations reduce the number of HERG channels at the membrane because they expose consensus RXRs recognized by the ER quality control system. To test this hypothesis, we have formulated three Specific Aims: 1. To test whether the exposure an RXR signal in HERG C-terminal LQT mutations leads to an IKr defect due to ER retention. We will determine the effect on HERG trafficking of eight RXR signals in the C-terminus. We will further test whether those RXRs cause defective trafficking of associated downstream LQT mutations. 2. To test if decoy peptides can rescue RXR-dependent ER retention mutants. Following up on our findings that RXRdependent intracellular retention of HERG can be reversed by treatment with specific peptides, we will develop peptide-based approaches to alleviate ER retention defects of HERG LQT mutations. 3. To identify the mechanism that permits HERG trafficking. We will investigate the role played by the HERG distal C-terminus in masking an upstream RXR, whether shielding of the RXR is accomplished by an intra- or an intermolecular mechanism. This study will explain important aspects of the biogenesis, intracellular processing, and trafficking of an important cardiac K+ channel. We will develop novel therapeutic strategies designed to correct intracellular processing steps of HERG and possibly other plasma membrane proteins that suffer from defects caused by the same mechanism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DETERMINANTS OF CARDIAC REPOLARIZATION Principal Investigator & Institution: January, Craig T.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: The rapidly activating delayed rectifier K- current (IKr), and the human ether-a-go-related gene (HERG) thought to encode it, play a key role in cardiac repolarization, and mutations in HERG cause congenital long QT syndrome (LQT-2). HERG, IKr and LQT-2 will be studied using molecular and electrophysiological techniques in transfected HEK293 cells and native rabbit myocytes. Specific aim 1 is to study cellular mechanisms of ion channel processing of HERG wild type and LQT-2 mutant channels. We have previously identified normal steps in the processing
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mechanism for HERG protein as well as abnormal processing for some LQT-2 mutants. We will extend these observations by testing three hypotheses: a) the failure of some LQT-2 mutants to function normally involves defects in multiple processing steps, b) coexpression of the minK or minK-related subunits modifies HERG wild type and LQT-2 protein trafficking, c) co-expression of wild type HERG protein with minK LQT mutations (LQT-5) alters the expression of HERG current. We will identify the steps where this occurs. Specific aim 2 is to study cell processes that modify HERG protein production and degradation. We will test the hypothesis that LQT-2 mutant proteins are degraded rapidly, compared with wild type HERG protein, which is of particular importance for newly described LQT-2 mutant channels that form functional channels. Such an increased turnover, if demonstrated, would be a novel mechanism for the expression of the LQT-2 phenotype. We will also test the hypothesis that N- linked glycosylation is a determinant of the stability of expressed HERG protein. We will test the effects of temperature as a determinant of the success and efficiency of trafficking of LQT-2 mutant channels to the surface membrane, and we will identify additional cell processes that might modify HERG protein trafficking. Specific aim 3 is to study the mechanisms of co- assembly of wild type HERG with LQT-2 mutant channel subunits. We will test the hypothesis that protein trafficking abnormalities alter expression of the dominant negative effect. We will test what role, if any, minK, minK-related, and minK mutant (LQT-5) channels have in modifying this. This research will increase our knowledge of molecular mechanisms of ion channel processing and function of HERG and more generally will have implications for all ion channels. More specifically it will have particular relevance to mechanisms of the human disease LQT-2. Elucidating mechanisms in these areas in important in developing new strategies for understanding normal and abnormal arrhythmogenesis and for new strategies for anti-arrhythmic therapies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TREATMENT
DEVELOPMENT
OF
AN
ORAL
DRUG
FOR
SMALLPOX
Principal Investigator & Institution: Painter, George R.; Chimerix, Inc. 4401 Eastgate Mall, Ste 1058 San Diego, Ca 92121 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): An orally active antiviral drug for the treatment of smallpox infection resulting from biowarfare or bioterrorism is needed as an alternative therapy for the estimated 40 million Americans who cannot be safely vaccinated. Although Cidofovir (CDV, Vistide(r)) inhibits poxvirus replication in cell culture and in mouse models, it must be administered by intravenous infusion and has shown a high level of nephrotoxicity. Novel, lipid ether conjugates of CDV have recently been described that inhibit smallpox replication in cell culture, and prevent mortality in mouse models of poxvirus infection after oral dosing. In addition, tissue distribution experiments indicate that the lipid-CDV conjugates are not deposited in the kidney, suggesting the possibility of diminished nephrotoxicity. This proposal includes the work necessary to choose a development candidate for the treatment of smallpox from two lead lipid-CDV conjugates (HDP-CDV and ODE-CDV), and to file an IND and conduct a Phase I clinical trial to assess the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of this candidate. Specific aims and milestones that represent critical activities and key decisions in this proposal are: 1. Synthesize and characterize adequate drug substance to complete Aims 2 through 4. Characterization will include preformulation studies. Alternative routes of synthesis will also be examined. 2. Compare the pharmacokinetics
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and organ distribution of HDP-CDV and ODE-CDV in mice after oral dosing. 3. Compare the toxicological profiles of oral HDP-CDV and ODE-CDV in a 14-day dose range finding study in mice. 4. Compare the oral efficacy of HDP-CDV and ODE-CDV in mice infected with vaccinia, cowpox and ectromelia virus. The data generated in aims 1 through 4 will be used to choose which candidate to carry into full development (first milestone). At this point a pre-IND meeting will be requested with the FDA to discuss the proposed development plans. 5. Complete absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination studies necessary to file an IND. 6. Produce cGMP drug substance for use in toxicology studies and Phase I clinical trials. 7. Conduct GLP safety pharmacology and toxicology studies necessary to file an IND. 8. Evaluate the efficacy of the lead compound in the cynomolgus monkey model of smallpox infection in collaboration with USAMRIID. Under the animal efficacy rule (Federal Register 67:37988-98, 2002), this study could provide the efficacy data necessary for FDA approval. 9. Manufacture prototype formulations, and produce cGMP clinical trials material. A Phase I protocol will be finalized in collaboration with the NIAID, and an IND will be filed with the FDA (second milestone). Upon FDA approval, a Phase I trial will be initiated to evaluate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of a single, escalating dose in human volunteers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DIMANDELIC ACID ETHERS AS TOPICAL MICROBICIDES FOR HIV Principal Investigator & Institution: Klotman, Mary E.; Professor and Chief; Medicine; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): There are 16,000 new cases of HIV infection everyday with over 36.1 million people living with HIV/AIDS today. Worldwide, the vast majority of new infections with HIV are acquired through sexual transmission, the major route of transmission to the 16.4 million infected women. Compounds that are developed for topical use to prevent HIV transmission (microbicides) offer a promising and perhaps more easily realized alternative to development of an effective vaccine. However, recent disappointing experience with a widely used contraceptive, nonoxynol-9, emphasizes the need for extensive preclinical evaluation of compounds for antiviral efficacy and toxicity prior to their widespread use as a topical microbicide. This Program Project Grant will focus on the development of a novel class of candidate compounds based on the parent compound, sodium dimandelic acid ether (SAMMA). SAMMA has antiviral activity against laboratory-adapted and primary isolates of HIVas well as herpes simplex virus (HSV), the sexually transmitted disease that is a major cofactor for HIV, without apparent cytotoxicity. It inhibits sperm function and prevents fertilization in the rabbit. Through the rational design of compound derivatives synthesized by a core laboratory, critical structure/function relationships will be determined for this class of compounds in studies designed to define the full HIV (Projects 1 and 3) and HSV (Projects 2 and 3) inhibitory spectrum, cytotoxicity (Projects 1,2,3 and 4), mechanism(s) of inhibition (Projects 1 and 2) and contraceptive potential (Project 4). Mechanism studies will extend preliminary observations that the parent compound works at an early step in viral entry for both HIV and HSV by carefully studying viral and viral glycoprotein interactions with cell membrane ligands involved in attachment and entry (Projects 1 and 2). Initial cell interactions will be examined by using primary epithelial cells, T -cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. To more closely simulate the anatomical, physiologic and immunological environment of the genital
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mucosa, Project 3 will examine the efficacy in cervical lavage and seminal fluid as well as efficacy in human mucosal explant cultures and in a murine model of HSV. Lastly, through co-culture of HIV and HSV in primary cells and in the cervical mucosal explant culture, the added benefit of targeting both viruses with topical microbicides will be defined. The proposed comprehensive evaluation of this class of compounds will determine if it should progress to clinical evaluation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DISTINCTION AMONG EIGHT OPIATE DRUGS IN URINE BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC Principal Investigator & Institution: Nowatzke, William; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Opiates are commonly abused substances, and forensic urine drug-testing for them involves an immunoassay screen and gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) confirmation. There are also medical reasons to test urine for opiates, and confirmation procedures other than GC/MS are often used for medical drug-testing which are more compatible with the demands of clinical services and which identify a wider range of opiates than those in standard forensic batteries. One such procedure involves thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis of opiate derivatives and can distinguish eight clinically encountered opiates, including morphine, acetylmorphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, codeine, dihydrocodeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone. Medical drug-testing results are sometimes challenged by patients, causing physicians to request additional confirmation of the identified opiates. To our knowledge, no previous report examines all opiates specified above in a single GC/MS pr ocedure, but we find that they can be distinguished by GC/MS analyses of trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivatives, the mass spectra of which contain prominent molecular ions. Inclusion of deuterium-labeled internal standards permits quantitation of each of the eight opiates in urine. The GC/MS assay is linear over a concentration range which spans the TLC cutoff level, and coefficients of variation of 10% or less at concentrations below the TLC cutoff are achieved by for all opiates specified above except for oxymorphone and oxycodone, which exhibit coefficients of variation of 1819%. This procedure has proved useful as a third-stage identification step for medical drug-testing specimens in which results from prior immunoassay and TLC analyses were challenged. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DNA CROSS-LINKING BY DIEPOXYBUTANE Principal Investigator & Institution: Tretyakova, Natalia Y.; Medicinal Chemistry; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): 1,2,3,4-Diepoxybutane (DEB) is an important metabolite of 1,3-butadiene, a major industrial chemical and environmental pollutant found in automobile exhaust and cigarette smoke. DEB is a bifunctional alkylating agent classified as "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen" (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). DEB is by far the most genotoxic metabolite of 1,3-BD, with mutagenic potency two orders of magnitude higher than that of butadiene monoepoxide. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of DEB is thought to be a result of its bifunctional nature. DEB can form DNA-DNA cross-links by simultaneously alkylating
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two nucleobases within the DNA duplex. Depending on their structure, the cross-linked lesions can induce cytotoxic or promutagenic effects. Although N7-G-N7-G DEB crosslinks were first isolated from DNA over 40 years ago, no detailed structural information for these lesions is available. Gel electrophoresis studies have provided evidence for DEB cross-linking at adenine nucleobases, but did not allow structural identification of these lesions. The overall goal of the proposed research is to evaluate the role of DNADNA cross-linking in the genotoxic effects of diepoxybutane and 1,3-butadiene. We will investigate DEB-induced DNA cross-linking by a combination of mass spectrometry, molecular biology, and molecular modeling. First, we will structurally characterize DEB-DNA cross-links and determine sequence preferences for their formation. Next, we will evaluate the hydrolytic stability of DEB-DNA cross-links and their recognition by the E. coli UvrABC repair complex. Finally, the formation of DEB-DNA cross-links in rodent tissues following DEB exposure will be quantified by capillary HPLC-ESIMS/MS methods. The results of this research will provide valuable information on the molecular mechanisms underlying the genotoxic activity of diepoxybutane. These findings will be extended to other bifunctional electrophiles to explain the observed differences in their biological activity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF COCAINE ON CARDIAC ION CHANNELS Principal Investigator & Institution: O'leary, Michael E.; Pathology, Anat/Cell Biology; Thomas Jefferson University Office of Research Administration Philadelphia, Pa 191075587 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-MAR-2002; Project End 29-FEB-2004 Summary: The experiments outlined in this proposal will examine the medical and health consequences of cocaine abuse, which has been identified as NIDA as a serious problem in this country. Since 1998 the use of cocaine in the US has risen, in part due to the low cost and ample supply. Paralleling this trend has been an increase in the rate of emergency room admissions related to cocaine use and cocaine-related deaths. The exact causes of the cocaine-related fatalities in most cases are not known but many are believed to result from cardiac arrhythmias, the leading cause of death associated with cocaine abuse. In humans, cocaine is known to increase heart rate and blood pressure, effects that are primarily attributable to the sympathomimetic actions of this drug. Cocaine also produces significant changes in cardiac electrophysiology, decreasing the conduction and slowing the repolarization following an action potential. These electrical disturbances are believed to result from a direct anesthetic effect of cocaine on cardiac ion channels. In this proposal, we will investigate the cocaine sensitivity of sodium and potassium channels important for initiating and terminating the cardiac action potential. Inhibiting these channels disrupts the coordinated electrical activity of the heart, a wellknown risk factor for the generation of ventricular arrhythmias. A combination of electrophysiology and molecular biology will be used to investigate the mechanisms of inhibition of these channels and to identity sites important for cocaine binding. The human cardiac sodium channel (hH1) and the human ether-a-g-go delayed rectifier potassium channel (HERG) will be expressed in mammalian cells and the resulting currents recorded using patch clamp techniques. Our data indicate that cocaine binding to these channels is state-dependent, with cocaine preferentially binding to the open and inactivated channels. Inactivation-deficient mutants of hH1 and HERG will be constructed to investigate the contribution of inactivation gating to cocaine binding and to facilitate the measurement of open-channel block. Additional mutants with the sixth transmembrane spanning segments, the putative anesthetic binding sites of these
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channels, will also be investigated. The proposed studies ill provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the cocaine-induced changes in cardiac electrophysiology and the cardiotoxic effects of this drug. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FUNCTION
ENDOGENOUS
CANNABINOIDS
AND
BRAIN/IMMUNE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Martin, Billy R.; Louis/Ruth Harris Professor and Chair; Pharmacology and Toxicology; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-1995; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): There is now convincing evidence that an endogenous cannabinoid system exists in both the brain and periphery. The isolation and identification of endogenous cannabinoids, such as anandamide, 2-arachidonyl glycerol and noladin ether, have intensified efforts to understand the functional significance of endogenous cannabinoids. It was the discovery of the endocannabinoids that led to the formation of the current program project. Our major goal continues to be the establishment of the role of the endocannabinoid system in normal physiological processes as well as in disease states. This understanding is particularly relevant to the etiology of cannabis abuse as well as identification of therapeutic uses of cannabinoids. Cannabinoid research has produced tremendous advances in recent years; however, as is often the case, increased knowledge reveals the complexity of a biological system. We are now assured that endocannabinoids produce some of their effects through known cannabinoid receptors, yet they are also capable of acting at as-yet-unidentified sites. It is unclear whether endocannabinoids and the plant-derived tetrahydrocannabinoid (THC) activate endocannabinoids in an identical fashion. The synthesis, cellular uptake and metabolic degradation are all crucial for the actions of the endocannabinoids, but these processes are not yet fully understood. There are numerous suggestions that endocannabinoids are involved in neurodegenerative/neurological disorders, yet the mechanism responsible for these putative actions remain to be elucidated. The purpose of this proposal is to address the above questions using this multidisciplinary program that consists of five research projects and an administrative core. Each P.I. is an experienced researcher who will make a unique contribution. Professor Mechoulam proposes to isolate and identify other endogenous substances, conduct a synthetic program, and assess cannabinoids as neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agents. Dr. Razdan will continue to provide novel and innovative probes to the other members of the program project. Research teams led by Drs. Martin and Pertwee will coordinate their pharmacological evaluations of endogenous ligands and their analogs in order to further the structure-activity relationships of agonists and antagonist at the CB1 receptor, establish the structure-activity relationships for non-CB1 cannabinoid receptors, investigate cannabinoid actions at vanilloid VR1 receptors and develop selective inhibitors for fatty acid amidohydrolase and the anandamide membrane transporter. Dr. Dewey will determine which signal transduction pathways are critical for endocannabinoid and exocannabinoid actions. This highly integrated research team will continue to work closely together toward the goal of defining the biological roles of endocannabinoids. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ENDOTHELIAL PLASMALOGENS
CELL
HYPOXIA
Studies
21
ROLE
OF
TOLERANCE:
Principal Investigator & Institution: Farber, Harrison W.; Professor; Medicine; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): We have demonstrated that endothelial cells (EC) are highly resistant to the injurious effects of acute and chronic hypoxia and have theorized that in EC, as in other hypoxia tolerant organisms or tissues, multiple factors contribute to their remarkable hypoxia tolerance. Among these potential factors are plasmalogens, a subset of "vinyl ether" phospholipids that are found within cellular membranes, constitute.18% of the total phospholipid mass in humans and have been identified as potent endogenous antioxidants. We have developed substantial evidence that plasmalogens exist in human and bovine pulmonary artery EC (HPAEC and BPAEC) and human brain microvascular EC and that increased plasmalogen levels correlate with resistance of human EC to the injurious effects of hypoxia and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Plasmalogen protection appears stress specific in that HPAEC with increased levels of plasmalogen are not protected against other common cellular stresses, such as heat shock or glucose deprivation. These findings suggest that plasmalogens can contribute to the protection of EC against specific cellular stresses; to investigate this hypothesis further, we will: 1) Define the role of plasmalogens in human EC survival during hypoxia: by establishing a relationship between plasmalogen levels and cell damage during exposure to hypoxia through modulation of plasmenylcholine content; by determining plasmalogen loss in normoxia and during exposure to hypoxia; by determining chemical breakdown, metabolic products of plasmalogens and/or plasmalogen-dependent eicosanoid products in normoxia and during hypoxia to determine if plasmalogens act as scavengers of ROS or as precursors for second messengers. 2) Define the stress-specific protection of increased human EC plasmalogen content: by comparing cell damage during exposure to hypoxia and other cellular stresses (exposure to ROS, change in redox potential, increased temperature, glucose depletion, etc): by determining the association between plasmalogens and cellular oxidants, cellular oxidases and antioxidants. Once the biochemistry of plasmalogens in EC has been clarified, studies to determine their biological importance can be undertaken. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ETHER LINKED LIPIDS AND SIGNALING IN BREAST TUMOR CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wykle, Robert L.; Professor; Biochemistry; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (applicant's abstract): The membranes of mammalian cells are composed of an array of phospholipid species that are now recognized to function as a diverse source of lipid mediators. These mediators function as both intercellular and intracellular signals and are key components of numerous signaling cascades. The levels of etherlinked phospholipids vary greatly among cells; but, in a number of cells they are known to serve as an important reservoir of arachidonic acid and as a precursor of platelet activating factor (PAF), one of the most active mediators known. The ether bonds are not hydrolyzed by phospholipases, and distinct pathways are required for their synthesis and turnover. We recently completed an analysis of the subclass composition
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of the choline- and ethanolamine-containing phosphoglycerides (PC and PE) of four human breast tumor cell lines and found that the two cell lines that are estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), MCF-7 and T47D, contain only traces of alkyl or alk-1-enyl (plasmalogens) species in PC and similarly low levels in FE. In contrast the estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) cell lines, MDA 231 and MDA 435, contain 22 and 13 mol percent respectively of the alkyl subclass in PC and >30 mol percent plasmologen in the PE. Primary breast tumors contained higher ether content than the surrounding normal tissues. We have shown that the ER- MDA 231 cells can synthesize PAF. Breast tumor cells are known to contain phospholipase D that can be activated to convert PC to phosphatidic acid and diglycerides. PAF is known to promote cell growth and angiogenesis, whereas lyso PA promotes cell growth and tumor cell invasiveness; PA is believed to activate Raf1 and Ras. It is our hypothesis that the more invasive and metastatic ER- cells will produce alkyl-linked species of these mediators, along with PAF, and that they will be more persistent and potent mediators than their ester-linked counterparts and thus contribute to the aggressiveness of the ER- cells. Our specific aims are: (1) to measure the production of ether-linked mediators in estrogen receptorpositive and -negative breast tumor cells and compare our findings in more normal MCF I OA cells; (2) to determine the pathways by which alkyl acyl-GPC is converted to products in the breast tumor cells and to elucidate the mechanisms by which the pathways are controlled; and (3) to determine the action of ether-linked mediators on key signaling pathways of the estrogen receptor-positive and estrogen receptor-negative breast tumor cells and to measure their effect on cell growth. The proposed studies promise to advance our understanding of the role of the ether-linked lipids in tumor cells at the molecular level and could lead to new therapeutic approaches and targets. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ETHER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
LIPIDS,
EICOSANOIDS
AND
LUNG
CELL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Henson, Peter M.; Professor; National Jewish Medical & Res Ctr and Research Center Denver, Co 80206 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1985; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: Lipid mediators include a wide variety of enzymatic and non- enzymatically derived oxidation products from phospholipids and unsaturated fatty acids. Here we will focus particularly on a newer arena of action for such molecules, namely suppression and resolution of pulmonary inflammation. Specific objectives include: Characterization of the nature and mechanism of action of oxidized phospholipids and PAF suppressing pro-inflammatory mediator production from macrophages in vitro and during resolution of pulmonary inflammation. Structural and functional investigation of the products resulting from oxidation of phospholipids along with a determination of the chemical mechanisms of oxidant action. The production of oxidized phospholipids in human pulmonary disease will be investigated by mass spectrometric analysis of materials exhaled from patients. Detailed study of cPLA2, an enzyme critically involved in the first step of lipid mediator production. Emphasis will be placed signal pathways leading to its phosphorylation, activation and translocation to the membrane. Analysis of the role played by a family of phospholipid scramblases in transbilayer movement of phospholipids across the cell membrane. Investigation of integration signaling via chemoattractant G protein-liked receptors and tyrosine phosphorylated membrane receptors such as FcgammaRIIa. In particular the studies will address the role of scaffold proteins and a possible central role in neutrophil signaling for the FcR gamma chain. The program brings together investigators
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experienced in cell biology, signal transduction, inflammation, pharmacology, physiology, lipid biochemistry, analytical chemistry, and clinical pulmonary medicine. This combination of structural, cellular, and physiologic approaches to a detailed analysis of the effects of lipid mediators in the lung is felt to represent an important step in developing the ability to selectively control pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators, and thereby, influence the outcome of pulmonary inflammation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ETHER-LINKED DIGLYCERIDES AND PROTEIN KINASE C ISOTYPES Principal Investigator & Institution: Kester, Mark; Interim Chair and Professor; Pharmacology; Pennsylvania State Univ Hershey Med Ctr 500 University Dr Hershey, Pa 17033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Signaling mechanisms regulating vascular smooth muscle mitogenesis are being clearly elucidated and exploited for potential therapeutic benefit. To date however, there are still no effective therapeutics designed to control dysregulated vascular smooth muscle proliferation during inflammatory pathologies. Our laboratory is focused on identifying and characterizing endogenous lipid-derived second messengers that inhibit pro-mitogenic signaling cascades regulated through protein kinase C (PKC) and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K). Using in vivo and in vitro model systems, we have demonstrated that interleukin-1-generated ether-linked diglycerides (ether-DG) inhibit smooth muscle cell mitogenesis. These novel phospholipid-derived second messengers mimic the effect of interleukin-1 to inhibit cellular proliferation. As ether-DGs are analogues of diacylglycerol (DAG), a co- factor for growth factorstimulated PKC activation, we hypothesize that ether-DGs can competitively antagonize DAG-activated PKC as a mechanism to diminish smooth muscle mitogenesis. We now demonstrate that DAG analogues enhance PI3K activity. Thus, we also hypothesize that ether-DGs diminish cellular proliferation by competitively antagonizing DAGstimulated PI3K activity. In Specific Aim 1, the biochemical mechanisms by which etherDGs inhibit PKC delta and epsilon activation will be investigated in vascular smooth muscle cells. In Specific Aim 2, the role of ether-DGs to inhibit mitogenesis through PKC-dependent or -independent inhibition of P13K will be investigated. These studies will establish ether-DGs as potential therapeutics to limit abnormal vascular smooth muscle cell growth observed in atherosclerotic and restenotic lesions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EVALUATION OF NM404 IN ENDOGENOUS BREAST CANCER MODELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Weichert, Jamey P.; Assistant Professor; Radiology; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this proposal is to evaluate the tumor imaging characteristics of NM404, a new tumor-selective scintigraphic imaging agent, in two endogenous murine breast cancer models. One model will allow evaluation of uptake by hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions, the other will allow studies on metastatic lesions. NM404, a second-generation phospholipid ether analog, has displayed remarkable tumor selectivity in 21/21 xenographic primary and metastatic rodent tumor models, but has not been evaluated in a spontaneous mammary
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adenocarcinoma model. The prevailing hypothesis of this approach is that phospholipid ethers become trapped exclusively in tumor cell membranes because of their inability to become metabolized and cleared. Thus, the differential clearance rates of phospholipid ethers from normal cells versus tumor cells form the basis of this concept. The specific goals of this proposal are 1) to assess whether radioiodinated NM404 can noninvasively distinguish between hyperplastic and neoplastic breast lesions and 2) to evaluate its potential to accurately identify metastases. Lesion uptake will be quantitated by in vivo tissue distribution studies and subsequently by both scintigraphic, and high-resolution microPET imaging studies. These functional scintigraphic and PET images will be correlated anatomically with CT scans obtained on a high-resolution microCT scanner and with histopathology. Results obtained in a variety other tumor models indicate that NM404 is sequestered and selectively retained by viable tumor cells and therefore localizes in both primary and metastatic lesions regardless of location including those found in the lymph nodes. If it displays sufficient tumor cell selectivity in these endogenous breast cancer models, then it can potentially serve as an effective imaging agent capable of providing accurate and noninvasive diagnostic and staging information in human breast cancer patients. A physician-sponsored IND has been issued to evaluate radioiodinated NM404 in human prostate cancer patients. Positive results obtained from this exploratory grant are expected to stimulate rapid transition into human breast cancer patients. Moreover, sufficient tumor uptake and retention will stimulate a formal examination of this agent as a radiotherapeutic agent due to its extremely long tumor retention properties. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FLUORESCENT CHEMOSENSORS FOR CARBOHYDRATES Principal Investigator & Institution: Heagy, Michael D.; Chemistry; New Mexico Inst of Mining & Technology 801 Leroy Pl Socorro, Nm 87801 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) Because of their potential for nondestructive detection and cell permeability, fluorescent chemosensors for carbohydrates can play a critical role in glycobiology. The objectives of this continuing research program involve the application of molecular clefts as fluorogenic sensors suitable for biological studies of monosaccharides and carbohydrate derivatives. The scope of these investigations build on previous results in which novel signal transduction mechanisms were identified and shown to proceed by substituent changes of the fluorophore component. In an effort to significantly augment the fluorescence signal intensity over conventional Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET) fluorescence as well as red-shift this response to longer wavelength emission, new sensors are proposed which utilize Resonance Energy Transfer fluorescence (FRET). This research plan begins by investigating intermolecular energy transfer between two donor/acceptor Forster-pairs. Given the calculated distance of separation (14 Angstroms) for one saccharide complexed between two receptor components, well known donor/acceptor dyes that coincide with this Forster distance such as diethylaminocoumarin and fluorescein are incorporated into the sensor design. Subsequent plans utilize rigid aromatic diimide chromophores as nonfluorescent molecular scaffolds to which recognition groups are appended via benzylimide bonds. Cooperative binding of analyte between receptor sites is expected to decrease torsional motion and enhance energy transfer rates between coupled FRET cassettes. In addition to investigating simple monosaccharides via FRET based sensors, carbohydrate derivatives relevant to glucose metabolism and cell membrane carbohydrates are also targeted for fluorimetric detection. Specifically, glucose-6-
Studies
25
phosphate and N-acetylneuraminic acid via 2-point bifunctional binding sites from phenylboronic acid and guanidinium receptors. Second messenger myo-Inositoltriphosphate via bis- guanidinium groups and glucosamine sensing through crownether coordination are also included in these fluorometry studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FORMULATION OF COMBINATION MICROBICIDES Principal Investigator & Institution: Rohan, Lisa C.; Magee-Womens Hlth Corp Pittsburgh, Pa Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Description (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this proposal is to develop a formulated combination microbicide which will prevent the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) both vaginally and rectally utilizing multiple protective factors which inactivate the virus at different stages in its replication cycle. Inhibition of HIV attachment to the CD4 cellular receptor will be accomplished by formulating plantderived flavonoids with sulfated polysaccharides (carrageenans). There will therefore be redundancy built into the microbicide to inhibit HIV binding to its cellular receptor. Virucidal compounds, which destroy the viral envelope, will also provide redundant protection from infection. Both the antiviral ether lipid 1-0-octylsn- glycerol and citric acid will destabilize the envelopes of viral particles. Furthermore, the HIV reverse transcriptase will be inactivated by both antiviral flavonoids and a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (Dr. Parniak, Project 1). Herpes simplex virus (HSV) will also be targeted by flavonoids, carrageenans, 1-0-octyl-sn-glycerol and citric acid to reduce genital ulceration and consequently the transmission of HIV to a greater extent than inactivating HIV only. Methods will be developed to quantify antiviral agents at each step in the pre-formulation and formulation process and physical and chemical pre-formulation data including solubility, stability, partitioning, and permeability data will be developed as part of these studies. Once active agents have been selected, their compatibility and toxicity with normal vaginal microflora and local tissues in both the isolated and formulated state will be determined. Following the initial formulation and development of a combination microbicide product, the microbicide will be optimized to maximize each antiviral mechanism and minimize toxicity in an iterative manner. The final formulated product will undergo stability testing, and product assessments will be made to ensure that the product has appropriate physical, chemical, microbiological, and antiviral properties during its shelf life. This project contributes to the program by producing new combinations of formulated microbicides based upon inhibition of viral replication using multiple and redundant antiviral mechanisms. Formulated combination microbicides produced in this project will be evaluated in vitro against HIV (Dr. Parniak, Project 1; Dr. Gupta, Project 2) and normal vaginal flora (Microbiology Core, Dr. Hillier), and as well as in humans (Dr. Landers, Project 4). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FUNGICIDAL AND NEUROTOXIC MARINE NATURAL PRODUCTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rainier, Jon D.; Associate Professor; Chemistry; University of Utah Salt Lake City, Ut 84102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-1998; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Natural products that have been isolated from the marine environment show promise as pharmacological agents. However, because of the supply problems associated with their isolation, a thorough evaluation of their
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properties requires their chemical synthesis. This proposal describes the chemical synthesis of three biologically important marine natural products. The first of these is gambierol, a marine ladder toxin associated with ciguatera poisoning. The second is armatol A, a polycyclic ether that has demonstrated interesting cytotoxicity in preliminary testing. The third is halichondrin B, a potent anticancer agent that has been recommended for preclinical trials in spite of its short supply. Gambierol, armatol A, and halichondrin B have in common a fused polycyclic ether skeleton. This proposal outlines the chemical synthesis of these agents centered around carbon-glycosides. As carbon-glycosides have been demonstrated to be important, not only in synthetic chemistry, but also in medicinal chemistry, we believe that this strategy might have broad implications. In addition, by coupling our carbon-glycoside forming chemistry with efficient annulation protocols, we believe that we will be able to efficiently generate polycyclic ethers including the natural products listed above. Furthermore, these efforts will undoubtedly lead to the generation of a number of interesting and biologically important analogs whose properties will be evaluated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RECEPTORS
GENERAL
ANESTHETIC
INTERACTIONS
WITH
GABA-A
Principal Investigator & Institution: Akabas, Myles H.; Associate Professor; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (taken from the application): The gamma-aminobutyric acid Type A (GABAA) receptors form ligand-activated, anion-selective channels. They are the primary, fastacting, post-synaptic receptors for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Current hypotheses suggest that GABA-A receptors may be a primary target for the actions of many general anesthetics. At low concentrations general anesthetics, such as propofol, etomidate, barbiturates and enflurane, potentiate GABA-induced currents, whereas at higher concentrations these anesthetics directly activate GABA-A receptors but do not appear to bind in the GABA binding sites. In order to understand the molecular basis of anesthetic action it is necessary to define the binding sites for these drugs, the conformational changes that occur following binding and the structure of the binding site. Mutations in the alpha-1 subunit of Ser270 (M2) and Ala291 (M3), residues near the extracellular ends of the M2 and M3 membranespanning segments, altered the efficacy of the inhaled ether anesthetics (enflurane and isoflurane) to potentiate GABA-induced currents. Whereas, mutations of the aligned residues in the beta subunits altered the efficacy of intravenous anesthetics (etomidate, barbiturates and perhaps propofol) to potentiate GABA-induced. It is uncertain whether these residues are part of anesthetic binding sites or are part of the transduction pathway. Cysteine substituted for these residues in the alpha-1 subunit were accessible to react with the negatively charged, sulfhydryl-specific reagent, pCMBS, applied extracellularly indicating that they are on the water-accessible surface of the protein. If these residues form a binding site(s) for anesthetics then anesthetics should protect the Cys-substituted mutants from modification by pCMBS. The ability of anesthetics to protect these Cys-substitution mutants will be determined. It was previously shown that Cys substituted for six of seventeen residues in the M3 segment were accessible to react with pCMBS. Reaction at four of the six positions was state dependent, it only occurred in the presence of GABA. It will be determined whether potentiating or directly activating concentrations of anesthetics induce changes in the accessibility of M3 segment substituted Cys mutants similar to those induced by GABA. Finally, if the M2
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and M3 membrane-spanning segments participate in forming an anesthetic binding site or interactions between them are important for transduction of anesthetic effects then they should be in close proximity. Disulfide bond formation will be used as a molecular ruler to determine the relative proximity, mobility and orientation of the M2 and M3 segments within a single subunit. The successful completion of this proposal could provide new insights into the binding and transduction of anesthetic effects in the GABA-A receptors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENERAL ANESTHETICS AND NACCHOR AGONIST AFFINITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Raines, Douglas E.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Verbatim from the applicant's abstract) The broad. Iong-term objective of this project is to define the molecular mechanisms by which general anesthetics act on protein targets in the CNS and periphery. This will guide the development of new anesthetic compounds possessing fewer side effects. The overall aim is to disentangle the effects of general anesthetics on agonist binding, channel gating kinetics, and agonist-induced desensitization in the best-characterized model ligand-gated ion channel (LGIC), the Torpedo nicotinic acetyicholine receptor (nAcChoR), and to identify the physicochemical features of anesthetics that govern their action on each kinetic step. The overall hypothesis is that general anesthetics act on the nAcChoR in a structurally specific manner because anesthetic binding affinity is strongly influenced by attractive electrostatic and repulsive steric interactions between anesthetics and their protein binding sites. The specific aims are: Aim 1: (1) to test the hypothesis that electrostatic (dipolar, quadrupolar, and/or hydrogen bonding) interactions between general anesthetics and the nAcChoR enhance binding to functionally important sites on this receptor and (2) to identify the kinetic step(s) leading to nAcChoR channel opening that are altered by general anesthetics to determine whether an anesthetic's molecular volume or chemical class governs its action. Aim 2: (1) to test the hypothesis that small general anesthetics increase nAcChoR's rate constant for desensitization by binding to a protein binding site that sterically limits the binding of large anesthetics and (2) to test the hypothesis that general anesthetics stabilize the open channel state and increase the rate constant for desensitization by binding to the same small receptor binding site. The proposed studies will lead to a better understanding of the fundamental interactions between anesthetics and their targets in the CNS and periphery. The nAcChoR was chosen as the experimental model because its function is far better defined than that of any other LGIC, allowing one to interpret anesthetic actions within the framework of a well-established and robust kinetic model. The method used to define anesthetic actions on the nAcChoR is a new rapid sequential mixing stopped-flow fluorescence assay developed and validated by the PI that can assess anesthetic actions on agonist binding, channel gating, and desensitization kinetics without the potentially confounding effects of anesthetic-induced channel blockade. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA ETHER A GO GO RELATED GENE POTASSIUM CHANNELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Massa, Enrique; Associate Professor; Texas A&M University-Kingsville 700 University Blvd Kingsville, Tx 78363
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HUMAN BREAST CANCER CELL GROWTH INHIBITION BY VITAMIN E Principal Investigator & Institution: Kline, Kimberly; Professor; Human Ecology; University of Texas Austin 101 E. 27Th/Po Box 7726 Austin, Tx 78712 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1994; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) Goals are to investigate the mechanisms of action of VES (vitamin E succinate; RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate), a potent inducer of apoptosis in human breast cancer cells but not normal mammary epithelial cells. The applicant's studies show that VES can restore both transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and Fas/CD95 impaired anti-proliferative and death signaling in human breast cancer cells that are resistant to these two important cell homeostatic signaling pathways. In this competing continuation application the applicant proposes to investigate critical signaling events involved in VES initiated apoptosis in human MDAMB-435 breast cancer cells. Normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) and immortalized, non-tumorigenic human mammary epithelial MCF-10A cells which are insensitive to VES induced apoptosis but responsive to both TGF-beta and Fas induced cell fates will be studied for comparative purposes. Aim 1 will characterize components of the TGF-beta signal transduction pathway contributing to VES-induced apoptosis. Aim 2 will characterize Fas signal transduction events involved in VES induced apoptosis. Aim 3 will investigate the decision phase of apoptosis in VES treated cells with emphasis on Bax and mitochondrial mediated events that produce downstream execution phase mediators. Comparisons between VES and ligand (TGF-beta1 and antiFas agonistic antibody) mediated events in MDA-MB-435, HMECs and MCF-10A cells will address the molecular basis of VES's selective ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells but not in normal or immortalized but non-tumorigenic cells. Expectations are that data generated will increase basic knowledge about TGF-beta and Fas signaling in normal and cancer cells and will provide a better understanding of how VES, a potent pro-apoptotic agent, induces cell death. Part of the significance of these mechanistic studies lies in the potential use of agents like VES for chemotherapy of human breast cancer. This possibility has been strengthened by the recent demonstration that a VES ether analog is a potent, orally active chemotherapeutic agent in a preclinical xenograft model of human breast cancer. Another aspect of the significance of these type studies lies in the belief that better understanding of signaling events will lead to the identification of critical intracellular signal transduction molecules which can be targeted for design of mechanism-based drugs to achieve improved cancer cell killing. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HUMAN EXPLANT CULTURES AND A MOUSE TO EVALUATE SAMMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Cara, Andrea; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Description (provided by applicant): Approximately 90% of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are acquired through sexual contact. The development of safe, effective, and affordable topical microbicides for vaginal or rectal
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use could play a critical role in reducing HIV transmission rates worldwide. Clinical, epidemiological and molecular studies strongly support the role of herpes simplex virus (HSV) as a major cofactor for the transmission of HIV. Genital ulcers lead to breaks in the epithelial barrier and HSV induces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines that are known to enhance HIV replication. The goal of the proposed studies is to characterize the effects of sodium dimandelic acid ether (SAMMA) and its leading derivatives on HIV and HSV infection utilizing relevant biologic culture systems. SAMMA has excellent anti-mV and anti-HSV activity, while exhibiting no cytotoxicity in cell culture. While cell cultures may provide important information for the evaluation of microbicides, they may not adequately simulate events that occur in vivo. Human explant cultures (endocervical, ectocerivcal, vaginal and rectal), biologic fluids (cervicovaginal secretions and semen) and a mouse genital herpes model will be used in this Project to assess anatomic, physiologic, and immunologic factors that might impact on the activity of this novel class of compounds. Building on the in vitro cell culture data of Projects I, II and IV, the applicant will study the most active derivatives/isomers of SAMMA using biologic culture systems. In Aim 1, the most active derivatives will be evaluated for efficacy against HIV-1 infection of primary macrophages using human genital tract fluids and mucosal explant cultures. In Aim 2, mucosal explant cultures and a mouse model will be used to determine the efficacy of SAMMA to block HSV infection of epithelial cells. Inflammatory cells and cytokines will be measured to study the effects of SAMMA on the innate immune system (Aims 1,2 and 3). The interrelationship between HIV and HSV and the efficacy of SAMMA to inhibit dual infection will be studied in Aim 3. Efficacy and safety data in relevant biologic culture systems may provide compelling support for advancing SAMMA or one of its derivatives to clinical trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IN VITRO REFINEMENTS FOR CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Upton, Steve J.; Professor; Division of Biology; Kansas State University 2 Fairchild Hall Manhattan, Ks 665061103 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Over the last decade, our ability to cultivate the intestinal protozoan, Cryptosporidium parvum, in cell culture has increased by >500x. However, there still exist multiple fundamental problems associated with cultivating this parasite in vitro. One of these problems is the diversity of medium formulations currently in use, most of which are sub-optimal for growing the parasites in vitro. Formulations which result in the most extensive parasite development complete with both asexual and sexual stages rely on the investigatoradding5-6 key supplements and many laboratories fail to make the modifications resulting in sub-optimal data. The second of these problems, and more importantly, is our inability to produce high numbers of viable oocysts in vitro. Laboratories must either use vertebrate animals to produce oocysts or rely on commercial sources which are extremely expensive. Even excluding the expense, oocysts must be purified from feces at which time they are often exposed to a variety of chemical insults including reagents such as potassium dichromate and ether. In addition, microbial contamination is normally eliminated before the parasites are utilized by the addition of 10% (v/v) commercial bleach, which surface sterilizes the oocysts. Thus, any method where we can obtain sufficient numbers of oocysts in vitro without the need for animal propagation or coliform contamination would open up a variety of avenues that are currently unavailable. These avenues include1) providing opportunities to a wider variety of laboratories to work on the
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parasite at decreased expense, 2) developing gene knock-outs and allelic replacements that could be propagated indefinitely, 3) performing metabolic labeling studies and looking at incorporation of label into the purifiable oocysts, and 4) more easily studying parasite development in vitro following exposure of oocysts to disinfectants without pre-exposing oocysts to solvents or reagents beforehand. This R21 proposal will attempt to solve the two problems outlined above: 1) find a commercially available, artificial, serum-free medium that permits good parasite growth in vitro; and 2) develop a system whereby we can routinely, easily, cleanly, and inexpensively generate sufficient numbers of oocysts in vitro without the need for experimental animals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INACTIVATION OF CYTOCHROMES P450 2E1 T303A Principal Investigator & Institution: Blobaum, Anna L.; Pharmacology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 2E1 catalyzes the oxidation of a large number of drugs, hepatotoxic xenobiotics, and carcinogens. The primary goals of the proposed research are to gain a better understanding of the active site structure of P450 2E1 and to identify the critical amino acid residues in the active site of 2E1 that are involved in catalysis and substrate binding. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (ESI-LC-MS) will be used to determine the identities of the metabolites produced during the mechanism-based inactivation of cytochromes P450 2E1 and 2E1 T303A by tert-butyl acetylene (tBA) and tert-butyl 1methyl-2-propynyl ether (tBMP). LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry) will be used to identify the tBA-modified polypeptide(s) and amino acid residue(s) in the P450 2E1 active site. NMR methodology and site-specific 2E1 mutants will be used to explore the novel mechanism for the inactivation of P450 2E1 T303A by tBA. Finally, ESI-LC-MS will be used to determine what effect alternate oxidants may have on the mechanism of inactivation of P450s 2E1 and 2E1 T303A by tert-butyl acetylenes. Understanding the active site structure of P450s and identifying the critical amino acid residues involved in catalysis and substrate binding will prove to be extremely valuable for developing techniques that can be used to selectively modulate the catalytic activity of these enzymes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INHALED ANESTHETIC BINDING LOCATION AND CHARACTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Eckenhoff, Roderic G.; Associate Professor; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (taken from the application). Anesthetics are the most toxic of drugs administered by physicians, and yet we have little idea how they work. Improvement in the drugs can only occur with an enhanced understanding of their binding sites, and the atomic interactions responsible for binding. In this subproject, we intend to localize and characterize the important features of inhaled anesthetic binding sites. We hypothesize that protein internal cavities are essential for specific binding of anesthetics, and that their volume controls the effect the drugs will have on protein stability and dynamics. We also hypothesize that deep hydrophobic pockets are important, and that pocket/cavity polarity improves anesthetic binding affinity. We will test these
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hypotheses by graphically analyzing a subset of about 100 protein structures deposited with the Protein Data Bank for cavity and pocket features, and then correlating a subset of these with binding and stabilization using photolabeling fluorescence quenching and amide hydrogen exchange. Those proteins showing specific binding will be cocrystallized with the anesthetic to verify location of binding, and the atomic interactions responsible. These experiments with biological proteins build on our experience and success with peptide models. In collaboration with Project 2, designed cavities will be created and modified in both water soluble and membrane inserted helical peptide bundles, and then studied with photolabeling and amide hydrogen exchange to monitor the binding event Crystallization studies of these bundles for high resolution structural information will be conducted. Finally, many proteins exist for which no high-resolution structural detail is known (especially the large membrane proteins responsible for much CNS signaling), but photolabeling can assign location in the primary structure, and yield an idea of binding parameters. Halothane photolabeling, while useful, has limitations that dictate the development of novel photolabels based on the diazo- or diazirine group. In collaboration with Dr. William Dailey of the Department of Chemistry, we will design, synthesize and characterize new compounds to mimic an alkane, an ether, and a non-immobilizer compound to use on these complex proteins in the future. These studies will establish or refute the importance of pre-existing cavities or pockets in anesthetic binding, and thus establish the generality of important anesthetic-binding features. Further this work will provide a foundation for a unitary hypothesis of anesthetic-induced protein dysfunction: anesthetics stabilize the protein conformer with optimal cavity features, reducing flexibility and thereby hindering the shifts in conformational equilibria that underlie activity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INHIBITION TUBERCULOSIS
OF
FATTY
ACID
BIOSYNTHESIS
IN
M.
Principal Investigator & Institution: Tonge, Peter J.; Associate Professor; Chemistry; State University New York Stony Brook Stony Brook, Ny 11794 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The long term goal of this proposal is to generate novel inhibitors of fatty acid biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is hypothesized that such compounds will have antimycobacterial activity and will provide a appropriate starting point for generating drugs to treat multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. The proposal has two Aims. Specific Aim 1 focuses on the design and synthesis of inhibitors that target InhA, the enoyl reductase FASII enzyme. This enzyme is one of the putative targets for isoniazid, a frontline antituberculosis drug. Novel compounds will be synthesized based on the diphenyl ether skeleton of triclosan, an inhibitor of enoyl reductases in M. tuberculosis and other bacteria. Inhibitor design will utilize X-ray crystallography, Raman spectroscopy and computational approaches. Compounds will be tested using enzyme kinetics, the antimycobacterial activity will be assessed using MICs and the intracellular mode of action of the compounds will be evaluated using DNA microarrays and photoaffinity labeling. Specific Aim 2 will investigate the mechanism of action of isoniazid and will test the hypothesis that proteinprotein interactions within the mycobacterium modulate the sensitivity of InhA and other FASII enzymes to isoniazid. The FASII enzyme complex from M. tuberculosis will be purified and the activity and sensitivity of each enzyme component toward FAS inhibitors will be evaluated. Characterization of the FASII complex will reveal the identity of the dehydrase enzyme and the FASII complex will be reconstituted in vitro using
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recombinantly expressed proteins. In addition, pull-down experiments will be used to identify other InhA protein binding partners and characterization of the FASI enzyme complex from M. tuberculosis will be initiated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INTRACELLULAR ACTION OF SAMMA ON SPERM FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Zaneveld, Lourens J.; Professor; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (Provided by applicant): Sodium dimandelic acid ether (SAMMA) is a noncytotoxic, contraceptive antimicrobial agent that appears to function by inhibiting sperm and viral function. The compound does not contain sulfur which differentiates it from most other non-cytotoxic "entry inhibitors" developed so far. SAMMA prevents fertilization in the rabbit when mixed with spermatozoa or placed vaginally as a gel before insemination; The compound also causes the dispersion of the acrosome from human spermatozoa. Physiologically, such dispersion (acrosome reaction) occurs when the spermatozoon approximates the oocyte, enabling sperm binding to and penetration of the layers surrounding the egg. Premature acrosomal loss, i.e., in the vagina, should render spermatozoa incapable of fertilizing. Therefore, the acrosomal loss-inducing capacity of SAMMA may be the primary reason for its contraceptive properties. Acrosomal loss of both capacitated and non-capacitated spermatozoa caused by modulators is usually calcium ion dependent and is mediated by signal transduction cascades involving one or more protein kinases; candidates include phospholipiddependent kinase (PKC), CAMP-dependent kinase (PKA), cGMP-dependent kinase (PKG) and protein tyrosine kinase (PTK). The first two objectives of the Project are to determine whether the induction of acrosomal loss by SAMMA is mediated by an effect on calcium transport and/or on one or more of the protein kinases (Aims 1 and 2). The third objective is to assess the structural requirements for SAMMA and its derivatives to induce acrosomal loss through these mechanisms (Aim 3). The final objective is to obtain and test highly active SAMMA derivatives, based on these structural requirements, and to select the most effective SAMMA derivatives based on their ability to induce acrosomal loss and their potency in the rabbit contraceptive assay (Aim 4). The isomers of the active SAMMA derivative will also be compared for their relative activity in the acrosomal loss assay and in the contraceptive test (Aim 4). As a result of these studies, the mechanism of SAMMA's acrosomal loss-inducing activity will be better understood, and can be compared to its mechanism of antiviral action (evaluated in the other projects). If similar, this would help explain the ability of SAMMA to be both antimicrobial and contraceptive, and can lead to the development of other non-cytotoxic entry inhibitors with dual activity. In addition, the most active SAMMA derivative/isomer will have been selected and can be developed further through the pre-IND stages into clinical trial. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: LIGAND BINDING AND FUNCTIONAL ASSAY-BASED HERG DATABASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Perschke, Scott E.; Novascreen Biosciences Corporation 7170 Standard Dr Hanover, Md 21076 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-SEP-2002; Project End 24-MAR-2003
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Summary: (provided by applicant): The HERG (human ether-a-go-go-related) gene encodes a membrane protein that functions as a K+ -channel. There is intense interest in the HERG protein because interactions between drugs and the HERG channel protein have become a major impediment in the development of new and safe pharmaceuticals. Interactions of drugs with the HERG channel alter the repolarization of the hearts' electrical system, causing tachycardia and occasionally heart failure. This has led to the removal of at least one drug from the market, and caused many others to fail in clinical trials. There is an increasing demand for methodologies that will allow prediction and identification of lead compounds with potential HERG channel activity early in the drug discovery process. The specific aims of this proposal are to develop multiple ligand binding assays and a functional assay for the HERG channel, as expressed in CHO cells. Once developed, approximately 20 known HERG inhibiting drugs will be screened for dose response in all assays developed and the data collected and assembled in a database. This database will then be used as the basis for a Phase 2 study that greatly expands the chemicals tested, to identify key molecular and chemical descriptors that are predictive of drug and protein interactions with the channel. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LITHIUM STEREOSELECTIVITY
MIXED
AGGREGATES
&
ENOLIZATION
Principal Investigator & Institution: Pratt, Lawrence M.; Fisk University Nashville, Tn 372083051 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This proposed research will develop the use of lithium dialkylamide mixed aggregates as reagents for the stereoselective synthesis of enolates. Lithium enolates are important reagents in the synthesis of carbon-carbon bonds, and are used extensively in the pr3eparation of medicinal compounds. Synthesis of chiral drugs often depends on the availability of stereoselective aldol condensations and other reactions of enolates the stereoselectivity of these reactions is often limited by the availability of pure diastereomeric enolates. The stereoselectivity of these reactions is often limited by the availability of pure diastereomeric enolates. Enolates are generally prepared by deprotonation of aldehydes, ketones, and esters, and the stereoselectivity of enolates. Enolates are generally prepared by deprotonat8ion of aldehydes, ketones, and esters, and the stereoselectivity of enolate format8ion is dependent on the structure of the base that is used. Lithium dialkylamide mixed aggregates with alkyllithiums and lithium halides will be tested as inexpensive and easily prepared reagents for this purpose. The enolization reactions will be performed by addition of the carbonyl compound to a solution of the lithium dialkylamide or its mixed aggregates. The enolate will be trapped as the trimethylsilyl enol ether and the E/Z ratio determined by gas chromatography. The enolization reactions will be performed with several carbonyl substrates to determine the effects of stereoelectronic factors and to predict the stereoselectivity of enolization of carbonyl compounds that are actually used in drug synthesis. Ab initio calculations will be used to determine the activation energies leading to the E and Z 4enolates. Deprotonation activation energies will be calculated for lithium dialkylamides and their alkylithium and lithium halide mixed aggregates. The calculations will be performed on a variety of aldehyde, ketone, and ester substrate to capture the behavior of a range of stereoelectronic effects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: LUNG DEVELOPMENT IN CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Larson, Janet E.; Ochsner Clinic Foundation New Orleans, La 70121 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is associated with the structural abnormality of pulmonary hypoplasia. These changes are mimicked in the rodent model of nitrofen-induced CDH. Nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenylp-nitrophenyl ether) is an herbicide that when fed to a pregnant rodent at day 9 or 10 creates diaphragmatic hernia and/or lung hypoplasia in the fetuses. When treated with nitrofen the fetuses demonstrate epithelial cell immaturity as well as hypoplasia. In contrast, the investigators have found that in utero gene therapy with CFTR (the gene responsible for Cystic Fibrosis) results in epithelial cell hyperplasia and accelerated epithelial cell differentiation. The investigators hypothesize that in utero gene therapy with cftr will reduce the pulmonary hypoplasia and epithelial cell immaturity associated with CDH. This hypothesis can be tested in the fetal rat by treatment with nitrofen at 910 days gestation followed by in utero gene therapy at 16-17 days gestation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: LUNG REPLACEMENT
SURFACTANT
ACTIVITY,
INHIBITION
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Notter, Robert H.; Pediatrics; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This research studies the component-specific molecular biophysics and physiological activity of biological and synthetic pulmonary surfactants. A major goal is to develop new highly active phospholipase-resistant synthetic exogenous surfactants containing novel lipids and peptides for use in the neonatal and acute respiratory distress syndromes (RDS and ARDS). The research also seeks to improve fundamental understanding about surfactant activity and dysfunction. Aims 1 and 2 examine the surface activity, resistance to inhibition, and P-V mechanical effects in lavaged excised rat lungs of synthetic exogenous surfactants containing novel phospholipase-resistant phospholipid analogs plus synthetic peptides or purified apoproteins. Lavaged calf lung surfactant and current animal-derived clinical surfactants are comparative standards. Complementary biophysical methods are used to fully assess surface-active behavior (Wilhelmy balance, pulsating bubble, adsorption, Brewster-angle microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, FTIR spectroscopy). Materials studied include synthetic di-ether and ether-thio-phosphonolipids and phospholipids, synthetic regional human-sequence SP-B, SP-C, and SP-A peptides, synthetic glycerophospholipids, and specific lipids and apoproteins purified chromatographically from natural surfactant. Biophysical and excised lung studies in Aims 1, 2 are extended in Aim 3, to define the efficacy of the most active exogenous surfactants in reversing surfactant dysfunction, improving gas exchange, and reducing lung injury in rats with ARDS-related gram negative pneumonitis in vivo. Also studied is the formulation of surfactant dispersions with low shear viscosity to enhance their pulmonary delivery and distribution following tracheal instillation. This integrated hierarchy of biophysical and physiological research will advance basic knowledge about surfactant activity and dysfunction, and define new exogenous surfactants with
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maximal activity, inhibition resistance, and pulmonary delivery for therapeutic applications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISM & CHARGE CONTROL OF METAL CATALYZED RNA TRANSESTERIFICATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Bashkin, James K.; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: We have begun to develop a detailed description of the metal-catalyzed cleavage (transesterification) of single-stranded RNA through the use of the embedded RNA (embRNA) assay.1-3 EmbRNA contains a single RNA residue in a DNA oligomer. The relative effectiveness of catalysts reported by different groups is often assessed by comparison of these kobs values. We have found that, in a number of cases, the kobs values for cleavage of RNA dimers do not correlate with kobs for cleavage of related RNA oligomers. This makes the dimeric assays potentially misleading in the choice of reagents to cleave high MW, biological RNA samples. We are investigating which factors account for this behavior. Possible contributors include the multitude of metal binding sites on high MW RNA (at phosphodiester, O-4'-ether, 2'-hydroxyl and nucleobase sites), the potential for more than one kinetically-important metal ion, the greater variety of conformations available to oligomeric RNA vs. di meric substrates, and polyelectrolyte effects. Furthermore, as part of our kinetic investigations of RNA cleavage, we have determined the effect of catalyst concentration on kobs for several catalysts, including Ce(III) and La(III) ions and Ce(III) macrocycles. We found that, for aqueous Ce(III), the order of the reaction with respect to Ce(III) varied dramatically. Thus, small changes in catalyst concentration can have huge effects on the observed rate constant. In contrast, the transesterification of embRNA by Ce(III) macrocycles was found to be first order with respect to catalyst.4 This difference is likely due to the suppression of polynuclear species by the macrocyclic ligand. We have determined pHrate profiles and reaction orders for both "free" Ln3+ ions and the macrocycles, and we are now able to compare these reagents in a meaningful way to Cu(II)- and Zn(II)-based RNA transesterification catalysts. The pH-rate profile helps determine which protonation state of the ca talyst is kinetically important. We have also begun to use multiply-chimeric embRNA substrates (i.e. DNA/RNA/methyl-phosphonate combinations) to determine the role of specific phosphate residues in catalyst binding. Mass spectrometry is required for the identification of cleavage products Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MECHANISM OF SAMMA AGAINST HSV: KEY COFACTOR FOR HIV Principal Investigator & Institution: Herold, Betsy C.; Chief, Division of Pediatric Infectious; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Description (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this Program is to develop safe and effective topical microbicides for intravaginal or rectal use that will block sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted diseases. The program focuses on a novel family of candidate microbicides based on the parent compound, sodium dimandelic acid ether (SAMMA). The applicant has found
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that SAMMA has excellent anti-HIV and anti-herpes simplex virus (HSV) activity, while exhibiting no cytotoxicity in tissue culture. Preliminary studies suggest that SAMMA inhibits viral entry, but it is unique among other inhibitors of entry because it contains no sulfur. Project II focuses on defining the mechanism of activity of SAMMA and structural derivatives against HSV. There are several reasons to focus on HSV in the development of topical microbicides. HSV is a major co-factor in HIV transmission and recent epidemiological studies highlight the urgent need for HSV control if HIV is to be successfully combated. HSV ulcerative lesions enhance acquisition of HIV-1. At a molecular level, HSV infection may induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines that are known to induce HIV-1 replication and may activate cellular pathways, which may enhance HIV-1 replication. In addition, mouse studies of genital herpes are an excellent surrogate small animal model for evaluating the anti-viral and local immunological effects of candidate agents. Also, recent studies from our laboratories clearly demonstrate parallels in the pathways of invasion of HSV and HIV and in the anti-viral activity of candidate agents. Thus, understanding the mechanism of anti-HSV activity of this family of drugs may shed light on mechanism of anti- HIV activity.The first aim of Project II is to evaluate the efficacy, cytotoxicity and mechanisms of activity of SAMMA and chemical derivatives against HSV using primary and permanent human cell culture systems. In Aim 2, the applicant will isolate viruses resistant to SAMMA or lead derivatives. Resistant variants will provide insight into the mechanism of anti-viral activity of the compound and the potential for generating resistant virus in humans. The third aim will focus on identifying the viral and cellular factors important in HSV-induced enhancement of HIV replication and the effects of SAMMA on this phenomenon. The knowledge gained from these studies will provide important data for advancing SAMMA or one of its lead derivatives to clinical trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MODIFIERS OF POTASSIUM CHANNEL FUNCTION AND EXPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Robertson, Gail A.; Associate Professor; Physiology; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) encodes an ion channel subunit underlying IKr, a potassium current required for the normal repolarization of ventricular cells in the human heart. More than 90 inherited mutations in HERG cause Long QT Syndrome (LQTS), a leading cause of sudden cardiac death. Some mutations alter gating, but more disrupt trafficking. Because the subunit composition of HERG is uncertain, and the mechanisms underlying HERG biogenesis, processing and targeting to the membrane are unknown, we carried out a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify proteins that interact with HERG. Using the carboxy terminus as bait to screen a human heart library, we isolated five genes encoding HERGinteracting proteins ("HIPs"). Two of these proteins have been previously identified: Tara, an actin-binding protein, and GM 130, a peripheral membrane protein of the Golgi apparatus. Little is known about the function of either. Tara co-localizes with HERG to a region in rat cardiac myocytes corresponding to the T-tubules, as determined by confocal immunocytochemistry. Consistent with a stabilizing role at the membrane, Tara enhances expression in HERG when co-expressed in Xenopus oocytes. GM 130 specifically localizes to the Golgi, where a prominent HERG signal is also observed. In contrast to Tara, GM130 suppresses HERG signal in oocytes. Deletion mapping in binary yeast two-hybrid assays reveals that the C terminus contains distinct domains
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with which the HIPs selectively interact. Certain LQT2 (HERG) mutations selectively disrupt interactions with only two of the proteins. Three of the proteins, Tara, H17 and H3, interact with each other, implying that they function as an interactive complex. Of the HIPs, Tara alone interacts with another cardiac ion channel protein, KvLQT1, in binary yeast two-hybrid assays, but none interacts with Shaker. Each HIP represents a potential target for LQTS to the extent that its expression is required for the normal expression or targeting of HERG channels. The long-range goal of this research is to elucidate the basic biological processes that are disrupted by the disease process. The specific aims of this proposal are: (1) to demonstrate that HERG and the HIPs interact in vivo: (2) to extend our immunocytochemical and electrophysiological analyses, tests for specificity and domain mapping; (3) to determine the necessity of HIP interactions for HERG channels by reciprocal analysis of HERG C terminal truncations and selective disruption of HIPs in native tissues and heterologous systems; and (4) to screen unmapped LQTS families for disease mutations in the genes encoding the HIPs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MODULATION OF POTASSIUM CHANNELS IN DROSOPHILA Principal Investigator & Institution: Wilson, Gisela F.; Assistant Professor; Biology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAR-2001; Project End 29-FEB-2004 Summary: This proposal will examine whether signaling modules serve to co-localize intracellular messengers with potassium channels of the ether-a-go-go (EAG) family by determining the physiological importance of EAG-associated signaling modules in the physiology and behavior of Drosophila. The role of signaling modules in the regulation of EAG currents will be examined (a) by co-expressing individual components in heterologous expression systems and examining the resulting currents using voltage clamp and patch clamp techniques, and (b) by electrophysiological recordings of nerve and muscle activity at the larval neuromuscular junction. Recordings from normal flies will be compared to those obtained from mutants in which components of the signaling modules have been deleted or the normal associations disrupted. The consequences of observed electrophysiological defects for hyperexcitability and other behaviors, specifically learning as assayed using a courtship conditioning assay, will also be examined. In addition to linking mechanisms of channel modulation to changes in behavior, these studies will provide evidence for one possible mechanism by which the specificity of action of intracellular enzymes can be achieved. Once understood, this mechanism can be used as a target for therapeutic agents that will be more specific than those currently employed in the treatment of a number of psychological and neuromuscular disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MODULATORS OF HERG FUNCTION AND PHARMACOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Balser, Jeffrey R.; Professor; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Human Ether-a-go-go Related Gene (HERG, KCNH2) encodes the major, pore-forming subunit of the cardiac K+ current IKr. Suppression of IKr, through inherited mutations or pharmacologic blockade, can provoke sudden death from a ventricular arrhythmia (Torsades de Pointes). Like IKr,
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HERG channels are sensitive to a wide array of therapeutic agents but in practice, the development of cardiac arrhythmias upon exposure to HERG-blocking compounds is unpredictable, suggesting modulating factors critically influence HERG pharmacology. The goal of this proposal is to identify molecular mechanisms that mediate drug interactions with the IKr complex. While HERG block by most pharmacologic agents develops as the membrane is depolarized and channels open, block still develops slowly (over minutes) suggesting that access of drug to its receptor site in the inner pore vestibule (S6) is limited. While the mechanisms that underlie drug interactions with HERG are incompletely understood, our recent studies have identified the HERG Cterminus and a HERGinteracting protein (KCR1) as inhibitors of block. We will test the hypothesis that HERG blockade by therapeutic compounds is modulated by functional interactions involving HERG subdomains and other proteins that compose the IKr complex. Using electrophysiologic and biochemical approaches, Cterminal deletion mutants, and C-terminal peptides, we will determine the mechanism whereby the HERG C-terminus limits drug access to the pore. Using the same approaches, we will elucidate the molecular mechanism whereby human KCR1 inhibits drug block. Finally, to expand our understanding of the IKr complex and the molecular substrates of proarrhythmic risk, we will utilize the enetically tractable organism C. elegans as a model system to identify new HERG-interacting protein candidates, taking advantage of the association among the C. elegans homologue of HERG (UNC-103), methanesulfonanilde drug action, and the rhythmic pattern of pharyngeal pumping in the worm. The improved understanding of drug-channel interactions arising from this research should enable improvements in predicting risk for drug-induced arrhythmias, and the development of improved antiarrhythmic therapies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLEC DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS OF INHALED ANESTHETIC INTERACTIONS W/PEPTIDES & LIPID Principal Investigator & Institution: Klein, Michael L.; Director; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (taken from the application). Computer simulation molecular dynamics (MD) techniques are proposed to complement experiments designed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of inhaled anesthetics (IAs). The goal is classification of molecular aspects of anesthetic pharmacokinetics. To this end, constant pressure and temperature MD simulations will be used to detail the interactions of IAs with model protein and lipid systems and thereby provide important complementary information to contemporary experiments. Specifically, this project will characterize the interactions of halothane and ether based IAs with structural motifs that are directly related to probable sites of action and binding. Detailed simulations will be performed on a-helical peptide bundles with demonstrated specific binding to halothane. The aim will be to examine the properties of the proposed binding cavity, its suitability to accommodate halothane molecules, other IAs, and binding selectivity using specific mutations. Potential energy functions will be developed for commonly used ether-based IAs, such as isoflurane and sevoflurane. These will be used in classical simulations of IAs interacting with peptide bundles. Ab initio calculations will be employed to probe the interactions between halothane/isoflurane and specific amino acids. Extensive simulations will be performed to elucidate the distribution and behavior of IAs in model membranes. The focus will be on possible differences between the distribution of halothane, ether-based IAs and non-anesthetics in model membranes of saturated and
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unsaturated lipids. These calculations will produce models to assist the design and analysis of neutron diffraction experiments. Simulation studies will be initiated on a membrane-bound synthetic (GCN4-based) peptide bundle, which binds IAs. The goal is to probe the interactions of IAs with a model trams-membrane a-helical bundle, which exhibits specific binding for IAs when inserted in a bilayer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF THE GLYCOSOME. Principal Investigator & Institution: Parsons, Marilyn; Professor and Associate Director; Seattle Biomedical Research Institute 4 Nickerson St, Ste 200 Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1986; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Members of the order kinetoplastida are the causative agents of African sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei subspecies), leishmaniasis (Leishmania spp.) and Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). There is no vaccine against any of these diseases and current treatments are toxic. The parasite possesses a unique subcellular organelle, the clycosome, which is a distant relative of the peroxisome found in higher eukaryotes. The glycosome houses many of the enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway of glycolysis, as well as enzymes involved in nucleotide biosynthesis, ether-lipid biosynthesis, Beta-oxidation of fatty acids, purine salvage and pyrimidine biosynthesis. Given the importance of these metabolic pathways to the parasite, the glycosome and its constitution's have been recognized as a possible target for the development of new chemotherapies. Their studies are aimed at understanding glycosomal biogenesis and protein input and the relationship of these processes and the molecules involved to peroxisome biogenesis in the human host. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF AQUIFER MICROBIAL COMMUNI* Principal Investigator & Institution: Scow, Kate M.; Land, Air and Water Resources; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: Numerous groundwater aquifers are contaminated with organic and inorganic pollutants. Directly monitoring biodegrading microbial communities could guide decisions about treatment and facilitate monitoring of remediation. A common, but not well-investigated, challenge at Superfund sites is managing remediation of mixtures of contaminants. Superfund chemicals, toluene, benzene and xylene, along with fuel oxygenates, comprise mixed contaminants associated with petroleum pollution. Our aim is to adapt and develop molecular tools to assess the behavior of microbial communities associated with mixtures of pollutants. The underlying hypothesis that will guide our technology development is that microbial community structure (diversity and numbers of total bacteria, certain anaerobic toluene/xylene degraders, and denitrifiers) and community functions (e.g. rates of utilization of pollutants as e donors, use of electron acceptors) when exposed to mixtures of contaminants will not behave as predicted from behavior on single contaminants. We will focus on toluene and xylene biodegradation under nitrate reducing conditions, but also consider interactions of these processes with other BTEX compounds and the fuel additives, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and ethanol. Our study system will be groundwater aquifer microbial communities, in microcosm and controlled field studies.
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Questions to be addressed include: 1) Are differences in biodegradation rates of contaminants, alone versus mixed with other chemicals, associated with differences in diversity and numbers of total bacteria, toluene/xylene degraders, and denitrifiers? 2) Do the same microbial populations use multiple contaminants? 3) Do readily degradable (e.g., ethanol) and recalcitrant (e.g., MTBE) fuel additives alter the biodegradation of BTEX under anaerobic conditions? We will use DGGE analysis and real-time quantitative PCR, targeting primers for enzymes involved in contaminant degradation (bssA) and nitrate reduction (nirS and nirK) and total bacterial cells (universal bacterial 16S rDNA). We will measure the accumulation of carbon from 14C labeled compounds (toluene, MTBE) into cellular constituents (PLFA, determine signature lipids/markers) of microbial communities using GC-MS and AMS (at Lawrence Livermore National Lab) in artificial mixes of bacterial strains and in microcosms. We will conduct studies in microcosms and across pollutant gradients (of BTEX, BTEX + MTBE or ethanol) at a field site containing a petroleum spill (with BTEX and MTBE) at Vandenberg Air Force Base in CA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NATURAL DIRECTED C-H
PRODUCT
SYNTHESIS
THROUGH
TEMPLATE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Wardrop, Duncan John.; Chemistry; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: The successful development of methods for catalytic asymmetric C-C bond formation is one of the most fundamentally important endeavors in synthetic organic chemistry. During the last two decades, the dirhodium(II)-catalyzed intramolecular insertion of alpha-diazocarbonyl compounds into unactivated C-H bonds has emerged as a particularly powerful method for the construction of both carbocyclic and heterocyclic systems. When this insertion process occurs at a C-H bond adjacent to an ether oxygen, beta- alkoxycarbonyl products are obtained and consequently this transformation can be considered to be a synthetic alternative to aldol-type reactions. Since 1,3-diols or derivatives thereof are found in a large number of biologically active natural products the development of this transformation is of considerable importance. The long-term objective of this project is therefore to successfully develop a unique C-H bond insertion strategy which can be applied to the synthesis of a range of pharmacologically active natural products. The specific aims of this project are: i) to investigate the use of a dirhodium(II)-catalyzed asymmetric intramolecular metal carbene C-H insertion reaction as an efficient method for the preparation of the synthetically useful 2,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane ring system; ii) to develop this reaction as a novel method for the simultaneous functionalization and asymmetric desymmetrization of meso 1,3-diol systems; iii) to illustrate the potential of this chemistry through its application to the synthesis of a diverse range of biologically active target molecules, including the antihypercholesterolaemic agent zaragozic acid A/squalestatin S1 and the potent antifungal agent sphingofungin E; and iv) to develop a novel method for the synthesis of branched-chain carbohydrates by extending this chemistry to the direct functionalization of various pyranoside systems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NEUROCHEMISTRY AND GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA CAM KINASE II Principal Investigator & Institution: Griffith, Leslie C.; Associate Professor; Biology; Brandeis University 415 South Street Waltham, Ma 024549110 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1996; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: (from abstract) Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) has been implicated in synaptic plasticity in both vertebrates and invertebrates and has properties which suggest that it may be a "molecular switch". The applicants will analyze the biochemistry of CaMKII in Drosophila and identify components of its biochemical pathways. 1) Analysis of the biochemical function of isoform diversity of the Drosophila CaMKII. This kinase consists of multiple subunits generated by alternative splicing. What are the biochemical consequences of isoform diversity? They will investigate the effects of variable region diversity on regulatory properties of the enzyme. 2) Analysis of the in vivo function of Drosophila CaMKII isoform diversity. Alternative splicing induces changes in the ability of CaM to regulate kinase activity and also regulates substrate specificity in vitro. What is the in vivo function of isoform diversity? They will examine the subcellular localization of the different isoforms and the ability of individual isoforms to phosphorylate unique sets of substrates in intact cells. 3) Regulation of CAMKII levels. They have identified a heterozygous mutation that, in combination with a CaMKII/+ genotype, leads to lethality. Mutations in this gene reduce the level of CaMKII mRNA and protein. They will investigate how this protein regulates CaMKII levels and splicing in the nervous system. 4) Regulation of Ether a go go (Eag) function by CaMKII. The Eag potassium channel has been shown to interact with CaMKII to regulate plasticity. How does CaMKII regulate Eag function? They will investigate the ability of CaMKII to modulate Eag complex formation and channel function. 5) Characterization of novel genes that interact with CaMKII. They will expand the number of identified targets and regulators of CaMKII using both enhancer and suppressor screens for additional interacting genes. Cognitive functions are impaired in many disease states. Understanding the biochemical basis of normal changes in neuronal properties is an important first step in understanding how pathological processes can disrupt brain function. CaMKII has been proposed to play a role in many plastic processes, from long-term potentiation to whole animal behavior. The ability to genetically manipulate CaMKII in Drosophila will allow us to understand not only its biochemical role, but its role in cellular and behavioral processes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NM-404 A NOVEL IMAGING AGENT IN LUNG CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Schiller, Joan H.; Professor; Medicine; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States today. Accurate preoperative assessment of local, regional and distant metastatic spread is critical for optimal management. Positron emission tomography scanning is a more sensitive technique for identifying mediastinal nodal metastases, but has the disadvantage of expense and lack of availability. Our approach to the development of a sensitive, more readily available imaging test is to explore a more appropriate carrier molecule, which is key in achieving delivery of a radiopharmaceutical probe to the desired target issue. To do this, we have capitalized on radioiodinated phospholipid either analogs (PLE) as potential diagnostic imaging
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agents. These lipid analogues are selectively retained in tumor membranes due to their inability to become metabolized and cleared. In preclinical studies, we have shown these molecules have high levels of selective accumulation in a wide variety of murine and human tumors including a human NSCLC model (A549) in SCID mice. The objective of this proposal is to generate preliminary human data regarding the use of the secondgeneration PLE analog, NM-404 in imaging patients with NSCLC. The specific aims of this proposal are to: 1) Determine the optimal imaging characteristics of radiolabeled I131 NM-404 in ten patients with NSCLC. The pharmacokinetics, radiation dosimetry, biodistribution, and optimal imaging times will be determined. 2) Determine the specific tumor accumulation and metabolic fate of NM-404 in NSCLC tumors collected in five patients undergoing resection. 3) Collect preliminary data on imaging NSCLC tumors in ten patients with evaluable disease. Due to favorable efficacy, toxicity (two animal species at 200 times the anticipated imaging dose), and dosimetry results, an IND was recently filed to evaluate NM-404 in human prostate cancer patients. The results of this exploratory study will provide the preliminary data for a larger study designed to more accurately estimate the predictive power of NM-404 for staging and/or following response to therapy in NSCLC. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ONCOGENE DIRECTED SYNTHESIS OF CEPHALOSTATIN CANCER DRUG Principal Investigator & Institution: Fuchs, Philip L.; Professor of Chemistry; Chemistry; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, in 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 09-AUG-1996; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (Principal Investigator's Abstract) This proposal has seven medicinal/biological goals: (1) Synthesize up to seven North 1 and South 1 'slightly simplified' hexacyclic steroidal spiroketal subunits. Convert these materials to South-pyrazine--North trisdecacyclic (thirteen rings) pyrazines using our method for unsymmetrical pyrazine synthesis and compare their anticancer activity to cephalostain 1 (1.2nM avg. NCI panel). (2) Study the contribution of the central arene moiety to anticancer activity by testing pairs of unsymmetrical annulated pyridines derived from the best simplified hexacyclic steroidal subunits. (3) Construct and evaluate one member of a designed new class of inter-phylal agents termed the cephalofurthins to evaluate whether the geranyl geranyl moiety is a recognition element. (4) Prepare and test covalent conjugates of the new agent(s) with folic acid to assay for enhanced (targeted) activity for the treatment of the around 40 percent of cancers which over-express (ten to the 4th power) the folate receptor. (5) Use the biological data from testing of the proposed new materials to complete the mapping of the minimum pharmacophore for the cephalostatin class of antieoplastics. (6) Determine the biological mechanism of action of the trisdecacyclic pyrazines; and (7) Prepare 2-5g of the material which best combines high activity with expedient synthesis to provide a set of new biological tools as well as generating enough agent to initiate clinical trials. Synthesis of the seven hexacyclic spiroketals are projected to require 9-16 operations (compared with 29-31 operations in our 'first generation' synthesis). To accomplish the medicinal/biological goals, efficient new chemistry is required. (A) Utilize a vigorous interactive calculational approach to constantly evaluate synthetic approaches and biological testing data. (B) Test a new siloxysulfonium triflate reagent to effect stereospecific allylic oxidation of a vinyl ether. (C) Investigate the resulting ortho-methylthiophenyldimethylsilyl ether for chemospecific ion-pair self-immolative deprotection. (D) Develop a new annulation of unsymmetrical pyridine rings from 3-ketosteroids via an intramolecular aza-Horner
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reaction. (E) Generation of the Southern hemispheres requires hydroxylation of the unactivated angular methyl group at the steroidal CD ring junction. This will be accomplished by systematic exploration of the potential of a previously unknown stereospecific dyatropic rearrangement of beta-hydroxyketones and beta-hydroxy lactones to accomplish this transformation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: OPTIMIZATION OF PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY USING MESOTETRA(HYDROXYPHENYL) CLORIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Shikowitz, Mark J.; Long Island Jewish Medical Center New Hyde Park, Ny 11040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: There is no cure for laryngeal papillomas. Conventional and experimental treatments can, at best, control the disease but many patients suffer frequent recurrences. We are currently testing photodynamic therapy (PDT), using dihematoporphyrin ether (DHE) (photofrin). The recurrence rate was reduced, and some patients are now free of disease. However, most patients still have recurrent disease, and not all responded. This project is a continued study of PDT efficacy, but with a new drug, meso- Tetra(hydroxyphenyl) Chlorin (mTHPC), which has potential for improved efficacy and lower photosensitivity. Patients with moderate to severe disease will be evaluated at fixed intervals for 6 months prior to PDT and 12 months post PDT, such that each patient will be used as his own control. The PDT group will also be compared to a concurrent control group with comparable disease severity receiving standard treatment. In addition to evaluating efficacy, we will ask why some patients respond while others do not. We will determine whether mTHPC levels in tissues correlate with response. We also will determine whether PDT with mTHPC induces changes in viral persistence or expression in clinically normal tissue. These studies should increase our understanding of PDT effectiveness. The specific aims address the following questions: l. Does mTHPC reduce the score reflecting recurrent growth of papilloma significantly? 2. Do age at disease onset or initiation of treatment, gender or disease severity correlate with change in score from pre- to post-treatment? 3. Do tissue and plasma levels of mTHPC at the time of treatment correlate with clinical outcome? 4. Does PDT with mTHPC eliminate persistence of HPV DNA? 5. If HPV infection remains, does PDT reduce or eliminate viral transcription and does this correlate with clinical outcome? Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ORGANIC SYNTHESIS REAGENTS ON TRANSITION METALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Grubbs, Robert H.; Victor & Elizabeth Atkins Professor of c; None; California Institute of Technology Mail Code 201-15 Pasadena, Ca 91125 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1983; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (Applicant's Description) There has been a dramatic increase in the use of transition metal catalysts in organic synthesis. Most of these processes depend on the availability of catalysts to perform specific transformations that allow for a new array of bond constructions. One of the advantages of organometallic catalytic processes is the ability to tune the activity and selectivity by the modification of the ligands around a metal reaction center. Olefin methathesis has provided a new way of constructing carbon-carbon double bonds that has seen an explosion of new uses over the past few
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years. This new usage has resulted from the development of a family of easy to prepare catalysts that are robust and can be used under normal organic conditions. Key to the development of these catalysts has been the ability to design and control the ligand environment to regulate the reactivity and open new reaction modes. The present proposal builds on the past work in our group that has produced the work horse catalysts for majority of the applications in organic synthesis. By the appropriate modification of ligands, these catalysts have developed from ill-defined catalysts with low activity to a new generation of systems that open a wide variety of new applications. A part of this proposal will be directed toward the exploitation of a new family of catalysts that allow for the metathesis of olefins containing electronwithdrawing groups. The majority of the present proposal will focus on the development of new catalysts that allow for the stereoselective synthesis of olefins. The goal is to develop the catalysts and surrounding technology that allows high Z or E olefins to be prepared from simple starting materials by catalytic processes. The catalyst will control the stereochemistry of the resulting double bond, not the substrate. In a related way, catalysts that will allow the kinetic resolution of dienes to be performed to give products of high e.e. will be developed. Ligands that are easily prepared will be used in catalytic systems that can be used under normal organic conditions. This research is directed toward the development of strategies and catalysts that will make the olefin metathesis reaction the method of choice for the stereoselective synthesis of olefins and polyenes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PATHOGENESIS OF HERG MUTATIONS IN HUMAN LONG QT SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhou, Zhengfeng; Medicine; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a disease associated with delayed cardiac repolarization and prolonged QT intervals on the electrocardiogram, which can lead to ventricular arrhythmia with cardiac sudden death. One of the major forms of LQTS (LQT2) is caused by mutations in the human ether-ago-go-related gene (HERG) that encodes the rapidly activating delayed rectifier potassium channel. To date, more than 100 HERG mutations have been identified in patients with LQTS. Our previous work has shown that a major mechanism for loss of HERG channel function in LQT2 is defective protein trafficking which results in failure of mutant channels to reach the cell surface. We also showed that high affinity HERG channel blockers can correct defective protein trafficking of some LQT2 mutants. The goals of this proposal are (1) to study the mechanisms of defective protein trafficking of LQT2 mutant channels, and (2) to determine how HERO channel blockers rescue trafficking defective LQT2 mutant channels. Our hypotheses are (1) LQT2 mutations cause misfolding or improper assembly of HERO protein which is recognized by quality control system leading to ER retention and degradation by the proteasome, and (2) drugs that bind to HERO channels with high affinity act as pharmacological chaperones to promote proper folding or assembly in a conformation that permits trafficking to the plasma membrane. We will test these hypotheses by four specific aims: aim I to determine whether LQT2 mutations cause misfolding or improper assembly of mutant channels; aim 2 to study the role of molecular chaperones in the ER retention of LQT2 mutant channels; aim 3 to investigate the mechanisms by which LQT2 mutants are recognized and degraded by the proteasome; and aim 4 to elucidate the mechanisms by
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which high affinity HERG channel blockers correct defective protein trafficking of LQT2 mutant channels. We will use a combination of biochemical, immunohistochemical and patch clamp techniques to study wild type HERG and LQT2 mutant channels expressed in transfected tissue culture cells and in cell-free systems. These studies will strengthen our knowledge of how misfolded and improperly assembled LQT2 mutant channels are recognized, retained and degraded by the ER quality control system and how HERG channel blockers modify these processes and rescue LQT2 mutant channels. Elucidating these mechanisms is an important step towards the development of pharmacological strategies for therapies of congenital LQTS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RECEPTORS
PHARMACOLOGY
OF
ENDOCANNABINOIDS
&
THEIR
Principal Investigator & Institution: Pertwee, Roger; University of Aberdeen Aberdeen Ab9 1Fx, Scotland Aberdeen, Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, and endogenous ligands for these receptors, anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2AG) and 2-arachidonoyl glyceryl ether (noladin), together form the ?endocannabinoid system?. AEA interacts not only with CB1 and CB2 receptors but also with vanilloid VR1 receptors on sensory neurons. We propose to use analogs obtained from Drs. Martin and Razdan to look for differences in the structure-activity relationships of AEA analogs at CB1 and VR1 receptors and for evidence of ?cross-talk? between CB1 and VR1 receptors. The possibility that AEA or other endocannabinoids act on neuronal receptor types other than CB1, CB2 and VR1 will also be investigated. Some of these experiments will build on pilot data that we have recently obtained with an analog of ()-cannabidiol. These data point to the existence of an as yet uncharacterized SR141716Asensitive non-CB1, non-CB2 receptor in the mouse vas deferens. It is also proposed to characterize the pharmacology of the endocannabinoids, 2-AG and noladin, more fully by investigating their pharmacological actions in vitro. We also intend to investigate the presence of tonic activity of the endocannabinoid system in the peripheral nervous system and to establish the extent to which this arises from tonic endocannabinoid release or from the presence of constitutively active CB1 receptors. This will involve the development and/or characterization of inhibitors of processes responsible for terminating the actions of added or endogenously released endocannabinoids: (a) tissue uptake and (b) intracellular enzymic hydrolysis by fatty acid amide hydrolase. Both these processes are potential targets for drugs that by inhibiting endocannabinoid uptake or metabolism could be used to explore the physiological and pathophysiological role(s) of the endocannabinoid system. Such drugs might also come to be exploited clinically. Experiments in this part of the project will also be performed with a silent CB1 receptor antagonist if such a compound becomes available (from the projects of Drs. Razdan and Martin). Whilst some of our experiments will be carried out with isolated tissue preparations containing functional neuronal cannabinoid or vanilloid receptors (or other ?anandamide receptors?), we shall conduct other experiments (a) with brain membranes or CB1, CB2 or VR1-transfected cells that will be used for binding or functional assays or (b) with cells that express an AEA membrane transporter. Many of these experiments will be carried out with novel compounds provided by other members of this group. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-3-KINASE AND AKT SIGNALING TARGETS Principal Investigator & Institution: Powis, Garth; Director of Basic Science; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Description (provided by applicant) The target area to be studied in this proposal are the molecular targets provided by survival (anti-apoptosis) signaling pathways in cancer cells. The objectives of the study are to develop specific, sensitive and robust assays for the molecular target, to validate them in cellular and animal models, and to use the assays to measure drug effects on their targets in patient clinical trials. The targets we will study in Project 1 are 1) phosphatidylinositol-3- kinase (Ptdlns-3-kinase), an enzyme that phosphorylates membrane Ptdlns at the D-3-OH position of myo-inositol ring to give 3-phospho-Ptdlns. Ptdins-3-kinase is over expressed in a number of human cancers and t leads to increased proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. The tumor suppresser PTEN, which is lost in a number of human tumors, antagonizes Ptdins-3-kinase signaling by dephosphorylating Ptdlns-3phosphates. 2) A down stream target activated by Ptdlns-3-kinase is Akt (protein kinase B), itself an oncogene, that causes activation of a number of genes that inhibit apoptosis in cancer cells. Thus, Ptdins-3-kinase and Akt are important new anticancer drug targets on the same signaling pathway. We have identified the fungal metabolite wortmannin as a potent inhibitor of Ptdlns-3-kinase and an antitumor agent We have also identified 3-deoxy-phosphatidyl-myo-inositol ether lipid (DPIEL) as an inhibitor of the activation of Akt and an antitumor agent. Both drugs are currently undergoing preclinical development. The hypothesis, upon which our studies are based is that the inhibitors of Ptdins-3-kinase and Akt, wortmannin and DPIEL respectively, are promising new anticancer drugs that can be used to assess the usefulness of Ptdins-3-kinase and Akt as molecular cancer drug targets in animal models and in clinical trials in patients receiving these drugs. The goal of our studies is to provide a translational bridge between preclinical studies and clinical trials of molecularly targeted drugs and to develop more effective ways of preventing and treating cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PHOSPHOLIPID FLIP ACROSS THE YEAST PLASMA MEMBRANE Principal Investigator & Institution: Nichols, John W.; Associate Professor; Physiology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): A combination of selective synthesis, degradation and transport produces a non-random phospholipid distribution across the plasma membrane of most eukaryotic cells. The long-term objectives of our research program are to understand the mechanisms by which this asymmetric phospholipid distribution is established and its significance to cellular function. Preliminary experiments demonstrated that in the yeast, S. cerevisiae, inward-directed transport (flip) of phosphatidyicholine (PtdCho), as reported by a short chain, fluorescent-labeled PtdCho (NBD-PC), is coupled to the plasma membrane, proton-electrochemical gradient and is down-regulated by nutrient deprivation and by activated drug resistance transcription factors. A classical mutagenesis approach identified a loss of function mutation in a gene that reduces NBD-PC flip by >90% and dramatically increases resistance to the toxic lysophospholipid analogue, ET-18-O-CH3. This gene is predicted to encode a membrane protein with two transmembrane domains and has no identifiable functional motifs.
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Although no molecular function has been identified, two additional homologues exist in the S. cerevisiae genome as well as in a wide range of metazoans including humans. The specific aims of this proposal are to test the hypothesis that the three yeast genes encode plasma membrane-localized, inward-directed, phospholipid transporters (flippases) that are regulated in response to growth state and toxic stress. Specifically these genes will be characterized by classic molecular, genetic, and biochemical analyses to determine the relationship of their expression to in vivo function, their cellular location, specific domains essential to function, interactions with other proteins, response to nutrient deprivation and drug resistance factors, and their in vitro flippase activity. In addition to providing a better understanding of the role of phospholipid membrane dynamics to cell function, these studies will likely identify the mechanism of internalization of ET-18O-CH3, and other ether lipid drugs, that have anti-fungal. anti-protozoal, and antineoplastic activity. Understanding the mechanism by which these drugs are internalized may lead to the discovery of new drugs of this class that are internalized more efficiently and are less susceptible to the development of resistance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SECRETION
PHOSPHOLIPID-DERIVED
MEDIATORS
AND
INSULIN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Turk, John W.; Professor; Pathology and Immunology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1984; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our hypothesis in the previous project period was that a pancreatic islet Ca2+ -independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2B) is activated upon stimulation with secretagogues and that its products participate in B-cell signaling. We have now cloned iPLA2B from islet mRNA and determined the human iPLA2 gene structure and chromosomal location. Recombinant iPLA2B is inhibited by a bromoenol lactone (BEL) suicide substrate that also suppresses glucose-induced insulin secretion, and iPLA2B overexpression. amplifies insulinoma cell secretion and proliferation. We have also found that arachidonate-containing plasmalogens, which participate in membrane fusion and exocytosis, are abundant in B-cells, and these ether lipids are produced from peroxisome-derived intermediates. An iPLA2gamma isozyme targeted to peroxisomes is also expressed in islets and may participate in regulating complex lipid synthesis. Peroxisomal dysregulation could contribute to pathologic tissue lipid accumulation in diabetes. The recent success of human islet transplantation and the limited availability of donor organs highlights the need to identify genes and their products that affect B-cell secretion and survival to facilitate construction of engineered B-cell lines that might serve as an alternate source of transplantable B-cells. In the coming project period, we propose to further characterize roles of iPLA2 isozymes, complex lipids, and peroxisomes in B-cell function and to develop genetically modified mice with altered iPLA2B expression for in vivo studies. Aim 1 is to characterize secretion, proliferation, and other responses of insulinoma cells and islets in which iPLA2B expression is manipulated by molecular biologic means. Aim 2 is to characterize roles of complex lipids in B-cell function and of iPLA2 isozymes and peroxisomes in lipid formation. Aim 3 is to characterize regulatory post-translational modifications of the iPLA2B protein. Aim 4 is to conduct cell biologic studies of iPLA2B translocation among cellular compartments and interactions with other proteins. Aim 5 is to develop genetically modified mice with altered iPLA2B expression for in vivo studies. We have prepared mouse embryonic stem cells in which an iPLA2B allele has been disrupted by homologous recombination as a step to generate mice that do not express the enzyme.
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Project Title: PHOTOREACTIVE SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Guire, Patrick E.; Surmodics, Inc. 9924 W 74Th St Eden Prairie, Mn 55344 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This project is designed to optimize and extend the ultrathin coating technology demonstrated in the Phase I project, which is aimed at facile, cost-effective, and broadly applicable thin-film coatings for the passivation of biosensor and medical device surfaces. Prevention of non-specific binding of proteins and other biomolecules is important for a large variety of biomaterial, optical, electrical and structural surfaces which suffer fouling (protein and cellular adhesion, microbial proliferation, and pore plugging) from functioning in contact with physiological fluids and pharmaceuticals. A new class of block copolymer reagents was prepared and demonstrated to provide self-assembled monolayers which can be photochemically fixed on the surface. After spontaneous formation from aqueous coating fluid, the monolayer film on the hydrophobic surface is stabilized through covalent attachment to the surface and in situ polymerization or crosslinking of diblock polymer molecules. The resulting "field of grass" from the hydrophilic block inhibits biomolecule adsorption and can provide attachment sites for desired biomolecules such as heparin. This Phase II effort will synthesize improved test models of this new class of multifunctional selfassembling monolayer molecules. "Living polymerization" will be used to prepare these photoreactive macromer surfactants, which will be use-tested on distal protection screens and hemodialysis membranes. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: This effort is expected to provide new reagents and coating methodology for distal protection devices (thrombi collection screens) and hemodialysis membranes. Almost one million patients need hemodialysis three times per week. These coatings would provide reduced fouling and increased flux for microporous medical devices. The proposed work will also extend the block copolymer technology to alternate polymer backbones for increased lubricity and to biomolecule immobilization for increased hemocompatibility, providing better coatings for a variety of medical devices. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PHOTOSENSITIZER STRUCTURE/BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES-RATIONAL PHOTOSENSITIZER DESIGN Principal Investigator & Institution: Dougherty, Thomas J.; Chair; Roswell Park Cancer Institute Buffalo, Ny 14263 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The overall goal of this proposal is to further our understanding of how photosensitizer structure affects the biological response to photodynamic therapy (PDT) and to use this information to develop an approach for rational design of photosensitizers for PDT. This will be done by utilizing extensive information already developed in our laboratory and others and applying similar and expanded in vivo and in vitro studies to selected photosensitizer series. The specific aims are: (1) To expand an existing in vivo quantitative structure activity (QSAR) study of a congeneric series of pyropheophorbide ether photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy to address issues for both efficacy and selectivity. (2) To prepare additional congeneric series of compounds which differ in critical ways from the pyropheophorbide ethers, and to determine whether similar QSAPs exist. (3) To explore in vivo the possible importance
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of specific, optimal intracellular binding sites in both the pyropheophorbide ether series and the new series emerging from Aim 2. (4) To use the existing and new data as they are developed in Aims 1, 2, 3 and Project III to carry out molecular modeling using 3D QSAR as well as modeling specific binding to site II of albumin (benzodiazepine site), the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor and other important binding sites identified in Project III. (5) To introduce into clinical trials the optimal pyropheophorbide ether (hexyl) identified in the QSAR study of a congeneric series of pyropheophorbide ether. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ISCHEMIA
PLASMALOGEN
CATABOLISM
DURING
MYOCARDIAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Ford, David A.; Biochem and Molecular Biology; St. Louis University St. Louis, Mo 63110 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Ischemic heart disease is responsible for the sudden death of over 500,000 U.S. citizens per year and is a leading public health problem in the United States. The pathophysiological sequelae following an acute myocardial infarction normally include depressed myocardial function leading to congestive heart failure and death. Thus, understanding the biochemical mechanisms responsible for ischemia-induced myocardial dysfunction, as well as reperfusion injury, represents a major U.S. health concern. One biochemical mechanism that likely contributes to myocardial dysfunction in ischemic myocardium is accelerated phospholipid catabolism. Since plasmalogens are the predominant phospholipid of myocardium, we have directed our efforts toward identifying accelerated plasmalogen catabolism during myocardial ischemia as a biochemical mechanism that mediates myocardial dysfunction during ischemia. We have previously demonstrated that plasmalogen-selective, calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) is activated in the membranes of ischemic myocardium and our preliminary studies now show that ischemic injury is reduced in hearts that are pretreated with the specific iPLA2 inhibitor, HELSS. We have also recently found that the nuclear membranes isolated from myocardium are enriched with plasmalogen molecular species and that catalytically-active iPLA2 is translocated to the nucleus during myocardial ischemia. These data suggest that accelerated nuclear membrane plasmalogen catabolism may participate in nuclear signaling responses that mediate alterations in myocardial gene expression. Additionally, we have recently discovered that myeloperoxidase, released from activated neutrophils, generates reactive chlorinating species that attack the vinyl ether bond of plasmalogens. These data suggest that cardiac myocyte and endothelial cell plasmalogens are targets for reactive chlorinating species produced by activated neutrophils during ischemia/reperfusion injury. Accordingly, the overall hypothesis of this proposal is that accelerated plasmalogen catabolism during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion is a key mechanism in cardiac injury and in nuclear signaling responses. We have three specific aims: Specific Aim 1 is to test the hypothesis that nuclear membrane plasmalogen catabolism is accelerated during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Specific Aim 2 is to test the hypothesis that accelerated plasmalogen catabolism mediates both cardiac injury and nuclear signaling responses during ischemia and reperfusion. Specific Aim 3 is to test the hypothesis that myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury is mediated, in part, by plasmalogen degradation by reactive chlorinating species released from activated neutrophils. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PRECONCENTRATORS BASED ON SELF-ASSEMBLED REAGENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cox, James A.; Professor; Chemistry and Biochemistry; Miami University Oxford 500 E High St Oxford, Oh 45056 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objective of our program is to develop analytical methods on micromachined platforms for biomedical analytes. The present proposal deals with the separation and preconcentration of selected analytes onto reagents that are tethered to gold electrodes or nanoclusters. The tethering is via molecular self-assembly. Fluorogenic crown ethers will be modified with alkanethiol tags and attached to gold by spontaneous formation of the thiolate. Selective uptake of lithium or potassium ion by the crown will provide the separation step. Release of the entire assembly into a flowing carrier solution by oxidation of the thiolate will be one strategy that will allow quantifying the results at a downstream detector. Prior to the next measurement, the assembly will be re-made or a new electrode will be placed in the system. Alternatives of the basic experiment include other combinations of capture reagent and analyte, e.g. a cyclophane and phenylalanine or adrenaline; tethering reagents to gold nanoclusters embedded in a flow-through silica sol-gel electrode; and chemical release that retains the integrity of the self-assembled monolayer on gold. These systems are designed specifically to be integrated with microchip and micromachined platforms to yield Total Analytical Systems. Applications as disposal devices for selective determinations of analytes in blood are envisioned. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PROBING CATALYSIS BY HYDROGEN BONDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Anslyn, Eric V.; University Distinguished Teaching Profes; Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Texas Austin 101 E. 27Th/Po Box 7726 Austin, Tx 78712 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Enzymes often use hydrogen-bonding interactions and general-acid catalysis as part of their catalytic machinery. The two effects are similar, but distinctly different. In simple hydrogen-bonding catalysis, the proton is not transferred, while in general-acid catalysis the proton is transferred. Although proton transfer is one of the simplest reactions, how these two forms of catalysis function still has facets that are under debate. In this proposal we explore how these two forms of catalysis are influenced by hydrogen bond geometry, solvation, and differences in acidity of the donor. This is first done within the context of a D/H scrambling experiment where the hydrogen-bonding interaction is relevant to the debate about low barrier hydrogen bonds (LBHBs). Our interpretation of the theory of LBHB catalysis is that very steep Bronsted plots should be evident. Our second study is oriented at determining how hydrogen bonds and metal coordinations influence carbon acidity. We will use synthetic mimics of enolase and racemase enzymes to quantitate the stabilization imparted to enolates, and then measure their ability to increase the acidity of the enolate's conjugate acids. Our last study of hydrogen-bonding and general-acid catalysis involves quantitating the ability of imidazoliums, ammoniums, and guanidiniums to catalyze a phosphoryl transfer reaction. Enzymes commonly use these functional groups, but their role, as hydrogen-bonding or as general-acid catalysts have not been deciphered. In all these projects described herein, we will use physical organic and molecular recognition techniques to probe aspects of catalysis. We have carefully chosen problems where model studies such as those presented herein can answer the
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questions, while the literature studies on the enzymes themselves have only lead to further debate. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REACTIVITY AND SELECTIVITY OF REACTIONS IN POLAR MEDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Grieco, Paul A.; Professor; Chemistry and Biochemistry; Montana State University (Bozeman) Bozeman, Mt 59717 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1980; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: The major focus of this grant renewal application is to further examine the reactivity and selectivity of a number of organic reactions in highly polar media such as 3.0-5.0 M lithium perchlorate-diethyl ether with applications to molecules of biological interest. During the course of this investigation we will continue to search for substitutes for lithium perchlorate in ether. In addition we remain focused on anions that are more weakly coordinating than perchlorate. This proposal is divided into three parts. The first section concentrates on studying the reaction of nucleophiles with oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes and oxabicyclo [3.2.1]octanes i highly polar media. All the proposed studies will be of a fundamental nature in order to define the scope, limitations, and mechanism of this potentially very useful new reaction. Applications to the total synthesis of epothilone B, ulapualide A, aplyronine A, morphine, and the C(19)-C(27) aliphatic building block of rifamycin S are proposed. The second part of this grant application focuses on extending the ionic intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction in polar media for the construction of carbocyclic ring systems. Substrates will be examined wherein conformationally restricted tethered dienes are attached to the alpha, beta, and delta carbon atoms of the dienophiles. Application to syntheses of quadrone, magellaninone and pentalenene are proposed. In the third part of this grant application we will examine unique solvent systems (e.g. Li2B12H12-acetone, MgB12H12-acetone) in hopes of finding new opportunities for altering transition states while accelerating organic reactions. In addition we plan to examine lithium borates and lithium phosphates wherein the anions are chiral in hopes of catalyzing substitution reactions of allylic and benzylic acetates via single diastereomeric ion pairs which undergo facial discrimination in the attack by a nucleophile. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: RHOMOCYCSTEINASE FOR HOMOCYSTEINE ASSAY Principal Investigator & Institution: Tan, Yuying; Anticancer, Inc. 7917 Ostrow St San Diego, Ca 92111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (applicant's abstract): There is an important need to develop accurate, simple and economic methods to determine total homocysteine (tHCY) levels in order to make such an assay a recognized part of standard medical practice available for the general population. HPLC methods for tHCY measurement have been developed and have been used as the standard assay for tHCY. HPLC is highly specialized and low throughput, however. A fluorescence polarization immunoassay for tHCY has also been developed. However, it appears that this method can only be practiced with specialized lowthroughput instrumentation. The currently used assays are therefore neither suitable for high-throughput tHCY measurement and nor for routine clinical laboratories. In Phase I, a simple high specificity and sensitivity tHCY enzymatic assay was developed using a homocysteine-speciflc recombinant homocysteinase (rHCYase) and H2Sspecific
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chromogenic agent N, N-dibutylphenylenediamine (DBPDA). The tHCY enzymatic assay highly correlates to the standard HPLC tHCY assay. The goal of Phase II is to apply the total homocysteine (tHCY) enzymatic assay developed in Phase I for broad base clinical use to enable tHCY to be a routine test as a risk factor for cardiovascular and other diseases. In order to achieve this specific goal, the specific aims of the Phase II application are to adapt the tHCY enzymatic assay on examples of widely-used instruments, a robotic microtiter plate reader and an automatic chemistry analyzer adapted for high throughput screening and routine testing. To adapt the tHCY enzymatic assay for robotic rnicrotiter plate readers, the Tecan Genesis (100/8) Robotic Sampler Processor will be used. To adapt the tHCY enzymatic assay for automatic chemistry analyzers, the Hitachi 912 automated chemistry analyzer will be used. Validation of the robotic microtiter plate reader and automatic chemistry analyzer tHCY enzymatic assays will be carried out by comparing their performance with the manual tHCY enzymatic assay thus far developed and the HPLC tHCY assay in a prospective clinical trial of the efficacy of high-dose folic acid to lower tHCY levels and improve outcome of patients having both end stage renal disease and cardiovascular disease. The tHCY enzymatic kits for these applications will be ready for commercial launch at this point. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Not Available Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RIGID-THREAD ROTAXANES FOR ARTIFICIAL MOLECULAR MUSCLES Principal Investigator & Institution: Belitsky, Jason M.; Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-NOV-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Artificial molecular muscles might someday be core components of artificial limbs. In the near term they will be useful to power mechanical movements in nanoscale devices. Switchable rotaxanes composed of polyether threads containing pi-donors encircled by a macrocyclic pi-acceptor have already been successfully incorporated in functional molecular electronic devices. To develop a rotaxane-based molecular muscle, it is intuitively desirable to replace the polyether threads with more rigid linkers. However, the ether oxygens are necessary for a successful template-directed synthesis, which relies on weak noncovalent interactions, particularly [CH-O] hydrogen bonds, in organic solvents. In an aqueous self-assembly process, the hydrophobic effect is expected to dominate, a feature which may allow for the efficient synthesis of rotaxanes with increased rigidity. For potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications of interlocked molecules, it is advantageous to study their switching behavior in aqueous solution. This proposal describes the self-assembly in aqueous solution of rigid-thread [2]pseudorotaxanes, [2]rotaxanes, and palindromic [3]rotaxanes which have been designed to promote contraction and extension, as a first step in the development of an artificial molecular muscle, and an examination of the molecular shuttling behavior of these rigid-thread rotaxanes in aqueous and organic solutions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ROLE OF HERG-LIKE K+ CHANNELS IN G.I. SMOOTH MUSCLE Principal Investigator & Institution: Akbarali, Hamid I.; Associate Professor; Physiology; University of Oklahoma Hlth Sciences Ctr Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Ok 73126
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The objective of this proposal is to pursue studies on the genesis of the resting membrane potential in visceral smooth muscle. The resting potential is one of the major determinants of smooth muscle excitability and is largely governed by the permeability to K+ ions. Preliminary studies demonstrate that the resting potential of several gastrointestinal smooth muscle is, in part, controlled by a unique human ether-ago-go (HERG)-like K+ channel. This K+ current demonstrates inward rectification and appears to be a potential target of the commonly used prokinetic agent, cisapride. The first specific aim is to characterize the detailed biophysical properties of the HERG-like K+ current in gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells. The voltage- dependent kinetics of this current in single cells will be determined using the patch clamp technique and its physiological role in resting potential and repolarization of the action potential will be characterized. The second specific aim is to identify the pharmacological regulation of the smooth muscle HERG-like K+ currents. in these studies, the effects of class III antiarrhythmic compounds which are known HERG channel blockers will be determined, and the mechanism of action of the prokinetic agent, cisapride on the HERG currents will be investigated. Preliminary data show that cisapride attenuates the HERG currents in single gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells and depolarizes muscle strips. The effects of the excitatory neurotransmitter, acetylcholine on these K currents will be determined and the involvement of the second messenger regulation by protein kinase C will be evaluated. In the third specific aim, the protein expression of HERG-like channels will be localized by immunofluorescence techniques and by Western blotting. The fourth specific aim is to define the relationship of the HERG-like conductance with those of the other inwardly rectifying currents in smooth muscle. In these studies the role of IKi, ATP- sensitive K+ channel and the hyperpolarization-activated cation currents will be examined. Inhibitory modulators of the HERG-ike K+ channels in smooth muscle may provide new approaches to treatment of disorders that involve smooth muscle hyperexcitability. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SELECTIVE ANESTHETIC ACTIONS ON NMDA RECEPTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Criswell, Hugh E.; Research Associate Professor; Anesthesiology; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Volatile anesthetics produce a balanced anesthesia by acting on a number of neural systems. While early studies attributed this array of actions to a nonspecific fluidization of phospholipid membranes, more recent work has pointed to specific actions of anesthetics on ion channels. Selective blockade of NMDA- sensitive glutamate receptors by volatile anesthetics has been linked to their amnesic, analgesic, hypnotic and neuroprotective action. Recent work by our laboratory and others has shown that both volatile anesthetics and n-alcohols have differing effects on NMDA-receptor function depending on the brain area studied. Further, we have preliminary data showing that the effects of volatile anesthetics on the NMDA receptor are influenced by the presence of the exon-5 splice in the NMDAR-1 subunit the receptor. The proposed studies will examine the effect of various volatile anesthetics on the electrophysiological properties of native NMDA receptors in rat brain and correlate those effects with the subunit composition of the receptors using single-cell RT-PCR. Specific Aim I will use whole-cell patch recording of NMDA- induced currents from acutely dissociated neurons and neurons maintained in primary culture to examine the effect of isoflurane
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on NMDA receptor function. Following recording of the NMDA- mediated currents, cytoplasm will be extracted from individual cells to analyze the mRNAs for NMDA receptor subunits present in each cell. This specific aim will extend our preliminary data linking the presence of the exon-5 splice to increased anesthetic potency and extend this work to other NMDAR-1 and NMDAR-2 isoforms. This aim will test the hypothesis that the effect of isoflurane on NMDA receptor function depends upon the subunit composition of that receptor. Specific Aim II will compare the effects of ethyl ether, isoflurane, enflurane, halothane and chloral hydrate on whole- cell currents elicited by NMDA and correlate those responses with the presence or absence of specific NMDA receptor subunit mRNAs. This specific aim will test the hypothesis that volatile anesthetics share a common dependence on subunit composition. Specific Aim III will examine the effect of volatile anesthetics on NMDA receptors expressed in HEK-293 cells transfected with combinations of NMDA receptor subunits found to influence anesthetic potency in native receptors. This Aim will verify experimentally, the correlational data from Specific Aims I and II. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SHAKER K+ CHANNELS-FUNCTION OF S4 AND BIOCHEMISTRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Papazian, Diane M.; Professor; Physiology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1989; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: The long term goal of this research is to elucidate the physical mechanism of voltage-dependent activation in K+ channels by identifying structural interactions in the voltage sensor and characterizing their rearrangements during activation. Shaker and ether a go-go (eag) K+ channels will be expressed in Xenopus oocytes for electrophysiological, biochemical, and spectroscopic analysis. Unlike Shaker, eag activation is dramatically modulated by extracellular Mg2+. To obtain unique insights into voltage sensor, in voltage-dependent transitions during activation will be investigated. The specific aims of the proposal are: 1) To test the hypothesis that eagspecific acidic residues in S2 and S3 compose the Mg2+ binding site. 2) To test the hypothesis that the Mg2+ binding site in eag represents a general structural constraint in other K+ channels, including HERG and Shaker. 3) To identify structural constraints in the Shaker voltage sensor. This aim concludes work in the previous period. 4) To test the feasibility of site-directed fluorescent labeling in eag, and then use this approach to test the hypothesis that the S2 segment participates in rate-limiting, Mg2+-sensitive, conformational changes at hyperpolarized potentials during eag activation. Dr. F. Bezanilla of UCLA will collaborate in these experiments. This proposal describes basic research aimed at understanding the structure and function of voltage-dependent ion channels. The research is likely to have significant health relevance because ion channels play essential biological roles in the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle. The research may also contribute to our arrhythmias and neurological seizures. Among K+ channels, eag homologues, which are widely expressed in the brain and heart, are uniquely regulated by Mg2+, and thus may underlie some of these effects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STEREOSELECTIVE POLYMERIZATION OF VINYLETHERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lavoie, Adrien R.; Chemistry; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 21-AUG-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): A polymer's stereoregularity influences its rheology and thus, its potential as a useful material. As such, the next generation of biocompatible polymers is dependent upon the ability to precisely control stereoregularity. Potential uses for stereoregular polymers include: end surfaces for bones and joints, skin grafts, biodegradable materials, controlled drug delivery systems, and synthetic cornea replacements to name a few. In light of these uses, a method for the stereoregulation of vinyl ether polymerization could lead to fantastic new opportunities in the fields of tissue engineering and the development of biocompatible materials. This proposal outlines three general novel strategies aimed toward the stereospecific polymerization of vinylethers. The first, asymmetric Lewis acid catalysis, will employ asymmetric Cu and Ti complexes to be screened for the ability to initiate and provide stereocontrol and molecular weight control in polymerization. In the second method, carbenes and thiazol-2-ylidenes will be modified in order to generate electrophilic zwitterions. The third method that we propose integrates both Lewis-acid and organocatalytic polymerization methods with chiral counter-anions in order to probe the effects on polymer stereoregulation, catalyst stability, catalyst activity, and chain-transfer characteristics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF CYCLIC ETHERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Evans, P Andrew.; Professor; Chemistry; Indiana University Bloomington P.O. Box 1847 Bloomington, in 47402 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-MAY-1997; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The aim of this proposal is the development of new tandem bismuth-catalyzed inter- and intramolecular etherification reactions for the construction of non-adjacent and fused polycyclic ethers. The bismuth-catalyzed etherification reactions exhibit remarkable catalytic activity and unusual chemoselectivity, in which the direct addition to the carbonyl does not compete with the formation of the oxocarbenium ion. The bismuth catalysts are commercially availabile, inexpensive and non-toxic, making them ideal for many synthetic applications. The development of metal-catalyzed multi-component reactions for the rapid construction of complex polycyclic skeletons provides new and exciting opportunities for the synthesis of pharmacologically active agents. The specific areas of interest are summarized as follows: Tandem Stereoselective Intra- and Intermolecular Etherifications: The first section of the proposal will involve the development of tandem diastereoselective bismuth-catalyzed etherification reactions, through the sequencing of oxocarbenium ions, for the construction of non-adjacent tetrahydropyran rings. This methodology will then be applied to a convergent total synthesis of the potent antitumor agent leucascandrolide A. Annulation and Reductive Etherifications for Fused Polycyclic Ethers: The second aspect of the proposal details the development of new bismuthcatalyzed one-step annulation reactions in combination with ring-closing metathesis for the construction of polycyclic ethers. We will also examine the merit of temporary silicon-tethered ring-closing metathesis followed by the stereoselective bismuthcatalyzed reductive etherification, and its subsequent application to the DEFGH portion of the gambieric acids A-D. Finally, we will examine a series bismuth-catalyzed bisreductive etherification reactions for the construction of linear fused polycyclic ethers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ENTF Principal Investigator & Institution: Walsh, Christopher T.; Assistant Professor; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: The E. coli non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), a four-protein (EntE, B, D, F) six-module system is a paradigm for a bacterial "assembly-line" enzymes that produce molecules, such as antibiotics and metal-chelating siderophores. Our goal is to study the 142 kDa EntF component consisting of a condensation domain (C,49 kDa), an adenylase (A, 59 kDa) a peptidyl carrier or thiolation module (T, 9 kDa), and a thioesterase (TE, 27 kDa). EntF cooperates with EntB which consists of an A and a T domain. We plan to solve structures of individual domains and several di-domain constructs or even larger portions using modern NMR methods. Of particular interest will be to elucidate the orientation of the individual domains relative to each other, which will be pursued by measuring residual dipolar couplings and utilizing paramagnetic broadening of NMR signals by strategically induced spin labels. The relative orientation of the domains is of crucial importance for understanding the mechanism of how the fragments of the growing peptide chain are brought together. The research will be pursued with four specific aims. Aim 1 is to establish expression and isotope labeling of individual domains of EntF and EntB, as well as di- tri- and tetra-domain constructs and to explore the feasibility of NMR spectroscopy of the constructs. In this aim we will include segmental labeling using inteins or related technologies. Aim 2 is to perform resonance assignments starting with the single domains and proceeding to multi-domain constructs of increasing complexity. Aim 3 is to solve structures of individual domains an larger fragments. Aim 4 is to elucidate the orientations of the domains to each other and relative to the individual active sites. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SYNTHESIS & PROPERTIES OF NOVEL POLYMERS W/ ROTAXANE ARCHITECTURES Principal Investigator & Institution: Gibson, Henry W.; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This effort is concerned with the synthesis and characterization of a new type of polymer architecture, polyrotaxanes. These structures consist of linear polymers which have been threaded through the cavities of a large number of cyclic molecules. The polyrotaxanes consist then of a physically bonded set of molecules; there is no covalent bond between the linear and cyclic species. We have utilized aliphatic crown ethers nearly exclusively as the cyclic molecules. The linear polymers have included polyesters, polyurethanes, polyamides, polystyrene, poly(phenylene vinylene), poly(ether ketone)s and poly(ether sulfone)s. Significant changes in properties result from the physical linkage of the cyclic species into the polymer; these include enhanced solubility, solvent induced changes in hydrodynamic volume, alteration of the glass transition temperature and introduction of crystalline domains of the macro-cyclic component. These polymeric systems, accessible by step growth (condensation), free radical, anionic, or cationic techniques, possess unique physical and chemical properties. Molecular engineering should provide materials useful in a number of application, such as adhesives, composite matrices, polymer blending and toughening, energy and electron transfer, controlled-release membranes, and perhaps further into the future, molecular-level electronic devices.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SYNTHESIS CYCLIZATIONS
OF
ANTICANCER
AGENTS
USING
PRINS
Principal Investigator & Institution: Rychnovsky, Scott D.; Professor; Chemistry; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The principle synthetic target in this proposal is phorboxazole B, a remarkably potent anticancer agent. Phorboxazole B was tested against the NCI's panel tumor cell lines and was found, for example, to inhibit the growth of colon tumor cells HCT-116 (GI50 4.36 X 10(-10) M). Two of the key segments of phorboxazole were prepared in the previous grant period using our segment-coupling Prins cyclization. Completion of the synthesis will be accomplished by assembly of the macrolide A and attaching the side chain B. Synthetic phorboxazole will be made available to collaborators to evaluate its mode of action, and to evaluate its potential as an anticancer agent. We are developing Prins cyclizations for the synthesis of complex tetrahydropyran rings found in many natural products. In this new grant period we will investigate the stereoselectivity and regioselectivity of the segment-coupling Prins cyclization. A regioselective version of this reaction is the key step in a proposed synthesis of the natural product ratjadone. We will also develop two new oxacarbenium ion cyclizations: the Mukaiyama aldol-Prins (MAP) cyclization and the carbon-trapping Prins cyclizations. Simple versions of both of these new reactions have been demonstrated and presented in the progress report. The MAP reaction combines a Mukaiyama aldol reaction of alkyl enol ether with a Prins cyclization to produce two new carbon-carbon bonds, one new ring and several stereogenic centers. It is the basis for a proposed highly convergent synthesis of leucascandrolide A. The carbon-trapping Prins cyclization produces two new carbon-carbon bonds, one ring and several stereogenic centers. It is the basis of a proposed synthesis of epicalyxin F, an anticancer compound isolated from a traditional Chinese medicinal plant. These new methods will be powerful tools for the assembly of tetrahydropyran natural products. Each of the synthetic targets selected for investigation has antitumor activity. Phorboxazole B is clearly the most important because of its extreme potency and because of the dearth of naturally available material. However, the other synthetic targets, leucascandrolide A, epicalyxin F and ratjadone also have interesting antitumor activity, and these synthetic products will be made available to collaborators for evaluation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SYNTHESIS OF NEW NNRTLS FOR THE TREATMENT OF AIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cushman, Mark S.; Medicinal Chem/Molecular Pharm; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, in 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): A current need exists for novel non-nucleoside HIV1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) that: 1) have lower toxicities than the existing NNRTIs, 2) have unique resistance mutation profiles and remain active against mutant reverse transcriptases that are resistant to the existing NNRTIs, 3) have the ability to suppress the emergence of resistant viral strains when used in combination with other anti-HIV agents, 4) have synergistic anti-HIV activity in combination with other anti-HIV agents, 5) are metabolically more stable than the existing ADAMs and therefore have enhanced bioavailabilities, 6) have a wide range of activity vs. various
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HIV-1 strains, and 7) have high affinities for RT, and therefore have the potential for high anti-HIV potency. Our research group has recently reported the design and synthesis of a novel series of alkenyldiarylmethane (ADAM) NNRTIs that are potent inhibitors of the cytopathic effect of HIV-1. Although some of the ADAMs inhibit the cytopathic effect of HIV-1RF in CEM-SS cell culture at low nanomolar concentrations, the potential therapeutic utility of the ADAMs is compromised by the presence of three methyl ester moieties that are readily hydrolyzed by plasma esterases. Consequently, the main goal of the present project is to find suitable replacements for these three labile esters that will be metabolically stable and will also retain the potent anti-HIV activity of the parent compound. Preliminary studies have shown promising activity resulting from oxazolidinone and methyl ether replacements of the methyl esters, and a variety of additional metabolically stable moieties are proposed. These include ethyl ketone, isobutylene, enol ether, ether, vinyl ketone, n-propyl, alpha, alpha -difluoroketone, difluoroenol ether, tetrafluoroisobutylene, difluoroisobutylene, imidoyl fluoride, amide, thioester, thionoester, and dithioester replacements. Syntheses are proposed for ADAMs containing each of these structurally simple methyl ester replacements. The hydrolytic stabilities of the new ADAMs will be investigated in human plasma. In addition, the anti-HIV activities of the new ADAMs will be determined in a variety of biological systems. The potencies of the compounds as inhibitors of the cytopathic effect of a variety of HIV-1 strains will be determined in cell culture. The cytotoxicities of the compounds in uninfected lymphocytes will also be investigated. The enzyme inhibitory activities of the ADAMs will be established in cell-free systems using both wild type and mutant proteins. Mechanism of action studies will include both time-of-addition (time course) studies as well as the examination of the compounds in a number of assays employing targets that represent various stages in the replication cycle of the virus. The synergistic activities of the compounds with existing anti-HIV agents will be established. The activities of the ADAMs vs. NNRTI resistant viruses will be investigated. The aqueous solubilities of the new ADAMs will be measured accurately. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Boeckman, Robert K.; Professor of Chemistry; Chemistry; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-1982; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: The studies to be conducted under this grant fall in three major areas: 1) complete work on the total synthesis of the hypoglycemic agent Saudin (1); test 1 and its precursors to identify the pharmacophore, and determine if possible the mechanism by which the hypoglycemic effects are elicited (in collaboration with Sandoz Research Institute); prepare appropriate analogues as warranted by the preceding studies; 2) continue work directed at the application of Lewis acid catalyzed asymmetric [2+2] cycloaddition reactions and asymmetric SN2' substitutions as general methods to access the chiral vinylcyclobutane precursors for (+)-Laurencin (2) and (+)-Laurenyne (3). To employ the novel retro-Claisen rearrangement to create the required oxocene ring system in enantiomerically pure form. 3) investigate the mechanism, scope, and limitations of the novel TiC14 catalyzed Claisen rearrangement of endocyclic vinyl allyl ethers. This process permits modification of the stereochemical outcome of the process relative to the thermal rearrangement. The hypothesis that an internal chelate of suitably disposed oxygen functions permits the modification of the ring conformation from halfchair to half-boat will be tested.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SYNTHESIS AMPHIDINOLIDE C
OF
THE
ANTI-TUMOR
MARCROLIDE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Shotwell, John B.; Chemistry; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 14-SEP-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal details studies directed toward the total synthesis of amphidinolide C. The amphidinolides, a structurally diverse group of over 30 macrolides, exhibit potent and selective anti-tumor profiles. The unparalleled structural heterogeneity in this class is indicative either of a host of mechanistically unique inroads to the treatment of cancers or a single unidentified intracellular effector which exhibits tremendous promiscuity in ligand binding. The mechanisms of action of the amphidinolides have gone unstudied, primarily due to a lack of available natural products, analogs, and biochemical reagents (e.g., amphidinolide-based affinity probes and/or columns, etc.). The proposed synthesis involves the development of a tandem asymmetric Heck/enol-ether oxidation strategy for the preparation of chiral allylic 1,2anti diols and describes its application toward the preparation of the highly oxygenated C3-C9 region of amphidinolide C. The route is highly convergent, will expand the scope of enantioselective and doubly-diastereoselective [3+2] annulation strategies for the efficient construction of tetrahydrofurans, and will represent the first total synthesis of amphidinolide C. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONS OF CARBENE COMPLEXES Principal Investigator & Institution: Wulff, William D.; Professor; Chemistry; Michigan State University 301 Administration Bldg East Lansing, Mi 48824 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1983; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: The broad scope of the work proposed involves the development of the chemistry of Fischer carbene complexes to the field of organic synthesis and to the synthesis of organic compounds of importance in human health. The reactions of Fischer carbene complexes with alkynes will be examined for the synthesis of the platelet activating factor antagonist phomactin D and for the synthesis of colchicine and allocolchicinoids that have been investigated for the treatment of gout, familial Mediterranean fever and liver cirrhosis. Asymmetric versions of this reaction will also be used to prepare aS,7S and aR,7S isomers of 1 2 - methylcolchinyl methyl ether to test an unresolved issue regarding the stereochemical requirements for binding of colchicine and allocolchicinoids to tubulin. A new strategy for the synthesis of the new anticancer agent eluetherobin will be explored which involves an intramolecular exo-selective Diels-Alder reaction as a key step. The aldol reaction of Fischer carbene complexes will be utilized in the first synthesis of the anticancer agent fostriecin and analogs of fostriecin which are more stable and thus more useful in the clinic. The reaction of Fischer carbene complexes with 1,6-enynes will be explored as a method for rapid access to the taxol family of antitumor agents. The the cyclopropanation reactions of chiral carbene complexes will be examined for the synthesis of aminocyclopropanes and for a synthesis of the antitumor agent helenalin which involves a tandem cyclopropanation/Cope rearrangement sequence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SYNTHETIC EXPLORATION OF CENTRAL NICOTINIC RECEPTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Glassco, Williams S.; Pharmacology and Toxicology; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1999; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: A combination of pharmacological, molecular and physiological data suggest the presence of multiple subpopulations of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in the central nervous system. To date, molecular biologists have identified eleven distinct nAChR subunits in neuronal tissue (five such subunits are believed to combine to form the functional nAChR), and over half a dozen different combinations of these subunits, when expressed together in various cell lines, produce functional, ligand-gated ion channels. However, only three distinct nAChRs can be identified using chemical ligands, and two of these are distinguished by polypeptide toxins. We have found differences between the structure-activity relationships (SARs) for various nicotinemediated in vivo effects and in vitro affinity. We propose to continue these studies by synthesizing and testing a series of 5- and 6- substituted isonicotines, and to compare these with the SARs of previously reported 5- and 6-substituted nicotines. We additionally propose to synthesize some isonicotine analogs with an ether link between the 3-positions of the pyridine and pyrrolidine rings. We also propose to study the SAR of substituents attached at the 2'- and 4- positions of nicotine, as well as to the comparable positions on a series of pyrrolidine ring-opened analogs of nicotine. Susceptibility to mecamylamine antagonism is a hallmark of agonists to the central nicotine high affinity site, but this may not be the case for some of the 2'- and 4substituted derivatives we are proposing. Additionally, we propose to synthesize analogs of trans-metanicotine, a central nicotine agonist with in vitro and in vivo selectivity, in which the carbon-carbon double bond off the 3-position of the pyridine ring is replaced by a bioisosteric sulfur atom. This modification will allow introduction of oxygen atoms (sulfoxide and/or sulfone) to mimic the structurally and pharmacologically similar pseudooxynicotine. We further propose to synthesize a series of N6-substituted 6- aminonicotines and 6-substituted nicotines as potential competitive nAChR antagonists. Key to these studies is a comprehensive approach to pharmacological evaluation of the various series of compounds. In vitro and in vivo evaluation will be needed for most of these compounds, as we have previously found instances where affinity and activity can vary independently of each other. We have a standard series of tests for evaluation of nicotine-like activity, including displacement of [3H]nicotine from rat brain, two functional assay using mice (inhibition of spontaneous activity and tail-flick antinociception) and drug discrimination using rats trained on nicotine. We additionally propose to utilize the newer in vitro expression systems to correlate selectivity with affinity for specific subunit combination using an oocyte expression systems (alpha4beta2, alpha3beta2). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TARGETED RETROVIRAL VECTORS FOR GENE THERAPY OF DIABETES Principal Investigator & Institution: Roth, Monica J.; Professor; Biochemistry; Univ of Med/Dent Nj-R W Johnson Med Sch Robert Wood Johnson Medical Sch Piscataway, Nj 08854 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) The long-term objective of this proposed research is to develop retroviral vectors which deliver therapeutic genes for diabetes specifically to
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liver and pancreatic beta-cells. The short-term aim of this project is to alter the cellbinding site of the retroviral surface Envelope protein (Env) such that it only mediates binding and entry of the retrovirus specifically into liver or beta-cells. This research develops the use of the feline leukemia virus (FeLV) Env as the backbone for modification. The FeLV Env is more amenable for this modification than previously studied Env proteins, such as those of the marine leukemia viruses, because the FeLV Env encodes a short stretch of amino acids within its amino terminus that determines receptor specificity. One targeting strategy employs a library of 106-107 env genes with random amino acids substituted into this receptor-determining region. The library will be screened for the ability of am of the random sequences to enable entry specifically into liver or beta-cells. Preliminary results indicate that Env proteins with novel targeting specificities can be derived from such a selection screen. A second strategy is to use a library with a liver-specific peptide substituted into the receptor-determining region. In this approach, the liver-targeting peptide is flanked by random amino acids in order to optimize the conformation of the peptide. This library will be screened for the specific targeting of liver cells. These strategies differ from earlier approaches to alter retroviral targeting by the use of bulky antibody fragments or other large cell-binding ligands. The short peptide sequences being introduced into the FeLV Env in the project described here should only minimally perturb the Env protein. These specifically targeted Env proteins will eventually be used to deliver genes that can ether protect beta cells from immune destruction or induce insulin expression in liver cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TARGETING HERG: A MOUSE MODEL OF THE LONG QT SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: London, Barry; Associate Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Arrhythmias and sudden death remain a major public health problem. Mutations of the K+ channel HERG, the human ether-a-gogo related gene, cause the long QT syndrome (LQTS), a genetic disorder characterized by lethal ventricular arrhythmias. HERG subunits are expressed in the heart and are responsible for IKr, a K+ current important in the repolarization phase of the cardiac action potential. HERG subunits interact in-vitro with IsK (minK), a K+ channel beta-subunit that coassembles with KvLQT1 to form the cardiac current IKs. It is not known whether HERG mutations affect currents other than IKr. Patients with HERG mutations and arrhythmias can have normal QT intervals. The role of HERG in other tissues and in development is unknown. Limited access to tissue and myocytes from LQTS patients presents a major obstacle towards a full understanding of the role of HERG in the heart. We have characterized Merg1 (the mouse homolog of HERG) and engineered mice with a targeted truncation of Merg1 similar to the HERG mutations that cause LQTS. Homozygous embryos are abnormal and die between embryonic days Ell and E14. Heterozygous mice (Merg1+/-) have decreased transcript levels of Merg1; levels of minK are decreased in neonates but markedly increased in adults. Heterozygotes have prolonged QT intervals as neonates, and although the QT interval normalizes with age, the adults remain susceptible to arrhythmias when treated with the alpha1-agonist methoxamine. We will test the hypotheses that Merg1 mutations cause LQTS and arrhythmias by affecting both IKr and IKs, that the cellular mechanisms that control QT interval are in part distinct from those that lead to arrhythmias, and that Merg1 is essential for cardiovascular
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development. Specifically, we will 1) Correlate changes in channel expression in Merg1+/- mice of several ages to changes in cardiac K+ currents; 2) Determine whether pharmacological agents that cause arrhythmias in the mice prolong the QT interval; 3) Mate the Merg1+/-mouse to a minK-/-/lacZ mouse to identify areas of altered minK expression and the significance of the Merg1/minK interaction in-vivo; and 4) Study the effects of the loss of Merg1 on embryonic development. A better understanding of the molecular basis of cardiac electrophysiology is an essential first step towards the goal of ameliorating the diverse group of diseases known as cardiac arrhythmias. The studies proposed here will extend our knowledge of the role of the HERG gene family in normal cardiac function and help to define the mechanisms by which mutations lead to arrhythmias. Information gained from these studies may help to clarify the mechanisms of the more common arrhythmias that cause sudden death. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF GUAIANOLIDES AND ARTEMINOLID Principal Investigator & Institution: Bur, Scott K.; Chemistry; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2001 Summary: This proposal describes a general asymmetric synthetic route to guaianolide sesquiterpenes and the sesquiterpene dimer arteminolide. Guaianolide sesquiterpenes have a wide array of biological activity, yet very few syntheses have been described. The construction the guaianolide skeleton relies on a stereoselective tandem conjugate addition-enolate trapping strategy to build a highly functionalized cyclopentanone. The synthesis features a ring-closing olefin metathesis reaction, involving a silyl enol ether and a terminal alkene, to form the seven-membered ring. Development of Diels-Alder cycloaddition methods are described for the reaction of silyloxycyclopentadienes with alpha-methylene lactones. These results will produce a convergent strategy for the formation of sesquiterpene dimers such as arteminolide, a novel farnesyl: protein transferase (FPTase) inhibitor. As FPTase inhibitors are believed to help potential as therapeutic agents for the treatment of some kinds of cancer, compounds such as arteminolide are valuable lead compounds. These methods will allow for the total synthesis of either enantiomer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: THE STUDY OF HERG-INTERACTING PROTEINS IN C. ELGANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Petersen, Christina I.; Anesthesiology; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: (the applicant?s description verbatim): Mutations in the human ether-a-go-go related gene (HERG) are linked to acquired and inherited forms of the long QT syndrome (LQTS), which can provoke the life-threatening arrythmia, Torsades de Pointes. Acquired LQTS is induced by a variety of drugs, many of which block HERG, underscoring the importance of this voltage-gated K+ channel in the maintenance of normal cardiac rhythm. Accessory proteins (beta subunits) are known to modify the current and drug sensitivity of various voltage-gated K+ channels, including HERG. We will study HERG function and accessory protein interactions in vivo using the model organism, C. elegans. An orthologue of HERG, unc-103, has been identified in C. elegans. We will test the hypothesis that unc-103 possesses biophysical and
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pharmacologic features characteristic of HERG, and that C. elegans can be used as a model organism for identifying and isolating HERG-interacting proteins. To accomplish this goal we will: 1. Determine if HERG and UNC-l03 have analogous function, using complemenatary approaches of a) electrophysiological characterization of unc-103 biophysics and drug sensitivity, in a heterologous expression system and b) in vivo pharmacologic characterization of worms that carry an unc-103 gain-of-function (gf mutation. 2. Characterize candidate UNC-103-interacting proteins, using similar heterologous electrophysiologic and in vivo assays, and 3. Isolate novel UNC-103 interacting proteins using a genetic mutagenesis screen in the C. elegans unc-103 gf background. These studies will improve our understanding of HERG and HERG/accessory protein interactions, and will facilitate drug design and aid in the prevention of life-threatening arrythmias. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF ASBESTININ-6 Principal Investigator & Institution: Papa, Patrick W.; Chemistry; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 08-JUL-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Asbestinin-6 was isolated from Briareum asbestinum of the order (Gorgonacea. Although the absolute stereochemistry has not been established for any member of the asbestinin family of natural products, it is thought to be related biosynthetically to the cladiellins, which have established structures. The asbestinins have been shown to have strong antitumor, antimicrobial activity, and exhibit histamine and acetylcholine antagonism. The asbestinins have similar cyclic skeletons which contain a stereochemically complex hexahydroisobenzofuran ring. The key step of this proposed synthesis of asbestinin-6 will focus on the formation of this ring in a stereoselective fashion by further optimization of the Prins-pinacol methodology previously reported by the Overman group. Other key steps will include the formation of a nine member ring system through olefin metathesis, and the formation of a seven member cyclic ether. Upon completion of the first total synthesis of asbestinin-6 it is anticipated that several objectives will be achieved. These objectives include: 1) development of a general method to access structurally similar biologically active compounds; 2) further investigation into biological activity; and 3) determination of the absolute stereochemistry of asbestinin-6. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TI(IV) PROMOTED MUKAIYAM ALDOL-PRINS CYCLIZATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Patterson, Brian D.; Chemistry; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Facile syntheses of biologically active natural products have often been the motive for development of new methodologies in organic chemistry. The recent development of the Ti(IV) promoted Mukaiyama aldol-Prins cyclization by the Rychnovsky group has allowed entry to complex tetrahydropyran ring systems with concomitant formation of a secondary alcohol. Prins cyclization proceeds stereoselectively to give the 2,4,6-syn-trisubstituted tetrahydropyran in >95:5 diastereoselectivity. The initial aldol adduct proceeds with low diastereoselectivity, which allows for possible asymmetric induction either by introduction of a chiral aldehyde or a chiral Lewis acid. Investigation into the improvement of
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diastereoselectivity at the exocyclic alcohol center in conjunction with the use of an enantiopure enol ether would provide a methodology that forms two carbon-carbon bonds as well as setting three stereocenters. Application of this methodology to the synthesis of leucascandrolide A would provide a highly efficient synthetic route to a natural product that has shown high activity against cancer cell lines. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TRANSITION METAL-CATALYZED SYNTHESIS OF AMINES AND ETHER Principal Investigator & Institution: Hartwig, John F.; Professor; Chemistry; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1996; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: Several efficient, transition metal-catalyzed routes to amines and ethers are presented in this proposal. Many amines and ethers are biologically active, and most of the best-selling drugs contain this type of functionality. During the past funding period, we uncovered several transition metal-catalyzed routes to amines and ethers. We developed palladium-catalyzed C-N and C-O coupling of aryl halides and we recently uncovered new metal-catalyzed hydroaminations. The amination of aryl halides and accompanying mechanistic information has already affected dramatically how drug discovery and process groups prepare arylamines. Our hydroaminations should influence the way they prepare alkylamines. In the next funding period, we will gain an understanding of how our new, most active catalysts work and we will determine the extent to which these catalysts improve the scope of C-N bond formation. In addition, we will seek an understanding of the mechanism of related C-O bond forming crosscouplings that use recently discovered catalysts. We will also outline rules that govern the scope and rates for palladium- catalyzed aromatic aminations with medicinally important heterocyclic substrates. In addition to aromatic C-N and C-O bond-forming processes, we will investigate our new hydroaminations of dienes and vinylarenes. Diene hydroaminations produce allylic amines, which are common synthetic intermediates. Vinylarene hydroaminations produce phenethylamines, which are part of drugs such as Sertraline. We will define the scope of these new processes, will investigate enantioselective hydroaminations and will obtain a detailed understanding of how the reactions occur. This information should enable us to design efficient hydroamination catalysts with broad substrate scope and to use mild reaction conditions for highly enantioselective hydroaminations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ULTRALOW BIOMATERIALS
PROTEIN
ADSORPTION
HEMOCOMPATIBLE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Horbett, Thomas A.; Professor; Chemical Engineering; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 23-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Blood clotting on foreign surfaces remains a major limitation in the clinical application of many devices, including cardiovascular bypass, stents, catheters, and glucose sensors. In many situations, platelets are the initiator of blood clotting on the biomaterial surface. Recent studies in our lab have identified a quantitative design criterion to eliminate platelet adhesion, namely the need to reduce fibrinogen adsorption to very low levels (less than 5 ng/cm2), far below that which occurs on most materials. Radio frequency plasma deposited tetraglyme materials we have made can often meet
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this criteria, but it remains to be shown whether this results in the perfectly blood compatible biomaterial that we seek. We also must establish that ultra-low fibrinogen uptake can be achieved consistently and that the materials are stable in this regard. Therefore, a series of studies to perfect the glyme technology and evaluate its blood compatibility is proposed. The specific aims of the proposal are as follows: 1. Tetraglyme plasma treatment conditions will be optimized to achieve coating uniformity, durability and ultra low protein uptake and a new reactor to treat the inside surfaces of longer tubes will be made. A hypothesis about the role of tightly bound water in causing non-fouling of glyme coatings will be tested. Two new monomers for producing plasma deposited PEG- like surfaces will be evaluated. 2. Fibrinogen adsorption from plasma will be compared to ESCA and TOF-SIMS surface chemical data for a series of tetraglymes to establish the conditions that result in ultra-low fibrinogen uptake. The tetraglyme series will be made under varying reactor conditions which will cause variations in surface chemistry, and thus allow us to test the hypothesis that the criteria that must be met to achieve ultra- low fouling are high, optimized ether carbon content relative to non-ether carbon and prevention of delamination. Resistance to fouling by fibronectin, vitronectin, von Willebrand factor, and IgG will also be measured. Resistance to uptake of all proteins from plasma will be characterized with surface plasmon resonance and by two dimensional gel electrophoresis. 3. Blood interactions will be characterized using both in vitro and in vivo methodology. In vitro platelet adhesion and procoagulant activation on a series of glyme coated materials will be measured after their pre-exposure to blood plasma or fibrinogen. The role of non-platelet mediated clotting events will be assessed by measuring clotting times and clotting enzyme activity in recalcified plasma in contact with the tetraglymes. The effect of non-adhesive encounters on platelet activation and aggregation will be characterized using laser emboli detection. In vivo blood compatibility of materials exhibiting ultralow fibrinogen and platelet uptake will be assessed in dogs with tubular tetraglyme ex vivo shunts by measuring both acute phase and steady state indicators of clotting. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “ether” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for ether in the PubMed Central database:
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether, an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. by Hanus L, Abu-Lafi S, Fride E, Breuer A, Vogel Z, Shalev DE, Kustanovich I, Mechoulam R.; 2001 Mar 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=31108
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Acylation stabilizes a protease-resistant conformation of protoporphyrinogen oxidase, the molecular target of diphenyl ether-type herbicides. by Arnould S, Takahashi M, Camadro JM.; 1999 Dec 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24732
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Aerobic Biodegradation of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether by Aquifer Bacteria from Leaking Underground Storage Tank Sites. by Kane SR, Beller HR, Legler TC, Koester CJ, Pinkart HC, Halden RU, Happel AM.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93377
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An [alpha]-Proteobacterium Converts Linear Alkylbenzenesulfonate Surfactants into Sulfophenylcarboxylates and Linear Alkyldiphenyletherdisulfonate Surfactants into Sulfodiphenylethercarboxylates. by Schleheck D, Dong W, Denger K, Heinzle E, Cook AM.; 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101432
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Anaerobic degradation of veratrylglycerol-beta-guaiacyl ether and guaiacoxyacetic acid by mixed rumen bacteria. by Chen W, Supanwong K, Ohmiya K, Shimizu S, Kawakami H.; 1985 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238779
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Biodegradation and transformation of 4,4'- and 2,4-dihalodiphenyl ethers by Sphingomonas sp. strain SS33. by Schmidt S, Fortnagel P, Wittich RM.; 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182552
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Biodegradation of diphenyl ether and its monohalogenated derivatives by Sphingomonas sp. strain SS3. by Schmidt S, Wittich RM, Erdmann D, Wilkes H, Francke W, Fortnagel P.; 1992 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183002
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Biodegradation of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether and Other Fuel Oxygenates by a New Strain, Mycobacterium austroafricanum IFP 2012. by Francois A, Mathis H, Godefroy D, Piveteau P, Fayolle F, Monot F.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123982
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Biodegradation of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether by a Bacterial Pure Culture. by Hanson JR, Ackerman CE, Scow KM.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91645
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Biodegradation of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether by a Pure Bacterial Culture. by Hatzinger PB, McClay K, Vainberg S, Tugusheva M, Condee CW, Steffan RJ.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93349
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Biodegradation of the gasoline oxygenates methyl tert-butyl ether, ethyl tert-butyl ether, and tert-amyl methyl ether by propane-oxidizing bacteria. by Steffan RJ, McClay K, Vainberg S, Condee CW, Zhang D.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168740
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Characterization of the Initial Reactions during the Cometabolic Oxidation of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether by Propane-Grown Mycobacterium vaccae JOB5. by Smith CA, O'Reilly KT, Hyman MR.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=143618
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Clinical comparison of ethyl acetate and diethyl ether in the formalin-ether sedimentation technique. by Erdman DD.; 1981 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273973
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Cloning and sequencing of the gene for a Pseudomonas paucimobilis enzyme that cleaves beta-aryl ether. by Masai E, Katayama Y, Kawai S, Nishikawa S, Yamasaki M, Morohoshi N.; 1991 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=212589
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Cloning of a Genetically Unstable Cytochrome P-450 Gene Cluster Involved in Degradation of the Pollutant Ethyl tert-Butyl Ether by Rhodococcus ruber. by Chauvaux S, Chevalier F, Le Dantec C, Fayolle F, Miras I, Kunst F, Beguin P.; 2001 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95485
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Comparison of clinical results for the use of ethyl acetate and diethyl ether in the formalin-ether sedimentation technique performed on polyvinyl alcohol-preserved specimens. by Garcia LS, Shimizu R.; 1981 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273864
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Comparison of formalin-ethyl ether sedimentation, formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation, and zinc sulfate flotation techniques for detection of intestinal parasites. by Truant AL, Elliott SH, Kelly MT, Smith JH.; 1981 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273909
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Comparison of new triton X-100- and tween-ether-treated split-treated vaccines in children. by Gross PA, Ennis FA, Gaerlan PF, Denning CR, Setia U, Davis WJ, Bisberg DS.; 1981 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273983
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Comparison of polyvinyl alcohol- and formalin-preserved fecal specimens in the formalin-ether sedimentation technique for parasitological examination. by Carroll MJ, Cook J, Turner JA.; 1983 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272843
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CP-72,588, a semisynthetic analog of the polyether ionophore UK-58,582 with increased anticoccidial potency. by Ricketts AP, Chappel LR, Frame GM, Glazer EA, Migaki TT, Olson JA.; 1992 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245459
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Degradation of 2-Chloroethylvinylether by Ancylobacter aquaticus AD25 and AD27. by van den Wijngaard AJ, Prins J, Smal AJ, Janssen DB.; 1993 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182365
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cells Permeabilized with Ether. by Oertel W, Goulian M.; 1979 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=216654
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Desulfonation and Degradation of the Disulfodiphenylethercarboxylates from Linear Alkyldiphenyletherdisulfonate Surfactants. by Schleheck D, Lechner M, Schonenberger R, Suter MJ, Cook AM.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=143680
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Detection and Quantification of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether-Degrading Strain PM1 by Real-Time TaqMan PCR. by Hristova KR, Lutenegger CM, Scow KM.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93284
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Dibiphytanyl Ether Lipids in Nonthermophilic Crenarchaeotes. by DeLong EF, King LL, Massana R, Cittone H, Murray A, Schleper C, Wakeham SG.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106379
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Divinyl ether fatty acid synthesis in late blight-diseased potato leaves. by Weber H, Chetelat A, Caldelari D, Farmer EE.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=144186
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DNA adducts of antitumor trans-[PtCl2 (E-imino ether)2]. by Brabec V, Vrana O, Novakova O, Kleinwachter V, Intini FP, Coluccia M, Natile G.; 1996 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=145631
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Effects of a Squalene Epoxidase Inhibitor, Terbinafine, on Ether Lipid Biosyntheses in a Thermoacidophilic Archaeon, Thermoplasma acidophilum. by Kon T, Nemoto N, Oshima T, Yamagishi A.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134840
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Enhancing Transport of Hydrogenophaga flava ENV735 for Bioaugmentation of Aquifers Contaminated with Methyl tert-Butyl Ether. by Streger SH, Vainberg S, Dong H, Hatzinger PB.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129923
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Enzymatic bromination of 16-dehydroestradiol 3-methyl ether 17-acetate to 16-alphabromoestrone 3-methyl ether. by Neidleman SL, Oberc MA.; 1968 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=315184
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Ether treatment of type B influenza virus antigen for the hemagglutination inhibition test. by Monto AS, Maassab HF.; 1981 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273720
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Ethyl acetate as a substitute for diethyl ether in the formalin-ether sedimentation technique. by Young KH, Bullock SL, Melvin DM, Spruill CL.; 1979 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273283
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Flavin-Linked Dehydrogenation of Ether Glycols by Cell-Free Extracts of a Soil Bacterium. by Payne WJ, Todd RL.; 1966 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=316073
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Freeze-fracture planes of methanogen membranes correlate with the content of tetraether lipids. by Beveridge TJ, Choquet CG, Patel GB, Sprott GD.; 1993 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=193038
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Importance of tetrahydrofolate and ATP in the anaerobic O-demethylation reaction for phenylmethylethers. by Berman MH, Frazer AC.; 1992 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=195357
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In vivo stability of ester- and ether-linked phospholipid-containing liposomes as measured by perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy. by Derksen JT, Baldeschwieler JD, Scherphof GL.; 1988 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=282862
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Increased sensitivity and reduced specificity of hemagglutination inhibition tests with ether-treated influenza B/Singapore/222/79. by Kendal AP, Cate TR.; 1983 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270933
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Inhibition of Cryptosporidium parvum in neonatal Hsd:(ICR)BR Swiss miceby polyether ionophores and aromatic amidines. by Blagburn BL, Sundermann CA, Lindsay DS, Hall JE, Tidwell RR.; 1991 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245207
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Inhibition of dimethyl ether and methane oxidation in Methylococcus capsulatus and Methylosinus trichosporium. by Patel R, Hou CT, Felix A.; 1976 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=233246
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Inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis in ether-permeabilized Escherichia coli cells by structural analogs of D-alanyl-D-alanine. by Pelzer H, Reuter W.; 1980 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352984
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Inhibitory effects of polyethers on human immunodeficiency virus replication. by Nakamura M, Kunimoto S, Takahashi Y, Naganawa H, Sakaue M, Inoue S, Ohno T, Takeuchi T.; 1992 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188467
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Isolation of a Bacterial Culture That Degrades Methyl t-Butyl Ether. by Salanitro JP, Diaz LA, Williams MP, Wisniewski HL.; 1994 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=201688
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Kinetics of Methyl t-Butyl Ether Cometabolism at Low Concentrations by Pure Cultures of Butane-Degrading Bacteria. by Liu CY, Speitel GE Jr, Georgiou G.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92855
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Light inhibits the production of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in Alternaria alternata. by Soderhall K, Svensson E, Unestam T.; 1978 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243116
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Long-Chain Glycerol Diether and Polyol Dialkyl Glycerol Triether Lipids of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. by Langworthy TA, Mayberry WR, Smith PF.; 1974 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245579
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Metabolism of Lignin Model Compounds of the Arylglycerol-[beta]-Aryl Ether Type by Pseudomonas acidovorans D3. by Vicuna R, Gonzalez B, Mozuch MD, Kirk TK.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=204160
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Metabolism of Radiolabeled [beta]-Guaiacyl Ether-Linked Lignin Dimeric Compounds by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. by Weinstein DA, Krisnangkura K, Mayfield MB, Gold MH.; 1980 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=291373
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Metabolism of the alkane analogue n-dioctyl ether by Acinetobacter species. by Modrzakowski MC, Makula RA, Finnerty WR.; 1977 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=235395
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Metal ion recognition and molecular templating in self-assembled monolayers of cyclic and acyclic polyethers. by Herranz MA, Colonna B, Echegoyen L.; 2002 Apr 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122718
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Methyl t-Butyl Ether Mineralization in Surface-Water Sediment Microcosms under Denitrifying Conditions. by Bradley PM, Chapelle FH, Landmeyer JE.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92824
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Molecular cloning and expression of an Erwinia sp. gene encoding diphenyl ether cleavage in Escherichia coli. by Liaw HJ, Srinivasan VR.; 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203059
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Naturally Occurring Bacteria Similar to the Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE)Degrading Strain PM1 Are Present in MTBE-Contaminated Groundwater. by Hristova K, Gebreyesus B, Mackay D, Scow KM.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154499
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Obligate methylotrophy: evaluation of dimethyl ether as a C1 compound. by Meyers AJ Jr.; 1982 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=216452
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Occurrence of dialkyl ether phospholipids in Stigmatella aurantiaca DW4. by Caillon E, Lubochinsky B, Rigomier D.; 1983 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=221784
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Overexpression of Plastidic Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase Leads to Resistance to the Diphenyl-Ether Herbicide Acifluorfen. by Lermontova I, Grimm B.; 2000 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58846
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Oxidation of methyl fluoride and dimethyl ether by ammonia monooxygenase in Nitrosomonas europaea. by Hyman MR, Page CL, Arp DJ.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=201762
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Proportions of diether, macrocyclic diether, and tetraether lipids in Methanococcus jannaschii grown at different temperatures. by Sprott GD, Meloche M, Richards JC.; 1991 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=208025
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Reactivation of peptidoglycan synthesis in ether-permeabilized Escherichia coli after inhibition by beta-lactam antibiotics. by Talbot MK, Schaefer F, Brocks V, Christenson JG.; 1989 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172829
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Ribonucleotide reductase activity in ether-treated cells of Agmenellum quadruplicatum. by Gleason FK, Wood JM.; 1976 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=232809
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Roles of the Enantioselective Glutathione S-Transferases in Cleavage of [beta]-Aryl Ether. by Masai E, Ichimura A, Sato Y, Miyauchi K, Katayama Y, Fukuda M.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150126
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Sensitivity of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus to ether. by Crandell RA, Melloh AJ, Sorlie P.; 1975 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=275200
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Synergism between the antifungal agents amphotericin B and alkyl glycerol ethers. by Haynes MP, Buckley HR, Higgins ML, Pieringer RA.; 1994 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284587
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Synthesis of active nitroguaiacol ether derivatives of streptomycin. by Abad JP, Amils R.; 1990 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171963
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UDP-N-acetylmuramylpentapeptide as acceptor in murein biosynthesis in Escherichia coli membranes and ether-permeabilized cells. by Kraus W, Glauner B, Holtje JV.; 1985 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=215874
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Widespread occurrence of structurally diverse tetraether membrane lipids: Evidence for the ubiquitous presence of low-temperature relatives of hyperthermophiles. by Schouten S, Hopmans EC, Pancost RD, Damste JS.; 2000 Dec 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18934
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text
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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with ether, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “ether” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for ether (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
2-(anilinomethyl)imidazolines as alpha1A adrenergic receptor agonists: 2'-heteroaryl and 2'-oxime ether series. Author(s): Navas F 3rd, Bishop MJ, Garrison DT, Hodson SJ, Speake JD, Bigham EC, Drewry DH, Saussy DL, Liacos JH, Irving PE, Gobel MJ. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2002 February 25; 12(4): 575-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11844675&dopt=Abstract
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A new dicoumarinyl ether and two rare furocoumarins from Ruta montana. Author(s): Kabouche Z, Benkiki N, Seguin E, Bruneau C. Source: Fitoterapia. 2003 February; 74(1-2): 194-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12628424&dopt=Abstract
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A review on human exposure to brominated flame retardants--particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Author(s): Sjodin A, Patterson DG Jr, Bergman A. Source: Environment International. 2003 September; 29(6): 829-39. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850099&dopt=Abstract
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Actual commuter exposure to methyl-tertiary butyl ether, benzene and toluene while traveling in Korean urban areas. Author(s): Lee JW, Jo WK. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2002 May 27; 291(1-3): 219-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12150439&dopt=Abstract
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Aglacins A-D, first representatives of a new class of aryltetralin cyclic ether lignans from Aglaia cordata. Author(s): Wang BG, Ebel R, Nugroho BW, Prijono D, Frank W, Steube KG, Hao XJ, Proksch P. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2001 December; 64(12): 1521-6. Erratum In: J Nat Prod. 2003 January; 66(1): 155. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11754603&dopt=Abstract
journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Amended final report on the safety assessment of PPG-40 butyl ether with an addendum to include PPG-2, -4, -5, -9, -12, -14, -15, -16, -17, -18, -20, -22, -24, -26, -30, -33, -52, and -53 butyl ethers. Author(s): Lanigan RS; Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Source: International Journal of Toxicology. 2001; 20 Suppl 4: 39-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11800051&dopt=Abstract
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An ion channel 'addicted' to ether, alcohol and cocaine: the HERG potassium channel. Author(s): Karle CA, Kiehn J. Source: Cardiovascular Research. 2002 January; 53(1): 6-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11744008&dopt=Abstract
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An orally bioavailable oxime ether capsid binder with potent activity against human rhinovirus. Author(s): Watson KG, Brown RN, Cameron R, Chalmers DK, Hamilton S, Jin B, Krippner GY, Luttick A, McConnell DB, Reece PA, Ryan J, Stanislawski PC, Tucker SP, Wu WY, Barnard DL, Sidwell RW. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2003 July 17; 46(15): 3181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12852746&dopt=Abstract
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Anandamide and noladin ether prevent neurotoxicity of the human amyloid-beta peptide. Author(s): Milton NG. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2002 October 31; 332(2): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12384227&dopt=Abstract
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APETx1, a new toxin from the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima, blocks voltage-gated human ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channels. Author(s): Diochot S, Loret E, Bruhn T, Beress L, Lazdunski M. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2003 July; 64(1): 59-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12815161&dopt=Abstract
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Asphyxial death by ether inhalation and plastic-bag suffocation instructed by the press and the Internet. Author(s): Athanaselis S, Stefanidou M, Karakoukis N, Koutselinis A. Source: Journal of Medical Internet Research [electronic Resource]. 2002 December; 4(3): E18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12554549&dopt=Abstract
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Biological activities, mechanisms of action and biomedical prospect of the antitumor ether phospholipid ET-18-OCH(3) (edelfosine), a proapoptotic agent in tumor cells. Author(s): Gajate C, Mollinedo F. Source: Current Drug Metabolism. 2002 October; 3(5): 491-525. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12369895&dopt=Abstract
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Biotransformation of L-cysteine S-conjugates and N-acetyl-L-cysteine S-conjugates of the sevoflurane degradation product fluoromethyl-2,2-difluoro-1(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether (compound A) in human kidney in vitro: interindividual variability in N-acetylation, N-deacetylation, and beta-lyase-catalyzed metabolism. Author(s): Gul Altuntas T, Kharasch ED. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2002 February; 30(2): 148-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11792683&dopt=Abstract
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Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether induces apoptosis in tumour cells independently of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, in caspase-dependent and independent manners. Author(s): Fehlberg S, Trautwein S, Goke A, Goke R. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 2002 March 15; 362(Pt 3): 573-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11879183&dopt=Abstract
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Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether-induced apoptosis involves Bax/Bid-dependent mitochondrial release of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO. Author(s): Fehlberg S, Gregel CM, Goke A, Goke R. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 June; 139(3): 495-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12788809&dopt=Abstract
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Blockade of human cardiac potassium channel human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) by macrolide antibiotics. Author(s): Volberg WA, Koci BJ, Su W, Lin J, Zhou J. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2002 July; 302(1): 320-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065733&dopt=Abstract
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Carcinogenicity of methyl-tertiary butyl ether in gasoline. Author(s): Mehlman MA. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 December; 982: 149-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562634&dopt=Abstract
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Chemical synthesis and calcium release activity of N(1)-ether strand substituted cADPR mimic. Author(s): Huang LJ, Zhao YY, Yuan L, Min JM, Zhang LH. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2002 March 25; 12(6): 887-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11958986&dopt=Abstract
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Chiral separation of gemifloxacin in sodium-containing media using chiral crown ether as a chiral selector by capillary and microchip electrophoresis. Author(s): Cho SI, Lee KN, Kim YK, Jang J, Chung DS. Source: Electrophoresis. 2002 March; 23(6): 972-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920885&dopt=Abstract
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Cloning and functional characterization of the smooth muscle ether-a-go-go-related gene K+ channel. Potential role of a conserved amino acid substitution in the S4 region. Author(s): Shoeb F, Malykhina AP, Akbarali HI. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 January 24; 278(4): 2503-14. Epub 2002 November 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12427763&dopt=Abstract
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Comparing electron ionization high-resolution and electron capture low-resolution mass spectrometric determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in plasma, serum and milk. Author(s): Thomsen C, Haug LS, Leknes H, Lundanes E, Becher G, Lindstrom G. Source: Chemosphere. 2002 February; 46(5): 641-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11999787&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of different fluorimetric HPLC methods for analysis of acidic polyether toxins in marine phytoplankton. Author(s): Nogueiras MJ, Gago-Martinez A, Paniello AI, Twohig M, James KJ, Lawrence JF. Source: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2003 December; 377(7-8): 1202-6. Epub 2003 October 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14551661&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish, vegetables, and meats and levels in human milk of nursing women in Japan. Author(s): Ohta S, Ishizuka D, Nishimura H, Nakao T, Aozasa O, Shimidzu Y, Ochiai F, Kida T, Nishi M, Miyata H. Source: Chemosphere. 2002 February; 46(5): 689-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11999792&dopt=Abstract
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Correlation of bispectral index and Guedel's stages of ether anesthesia. Author(s): Bhargava AK, Setlur R, Sreevastava D. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2004 January; 98(1): 132-4, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14693605&dopt=Abstract
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Current progress in the development and use of artemether for chemoprophylaxis of major human schistosome parasites. Author(s): Utzinger J, Xiao S, Keiser J, Chen M, Zheng J, Tanner M. Source: Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2001 December; 8(15): 1841-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772354&dopt=Abstract
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Cytotoxicity of S-conjugates of the sevoflurane degradation product fluoromethyl-2,2difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl) vinyl ether (Compound A) in a human proximal tubular cell line. Author(s): Altuntas TG, Zager RA, Kharasch ED. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2003 November 15; 193(1): 55-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14613716&dopt=Abstract
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Defective human Ether-a-go-go-related gene trafficking linked to an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal in the C terminus. Author(s): Kupershmidt S, Yang T, Chanthaphaychith S, Wang Z, Towbin JA, Roden DM. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 July 26; 277(30): 27442-8. Epub 2002 May 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12021266&dopt=Abstract
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Depletion of GIM5 causes cellular fragility, a decreased glycosome number, and reduced levels of ether-linked phospholipids in trypanosomes. Author(s): Voncken F, van Hellemond JJ, Pfisterer I, Maier A, Hillmer S, Clayton C. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 September 12; 278(37): 35299-310. Epub 2003 June 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12829709&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue by large-volume injection-narrow-bore capillary gas chromatography/electron impact low-resolution mass spectrometry. Author(s): Covaci A, de BJ, Ryan JJ, Voorspoels S, Schepens P. Source: Analytical Chemistry. 2002 February 15; 74(4): 790-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11866059&dopt=Abstract
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Diversity of selective environmental substrates for human cytochrome P450 2A6: alkoxyethers, nicotine, coumarin, N-nitrosodiethylamine, and Nnitrosobenzylmethylamine. Author(s): Le Gal A, Dreano Y, Lucas D, Berthou F. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2003 September 15; 144(1): 77-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12919726&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of a diphenyl ether-type herbicide, chlornitrofen, and its amino derivative on androgen and estrogen receptor activities. Author(s): Kojima H, Iida M, Katsura E, Kanetoshi A, Hori Y, Kobayashi K. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 April; 111(4): 497-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12676605&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of experimental conditions on absorption of glycol ethers through human skin in vitro. Author(s): Wilkinson SC, Williams FM. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2002 October; 75(8): 519-27. Epub 2002 August 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12373313&dopt=Abstract
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Efficient synthesis of 'redox-switched' naphthoquinone thiol-crown ethers and their biological activity evaluation. Author(s): Huang ST, Kuo HS, Hsiao CL, Lin YL. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2002 June; 10(6): 1947-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11937353&dopt=Abstract
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Estrogenic effects of ethanol and ether extracts of propolis. Author(s): Song YS, Jin C, Jung KJ, Park EH. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 October; 82(2-3): 89-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12241982&dopt=Abstract
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Ether fraction of methanol extracts of Gastrodia elata, medicinal herb protects against neuronal cell damage after transient global ischemia in gerbils. Author(s): Kim HJ, Lee SR, Moon KD. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 September; 17(8): 909-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13680822&dopt=Abstract
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Ether: a forgotten addiction. Author(s): Krenz S, Zimmermann G, Kolly S, Zullino DF. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2003 August; 98(8): 1167-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12873252&dopt=Abstract
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Ethyl ether fraction of Gastrodia elata Blume protects amyloid beta peptide-induced cell death. Author(s): Kim HJ, Moon KD, Lee DS, Lee SH. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 January; 84(1): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12499082&dopt=Abstract
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Exposure to ethylene glycol monomethyl ether: clinical and cytogenetic findings. Author(s): El-Zein RA, Abdel-Rahman SZ, Morris DL, Legator MS. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2002 July-August; 57(4): 371-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530607&dopt=Abstract
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Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol A among computer technicians. Author(s): Jakobsson K, Thuresson K, Rylander L, Sjodin A, Hagmar L, Bergman A. Source: Chemosphere. 2002 February; 46(5): 709-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11999794&dopt=Abstract
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Final report on the safety assessment of PPG-11 and PPG-15 stearyl ethers. Author(s): Lanigan RS; Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Source: International Journal of Toxicology. 2001; 20 Suppl 4: 53-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11800052&dopt=Abstract
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Glutathione S-conjugation of the sevoflurane degradation product, fluoromethyl-2,2difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether (compound A) in human liver, kidney, and blood in vitro. Author(s): Altuntas TG, Kharasch ED. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2001 December 1; 177(2): 85-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11740907&dopt=Abstract
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Goniodomin A, an antifungal polyether macrolide, exhibits antiangiogenic activities via inhibition of actin reorganization in endothelial cells. Author(s): Abe M, Inoue D, Matsunaga K, Ohizumi Y, Ueda H, Asano T, Murakami M, Sato Y. Source: Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2002 January; 190(1): 109-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11807817&dopt=Abstract
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Grafting sulfobetaine monomer onto the segmented poly(ether-urethane) surface to improve hemocompatibility. Author(s): Yuan YL, Ai F, Zhang J, Zang XB, Shen J, Lin SC. Source: Journal of Biomaterials Science. Polymer Edition. 2002; 13(10): 1081-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484485&dopt=Abstract
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High body burdens of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in California women. Author(s): Petreas M, She J, Brown FR, Winkler J, Windham G, Rogers E, Zhao G, Bhatia R, Charles MJ. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 July; 111(9): 1175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12842770&dopt=Abstract
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Histidines 578 and 587 in the S5-S6 linker of the human Ether-a-gogo Related Gene-1 K+ channels confer sensitivity to reactive oxygen species. Author(s): Pannaccione A, Castaldo P, Ficker E, Annunziato L, Taglialatela M. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 March 15; 277(11): 8912-9. Epub 2001 December 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11756457&dopt=Abstract
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Human platelets respond differentially to lysophosphatidic acids having a highly unsaturated fatty acyl group and alkyl ether-linked lysophosphatidic acids. Author(s): Tokumura A, Sinomiya J, Kishimoto S, Tanaka T, Kogure K, Sugiura T, Satouchi K, Waku K, Fukuzawa K. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 2002 August 1; 365(Pt 3): 617-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11982483&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of a COOH-terminal segment involved in maturation and stability of human ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channels. Author(s): Akhavan A, Atanasiu R, Shrier A. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 October 10; 278(41): 40105-12. Epub 2003 July 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12885765&dopt=Abstract
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Impairment of human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) K+ channel function by hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Similar phenotypes but different mechanisms. Author(s): Zhang Y, Han H, Wang J, Wang H, Yang B, Wang Z. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 March 21; 278(12): 10417-26. Epub 2003 January 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12531891&dopt=Abstract
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Impression materials: a new look at the polyether system. Author(s): Leinfelder KF, Ritter AV. Source: Dent Today. 2001 April; 20(4): 72-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12528208&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro and in vivo antimalarial activities of the monoglycoside polyether antibiotic, K-41 against drug resistant strains of Plasmodia. Author(s): Otoguro K, Ishiyama A, Ui H, Kobayashi M, Manabe C, Yan G, Takahashi Y, Tanaka H, Yamada H, Omura S. Source: J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2002 September; 55(9): 832-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12458776&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro assay of hydrolysis and chlorohydroxy derivatives of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether for estrogenic activity. Author(s): Nakazawa H, Yamaguchi A, Inoue K, Yamazaki T, Kato K, Yoshimura Y, Makino T. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2002 December; 40(12): 1827-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12419697&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro assessment of potential mechanism-specific effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Author(s): Villeneuve DL, Kannan K, Priest BT, Giesy JP. Source: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry / Setac. 2002 November; 21(11): 24313. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389923&dopt=Abstract
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Increased risk of arrhythmic events in long-QT syndrome with mutations in the pore region of the human ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channel. Author(s): Moss AJ, Zareba W, Kaufman ES, Gartman E, Peterson DR, Benhorin J, Towbin JA, Keating MT, Priori SG, Schwartz PJ, Vincent GM, Robinson JL, Andrews ML, Feng C, Hall WJ, Medina A, Zhang L, Wang Z. Source: Circulation. 2002 February 19; 105(7): 794-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11854117&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of ethyl acetate extract and quercetin-3-methyl ether from Polygonum amphibium on activation lymphocytes from peripheral blood of healthy donor in vitro. Author(s): Smolarz HD, Surdacka A, Rolinski J. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 August; 17(7): 744-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12916071&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of opioid agonists on cardiac human ether-a-go-go-related gene K(+) currents. Author(s): Katchman AN, McGroary KA, Kilborn MJ, Kornick CA, Manfredi PL, Woosley RL, Ebert SN. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2002 November; 303(2): 688-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12388652&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of monocyte adhesion and fibrinogen adsorption on glow discharge plasma deposited tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether. Author(s): Shen M, Pan YV, Wagner MS, Hauch KD, Castner DG, Ratner BD, Horbett TA. Source: Journal of Biomaterials Science. Polymer Edition. 2001; 12(9): 961-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11787523&dopt=Abstract
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Interaction with GM130 during HERG ion channel trafficking. Disruption by type 2 congenital long QT syndrome mutations. Human Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene. Author(s): Roti EC, Myers CD, Ayers RA, Boatman DE, Delfosse SA, Chan EK, Ackerman MJ, January CT, Robertson GA. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 December 6; 277(49): 47779-85. Epub 2002 September 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270925&dopt=Abstract
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Internalization of aggregated photosensitizers by tumor cells: subcellular timeresolved fluorescence spectroscopy on derivatives of pyropheophorbide-a ethers and chlorin e6 under femtosecond one- and two-photon excitations. Author(s): Kelbauskas L, Dietel W. Source: Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2002 December; 76(6): 686-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12511052&dopt=Abstract
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Investigation of endotoxin adsorption with polyether polymer alloy dialysis membranes. Author(s): Nakatani T, Tsuchida K, Sugimura K, Yoshimura R, Takemoto Y. Source: International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2003 February; 11(2): 195-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12525877&dopt=Abstract
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Involvement of caspase 3 mediated apoptosis in hematopoietic cytotoxicity of metabolites of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Author(s): Takagi A, Yamada T, Hayashi K, Nakade Y, Kojima T, Takamatsu J, Shibata E, Ichihara G, Takeuchi Y, Murate T. Source: Ind Health. 2002 October; 40(4): 371-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502240&dopt=Abstract
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Isolation of a new organochlorine pollutant 2,3,3,3,2',3',3',3'-octachlorodipropyl ether from fish. Author(s): Yoshida S, Taguchi S, Kitagawa M. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2001 October; 67(4): 568-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11779073&dopt=Abstract
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Lessons from the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): precautionary principle, primary prevention, and the value of community-based body-burden monitoring using breast milk. Author(s): Hooper K, She J. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 January; 111(1): 109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12515688&dopt=Abstract
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Mapping the binding site of a human ether-a-go-go-related gene-specific peptide toxin (ErgTx) to the channel's outer vestibule. Author(s): Pardo-Lopez L, Zhang M, Liu J, Jiang M, Possani LD, Tseng GN. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 May 10; 277(19): 16403-11. Epub 2002 February 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11864985&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal exposure to diethylene glycol monomethyl ether: a possible role in the etiology of retrocaval ureter. Author(s): Karaman MI, Gurdal M, Ozturk M, Kanberoglu H. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 August; 37(8): E23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12149723&dopt=Abstract
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Metabolic markers of breast cancer: enhanced choline metabolism and reduced choline-ether-phospholipid synthesis. Author(s): Katz-Brull R, Seger D, Rivenson-Segal D, Rushkin E, Degani H. Source: Cancer Research. 2002 April 1; 62(7): 1966-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929812&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular determinants of voltage-dependent human ether-a-go-go related gene (HERG) K+ channel block. Author(s): Sanchez-Chapula JA, Navarro-Polanco RA, Culberson C, Chen J, Sanguinetti MC. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 June 28; 277(26): 23587-95. Epub 2002 April 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11960982&dopt=Abstract
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Morton's design of the early ether vaporisers. Author(s): Desbarax P. Source: Anaesthesia. 2002 May; 57(5): 463-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966556&dopt=Abstract
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Mutagenic and genotoxic evaluation of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Author(s): Sueiro RA, Suarez S, Araujo M, Garrido MJ. Source: Mutation Research. 2003 April 20; 536(1-2): 39-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12694744&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational contact urticaria from diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy resin. Author(s): Kanerva L, Pelttari M, Jolanki R, Alanko K, Estlander T, Suhonen R. Source: Allergy. 2002 December; 57(12): 1205-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464052&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational exposure to methyl tertiary butyl ether: a risk to be assessed. Author(s): Iavicoli I, Carelli G. Source: Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England). 2003 September; 53(6): 408-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14514910&dopt=Abstract
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Octachlorodipropyl ether (s-2) mosquito coils are inadequately studied for residential use in Asia and illegal in the United States. Author(s): Krieger RI, Dinoff TM, Zhang X. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 September; 111(12): 1439-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948880&dopt=Abstract
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Optimization of a tertiary alcohol series of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors: structure-activity relationship related to PDE4 inhibition and human ether-a-go-go related gene potassium channel binding affinity. Author(s): Friesen RW, Ducharme Y, Ball RG, Blouin M, Boulet L, Cote B, Frenette R, Girard M, Guay D, Huang Z, Jones TR, Laliberte F, Lynch JJ, Mancini J, Martins E, Masson P, Muise E, Pon DJ, Siegl PK, Styhler A, Tsou NN, Turner MJ, Young RN, Girard Y. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2003 June 5; 46(12): 2413-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12773045&dopt=Abstract
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Parallel fragment assembly strategy towards multiple-ether mimicry of anticancer annonaceous acetogenins. Author(s): Jiang S, Li Y, Chen XG, Hu TS, Wu YL, Yao ZJ. Source: Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English). 2004 January 3; 43(3): 329-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14705089&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacological rescue of human K(+) channel long-QT2 mutations: human ether-ago-go-related gene rescue without block. Author(s): Rajamani S, Anderson CL, Anson BD, January CT. Source: Circulation. 2002 June 18; 105(24): 2830-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12070109&dopt=Abstract
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Phase separation and physical properties of PEO-containing poly(ether ester amide)s. Author(s): Deschamps AA, Grijpma DW, Feijen J. Source: Journal of Biomaterials Science. Polymer Edition. 2002; 13(12): 1337-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12555900&dopt=Abstract
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Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and diphenyl ethers in Japanese human adipose tissue. Author(s): Choi JW, Fujimaki TS, Kitamura K, Hashimoto S, Ito H, Suzuki N, Sakai S, Morita M. Source: Environmental Science & Technology. 2003 March 1; 37(5): 817-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12666907&dopt=Abstract
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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in foodstuffs: human exposure through the diet. Author(s): Bocio A, Llobet JM, Domingo JL, Corbella J, Teixido A, Casas C. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 May 7; 51(10): 3191-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720414&dopt=Abstract
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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. mothers' milk. Author(s): Schecter A, Pavuk M, Papke O, Ryan JJ, Birnbaum L, Rosen R. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 November; 111(14): 1723-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14594622&dopt=Abstract
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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from Uppsala County, Sweden. Author(s): Lind Y, Darnerud PO, Atuma S, Aune M, Becker W, Bjerselius R, Cnattingius S, Glynn A. Source: Environmental Research. 2003 October; 93(2): 186-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12963403&dopt=Abstract
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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in whitefish from Swiss lakes and farmed rainbow trout. Author(s): Zennegg M, Kohler M, Gerecke AC, Schmid P. Source: Chemosphere. 2003 May; 51(7): 545-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12615108&dopt=Abstract
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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: neurobehavioral effects following developmental exposure. Author(s): Branchi I, Capone F, Alleva E, Costa LG. Source: Neurotoxicology. 2003 June; 24(3): 449-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782110&dopt=Abstract
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Polybromo diphenyl ethers. Author(s): Czap A. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2001 December; 6(6): 539. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11804545&dopt=Abstract
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Prolonged time to pregnancy in female workers exposed to ethylene glycol ethers in semiconductor manufacturing. Author(s): Chen PC, Hsieh GY, Wang JD, Cheng TJ. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2002 March; 13(2): 191-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880760&dopt=Abstract
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Propylene glycol monomethyl ether occupational exposure (PGME). 4. Analysis of 2methoxypropionic acid in urine. Author(s): Devanthery A, Berode M, Droz PO, Pulkkinen J. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2003 March; 76(2): 151-5. Epub 2002 December 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12733088&dopt=Abstract
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Propylene glycol monomethyl ether occupational exposure. 3. Exposure of human volunteers. Author(s): Devanthery A, Berode M, Droz PO. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2002 April; 75(4): 203-8. Epub 2002 February 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11981652&dopt=Abstract
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Protease-mediated fragmentation of p-amidobenzyl ethers: a new strategy for the activation of anticancer prodrugs. Author(s): Toki BE, Cerveny CG, Wahl AF, Senter PD. Source: The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2002 March 22; 67(6): 1866-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895404&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitative detection of bisphenol A and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether metabolites in human plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. Author(s): Inoue K, Yamaguchi A, Wada M, Yoshimura Y, Makino T, Nakazaw H. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 December 25; 765(2): 121-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11767304&dopt=Abstract
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Radical scavenging activity and cytotoxicity of phenethyl ether and cinnamic amide derivatives. Author(s): Imai K, Inagaki M, Saitoh Y, Yura A, Sakagami H, Suzuki M, Oguchi K. Source: Anticancer Res. 2002 May-June; 22(3): 1661-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12168851&dopt=Abstract
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Reactive brominating species produced by myeloperoxidase target the vinyl ether bond of plasmalogens: disparate utilization of sodium halides in the production of alpha-halo fatty aldehydes. Author(s): Albert CJ, Crowley JR, Hsu FF, Thukkani AK, Ford DA. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 February 15; 277(7): 4694-703. Epub 2001 December 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11836259&dopt=Abstract
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Recent developments in the construction of trans-fused polycyclic ethers. Author(s): Evans PA, Delouvrie B. Source: Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel. 2002 November; 5(6): 986-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12478729&dopt=Abstract
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Role of ether-linked lysophosphatidic acids in ovarian cancer cells. Author(s): Lu J, Xiao Yj YJ, Baudhuin LM, Hong G, Xu Y. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 2002 March; 43(3): 463-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11893783&dopt=Abstract
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Selective binding of albumin on stearyl poly(ethylene oxide) coupling polymermodified poly(ether urethane) surfaces. Author(s): Wang DA, Ji J, Feng LX. Source: Journal of Biomaterials Science. Polymer Edition. 2001; 12(10): 1123-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11853382&dopt=Abstract
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Solubilization of human erythrocyte membranes by non-ionic surfactants of the polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers series. Author(s): Prete PS, Gomes K, Malheiros SV, Meirelles NC, de Paula E. Source: Biophysical Chemistry. 2002 May 23; 97(1): 45-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052494&dopt=Abstract
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Spironolactone and its main metabolite, canrenoic acid, block human ether-a-go-gorelated gene channels. Author(s): Caballero R, Moreno I, Gonzalez T, Arias C, Valenzuela C, Delpon E, Tamargo J. Source: Circulation. 2003 February 18; 107(6): 889-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12591761&dopt=Abstract
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Synthesis and antitumor activity of novel C-7 paclitaxel ethers: discovery of BMS184476. Author(s): Altstadt TJ, Fairchild CR, Golik J, Johnston KA, Kadow JF, Lee FY, Long BH, Rose WC, Vyas DM, Wong H, Wu MJ, Wittman MD. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2001 December 20; 44(26): 4577-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11741476&dopt=Abstract
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Synthesis and cytotoxicity of dihydroartemisinin ethers containing cyanoarylmethyl group. Author(s): Li Y, Wu JM, Shan F, Wu GS, Ding J, Xiao D, Han JX, Atassi G, Leonce S, Caignard DH, Renard P. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2003 March 20; 11(6): 977-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614882&dopt=Abstract
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Synthesis and evaluation of a novel E-ring modified alpha-hydroxy keto ether analogue of camptothecin. Author(s): Du W, Curran DP, Bevins RL, Zimmer SG, Zhang J, Burke TG. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2002 January; 10(1): 103-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11738612&dopt=Abstract
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Synthesis of lipid A type carboxymethyl derivatives with ether chains instead of ester chains and their LPS-antagonistic activities. Author(s): Watanabe Y, Miura K, Shiozaki M, Kanai S, Kurakata S, Nishijima M. Source: Carbohydrate Research. 2003 January 2; 338(1): 47-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504380&dopt=Abstract
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Temperature effects on the rheological properties of current polyether and polysiloxane impression materials during setting. Author(s): Berg JC, Johnson GH, Lepe X, Adan-Plaza S. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2003 August; 90(2): 150-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12886208&dopt=Abstract
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The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is an inhibitor of human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) potassium channels. Author(s): Thomas D, Gut B, Wendt-Nordahl G, Kiehn J. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2002 February; 300(2): 543-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11805215&dopt=Abstract
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The antitumor ether lipid 1-Q-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycerophosphocholine (ET18-OCH3) inhibits the association between Ras and Raf-1. Author(s): Samadder P, Richards C, Bittman R, Bhullar RP, Arthur G. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 May-June; 23(3B): 2291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12894505&dopt=Abstract
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The antitumor ether lipid ET-18-OCH(3) induces apoptosis through translocation and capping of Fas/CD95 into membrane rafts in human leukemic cells. Author(s): Gajate C, Mollinedo F. Source: Blood. 2001 December 15; 98(13): 3860-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11739199&dopt=Abstract
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The binding site for channel blockers that rescue misprocessed human long QT syndrome type 2 ether-a-gogo-related gene (HERG) mutations. Author(s): Ficker E, Obejero-Paz CA, Zhao S, Brown AM. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 February 15; 277(7): 4989-98. Epub 2001 December 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11741928&dopt=Abstract
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The functional properties of the human ether-a-go-go-like (HELK2) K+ channel. Author(s): Becchetti A, De Fusco M, Crociani O, Cherubini A, Restano-Cassulini R, Lecchi M, Masi A, Arcangeli A, Casari G, Wanke E. Source: The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2002 August; 16(3): 415-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12193184&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of protein adsorption and surface modifying macromolecules on the hydrolytic degradation of a poly(ether-urethane) by cholesterol esterase. Author(s): Jahangir R, McCloskey CB, Mc Clung WG, Labow RS, Brash JL, Santerre JP. Source: Biomaterials. 2003 January; 24(1): 121-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417185&dopt=Abstract
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The role of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor in photodynamic activity of certain pyropheophorbide ether photosensitizers: albumin site II as a surrogate marker for activity. Author(s): Dougherty TJ, Sumlin AB, Greco WR, Weishaupt KR, Vaughan LA, Pandey RK. Source: Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2002 July; 76(1): 91-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126312&dopt=Abstract
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Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship for inhibition of human ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channel. Author(s): Ekins S, Crumb WJ, Sarazan RD, Wikel JH, Wrighton SA. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2002 May; 301(2): 427-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11961040&dopt=Abstract
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Time-temperature study of the kinetics of migration of BADGE (bisphenol-Adiglycidyl-ether) into a fatty medium. Author(s): Simoneau C, Theobald A, Roncari P, Hannaert P, Anklam E. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2002; 19 Suppl: 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11962717&dopt=Abstract
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Time-trend (1973-2000) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Japanese mother's milk. Author(s): Akutsu K, Kitagawa M, Nakazawa H, Makino T, Iwazaki K, Oda H, Hori S. Source: Chemosphere. 2003 November; 53(6): 645-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12962714&dopt=Abstract
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Uncertainties and data needs in risk assessment of three commercial polybrominated diphenyl ethers: probabilistic exposure analysis and comparison with European Commission results. Author(s): Wenning RJ. Source: Chemosphere. 2002 February; 46(5): 779-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11999800&dopt=Abstract
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Understanding the structure-activity relationship of the human ether-a-go-go-related gene cardiac K+ channel. A model for bad behavior. Author(s): Pearlstein R, Vaz R, Rampe D. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2003 May 22; 46(11): 2017-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12747773&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary bisphenol A and plasma hormone concentrations in male workers exposed to bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and mixed organic solvents. Author(s): Hanaoka T, Kawamura N, Hara K, Tsugane S. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2002 September; 59(9): 625-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12205237&dopt=Abstract
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Uses of thermoresponsive and RGD/insulin-modified poly(vinyl ether)-based hydrogels in cell cultures. Author(s): Gumusderelioglu M, Karakecili AG. Source: Journal of Biomaterials Science. Polymer Edition. 2003; 14(3): 199-211. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12713094&dopt=Abstract
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Voltage-dependent profile of human ether-a-go-go-related gene channel block is influenced by a single residue in the S6 transmembrane domain. Author(s): Sanchez-Chapula JA, Ferrer T, Navarro-Polanco RA, Sanguinetti MC. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2003 May; 63(5): 1051-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12695533&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ETHER Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to ether. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to ether and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “ether” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to ether: •
A new dicoumarinyl ether and two rare furocoumarins from Ruta montana. Author(s): Kabouche Z, Benkiki N, Seguin E, Bruneau C. Source: Fitoterapia. 2003 February; 74(1-2): 194-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12628424&dopt=Abstract
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Aglacins A-D, first representatives of a new class of aryltetralin cyclic ether lignans from Aglaia cordata. Author(s): Wang BG, Ebel R, Nugroho BW, Prijono D, Frank W, Steube KG, Hao XJ, Proksch P. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2001 December; 64(12): 1521-6. Erratum In: J Nat Prod. 2003 January; 66(1): 155. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11754603&dopt=Abstract
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Analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory effects of methanol, chloroform and ether extracts of Vernonia cinerea less leaf. Author(s): Iwalewa EO, Iwalewa OJ, Adeboye JO. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 June; 86(2-3): 229-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12738092&dopt=Abstract
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Anandamide and noladin ether prevent neurotoxicity of the human amyloid-beta peptide. Author(s): Milton NG. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2002 October 31; 332(2): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12384227&dopt=Abstract
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Biosynthesis of new divinyl ether oxylipins in Ranunculus plants. Author(s): Hamberg M. Source: Lipids. 2002 April; 37(4): 427-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12030324&dopt=Abstract
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Chiral separation of gemifloxacin in sodium-containing media using chiral crown ether as a chiral selector by capillary and microchip electrophoresis. Author(s): Cho SI, Lee KN, Kim YK, Jang J, Chung DS. Source: Electrophoresis. 2002 March; 23(6): 972-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920885&dopt=Abstract
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Correlation of bispectral index and Guedel's stages of ether anesthesia. Author(s): Bhargava AK, Setlur R, Sreevastava D. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2004 January; 98(1): 132-4, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14693605&dopt=Abstract
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Crystal structures of pinoresinol-lariciresinol and phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductases and their relationship to isoflavone reductases. Author(s): Min T, Kasahara H, Bedgar DL, Youn B, Lawrence PK, Gang DR, Halls SC, Park H, Hilsenbeck JL, Davin LB, Lewis NG, Kang C. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 December 12; 278(50): 50714-23. Epub 2003 September 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13129921&dopt=Abstract
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Estrogenic effects of ethanol and ether extracts of propolis. Author(s): Song YS, Jin C, Jung KJ, Park EH. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 October; 82(2-3): 89-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12241982&dopt=Abstract
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Ether fraction of methanol extracts of Gastrodia elata, a traditional medicinal herb, protects against kainic acid-induced neuronal damage in the mouse hippocampus. Author(s): Kim HJ, Moon KD, Oh SY, Kim SP, Lee SR. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2001 November 13; 314(1-2): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11698148&dopt=Abstract
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Ether fraction of methanol extracts of Gastrodia elata, medicinal herb protects against neuronal cell damage after transient global ischemia in gerbils. Author(s): Kim HJ, Lee SR, Moon KD. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 September; 17(8): 909-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13680822&dopt=Abstract
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Ethereal epidemic: mesmerism and the introduction of inhalation anaesthesia to early Victorian London. Author(s): Winter A. Source: Social History of Medicine : the Journal of the Society for the Social History of Medicine / Sshm. 1991 April; 4(1): 1-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11622851&dopt=Abstract
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Ethyl ether fraction of Gastrodia elata Blume protects amyloid beta peptide-induced cell death. Author(s): Kim HJ, Moon KD, Lee DS, Lee SH. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 January; 84(1): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12499082&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of the antinociceptive action caused by ether fraction and a triterpene isolated from resin of Protium kleinii. Author(s): Otuki MF, Lima FV, Malheiros A, Cechinel-Filho V, Delle Monache F, Yunes RA, Calixto JB. Source: Life Sciences. 2001 September 28; 69(19): 2225-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11669465&dopt=Abstract
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Extraction of chili, black pepper, and ginger with near-critical CO2, propane, and dimethyl ether: analysis of the extracts by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance. Author(s): Catchpole OJ, Grey JB, Perry NB, Burgess EJ, Redmond WA, Porter NG. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 August 13; 51(17): 4853-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12903935&dopt=Abstract
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Feedback regulation of beta-thujaplicin production and formation of its methyl ether in a suspension culture of Cupressus lusitanica. Author(s): Yamada J, Fujita K, Sakai K.
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Source: Phytochemistry. 2002 July; 60(5): 447-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052509&dopt=Abstract •
In vitro anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin 3-O-methyl ether and other constituents from Rhamnus species. Author(s): Wei BL, Lu CM, Tsao LT, Wang JP, Lin CN. Source: Planta Medica. 2001 November; 67(8): 745-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11731918&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of ethyl acetate extract and quercetin-3-methyl ether from Polygonum amphibium on activation lymphocytes from peripheral blood of healthy donor in vitro. Author(s): Smolarz HD, Surdacka A, Rolinski J. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 August; 17(7): 744-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12916071&dopt=Abstract
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Neuroprotective effects of antioxidative flavonoids, quercetin, (+)-dihydroquercetin and quercetin 3-methyl ether, isolated from Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten. Author(s): Dok-Go H, Lee KH, Kim HJ, Lee EH, Lee J, Song YS, Lee YH, Jin C, Lee YS, Cho J. Source: Brain Research. 2003 March 7; 965(1-2): 130-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12591129&dopt=Abstract
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New clerodane diterpenoid and flavonol-3-methyl ethers from Dodonaea viscosa. Author(s): Abdel-Mogib M, Basaif SA, Asiri AM, Sobahi TR, Batterjee SM. Source: Pharmazie. 2001 October; 56(10): 830-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11683136&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacological studies of geissoschizine methyl ether, isolated from Uncaria sinensis Oliv., in the central nervous system. Author(s): Pengsuparp T, Indra B, Nakagawasai O, Tadano T, Mimaki Y, Sashida Y, Ohizumi Y, Kisara K. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2001 August 17; 425(3): 211-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11513840&dopt=Abstract
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Polybromo diphenyl ethers. Author(s): Czap A. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2001 December; 6(6): 539. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11804545&dopt=Abstract
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Radical scavenging activity and cytotoxicity of phenethyl ether and cinnamic amide derivatives. Author(s): Imai K, Inagaki M, Saitoh Y, Yura A, Sakagami H, Suzuki M, Oguchi K. Source: Anticancer Res. 2002 May-June; 22(3): 1661-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12168851&dopt=Abstract
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Short and stereoselective total synthesis of furano lignans (+/-)-dihydrosesamin, (+/-)lariciresinol dimethyl ether, (+/-)-acuminatin methyl ether, (+/-)-sanshodiol methyl ether, (+/-)-lariciresinol, (+/-)-acuminatin, and (+/-)-lariciresinol monomethyl ether and furofuran lignans (+/-)-sesamin, (+/-)-eudesmin, (+/-)-piperitol methyl ether, (+/-)pinoresinol, (+/-)-piperitol, and (+/-)-pinoresinol monomethyl ether by radical cyclization of epoxides using a transition-metal radical source. Author(s): Roy SC, Rana KK, Guin C. Source: The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2002 May 17; 67(10): 3242-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12003531&dopt=Abstract
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Synthesis and antitumor activity of novel C-7 paclitaxel ethers: discovery of BMS184476. Author(s): Altstadt TJ, Fairchild CR, Golik J, Johnston KA, Kadow JF, Lee FY, Long BH, Rose WC, Vyas DM, Wong H, Wu MJ, Wittman MD. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2001 December 20; 44(26): 4577-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11741476&dopt=Abstract
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Synthesis and cytotoxicity of dihydroartemisinin ethers containing cyanoarylmethyl group. Author(s): Li Y, Wu JM, Shan F, Wu GS, Ding J, Xiao D, Han JX, Atassi G, Leonce S, Caignard DH, Renard P. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2003 March 20; 11(6): 977-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614882&dopt=Abstract
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Synthesis and evaluation of a novel E-ring modified alpha-hydroxy keto ether analogue of camptothecin. Author(s): Du W, Curran DP, Bevins RL, Zimmer SG, Zhang J, Burke TG. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2002 January; 10(1): 103-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11738612&dopt=Abstract
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The potential of artemether for the control of schistosomiasis. Author(s): Utzinger J, Xiao S, N'Goran EK, Bergquist R, Tanner M. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 2001 December; 31(14): 1549-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11730781&dopt=Abstract
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to ether; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Abdominal Wall Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Acne Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Age-Related Cognitive Decline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com AIDS and HIV Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alcohol Withdrawal Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Allergies Alternative names: Hay Fever Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amyloidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angina Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anxiety and Panic Attacks Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Appendicitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arteriosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ascariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Asthma Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Atherosclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atherosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease Prevention Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Autism Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Bell's Palsy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Alternative names: Prostate Enlargement Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bladder Infection Alternative names: Urinary Tract Infection [UTI] Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bone Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bronchitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Burns Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Prevention (Reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Canker Sores Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Canker Sores Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Capillary Fragility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cardiac Arrhythmia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cardiomyopathy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cardiovascular Disease Overview Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cataracts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Cervical Dysplasia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Candidiasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Venous Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colds and Flus Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Colon Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colorectal Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Common Cold Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Common Cold/Sore Throat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Conjunctivitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Conjunctivitis and Blepharitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Constipation Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coronary Artery Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cutaneous Drug Reactions Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression (Mild to Moderate) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diabetes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diarrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dysmenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dysmenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eczema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eczema Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Edema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Endocarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endometriosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Epilepsy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fainting Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Female Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fibromyalgia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Frostbite Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gallbladder Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gallstones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gastritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gastritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Genital Herpes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gestational Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glaucoma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glaucoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gout Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Guinea Worm Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hemophilia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hepatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com High Homocysteine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hirsuitism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hookworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypochondriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothermia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothyroidism Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypothyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Infantile Colic Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insomnia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Insomnia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insulin Resistance Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Intermittent Claudication Alternative names: Peripheral Vascular Disease Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Intestinal Parasites Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iron-Deficiency Anemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Alternative names: Spastic Colon Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Kidney Stones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lactose Intolerance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Leukemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Liver Cirrhosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Loiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lupus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Lymphatic Filariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ménière's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macular Degeneration Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Male Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Meningitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menkes' Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Menopausal Symptoms (Other Than Osteoporosis) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menstrual Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Migraine Headaches Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Migraine Headaches Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Miscarriage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Morning Sickness Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Motion Sickness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mumps Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nausea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoarthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoarthritis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Osteoporosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoporosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Pancreatic Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Parasites Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pericarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peripheral Vascular Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peritonitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pharyngitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phenylketonuria Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Photodermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Pink Eye Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pinworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Preeclampsia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pregnancy and Postpartum Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Proctitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Psoriasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com PTSD Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pyloric Stenosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Raynaud's Phenomenon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rectal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Recurrent Ear Infections Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Retinopathy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com River Blindness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Roundworms Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rubella Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Schizophrenia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Scleroderma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Serum Sickness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sexual Dysfunction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shock Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sickle Cell Anemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sinusitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Skin Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sleeplessness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sore Throat Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spontaneous Abortion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Sprains and Strains Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sprains and Strains Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stomach Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stroke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sunburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Syncope Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Threadworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com TIAs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com TMJ Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Transient Ischemic Attacks Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trichinosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Urinary Incontinence Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Tract Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Uveitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicose Veins Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Varicose Veins Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Viral Hepatitis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Visceral Larva Migrans Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitiligo Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Whipworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Wound Healing Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wounds Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Alternative Therapy Access Alternative names: Access Energy Transformation Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html Acupressure Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,662,00.html Acupuncture Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Alchemical Hypnotherapy Alternative names: Alchemical work Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html Anthroposophical Medicine Alternative names: anthroposophically-extended medicine anthroposophical therapeutics Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html Apitherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,669,00.html Aromatherapy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aromatherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,664,00.html Astara's Healing Science Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html Aston-Patterning Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10118,00.html Ayurveda Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,672,00.html Bach Flower Remedies Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,673,00.html Clear Certainty Rundown Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html
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Color Meditation Alternative names: CM Color Magick Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html Creative Kinesiology Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html Curative Eurhythmy Alternative names: curative eurythmy therapeutic eurhythmy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html Dance Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,687,00.html Detoxification Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10119,00.html Drisana Alternative names: Tibetan Energy System Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/d.html Emotional Clearing Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/e.html Etheric Release Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/e.html Etheric Touch Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/e.html Face Modelling Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/f.html
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Gerson Therapy Alternative names: Gerson dietary regime GDR Gerson method Gerson treatment Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/g.html Guided Imagery Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,699,00.html Human Ecology Balancing Sciences Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/h.html Human Energetic Assessment and Restorative Technic Alternative names: HEART Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/h.html Hydrotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,705,00.html Hypnotherapy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iridology Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,709,00.html Kahuna Healing Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/k.html Lama Yoga Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/l.html Life Care Kinesiology Alternative names: Life Care Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/l.html
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Massage Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,716,00.html Meditation Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,717,00.html Meridian Energy Diagnosis Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/m.html Meridian Therapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/m.html Native American Medicine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,721,00.html Naturopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Naturopathy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,722,00.html Nutripathy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/n.html Nutrition Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteopathy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,724,00.html Pealeism Alternative names: Norman Vincent Pealeism Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html
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Physio-Spiritual Etheric Body Healing Alternative names: PSEB Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html Polarity Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,727,00.html Prakrtika Cikitsa Alternative names: naturopathy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html Pranic Psychotherapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html Prayer Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,728,00.html Psionic Medicine Alternative names: psionics Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html Psychic Surgery Alternative names: etheric surgery Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html Psychometry Alternative names: object reading psychoscopy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html Qigong Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,729,00.html Reiki Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,731,00.html Reiki Plus Alternative names: Reiki Plus Natural Healing Reiki Plus System of Natural Healing Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html Rhythmical Massage Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html Shadow Sound Therapy Alternative names: SST shadow therapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/s.html Shiatsu Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,733,00.html Spirituality Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Suggestive Therapy Zone Procedure Alternative names: Concept-Therapy Adjusting Technique Health Zone Analysis zone testing Zone Therapy Diagnosis Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/s.html Synergy Dance Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/s.html Tai Chi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tai Chi Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,737,00.html Tattva Shuddhi Alternative names: tattva shuddhi meditation Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D.
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Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/t.html Testing for Stomach Acidity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Therapeutic Touch Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Therapeutic Touch Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,739,00.html Traditional Chinese Medicine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10085,00.html Traditional Chinese Medicine Herbs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Transformational Counseling Alternative names: ASAT Transformational Counseling Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/t.html Vibrational Medicine Alternative names: energetic medicine energetics medicine energy medicine subtleenergy medicine vibrational healing vibrational therapies Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/v.html Yoga Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,746,00.html •
Chinese Medicine Bimayou Alternative names: Castor Oil; Oleum Ricini Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bingpian Alternative names: Borneol; Bingpian (Bing Pi An); Borneolum Syntheticum Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Bohe Alternative names: Peppermint; Herba Menthae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chayou Alternative names: Tea-seed Oil; Oleum Camelliae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chonglou Alternative names: Paris Root; Rhizoma Paridis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dahuang Alternative names: Rhubarb; Radix et Rhizoma Rhei Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dingxiang Alternative names: Clove; Flos Caryophylli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dingxiang Luoleyou Alternative names: Ocimum Oil; Oleum Ocimi Gratissimi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fuzi Alternative names: Beivedere Fruit; Difuzi; Fructus Kochiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jinguolan Alternative names: Tinospora Root; Radix Tinosporae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Liuhe Dingzhong Wan Alternative names: Liuhe Dingzhong Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Manshanhong Alternative names: Dahurian Rhododendron Leaf; Folium Rhododendri Daurici Source: Chinese Materia Medica Manshanhongyou Alternative names: Daurian Rhododendron Oil; Oleum Rhododendri Daurici Source: Chinese Materia Medica Maqianzi San Alternative names: Maqianzi Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China
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Mayou Alternative names: Castor Oil; Bimayou; Oleum Ricini Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mujingyou Alternative names: Negundo Chastetree Oil; Oleum Viticis Negundo Source: Chinese Materia Medica Oleum Menthae Alternative names: Peppermint Oil Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Qingyan Wan Alternative names: Qingyan Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Shaii Alternative names: Seabuckthorn Fruit; Fructus Hippophae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shaofu Zhuyu Wan Alternative names: Shaofu Zhuyu Pills; Shaofu Zhuyu Wan (Shao Fu Zhu Yu Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Songjieyou Alternative names: Turpentine Oil; Oleum Terebinthinae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Suhexiang Alternative names: Storax; Styrax Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiangguozhi Alternative names: Spiceleaf Kernel Oil; Oleum Linderae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yibeimu Alternative names: Sinkiang Fritillary Bulb; Yibeimu (Yi Bei Mu); Buibus Fritillariae Pallidiflorae Source: Chinese Materia Medica •
Herbs and Supplements 5-HTP (5-Hydroxytryptophan) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com 5-Hydroxytryptophan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Acanthopanax Senticosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Achillea Alternative names: Yarrow; Achillea millefolium L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Acorus Alternative names: Sweet Flag; Acorus calamus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Acyclovir Oral Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Adenosine Monophosphate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Albuterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Allopurinol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aloe Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Alpha Lipoic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alpha-Lipoic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alpha-Lipoic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10002,00.html Aluminum Hydroxide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com American Ginseng Alternative names: Panax quinquefolius Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amoxicillin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amphotericin B Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Ampicillin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ananas Comosus Alternative names: Bromelain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Andrographis Alternative names: Andrographis paniculata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Androstenedione Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Androstenedione Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Angelica sinensis Alternative names: Dong Quai Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angkak Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Antibiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Anticonvulsants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antioxidants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10004,00.html Arctostaphylos Alternative names: Bearberry; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Alternative names: Uva Ursi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arginine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aristolochia Alternative names: Snakeroot, Guaco; Aristolochia sp Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ashwagandha Alternative names: Withania somniferum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Asian Ginseng Alternative names: Panax ginseng Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aspirin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Astragalus Alternative names: Astragalus membranaceus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Azithromycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com AZT Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Baking Soda Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,835,00.html Bcaas Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com B-carotene Alternative names: Beta-Carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bearberry Alternative names: Uva Ursi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beargrape Alternative names: Uva Ursi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beni-koji Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Benzamycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Benztropine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-carotene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-carotene Alternative names: Betacarotenum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-carotene Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Betacarotenum Alternative names: Beta-Carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-sitosterol Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,972,00.html Bilberry Alternative names: Vaccinium myrtillus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bilberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bilberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10007,00.html Bismuth Subsalicylate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bitter Melon Alternative names: Momordica charantia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Black Cohosh Alternative names: Cimicifuga racemosa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Black Cohosh Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Black Cohosh Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10009,00.html
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Blue Cohosh Alternative names: Caulophyllum thalictroides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Boswellia Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bovine Colostrum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brahmi Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bromelain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bromelain Alternative names: Ananas comosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bromelain Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,760,00.html Bromelainum Alternative names: Bromelain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calendula Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Calophyllum Alternative names: Punna, Kamani; Calophyllum sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Carbidopa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carbidopa/Levodopa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carotenoids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cascara Sagrada Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10013,00.html Cat's Claw Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Celecoxib Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Celery Extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10014,00.html Centella Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Centella asiatica Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cephalosporins Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chamaemelum Nobile Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chaparral Alternative names: Larrea tridentata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chasteberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,767,00.html Chemotherapy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chinese Angelica Alternative names: Dong Quai Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chitosan Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10016,00.html Chlorhexidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Ciprofloxacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Citalopram Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clarithromycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clindamycin Oral Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clindamycin Topical Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clozapine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Codeine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coenzyme Q Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,768,00.html Coenzyme Q10 Alternative names: CoQ10 Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Colchicine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colestipol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colloidal Oatmeal Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10107,00.html Colostrum Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Comfrey Alternative names: Symphytum officinale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Comfrey Alternative names: Symphytum officinale, Knitbone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Conjugated Linoleic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Conjugated Linoleic Acid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Conjugated Linoleic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10102,00.html Coq10 Alternative names: Coenzyme Q10 Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cranberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10019,00.html Curcuma Alternative names: Turmeric; Curcuma longa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cyclosporine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cysteine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dandelion Alternative names: Taraxacum officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Danggui Alternative names: Dong Quai Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dapsone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Devil's Claw Alternative names: Harpagophytum procumbens, Harpagophytum zeyheri Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Devil's Claw Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,970,00.html
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DHA Alternative names: Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com DHEA Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10022,00.html DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diclofenac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dicloxacillin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Digestive Enzymes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Digoxin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dipyridamole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Docetaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Alternative names: DHA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Docusate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Donepezil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dong Quai Alternative names: Angelica sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dong Quai (Angelica) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,774,00.html Doxycycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Dryopteris Alternative names: Male Fern; Dryopteris sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Echinacea Alternative names: Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Echinacea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Alternative names: EPA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Elecampane Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Eleuthero Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eleutherococcus Senticosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com EPA Alternative names: Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ephedra Alternative names: Ephedra sinica, Ephedra intermedia, Ephedra equisetina Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ephedra Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Erythromycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Estrogen Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Estrogens (Combined) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Etodolac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eucalyptus Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,778,00.html
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Evening Primrose Alternative names: Oenothera biennis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com False Unicorn Root Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10075,00.html Felodipine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fennel Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,20,00.html Fenofibrate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fentanyl Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Feverfew Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Feverfew Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,780,00.html Fiber Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fiber Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fluorouracil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Flurbiprofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com GABA Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10027,00.html Gamma Oryzanol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) Alternative names: GLA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Garcinia Man Alternative names: Mangosteen; Garcinia mangostana Linn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org General Anesthetics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gentamicin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com German Chamomile Alternative names: Matricaria recutita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ginkgo Alternative names: Ginkgo biloba Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ginkgo Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ginkgo Biloba Alternative names: Maidenhair Tree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ginseng Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ginseng (Panax) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10029,00.html GLA Alternative names: Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com GLA (Gamma-Linolenic Acid) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glimepiride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glucomannan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glucosamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Glucosamine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,790,00.html Glutamine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glutamine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10030,00.html Glutathione Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glycyrrhiza glabra Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glycyrrhiza Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Golden Rod Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Gotu Kola Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gotu Kola Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gotu Kola Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10031,00.html Grape Seed Extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,793,00.html Grapefruit Seed Extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,985,00.html
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Green Tea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com H2 Blockers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Harpagophytum Procumbens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Harpagophytum Zeyheri Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hawthorn Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Heparin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Heparin Alternative names: Hep-Lock Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com HMB (Hydroxymethyl Butyrate) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hong Qu Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Horse Chestnut Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Horse Chestnut Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10037,00.html Horseradish Alternative names: Cochlearia armoracia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hung-chu Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Huperzine A Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Huperzine A Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10038,00.html
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Hydrocotyle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydroxychloroquine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hydroxycitric Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypericum Perforatum Alternative names: St. John's Wort Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hyssop Alternative names: Hyssopus officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ibuprofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Indapamide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Indian Pennywort Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Indinavir Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Indomethacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Inhaled Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Interferon Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com IP-6 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ipriflavone Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Isoniazid Alternative names: Laniazid, Nydrazid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ispaghula Alternative names: Psyllium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Ivy Leaf Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10112,00.html Kava Alternative names: Piper methysticum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kava Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ketorolac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Klamathweed Alternative names: St. John's Wort Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Knitbone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Kudzu Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,858,00.html Lamivudine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lansoprazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lemon Balm Alternative names: Melissa officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Levodopa/Carbidopa Alternative names: Sinemet Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Levofloxacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Spanish Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Licorice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,801,00.html Lindane Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lipoic Acid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Loop Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Loracarbef Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com L-tyrosine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Luffa Alternative names: Luffa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lutein Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lycopene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lysine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ma huang Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Macrolides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Maidenhair Tree Alternative names: Ginkgo Biloba Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Maitake Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Marsh Pennywort Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Marshmallow Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10042,00.html Matricaria Alternative names: Chamomile; Matricaria chamomilla Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Matricaria Recutita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Medium-chain Triglycerides Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Melatonin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Melatonin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Melatonin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,804,00.html Melissa Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10043,00.html Menadione Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaphthone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mesalamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Metformin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methionine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methotrexate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Methyltestosterone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Metoclopramide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Milk Thistle Alternative names: Silybum marianum, Carduus marianus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Minocycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mirtazapine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mistletoe Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10109,00.html Moexipril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Monascus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nabumetone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com NADH Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nadolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Natural Progesterone Cream Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10099,00.html Neomycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nitrofurantoin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nitrous Oxide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Oenothera Biennis Alternative names: Evening Primrose Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Olive Leaf Alternative names: Olea europa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com OPCS (Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Oral Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oregano/Wild Marjoram Alternative names: Origanum vulgare Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osha Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Oxaprozin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com PABA Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Paclitaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Panax Ginseng Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Passionflower Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Pau d'Arco Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,811,00.html Penicillamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Penicillin V Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Penicillins Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pennyroyal Alternative names: Hedeoma pulegoides, Mentha pulegium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peppermint Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Perphenazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phenylalanine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phosphatidylserine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phosphatidylserine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phosphorus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phylloquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piroxicam Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Plantago Isphagula Alternative names: Psyllium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Plantago Psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Plantain Alternative names: Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pollen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Pregnenolone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prickly Ash Alternative names: Zanthoxylum clava-herculis, Zanthoxylum americanum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prochlorperazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Psyllium Alternative names: Ispaghula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pueraria Alternative names: Kudzu; Pueraria lobata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Quinolones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Raspberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1061,00.html Red Koji Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Leaven Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Raspberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Red Rice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Yeast Rice Alternative names: Angkak, Beni-koju, Hong Qu, Hung-chu, Monascus, Red Leaven, Red Rice, Red Koji, Zhitai, Xue Zhi Kang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Yeast Rice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10054,00.html Reishi Alternative names: Ganoderma lucidum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Repaglinide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rifampin Alternative names: Rifadin, Rimactane Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Risedronate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Risperidone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rofecoxib Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Roman Chamomile Alternative names: Chamaemelum nobile Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rosmarinus Alternative names: Rosemary; Rosmarinus officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Royal Jelly Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ruta Alternative names: Rue; Ruta graveolens L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Salsalate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com SAMe Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Selegiline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Shark Cartilage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Siberian Ginseng Alternative names: Eleutherococcus senticosus, Acanthopanax senticosus, Eleuthero Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sitosterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Sotalol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Soy Isoflavones Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10057,00.html Spanish Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com St. John's Wort Alternative names: Hypericum perforatum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com St. John's Wort Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Stavudine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulfamethoxazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulfasalazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulfonamides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulindac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sun Drop Alternative names: Evening Primrose Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Swertia Alternative names: Swertia sp Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Symphytum Officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tacrine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tamoxifen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tanacetum V Alternative names: Tansy; Tanacetum vulgare (L.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Tang Kuei Alternative names: Dong Quai Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Taraxacum Officinale Alternative names: Dandelion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Taurine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Tetracycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tetracyclines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thioridazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thymus Extracts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ticlopidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tobramycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Topical Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trace Minerals Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10061,00.html Trans-beta-carotene Alternative names: Beta-Carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Triazolam Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tribulus Puncture Alternative names: Puncture Vine, Goathead; Tribulus terrestris L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Trigonella Alternative names: Fenugreek; Trigonella foenum graecum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Trimethoprim Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Triotann-S Pediatric Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Turmeric Alternative names: Curcuma longa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Turmeric Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10062,00.html Tyrosine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uncaria Asian Alternative names: Asian species; Uncaria sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Uva Ursi Alternative names: Arctostaphylos uva ursi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vacciniumb Alternative names: Bilberry; Vaccinium myrtillus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Valproic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Valproic Acid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Venlafaxine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Verapamil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Warfarin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Warfarin Alternative names: Coumadin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com White Willow Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Willow Bark Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yucca Alternative names: Yucca schidigera , Yucca spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zhitai Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zue Zhi Kang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Vitamins Ascorbic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Folic Acid Alternative names: Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,887,00.html Niacin Alternative names: Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pantothenic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pantothenic Acid and Pantethine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Provitamin A Alternative names: Beta-Carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin A Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin A Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10066,00.html Vitamin B1 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B12 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B12 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B2 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B3 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B3 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Alternative names: Niacin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B6 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B6 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) Alternative names: Folate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Vitamin D Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,905,00.html Vitamin E Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin E Alternative names: Alpha-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin E Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin E Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,906,00.html Vitamin K Alternative names: Menadione, Menaphthone, Menaquinone, Phylloquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin K Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •
Minerals Alpha-tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Biotin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Boron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Boron Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bromelain/quercetin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,941,00.html
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Buspirone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calcium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Calcium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,884,00.html Calcium Acetate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carnitine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Carnitine (l-carnitine) Alternative names: L-Carnitine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cerivastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chondroitin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chondroitin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chondroitin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10017,00.html Chromium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chromium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chromium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10018,00.html Cisplatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Copper Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Creatine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com D-alpha-tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Delta-tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fluoxetine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fluvastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Folate Alternative names: Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gabapentin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gamma-tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iron Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com L-carnitine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com L-carnitine Alternative names: Carnitine (L-Carnitine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lovastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Magnesium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,890,00.html Manganese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Manganese Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Naproxen/Naproxen Sodium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potassium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potassium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Potassium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10086,00.html Pravastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quercetin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Retinol Alternative names: Vitamin A (Retinol) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Selenium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Sodium Fluoride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vanadium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vanadium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vinpocetine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Vitamin A (Retinol) Alternative names: Retinol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •
Food and Diet Almond Butter Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Apples Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Arugula Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Arugula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,123,00.html Asparagus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Avocado Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Barley Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beef Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,85,00.html Beets Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beets Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,10,00.html Berries Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Bibb Lettuce Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Blueberries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,101,00.html Bluefish Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,164,00.html Bok Choy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Broccoli Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bruising Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brussels Sprouts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cabbage Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cancer Prevention and Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carp Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carrots Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carrots Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,14,00.html Cartilage Alternative names: Shark Cartilage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cartilage Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cashew Butter Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Catfish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cheddar Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chicken Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chicken Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,86,00.html Chicory Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chili Peppers Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,132,00.html Chocolate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chondroitin Sulfate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clams Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,159,00.html Coffee Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Collards Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cream Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dairy Substitutes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Greens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eggs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eggs Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,98,00.html Emmenthaler Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Endive Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Game Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,88,00.html Garlic Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Garlic Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,21,00.html Gluten-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Goose Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,89,00.html Grains Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Guinea Fowl Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hot Cereals Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Jarlsberg Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Kale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kale Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,127,00.html Kohlrabi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Leeks Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,24,00.html Lettuce & Other Salad Greens Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,196,00.html Low Back Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-Fat Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mackerel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mahi Mahi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Miso Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Miso Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,201,00.html Monounsaturated Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Monterey Jack Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mullet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mushrooms Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10046,00.html Mustard Greens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Non-Nutritive and Artificial Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nori Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,84,00.html Okra Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Omega-3 Fatty Acids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Omega-3 Fatty Acids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,992,00.html Orange Roughy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oysters Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,160,00.html Partridge Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Perch Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pike Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pistachio Butter Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Polyunsaturated Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Potatoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,270,00.html Quail Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rabbit Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Radishes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,33,00.html Raisins & Currants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,67,00.html Red Leaf Lettuce Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Romaine Lettuce Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rutabagas Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rye Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sablefish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Salmon Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sausage Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Scallops Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Scallops Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,184,00.html Sea Bass Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Sesame Seed Butter Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Shark Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Shrimp Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,177,00.html Snow Peas Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Products Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,135,00.html Spinach Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Spinach Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,35,00.html Sprouts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,36,00.html Summer Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sweet Peppers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sweet Potatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tendinitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tilefish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tomatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Tropical Fruit Smoothie Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trout Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tuna Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Turkey Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Turkey Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,92,00.html Turnips Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vegetarian Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Water Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Water Chestnuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,43,00.html Wheat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Whitefish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Winter Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yams Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yogurt Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,97,00.html Zucchini Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,183,00.html
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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON ETHER Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to ether. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “ether” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on ether, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Ether ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to ether. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
A Comparison between Lorentz's Ether Theory and Special Relativity in the Light of the Experiments of Trouton and Noble (Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, Frederick T. Trouton, Henry R. Noble) by Janssen, Michael Heinrich Paul, PhD from University of Pittsburgh, 1995, 312 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9529160
•
Ability of Oxygenases in Rhodococcus Rhodochrous to Degrade Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether by Sorrell, John Kaiser; MS from Mississippi State University, 2003, 55 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1414600
•
Administering the Ether, and the Aesthetic of the Absolute by Milutis, Joseph; PhD from The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2001, 215 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3008797
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An Ether Search by King, Martin Edward; PhD from Carleton University (Canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK35515
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•
Aspects of Ether Theory: A Study in the Philosophy of Science. by Leibowitz, Flora Lynn, PhD from The Johns Hopkins University, 1979, 233 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7924621
•
Cultivating the Ludic: 'Through the Air, with the Water, of the Earth, in the Fire, Ether' by Linan Vallecillos, Rafael Ramon, PhD from University of California, San Diego, 1996, 146 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9707350
•
Dynamics and Structure of Benzyl Ether Dendritic Macromolecules by Huang, Joseph Siang Huey; PhD from Stanford University, 2003, 332 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3104243
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Education in the Ether: a Historical Study of 'the Alberta School Broadcasts'; Circa 1929--1959 by Stotyn, Ronald Irwin; PhD from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 2003, 566 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3100779
•
Exploring Pathways in the Ether: the Formative Years of Radio in America, 1896-1912 by Douglas, Susan Jeanne, PhD from Brown University, 1979, 376 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8007003
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Kinetic Studies of Enol Ether Radical Cations: Mechanistic Studies of Pyruvate Formate Lyase by Taxil, Elsa Marine; PhD from University of Illinois at Chicago, 2003, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083893
•
Kinetic Studies on the Etherification of C(5)-alkenes to Fuel Ether Tame by Paakkonen, Paivi Kristiina; DSC (Tech from Teknillinen Korkeakoulu (Helsinki, Finland)), 2003, 47 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f248145
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Modeling Source Area Diffusivity of Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) in Groundwater Systems by Lefkowitz, Daniel Keith; PhD from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 2003, 210 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3077107
•
Process and Part Optimization of Poly(ether) Block Amide 63d Microbore Tubing by Lareau, Raymond Joseph; MSEng from University of Massachusetts Lowell, 2003, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413363
•
Radical Ions in Photochemistry the Photosensitized (electron Transfer) Carboncarbon Bond Cleavage of Radical Cations : The Phenylethyl Ether and Acetal Systems by Lamont, Laurie J; PhD from Dalhousie University (Canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL56239
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Radiolysis of Diethyl Ether and Ethanol Vapors Temperature Effects by Bansal, Krishan Murari; ADVDEG from University of Alberta (Canada), 1968 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK03357
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Sodium Binding to Crown Ether Derivatives Bulk Membrane Transport and Sodium23 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies by Stoumlver, Harald D. H; PhD from University of Ottawa (Canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL36535
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•
Space, Time, Ether, and Kant (Metaphysics, Immanuel Kant) by WOng, Wing-Chun Godwin, PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1994, 224 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9512598
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Structural Studies on Phytanyl-Ether Membrane Lipids in Halobacterium Cutirubrum by Hancock, Anthony John; PhD from University of Ottawa (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK14172
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Synthesis and Binding Studies of New N-Aryl Aza-Crown Ether Derivatives As Possible Sensing Devices by Xiao, Wenjing; PhD from Case Western Reserve University, 2003, 210 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092039
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Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Amphiphilic Networks Based on Poly(Ethylene Glycol) and Poly(Benzyl Ether) Dendrimers by Zhu, Chao; , PhD from State University of New York Col. of Environmental Science & Forestry, 2003, 186 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3099389
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Synthetic Studies on Polyether Antibiotics: New Approaches to OligoTetrahydrofurans and Complex Spiroketals by Dabideen, Darrin Rajesh; PhD from City University of New York, 2003, 200 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3074643
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The Effect on Interfacial Energy on the Crystallisation and Melting Behaviour of Poly (Ether)-silica Composites by Cole, John Henry; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK38197
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The Larger Ether: a Study of Henry James's Romantic Fiction by Brina, Robert Richard, PhD from University of California, Berkeley, 1980, 332 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8029338
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The Medical Uses of Ether and Chloroform in the Nineteenth Century: How Medical Uses Contrasted with Surgical Uses by Kent, Donald Frederick, PhD from Drew University, 1995, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9536138
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The Synthesis of Racemic Daunomycinone Trimethyl Ether, Racemic 4-0demethyldaunomycinone and Racemic Daunomycinone by Schwenk, Robert Joseph; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK12194
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Transport of the Oxidising Agent Permanganate in the Subsurface and the Investigation of Its Potential to Degrade Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether in Situ by Damm, Jochen H.; PhD from Queen's University of Belfast (United Kingdom), 2003, 301 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f254529
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Tridodecyl Glyceryl Ether As a Fat Absorption Indicator by Carlson, Walter E; ADVDEG from University of Guelph (Canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK06670
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Vibrational Spectra of Several Isotopic Forms of Dimethyl Ether, Hydrogen Chloride and Ethylene Sulphide by Falk, Michael Victor; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK21008
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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON ETHER Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.7 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “ether” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on ether, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Ether By performing a patent search focusing on ether, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will
7Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on ether: •
Acidic hard-surface antimicrobial cleaner Inventor(s): Hilgers; Debra S. (Racine, WI), Rees; Wayne M. (Caledonia, WI) Assignee(s): S.c. Johnson & Son, Inc. (racine, Wi) Patent Number: 6,699,825 Date filed: January 12, 2001 Abstract: A low residue antimicrobial solution containing about 0.2 percent by weight of an acid selected from the group consisting of organocarboxylic acids; and about 2 percent of a volatile solvent selected from the group consisting of n-butanol, benzyl alcohol, phenylethanol, and sparingly soluble glycol ether solvents is disclosed. Preferred compositions may also contain about 0.1 percent anionic sulfated or sulfonated surfactants and about 5 percent co-solvent selected from the group consisting of completely water soluble monoprotic aliphatic alcohols and glycol ethers. The solution may be also employed as a low-residue cleaner for soiled hard surfaces. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. This invention relates to aqueous liquid cleaning and antimicrobial compositions which leave a low residue of material on the surface to be cleaned. The compositions of the present invention contain a synergistic combination of specific amounts of certain organocarboxylic acids and sparingly water-soluble monohydric aliphatic alcohol solvents, such as benzyl alcohol and certain low molecular weight glycol ethers. Anionic sulfated or sulfonated surfactants and co-solvents are also included in the preferred compositions. Eliminating pathogenic micro-organisms on various surfaces, especially hard surfaces where such organisms may stay active for relatively long periods of time, continues to be a desire of consumers. Traditionally, quaternary ammonium compounds, high levels of certain alcohols, and oxidizing agents have been used in anti-microbial household cleaning products. Disadvantages of utilizing these types of agents include their tendency to cause eye and skin irritation, unpleasant odor, high levels of volatile organic compounds (VOC's), and potential surface damage effects. Some types of hard surfaces, notably glass, glazed ceramic, and polished metal present an additional problem for cleaning and disinfecting. The visible appearance of these surfaces after cleaning is negatively affected by residues left on the surface by the cleaning composition, even after wiping by the user. Rinsing the surface with fresh water after cleaning would help remove these unsightly residues, but this step adds additional work to the cleaning process. Thus, there exists a need for cleaning and disinfecting compositions which can be used on various hard surfaces, especially glass, glazed ceramic, and polished metals, without leaving unsightly residues. Additionally, it is advantageous that such compositions are comprised largely of water, avoiding the use of large amounts of alcohols such as ethanol or isopropanol for reasons of cost, safety, and minimization of formulation VOC's. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06699825__
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Activated carbon molded body and use thereof Inventor(s): Wolff; Thomas (Munchberg, DE) Assignee(s): Helsa-werke Helmut Sandler Gmbh & Co. KG (gefrees, De) Patent Number: 6,699,561 Date filed: January 31, 2002 Abstract: An activated carbon molded body, more particularly in honeycomb form and for use as an adsorption filter, can be produced from a mixture including activated carbon, water, novolak powder, clay, cellulose ether, liquid starch, wax, polyacrylamide and soap, by a procedure involving thoroughly mixing the constituents, extruding the mixture to form a monolithic molded body and cutting same to size, drying the body and effecting pyrolysis thereof. The adsorption filter produced therefrom can be regenerated by electrical heating under specified conditions. Excerpt(s): This application asserts the priority date of German Patent application No. 10104882.3, which was filed on Feb. 1, 2001. The present invention concerns an activated carbon molded or shaped body, referred to hereinafter as a molded body. The activated carbon molded body may be more particularly for example in honeycomb form and may be used as an adsorption filter. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06699561__
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Alkaline carpet cleaning composition comprising a pyrrolidone-based solvent Inventor(s): Ryan; Tracy Ann (Ramsey, NJ), Taraschi; Frederic Albert (Skillman, NJ), Taylor; Candice Lida (Clifton, NJ) Assignee(s): Reckitt Benckiser Inc. (wayne, Nj) Patent Number: 6,693,068 Date filed: May 9, 2001 Abstract: Improved aqueous carpet cleaning compositions which are ideally suited for use in machinery designed or used in the mechanical cleaning of carpets. The compositions are alkaline, and include one or more detersive surfactants, preferably one or more nonionic surfactants and one or more anionic surfactants; at least about 2% wt. of aminopolycarboxylic acid salt; an organic solvent constituent, preferably which includes a pyrrolidone based organic solvent constituent and excludes glycol and glycol ether solvents; an anti-resoiling agent; and water in quantum sufficient to provide 100% wt. of the compositions, as well as further optional constituents. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cleaning compositions which are useful in the cleaning of carpet fibers, carpets and carpeted surfaces. The present invention is particularly directed to compositions useful in conjunction with machinery designed for the cleaning of such carpet fibers or carpets, as well as for a new process for the cleaning of carpet fibers or carpets. While carpet cleaning compositions are per se, known to consumers, many of these are directed to be used directly from their container, and to be applied to localized areas of carpets. Some are also known for use in the cleaning of broader areas of carpets or carpet surfaces, and these are typically used for cleaning such areas as rooms, hallways and the like where carpet surfaces are installed. A limited number of formulations are also known which are directed to be used with machines intended to clean carpets. The use of such machines is becoming widespread as consumers appreciate their labor saving benefits and cleaning effectiveness. In order to
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be successful for use in such a machine, a carpet cleaning formulation must perform well in the removal of stains, ideally both oleophilic stains, as well as oleophobic stains, and must be compatible with the materials of construction of the machine. However, as the known art will attest, the production of such a successful formulation is not a trivial problem. Further, it is desirable to also include one or more agents in such formulations which provide a barrier, or which resist resoiling of cleaned carpet surfaces. Certain such agents are known to the art, and these include certain classes of fluorocarbon materials such as those available as ZONYL (ex. DuPont Corp.) as well as FLUORAD materials (ex. 3M Corp.), as well as so-called antiresoiling agents based on certain polymers including acrylic polymers. However, the inclusion of one or more of these agents frequently is not possible due to incompatibilities with one or more other constituents which may be present in a formulation. Thus, their compatibility, in a formulation is rarely predicable to the formulator. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06693068__ •
Bifunctional biphenyl and process for producing bifunctional phenylene ether oligomer compound using the same Inventor(s): Hiramatsu; Kiyonari (Tokyo, JP), Ishii; Kenji (Tokyo, JP), Miyamoto; Makoto (Tokyo, JP), Norisue; Yasumasa (Tokyo, JP), Yanagida; Katsuhiko (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc. (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,689,920 Date filed: October 16, 2002 Abstract: A process for producing 2,2',3,3',5,5'-hexamethyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diol, which process comprises,while setting a pH of a reaction liquid containing an alkaline aqueous solution, a surfactant, a copper catalyst and 2,3,6-trimethylphenol during a reaction in the range of from 8 to 14 and controlling the variation range of the pH of the reaction liquid within.+-.1,oxidatively coupling the 2,3,6-trimethylphenol with an oxygen-containing gas, anda process for producing a bifunctional phenylene ether oligomer compound having a controlled average molecular weight, comprising carrying out oxidation polymerization under a proper oxygen concentration. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for producing 2,2',3,3',5,5'hexamethyl-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diol (to be sometimes referred to as "HMBP" hereinafter) and a process for producing abifunctional phenylene ether oligomer having a phenolic hydroxyl group at each terminal by using HMBP. More specifically, it relates to a process for producing HMBP useful for applications such as an intermediate for electronic material and an agricultural chemical intermediate and to a process for selectively producing a bifunctional phenylene ether oligomer which is excellent in electric characteristics, toughness, compatibility with a thermosetting resin and molding-processability and has a predetermined number average molecular weight. Further, there is known a method which does not require a high-speed rotation thanks to an addition of a boron compound as a pH controlling agent (JP-A-60-152433). In particular, this method is effective for an oxidative coupling of an easily oxidizable phenol having substituents at 2- and 6-sites. Materials for use in an electric or electronic field are required to have low dielectric characteristic for processing high-volume data at high speed in the advanced information society and toughness for preventing the occurrence of microcracks due to thermal shock, etc. For the above requirements, the use of engineering plastic such as polyphenylene ether (to be sometimes referred to as "PPE" hereinafter) is proposed.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06689920__ •
Carbon dioxide-philic compounds and methods of synthesis thereof Inventor(s): Beckman; Eric J. (Aspinwall, PA), Sarbu; Traian (Pittsburgh, PA), Styranec; Thomas J. (Midland, MI) Assignee(s): University of Pittsburgh (pittsburgh, Pa) Patent Number: 6,686,438 Date filed: September 22, 2000 Abstract: A method of synthesizing a CO.sub.2 -philic analog of a CO.sub.2 -phobic compound, includes the step of: reacting the CO.sub.2 -phobic compound with a CO.sub.2 -philic compound selected from the group of a polyether substituted with at least one side group including preferably a Lewis base, a polycarbonate, a polycarbonate substituted with at least one side group including preferably a Lewis base, a vinyl polymer substituted with at least one side group including preferably a Lewis base a poly(ether-ester) or a poly(ether-ester) substituted with at least one side group including preferably a Lewis base, to create the CO.sub.2 -philic analog. A method of synthesizing a CO.sub.2 -phile includes the step of copolymerizing at least two monomers, wherein a polymer formed from homopolymerization of one of the monomers has a T.sub.g of less than approximately 250 K and a steric factor less than approximately 1.8, at least one of the monomers contains a group that results in a pendant group from the CO.sub.2 -phile backbone that contains a Lewis base group, and the resultant CO.sub.2 -phile does not contain both hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compounds that are soluble in or miscible in carbon dioxide and to methods of synthesizing such compounds. Various publications are referenced herein to, for example, clarify the general state of the art. Reference to a publication herein is not an admission that the publication is prior art or relevant to the patentability of the present invention. The feasibility of using carbon dioxide or CO.sub.2 as a process solvent has been extensively investigated in both academic and industrial circles because CO.sub.2 is considered to be an environmentally benign solvent. Previous solubility parameter calculations using equation of state information suggested that the solvent power of CO.sub.2 was similar to that of short n-alkanes, leading to hopes that CO.sub.2 could replace a wide variety of non-polar organic solvents. King, J. W., Poly. Mat. Sci. Eng. Prepr. (1984), 51, 707. Although such solubility parameter values precluded the use of CO.sub.2 for processing of polar or hydrophilic materials, it was believed that addition of conventional alkyl-functional surfactants could effectively deal with the problem. However, early attempts to employ conventional surfactants in CO.sub.2 failed as a result of the poor solubility of the amphiphiles, despite the fact that these same molecules exhibited adequate solubility in ethane and propane. Consani, K. A.; Smith, R. D.; J. Supercrit. Fl. (1990), 3, 51. It was later discovered that the early solubility parameter calculations, while mathematically correct, failed to note that the absolute value was inflated by as much as 20% by the strong quadropole moment of CO.sub.2 (which also inflates its critical pressure). Myers, A. L.; Prausnitz, J. M., Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. (1965), 4, 209. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06686438__
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Catalysts for oxidative polymerization of fluorophenol, method of oxidative polymerization of fluorophenol, and poly(oxyfluorophenylene) derivative Inventor(s): Kumaki; Yosuke (Tokyo, JP), Oyaizu; Kenichi (Tokyo, JP), Saito; Kei (Tokyo, JP), Tsuchida; Eishun (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Japan Science and Technology Corporation (saitama, Jp) Patent Number: 6,689,919 Date filed: September 7, 2001 Abstract: The synthesis of fluoropolyarylene ether with a high degree of polymerization is enabled, by using a copper complex catalyst with an oxidation potential in the range of -1V to 2V, for the oxidative polymerization of fluorophenols that contain at least one hydrogen atom as well as a fluorine atom bonded to the carbon atoms constituting the benzene ring. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to catalysts for the oxidative polymerization of fluorophenols and a method for the oxidative polymerization of fluorophenols wherein such catalysts are used. More particularly, this invention relates to catalysts for the oxidative polymerization of fluorophenols useful for the synthesis of engineering plastics, such as fluoropolyarylene ether, with excellent heat resistance and flame resistance, as well as small friction factor, and a method for the oxidative polymerization of fluorophenols wherein such catalysts are used. Further, the present invention relates to poly(oxyfluorophenylene) compounds. More particularly, the present invention relates to soluble poly(oxyfluorophenylene) compounds with excellent heat resistance, membrane-formability and chemical stability. Polyarylene ethers are known as engineering plastics having characteristics such as excellent heat resistance, mechanical strength, drug resistance, dimensional stability, electric performance, and workability, and are used in various industrial fields, such as mechanical parts, gas separating membranes, conductive resins, and functional rubbers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06689919__
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Cleaning composition Inventor(s): Chernin; Vladimir (Green Bay, WI), Kubala; Ronald W. (Green Bay, WI), Martens; Richard (Green Bay, WI) Assignee(s): Cleaning Systems, Inc. (depere, Wi) Patent Number: 6,696,399 Date filed: October 15, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a low pH microemulsion cleaning composition, with methods for making and using the composition. The composition includes a salt of citric acid; at least one anionic surfactant such as a complex alkyl phosphate ester; at least one nonionic surfactant; a hydrotrope; a glycol ether; 5% to 25% by weight of glycolic acid, citric acid or lactic acid; 2% to 20% by weight of d-limonene, dl-limonene, pine oil, lemon oil, orange oil, grapefruit oil, lime oil, or bergamot oil; and water. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related, in general, to detergent compositions, and more particularly, to detergents utilized in transportation applications, such as automobile and truck washing. Detergent compositions are utilized in a wide variety of applications, all having differing requirements, such as detergents for household use,
Patents 171
detergents for industrial use, and detergents for vehicle washing and other transportation applications. Household and industrial detergents, for example, are being created to require one application and no rinsing, such as that disclosed in Aszman et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,462,010, issued Oct. 8, 2002, entitled "All Purpose Liquid Cleaning Compositions Compromising Solubilizers", which illustrates a detergent for typical household use. Such detergents are unsuitable for a vehicle washing environment, in which the components to be removed include oily soils, mineral soils, innumerable types of organic and inorganic matter, mud, tar, grease, oil, and virtually any other item which may be found in a transportation environment, for automobiles, trucks, trains, airplanes, jets, boats, and ships. Vehicle washing has also evolved from various mechanical systems having physical contact with the vehicle, such as by using brushes and cloths, to non-mechanical washing systems which spray detergent on the vehicle and then rinse with water under high pressure, without the use of brushes, cloths or other mechanical aids. In addition, such non-mechanical systems may also use a twodetergent application washing process in which one detergent is applied, followed by a variable lag or dwell time, followed by application of a second detergent, again followed by a variable lag or dwell time, and then rinsing with high pressure water. In this environment, because of the absence of friction with the soiled surface from a mechanical device, more effective types of detergents are required to achieve comparable cleaning. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06696399__ •
Composition for oral care Inventor(s): Endo; Toshio (Kuba, JP) Assignee(s): Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd. (jp) Patent Number: 6,692,725 Date filed: February 19, 2002 Abstract: It was found that if a copolymer of maleic acid or maleic anhydride with an alkyl vinyl ether, which has a specific viscosity of 3.5 or more, is used as an antibacterial-enhancing agent, the action of an antibacterial agent in an oral composition is enhanced and the effect such as adhesion prevention of a soft deposit is improved. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an oral composition. In particular, it relates to an antibacterial antiplaque oral composition useful for toothpaste. More specifically, it relates to an oral composition containing an antibacterial agent effective to inhibit plaque, and an antibacterial-enhancing agent used therefor, which is a toothpaste composition containing a substantially water-insoluble noncationic antibacterial agent (NAA), and a copolymer of maleic acid or maleic anhydride with an alkyl vinyl ether operative as an antibacterial-enhancing agent (AEA) to enhance the antibacterial antiplaque activity of the NAA. As described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. Hei 6-192060, unlike calculus which is a hard calcified deposit on tooth surface, dental plaque is a soft deposit that forms on any part from the tooth surface to soft oral tissue surface adjacent thereto, especially at the gingival margin. It is said that the plaque such as the soft deposit causes the occurrence of gingivitis. Moreover, the deposit of plaque appears to other persons as a dirt on the tooth so that they may find it unsightly and filthy during face-to-face conversation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06692725__
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Composition useful for the oxidation dyeing of keratin fibres, containing an oxyalkylenated carboxylic acid ether, a nonionic surfactant and a particular polymer Inventor(s): Bebot; Cecile (Clichy, FR), Desenne; Patricia (Bois Colombres, FR), Laurent; Florence (Bois Colombres, FR) Assignee(s): L'oreal (paris, Fr) Patent Number: 6,692,539 Date filed: December 20, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a composition useful for the oxidation dyeing of keratin fibers, in particular of human keratin fibers and more particularly the hair, containing, in a medium that is suitable for dyeing, at least one oxidation dye, at least one polyoxyalkylenated carboxylic acid ether or a salt thereof, at least one nonionic surfactant and at least one cationic or amphoteric polymer whose cationic charge density is greater than or equal to 2 meq/gram. The invention also relates to the dyeing devices and processes using the composition. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition useful for the oxidation dyeing of keratin fibres, in particular of human keratin fibres and more particularly the hair, comprising, preferably in a medium that is suitable for dyeing, at least one oxidation dye, and also at least one polyoxyalkylenated carboxylic acid ether or a salt thereof, at least one nonionic surfactant and at least one cationic or amphoteric polymer whose cationic charge density is greater than or equal to 2 meq/gram. The invention also relates to dyeing devices, kits, and processes using the composition. It is known practice to dye keratin fibres, and in particular human hair, with dye compositions containing oxidation dye precursors, generally known as "oxidation bases", in particular ortho- or para-phenylenediamines, ortho- or para-aminophenols, and heterocyclic bases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06692539__
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Compositions and methods for selectively binding amines or amino acid enantiomers over their counter-enantiomers Inventor(s): Bruening; Ronald L. (American Fork, UT), Krakowiak; Krzysztof E. (American Fork, UT) Assignee(s): Ibc Advanced Technologies, Inc. (american Fork, Ut) Patent Number: 6,686,479 Date filed: March 8, 2001 Abstract: Naphthyl crown ether ligand molecules containing at least two naphthyl groups that are covalently bonded to suitable solid supports and coated by hydrophobic organic solvents are disclosed. These compositions and associated methods are characterized by selectivity of desired amine or amino acid enantiomers over their counter-enantiomers and derivatives. The composition preferably has an.alpha.-value greater than or equal to 4. This allows for the separation of such enantiomers with nonchromatographic resin bed separations of three separation stages or less. Excerpt(s): The present invention is drawn toward compositions and methods for separating an amine or amino acid enantiomer from its counter-enantiomer in order to obtain a high degree of chiral purity. Effective methods for the separation and recovery of particular enantiomers of biochemicals such as amines and amino acids as well as other types of biochemicals is of great importance in modern technology. This
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importance is exemplified by the growing need and desire to produce and use optically pure pharmaceuticals and other biochemicals for human and other use. For example, often only one enantiomer of a chemical compound is biologically active or produces a desired effect. Thus, in order for a recipient of a pharmaceutical to receive enough of the biologically active enantiomer, twice the amount of pharmaceutical is generally given (assuming that the enantiomers are represented at about a 50:50 ratio). In other cases, the undesired enantiomer may be toxic or produce side effects. For example, the undesired enantiomer of thalidomide[4] has been known to cause severe malformation in children born to pregnant women who took the drug by prescription for the benefits of the desired enantiomer. Therefore, much research has been conducted in order to produce optically or enantiomerically pure pharmaceuticals such that the biologically active or desired enantiomer may be used in essentially pure forms in order to eliminate the drawbacks discussed above. There are essentially three theoretical methods that may be used to obtain optically pure compounds for pharmaceutical or other use. First, the desired enantiomer may be synthesized in the desired enantiomeric or optically pure form. Unfortunately this method is often impractical because, in many cases, these types of synthesis methods have not been discovered, or alternatively for those which have been discovered, the production cost of making the pure enantiomer has been prohibitive. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06686479__ •
Compositions including ether-capped poly (oxyalkylated) alcohol wetting agents Inventor(s): Jordan, IV; Glenn Thomas (Indian Springs, OH), Kluesener; Bernard William (Harrison, OH), McKenzie; Kristen Lynne (Mason, OH), Scheper; William Michael (Lawrenceburg, IN), Sivik; Mark Robert (Mason, OH) Assignee(s): The Procter & Gamble Company (cincinnati, Oh) Patent Number: 6,686,330 Date filed: December 8, 2000 Abstract: Compositions including ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol wetting agents. The wetting agents are low-foaming and have good biodegradability, and can be used in a variety of applications, for example in polymer, anti-foaming, biocidal, coating, fertilizer, pharmaceutical, and drilling fluid compositions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions containing low-foaming nonionic wetting agents. Due to the varied nature of different compositions, different wetting agents are better suited for some applications while being less suited or totally unsuitable for other applications. While some wetting agents provide the desired properties, such as dispersion or suspension of other ingredients, they are high foaming or not readily biodegradable. Conversely, a wetting agent may be suitably low foaming, but provide less that suitable dispersion or suspension of other ingredients. Accordingly, the need remains for new wetting agents which are suitable for use in a variety of compositions and applications that can provide improve dissolution, improved rates of mixing with water, improved streaking and filming performance, good wetting, adequate dispersion and/or suspension, suds control and good biodegradability, while avoiding incompatibility with other components of the compositions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06686330__
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Die attach adhesives with vinyl ether and carbamate or urea functionality Inventor(s): Herr; Donald E. (Flemington, NJ), Musa; Osama M. (Hillsborough, NJ) Assignee(s): National Starch and Chemical Investment Holding Corporation (new Castle, De) Patent Number: 6,699,929 Date filed: August 10, 2001 Abstract: Compounds with both vinyl ether and carbamate, thiocarbamate or urea functionality are suitable for use in microelectronics applications and show enhanced adhesive strength compared to compounds that do not contain carbamate, thiocarbamate or urea functionality. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to die attach adhesives containing resins that contain both vinyl ether and either carbamate, thiocarbamate or urea functionality. Adhesive compositions, particularly conductive adhesives, are used for a variety of purposes in the fabrication and assembly of semiconductor packages and microelectronic devices. The more prominent uses are the bonding of integrated circuit chips to lead frames or other substrates, and the bonding of circuit packages or assemblies to printed wire boards. There exist electron acceptor/donor adhesives that contain vinyl ethers as the donor compounds for use in low modulus adhesives, particularly in fast-cure adhesives for die attach applications. However, die attach adhesives containing commercially available vinyl ethers frequently suffer from poor adhesion, resin bleed and voiding due to the volatility and non-polar nature of these commercial vinyl ethers. Thus, there is a need for improved die attach adhesives utilizing vinyl ethers containing polar functionality in order to address these performance issues. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06699929__
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Diffraction devices and methods Inventor(s): Ballato; John (Central, SC), Foulger; Stephen (Clemson, SC), Shah; Hiren V. (Clemson, SC), Smith; Dennis W. (Seneca, SC) Assignee(s): Clemson University (clemson, Sc) Patent Number: 6,689,855 Date filed: July 16, 2002 Abstract: Fluoropolymers consisting of alternating perfluorocyclobutane and aryl ether linkages possess suitable properties for optical waveguides and other devices using refractive properties of the polymers. Perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB) polymers having aryl groups alternating on an ether chain have shown useful physical properties for optical waveguide applications. Processes for micromolding such polymeric films by replicating a pattern or image directly from a silicon master, rather than from a polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) mold) are disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of fluoropolymers and methods of applying fluoropolymers in making components for optical applications. In particular, the invention relates to copolymer compositions and methods for micromolding and microcontact lithographic printing. Polymeric large core waveguides for optical interconnects have been fabricated using rubber molding processes. Large core waveguides are prepared using photoresist patterning processes in a master fabrication procedure. In the electronics and optical fabrication technologies, optical interconnects
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have been used in backplane interconnections, board to board interconnections, clock distribution, and a variety of other applications. In particular, lithographic processes have been used because such processes are generally suitable for mass production, are usually insensitive to the polymer selection, and are of relatively low cost. Molding processes have in the past relied on micro-fabrication by traditional lithography. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06689855__ •
Dispersant compositions Inventor(s): Nakamura; Norio (Takefu, JP), Shinohara; Shuichiro (Takefu, JP) Assignee(s): Nissin Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (fukui-ken, Jp) Patent Number: 6,689,818 Date filed: August 29, 2002 Abstract: A dispersant composition comprising (A) 20-80% by weight of an acetylene glycol or ethoxylated acetylene glycol and (B) 20-80% by weight of a graft product of an allyl alcohol-maleic anhydride-styrene copolymer with a polyoxyalkylene monoalkyl ether, comprising (a) polyoxyalkylene monoalkyl ether units, (b) maleic anhydride units, and (c) styrene units, in a compositional ratio a:b:c of 25-40:25-40:25-40 in mole percent, and having a Mw of 1,000-50,000 exerts improved dispersing, anti-foaming and viscosity-reducing effects, when used in small amounts in dispersing of inorganic particulates. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to dispersant compositions, and more particularly, to dispersant compositions which exert improved dispersing, anti-foaming and viscosityreducing effects when added in small amounts in dispersing inorganic particulates such as ceramic particulates (e.g., alumina, ferrite) and calcium carbonate. Prior art methods of forming ceramic sheets involve dissolving a binder such as polyvinyl butyral resin in an organic solvent, admixing a finely divided ceramic raw material in the solution, and milling the mixture in a ball mill or suitable mixer for a long time for dispersion. After defoaming, the dispersion is applied to a film support of polyester or the like to a certain thickness to form a green sheet, which is fired. Because of the flammability and environmental problems of organic solvents, it was recently proposed to use aqueous binders to avoid the use of organic solvents. Water-soluble binders including polyvinyl alcohol and water-soluble polyurethane were developed as disclosed in JP-A 60-180955. They have found more frequent use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06689818__
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Extruded styrene resin foams, and methods for producing the same Inventor(s): Fujiwara; Hiroshi (Osaka, JP), Fukuzawa; Jun (Osaka, JP), Hayashi; Takahiro (Osaka, JP), Kobayashi; Osamu (Shiga, JP) Assignee(s): Kaneka Corporation (osaka, Jp) Patent Number: 6,696,504 Date filed: December 23, 1999 Abstract: Production of extruded styrene resin foams which are excellent in environmental compatibility and retain highly efficient thermal insulation property and have appropriate strength properties is disclosed which is characterized by using as a
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blowing agent a blowing agent comprising mainly 40% by weight or more and 85% by weight or less, based on the whole amount of the blowing agent, of at least one ether selected from the group consisting of dimethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether and diethyl ether, and 15% by weight or more and 60% by weight or less, based on the whole amount of the blowing agent, of at least one saturated hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of saturated hydrocarbons having 3 to 5 carbon atoms. The production is further characterized by providing a more desirable cell structure such as a specified shape of cells or the presence of larger and smaller cells. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an extruded styrene resin foam and a method for its production. Particularly, the present invention relates to a board-like extruded styrene resin foam which is excellent in environmental compatibility, retains highly efficient thermal insulating property and has appropriate strength properties, and hence useful, especially, as a thermal insulation material, and to a method for the production thereof. Hitherto, extruded styrene resin foams have been widely used as thermal insulation materials for buildings because of their desirable workability and thermal insulation characteristic. Many prior patents proposed techniques which use flons typified by flon 12, flon 142b and flon 134a in order to impart excellent thermal insulation characteristic to styrene resin extruded foams, in combination with halogenated hydrocarbons which are easy to permeate through styrene resin, typified by methyl chloride and ethyl chloride in order to achieve desirable mechanical properties, thermal stability of foams and productivity. These techniques have been widely adopted as general production methods and have become common. On the other hand, in recent years, attention has been given to the ozone layer problem and the global warming problem. From such a viewpoint, the use of flon 134a, which is suitable for protection of the ozone layer, is proposed. However, there is further demand for selection of preferable blowing agent in view of a greenhouse effect. In addition, methyl chloride, ethyl chloride and the like are believed to be preferable to be replaced if possible from the viewpoint of environmental sanitation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06696504__ •
Flourine-containing copolymer Inventor(s): Fukuda; Kazuyuki (Osaka, JP), Hirao; Takayuki (Decatur, AL), Kono; Hideki (Osaka, JP), Lin; George (Orangeburg, NY) Assignee(s): Daikin America, Inc. (orangeburg, Ny) Patent Number: 6,703,464 Date filed: January 17, 2002 Abstract: A fluorine-containing copolymer obtained by copolymerizing tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and perfluoro vinyl ether as component monomers, wherein a weight ratio of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and perfluoro vinyl ether units constituting the fluorine-containing copolymer is 70 to 95:5 to 20:0 to 10, respectively; the fluorine-containing copolymer having: a melt flow rate of 30 (g/10 minutes) or more; a volatile content index of 0.2% by weight or less; and a stress relaxation modulus G(t) (unit: dyn/cm.sup.2) which satisfies the following formula at t=0.1 second when measured at a temperature of 310.degree. C.:G(0.1)>7.times.10.sup.6.times.X.sup.-1.6143 -3000where X denotes the melt flow rate (unit: g/10 minutes). Also disclosed is an insulating material composed of the fluorinecontaining copolymer and an insulated cable having a core conductor coated with the fluorine-containing copolymer.
Patents 177
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a fluorine-containing copolymer which improves extrusion moldability for coating an electric cable with an insulating resin and which is capable of suppressing the occurrence of molding faults over long term operation even when coating at high speed. Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE)/hexafluoropropylene (HFP) copolymer has superior heat resistance, chemical resistance, extrusion moldability and the like, and in addition, has superior electric insulating property and high-frequency property with a low dielectric tangent. Therefore, it is used for insulating cable such as a cable and a wire, and such insulated cable is suitably used as a communication cable. The communication cable includes a data transmission cable such as a LAN cable. The insulated cable comprises a core wire such as a cable and an insulating material formed from a resin such as a TFE/HFP copolymer coating the core wire. In general, the insulated cable is manufactured by extrusion coating in which molten resin is extruded in the shape of a tube, drawn down by inserting a core wire through the center portion of the resin tube in its axial direction, and the core wire coated with the resin is then taken up. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06703464__ •
Histologic visualization of cyanoacrylate embolization Inventor(s): Calvo; William J. (250 Kettering Dr., Buffalo, NY 14223), Lieber; Baruch B. (1662 Winterberry La., Weston, FL 33327) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,686,203 Date filed: September 11, 2001 Abstract: A histological staining technique that allows quantification of previously unmeasured parameters involved in surgical arteriovenous malformation (AVM) embolization. The invention allows the evaluation of the polymerization characteristics of various ratios of embolization agents, such as Lipiodol/n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA)/glacial acetic acid (GAA) mixtures, by virtue of a new tissue sample preparation protocol and staining technique. To determine the depth of NBCA penetration within the AVM model and to characterize the polymerization patterns of various mixtures within a model vessel, histologic cross-and longitudinal sections were prepared for microscopy using a new staining method including the use of europium aryl-.beta.-diketone complex and petroleum ether. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections were subjected to the staining protocol to improve differentiation between NBCA and Lipiodol. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to a method for histological staining of arteriovenous malformation (AVM) tissue samples in order to quantify parameters of surgical AVM embolization using an europium aryl-.beta.-diketone complex. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are, in most patients, congenital lesions formed by tangled networks of blood vessels. The cause of AVMs is not known, but most AVMs are thought to be due to abnormal development of blood vessels during fetal development. While AVMs can potentially form anywhere in the body, those formed in the brain are particularly problematic. In normal brain tissue, blood enters through major cerebral arteries, passes through smaller arterioles, and subsequently moves into capillaries. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that allow blood to deliver necessary oxygen and nutrients to the brain and remove waste products of brain metabolism. Normally, after passing through the capillaries, the blood enters the brain's venous system. When an AVM exists in the brain, blood is shunted directly from the arterial
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system to the venous system. There is normally a drop in pressure as blood travels from arteries to veins, but when an AVM is present, the rate of blood flow from arteries to veins can be high and the pressure can thus be elevated within the veins. This elevated pressure can contribute to a variety of complications, including stroke, seizures, bleeding, and disruption of the normal function of brain cells near the AVM. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06686203__ •
Hypolipidemic and antioxidant morpholine derivatives Inventor(s): Chrysselis; Michael (Thessaloniki, GR), Kourounakis; Panagiotis (Thessaloniki, GR), Rekka; Eleni (Thessaloniki, GR) Assignee(s): Elpen S.a. (pikermi Attica, Gr) Patent Number: 6,693,192 Date filed: October 11, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to the synthesis and the evaluation of the antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic activity of substituted morpholine derivatives of formula (I) in which R.sub.1 =CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3, R.sub.2 =CH.sub.3, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 =H, R.sub.5 =C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (compound 1) or R.sub.1 =CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 ONO.sub.2, R.sub.2 =CH.sub.3, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 =H, R.sub.5 =C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (compound 2) or R.sub.1 =H, R.sub.2 --R.sub.3 =(CH.sub.2).sub.4, R.sub.4 =H, R.sub.5 =C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (compound 3) or R.sub.1 =CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3, R.sub.2 --R.sub.3 =(CH.sub.2)4, R.sub.4 =H, R.sub.5 =C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (compound 4) or R.sub.1 =CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 ONO.sub.2, R.sub.2 --R.sub.3 =(CH.sub.2).sub.4, R.sub.4 =H, R.sub.5 =C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (compound 5) or R.sub.1 =H, R.sub.2 =CH.sub.3, R.sub.3 --R.sub.4 =(CH.sub.2).sub.4, R.sub.5 =C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (compound 6) or R.sub.1 =CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3, R.sub.2 =CH.sub.3, R.sub.3 -R.sub.4 =(CH.sub.2).sub.4, R.sub.5 =C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (compound 7) or R.sub.1 =CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 ONO.sub.2, R.sub.2 =CH.sub.3, R.sub.3 --R.sub.4 =(CH.sub.2).sub.4, R.sub.5 =C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (compound 8) or R.sub.1 =CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 ONO.sub.2, R.sub.2 =CH.sub.3, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 =H, R.sub.5 =C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (compound 9) or R.sub.1 =H, R.sub.2 =p-NO.sub.2 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 =H, R.sub.5 =C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (compound 10). The 2-hydroxymorpholine derivatives 3, 6 and 10 are synthesised by the reaction of the appropriate aminoalcohol (22 mmol) and the 2-bromophenylacetophenone or the 2bromoacetophenone (10 mmol) in ether and acetone for 15 hours at room temperature. Me 2-alkoxy derivatives 1, 4 and 7 are synthesised by the reaction of the respective 2hydroxy derivative with the appropriate alcohol, in acid medium and reflux. Compounds 2, 5, 8 and 9 are synthesised by the reaction of the respective 2-hydroxy derivative with the 3-bromopropanol in acidic medium and reflux. The 2-(3bromopropoxy) derivatives thin reacted with silver nitrate in acetonitrile and reflux. The compounds of formula (I) decrease significantly total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDLcholesterol levels in plasma. The compounds of formula (I) possess potent antioxidant activity. The compounds of formula (I) with the above properties could be useful to the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia and atheromatosis. Excerpt(s): in which R.sub.1 =CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3, R.sub.2 =CH.sub.3, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 =H, R.sub.5 =C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (compound 1) or R.sub.1 =CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 ONO.sub.2, R.sub.2 =CH.sub.3, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 =H, R.sub.5 =C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (compound 2) or R.sub.1 =H, R.sub.2 13 R.sub.3 =(CH.sub.2).sub.4, R.sub.4 =H, R.sub.5 =C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (compound 3) or R.sub.1 =CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3, R.sub.2 --
Patents 179
R.sub.3 =(CH.sub.2).sub.4, R.sub.4 =H, R.sub.5 =C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (compound 4) or R.sub.1 =CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 ONO.sub.2 R.sub.2 --R.sub.3 =(CH.sub.2).sub.4, R.sub.4 =H, R.sub.5 =C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (compound 5) or R.sub.1 =H, R.sub.2 =CH.sub.3, R.sub.3 --R.sub.4 =(CH.sub.2).sub.4, R.sub.5 =C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (compound 6) or R.sub.1 =CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3, R.sub.2 =CH.sub.3, R.sub.3 --R.sub.4 =(CH.sub.2).sub.4, R.sub.5 =C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (compound 7) or R.sub.1 =CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 ONO.sub.2, R.sub.2 =CH.sub.3, R.sub.3 --R.sub.4 =(CH.sub.2)4, R.sub.5 =C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (compound 8) or R.sub.1 =CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 ONO.sub.2, R.sub.2 =CH.sub.3, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 =H, R.sub.5 =H (compound 9) or R.sub.1 =H, R.sub.2 =pNO.sub.2 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 =H, R.sub.5 =C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (compound 10). thrombogenesis, endothelial injury and haemodynamic factors. Especially, the oxidative modification of LDL appears to be the most risk atherogenic process, which induces inflammatory and apoptotic mechanisms and finally the formation of foam cells and fatty streaks. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06693192__ •
Low molecular weight engineering thermoplastic polyurethane and blends thereof Inventor(s): D'Hooghe; Edward Louis (Hulst, NL), Moses; Paul J. (Lake Jackson, TX), van Pelt; Wilfred (Breda, GA) Assignee(s): The Dow Chemical Company (midland, Mi) Patent Number: 6,696,528 Date filed: August 7, 2001 Abstract: A low molecular weight engineering thermoplastic polyurethane (ETPU) can be homogeneously melt blended with a polyarylene ether (PAE) to give a low viscosity melt processable blend, and subsequently cooled to form a heterogeneous dispersion of the ETPU in the PAE that has two T.sub.g s, one that is close to the T.sub.g of the pure ETPU, and one that is close to the T.sub.g of the pure PAE. As such, the composite blend retains the properties of the polyarylene ether. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a low molecular weight engineering thermoplastic polyurethane and blends thereof. More particularly the invention relates to a dispersion of a low molecular weight engineering thermoplastic polyurethane in a polyarylene ether matrix. Polyarylene ethers (PAEs) are a class of thermoplastic resins with excellent mechanical and electrical properties, heat resistance, flame retardancy, low moisture absorption, and dimensional stability. These resins are widely used in automobile interiors, particularly instrument panels, and electrical as well as electronic applications. Epoxy resins have also been investigated as a reactive solvent for the PAE. (See Venderbosch, R. W., "Processing of Intractable Polymers using Reactive Solvents," Ph.D. Thesis, Eindhoven (1995); Vanderbosch et al., Polymer, Vol. 35, p. 4349 (1994); Venderbosch et al., Polymer, Vol. 36, p. 1167 (1995a); and Venderbosch et al., Polymer, Vol. 36, p. 2903 (1995b)). In this instance, the PAE is first dissolved in an epoxy resin to form a solution that is preferably homogeneous. An article is then shaped from the solution, and the solution is cured at elevated temperatures, resulting in a phase separation that can give a continuous PAE phase with epoxy domains interspersed therein. The properties of the finished article are primarily determined by the PAE; however, the use of an epoxy resin as a reactive solvent for the PAE is not practical in a continuous melt process like injection molding because the epoxy resin needs a curing agent to set. The curing agent will, over time, accumulate in the injection molding barrel,
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thereby fouling the machine. Furthermore, the cure and subsequent phase separation has to take place at at least 150.degree. C., which is impractical in a molder environment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06696528__ •
Membrane electrode assembly and method of its production Inventor(s): Blach Vizoso; Ricardo (Asua-Erandio, ES), Cadaval Fernandez De Leceta; Alfonso Carlos (Asua-Erandio, ES) Assignee(s): David Fuel Cell Components, S.l. (es) Patent Number: 6,685,806 Date filed: June 21, 2001 Abstract: Membrane-electrode assembly consisting of a cationic exchange membrane which contains fluorine (made of hydrolyzed copolymer of tetrafluoro-ethylene and vinyl ether which contains perfluorosulfur with PE=900-1300) and porous layers of electrode material (made of electrocatalyst), inactive electroconductor material and fluoropolymer agglutinating material arranged on both surfaces of the cationic exchange membrane. The cationic exchange membrane which contains the fluorine is made of hydrolyzed copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene with vinyl ether which contains perfluorosulfur, having a crystallinity grade between 2 and 8%; porous layers of the electrode material are obtained which have a porosity comprised between 40 and 70% and decreasing in the direction of the cationic exchange membrane surface with a porosity gradient from 5 to 15% par 1.mu. Said membrane-electrode assembly is used in fuel cells, in water electrolysis and in other electrochemical process. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the electrochemical industry in general, and more particularly to a membrane-electrode assembly ("MEA") based on fluorocontaining ion-exchange membranes and to a method for its production. Such MEAs are widely used in fuel cells, in water electrolyzers, and in other electrochemical processes. Our experiments showed that this copolymer has an equivalent weight (EW) of 1200 and a degree of crystallinity of 12%, as shown in control Example 1. The MEA is produced by applying an electrode composition on both sides of the CEM. The sedimentation method is used. The electrode composition consists of a mixture of an electrocatalyst and an ion-exchange polymer (polyantimonic acid) powder. The composition is fixed by electric current treatment in water at 90.degree. C., where the current density is 0.5-1 A/cm.sup.2. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06685806__
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Metal film/aromatic polyimide film laminate Inventor(s): Amane; Takashi (Yamaguchi, JP), Anno; Toshihiko (Yamaguchi, JP), Nishino; Toshiyuki (Yamaguchi, JP), Yamamoto; Tomohiko (Yamaguchi, JP) Assignee(s): Ube Industries, Ltd. (yamaguchi, Jp) Patent Number: 6,699,572 Date filed: September 21, 2001 Abstract: A metal film/aromatic polyimide film laminate is composed of a composite aromatic polyimide film and a metal film, in which the composite aromatic polyimide film is composed of an aromatic polyimide substrate film having a linear expansion
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coefficient of 5.times.10.sup.-6 to 30.times.10.sup.-6 cm/cm/.degree. C. in the temperature range of 50-200.degree. C. (measured in machine direction), and a thin aromatic polyimide layer of polyimide prepared from a carboxylic acid component comprising a mixture of 3,3',4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride and 2,3,3',4'biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride in a molar ratio of 50:50 to 90:10 and an aromatic diamine component composed of 1,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene or a mixture of 1,3bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene and p-phenylenediamine and/or diaminodiphenyl ether in a molar ratio of 10/90 or more. Tg of the thin polyimide layer is 210-310.degree. C. The metal film is fixed to the thin polyimide layer at a 90.degree. peel resistance of 0.5 kg/cm or higher, while the thin polyimide layer is bonded to the substrate film at a 90.degree. peel resistance higher than that between the metal film and the thin layer. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority of Japanese Application No. 2000-286456 filed Sep. 21, 2000, the complete disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. This invention relates to a metal film/aromatic polyimide film laminate and further relates to a composite aromatic polyimide film. Aromatic polyimide films show good high temperature resistance, good chemical properties, high electrical insulating property, and high mechanical strength, and therefore are widely employed in various technical fields. For instance, an aromatic polyimide film is favorably employed in the form of a continuous aromatic polyimide film/metal film composite sheet for manufacturing a flexible printed circuit board (FPC), a carrier tape for tape-automatedbonding (TAB), and a tape of lead-on-chip (LOC) structure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06699572__ •
Method for anion-exchange adsorption and anion-exchangers Inventor(s): Andersson; Mikael (Uppsala, SE), Belew; Makonnen (Uppsala, SE), Gustavsson; Jan (Uppsala, SE), Johansson; Bo-Lennart (Uppsala, SE), Maloisel; Jean-Luc (Enebyberg, SE) Assignee(s): Amersham Biosciences AB (uppsala, Se) Patent Number: 6,702,943 Date filed: September 16, 2002 Abstract: A method for the removal of a substance carrying a negative charge and being present in an aqueous liquid (I). The method comprises the steps of: (i) contacting the liquid with a matrix carrying a plurality of ligands comprising a positively charged structure and a hydrophobic structure, and (ii) desorbing the substance. The characterizing feature is that (I) each of said ligands together with a spacer has the formula: --SP--[Ar--R.sub.1 --N.sup.+ (R.sub.2 R.sub.3 R.sub.4)] where (A) [Ar--R.sub.1 -N.sup.+ (R.sub.2 R.sub.3 R.sub.4)] represents a ligand a) Ar is an aromatic ring, b) R.sub.1 is [(L).sub.n R'.sub.1 ].sub.m where n and m are integers selected amongst zero or 1; L is amino nitrogen, ether oxygen or thioether sulphur; R'.sub.1 is a linker selected among 1) hydrocarbon groups; 2) --C(.dbd.NH)--; c) R.sub.2-4 are selected among hydrogen and alkyls; (B) SP is a spacer providing a carbon or a heteroatom directly attached to Ar--R.sub.1 --N.sup.+ (R.sub.2 R.sub.3 R.sub.4); (C)--represents that SP replaces a hydrogen in (Ar--R.sub.1 --N.sup.+ (R.sub.2 R.sub.3 R.sub.4); (D)--represents binding to the matrix; and (II) desorption. There is also described (a) anion-exchangers having high breakthrough capacities, (b) a screening method and (c) a desalting protocol.
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Excerpt(s): ii) desorbing said substance from said matrix by the use of a liquid (II). The invention also relates to novel anion-exchangers in which there are anion-exchange ligands comprising both a hydrophobic structure and a positively charged structure. The terms "carrying a negative charge" and "negatively charged" mean that the substance carries one or more negative charges and/or has a negative net charge. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06702943__ •
Method of screening substances with a glycidyl methacrylate covered styreneglycidyl methacrylate polymer Inventor(s): Handa; Hiroshi (17-16, Sakurajosui 1-chome, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, JP 156), Kawaguchi; Haruma (86-43, Nakazawa-cho, Asahi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, JP 241) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,703,207 Date filed: November 2, 2001 Abstract: A compound possessing physiological activity is coupled to a styrene-glycidyl methacrylate polymer through a spacer. Compounds that may be used include receptors such as proteins, and 3-[(5-(2,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl-benzoquinonyl)]-2-nonyl-2propionic a preferred spacer is an ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether derivative. Preferably, the whole surface of the styrene-glycidyl methacrylate polymer in microsphere form is covered with glycidyl methacrylate. The microsphere may be used for isolating and detecting substances such as proteins that bind to the coupled compound. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a microsphere which is prepared by coupling a substance possessing physiological activities to a styrene-glycidyl methacrylate polymer through a spacer as well as a process of isolating an objective or targeted substance by using the microsphere of the invention. Cells constituting a living body are exposed to various kinds of stimulation from the external environment all the time. To respond to such stimulation the cells lead some gene groups to expression. As a result, various living phenomena can occur, such as induction of cell growth and/or cell differentiation and maintenance of physiological homeostasis. Extracellular stimulation is transformed into an intracellular signal, which activates a specific proteinous transcription factor. The functionally activated transcription factor binds to a specific base sequence on a chromosome to induce a gene group under its regulation to expression. The product of the induced gene expression primarily functions to respond to the stimulation in some cases. In the other cases, the product of the induced gene expression further activates another transcription factor that induces another gene group under its regulation to expression to secondarily respond to the stimulation. In either case, cellular response to the stimulation from the external environment is concluded to be functional transformation of transcription factors. In recent years, an extremely interesting fact was revealed. That is, mechanisms of action of cyclosporin A (CysA) and FK506, immunosuppressive drugs, have been revealed. See J. Lin et al., Cell, 66:807-815 (1991); S. J. O'Keefe et al., Nature, 357:692 (1992); and N. A. Clipstone et al., Nature, 357:695 (1992). The first opportunity for revealing the mechanisms is the identification of intracellular receptors to these drugs. See R. E. Handschumacher et al., Science, 226, 554; and J. J. Sekierka et al., J. Immunol., 143:1580-1583 (1989). On the basis of these findings, a series of signaling pathway following stimulation by antigen was revealed in T-cell that is immunocompetent cell.
Patents 183
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06703207__ •
Oxidation dyeing composition for keratin fibres Inventor(s): Maubru; Mireille (Chatou, FR) Assignee(s): L'oreal S.a. (paris, Fr) Patent Number: 6,682,572 Date filed: June 29, 1999 Abstract: The invention relates to a ready-to-use composition for the oxidation dyeing of keratin fibers, and in particular human keratin fibers such as the hair, comprising, in a medium which is suitable for dyeing, at least one oxidation base, at least one C.sub.4C.sub.8 ether of a C.sub.2 glycol and/or at least one C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 ether of a C.sub.3 C.sub.9 glycol and at least one enzyme of 2-electron oxidoreductase type in the presence of at least one donor for the said enzyme, and to the dyeing process using this composition. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a composition for the oxidation dyeing of keratin fibres, and in particular human keratin fibres such as the hair, comprising, in a medium which is suitable for dyeing, at least one oxidation base, at least one C.sub.4 -C.sub.8 ether of a C.sub.2 glycol and/or at least one C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 ether of C.sub.3 -C.sub.9 glycol and at least one enzyme of 2-electron oxidoreductase type in the presence of at least one donor for the said enzyme, and to the dyeing process using this composition. It is known to dye keratin fibres, and in particular human hair, with dye compositions containing oxidation dye precursors, in particular ortho- or para-phenylenediamines, ortho- or para-aminophenols and heterocyclic bases, which are generally referred to as oxidation bases. Oxidation dye precursors, or oxidation bases, are colourless or weakly coloured compounds which, when combined with oxidizing products, can give rise to coloured compounds and dyes by a process of oxidative condensation. It is also known that the shades obtained with these oxidation bases can be varied by combining them with couplers or colour modifiers, the latter being chosen in particular from aromatic meta-diamines, meta-aminophenols, meta-diphenols and certain heterocyclic compounds. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06682572__
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Perfluoro copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and perflouro alkyl vinyl ethers Inventor(s): Kaulbach; Ralph (Emmerting, DE), Traunspurger; Helmut (Julbach, DE) Assignee(s): 3M Innovative Properties Company (st. Paul, Mn) Patent Number: 6,686,426 Date filed: August 28, 2001 Abstract: In preparing a fluorinated thermoplastic with good flex life, high thermal conductivity and low average spherolite diameter from tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro n-alkyl vinyl ether, perfluoro 2-propoxyalkyl vinyl ether is additionally incorporated into the fluorinated thermoplastic. A semicrystalline, thermoplastically processable copolymer is prepared, made from units of the tetrafluoroethylene, from 2 to 10% by weight of units of perfluoro n-propyl vinyl ether and from 0.1 to 6% by weight of units of perfluoro 2-propoxypropyl vinyl ether. The novel copolymer
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preferably contains fewer than 70 unstable end groups per 10.sup.6 carbon atoms, has thermal conductivity of at least 0.19 W/mK at 23.degree. C. and has a smooth surface with an average spherolite diameter of <5.mu.m. The novel terpolymer is suitable for extrusion of hose, in particular for heat exchangers, and also for ultrahigh-purity applications. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to perfluorinated copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro alkyl vinyl ethers. In particular, the present invention relates to copolymers that include a blend of a linear perfluoro alkyl vinyl ether and a branched perfluoro alkyl vinyl ether. The invention further relates to articles produced therefrom and a method of making molded articles using the perfluoro copolymers. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is widely used and is well-known for its excellent mechanical properties combined with chemical inertness, heat resistance, nonflammability, anti-stick properties and exceptional dielectric properties. However, a well-known disadvantage of PTFE is also its extreme high melt viscosity making it unsuitable for melt-processing techniques. As a result, the processing of PTFE into desired shapes or articles requires cumbersome techniques such as sintering. Accordingly, the art has developed melt-processible perfluoropolymers that can be extruded or molded into shapes and that approach the beneficial properties of PTFE as much as possible. For example, copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) were the first melt processible perfluoropolymers developed. These copolymers, which are known as FEP polymers, however do not have desired heat stability and high temperature properties as may be desired in some applications. A further known type of melt-processible perfluoropolymers is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,635,926 and includes copolymers of TFE and perfluoropropylvinyl ether (PVE). These copolymers are known as PFA (perfluoroalkoxy polymers) and have improved heat stability and high temperature performance. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06686426__ •
Polyether-polyol compound Inventor(s): Nakamura; Takeshi (Yokkaichi, JP), Yamashita; Masatsugu (Yokkaichi, JP) Assignee(s): Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd. (mie-ken, Jp) Patent Number: 6,683,222 Date filed: August 31, 2001 Abstract: A polyether-polyol compound represented by the compositional formula C.sub.3n H.sub.6n+2 O.sub.2n+1, wherein n is an integer of 4 or more, wherein the polyether-polyol compound has a total number of 1,2-diol unit and 1,3-diol unit of [(n/2)+1] in a case where n is an even number of 4 or more, or a total number of 1,2-diol unit and 1,3-diol unit of [((n-1)/2)+1] and one hydroxyl group which is not involved in the units in a case where n is an odd number of 5 or more; a polyglycerol alkyl ether, a part of hydroxyl groups in a polyglycerol being substituted by an alkyl group, wherein the polyglycerol is the polyether polyol compound mentioned above; and an ester prepared by the process comprising reacting the polyether-polyol compound mentioned above or the polyglycerol alkyl ether mentioned above with a fatty acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a polyether-polyol compound and a polyglycerol alkyl ether, an ester obtained by using the polyether-polyol compound or the polyglycerol alkyl ether, and a composition comprising the polyether-polyol compound, the polyglycerol alkyl ether or the ester. In the polyether-polyol compound
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having such a structure, as the degree of polymerization increases, the number of secondary hydroxyl group positioned in the inner part of the molecule increases, while the number of hydroxyl group positioned at a terminal of the molecule stays the time. The hydroxyl groups other than those at a terminal of this polyether-polyol compound have a low reactivity due to steric hindrance. Therefore, when the polyether-polyol compound is utilized, for instance, as a crosslinking agent for the resin, excess energy must be applied by such means of heating, thereby causing such problems as coloration. In addition, the above-mentioned polyglycerol is esterified with a fatty acid to be mainly utilized as surfactants for foods. In the esterification, while the reaction rapidly progresses at a terminal hydroxyl group, the reaction is delayed at a central hydroxyl group. Therefore, especially severe conditions are required to prepare a lipophilic ester by adding a large amount of a fatty acid, thereby undesirably making the flavor and hue poor. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06683222__ •
Polymerization of olefins Inventor(s): Arthur; Samuel David (Wilmington, DE), Johnson; Lynda Kaye (Wilmington, DE), McCord; Elizabeth Forrester (Hockessin, DE), Morken; Peter Arnold (Wilmington, DE), Wang; Lin (Hockessin, DE), Wang; Yueli (Morrisville, NC) Assignee(s): E. I. DU Pont DE Nemours and Company (wilmington, De) Patent Number: 6,689,910 Date filed: May 12, 2003 Abstract: Olefins containing selected functional groups such as silyl, ether and alkenyl, and often containing a blocking group, may be copolymerized with unsubstituted olefins such as ethylene and propylene in the presence of certain coordination compounds of nickel or palladium. The resulting polymers are useful as molding resins, elastomers, in adhesives and for films. Excerpt(s): Olefin (co)polymerization where the olefins contain certain functional groups such as silyl may be carried out using certain transition metal compounds as catalysts. Olefins containing other functional groups such as ester or alkenyl may be similarly polymerized and/or the polymerization improved if the olefin contains a "blocking group" such as a quaternary carbon atom. Polyolefins are useful in many areas as, for example, molding resins for toys and automotive parts, resins for film in packaging, elastomers and other uses. Many times it is desirable to copolymerize an olefin containing one or more functional groups, which may serve to later help crosslink the polymer, change the surface or other physical properties of the polymer, etc. Many olefins may be polymerized by using various transition metal compounds as polymerization catalysts, such as Ziegler-Natta or metallocene-type catalysts. However many times these polymerizations either won't proceed or proceed poorly in the presence of olefins containing functional groups. Olefins may also be polymerized using catalysts containing late transition metals such as palladium or nickel, and sometimes functionalized olefins may be copolymerized. However, the range of useful functionalized olefins is limited, and often the efficiency of the polymerization is reduced in the presence of these olefins. Therefore more versatile and/or more efficient polymerizations of functionalized olefins are desired. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06689910__
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Preparation of organosilicon intermediate and their derivatives in a novel grignard process Inventor(s): Nguyen; Binh T. (Midland, MI) Assignee(s): Dow Corning Corporation (midland, Mi) Patent Number: 6,686,492 Date filed: June 13, 2002 Abstract: A one-step process for the preparation of organosilicon intermediates. The organosilicon intermediates comprise a group which includes such intermediates as 1,4bis(dimethylsilyl)benzene, 1,4-bis(dimethylchlorosilyl)benzene, and their derivatives. The process comprises: combining a dihalobenzene with magnesium metal in a cosolvent mixture of an ether and an organic solvent and reacting them with an organosilicon compound of the general formula, R2bHcSiXd. The resulting mixture is allowed to react to completion. The resulting mixture is passed through a filtration device. The liquid, now free of solid magnesium halide, is subjected to a separation technique to recover the subject organosilicon intermediates and their derivatives. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a one step Grignard-type process for preparation of an organosilane. The process comprises contacting a mixture of an organic halide in a co-solvent mixture of an ether and an organic solvent with magnesium metal in an ether and an organic solvent, and reacting this mixture with an organohalosilane. The present inventors have found that the presence of the co-solvent mixture of an ether and an organic solvent provides for a product slurry that stirs and flows easily. These characteristics of the product slurry improve mass transfer and heat transfer during the process and allows for easier separation of the organosilane from the product slurry. Conduct of the present process in the co-solvent provides for improved ratios of the desired organosilane to byproducts and improved recovery of the product from the resultant slurry. Furthermore, the use of the co-solvent allows the process to be run as a continuous process. The process can be self-initiating when it is run with the cosolvent. The process is particularly useful for making bisorganosilylbenzene intermediates. The reaction of organic halides with magnesium metal in the presence of oxygenated solvents such as dialkyl ethers to form reactive complexes, typically referred to as Grignard reagents, is well known. The production and reactions of Grignard reagents has been the subject of books and numerous review articles. Such reviews are provided, for example, in Coates, et al., ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS, vol. 1, p. 76-103, (1967), Methuen and Co., LTD, London, U.K., and Kirk and Othmer, ENCYCLOPEDIA CHEMICAL, vol. 10, p. 721-734 (1966), The Interscience Encyclopedia, Inc., New York, N.Y. The structure of the Grignard reagent has not been determined with certainty, however, it is generally believed that the Grignard reagent exists as a complex in solution and that solvent can play a critical role in such complex formation. The unpredictable effect of solvent on the formation and reactivity of the Grignard reagents is discussed in the above cited review articles. The preparations of organosilicon compounds using a Grignard reagent as an intermediate are known. However, nowhere in the art is there shown the preparation of organosilicon intermediates from a group which includes such intermediates as 1,4bis(dimethylsilyl)benzene, 1,4-bis(dimethylchlorosilyl)benzene, and their derivatives. Turk et al., Organic Synthesis, vol. 27, 7-8, 1947, teach a process for preparing organic intermediates in anhydrous ether with magnesium turnings. Turk et al. teach that this reaction results in the formation of a thick slurry that becomes unstirrable. This unstirrable slurry is then treated with a hydrochloric acid solution until the magnesium chloride byproduct is in solution and the slurry becomes sufficiently fluid to be stirred.
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Process for preparing epoxy group-containing curable polyphenylene ether resin using high-molecular-weight polyphenylene resin Inventor(s): Kang; Hung-Chou (Hsinchu, TW), Lin; Chien-Ting (Hsinchu, TW), Yin; Meng-Song (Hsinchu, TW) Assignee(s): Industrial Technology Research Institute (hsinchu, Tw) Patent Number: 6,693,149 Date filed: April 25, 2002 Abstract: A process for preparing an epoxy group-containing curable polyphenylene ether (PPE) resin. The process involves introducing an epoxy group-containing functional group to the terminal end of PPE (Mn>3000) by modifying the hydroxy and ester groups on the terminal end. Thus, a curable PPE resin (Mn>3000) including an epoxy group on the terminal end can be obtained. The modified PPE resin contains epoxy groups and has high glass transition temperature. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for preparing a curable polyphenylene ether (PPE) resin. More particularly, the present invention relates to a process for preparing a curable polyphenylene ether resin, which involves introducing an epoxy group-containing functional group to the terminal end of PPE (Mn>3000) by modifying the hydroxy and ester groups on the terminal end. Communication devices tend to function at higher speeds and frequencies. The substrate material for such devices, such as wireless communication networks, satellite communication equipment, high performance and broadband devices, high speed computers and computer work stations, demands a high glass transition temperature (Tg), low dielectric constant (Dk), and low loss factor (Df). Presently, the copper-clad laminate used for printed circuit boards (PCB) is mainly FR-4, the substrate of which is epoxy resin. However, electrical properties (such as Dk and Df) of FR-4 can no longer meet the increasing needs of high frequency. Polyphenylene ether (PPE), having high Tg and superior electrical properties, is a potential material for high frequency substrates. Therefore, PPE resin has been introduced into the epoxy-made FR-4 substrate, in order to enhance the limited properties of epoxy resin. However, epoxy resin and PPE resin have great difference in chemical structure. Thus, the chemical comparability between these two resins is inferior. When epoxy and PPE resins are mixed, they cannot undergo crosslinking, and phase separation occurs. It is very difficult to use the PPE-Epoxy resin system in printed circuit boards. Therefore, some researchers have attempted to solve the phase separation when PPE and epoxy are mixed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06693149__
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Process for preparing resists Inventor(s): Funato; Satoru (Shizuoka, JP), Kinoshita; Yoshiaki (Shizuoka, JP), Okazaki; Hiroshi (Shizuoka, JP), Pawlowski; Georg (Shizuoka, JP), Yamaguchi; Yuko (Isehara, JP) Assignee(s): Clariant Finance (bvi) Limited (vg) Patent Number: 6,686,121 Date filed: April 2, 2001
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Abstract: A resist composition is prepared by reacting an alkali-soluble polymer having a phenolic hydroxyl or carboxyl groups with a vinyl ether compound in an aprotic solvent, such as propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, in the presence of an acid catalyst, suspending the reaction by the addition of a base, and directly adding a photoacid generator to the reaction solution. When a dialkyl dicarbonate is used in stead of the vinyl ether compound, a resist composition is prepared by carrying out the reaction in the presence of a basic catalyst and adding a photoacid generator directly to the reaction. Thus resist compositions can be prepared without isolating or purifying an alkali-soluble polymer which has been substituted by a catalytic reaction. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for preparing a resist composition used in manufacturing semiconductor elements etc. and to a resist composition prepared by this method, and in particular, to a method for preparing a positiveworking chemically amplified resist composition sensitive to actinic radiation and to a positive-working chemically amplified resist composition prepared by this method. Such resist materials, together with a photoacid generator for generating an acid upon irradiation to actinic radiation, and, if necessary, an organic base for stabilizing the line width of a pattern and additives for improving characteristics such as optical or mechanical properties, a film forming property, adhesion to a substrate etc., are dissolved in an organic solvent suitable for forming a resist coating to form so-called "chemically amplified resist composition". After the composition is applied to a substrate such as wafer etc., a resist image is formed. The resist materials, for example represented by the above general formula etc. are synthesized by (1) reaction of (a) a homopolymer of hydroxystyrenes, a copolymer thereof with other monomers, or phenol resin and (b) a vinyl ether compound or di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, (2) homopolymerization of a reaction product from hydroxystyrenes and a vinyl ether compound or di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, or copolymerization thereof with other monomers, or (3) elimination, with an acid if necessary, of a part of functional groups introduced to these homopolymers or copolymers. To conduct these reactions, materials absorbing exposure radiation (e.g. aromatics)are often used as a reaction initiator acid catalyst. However the removal of this catalyst usually requires the step of isolating and purifying the polymer or the step of removing the catalyst, and after these steps, the reaction product is used as the resist material. The reason for the necessity of removing the acid catalyst by a certain method after the reaction is that this reaction is an equilibrium reaction so the remaining acid causes the reverse reaction to significantly deteriorate the performance and storage stability of the resulting photoresist. Further, if the polymer without isolated and purified is used directly to prepare a resist composition, the acid catalyst absorbs exposure radiation to cause unfavorable phenomena such as remaining of resist film after development. Generally to isolate and purify the polymer obtained by any of the preparation processes (1), (2) and (3) described above, the organic solution containing the polymer after the reaction is introduced into water to crystallize the polymer with stirring, and the precipitated crystals are recovered by filtration and washed with water under the present circumstances. And, if necessary, this polymer is dissolved again in a suitable organic solvent, the polymer solution is introduced into water, and the same procedure as above is repeated, followed by drying the precipitated crystals under reduced pressure, whereby the polymer suitable as a resist material (photosensitive material) is obtained. However, it is practically difficult to remove the acid catalyst from the polymer completely, thus permitting a part of the acid catalyst to remain in the polymer. And it causes a reduction in the degree of protection. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06686121__
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Process for producing a saturated cyclic ether Inventor(s): Kiyooka; Kazuhiko (Kanagawa, JP), Yokoyama; Toshiharu (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,700,003 Date filed: December 12, 2002 Abstract: A method for producing a saturated cyclic ether from a fatty acid ester of an.alpha.,.delta.-diol stably in high yield over a long period of time, is presented. It is a process for producing a saturated cyclic ether, which comprises reacting a monoand/or di-fatty acid ester of an.alpha.,.delta.-diol in the presence of a solid acid catalyst, wherein the reaction is carried out in such a state that at least 50 mol % of the fatty acid ester supplied to the reaction system is vaporized. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for producing a saturated cyclic ether. Particularly, it relates to a process for producing a saturated cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran, which comprises reacting a mono- and/or di-fatty acid ester of an.alpha.,.delta.-diol in the presence of a solid acid catalyst. A saturated cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran is a compound which is extremely useful as an organic solvent, or as a raw material for e.g. polytetramethylene ether glycol. As a method for producing tetrahydrofuran, a method of hydrogenating butynediol made from acetylene and formaldehyde to convert it to butanediol, followed by dehydration cyclization, or a method of reacting an acetic acid ester of 1,4-butanediol with water in the presence of an acid catalyst, has, for example, been known. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06700003__
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Process for producing catalyst for.alpha.-olefin polymerization, and process for producing.alpha.-olefin polymer Inventor(s): Kaminaga; Yasunori (Sodegaura, JP), Mori; Jiro (Sodegaura, JP), Tanaka; Tomoaki (Ichihara, JP) Assignee(s): Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,703,456 Date filed: March 26, 2003 Abstract: A process (I) for producing an.alpha.-olefin polymerization catalyst whereby (1) a titanium compound is reduced by an organomagnesium compound in the presence of an organosilicon compound to produce a reduction solid, (2) the reduction solid is aged to produce a solid product, (3) the solid product is contacted with an ether compound, titanium tetrachloride and an organic acid halide compound, to produce an organic acid halide-treated solid, (4) the organic acid halide-treated solid is contacted with a mixture of an ether compound, titanium tetrachloride and an ester compound, or with a mixture of an ether compound and titanium tetrachloride to produce a solid catalyst component containing a titanium compound, and (5) the solid catalyst component is contacted with an aluminum compound and an electron donor compound to produce a catalyst for.alpha.-olefin polymerization. A process (II) for producing an.alpha.-olefin polymer using a catalyst produced by process (I). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for producing a catalyst for.alpha.olefin polymerization, and a process for producing an.alpha.-olefin polymer. In more detail, the present invention relates to (1) a process for producing a highly
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stereoregular.alpha.-olefin polymer, which has (i) a high bulk density. (ii) an extremely low content of a catalyst residue and an amorphous polymer, and (iii) an excellent mechanical property and processability, and (2) a process for producing a catalyst for.alpha.-olefin polymerization, which can produce said polymer. (ii) contacting the eutectic crystal compound with an organoaluminum compound and an organosilicon compound (electron donor compound): and (2) a process for producing an.alpha.-olefin polymer using said catalyst (for example, JP 3-43283-B and JP 1-319508-A). There is proposed a reduction step, wherein the above-mentioned reduction step is carried out in the presence of an ester compound in addition to the organosilicon compound. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06703456__ •
Process for splitting water-soluble ethers Inventor(s): Haas; Thomas (Frankfurt, DE), Hahn; Torsten (Mahwah, NJ), Ronge; Christian (Aargau, CH) Assignee(s): E. I. DU Pont DE Nemours and Company (wilmington, De) Patent Number: 6,693,222 Date filed: April 29, 2002 Abstract: A process for production of 1,3-propanediol including the steps: (a) hydrating acrolein in the presence of an acid hydration catalyst; (b) catalytically hydrogenating the reaction mixture of step (a), which reaction mixture comprises 3hydroxypropionaldehyde and is freed of unreacted acrolein; (c) refining the reaction mixture of step (b) containing water, 1,3-propanediol and the by-products boiling higher than 1,3-propanediol; and, (d) treating 4-oxa-1,7-heptanediol to form 1,3-propanediol by (1) removing a boiler sump comprising 4-oxa-1,7-heptanediol from the refining step (c), (2) treating the boiler sump in an aqueous solution in the presence of an acid catalyst at about 200 to about 300.degree. C. to form a solution comprising 1,3-propanediol, (3) neutralizing the solution obtained is step (2), and returning the neutralized solution from step (3) to the refining step (c). In addition, a process for splitting oligomeric watersoluble ether comprising: (a) treating an aqueous solution comprising oligomeric watersoluble ether in the presence of homogeneous acid catalyst at a temperature of from about 200 to about 300.degree. C. to form the monomer of the oligomeric water-soluble ether; and (b) neutralizing the solution obtained in step (a), Excerpt(s): The invention concerns a process for the splitting of water-soluble ethers. The invention also concerns a process for the production of 1,3-propanediol (PDO). Generally ethers can be split in the gas phase, such as the splitting of n-butylalkyl ethers or n-butylaryl ethers into butene and alcohols or phenols, or the splitting of esters, vinyl ethers and alkenes with beta-positioned chlorine in the pipe reactor of Vycor glass into unsaturated chlorine compounds such as vinyl chloride. Another example is gas phase pyrolysis with benzylphenyl ether in a glass container in the presence of tetraline. Ether splitting in the liquid phase is also possible. For instance, the pyrolysis of dibutyl ether in a gold reactor into n-butane, butyraldehyde and also 1-butanol. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06693222__
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Process for the preparation of tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) borate derivatives Inventor(s): Dury; Michel (Lyons, FR), Priou; Christian (West Windsor, NJ), Richard; Jacques (Luzinay, FR) Assignee(s): Rhodia Chimie (boulogne Billancourt Cedex, Fr) Patent Number: 6,700,019 Date filed: December 5, 2002 Abstract: The invention concerns a novel method for preparing tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate derivatives of general formula MB(C.sub.6 F.sub.5).sub.4, M being selected among Na.sup.+, Li.sup.+, or K.sup.+, wherein: (a) a C.sub.6 F.sub.5 X solution, X being selected among H, Cl, Br or I, in anhydrous butylic ether is contacted with an alkyllithium, the mol ratio of C.sub.6 F.sub.5 X/alkyllithium being 1 to 1.1, and the alkyl radical, linear or branched comprising 1 to 10 carbon atoms; (b) the resulting product is contacted with previously non-dissolved BR.sub.3, R, identical or different being selected among a chlorine atom, a fluorine atom, a bromine atom, an alkoxy radical comprising between 1 and 4 carbon atoms. Excerpt(s): A subject matter of the present invention is a novel process for the preparation of tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate derivatives. The borate derivatives obtained according to the invention are products of use as intermediates in the preparation of catalysts for crosslinking and/or for polymerizing by the thermal route, by the photochemical route and/or under an electron beam. These intermediates can also be used to prepare catalysts of Ziegler-Natta type for the polymerization of olefins, such as those disclosed, for example, in the documents WO 9412547 and EP-A-277 004. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06700019__
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Radiation curable compositions containing alkenyl ether functional polyisobutylenes Inventor(s): Bahadur; Maneesh (Midland, MI), Perz; Susan Victoria (Essexville, MI), Suzuki; Toshio (Midland, MI) Assignee(s): Dow Corning Corporation (midland, Mi) Patent Number: 6,703,433 Date filed: May 12, 2000 Abstract: This invention relates to radiation curable compositions comprising an alkenyl ether functional polyisobutylene, a cationic photoinitiator, and a miscible reactive diluent selected from specified organic vinyl ether compounds or compounds having the formula R.sup.8 X.sub.b, wherein R.sup.8 is a non-silicon containing organic group, X is an organic group containing at-least one acrylate functional group, and b has a value of 1-3. The radiation curable compositions exhibit a low cure energy, have a high moisture vapor barrier, high damping characteristics, and a high refractive index, and provide a barrier to corrosive vapors and have maintained or enhanced modulus, tensile strength, and toughness. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to radiation curable compositions. More particularly, this invention relates to radiation curable compositions comprising an alkenyl ether functional polyisobutylene, a cationic photoinitiator and a miscible reactive diluent. This invention can further comprise of optional ingredients such as free radical photoinitiator, photosensitizers, non-reactive diluents, thermo-oxidative stabilizers and shelf life stabilizers. Polyisobutylenes containing functional groups which are radiation
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curable have been disclosed in the art. For example, T. P. Liao and J. P. Kennedy in Polymer Bulletin, V. 6, pp. 135-141 (1981) disclose acryl and methacryl telechelic polyisobutylenes having the formula CH.sub.2.dbd.C(R)--COO-PIB-OOC-C(R).dbd.CH.sub.2 where R is --H or CH.sub.3. These materials were prepared by reacting alpha, omega di-hydroxypolyisobutylene, HOCH.sub.2 -PIB-CH.sub.2 OH, and excess acryloyl or methacryloyl chloride. These prepolymers are disclosed as being useful in the synthesis of a variety of new composites containing a soft polyisobutylene segment. J. P. Kennedy and B. Ivan in Polymer Material Science and Engineering, V. 58, p.866 (1988) disclose allyl telechelic linear and star-branched polyisobutylenes prepared by a convenient rapid one pot polymerization functionalization process. The polymerization step involved living polymerization of isobutylene by recently discovered mono- or multifunctional initiating systems (combinations of tert.-ester and ether/Lewis acids) followed by electrophilic functionalizations by allyl trimethylsilane in the presence of TiCl4. Characterization indicated quantitative end allylations. Subsequent quantitative derivations of the allyl termini yielded mono-, di-, and trifunctional hydroxyl- and epoxy-telechelic polyisobutylenes which could be cured to rubbery networks. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06703433__ •
Rolling bearing Inventor(s): Cundill; Robin (Buxton, NL), Kahlman; Lars (Partille, SE), Noordman; Maarten (Hilversum, NL), Vieillard; Charlotte (Nieuwegein, NL) Assignee(s): Aktiebolaget Skf (gothenburg, Se) Patent Number: 6,702,473 Date filed: December 18, 2001 Abstract: An improved rolling bearing, in particular one being used in aqueous environment, such as water and steam, comprising an outer race, an inner race, rolling elements, and a retainer holding said rolling elements in a spaced relation from each other, wherein the races of the bearing are made of stellite, the rolling elements are made of hot-isostatic-pressed alumina-zirconia composites, and the retainer is made of poly-ether ether ketone comprising graphite fibers, graphite powder, and polytetrafluoroethylene. Excerpt(s): This application is based on and claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119 with respect to Swedish Application No. 0004813-2 filed on Dec. 21, 2000, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to improved rolling bearings, in particular bearings being used in aqueous environment, such as water and steam. Such bearings typically comprising, for example, an outer race, an inner race, a number of rolling elements, and a retainer holding said rolling elements in a spaced relation from each other, and which the bearing resists undue wearing. In the description of the background of the present invention that follows reference is made to certain structures and methods, however, such references should not necessarily be construed as an admission that these structures and methods qualify as prior art under the applicable statutory provisions. Applicants reserve the right to demonstrate that any of the referenced subject matter does not constitute prior art with regard to the present invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06702473__
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Stable emulsions useful for skin care wipes Inventor(s): Dunn; Ian (Albany Creek, AU) Assignee(s): Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc. (skillman, Nj) Patent Number: 6,696,070 Date filed: September 6, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to a wet wipe product comprising a substrate and an emulsion. The emulsion comprising: an acrylate/C.sub.10 -C.sub.30 alkyl acrylate cross polymer emulsifier; salicylic acid; a nonionic surfactant; and a lipophillic component. The nonionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of (i) a polymeric ether, (ii) a mixture of laurate esters of sorbitol and sorbital anhydrides condensed with ethylene oxide; and (iii) mixtures thereof. The invention also relates to a method for depositing salicylic acid to mammalian skin comprising topically applying the wipe product described above to the skin to be treated. The emulsion according to the invention produces an aesthetically pleasing product, capable of removing non-water proof makeup and able to deliver salicylic acid to the skin and is mild on the skin. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to stable emulsions comprising salicylic acid and acrylates/C.sub.10 -C.sub.30 alkyl acrylate cross polymers which are used in combination with a substrate to form a wipe product that effectively delivers salicylic acid to the skin while being mild to the skin. Commercial aqueous based facial wipes which contain salicylic acid require either a high level of polyol (such as glycerol or propylene glycol), or ethanol to solubilize the salicylic acid. Unfortunately, formulations with high levels of polyol are perceived by consumers to have poor aesthetic properties (when compared to emulsion type products), while high levels of ethanol can cause irritation to the skin. Commercial emulsions manufactured for wipe products are preferred to have a viscosity less than 1000 cps to enable impregnation in the conventional manner. Current formulation trends require a complex mixture of surfactants and emulsifiers and emulsification temperatures above 60.degree. C. to incorporate oil phases to produce impregnates at such a viscosity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06696070__
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Sulfide and disulfide compounds and compositions for cholesterol management and related uses Inventor(s): Dasseux; Jean-Louis Henri (Brighton, MI), Oniciu; Carmen Daniela (Ann Arbor, MI) Assignee(s): Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. () Patent Number: 6,703,422 Date filed: October 11, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to novel sulfide and disulfide compounds, compositions comprising sulfide and disulfide compounds, and methods useful for treating and preventing cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemias, dysproteinemias, and glucose metabolism disorders comprising administering a composition comprising an ether compound. The compounds, compositions, and methods of the invention are also useful for treating and preventing Alzheimer's Disease, Syndrome X, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-related disorders, septicemia, thrombotic disorders, obesity, pancreatitis, hypertension, renal disease, cancer, inflammation, and impotence.
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In certain embodiments, the compounds, compositions, and methods of the invention are useful in combination therapy with other therapeutics, such as hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic agents. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to sulfide and disulfide compounds; compositions comprising the sulfide or disulfide compounds; and methods for treating or preventing a disease or disorder, for example, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia; dyslipoproteinemia; a disorder of glucose metabolism; Alzheimer's Disease; Syndrome X; a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-associated disorder; septicemia; a thrombotic disorder; obesity; pancreatitis; hypertension; renal disease; cancer; inflammation; and impotence. The compound of the invention can also treat or prevent inflammatory processes and diseases like gastrointestinal disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's Disease, ulcerative colitis), arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis), autoimmune disease (systemic lupus erythematosus, etc.), scleroderma, ankylosing spondylitis, gout and pseudogout, muscle pain: polymyositis/polymyalgia rheumatica/fibrositis; infection and arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, tendonitis, bursitis and other soft tissue rheumatism. The sulfide and disulfide compounds and compositions of the invention may also be used to reduce the fat content of meat in livestock and reduce the cholesterol content of eggs. Obesity, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes have been shown to play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, which currently account for a considerable proportion of morbidity in Western society. Further, one human disease, termed "Syndrome X" or "Metabolic Syndrome", is manifested by defective glucose metabolism (insulin resistance), elevated blood pressure (hypertension), and a blood lipid imbalance (dyslipidemia). See e.g. Reaven, 1993, Annu. Rev. Med. 44:121-131. The evidence linking elevated serum cholesterol to coronary heart disease is overwhelming. Circulating cholesterol is carried by plasma lipoproteins, which are particles of complex lipid and protein composition that transport lipids in the blood. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) are the major cholesterol-carrier proteins. LDL is believed to be responsible for the delivery of cholesterol from the liver, where it is synthesized or obtained from dietary sources, to extrahepatic tissues in the body. The term "reverse cholesterol transport" describes the transport of cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues to the liver, where it is catabolized and eliminated. It is believed that plasma HDL particles play a major role in the reverse transport process, acting as scavengers of tissue cholesterol. HDL is also responsible for the removal of noncholesterol lipid, oxidized cholesterol and other oxidized products from the bloodstream. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06703422__ •
Sulfonamido ether substituted imidazoquinolines Inventor(s): Crooks; Stephen L. (Mahtomedi, MN), Griesgraber; George W. (Eagan, MN), Heppner; Philip D. (Woodbury, MN), Merrill; Bryon A. (River Falls, WI), Roberts; Ralph R. (Cottage Grove, MN), Wei; Ai-Ping (Woodbury, MN) Assignee(s): 3M Innovative Properties Company (st. Paul, Mn) Patent Number: 6,683,088 Date filed: December 6, 2001 Abstract: Imidazoquinoline and tetrahydroimidazoquinoline compounds that contain ether and sulfonamide or sulfamide functionality at the 1-position are useful as immune response modifiers. The compounds and compositions of the invention can induce the
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biosynthesis of various cytokines and are useful in the treatment of a variety of conditions including viral diseases and neoplastic diseases. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to imidazoquinoline compounds that have ether and sulfonamide or sulfamide functionality at the 1-position, and to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds. A further aspect of this invention relates to the use of these compounds as immunomodulators, for inducing cytokine biosynthesis in animals, and in the treatment of diseases, including viral and neoplastic diseases. The first reliable report on the 1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline ring system, Backman et al., J. Org. Chem. 15, 1278-1284 (1950) describes the synthesis of 1-(6-methoxy-8-quinolinyl)-2methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline for possible use as an antimalarial agent. Subsequently, syntheses of various substituted 1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolines were reported. For example, Jain et al., J. Med. Chem. 11, pp. 87-92 (1968), synthesized the compound 1-[2-(4-piperidyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline as a possible anticonvulsant and cardiovascular agent. Also, Baranov et al., Chem. Abs. 85, 94362 (1976), have reported several 2-oxoimidazo[4,5-c]quinolines, and Berenyi et al., J. Heterocyclic Chem. 18, 1537-1540 (1981), have reported certain 2-oxoimidazo[4,5c]quinolines. Certain 1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amines and 1- and 2-substituted derivatives thereof were later found to be useful as antiviral agents, bronchodilators and immunomodulators. These are described in, inter alia, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,689,338; 4,698,348; 4,929,624; 5,037,986; 5,268,376; 5,346,905; and 5,389,640, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06683088__ •
Thinner composition and method of stripping a photoresist using the same Inventor(s): Ahn; Seung-Hyun (Suwon-Si, KR), Bae; Eun-Mi (Yongin-Si, KR), Choi; BaikSoon (Anyang-Si, KR), Chon; Sang-Mun (Yongin-Si, KR), Chung; Hoe-Sik (GyeonggiDo, KR), Jang; Ok-Seok (Gyeonggi-Do, KR), Jeon; Mi-Sook (Seoul, KR), Lim; YoungCheul (Gyeonggi-Do, KR) Assignee(s): Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (suwon, Kr) Patent Number: 6,682,876 Date filed: March 5, 2003 Abstract: A thinner composition is effective in removing a variety of photoresists, and includes propylene glycol mono-methyl ether acetate, ethyl 3-ethoxy propionate and at least one of.gamma.-butyro lactone and propylene glycol mono-methyl ether. The thinner composition can selectively strip a photoresist coated on a backside and at an edge portion of a substrate, as well as a photoresist coated on a whole front surface of the substrate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a thinner composition and to a method of stripping a photoresist using the same. In order to fabricate semiconductor devices, it is necessary to accurately inject impurities into specific minute regions of a silicon substrate. These minute regions are typically inter-connected to form devices in very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits. Patterns which define the minute regions are formed by photolithography processes. Generally, in photolithography, a photoresist polymer film is coated on a substrate, and then, the polymer film is selectively developed by exposure to ultraviolet rays, electronic rays or X-rays. The developed portions of the photoresist are removed, and the remaining non-developed photoresist polymer film pattern functions to mask selected areas of the underlying substrate
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during subsequent processes. Rework and edge bead removal (EBR) processes are common processes encountered during photolithography of semiconductor wafers or substrates. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06682876__ •
Use of chiral, uncharged metal compounds as dopants for liquid-crystalline materials Inventor(s): Braun; Manfred (Schifferstadt, DE), Fleischer; Ralf (Houston, TX), Hahn; Antje (Dusseldorf, DE), Haremza; Sylke (Neckargemund, DE), Kurschner; Kathrin (Mannheim, DE), Parker; Robert (Mannheim, DE), Prechtl; Frank (Frankfurt, DE) Assignee(s): Basf Aktiengesellschaft (ludwigshafen, De) Patent Number: 6,695,977 Date filed: December 11, 2001 Abstract: Improved liquid crystalline materials may be prepared by doping liquid crystalline materials with chiral, uncharged metal compounds of formula [(P.sup.1 -Y.sup.1 --A.sup.1 --Y.sup.2 --M.sup.1 --Y.sup.3 --).sub.n L].sub.2 Me or [(P.sup.1 -Y.sup.1 --A.sup.1 --Y.sup.2 --M.sup.1 --Y.sup.3 --).sub.n L]Me(L'(--Y.sup.6 --M.sup.2 -Y.sup.5 --A.sup.2 --Y.sup.4 --P.sup.2).sub.n').sub.m. Groups P.sup.1 and P.sup.2 may be, independently, hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 -alkyl groups, polymerizable groups, or radicals containing a polymerizable group. Y.sup.1 to Y.sup.6 may be, independently, single chemical bonds, ether groups, thio groups, carbonyl groups, acid groups, etc. Groups A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 are spacers having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and M.sup.1 and M.sup.2 are mesogenic groups. Me may be a transition metal from the fourth, fifth or sixth period of the periodic table, except for technetium, silver, cadmium, gold, mercury, or any of the lanthanoids, or Me may be a main group element from group 14 (IUPAC system), except for carbon and lead. L is a tridentate ligand, and L' is an organic group having up to 12 carbon atoms. Excerpt(s): as dopants for liquid-crystalline materials. where the variables P.sup.1, P.sup.2, Y.sup.1 to Y.sup.6, A.sup.1, A.sup.2, M.sup.1, M.sup.2, n', m, Me, L and L' are as already defined above. Cholesteric liquid-crystal mixtures are usually prepared using a liquid-crystalline (nematic) base material and one or more optically active dopants. This enables the optical properties of the mixture to be varied by simply changing the ratio of liquid-crystalline base material to dopant. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06695977__
Patent Applications on Ether As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.8 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to ether:
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Amphiphile solid support for peptide synthesis, bioorganic and organic chemistry Inventor(s): Cote, Simon; (Quebec, CA) Correspondence: Ogilvy Renault; 1981 Mcgill College Avenue; Suite 1600; Montreal; QC; H3a2y3; CA Patent Application Number: 20040039126 Date filed: September 22, 2003 Abstract: The present invention fulfils desired specifications generally rarely encountered with existing solid supports such as highly amphiphile behaviour. The solid support described herein is a poly(ethylene or propylene)glycol based polymer that can be useful in solid and liquid phase synthesis, chromatography, scavenging purposes and immobilisation of proteins and reagents. More specifically, the solid support is a cross-linked polyether derived from a cross-linked polyester which is obtained by copolymerization of at least one monomer comprising (a) one-ended polymerizable vinyl or allyl ketone, ester, ether or mixtures thereof with at least one cross-linker having at least two polymerizable terminal end groups, with the exception of epoxy and oxetane end groups, or (b) divinyl benzene. The method for the preparation of the cross-linked polyether is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a polymeric support for use in peptide synthesis, and in the field of bioorganic and organic chemistry. The invention also relates to a method of preparation thereof as well as to intermediates which can be used in such preparation. More particularly, the invention relates to a polyethylene or polypropylene glycol based polymer which can be used in the form of solid support in solid and liquid phase synthesis, chromatography, for scavenging purposes and immobilization of proteins and reagents. Since the pioneering work of Merrifield (Merrifield, R. B. (1963), J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85, 2149-2153) on polystyrene (2% divinylbenzene cross-linked) as solid support for peptide synthesis, several improvements on the nature of the solid support were brought about to meet special needs of new organic chemistry. Through the years, most of the work done in that field has been focused on peptide synthesis. Several polyamide resins (Kanda et al., (1991), Int. J. Peptide Protein Res., 38, 385-391) for solid phase peptide synthesis have been developed since the '80. The amide bonds of the polymer are the same as those found in peptides. Consequently, peptide chemistry can be performed in a polarity environment which is similar to that of peptides and that improves chemical yields and peptide purity. PEPSYN (Arshady et al., (1981), J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans., 529-537), PEPSYN K (Atherton et al., (1981), J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 1589-1591), can be mentioned as other types of solid supports for peptide chemistry which were developed during the period 1981-1989. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Antibiotic conjugates Inventor(s): Burnet, Michael; (Kusterdingen, DE), Guse, Jan-Hinrich; (Tubingen-Buhl, DE), Kim, Gene; (Tubingen, DE) Correspondence: Fish & Richardson PC; 225 Franklin ST; Boston; MA; 02110; US Patent Application Number: 20040033969 Date filed: February 14, 2003
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Abstract: This invention features a compound of the following formula: 1wherein T is a transportophore, L is a bond or linker, and C is an antibiotic therapeutic agent, the transportophore is covalently bonded to the antibiotic therapeutic agent via the bond or the linker, and the transportophore is an azithromycin derivative or crown ether derivative. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/357,584, filed Feb. 15, 2002, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Phagocytic white blood cells and antimicrobial agents have been recognized as having several potential interactions that may be synergistic for combating infection. Phagocytic killing by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), monocytes, and macrophages is the primary host defense against bacterial infections. Antimicrobial agents make bacteria more susceptible to killing by neutrophils even at subinhibitory concentrations (Adinolfi & Bonventre (1988) Antimicrob Agents Chemother 32: 1012-8). Neutrophils migrate to sites of infection, concentrate at these sites, and thus may serve as an antimicrobial agent delivery mechanism. Despite the effectiveness of this defense, Salmonella and other intracellular pathogens can invade phagocytes and survive inside them, avoiding the lysosomal compartment. Cellular invasion is an important step in the progression of many serious bacterial infections because it allows pathogens to evade host defense mechanisms and benefit from a rich nutrient supply. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Antistatic and antidust agents, compositions thereof, and methods of manufacture Inventor(s): Avadhani, Chilukuri Ver; (Pune, IN), Chowdhury, Sanjoy Kumar; (Bangalore, IN), Hoeks, Theodorus Lambertus; (Bergen op Zoom, NL), Rajaraman, Suresh K.; (Troy, NY), Sarwade, Bhimrao D.; (Pune, IN), Scholten, Alex Bernard; (Ann Arbor, MI), Wadgaonkar, Prakash P.; (Pune, IN) Correspondence: Cantor Colburn, Llp; 55 Griffin Road South; Bloomfield; CT; 06002 Patent Application Number: 20040034131 Date filed: August 16, 2002 Abstract: A quaternary onium aromatic sulfonate represented by the formula: 1, wherein each R.sup.1 independently comprises substituted or unsubstituted, aliphatic or aromatic, hydrocarbyl, carbocyclic or heterocyclic radicals, each X is selected from the group consisting of phosphorus and nitrogen; wherein "a" has a value of 0, 1 or 2, and "b" has a value of 0 or 1 with the proviso that (a+b) is equal to 1 or 2; G.sup.1 is an aromatic group; E comprises a bis(carbonyloxyalkyl) polydiorganosiloxane, a bis (carbonyloxyaryl) polydiorganosiloxane, and an ether linkage; each Y independently comprises hydrogen, a monovalent hydrocarbon group, alkenyl, allyl, halogen, bromine, chlorine; nitro; and OR, wherein R is a monovalent hydrocarbon group; "q" represents any integer from and including zero through the number of positions on G.sup.1available for substitution; "t" represents an integer equal to at least one; "s" represents an integer equal to either zero or one; and "u" represents any integer including zero; with the proviso that when E is an ether linkage, then X is phosphorus. Excerpt(s): This disclosure generally relates to compositions comprising at least one polymer and at least one antistatic agent and more particularly, relates to fibers, films, fabrics, coatings, and molded or blown articles comprising the antistatic polymer compositions. In other aspects, this disclosure also relates to processes for imparting antistatic characteristics to substrates. Static electricity is generated whenever dissimilar
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materials move or abrade against another object. In the case of immobile objects, even friction on the surface with ambient air can create static electricity. The charge capacity of a substance, defined as the capacity to generate static electricity, depends on, among others, the condition of its surface, the dielectric constant, the surface resistivity, and the relative humidity. Because charge capacity is directly proportional to the surface resistivity, it follows that a material with higher surface resistivity, or one that is better insulator will tend to generate a greater static charge. Accumulated static charge on an insulating surface can range from a few volts up to several hundred thousand volts. Thus, electrostatic discharge becomes an increasingly worrying issue at higher levels of static charge buildup. High levels of static electricity can cause permanent damage to electronic components that work typically at microvolt levels. Most of the polymers that are used to make plastics are extremely good insulators, or in other words, they have an extremely low surface conductance, or an extremely high surface resistivity. This property makes polymers useful for fabricating electrical equipment. However, polymers can build large electrical charges that create dirt-attracting forces and naturally seek a conductive discharge path. Moreover, polymers generally have very low surface conductance, thus, the decay or discharge rate lasts a very long time, a time during which the material would retain the charge, and thus attract and retain dirt particles. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Aqueous coating composition Inventor(s): Adachi, Takato; (Kanagawa-ken, JP), Fujii, Takeshi; (Kanagawa-ken, JP), Igarashi, Hiroshi; (Kanagawa-ken, JP), Isaka, Hisashi; (Kanagawa-ken, JP), Okubo, Takashi; (Kanagawa-ken, JP) Correspondence: Fisher Christen & Sabol; Suite 1401; 1725 K Street NW; Washington; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20040049000 Date filed: April 3, 2003 Abstract: A water based coating composition prepared by dispersing by use of a suspension stabilizer into water a film-forming component of 30 to 90 percent by weight of (a) a blocked isocyanate compound having at least two blocked isocyanate groups in one molecule and a number average molecular weight of 150 to 5000, and 10 to 70 percent by weight of (b) a methylol group or methylol ether group-containing aminoplast crosslinking agent. The film-forming component can be dispersed into water in the form of a mean particle size by a 50 percent cumulative particle size of 0.1 to 10.mu.m. The coating film-forming component in the water based coating composition is very stable in water and is particularly suitable for the water-based coating composition. The coating film-forming component scarcely shows solubility and dispersibility into water by itself, but dispersion thereof with the suspension stabilizer shows excellent dispersion stability. The water based coating composition is useful, for example, as a topcoat for automobiles. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a water based coating composition capable of forming a coating film showing good properties in acid resistance and coating film appearance, and having a very low content of a volatile organic compound (hereinafter may be referred to as VOC). Recently, demands on a coating composition having such a low VOC content as to satisfy environmental regulations have advanced developments of a water based coating composition in place of an organic solvent based coating
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composition. It is an essential condition for the water based coating composition to select such a curing system that the coating composition is stable in water during storage. For example, a curing system comprising an acid and epoxy group is difficult to be used as a water based composition, because a crosslinking reaction takes place during storage. As such a water based coating composition that neither crosslinking reaction nor decomposition takes place during storage, a coating composition comprising a hydroxyl group-containing resin and an aminoplast crosslinking agent, and a coating composition comprising a hydroxyl group-containing resin and a polyfunctional blocked polyisocyanate compound are well known in the art. Further, a topcoat of an automobile has recently raised problems of deteriorations such as discoloration, etching, etc. due to acid rain. It is well known in the art that a coating composition comprising a hydroxyl group-containing resin and an aminoplast crosslinking agent has been used as an automobile top clear coat with the results that a coating film formed from the coating composition shows a poor resistance to etching caused by acid rain. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
CLEANER/DEGREASER COMPOSITIONS WITH SURFACTANT COMBINATION Inventor(s): Scherubel, Gary; (St. Louis, MO) Correspondence: Senniger Powers Leavitt And Roedel; One Metropolitan Square; 16th Floor; ST Louis; MO; 63102; US Patent Application Number: 20040033920 Date filed: August 14, 2002 Abstract: A cleaner or degreaser composition with enhanced performance characteristics comprises a surfactant combination consisting of a) a water soluble ethoxylate selected from the group consisting of at least one linear primary or branched secondary alcohol of C.sub.9 to C.sub.15 chain length and 6 to 13 ethylene oxide groups/mole of alcohol; b) a water insoluble ethoxylate selected from the group consisting of at least one linear primary or branched secondary alcohol of C.sub.9 to C.sub.15 chain length and 2.5 to 5 ethylene oxide groups/mole of alcohol; and c) a component selected from the group consisting of amphoteric surfactants, couplers and mixtures thereof; the composition containing alkylphenol ethoxylate or glycol ether solvent. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to cleaner/degreaser compositions and, more particularly, to such compositions comprising a novel surfactant combination which provide enhanced performance characteristics. Heretofore, cleaners and degreasers containing nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants have been known and used. However, environmental concerns have been raised concerning the use of such surfactants. Additionally, concerns have been expressed concerning the use of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid chelants in such cleaners and degreasers. Replacement of nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants with linear alcohol ethoxylates has been considered, but such substitutions in cleaners and degreasers with these ingredients has caused the performance thereof to suffer. There is a need therefore for cleaner/degreaser compositions which contain no alcohol, alkylphenol ethoxylate or glycol ether solvent but which exhibits performance characteristics equal to or exceeding the performance of their nonylphenol ethoxylate counterparts. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Cohesive soil plugs for use in plant production Inventor(s): Chiddick, Kelvin Spencer; (North Vancouver, CA), Principe, Laura; (Vancouver, CA) Correspondence: Oyen, Wiggs, Green & Mutala; 480 - The Station; 601 West Cordova Street; Vancouver; BC; V6b 1g1; CA Patent Application Number: 20040045217 Date filed: September 9, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to novel formulations for cohesive soil plugs used in plant nurseries. More particularly, this invention pertains to novel compositions for forming soil plugs for use in plant propagation that resist disintegration when the soil plugs containing germinating seedlings are relocated from small growth containers to larger growth containers. An adhesive soil mixture comprising: (a) growing medium; and (b) a binder containing one or more of bentonite and cellulose alkyl ether. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel formulations for cohesive soil plugs used in plant production. More particularly, this invention pertains to novel compositions for forming soil plugs for use in plant propagation. During patching and transplanting, these soil plugs resist disintegration as seedlings and cuttings are relocated from small growth containers to larger growth containers. Today, in plant propagation facilities, seedling soils, potting soils, and the like, are mixed by a soil processing company and delivered to the grower's location. The growers fill trays, which contain a plurality of seedling cells, with the appropriate soil. Normally the tray filling process is automated. Once trays are filled with soil, the grower will either sow seeds or stick cuttings into the cells. The trays are placed in greenhouses and fed and watered on a regular basis. Root development normally takes between two to ten days. Plant propagators will remove plugs (seedlings or cuttings plus the soil and root ball) from trays during this time for `patching` or transplanting. In order to maximize space and ensure a certain percentage of useable cells (cells with quality plants) per tray, growers will `patch` trays. In this situation, the unusable cells in a tray are removed and replaced with useable plugs. As seedlings and cuttings develop, a propagator will transplant plugs from small cells to larger cells or pots. Typically, during the transplanting process, some or a good part of the soil falls off the roots causing transplant shock. Transplant shock has been an ongoing problem for growers because it may significantly increase crop production time and or plant losses. Reducing or eliminating transplant shock, in the transplanting and patching stages would allow growers to both shorten the time required to produce a crop and increase the number of useable cells in a tray. Current approaches to soil stabilization for manufacturing plant growing media as disclosed in the literature include gels, thermoplastic foams, synthetic fibers, polymer emulsions, and the like. Rubber dirt plugs made from polyurethane foam and soil are available in the industry but they are not ideal for all growers. U.S. Pat. No. 5,099,604, granted Mar. 31, 1992, Moffet, discloses a plant growth media that comprises small tufts of mineral wool having dispersed therein, particles of acidic phenolic resin for pH control and particles of vermiculite. The invention purports to result in a lightweight growth media having suitable pH for growing certain plants while also providing for flowability, enhanced water absorption and cohesiveness which prevents the composition from spilling out of certain types of plant containers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Composition for hard article surface cleaning liquid Inventor(s): Ohta, Hideaki; (Ohta-ku, JP), Sakurai, Kazutoshi; (Ohta-ku, JP) Correspondence: Sughrue Mion, Pllc; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20037; US Patent Application Number: 20040033912 Date filed: August 6, 2003 Abstract: A fragrant compound or fragrant composition stable for a long period of time in an acidic hard article surface cleaning liquid adjusted so as to be acidic, particularly to pH 2.0 to 3.0 with an organic acid. One or more of fragrant compounds selected from the group consisting of 2,6-dimethyl-2-heptanol, 3,3-dimethylcyclohexyl methyl ketone, o-tert-butylcyclohexanol,.alpha.-amylcinnamic aldehyde,.alpha.-damascone,.gamma.octalactone,.gamma.-nonalactone,.gamma.-decalactone, anethole, ethyl benzoate, ethyl 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanecarboxylate, 2,2,6-trimethyl-1-crotonylcyclohex- ane, 6-acetyl1,1,2,4,4,7-hexamethyltetrahydronaphthalene, isoamyl phenylethyl ether, methyl octin carbonate, 6,7-dihydro-1,1,2,3,3-pentamet- hyl-4(5H)-indanone, tricyclodecenyl acetate, undecyl aldehyde, fenchyl acetate, dihydrojasmone, cedryl methyl ether, p-cresol, hexyl aldehyde, and rosephenone are stable. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a fragrant composition for a hard article surface cleaning liquid and an acidic hard article surface cleaning liquid composition containing the fragrant composition, the cleaning liquid composition being adjusted so as to be acidic with an organic acid. Particularly, it relates to a fragrant composition for a hard article surface cleaning liquid and a hard article surface cleaning liquid composition adjusted to pH 2.0 to 3.0 with an organic acid. Heretofore, a large number of cleaning agents suitable for cleaning surface of hard articles such as bathroom tiles and toilet seats in a house have been developed and reported. Among these cleaning agents, in view of cleaning efficiency and safety in use, hard article surface cleaning agents acidified with an organic acid have been attracted much attention. As technologies on the cleaning agents, there are reported a combined use of an organic acid and sodium salt of an organic acid (JP-A-53-94309), a combined use of a hydroxy carboxylic acid and a surfactant (JP-A-55-147600), solidification of constituents of a hydroxy carboxylic acid etc. (JP-B-7-116479), and an acidic microemulsion containing a hydroxy carboxylic acid (JP-A-7-305100, EP 630963 A2). These technologies focuses on cleaning function how to remove stains and purposes to enhance cleaning power. Each of the publications contains a description of possible combined use of a fragrant material in the cleaning agent but no precise investigation has been made on the fragrant material to be used and detail of the fragrant material has not been described. JP-A-7305100 only discloses that.alpha.-terpineol is suitable as the fragrant material but the compound is only described as suitable but is not investigated in detail, still less the other fragrant materials. Recently, with regard to cleaning liquids, a product which has not only a high cleaning power but also is scented with fragrance pleasant to consumers has been required. In particular, for a product used in the house, it is strongly requested that a pleasant fragrance is maintained over a long period of time. However, the request cannot be satisfied even if a fragrant material be only added and mixed in the cleaning liquid for satisfying the request. The reason is mainly as follows. That is, many of fragrant materials are compounds having an ester group or an aldehyde group and in the case of a long-term storage of strongly acidic aqueous solution or dispersion of the fragrant materials, there is a possibility that the fragrant materials are hydrolyzed or oxidized during the storage. In particular, in the case of a long-term storage of strongly acidic aqueous solution or dispersion containing the fragrant compounds, there is a risk
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of deterioration of initial quality, e.g., change in appearance of the solution or dispersion, deterioration of the fragrance, or formation of precipitates. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Compositions comprising hydrophobic silicone oils and alkyl ether carboxylates Inventor(s): Abe, Hiroshi; (Barcelona, ES), Buhmann, Andrea; (Koblenz, DE), Denzer, Horst; (Dusseldorf, DE), Jansen, Rosemarie; (Emmerich/Elten, DE), Pytlik, Monika; (Duisburg, DE) Correspondence: Nath & Associates; 1030 15th Street; 6th Floor; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20040047825 Date filed: August 14, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to optically transparent compositions containing hydrophobic silicone oil and alkyl ether carboxylates that are useful e.g. as a hair treatment composition such as a shampoo. In particular, it provides an optically transparent composition comprising(a) a hydrophobic silicone oil; and(b) an alkyl ether carboxylate derived from alkanols having 6 to 22 carbon atoms;wherein the weight ratio of component (b) to component (a) is in the range of 1:1 to 20:1. The composition preferably also contains anionic surfactants as component (c), the total amount of the components (b) and (c) being preferably in the range of 10-25 wt.-% with respect to the total weight of the composition. The invention also provides a method for preparing the above composition. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions containing hydrophobic silicone oil and alkyl ethercarboxylates which allow the preparation of optically transparent aqueous compositions that are useful e.g. as a hair treatment composition such as a shampoo. Due to their very low surface tension, the spreadability of silicone oils on most surfaces such as ceramics, textiles, paper, skin, and hair, is excellent. In the field of personal care products, silicone oils are used because of their hair and skin smoothing properties, hair gloss enhancing properties and skin feel improving (nonoily, silky skin feel) properties. For many decades they are therefore ingredients in hairsprays, conditioners, colorants and sun protecting creams. In cosmetic rinse-off products like shampoos they appeared in the 1980ies and could obtain a considerable market share in the early 1990ies in the so-called "two-in-one" shampoos. These shampoos contain emulsified silicone oils. Silicone oil emulsions, however, show problems with respect to compatibility and stability, they show a strong foaminess reducing effect and furthermore they are generally not transparent. This is why hydrophilic silicone polyethers have been introduced into the market. But apart from their generally higher price, the conditioning effect of hydrophilic silicone polyethers on skin and hair is generally much lower than of the hydrophobic silicone oils. In view of these problems, attempts have been made to provide aqueous compositions containing hydrophobic silicone oil, the silicone oil being in a solubilized or micro-emulsified state. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Cosmetic composition comprising an anionic latex, an ether having two fatty chains and a mixture of fatty alcohols Inventor(s): Beauquey, Bernard; (Clichy, FR), Maubru, Mireille; (Chatou, FR) Correspondence: Nixon & Vanderhye, PC; 1100 N Glebe Road; 8th Floor; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20040047821 Date filed: October 10, 2003 Abstract: The invention concerns a cosmetic composition comprising in a cosmetically acceptable medium, at least an anionic latex, at least an ether with two fatty chains and a mixture of long-chain linear saturated fatty alcohols containing at least 50 wt. % of an alcohol which contains 22 carbon atoms. The invention further concerns a method for cosmetic treatment of keratinous materials and a use of the inventive composition a shampoo. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a cosmetic composition comprising, in a cosmetically acceptable medium, at least one surfactant, at least one anionic latex, at least one ether having two fatty chains and a mixture of linear and saturated fatty alcohols, to a method for the cosmetic treatment of keratinous materials and to the use of said cosmetic composition as a shampoo. Known combinations, in pearlescent shampoos, of anionic latexes and of glycol distearate lead to cosmetic properties which are not entirely satisfactory, in particular on wet hair. The applicant has found, surprisingly, that the particular use of an ether having two fatty chains, which is solid at room temperature, in combination with a mixture of long chain linear and saturated fatty alcohols containing at least 50% by weight of an alcohol which contains 22 carbon atoms, and of anionic latexes, in a cosmetically acceptable medium, substantially improved cosmetic properties on wet hair, and in particular lightness. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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D and L etherlipid stereoisomers and liposomes Inventor(s): Ahmed, Imran; (Cranbury, NJ), Janoff, Andrew; (Yardley, PA), Mayhew, Eric; (Seattle, WA) Correspondence: Burns Doane Swecker & Mathis L L P; Post Office Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20040047903 Date filed: August 26, 2003 Abstract: A liposome having a lipid bilayer, where the lipid bilayer includes either the L or D stereoisomer of an ether lipid or a non-equal mixture of both. Most preferably the liposome also comprises (a) an underivatized phosphatidylcholine; (b) a sterol; (c) about 5-20 mole % of a phosphatidylethanolamine linked to a dicarboxylic acid at the ethanolamine group of the phosphatidylethanolamine, and (d) greater than about 10 mole % to less than about 30 mole % of either the L or D stereoisomer of an ether lipid. The liposome may be used as an anti-cancer or anti-inflammatory agent. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a liposome comprising an ether lipid stereoisomer in the lipid bilayer of the liposome. The invention also encompasses pharmaceutical compositions comprising the liposome and methods of treating an animal with the liposome. Pharmaceutical therapeutics useful in the treatment of cancers or
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inflammatory conditions generally aim to slow the growth of, or destroy cancer cells or modulate the cells responsible for inflammatory responses. Optimal therapeutics, for instance cancer chemotherapy provides the decrease or eradication of cancer cell growth while avoiding or diminishing collateral damage to normal cells and tissues. The most effective anticancer agents are able to selectively target cancer cells while leaving normal cells relatively unaffected. Some etherlipids have been shown to be effective anticancer agents. However, the use of most etherlipids in vivo (to treat animals) has been accompanied by certain levels of toxicity to normal cells. Etherlipids are amphipathic lipids with ether linkages connecting their hydrocarbons with their molecular backbones. They are synthetic analogs of platelet activating factor ("PAF"; 1-O-2-acetylsn-glycero-3-phosphocholine). PAF is an effector believed to be involved in a variety of physiological processes, such as inflammation, immune responses and allergic reactions. Ether lipids can accumulate in cell membranes, following which the lipids may affect the cells in a number of ways. Cell membrane accumulation can lead to disturbance of membrane lipid organization by a detergent-like activity of ether lipids; membrane structure, and hence, cell stability, can be disrupted by this activity. Phospholipid metabolism can also be disrupted, as the activities of several of the enzymes involved, e.g., CTP:phosphocholine cytidyl transferase, diacylglycerol kinase, sodium/potassium adenosine triphosphate phosphatase, acyl transferases, lysophospholipase, and phospholipases C and D, are inhibited in the presence of ether lipids. Ether lipids can also affect transmembrane signaling pathways, nutrient uptake, cellular differentiation and apoptosis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Diphenyl ehter induction systemic resistance in plants Inventor(s): Badenhop, Neil P.; (Pemberville, OH), Bean, Theodore G.; (Franklin, PA), Graham, Lian-mei Y.; (Hilliard, OH), Graham, Terrence L.; (Hilliard, OH), Haddad, William J.; (Danville, OH), Landini, Serena; (Columbus, OH), Stammen, Alan D.; (St. Henry, OH) Correspondence: Sughrue Mion, Pllc; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20037; US Patent Application Number: 20040033902 Date filed: August 12, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a method for inducing systemic resistance in plants, thereby protecting plants against a broad range of plant pathogens and disease. The method of the invention comprises the application of a biologically active formulation, comprising a diphenyl ether, to a plant. In accordance with the invention, it has been observed that use of this formulation results in induced systemic resistance in a target plant. Also in accordance with the method of the invention, the formulation has been shown to trigger long-lasting, non-specific systemic resistance in the plant to a variety of pathogens and disease. Furthermore, the method of the invention results in an increase in the levels of plant isoflavones. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit and priority from the following three applications: U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/181,933, filed Feb. 11, 2000; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/181,707, filed Feb. 11, 2000; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/181,686, filed Feb. 11, 2000. The present invention relates to the field of inducing disease resistance in plants. More specifically, this invention relates to the induction of natural plant disease resistance, through the use of a formulation
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comprising a diphenyl ether. In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for combating plant pathogens by inducing the productions of isoflavones in a plant. Sclerotina sclerotiorum (white mold) damage in soybeans accounts for an estimated average annual loss of roughly 26 million dollars in the United States alone. Losses resulting from other crop diseases, such as sudden death syndrome (Fusarium species), brown stem rot, Phytophthora species, etc., add significantly to the 26 million dollar loss estimate resulting from white mold each year. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Dual molecules containing a peroxide derivative, synthesis and therapeutic applications thereof Inventor(s): Benoit-Vical, Francoise; (Palavas les Flots, FR), Dechy-Cabaret, Odile; (Toulouse, FR), Meunier, Bernard; (Castanet, FR), Robert, Anne; (Toulouse, FR) Correspondence: Conley Rose, P.C.; P. O. Box 3267; Houston; TX; 77253-3267; US Patent Application Number: 20040038957 Date filed: February 4, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to dual molecules formed from coupling products complying with the formula 1whereinA represents a residue of molecule with antimalarial activity,Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2, represent a linear or ramified alkylene chain at C1 to C5, with the possibility of either Y.sub.1 or Y.sub.2 being absent,U is an amine, amide, sulphonamide, carboxyl, ether or thioether function, said function linking Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2,Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2, represent a linear arylene or alkylene, with the possibility of either Z.sub.1 or Z.sub.2 being absent, or Z.sub.1+Z.sub.2 together represent a polycyclic structure including the junction carbons Ci and Cj,R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, represent a hydrogen atom or a functional group capable of increasing the hydrosolubility of the dual molecule,R.sub.x and R.sub.y form a cyclic peroxide with 4 to 8 chain links, Cj being one of the peaks of said cyclic peroxide, orR.sub.x or R.sub.y is a cyclic peroxide with 4 to 8 chain links, which may comprise 1 or 2 additional oxygen atoms in the cyclic structure, and one or more substituents R.sub.3, identical or different, at least one representing a halogen atom, an --OH group, a --CF.sub.3 group, an aryl, an alkyl or alkoxy at C1 to C5, --NO.sub.2, the other substituent(s) having one of these correspondences or a hydrogen,and their addition salts with pharmacological acceptable acids.Application as medicinal products with anti-malarial activity. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to dual molecules containing a peroxide derivative, showing particularly an anti-malarial activity, the synthesis and therapeutic applications of said molecules. the resistance of numerous strains of Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite responsible for the mortal forms of the disease, to the medicinal products conventionally used, such as chloroquine and mefloquine. The discovery of artemisinine 1, 2, a powerful anti-malarial agent extracted from Artemisia annua, drew attention to molecules comprising, like artemisinine, an endoperoxide function 3, 4. Artemisinine and some of its hemi-synthetic derivatives, such as artemether and artesunate, have proved to be very active on resistant P. falciparum strains. However, the high cost of these natural compounds and uncertain supply represent major disadvantages. Therefore, the interest of synthetic anti-malarial compounds, which would be accessible at low prices, and offer an action mechanism similar to that of artemisinine, an alkylating effect on the blood and/or parasitic proteins, will be evaluated. Research on such compounds by the inventors led to the development of a new synthesis strategy
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based on the use of compounds liable both to be accumulated effectively in the parasite and exert an effect such as that of artemisine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Electrolyte Inventor(s): Koike, Tsuneaki; (Valencia, CA), Tsukamoto, Hisashi; (Saugus, CA), Yumoto, Hiroyuki; (Stevenson Ranch, CA) Correspondence: Mary Elizabeth Bush; Quallion Llc; P.O. Box 923127; Sylmar; CA; 91392-3127; US Patent Application Number: 20040043299 Date filed: December 31, 2002 Abstract: An electrolyte for a battery comprises LiBOB salt in gamma butyrolactone and a low viscosity solvent. The low viscosity solvent may comprise a nitrile, an ether, a linear carbonate, or a linear ester. This electrolyte is suitable for use in lithium ion batteries having graphite negative electrodes. Batteries using this electrolyte have high conductivity, low polarization, and high discharge capacity. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/408,100 filed Sep. 3, 2002. This invention relates to an electrolyte and more particularly to an electrolyte for use in a battery. An effective solid electrolyte layer (SEI) must be created at the surface of a graphite negative electrode of a battery in order to keep the electrolyte from decomposing. Various electrolytes comprising certain combinations of salts and solvents produce SEI layers of various qualities. Typical lithium ion batteries use an electrolyte comprising LiPF.sub.6 in a carbonate solvent, with 1.2-M LiPF.sub.6 in ethylene carbonate (EC):diethyl carbonate (DEC) being typical in the battery industry. EC is solid at room temperature and requires additional processing steps for employing in an electrolyte. Graphite electrodes have a fragile structure and, until the invention of the electrolyte described herein, have required the use of EC for forming the SEI layer without damaging the graphite structure. By contrast, hard carbon negative electrodes are not as easily broken and therefore can use solvents other than EC to form the SEI layer. However, while hard carbon has a higher capacity than graphite, it can absorb a lot of moisture and has a large irreversible capacity, making graphite a much more desirable electrode material than hard carbon. Lithium metal does not require EC to form an SEI layer, but is useful only for a primary battery, not rechargeable. Vinylene carbonate (VC) and vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC) can aid in creating an SEI layer, but can only be used in quantities up to about 3% because an excess of these solvents creates degradation at the positive electrode; with this small quantity of SEI-forming solvent, only a thin SEI layer is created, with all of the VC or VEC consumed during the first charging cycle; therefore, another SEI-forming component such as EC must be added. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Electrolyte and method for depositing tin-copper alloy layers Inventor(s): Dietterle, Michael; (Aalen, DE), Jordan, Manfred; (Salach, DE), Strube, Gernot; (Geislingen, DE) Correspondence: Leopold Presser; Scully Scott Murphy & Presser; 400 Garden City Plaza; Garden City; NY; 11530; US Patent Application Number: 20040035714 Date filed: September 5, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to an acid electrolyte for depositing tin-copper alloys. Said electrolyte comprises one or more alkylsulfonic acids and/or alkanolsulfonic acids, one or more soluble tin(II) salts, one or more soluble copper(II) salts, and one or more organic sulfur compounds having one or more thioether functions and/or ether functions of general formula --R--Z--R'--(R and R' are the same or different non-aromatic organic radicals, and Z represents S or O). The invention also relates to a method, which involves the use of the electrolyte, to the coating obtained using said method, and to the use of the electrolyte for coating electronic components. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an acid electrolyte for depositing tin-copper alloys, a method using these electrolytes, coatings obtained using the method and the use of the electrolytes for coating electronic components. When manufacturing electronic components, soft soldering using the eutectic soldering alloy SnPb (63 wt-% Sn, 37 wt-% Pb) is the standard method of joining technology. Accordingly, it is common to provide these with a lead-tin layer by means of galvanisation processes to obtain solderability of the components to be joined. The lead-tin layers can, in principle, have any alloy composition, pure metals can also be used. Alloys having 3 to 40 wt-% Pb, in particular 5 to 20 wt-% Pb, are used most often. Alloys containing high amounts of lead, e.g. 95% Pb, are employed for special uses if higher melting points are required. Coatings with pure tin are also widely known although there are basic problems here owing to the risk of whisker formations which cannot be ruled out. Even though the cited lead-tin alloys show very good properties when soft-soldering, great efforts are made to substitute lead. When scrapping and disposing of pieces of equipment having soldered joints containing lead, there is a danger that lead can be converted into a water soluble form by means of corrosive processes. This can thereby lead in the long run to a corresponding contamination of groundwater. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Electrolyte for rechargeable lithium battery and rechargeable lithium battery comprising same Inventor(s): Jung, Cheol-Soo; (Ohsan-city, KR), Shimizu, Ryuichi; (Yokohama-shi, JP), Yamaguchi, Takitaro; (Yokohama-shi, JP) Correspondence: Christie, Parker & Hale, Llp; P.O. Box 7068; Pasadena; CA; 91109-7068; US Patent Application Number: 20040038133 Date filed: May 15, 2003 Abstract: Disclosed is an electrolyte for a rechargeable lithium battery including 5 to 40 volume % of at least one fluorine-substituted ether compound represented by R1--O--R2 (wherein R1 and R2 are alkyl groups substituted with fluorine), having a substitution
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ratio of hydrogen with fluorine of 57 to 86%, a viscosity of 0.9 to 2.3 cp, and a boiling point of at least 88.degree. C., and 60 to 90 volume % of a non-aqueous organic solvent having a flash point of at least 80.degree. C. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority of Japanese Application No. 2002-242299 filed in the Japanese Patent Office on Aug. 22, 2002, and Korean Application No. 20033968, filed in the Korean Intellectual Property Office on Jan. 21, 2003, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to an electrolyte for a rechargeable lithium battery and a rechargeable lithium battery, and more particularly, to an electrolyte for a rechargeable lithium battery with good safety. The conventional organic solvents used in electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries include cyclic esters such as ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate; chain esters such as dimethyl carbonate and propionic ether; and cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofurane. However, the conventional organic solvents easily decompose during oxidation and reduction of the battery, or they exhibit poor cycle life characteristics. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Flame and shrinkage resistant fabric blends Inventor(s): Lunsford, Clyde C.; (Sharpsburg, GA), Riggins, Phillip H.; (Greensboro, NC), Stanhope, Michael T.; (Atlanta, GA) Correspondence: Thomas, Kayden, Horstemeyer & Risley, Llp; 100 Galleria Parkway, NW; Ste 1750; Atlanta; GA; 30339-5948; US Patent Application Number: 20040045103 Date filed: September 9, 2003 Abstract: The present disclosure relates to flame resistant fabrics that comprise a plurality of inherently flame resistant fibers and a plurality of cellulosic fibers containing a flame retardant compound. In one arrangement, the inherently flame resistant fibers have been dyed and/or shrinkage controlled with a dye-assistant such that the fabric contains a residual amount of a dye-assistant selected from the group consisting of N-cyclohexylpyrrolidone, benzyl alcohol, N,N-dibutylformamide, N,Ndiethylbenzamide, hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium salt, N,N-dimethylbenzamide, N,Ndiethyl-m-toluamide, N-octylpyrrolidone, aryl ether, an approximately 50/50 blend of N,N-dimethylcaprylamide and N,N-dimethylcapramide, and mixtures thereof. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/657,047, filed Aug. 28, 2000, entitled "Flame and Shrinkage Resistant Fabric Blends," which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/062,805, filed Apr. 20, 1998, entitled "Flame and Shrinkage Resistant Fabric Blends and Method for Making Same" (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,132,476). The present invention relates to flame resistant fabrics. More particularly, the present invention relates to fabric blends containing inherently flame resistant fibers and flame resistant cellulosic fibers that contain a flame retardant compound. These fabrics exhibit excellent flame resistance, minimal shrinkage when laundered, and can be produced in a full range of colors and shades. Inherently flame resistant fibers are highly resistant to heat decomposition and are therefore desirable in the manufacture of flame resistant garments intended for environments in which flames or extreme heat will be encountered. These desirable properties of inherently flame resistant fibers can, however, create difficulties during fabric production. For example, fibers composed of aromatic polyamide, commonly known as aramid fibers, are difficult to dye. Aramid fiber suppliers have recommended
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complicated exhaust dyeing procedures with various dye-assistants, high temperatures, and long dyeing times to effect dyeing of these fibers. Such dyeing conditions require substantial amounts of energy both to maintain the dyeing temperature and for the treatment of waste dyebaths. Dye-assistants comprised of organic agents, and commonly referred to as carriers or swelling agents, are used to enhance dyeability. Such dye-assistants may be added to the dyebath as a treatment prior to dyeing, or can be integrated into the inherently flame resistant fiber during its production. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Flow properties of heavy crude petroleum Inventor(s): Gopalani, Anwar Ahmedshaffi; (Houston, TX), Jackson, Ronald Charles; (Sugarland, TX), Khan, Motasimur Rashid; (Katy, TX) Correspondence: Rodman Rodman; 7 South Broadway; White Plains; NY; 10601 Patent Application Number: 20040035749 Date filed: May 1, 2003 Abstract: The flow properties of crude petroleum having an API gravity varying from about 6 to 12 are improved by heating the crude petroleum to a temperature of about 35.degree. C. to 200.degree. C. and, in the presence of a suitable viscosity reducing additive, shearing the heated crude petroleum with a high shearing force sufficient to reduce the viscosity of the crude petroleum to a range of about 250 centipoise (cP) to about 1000 cP. Suitable viscosity reducing additives include gasoline, naphtha, butanol, petroleum ether, diesel fuel, citrus oil based cleansers and degreasers, and mixtures thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improving the flow properties of heavy crude petroleum, more specifically, heavy crude petroleum products having an API gravity of about 6 to about 20. There are huge reserves of heavy and extra heavy crude oil and natural bitumen in Venezuela, Canada, and elsewhere. A variety of enhanced oil recovery techniques permit the recovery of such heavy crude oils from otherwise unproductive wells by such known means as steam flooding, carbon dioxide flooding, and fire flooding. The transportation and movement of heavy crude petroleum is difficult because of its high viscosity. At ambient conditions, heavy crude petroleum, such as Hamaca crude found in Venezuela, has an API gravity of about 8, and exists in a semi-solid state such that its viscosity cannot be measured. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Fluorinated ionic polymers Inventor(s): Yang, Zhen Yu; (Wilmington, DE) Correspondence: E I DU Pont DE Nemours And Company; Legal Patent Records Center; Barley Mill Plaza 25/1128; 4417 Lancaster Pike; Wilmington; DE; 19805; US Patent Application Number: 20040039142 Date filed: June 24, 2003 Abstract: Described herein are monomers of the formulaCH.sub.2.dbd.CH(CF.sub.2).sub.2nOCF.sub.2CF.sub.2SO.sub.2N.sup.(M.sup.+)S- O.sub.2R.sub.fwhere n.gtoreq.1 and M.sup.+=H.sup.+ or an alkali metal
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cation, and R.sub.f is C1-4 perfluoroalkyl optionally substituted by one or more ether oxygens, and polymers made therefrom. Excerpt(s): Described herein are new a new class of partially fluorinated ionomers suitable for use in electrochemical applications, particularly in direct methanol fuel cells and lithium ion batteries. where n>1 are disclosed in WO 9831716. n=1-4 compositions are explicitly disclosed in Chen et al, "Perfluoro and polyfluorosulfonic acids", Huaxue Xuebao (1982), 40(10), 904-12. where n.gtoreq.1, where M is H are disclosed in WO 9831716 although the alkali metal form is not taught. Furthermore, WO 9831716 despite the claim, does not provide specific teaching about how to achieve the sulfonic acid monomer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Fluoropolymer compositions, optical devices, and methods for fabricating optical devices Inventor(s): Ballato, John; (Central, SC), Foulger, Stephen; (Clemson, SC), Manthati, Suresh Kumar; (College Station, TX), Smith, Dennis W.; (Seneca, SC) Correspondence: Dority & Manning, P.A.; P.O. Box 1449; Greenville; SC; 29602-1449; US Patent Application Number: 20040033047 Date filed: August 30, 2001 Abstract: Optical waveguides interconnect optical information processing devices, or connect such devices with other optical communication links such as glass optical fibers. Fluoropolymers consisting of alternating perfluorocyclobutane and aryl ether linkages possess suitable properties for optical waveguides and other devices due to tunability in optical properties of the copolymers. Perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB) copolymer may be employed in solutions that exhibit a high solids content. Such solutions show useful physical properties for optical waveguide devices since the solutions are capable of achieving single step film thicknesses, when applied to a substrate, of greater than about 0.6 microns, and sometimes may achieve a thickness of 10 microns or more. Excerpt(s): This application is related to U.S. Ser. No. 09/604,748, which is a regular U.S. utility patent application filed Jun. 27, 2000. This invention relates to the use of fluoropolymers and methods of applying fluoropolymers in making components for optical applications. In particular, the invention relates to perfluorocyclobutyl-based compositions. Optical waveguides interconnect optical information processing devices, or connect such devices with other optical communication links such as glass optical fibers. Waveguides may be used to create passive optical devices such as splitters, combiners, couplers, routers and the like. In commonly used planar applications, waveguides are densely packed on substrates. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Highly durable waterborne radiation cured coating Inventor(s): Anderson, Bryan M.; (Saint Paul, MN), Olson, Keith E.; (Apple Valley, MN) Correspondence: Iplm Group, P.A.; P.O. Box 18455; Minneapolis; MN; 55418; US Patent Application Number: 20040044116 Date filed: August 27, 2002
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Abstract: A waterborne radiation curable coating composition containing at least one acrylate functional oligomer having a functionality greater than 3 and at least one vinyl ether oligomer having a functionality greater than 1 provides a cured coating resists deep scratches. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to scratch-resistant coatings, strippable coatings, and methods for applying and for removing coatings. UV curable coating compositions have been applied to installed flooring materials such as wood flooring and vinyl tiles. When these jobsite-applied UV cured floor finishes show the effects of wear, they require removal and renewal. Current commercially available jobsite-applied UV cured floor finishes are generally regarded as not being chemically strippable from the flooring material. Instead, more aggressive removal techniques such as floor sanding may be employed, thereby leading to removal of a portion of the underlying floor surface and creating dust issues at the jobsite. This has discouraged the use of jobsite-applied UV cured floor finishes. A jobsite-applied floor finish desirably should exhibit an even, smooth appearance and good wear resistance, but be strippable with a suitable strip agent so that it can be removed when worn. Strippability is desirable because in time almost all flooring materials can become sufficiently worn or dulled in appearance to warrant renewal or refinishing. Unfortunately, it has proven difficult to develop UV curable coatings having a desirable balance of appearance, wear resistance and strippability. We have found that it is particularly difficult to develop strippable UV curable coatings that will resist deep scratches. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Hydroxyl-group-containing polyether amine adducts Inventor(s): Scherzer, Wolfgang; (Bergkamen, DE), Volle, Jorg; (Selm-Bork, DE) Correspondence: Proskauer Rose Llp; Patent Department; 1585 Broadway; New York; NY; 10036-8299; US Patent Application Number: 20040039133 Date filed: May 21, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to hydroxyl-group-containing polyether amine adducts a) that are obtainable by the reaction of polyglycidyl ethers a1), prepared from polyalkylene ether polyols having an average molecular weight Mw of from 200 to 10,000 and epichlorohydrin, with amines a2) that contain at least two reactive amine hydrogen atoms per molecule, to form polyether amines, and subsequent addition reaction of those polyether amines with epoxy compounds a3) that contain at least one epoxy group per molecule, furthermore to curable compositions comprising an epoxy resin b) and an adduct a) and also to the use of those curable compositions for the manufacture of mouldings, coverings and foamed materials. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to hydroxyl-group-containing polyether amine adducts, to a curable composition comprising such adducts as formulation components for curable compositions which, especially through the use of those long-chain adducts as curing agents for epoxy resins, yield lightly crosslinked, elastic thermosets that are resistant to chemicals, and also to the use of those curable compositions for the manufacture of mouldings and coverings. Epoxy resins have long been widely used for the manufacture of anticorrosive paints, abrasion-resistant coatings, sealing compounds and adhesives that exhibit excellent mechanical strength and have a good resistance to chemicals. Owing to their high crosslink density, amine-cured epoxy resins, especially
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those based on diphenyl propane and epichlorohydrin, have a brittle hardness with glass transition ranges above 20.degree. C. The high degree of hardness and high strength of amine-cured epoxy resins are not always necessary in practice, while at the same time an elasticisation and reduction in brittleness are frequently desirable. Various methods have been used for that purpose hitherto, but those methods have not always been satisfactory. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Imidazo[1,2,-A]pyridine ether compounds as ion channel modulators Inventor(s): Beatch, Gregory N.; (Vancouver, CA), Liu, Yuzhong; (Vancouver, CA), Plouvier, Bertrand M.C.; (Vancouver, CA) Correspondence: Ralph A Dowell; Dowell & Dowell; Suite 309; 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20040048885 Date filed: June 27, 2003 Abstract: Imidazo[1,2-.alpha.]pyridine ether compounds are disclosed. The compounds of the present invention may be incorporated in compositions and kits. The present invention also discloses a variety of in vitro and in vivo uses for the compounds and compositions, including the treatment or prevention of atrial or ventricular arrhythmia as well as atrial or ventricular fibrillation. Excerpt(s): The present invention is generally directed toward imidazo[1,2.alpha.]pyridine ether compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and kits containing the imidazo[1,2-.alpha.]pyridine ether compounds, and therapeutic uses thereof. Ion channels are ubiquitous membrane proteins in the cells of warm-blooded animals such as mammals. Their critical physiological roles include control of the electrical potential across the membrane, mediation of ionic and fluid balance, facilitation of neuromuscular and neuronal transmission, rapid transmembrane signal transduction, and regulation of secretion and contractility. For example, cardiac ion channels are proteins that reside in the cell membrane and control the electrical activity of cardiac tissue. In response to external stimuli, such as changes in potential across the cell membrane, these ion channels can form a pore through the cell membrane, and allow movement of specific ions into or out of the cell. The integrated behavior of thousands of ion channels in a single cell results in an ionic current, and the integrated behavior of many of these ionic currents makes up the characteristic cardiac action potential. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Makeup removal compositions and method of use Inventor(s): Castillo Bucci, Carmen; (Englewood, NJ), Kim, Eileen; (Denville, NJ), Romaine, Carolyn; (Somerset, NJ) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20040042992 Date filed: June 18, 2003
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Abstract: A composition containing an alkylpolysaccharide, a polyethylene glycol ether of a fatty alcohol, and an oil, useful for makeup removal. Related methods of use and articles of manufacture. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application No. 60/398,568 filed Jul. 26, 2002, incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to compositions which can be used for removing make up compositions. The invention compositions are efficacious and preferably non stinging to the eye. Methods of use of the invention compositions are also included, as are articles of manufacture incorporating the invention compositions. Compositions for removal of make up, and especially of a waterproof make up, are known in the art. Mineral oil or isohexadecane are efficacious in removing make-up. However, they tend to be irritating to the eye. Compositions in the form of an emulsion where the mineral oil or isohexadecane is emulsified in the presence of mild surfactants suffer from the drawback of being less efficient, and of clouding the vision temporarily when they spread into the eye. The choice of suitable surfactant needs to balance the lathering characteristics with the mild characteristics. Improving the foam with lather boosters takes away from the mildness. The right blend of surfactants is not easy to attain. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for the production of a polymerisation reaction product Inventor(s): Bremser, Wolfgang; (Muenster, DE), Brinkmann-Rengel, Susanne; (OberOlm, DE), Haremza, Sylke; (Neckargemund, DE), Raether, Roman Benedikt; (Limburgerhof, DE) Correspondence: Keil & Weinkauf; 1350 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20040034182 Date filed: June 2, 2003 Abstract: A process for the preparation of a reaction product (A) comprises the following stage (i):(i) Reaction, under free radical conditions, of a reaction mixture comprising at least one monomer (a), capable of free radical reaction, in the presence of at least one compound of the formula (I) 1where R.sub.1 to R.sub.4, independently of one another, are each hydrogen, methyl or a group which stabilizes radicals and/or is bulky and which is selected from an unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched alkyl of two or more carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl, alcohol, ether, polyether, amine or aralkyl radical, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic, heterocyclic or olefinic hydrocarbon, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched alkenyl or alkynyl group, --C(O)R.sub.5, --C(O)OR.sub.5, --CR.sub.5R.sub.6--O--R.sub.7, --O-C(O)R.sub.5, --CN, --O--CN, --S--CN, --O--C.dbd.NR.sub.5, --S--C.dbd.NR.sub.5, --O-CR.sub.5R.sub.6--CR.sub.7R.sub.8NR.sub.9R.sub.10, --N.dbd.C.dbd.O, -C.dbd.NR.sub.5, --CR.sub.5R.sub.6-Hal, --C(S)R.sub.5, --CR.sub.5R.sub.6-P(O)R.sub.7R.sub.8, --CR.sub.5R.sub.6--PR.sub.7R.sub.8, --CR.sub.5R.sub.6-NR.sub.7R.sub.8, --CR.sub.5R.sub.6(OR.sub.7)(OR.sub.8), -CR.sub.5R.sub.6(OR.sub.7)(NR.sub-.8), --CR.sub.5R.sub.6(NR.sub.7)(NR.sub.8), an anhydride, acetal or ketal group, --SO.sub.2R.sub.5, an amidine group, -NR.sub.5C(S)NR.sub.6, --NR.sub.5C(S)--OR.sub.6, --N.dbd.C.dbd.S, --NO.sub.2, -C.dbd.N--OH, --N(R.sub.5).dbd.NR.sub.6, --PR.sub.5R.sub.6R.sub.7, -OSiR.sub.5R.sub.6R.sub.7 or --SiR.sub.5R.sub.6R.sub.7, where R.sub.5 to R.sub.10, independently of one another, are each defined in the same way as R.sub.1 to R.sub.4, or
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two of the radicals R.sub.1 to R.sub.4 form a C.sub.4- to C.sub.7-ring which in turn may be substituted or unsubstituted and may contain one or more heteroatoms,with the proviso thatat least two of the radicals R.sub.1 to R.sub.4 are a group which stabilizes radicals and/or is bulky, as defined above, and diphenylethylene, dinaphthylethylene, 4,4'-vinylidenebis(N,N'-dimethylani- line), 4,4'-vinylidenebis(aminobenzene), cis- and trans-stilbene and mixtures of two or more thereof are excluded as compounds of the formula (I), anda process for the preparation of a reaction product (A') comprises the following stage (i):(i) Reaction, under free radical conditions, of a reaction mixture comprising at least one monomer (a), capable of free radical reaction, in the presence of at least one compound of the formula (II) 2where R.sub.1 to R.sub.4 and R.sub.11 and R.sub.12, independently of one another, are each hydrogen, methyl or a group which stabilizes radicals and/or is bulky and which is selected from an unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched alkyl of two or more carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl, alcohol, ether, polyether, amine or aralkyl radical, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic, heterocyclic or olefinic hydrocarbon, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched alkenyl or alkynyl group, --C(O)R.sub.5, --C(O)OR.sub.5, -CR.sub.5R.sub.6--O--R.sub.7, --O--C(O)R.sub.5, --CN, --O--CN, --S--CN, --O-C.dbd.NR.sub.5, --S--C.dbd.NR.sub.5, --O--CR.sub.5R.sub.6--CR.sub.7R.sub.8NR.sub.9R.sub.10, --N.dbd.C.dbd.O, --C.dbd.NR.sub.5, --CR.sub.5R.sub.6-Hal, -C(S)R.sub.5, --CR.sub.5R.sub.6--P(O)R.sub.7R.sub-.8, --CR.sub.5R.sub.6-PR.sub.7R.sub.8, --CR.sub.5R.sub.6--NR.sub.7R.sub.8, -CR.sub.5R.sub.6(OR.sub.7)(OR.sub.8), --CR.sub.5R.sub.6(OR.sub.7)(NR.su- b.8), -CR.sub.5R.sub.6(NR.sub.7)(NR.sub.8), an anhydride, acetal or ketal group, -SO.sub.2R.sub.5, an amidine group, --NR.sub.5C(S)NR.sub.6, --NR.sub.5C(S)--OR.sub.6, --N.dbd.C.dbd.S, --NO.sub.2, --C.dbd.N--OH, --N(R.sub.5).dbd.NR.sub.6, -PR.sub.5R.sub.6R.sub.7, --OSiR.sub.5R.sub.6R.sub.7 or --SiR.sub.5R.sub.6R.sub.7, where R.sub.5 to R.sub.10, independently of one another, are each defined in the same way as R.sub.1 to R.sub.4, or two of the radicals R.sub.1 to R.sub.4 form a C.sub.4- to C.sub.7ring which in turn may be substituted or unsubstituted and may contain one or more heteroatoms,with the proviso thatat least two of the radicals R.sub.1 to R.sub.4 are a group which stabilizes radicals and/or is bulky, as defined above. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a reaction product (A) by reaction, under free radical conditions, of at least one monomer (a), capable of free radical reaction, in the presence of at least one free radical initiator and a compound (I) and/or a compound (II), as defined below, of this reaction product per se, a process for the preparation of a polymer using this reaction product, and its use in polymer dispersions or for the production of films, moldings, fibers and foams. The present invention relates to the technical field of free radical polymerization. By an appropriate choice of monomers and, if required, successive addition of different monomers, both straight-chain and branched homopolymers and copolymers as well as block copolymers can be prepared. In addition to the polymers per se, the present invention also relates to a reaction product obtained in a first stage. There has for some years been considerable interest in processes or process concepts which are suitable for the preparation of a multiplicity of polymers and make it possible to provide such polymers having a predetermined structure, molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. Thus, WO 98/01478 describes a process for the preparation of polymers, in which the monomer to be reacted, which in particular is selected from vinyl monomers and acid derivatives having unsaturated groups, e.g. anhydrides, esters and imides of (meth)acrylic acid, is reacted in the presence of a free radical initiator and of a thiocarbonylthio compound as a chain-transfer agent. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method of treating osteoarthritis Inventor(s): Bove, Susan Elizabeth; (Ann Arbor, MI), Cornicelli, Joseph Anthony; (Ann Arbor, MI), Kilgore, Kenneth; (Ann Arbor, MI), Kowala, Mark Charles; (Ann Arbor, MI), Neideffer, David Herbert; (Ann Arbor, MI), Sliscovic, Drago Robert; (Saline, MI) Correspondence: Warner-lambert Company; 2800 Plymouth RD; Ann Arbor; MI; 48105; US Patent Application Number: 20040048910 Date filed: August 12, 2003 Abstract: This invention relates to combinations, compositions, and methods using or having a substituted dialkyl ether, substituted aryl-alkyl ether, substituted dialkyl thioether, substituted dialkyl ketone, or substituted-alkyl compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as an active component for preventing or treating osteoarthritis, preventing or inhibiting cartilage damage, preventing or treating rheumatoid arthritis, improving joint function, alleviating pain, and the like in a patient in need thereof. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/405,250 filed Aug. 22, 2002; Ser. No. 60/475,443 filed Jun. 3, 2003; Ser. No. 60/477,092 filed Jun. 9, 2003; and Ser. No. 60/484,808 filed Jul. 3, 2003. This invention relates to methods, compositions, and combinations using or having a substituted dialkyl ether, substituted aryl-alkyl ether, substituted dialkyl thioether, substituted dialkyl ketone, or substituted-alkyl compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as an active component for preventing or treating osteoarthritis ("OA"), preventing or inhibiting cartilage damage, preventing or treating rheumatoid arthritis ("RA"), improving joint function, alleviating pain, including joint pain, and the like, in a patient in need thereof. More than 100 million people worldwide are afflicted with some form of arthritis, a disabling, even crippling, disease or disorder of the joints or spine (ankylosing spondylitis). Depending on the type of the disease or disorder, a patient afflicted with an arthritis may or may not also be afflicted with additional conditions such as psoriasis (psoriatic arthritis), autoimmune conditions (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus), gout, muscle disorders (e.g., fibromyalgia), a joint infection (infectious arthritis), scleroderma, or one or more of the following conditions: urethritis, prostatitis, cervicitis, cystitis, eye problems, or skin problems (Reiter's syndrome). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Modification of the catalytic system in an industrial process for making acetic and/or methyl acetate acid Inventor(s): Kalck, Philippe; (Auzeville Tolosane, FR), Le Berre, Carole; (La Croix Falgarde, FR), Marchand, Daniel; (Jurancon, FR), Serp, Philippe; (Toulouse, FR), Thiebaut, Daniel; (Lescar, FR) Correspondence: Dennison, Schultz & Dougherty; 1745 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20040044245 Date filed: June 11, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to a continuous process for the manufacture of acetic acid and/or methyl acetate, characterized in that, during the continuous operation of
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the installation for a continuous industrial process, called the initial process, for the carbonylation of methanol or a carbonylatable derivative of methanol such as dimethyl ether, methyl halides or methyl acetate, in the homogeneous liquid phase and under carbon monoxide pressure, in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a rhodiumbased homogeneous catalyst and a halogenated promoter, and in the presence of a concentration of water greater than or equal to 14% in the reaction medium, the composition of said homogeneous catalyst is modified gradually by adding an iridium compound over time.This process makes it possible on the one hand to modify the composition of the catalyst system so as to change from a homogeneous catalyst based on rhodium alone to a catalyst based on rhodium and iridium, or even iridium alone, without stopping the installation, and on the other hand to reduce the water content of the reaction medium once the iridium additions have been effected. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of the industrial manufacture of acetic acid and/or methyl acetate. It relates more particularly to a continuous process for the manufacture of acetic acid and/or methyl acetate during which the composition of the catalyst system is modified in a particularly smooth and uniform manner, making it possible, in said industrial process, to change from a catalyst system based on rhodium alone to a catalyst system based on rhodium, and iridium, or even based on iridium alone, without having to shutdown the production unit in order to effect this change of catalyst. Numerous industrial processes are known for the manufacture of acetic acid and/or methyl acetate in the liquid phase under pressure using a homogeneous catalyst system. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Modified membranes Inventor(s): Muller, Heinz-Joachim; (Thornleigh, AU) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 2040 Main Street; Fourteenth Floor; Irvine; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20040035782 Date filed: May 12, 2003 Abstract: A porous polymeric membrane formed from a blend of a polymeric membrane forming material, such as polyvinylidene fluoride or polysulfone and a polymeric reactivity modifying agent adapted to modify the surface active properties of the porous polymeric membrane. The reactivity modifying agent is preferably a linear polymeric anhydride, such as poly(alkyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride). The surface activity modifications include modification of the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity balance of the membrane, or hydrolysis followed by reaction with a polyamine to form a crosslinked polyamide layer. Such modified membranes have use as reverse osmosis membranes. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to porous membranes which have modified physical properties imparted by the addition of chemical modifiers. Synthetic membranes are used for a variety of applications including desalination, gas separation, filtration and dialysis. The properties of the membranes vary depending on the morphology of the membrane ie properties such as symmetry, pore shape and pore size and the polymeric material used to form the membrane. Different membranes can be used for specific separation processes, including microfiltration, ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. Microfiltration and ultrafiltration are pressure driven processes and are distinguished by the size of the particle or molecule that the membrane is capable of retaining or
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passing. Microfiltration can remove very fine colloidal particles in the micrometer and submicrometer range. As a general rule, microfiltration can filter particles down to 0.1.mu.m, whereas ultrafiltration can pass through particles as small as 0.01.mu.m. Reverse Osmosis operates on an even smaller scale. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Nano-sized zinc oxide in hygiene products Inventor(s): Heller, Melita; (Duesseldorf, DE), Hundeiker, Claudia; (Duesseldorf, DE), Kropf, Christian; (Hilden, DE), Wild, Christine; (Hilden, DE) Correspondence: Stephen D. Harper; Henkel Corporation; Law Department; 2500 Renaissance BLVD., Suite 200; Gulph Mills; PA; 19406; US Patent Application Number: 20040033270 Date filed: June 17, 2003 Abstract: Hygiene products such as diapers, tampons, pantyliners and the like are produced using zinc oxide in the form of nanoparticles having surfaces that have been chemically and/or physically modified. The surface modification may be carried out using organic compounds such as carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid derivatives, amino acids, hydroxycarboxylic acids, sugar acids, polyglycolic acids, ether carboxylic acids, alkyl halides, or silanes. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation under 35 U.S.C. Sections 365(c) and 120 of International application No. PCT/EP01/14562 (filed Dec. 12, 2001) and claims priority from German application No. 10063090.1 (filed Dec. 18, 2000), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to the field of hygiene products, in particular the field of diapers for babies and adults (incontinence products), pantyliners and tampons. In particular, the present invention relates to the use of nano-sized ZnO particles in such hygiene products. Hygiene products of the type described above are used to absorb urine, feces, blood and perspiration which the body has excreted. Since the abovementioned excretions create a moist to wet medium, irritations and/or inflammations of the skin, such as diaper dermatitis, may consequently arise. Rubbing of the hygiene product on the skin may additionally speed up the inflammation process. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Novel compounds and process Inventor(s): Friede, Martin; (Rixensart, BE), Mason, Sean; (Cambridge, GB), Turnell, William Gordon; (Cambridge, GB), Y De Bassols, Carlota Vinals; (Rixensart, BE) Correspondence: Smithkline Beecham Corporation; Corporate Intellectual Property-us, Uw2220; P. O. Box 1539; King OF Prussia; PA; 19406-0939; US Patent Application Number: 20040030106 Date filed: July 30, 2003 Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel chemical process for the covalent conjugation of disulphide bridge cyclised peptides to immunogenic carrier molecules by thio-ether linkages to form vaccine immunogens. In particular, the novel chemistry involves reacting a thiolated carrier with a cyclic peptide containing a disulphide bridge,
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which cylcic peptide (herein a disulphide bridge cyclised peptide) has attached to it, usually via a linker, a reactive group capable for forming thio-ether bonds with the carrier. The invention further related to activated peptide intermediates of the process, medicaments produced by the process, pharmaceutical compositions containing the medicaments, and the use of the pharmaceutical compositions in medicine. The process of the present invention is particularly useful for the preparation of highly pure immunogens for vaccines, comprising disulphide bridge cyclised peptides. Also novel immunogens are provided, base don peptides derived from the sequence of human IgE, which are useful in the immunotherapy of allergy. Accordingly, the inventions related also to a process for conjugation of IgE disulphide bridge cyclised peptides to carrier, immunogens produced by the process and vaccines and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them and their use in the treatment of allergy. Excerpt(s): Immunogens comprising short peptides are becoming increasingly common in the field of vaccine prophylaxis or therapy. In many disease states it is often possible, and desirable, to design vaccines comprising a short peptide rather than a large protein. Peptides which may be used as immunogens may be the full length native protein, for example human peptidic hormones, or may be fragments of a larger antigen derived from a given pathogen, or from a large self-protein. For example, short peptides of IgE may be used for prophylaxis of allergy, whereas the use of IgE itself as the immunogen may induce anaphylactic shock. It has previously been thought that amongst the problems associated with the peptide approach to vaccination, is the fact that peptides per se are poor immunogens. Generally the sequences of the peptides chosen are such that they include a B-cell epitope to provide a target for the generation of anti-peptide antibody responses, but because of their limited size rarely encompass sufficient T-cell epitopes in order to provide the necessary cytokine help in the induction of strong immune responses following priming and boosting applications of the vaccine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
OPTICALLY ACTIVE POLYSILANE, OPTICALLY ACTIVE FILM, AND METHOD OF CONTROLLING OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID THIN FILM Inventor(s): Fujiki, Michiya; (Ikoma-shi, JP), Kunitake, Masashi; (Kumamoto-shi, JP), Ohira, Akihiro; (Kuma-gun, JP) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20040041133 Date filed: November 20, 2002 Abstract: There is disclosed an optically active polysilane represented by the following general formula: 1wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are a combination of (R)-3,7dimethyloctyl group and (S)-3-methylpentyl group, R.sup.3 is an alkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms and formed of a branched structure which is branched at any one of the first to fourth carbon atoms positioned away from the backbone chain, R.sup.4 is a straight-chain alkyl ether group having 2 to 22 carbon atoms, or a straight-chain alkyl group having 2 to 22 carbon atoms, x is a number ranging from 0.01 to 0.99, and n is a number ranging from 10 to 100,000. Excerpt(s): This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from the prior Japanese Patent Application No. 2002-257938, filed on Sep. 3, 2002, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. This invention relates to an
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optically active polysilane, an optically active film, and a method of controlling the optical activity of a solid thin film. It is strongly desired, with regard to twenty-first century information communication, to achieve the development of an ultra-miniature recording system which is capable of recording large quantities of digital information in a light-weight recording medium in a convenient and inexpensive manner and at highspeed. In the electric household appliances industries too, in view of the advent of commercial digital broadcasting, digital information recording devices such as digital video recorders, DVD-RAMs, and hard disk magnetic recorders are expected to be rapidly propagated from now onwards. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Over-running clutch pulley with clutch and bearing lubricant Inventor(s): King, Randall; (Kingwood, TX), Liston, Mary-Jo; (Whitmore Lake, MI), Miller, John; (Jackson, MI) Correspondence: Steven L Oberholtzer; Brinks Hofer Gilson & Lione; PO Box 10395; Chicago; IL; 60610; US Patent Application Number: 20040035670 Date filed: July 24, 2003 Abstract: The over-running clutch pulley of a preferred embodiment of the invention includes a sheave member (20), a hub member (22) located substantially concentrically within the sheave member, a clutch member (24), a clutch lubricant (26) located near the clutch member, a bearing member (28) located between the sheave member and the hub member, and a bearing lubricant (30) located near the bearing member, which cooperate to rotationally engage an input device (12) and an output device (14). The sheave member preferably includes a sheave input section (32) adapted to engage the input device, and a sheave clutch section (34) defining a sheave clutch surface (36). Similarly, the hub member preferably includes a hub output section (38) adapted to engage the output device, and a hub clutch section (40) defining a hub clutch surface (42). The clutch lubricant (26) and the bearing lubricant (30) preferably include a base material selected from the group comprising ether, esther, and mineral oil. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to devices in the over-running clutch field, and more specifically to an improved over-running clutch pulley for use with an accessory device driven by an automotive engine with a belt drive. During the operation of an automotive engine, a drive belt is typically used to power and operate various accessory devices. One of these accessory devices is typically an automotive alternator, which provides electrical power to the automobile. While several arrangements of drive belts are in use, the serpentine arrangement, which drives several accessory devices, is currently most favored. Serpentine arrangements typically include a drive pulley connected to the crankshaft of the engine (the "output device") and a drive belt trained about the drive pulley. The drive belt is also trained about one or more conventional driven pulleys, which are connected to the input shafts of various accessories devices (the "input device"). Most conventional driven pulleys are made from a one-piece design with no over-running capabilities. In other words, the conventional driven pulleys are rigidly mounted to the input shaft and are incapable of allowing relative rotational movement between any section of the driven pulley and the input shaft. As a result of the lack of any over-running capabilities and of the generation of significant inertia by the accessory, relative slippage between the drive belt and the driven pulley may occur if the drive belt suddenly decelerates relative to the input shaft. The relative slippage
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may cause an audible squeal, which is annoying from an auditory standpoint, and an undue wear on the drive belt, which is undesirable from a mechanical standpoint. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Pattern forming material and method of pattern formation Inventor(s): Endo, Masayuki; (Izumi-shi, JP), Fujigaya, Tsuyohiko; (Koshigaya-shi, JP), Kishimura, Shinji; (Chuo Itami-shi, JP), Sasago, Masaru; (Hirakata-shi, JP), Ueda, Mitsuru; (Koto-ku, JP) Correspondence: Mcdermott Will & Emery; 600 13th Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3096; US Patent Application Number: 20040043321 Date filed: April 29, 2003 Abstract: A pattern formation material of this invention contains a base polymer including a first unit represented by Chemical Formula 1 and a second unit represented by Chemical Formula 2 and, and an acid generator: 1wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.3 are the same or different and are a hydrogen atom, a chlorine atom, a fluorine atom, an alkyl group or an alkyl group including a fluorine atom; R.sub.2 is an atom or a group that is not released by an acid and is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a cyclic aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a heterocycle, an ester group and an ether group; R.sub.4 is a protecting group released by an acid; m is an integer of 0 through 5; and a and b satisfy 0
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Polymeric surfactants derived from cyclic monomers having pendant fluorinated carbon groups Inventor(s): Kausch, Charles M.; (Copley, OH), Kim, Yongsin; (Hudson, OH), Leising, Jane E.; (Medina, OH), Medsker, Robert E.; (Hartville, OH), Thomas, Richard R.; (Stow, OH), Weinert, Raymond J.; (Macedonia, OH), Woodland, Daniel D.; (Monroe Falls, OH) Correspondence: David G. Burleson; Omnova Solutions INC.; 175 Ghent Road; Fairlawn; OH; 44333-3300; US Patent Application Number: 20040048957 Date filed: September 5, 2003 Abstract: PURPOSE: To easily obtain the titled alcohol wherein one of both terminals is quantitatively capped, at a low cost, by polymerizing THF in the presence of an active hydrogen-containing compound using a Lewis acid and a cyclic ether as polymerization initiators.CONSTITUTION: A polyether monoalcohol is produced by polymerizing tetrahydrofuran in the presence of a compound containing one active hydrogen atom in one molecule using a Lewis acid and a 3-4-membered cyclic ether. The active hydrogencontaining compound is a compound having hydroxyl group, carboxyl group or thiol group, e.g. methanol, cyclohexanol, etc., and the ether is selected from epoxides or oxetanes. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/855,053 filed May 14, 2001, A FLUORINATED SHORT CARBON ATOM SIDECHAIN AND POLAR GROUP CONTAINING POLYMER, AND FLOW, OR LEVELING, OR WETTING AGENTS THEREOF, currently pending. One or more low carbon atom fluorocarbons of usually 7 carbon atoms or less are contained on a polymer generally having polar groups. The fluorocarbons generally exist as side chains with at least 25% of the hydrogen atoms being replaced by fluorine atoms. The polymer of the present invention is found unexpectedly to be an effective wetting, or flow, or leveling agent while producing little foam. U.S. Pat. No. 3,859,253 to Bourat et al. relates to polyoxetanes comprising a plurality of repeating units wherein the chain oxygen atoms of each recurring unit is attached to a chain methylene group of an adjacent recurring unit with, in addition, cross-linking via the other free valencies when the polymer contains repeating units. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Process and catalyst for production of formaldehyde from dimethyl ether Inventor(s): Iglesia, Enrique; (Moraga, CA), Liu, Haichao; (Albany, CA) Correspondence: Townsend And Townsend And Crew, Llp; Two Embarcadero Center; Eighth Floor; San Francisco; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20040044252 Date filed: February 20, 2003 Abstract: Dimethyl ether is converted to formaldehyde using a supported catalyst comprising molybdenum and/or vanadium oxides. The surface density of the oxide(s) ranges from greater than that for the isolated monomeric oxides upwards, so long as there is a substantial absence of bulk crystalline molybdenum and/or vanadium oxide(s). Conversion and selectivity to formaldehyde are improved as compared to data reported for known catalysts. Also disclosed is a supported catalyst comprising
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molybdenum and/or vanadium oxides wherein the support comprises one or more reducible metal oxides, preferably a layer or layers of one or more reducible metal oxides disposed on the surface of a particulate alumina or zirconia support. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 10/081,047 filed Feb. 20, 2002. This invention relates to a process for production of formaldehyde, and optionally also methyl formate as a co-product, by oxidation of dimethyl ether (DME), and to catalysts for use in the process, including catalysts that are novel per se. In addition, this invention relates to the use of such novel catalysts in other processes. Formaldehyde is widely used as an intermediate or basic building block in the commercial synthesis of many chemicals. Because of the existence of large reserves of methane worldwide it has been considered desirable for some time to develop processes to convert methane to more valuable chemicals. One such effort has been in the area of direct conversion of methane to formaldehyde via selective oxidation. However, this has not been particularly successful. Up to now, all such processes have resulted in low yields due to the tendency of the formaldehyde so produced being further oxidized to carbon oxides under the severe reaction conditions required for methane oxidation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Process for manufacturing an alpha-dihydroxy derivative and epoxy resins prepared therefrom Inventor(s): Boriak, Clinton J.; (Jones Creek, TX), Kalantar, Thomas H.; (Midland, MI), Liao, Zeng K.; (Lake Jackson, TX) Correspondence: The Dow Chemical Company; Intellectual Property Section; P. O. Box 1967; Midland; MI; 48641-1967; US Patent Application Number: 20040049004 Date filed: September 9, 2003 Abstract: A process for manufacturing an.alpha.-dihydroxy derivative from an aryl allyl ether wherein such.alpha.-dihydroxy derivative can be used to prepare an.alpha.halohydrin intermediate and an epoxy resin prepared therefrom including epoxidizing an.alpha.-halohydrin intermediate produced from a halide substitution of an.alpha.dihydroxy derivative which has been obtained by a dihydroxylation reaction of an aryl allyl ether in the presence of an oxidant or in the presence of an oxidant and a catalyst. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for manufacturing an.alpha.dihydroxy derivative from an aryl allyl ether and converting such.alpha.-dihydroxy derivative to an epoxy resin. The.alpha.-dihydroxy derivative may optionally be used to produce an.alpha.-halohydrin intermediate which, in turn, is used to make an epoxy resin. For example, the process of the present invention is useful for manufacturing a bisphenol A (bis A) epoxy resin. In a well-known industrial process for producing epoxy resins on a large commercial scale, in a first step, an.alpha.-halohydrin, as a reactive intermediate, is made by reacting an active hydrogen-containing compound such as an alcohol, a phenol, a carboxylic acid or an amine with an epoxide-containing epihalohydrin, such as epichlorohydrin (ECH) or epibromohydrin. In this first step, the epoxide moiety of the epihalohydrin is consumed in the formation of the.alpha.halohydrin moiety. Then, in a second step, the.alpha.-halohydrin moiety is converted back into an epoxide moiety of a glycidyl ether, glycidyl ester, or glycidyl amine under basic reaction conditions. The above two-step process of coupling bis A and ECH by reaction at the epoxide ring followed by epoxide ring-forming dehydrochlorination has
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also been combined into a single-step reaction, wherein the bis(.alpha.-chlorohydrin) intermediate of bis A is generated in situ and converted into an epoxy simultaneously. Such a single-step process for making bis A epoxy resin is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,499,255; 4,778,863; and 5,028,686. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
PROCESS FOR POLYMERIZATION, POLYMER
PRODUCING CATALYST FOR AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING
ALPHA-OLEFIN ALPHA-OLEFIN
Inventor(s): Kaminaga, Yasunori; (Sodegaura-shi, JP), Mori, Jiro; (Sodegaura-shi, JP), Tanaka, Tomoaki; (Ichihara-shi, JP) Correspondence: Sughrue Mion, Pllc; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20037; US Patent Application Number: 20040030067 Date filed: March 26, 2003 Abstract: There are provided (I) a process for producing a catalyst for.alpha.-olefin polymerization, which comprises the steps of:(1) reducing a specific titanium compound with an organomagnesium compound in the presence of an organosilicon compound having an Si--O bond to produce a reduction solid,(2) aging the reduction solid for at least 18 hours in an inert solvent under stirring intermittently to produce a solid product.(3) contacting the solid product with an ether compound, titanium tetrachloride and an organic acid halide compound, and then heating a resultant mixture to produce an organic acid halide-treated solid,(4) contacting the organic acid halide-treated solid with a mixture of an ether compound, titanium tetrachloride and an ester compound, or with a mixture of an ether compound and titanium tetrachloride, and then heating a resultant mixture to produce a solid catalyst component containing a titanium compound, and(5) contacting the solid catalyst component with an aluminum compound and an electron donor compound to produce a catalyst for.alpha.-olefin polymerization; and (II) a process for producing an.alpha.-olefin polymer, which comprises the step of homopolymerizing an.alpha.-olefin, or copolymerizing at least one kind of an.alpha.-olefin and ethylene in the presence of a catalyst produced by the above-mentioned process. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for producing a catalyst for.alpha.olefin polymerization, and a process for producing an.alpha.-olefin polymer. In more detail, the present invention relates to (1) a process for producing a highly stereoregular.alpha.-olefin polymer, which has (i) a high bulk density, (ii) an extremely low content of a catalyst residue and an amorphous polymer, and (iii) an excellent mechanical property and processability, and (2) a process for producing a catalyst for.alpha.-olefin polymerization, which can produce said polymer. (ii) contacting the eutectic crystal compound with an organoaluminum compound and an organosilicon compound (electron donor compound); and (2) a process for producing an.alpha.-olefin polymer using said catalyst (for example, JP 3-43283-B and JP 1-319508-A). There is proposed a reduction step, wherein the above-mentioned reduction step is carried out in the presence of an ester compound in addition to the organosilicon compound. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Process for producing dimethyl ether Inventor(s): Shoji, Kazuo; (Chiba, JP), Terai, Satoshi; (Chiba, JP) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 2040 Main Street; Fourteenth Floor; Irvine; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20040034255 Date filed: August 18, 2003 Abstract: A process for producing dimethyl ether, which includes dehydrating methanol in vapor phase in the presence of an activated alumina catalyst having an average pore radius of 2.5 nm to 8.0 nm both inclusive and having a sodium oxide content of 0.07 wt % or less. This invention provides a process for producing DME with an improved conversion ratio using a highly active DME-production catalyst. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for producing dimethyl ether from methyl alcohol (methanol). In particular, this invention relates to a process for producing dimethyl ether by vapor-phase dehydration of methanol in the presence of a catalyst. Dimethyl ether (DME) has been used as a propellant for spraying, and has recently attract attention as an alternative fuel to LPG or diesel oil, which does not generate particulate matters. It can be produced by, for example, direct synthesis from a synthesis gas prepared by reforming hydrocarbon materials such as methane, or dehydration of methanol. Among these, a process for producing DME by dehydration of methanol and a catalyst used therefor have been disclosed in the references described below. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Process for producing fluoropolymers Inventor(s): Fukagawa, Ryoichi; (Osaka, JP), Tanizawa, Daisuke; (Osaka, JP), Tano, Keisuke; (Osaka, JP), Tsuda, Nobuhiko; (Osaka, JP) Correspondence: Sughrue Mion, Pllc; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20037; US Patent Application Number: 20040030074 Date filed: June 20, 2003 Abstract: There is provided the process for effectively preparing the fluorine-containing polymer without using CFC and HCFC which have a high polymerization rate and a high ozone depletion potential and a coating film having excellent mechanical properties, solvent resistance and chemical resistance can be formed using the obtained fluorine-containing polymer. In preparing the fluorine-containing polymer by polymerizing a monomer containing a fluoroolefin in a polymerization medium, the fluorine-containing solvent having an ozone depletion potential of 0 and a solubility of hydroxybutyl vinyl ether of not less than 0.5% is used as the polymerization medium. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for preparing a fluorine-containing polymer, particularly a process for effectively preparing a fluorine-containing polymer by using a polymerization medium hardly causing environmental disruption, in which the polymer has less change in a proportion of components thereof and can form a coating film having an excellent impact resistance and a good appearance. Fluorinecontaining polymers are high molecular weight materials having excellent heat resistance, solvent resistance, weather resistance, chemical resistance, etc., and in recent years have been used for various applications making the best use of such
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characteristics. As a method of preparing fluorine-containing polymers, there are known methods such as a solution polymerization method, suspension polymerization method and emulsion polymerization method. With respect to a polymerization medium for the solution polymerization and suspension polymerization, inactive solvents such as chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) have been usually used from the point of providing a high molecular weight copolymer and from the viewpoint of a polymerization rate. Examples of CFC are CCl.sub.2FCClF.sub.2(CFC113), CClF.sub.2CClF.sub.2(CFC114) and the like, and examples of HCFC are CH.sub.3FCCl.sub.2F (HCHC141b), CH.sub.3FCClF.sub.2 (HCFC142b) and the like. From the viewpoint of easiness of handling, CFC have been mainly used. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Process for recovering cellulose ethers from aqueous solutions via enhanced shear ultrafiltration Inventor(s): Kostas, John N.; (Wilmington, DE) Correspondence: Hercules Incorported; 1313 N. Market Street; Wilmington; DE; 198940001; US Patent Application Number: 20040030122 Date filed: August 11, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to a process for recovering cellulose ethers from aqueous solutions, particularly from the washing media obtained in the purification of crude cellulose ethers. The process comprises the following steps:(a) passing the aqueous solution through an ultrafiltration membrane apparatus creating enhanced shear at the surface of the ultrafiltration membrane at a temperature below the flocculation temperature of the cellulose ether;(b) diluting the retentate obtained in step (a) with a solvent in a volume ratio of solvent to retentate in the range of 1:1 to 40:1; and(c) passing the diluted retentate obtained in step (b) through an ultrafiltration membrane apparatus creating enhanced shear at the surface of the ultrafiltration membrane at a temperature below the flocculation temperature of the cellulose ether.The process of the invention provides a good retention of cellulose ether at high membrane fluxes. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for recovering cellulose ethers from aqueous solutions, particularly from the washing media obtained in the purification of crude cellulose ethers. Water soluble cellulose ethers are used in many industrial applications, as for example, water retention aids, thickening agents, protective colloids, suspending agents, binders, and stabilizers. Cellulose ethers are generally prepared by the heterogeneous reaction of purified cellulose with an alkali hydroxide, typically sodium hydroxide, and at least one etherifying agent. Etherifying agents may include alkyl halides, ethylene, propylene or butylene oxides, and monochloro-carboxylic acids (see Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, 2.sup.nd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 224-269, in particular pp. 229-231). The alkali hydroxide is typically introduced in water, while the etherifying agents are usually introduced in an inert organic solvent. The crude cellulose ether product is then filtered from the reaction mixture using conventional filtration techniques and can either then be dried and ground to prepare a technical grade product, or more typically, further purified through the separation of the cellulose ether from the byproducts of the etherification reaction. These byproducts can include inorganic salts, such as sodium chloride, and the hydrolysis products of the etherifying agents, for example ethylene or propylene glycols. The separation of the cellulose ether product from the byproducts is usually accomplished by the washing of the crude
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cellulose ether product with water, although in some cases a mixture of water and a suitable alcohol, such as methanol, ethanol or isopropanol may be used. Cellulose ethers that are not soluble in cold water, such as ethyl cellulose, can be easily purified by washing with cold water. Cellulose ethers that are not soluble in hot water but soluble in cold water, such as methyl, methylhydroxyethyl, methylhydroxypropyl, or hydroxypropyl cellulose, can be separated from the reaction byproducts by washing with hot water or steam at a temperature above the gel or flocculation temperature (the temperature above which the cellulose ether precipitates out of solution). Cellulose ethers that are soluble in hot and cold water, such as carboxymethyl or hydroxyethyl cellulose, can be separated from the reaction byproducts by extraction of the byproducts with an aqueous alcohol mixture, in which the reaction byproducts are soluble and the cellulose ether is insoluble. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Process of producing liquid hydrocarbon oil or dimethyl ether from lower hydrocarbon gas containing carbon dioxide Inventor(s): Kawazuishi, Kenichi; (Yokohama-shi, JP), Shimura, Mitsunori; (Yokohamashi, JP), Shiroto, Yoshimi; (Yokohama-shi, JP), Tauchi, Masato; (Fujisawa-shi, JP) Correspondence: Lorusso, Loud & Kelly; 3137 MT. Vernon Avenue; Alexandria; VA; 22305; US Patent Application Number: 20040048936 Date filed: August 28, 2003 Abstract: A process for the production of a liquid hydrocarbon oil from a gas feed containing a lower hydrocarbon and CO.sub.2, wherein the gas feed is mixed with H.sub.2O to obtain a mixed gas having specific CO.sub.2, H.sub.2O and lower hydrocarbon contents. The mixed gas is contacted with a Rh, Ru/MgO catalyst having a specific surface area of 5 m.sup.2/g or less to produce a synthesis gas with a carbon conversion efficiency Cf of at least 50%. The thus obtained synthesis gas having a H.sub.2/CO molar ratio of 1.5-2.5 is reacted in the presence of a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst to obtain a liquid hydrocarbon oil, while the synthesis gas having a H.sub.2/CO molar ratio of 0.5-1.5 is reacted in the presence of one or more catalysts having methanol synthesizing, dehydrating and CO shift reaction activities to obtain dimethyl ether. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the production of a liquid hydrocarbon oil or dimethyl ether from a lower hydrocarbon gas containing carbon dioxide. It is well known to convert a lower hydrocarbon gas (HC gas) to a synthesis gas containing CO (carbon monoxide) and H.sub.2 (hydrogen) by reforming reaction thereof with H.sub.2O (steam or water) in the presence of CO.sub.2 (carbon dioxide). It is also known to produce a liquid hydrocarbon oil (HC oil) having 5 or more carbon atoms suitable for use as a fuel oil by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FT synthesis) from the synthesis gas and to produce dimethyl ether from the synthesis gas. U.S. Pat. No. 4,640,766 discloses reforming in the presence of a Ni catalyst. This process has a problem of carbon deposition on the catalyst, which causes catalytic poisoning. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Release agent for silicone rubber molding molds and molding method Inventor(s): Azechi, Syuuichi; (Gunma-ken, JP), Kusama, Makoto; (Tokyo, JP), Meguriya, Noriyuki; (Gunma-ken, JP), Yamakawa, Naoki; (Gunma-ken, JP) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20040039111 Date filed: August 26, 2003 Abstract: A release agent comprising a perfluoroalkyl ether silazane polymer or a perfluoroalkyl or perfluoroalkyl ether silazane/alkylsilazane copolymer and an organic solvent is suitable for use in molds for silicone base rubber molding. The agent offers effective, long-lasting release properties and ease of molding. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a release agent for use in molds for silicone base rubber molding, and a method of molding silicone base rubber parts using the same. More particularly, it relates to a release agent which exhibits effective, long-lasting release properties in the molding of silicone base rubber, and a method of molding silicone base rubber parts using the same. In molding plastic and rubber materials in molds, release agents are often applied to the internal surface of molds in order to facilitate removal of molded parts from the molds. Typical release agents include metallic soap solutions, silicone-based release agents, tetrafluoroethylene resins and the like. Although metallic soaps, silicone oil and silicone grease exhibit good release properties, these release agents migrate to molded parts. As a result, the surface of molded parts becomes repellent, losing their abilities of uniform coating and subsequent fabrication. The lack of retention requires that the release agent be applied every several shots. On the other hand, the tetrafluoroethylene resins are satisfactory in the retention of release properties and the readiness of molded parts for subsequent fabrication. However, the step of forming a tetrafluoroethylene coating on the mold surface involves high-temperature baking and requires a skill. The use of tetrafluoroethylene resins is thus inadequate as the general mold release treatment. A number of film-forming silicones are known as disclosed in JP-B 63-060071, JP-B 3-11248 and JP-B 2-9069, all corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 4,678,688. Cured films of these silicones exhibit insufficient release properties, especially when silicone rubber of the heat-cure type is molded at 180-200.degree. C. and removed. Polymers of perfluoroalkyl silazanes are also known as disclosed in JP-A 2-49082 corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 4,678,688. Polysilazane films also have unsatisfactory release effects and lack durability because they become hard and brittle. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Sealants and potting formulations including mercapto-terminated polymers produced by the reaction of a polythiol and polyvinyl ether monomer Inventor(s): DeMoss, Susan E.; (Van Nuys, CA), Jordan, David W.; (Northridge, CA), Rao, Chandra B.; (Valencia, CA), Sharaby, Ahmed; (Canyon Country, CA), Singh, Hakam; (Bradbury, CA), Zook, Jonathan D.; (Santa Clarita, CA) Correspondence: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner; Llp; 1300 I Street, NW; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20040039121 Date filed: August 19, 2003
Patents 229
Abstract: Sealant and potting formulations are provided which are prepared from components including ungelled mercapto-terminated polymer(s) prepared by reacting reactants comprising polyvinyl ether monomer(s) and polythiol material(s); curing agent(s) reactive with a mercapto group of the mercapto-terminated polymer; and additive(s) selected from the group consisting of fillers, adhesion promoters, plasticizers and catalysts. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/928,972 filed Sep. 12, 1997, which is a continuation-in-part of now U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,319. Also, this application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/318,500 filed May 25, 1999, which is a division of now U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,319. This application also claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/182,396 filed Feb. 14, 2000 and U.S. provisional application No. 60/215,548 filed Jun. 30, 2000. The present invention relates to a sealant or potting formulation prepared from a mercapto-terminated polymer produced by the reaction of polythiol(s) and polyvinyl ether monomer(s), the formulation having good low temperature flexibility and fuel resistance. Commercially available polymeric materials which have sufficient sulfur content to exhibit desirable sealing and fuel resistance properties for aerospace sealants and electrical potting compounds are the polysulfide polyformal polymers described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 2,466,963, and the alkyl side chain containing polythioether polyether polymers described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,366,307 to Singh et al. Materials useful in this context also have the desirable properties of low temperature flexibility characterized by a low glass transition temperature (T.sub.g) and liquidity at room temperature. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Separation-material composition for photo-resist and manufacturing method of semiconductor device Inventor(s): Aoyama, Tetsuo; (Kanagawa, JP), Asada, Kazumi; (Kanagawa, JP), Hiraga, Toshitaka; (Kanagawa, JP), Iwamoto, Hayato; (Kanagawa, JP), Muramatsu, Masafumi; (Kanagawa, JP), Suzuki, Tomoko; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: Rader Fishman & Grauer Pllc; Lion Building; 1233 20th Street N.W., Suite 501; Washington; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20040038154 Date filed: August 14, 2003 Abstract: One example of a separation-material composition for a photo-resist according to the present invention comprises 5.0 weight % of sulfamic acid, 34.7 weight % of H.sub.2O, 0.3 weight % of ammonium 1-hydrogen difluoride, 30 weight % of N,Ndimethylacetamide and 30 weight % of diethylene glycol mono-n-buthyl ether. Another example of a separation-material composition for a photo-resist according to the present invention comprises 1-hydroxyethylidene-1, 3.0 weight % of 1-diphosphonic acid, 0.12 weight % of anmonium fluoride, 48.38 weight % of H.sub.2O and 48.5 weight % of diethylene glycol mono-n-buthl ether.The separation-material composition for the photo-resist is mainly used for a medicinal liquid washing liquid/scientific liquid in order to remove the photo-resist residuals and the by-product polymer after an ashing process of a photo-resist mask.It can propose a separation-material composition for a photo-resist such that the photo-resist residuals and the by-product polymer are easily removed after a dry etching process and at the same time the low dielectric-constant insulation film is avoided from erosion and oxidization.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a separation-material composition for a photo-resist and a manufacturing method of a semiconductor device, and more particularly to a separation-material composition for a photo-resist which is used for separating and removing a remaining photo-resist film, photo-resist residuals and residuals of the by-product polymer after an insulation film is processed with a dryetching when, for example, a metal wiring is formed on a semiconductor substrate and further to a manufacturing method of a semiconductor device using the separationmaterial composition for the photo-resist. The present invention relates especially to a separation-material composition for a photo-resist used when forming a wiring structure of a semiconductor device consisting of a copper wiring and a low dielectricconstant interlayer insulation film, and additionally to a manufacturing method of a semiconductor device using such a separation-material composition for a photo-resist. In recent years, a wiring-working dimension has become minutely smaller and smaller owing to a higher integration of a semiconductor device and at the same time the trend of a multi-layer constitution of the wiring has been progressed. Additionally, there has been a demand for a lower power supply, a high speed operation and the like together with a higher integration. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Shaving composition Inventor(s): Bhatt, Darshna; (Schaumberg, IL), Goldberg, Jessica Weiss; (Fairfield, CT), Massaro, Michael; (Congers, NY) Correspondence: Unilever; Patent Department; 45 River Road; Edgewater; NJ; 07020; US Patent Application Number: 20040047830 Date filed: April 16, 2003 Abstract: A shaving cream composition and method is provided wherein the cream composition is packaged in an aerosol dispenser and includes a propellant system of dimethyl ether and hydrocarbon, an anionic surfactant, a fatty alcohol and a hydrophobic emollient. Total weight ratio of all hydrophobic emollients to all anionic surfactants ranges from about 50:1 to greater than about 1:1. An improved shaving experience is achieved through use of the dimethyl ether/hydrocarbon propellant, fatty alcohol and high level of hydrophobic emollient. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to shaving compositions delivered as aerosols exhibiting enhanced foaming qualities. Shaving is an inherently abrasive treatment of the skin. Cosmetic foams have been created to lubricate the cutting process. Lubrication markedly reduces the trauma induced by a razor. Emollient ingredients of shaving creams are substantial contributors to reduction of irritation caused by the razor action. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Stereoselective synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted cycloalkyls Inventor(s): Farhan, Emile; (Dedham, MA), Jurayj, Jurjus F.; (Acton, MA), Sharma, Pradeep K.; (Westford, MA) Correspondence: Hamilton, Brook, Smith & Reynolds, P.C.; 530 Virginia Road; P.O. Box 9133; Concord; MA; 01742-9133; US Patent Application Number: 20040049049 Date filed: June 10, 2003 Abstract: A stereoselectively method of preparing a 1,2-disubstituted cycloalkyl, such as aminocycloalkyl ether compounds, from a trans-1,2-disubstituted cycloalkyl or a cis-2substituted cycloalkanol. For example, a stereoselective method of preparing 1R-(3Rhydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-2R-(2-- phenylethoxy)-cyclohexane from 1R,2R-cyclohexanediol or from meso-cis-1,2-cyclohexanediol is described. Aminocycloalkyl ethers, such as 1R(3R-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-2R-(2-phenylethoxy)-cyclohexane, can be used to treat cardiac disease. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional No. 60/389,418, filed Jun. 14, 2002. The entire teaching of the above application is incorporated herein by reference. Conservative estimates indicate that, in the U.S. alone, approximately 300,000 individuals per year suffer heart attacks. Approximately half of these die from sudden cardiac death, the major cause of which is ventricular fibrillation, a type of cardiac arrhythmia. 1,2-Disubstituted cycloalkyls, such as the aminocycloalkyl ether compounds disclosed in WO 99/50225 and WO 00/47547, have been shown to be effective in treating cardiac disease, such as cardiac arrhythmias. However, the methods of synthesizing aminocycloalkyl ethers provided in WO 99/50225 and WO 00/47547 lead to a mixture of stereoisomers. It is often desirable to obtain a stereochemically pure form of a pharmaceutically active compound because pharmaceuticals which interact with a specific target are often more potent and/or have less deleterious side effects when they are administered in their stereochemically pure form. Separation of stereoisomers after synthesis is often difficult, if not impossible. In addition, separation of isomers leads to waste since a portion of the product has the wrong stereochemistry and must be discarded. Therefore, a need exists for a method to form stereochemically pure 1,2-disubstituted cycloalkyls that overcome or minimize the problems discussed above. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Thermoplastic elastomer comprising poly(trimethylene-ethylene ether) soft segment and polyamide hard segment Inventor(s): Sunkara, Hari Babu; (Hockessin, DE) Correspondence: E I DU Pont DE Nemours And Company; Legal Patent Records Center; Barley Mill Plaza 25/1128; 4417 Lancaster Pike; Wilmington; DE; 19805; US Patent Application Number: 20040030089 Date filed: July 17, 2003 Abstract: A poly(trimethylene-ethylene ether) amide comprises a soft segment from poly(trimethylene-ethylene ether) glycol and a polyamide hard segment, preferably joined by ester linkages. The poly(trimethylene-ethylene ether) ester amides in
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accordance with the invention are particularly useful as shaped articles. The shaped articles are, preferably, prepared from fibers, fabrics or films. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to polyether amide block copolymers comprising poly(trimethylene-ethylene ether) ester soft segment and polyamide hard segment, their manufacture and use. Polytrimethylene ether glycol ("PO3G") and its use have been described in a number of patents and patent applications. PO3G can be prepared by dehydration of 1,3-propanediol or by ring opening polymerization of oxetane. PO3G can be prepared from 1,3-propanediol, preferably as described in U.S. Published Patent Application Nos. 2002/7043 A1 and 2002/10374 A1, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2002/7043 A1 teaches that the reaction mixture can comprise up to 50 mole %, preferably 1 to 20 mole %, based on all diols present, of a comonomer diol other than oligomers of 1,3-propanediol. Listed are 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,2-diethyl-1,3propanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1,12-dodecanediol and mixtures thereof. More preferred as comonomers are 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,2dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, and 2,2-diethyl-1,3-propanediol. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Use of compounds containing a thio-ether, sulphoxide or sulphone function as cosmetic anti-pollution agent Inventor(s): Catroux, Philippe; (Nogent-sur-Marne, FR), Cotovio, Jose; (Danmartin-enGoele, FR), Maignan, Jean; (Tremblay-en-France, FR) Correspondence: D Douglas Price; Steptoe & Johnson; 1330 Connecticut Avenue NW; Washington; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20040037856 Date filed: August 28, 2003 Abstract: The invention concerns the use for topical application of compounds containing a thio-ether, sulphoxide or sulphone function as cosmetic anti-pollution agent and a cosmetic treatment method to obtain protection of the organism against pollution effects. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates essentially to a novel use of compounds containing a thioether, sulfoxide or sulfone function, as antipollution cosmetic agents. Urban environments are regularly subjected to peaks of pollution. The atmospheric pollutants that are widely represented by the primary and secondary products of combustion represent a major source of environmental oxidative stress. Urban pollution is composed of various types of chemical products, xenobiotics and particles. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Water soluble copolymers prepared using phosphorus containing chain transfer agents Inventor(s): Carey, William S.; (Wallingford, PA), Solov, Natalie A.; (Holland, PA) Correspondence: Wegman, Hessler & Vanderburg; 6055 Rockside Woods Boulevard; Suite 200; Cleveland; OH; 44131; US Patent Application Number: 20040039144 Date filed: August 22, 2003 Abstract: Processes for making acrylic acid/allyl ether copolymers are provided wherein hypo phosphorous acid and its salts are used as chain transfer agents during the polymerization process. The hypo phosphorous acid feed time is regulated in comparison to the feed time of the acrylic acid feed at a duration of about 0-75% hypo phosphorous acid feed:total acrylic acid feed time. Phosphorus containing copolymers made by the processes are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation in part application of Ser. No. 09/878,646 filed Jun. 11, 2001, which, in turn, is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 09/808,679 filed Mar. 15, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,444,747 issued Sep. 3, 2002. The present invention relates to a process for the efficient use of hypophosphorous acid or its salts in the preparation copolymers of acrylic acid with allyloxy monomers comprising employing a staggered feed of the hypophosphorous acid relative to the acrylic acid during the polymerization into a reactor containing the allyloxy monomer. The resulting novel acrylic acid copolymers are useful as deposit control and corrosion inhibition agents in water treatment, pulp and paper manufacturing processes, in pretreating of metals; as rheology modifiers for concrete and cement additives; as cleaning agents for membranes; and as hydrophilic modifier components in personal care, cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations. These novel polymeric compositions comprise watersoluble or water dispersible copolymers of ethylenically unsaturated monomers with hydroxyl, sulfate, phosphate, phosphite or carboxylic terminated polyalkylene oxide allyl ethers. The problems of corrosion and scale formation and the attendant effects have troubled water systems for years. For instance, scale tends to accumulate on internal walls of various water systems, such as boiler and cooling systems, and thereby materially lessen the operational efficiency of the system. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Water-based acrylic emulsion dispersants utilized as grind resins for pigments and method of preparing the same Inventor(s): Harris, Paul J.; (West Bloomfield, MI), Lanza, JoAnn; (Southfield, MI), Ramesh, Swaminathan; (Canton, MI) Correspondence: Basf Corporation; Anne Gerry Sabourin; 26701 Telegraph Road; Southfield; MI; 48034-2442; US Patent Application Number: 20040048959 Date filed: July 15, 2003 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a water-based acrylic emulsion dispersant to be used as a grind resin to incorporate inorganic pigment into a pigment dispersion for a coating composition. The acrylic emulsion dispersant is the reaction product of butyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, styrene, methyl ether polyethylene glycol
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methacrylate, polyethylene glycol methacrylate, and polyphosphoric acid. The present invention is also directed to a method of preparing the acrylic emulsion dispersant. In this method, the butyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and styrene are combined with water to establish a first reaction blend. Similarly, the methyl ether polyethylene glycol methacrylate and the polyethylene glycol methacrylate are combined with water to establish a second reaction blend. Next, the first and second reaction blends are polymerized to form an intermediate emulsion polymer containing a hydroxyl group from the functionality of the polyethylene glycol methacrylate. Finally, the hydroxyl group from the polyethylene glycol methacrylate is reacted with polyphosphoric acid to form the acrylic emulsion dispersant which is utilized for efficient wetting and grinding of the pigment. Excerpt(s): The present application is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/747,472, filed on Dec. 22, 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference. The subject invention generally relates to a pigment dispersion utilized in aqueous coating compositions. More specifically, the subject invention relates to water-based acrylic emulsion dispersants for an inorganic pigment and a method of preparing the acrylic emulsion dispersant. Aqueous coating compositions typically include a primary binder resin, a crosslinker, a pigment or pigments to improve the aesthetics of the coating composition, and other coating additives such as solvents, flow and appearance control agents, light-stabilizing additives, fillers such as extender pigment, and the like. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with ether, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “ether” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on ether. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning ether. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ETHER Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to ether. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on ether include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “ether” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “ether” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “ether” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
A dual ether universe : introducing a new unified field theory by Leonid Sokolow; ISBN: 068248721X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/068248721X/icongroupinterna
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A molecular orbital study on the interaction between BF b3 s and the compounds dimethyl ether and perfluorodimethyl ether (SuDoc NAS 1.15:107174) by Wilfredo Morales; ISBN: B00010X16O; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010X16O/icongroupinterna
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A narrative of events connected with the introduction of sulphuric ether into surgical use by Richard Manning Hodges; ISBN: 0878211772; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878211772/icongroupinterna
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A plan for assessing the occurrence and distribution of methyl tert-butyl ether and other volatile organic compounds in drinking water and ambient ground water in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States (SuDoc I 19.76:99-207) by
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Stephen J. Grady; ISBN: B000113ODS; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000113ODS/icongroupinterna •
Acidic attack of perfluorinated alkyl ether lubricant molecules by metal oxide surfaces (SuDoc NAS 1.15:101962) by Michael J. Zehe; ISBN: B000107EVC; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000107EVC/icongroupinterna
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Adrift in the Ether by Christopher Williams; ISBN: 189985505X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/189985505X/icongroupinterna
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Alcohols and Ethers: A Technical Assessment of Their Application As Fuels and Fuel Components; ISBN: 999819198X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/999819198X/icongroupinterna
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Aliphatic Compounds Part B: Monohydric Alcohols, Their Ethers and Esters; Sulphur Analogues; Nitrogen Derivatives; Organometallic Compounds (Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds. 2nd Edition) by S. Coffey (Editor); ISBN: 0444401326; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444401326/icongroupinterna
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Biologically Active Ether Lipids by P. Braquet, et al; ISBN: 3805546696; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805546696/icongroupinterna
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Bioremediation of Mtbe, Alcohols, and Ethers: The Sixth International in Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium: San Diego, California, June 4-7, 2001 by International in Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium 2001 San D, et al; ISBN: 1574771116; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1574771116/icongroupinterna
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Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether (BUA Reports); ISBN: 3527285156; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527285156/icongroupinterna
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Bis(chloromethyl) ether and chloromethyl methylk ether; ISBN: 0662203771; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0662203771/icongroupinterna
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Bis(chloromethyl)ether (TR) by J.I. Delic, S. Fairhurst; ISBN: 0118855247; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0118855247/icongroupinterna
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Brominated Diphenyl Ethers (Environmental Health Criteria , No 162); ISBN: 9241571624; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241571624/icongroupinterna
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Cation Binding by Macrocycles: Complexation of Cationic Species by Crown Ethers by Yoshihisa Inoue, George W. Gokel (Editor); ISBN: 0824781872; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824781872/icongroupinterna
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Chemical Synthesis of Ether Lipids (Soviet Scientific Reviews Series, Section B) by G.A. Serebrennikova, et al; ISBN: 3718649004; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3718649004/icongroupinterna
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Chemistry of Ethers, Crown Ethers, Hydroxyl Groups and Their Sulphur Analogues by Saul E. Patai (Editor); ISBN: 0471277711; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471277711/icongroupinterna
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Coming Out of the Ether by Daryn Brown; ISBN: 0738837458; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0738837458/icongroupinterna
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Comparative immunosuppression of various glycol ethers orally administered to Fischer 344 rats (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/J-92/230) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010K3CY; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010K3CY/icongroupinterna
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Conceptions of Ether : Studies in the History of Ether Theories, 1740-1900 by G. N. Cantor (Editor), Michael Jonathan Sessions Hodge (Editor); ISBN: 0521224306; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521224306/icongroupinterna
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Contes d'un buveur d'ether by Jean Lorrain (Author); ISBN: 2842057112; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2842057112/icongroupinterna
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Crown Ethers and Analogous Compounds (Studies in Organic Chemistry, Vol 45) by Michio Hiraoka (Editor); ISBN: 0444881913; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444881913/icongroupinterna
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Crown Ethers and Analogs: Updates from the Chemistry of the Functional Groups by Edwin Weber, et al; ISBN: 0471917079; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471917079/icongroupinterna
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Crown Ethers and Cryptands (Monographs in Supramolecular Chemistry) by G.W. Gokel; ISBN: 0851867049; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851867049/icongroupinterna
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Crown Ethers and Phase Transfer Catalysis in Polymer Science by International Symposium on Crown Ethers and Phase Transfer Catalysis I, et al; ISBN: 0306414627; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306414627/icongroupinterna
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De strijd om de ether : christelijke partijen en de inrichting van het radio- en televisiebestel; ISBN: 901208539X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/901208539X/icongroupinterna
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Degradation of perfluorinated ether lubricants on pure aluminum surfaces semiempirical quantum chemical modeling (SuDoc NAS 1.60:3670) by NASA; ISBN: B00010XD76; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010XD76/icongroupinterna
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Densities of Esters and Ethers: Thermodynamic Properties of Organic Compounds and Their Mixtures (Landolt-Bornstein) by K. R. Hall (Editor), et al; ISBN: 354041035X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/354041035X/icongroupinterna
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Determination of the oxidative stability of perfluoropolyalkyl ethers and correlation with chemical structure (SuDoc NAS 1.15:106223) by Larry S. Helmick; ISBN: B00010JJ9W; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010JJ9W/icongroupinterna
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Determination of the thermal stability of perfluoropolyalkyl ethers by tensimetry (SuDoc NAS 1.15:106081) by Larry A. Helmick; ISBN: B00010IN7G; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010IN7G/icongroupinterna
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Developed Quantitative Methods for the Ether's Effect on Particles & Waves by Jose A. Friere; ISBN: 1552373533; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1552373533/icongroupinterna
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Diethyl Ether (Bua Report, No 49, September, 1990) by The Gdch-Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Rel; ISBN: 1560811773; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560811773/icongroupinterna
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Ditolyl Ether (BUA Reports); ISBN: 3527285237; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527285237/icongroupinterna
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Einstein and the Ether by Ludwik Kostro; ISBN: 0968368948; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0968368948/icongroupinterna
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Environmental behavior and fate of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (SuDoc I 19.127:203-96) by U.S. Geological Survey; ISBN: B00010SH9U; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010SH9U/icongroupinterna
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Espionage in the Ether by William Rees; ISBN: 1900604116; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1900604116/icongroupinterna
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Etchings in the Ether by Christopher John Mumford; ISBN: 1552124223; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1552124223/icongroupinterna
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Ether and me; or "Just relax." by Will Rogers (Author); ISBN: B00005VTRB; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005VTRB/icongroupinterna
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Ether and Reality by Sir Oliver Lodge; ISBN: 076617865X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/076617865X/icongroupinterna
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Ether Day : The Strange Tale of America's Greatest Medical Discovery and the Haunted Men Who Made It by J.M. Fenster (Author); ISBN: 0060933178; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060933178/icongroupinterna
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Ether Dome and Other Poems: New and Selected (1979-1991) by Allen Grossman; ISBN: 0811211770; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0811211770/icongroupinterna
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Ether Lipids: Biochemical and Biomedical Aspects by H.K. and Paltauf, F. Mangold (Editor); ISBN: 0124687806; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0124687806/icongroupinterna
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Ether lipids: chemistry and biology by Fred Snyder; ISBN: 0126541507; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0126541507/icongroupinterna
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Ether Ore (Ben Bova's Discoveries) by H. C. Turk; ISBN: 0812556356; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812556356/icongroupinterna
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Ether, God & Devil & Cosmic Superimposition by Wilhelm Reich (Author), Therese Pol (Translator); ISBN: 0374509913; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0374509913/icongroupinterna
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Ether-Technology: A Rational Approach to Gravity Control by Rho Sigma, Edgar Mitchell; ISBN: 0932813348; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0932813348/icongroupinterna
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Evaluation of Cellulose Ethers for Conservation (Research in Conservation and Technical Report Series-Getty Conservation insTitute, No 3) by M. Wilt, R. L. Feller (Contributor); ISBN: 0892360992; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892360992/icongroupinterna
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Experimental and calculational studies of the interactions of BF b3 s with fluoroethers (SuDoc NAS 1.15:207425) by David W. Ball; ISBN: B00010Z310; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010Z310/icongroupinterna
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Federal Reformulated Fuels Act of 2001 : report of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate to accompany S. 950 together with minority views, (SuDoc Y 1.1/5:107-131) by U.S. Congressional Budget Office; ISBN: B000115WH4; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000115WH4/icongroupinterna
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Flames & Ether by F. Donnelly; ISBN: 0868614424; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0868614424/icongroupinterna
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From the Ether by Robert Metcalfe; ISBN: 1568848854; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568848854/icongroupinterna
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Glycol Ether and Glycol Acetate Vapours in Air: Laboratory Method Using Tenax Sorbent Tubes, Thermal Desorption and Gas Chromatography (Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances); ISBN: 0118859234; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0118859234/icongroupinterna
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Glycol Ethers (TR) by H.P.A. Illing, J.J.B. Tinkler; ISBN: 0118838075; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0118838075/icongroupinterna
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Granite and ether : a chronicle of New Hampshire broadcasting / Edward W. Brouder, Jr by Edward W. Brouder; ISBN: 0963846809; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963846809/icongroupinterna
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Health risks associated with exposure to gasoline additives, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) : hearing before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, special hearing (SuDoc Y 4.AP 6/2:S.HRG.103-89); ISBN: 016041041X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/016041041X/icongroupinterna
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Imide/arylene ether copolymers patent application (SuDoc NAS 1.71:LAR-14159-1CU) by Brian J. Jensen; ISBN: B00010KDUG; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010KDUG/icongroupinterna
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Laboratory method for analysis of small concentrations of methyl tert-butyl ether and other ether gasoline oxygenates in water (SuDoc I 19.127:086-98) by U.S. Geological Survey; ISBN: B00010Y488; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010Y488/icongroupinterna
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LaRC-ITPI/arylene ether copolymers (SuDoc NAS 1.15:104099) by Brian J. Jensen; ISBN: B000108XNK; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000108XNK/icongroupinterna
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L'Ether, Dieu et le diable. Le Fonctionnalisme orgonomique by Wilhelm Reich (Author); ISBN: 2228892106; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2228892106/icongroupinterna
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Living in Ether by Patricia Geary; ISBN: 0060909277; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060909277/icongroupinterna
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Luminiferous Ether by Frank Very; ISBN: 0828311897; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0828311897/icongroupinterna
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Luminiferous ether, pseudorelativistic physics, and improved flat Newtonian gravitation by Antonis Agathangelidis; ISBN: 9602203587; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9602203587/icongroupinterna
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Manipulating the Ether: The Power of Broadcast Radio in Thirties America by Robert J. Brown; ISBN: 0786403977; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0786403977/icongroupinterna
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Matrix isolation studies of the interactions of BF b3 s with water and substituted diethyl ethers. Chemical ionization mass spectrometric determination of the proton affinity of (CF b3 sCH b2 s) b2 sO (SuDoc NAS 1.15:106422) by David W. Ball; ISBN: B00010L63Y; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010L63Y/icongroupinterna
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Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in ground water, air, and precipitation at North Windham, Maine (SuDoc I 19.42/4:00-4048) by Martha G. Nielsen; ISBN: B000113HK8; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000113HK8/icongroupinterna
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Methyl Tertiary-butyl Ether (Environmental Health Criteria: 206); ISBN: 924157206X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/924157206X/icongroupinterna
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NEG and NIOSH basis for an occupational health standard : propylene glycol ethers and their acetates (SuDoc HE 20.7102:N 75) by Gunnar Johanson; ISBN: B00010775U; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010775U/icongroupinterna
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New aromatic activated dihalides and bisphenol monomers for the preparation of novel poly(arylene ethers) (SuDoc NAS 1.26:193190) by James F. Wolfe; ISBN: B00010HZUC; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010HZUC/icongroupinterna
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Nightmares of an Ether-drinker by Jean Lorrain, Brian Stableford (Introduction); ISBN: 1872621651; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1872621651/icongroupinterna
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NTP technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of allyl glycidyl ether (CAS no. 106-92-3) in Osborne-Mendel rats and B6C3F b1 s mice (inhalation studies) (SuDoc HE 20.3159/2:376) by Gary A. Boorman; ISBN: B00010CPE8; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010CPE8/icongroupinterna
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Occult Ether Physics: Tesla's Hidden Space Propulsion System and the Conspiracy to Conceal It by William Lyne; ISBN: 0963746766; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963746766/icongroupinterna
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Occupational exposure to ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (SuDoc HE 20.7110:Et 3/3) by U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; ISBN: 0160285585; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160285585/icongroupinterna
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Occurrence and distribution of methyl tert-butyl ether and other volatile organic compounds in drinking water in the northeast and mid-atlantic regions of the United States, 1993-98 (SuDoc I 19.42/4:00-4228) by Stephen J. Grady; ISBN: B000114Y2S; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000114Y2S/icongroupinterna
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Optimized structures and proton affinities of fluorinated dimethyl ethers an ab initio study (SuDoc NAS 1.15:107293) by Victoria B. Orgel; ISBN: B000110U5S; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000110U5S/icongroupinterna
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PATAI CHEMISTRY OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CHEMISTRY OF ETHER LINKAGE by S PATAI; ISBN: 0470669357; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0470669357/icongroupinterna
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Patty's Toxicology, Glycols and Glycol Ethers/Synthetic Polymers/Organic Sulfur Compounds/Organic Phosphates by Eula Bingham (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0471319406; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471319406/icongroupinterna
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Platelet-Activating Factor and Structurally Related Alkyl Ether Lipids by Wolfgang J. Baumann (Editor); ISBN: 9992928425; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9992928425/icongroupinterna
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Platelet-Activating Factor: And Structurally Related Ether-Lipids by Jacques and Arnoux, Bernard Benveniste (Editor); ISBN: 0444805524; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444805524/icongroupinterna
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Poly (Phenylene Ether) to Radical Polymerization, Volume 13, Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, 2nd Edition by Herman F. Mark (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0471809454; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471809454/icongroupinterna
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Poly(arylene ether)s containing pendent ethynyl groups (SuDoc NAS 1.71:LAR-150411) by NASA; ISBN: B00010NRYU; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010NRYU/icongroupinterna
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Polyimides with carbonyl and ether connecting groups between the aromatic rings patent application (SuDoc NAS 1.71:LAR-14001-1) by NASA; ISBN: B000103MWC; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000103MWC/icongroupinterna
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Predictions of azeotropes formed from fluorinated ethers, ethanes, and propanes (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/A-92/128) by Cynthia L. Gage; ISBN: B00010H1SS; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010H1SS/icongroupinterna
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Quality of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) data for ground-water samples collected during 1993-95 as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program (SuDoc I 19.127:101-99) by U.S. Geological Survey; ISBN: B000110DH8; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000110DH8/icongroupinterna
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Radionics Interface With the Ether Fields by David V. Tansley; ISBN: 0850321298; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0850321298/icongroupinterna
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Radionics Interface With the Ether Fields; ISBN: 0846410451; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0846410451/icongroupinterna
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Researches Practical and Physiological on Etherization by Pirogoff; ISBN: 0961493232; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961493232/icongroupinterna
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Return of the Ether: When Theory and Reality Collide by Sid Deutsch (Preface); ISBN: 1891121103; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1891121103/icongroupinterna
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Rotational Isomerism of Vinyl Ethers and Sulfides (Sulfur Reports Series) by Alexander Senning (Editor), et al; ISBN: 3718648040; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3718648040/icongroupinterna
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Second Supplements to the 2nd Edition of Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds : Aliphatic Compounds : Part A: Hydrocarbons (Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Allenes, Carbenes); Halogen Derivatives. Part B: Monohydric Alcohols, their Ethers and Esters; Sulphur Analogues; Nitrogen Derivatives; Organometallic Compounds by Malcolm Sainsbury (Editor); ISBN: 0444881573; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444881573/icongroupinterna
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Selected Chloroalkyl Ethers (Environmental Health Criteria); ISBN: 9241572019; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241572019/icongroupinterna
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Shaking the Ether by Iain Webb; ISBN: 189847219X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/189847219X/icongroupinterna
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Some Ether : Poems by Nick Flynn (Author); ISBN: 1555973035; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555973035/icongroupinterna
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Sons of Ether (Mage) by Staff, et al; ISBN: 1565041380; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565041380/icongroupinterna
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Stability and Reactivity of Crown Ether Co by De Jong; ISBN: 0122087801; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0122087801/icongroupinterna
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Structure-property study of keto-ether polyimides (SuDoc NAS 1.15:104178) by James F. Dezern; ISBN: B00010BAYO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010BAYO/icongroupinterna
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Summary of GPC/DV results for space exposed poly(arylene ether phosphine oxide)s (SuDoc NAS 1.26:198217) by Emilie J. Siochi; ISBN: B00010RSJU; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010RSJU/icongroupinterna
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Supplement E: Chemistry of Ethers, Crown Ethers, Hydroxyl Group and Their Sulphur Analogs by Saul E. Patai (Editor); ISBN: 0471276189; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471276189/icongroupinterna
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Swingin on the Ether Waves by Henry T. Sampson; ISBN: 0810840871; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0810840871/icongroupinterna
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Tales from the Ether / More Tales from the Ether (Space 1889) by Loren K. Wiseman, et al; ISBN: 193065801X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/193065801X/icongroupinterna
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TEARS OF ETHER by Adin Kachisi; ISBN: 0738841315; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0738841315/icongroupinterna
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Tert-Butyl Methyl Ether (Publication, 723); ISBN: 9995095645; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9995095645/icongroupinterna
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The 2000 Import and Export Market for Artificial Resins, Plastic Materials, Cellulose Esters, and Ethers in The Middle East (World Trade Report) by Plastic Material The Artificial Resins, et al; ISBN: 0741858363; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741858363/icongroupinterna
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The 2000 Import and Export Market for Ethers, Alcohol Peroxides, Ether Peroxides, and Epoxides in Germany (World Trade Report) by The Research Group, et al; ISBN: 0597594066; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597594066/icongroupinterna
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The 2000 Import and Export Market for Ethers, Alcohol Peroxides, Ether Peroxides, and Epoxides in Oceana (World Trade Report); ISBN: 0741856042; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741856042/icongroupinterna
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The 2000 Import and Export Market for Ethers, Alcohol Peroxides, Ether Peroxides, and Epoxides in The Middle East (World Trade Report) by Alcohol Peroxides The Ethers, et al; ISBN: 0741856050; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741856050/icongroupinterna
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The 2000 World Forecasts of Artificial Resins, Plastic Materials, Cellulose Esters, and Ethers Export Supplies (World Trade Report) by The Research Group, et al; ISBN: 0741837501; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741837501/icongroupinterna
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The 2000 World Forecasts of Ethers, Alcohol Peroxides, Ether Peroxides, and Epoxides Export Supplies (World Trade Report) by Alcohol Peroxides The Ethers, et al; ISBN: 074183717X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/074183717X/icongroupinterna
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The 2000 World Market Forecasts for Imported Artificial Resins, Plastic Materials, Cellulose Esters, and Ethers by The Research Group, Plastic Material The Artificial Resins; ISBN: 0741831988; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741831988/icongroupinterna
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•
The 2000 World Market Forecasts for Imported Ethers, Alcohol Peroxides, Ether Peroxides, and Epoxides by The Research Group, Alcohol Peroxides The Ethers; ISBN: 0741830957; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741830957/icongroupinterna
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The 2003 World Forecasts of Artificial Resins, Plastic Materials, Cellulose Esters, and Ethers Export Supplies [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B0000YSVCK; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000YSVCK/icongroupinterna
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The Chemistry of Hydroxyl, Ether and Peroxide Groups by Saul E. Patai (Editor); ISBN: 0471930458; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471930458/icongroupinterna
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The Concise Russian-English Chemical Glossary: Acids, Esters, Ethers, and Salts by James F. Shipp; ISBN: 0932386008; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0932386008/icongroupinterna
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The creative ethers by Ronald Beesley; ISBN: 0854354727; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0854354727/icongroupinterna
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The Ether of Space by Oliver Joseph Lodge; ISBN: 1591070201; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1591070201/icongroupinterna
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The four ethers : contributions to Rudolf Steiner's science of the ethers, elementsethers-formative forces by Ernst Marti; ISBN: 0935690026; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935690026/icongroupinterna
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The Promise Ether by Dudley Poison Nightshade, Timothy Quinn Mercer (Producer); ISBN: 0972690204; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0972690204/icongroupinterna
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The tribological behavior of polyphenol ether and polyphenol thioether aromatic lubricants (SuDoc NAS 1.15:100166) by William R. Jones; ISBN: B0001068BE; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001068BE/icongroupinterna
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The World Market for Cellulose Ethers in Primary Forms: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B000134CMS; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000134CMS/icongroupinterna
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Theremin: Ether Music and Espionage (Music in American Life) by Albert Glinsky, Robert Moog; ISBN: 0252025822; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0252025822/icongroupinterna
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Thermodynamic evaluation of predicted fluorinated ether, ethane, and propane azeotropes (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/A-92/144) by Georgi S. Kazachki; ISBN: B00010JWP8; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010JWP8/icongroupinterna
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Through a Universe Darkly/a Cosmic Tale of Ancient Ethers, Dark Matter, and the Fate of the Universe by Marcia Bartusiak; ISBN: 0380724200; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0380724200/icongroupinterna
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Toughening of Bis maleimide resins synthesis and characterization of maleimide terminated poly(arylene ether) oligomers and polymers (SuDoc NAS 1.26:180320) by NASA; ISBN: B000103P7Y; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000103P7Y/icongroupinterna
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Tradition Book: Sons of Ether (Mage) by Malcolm Sheppard, Sam Inabinet; ISBN: 1588464148; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1588464148/icongroupinterna
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Under the Ether Dome: A Physician's Apprenticeship by Stephen A. Hoffman; ISBN: 0806512075; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0806512075/icongroupinterna
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Under the Ether Dome: A Physician's Apprenticeship at Massachusetts General Hospital/0329 by Stephen A. Hoffmann; ISBN: 0684185806; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0684185806/icongroupinterna
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Uniaxial stretching of poly(keto-ether-imide) films (SuDoc NAS 1.15:209820) by NASA; ISBN: B000112C5O; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000112C5O/icongroupinterna
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Unified Theory of Ether, Field & Matter 3rd Edn by Driscoll; ISBN: 0960137416; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0960137416/icongroupinterna
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Use of methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) in gasoline : hearing before the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, second session, on S. 1576. September 16, 1998 (SuDoc Y 4.P 96/10:S.HRG.105-879); ISBN: 016058275X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/016058275X/icongroupinterna
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Vapor Liquid Equilibrium Data Collections: Aldehydes, Ketones, Ethers Volume 1, Parts 3&4 (Dechema Chemistry Series) by U. Onken, et al; ISBN: 3921567149; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3921567149/icongroupinterna
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Vapor pressures, liquid molar volumes, vapor non-idealities, and critical properties of some fluorinated ethers (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/J-92/148) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010H46C; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010H46C/icongroupinterna
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Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data Collection: Ethers (Supplement 2): Tables and Diagrams of Data for Binary and Multicomponent Mixtures Up to Moderate Pressures. Constants of Correlation equatio by J. Gmehling (Editor), U. Onken (Editor); ISBN: 3926959983; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3926959983/icongroupinterna
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Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data Collection: Ethers, Supplement 1 by J. Gmehling (Editor), et al; ISBN: 3921567866; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3921567866/icongroupinterna
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Water pollution risks of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) : field hearing before the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session. December 9, 1997--Sacramento, California (SuDoc Y 4.P 96/10:S.HRG.105-407); ISBN: 0160574013; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160574013/icongroupinterna
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Water quality and occurrence of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and other fuelrelated compounds in lakes and ground water at lakeside communities in Sussex and Morris counties, New Jersey, 1998-1999 (SuDoc I 19.42/4:01-4149) by Arthur L. Baehr; ISBN: B000115QNO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000115QNO/icongroupinterna
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World Ether-Elemental Beings-Kingdoms of Nature by Ernst Hagemann, et al; ISBN: 0929979311; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0929979311/icongroupinterna
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Chapters on Ether In order to find chapters that specifically relate to ether, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and ether using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “ether” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on ether: •
Gallstones Source: in King, J.E., ed. Mayo Clinic on Digestive Health. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic. 2000. p. 133-142. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic Health Information. 5505 36th Street, SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49512. (800) 291-1128. Website: www.mayoclinic.com. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1893005046. Summary: This chapter on gallstones (cholelithiasis) is from a comprehensive guidebook from the Mayo Clinic that focuses on a variety of digestive symptoms, including heartburn, abdominal pain, constipation, and diarrhea, and the common conditions that are often responsible for these symptoms. Written in nontechnical language, the book includes practical information on how the digestive system works, factors that can interfere with its normal functioning, and how to prevent digestive problems. This chapter first reviews the key signs and symptoms of gallstones, including upper abdominal pain; pain in the back, chest, or right shoulder blade; and nausea and vomiting. Gallbladder pain, commonly called a gallbladder attack, occurs when stones in the gallbladder become lodged in the neck of the gallbladder or the cystic duct and obstruct the gallbladder's opening. This leads to a buildup of pressure in the gallbladder as it slowly contracts, causing constant pain and often nausea. The authors review how gallstones form and the three most common types: cholesterol stones, pigment stones, and primary bile duct stones. Risk factors for gallstones include being female, excess weight, diet and dieting (diet high in fat and sugar, fasting, and rapid weight loss diets are particularly risky), age, family history, and ethnic group. Gallstones are diagnosed with the assistance of ultrasound, computed tomography (CT scan), radionuclide scan, blood tests, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Treatment options range from watchful waiting to bile salt tablets, MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether) injection, sound wave therapy (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy), to surgery, either open or through the use of laparoscopy. One sidebar reviews the home remedies that are purported to prevent gallstones (none are supported), noting that the best preventive steps are to maintain a healthy weight and avoid crash diets. 1 figure.
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ETHER Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover ether.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on ether is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “ether” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to ether. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “ether” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for ether: •
Clariant sees ethers unit sale before year-end Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 12, 2003
•
Liposome Plans To Develop Ether Lipid As Cancer Therapeutic Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 11, 1996
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “ether” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “ether” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to ether, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “ether” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Ether Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to ether. In addition to these
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sources, you can search for articles covering ether that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for ether. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with ether. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The following
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drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to ether: Acetaminophen and Salicylates •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Excedrin Extra-Strength Caplets; Excedrin ExtraStrength Tablets; Excedrin Migraine; Gelpirin; Goody's Fast Pain Relief; Goody's Headache Powders; Rid-A-Pain Compound; Saleto; Supac; Vanquish Caplets http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203003.html
Acetaminophen, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Citric Acid •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Bromo-Seltzer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202005.html
Aldesleukin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Proleukin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202669.html
Altretamine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hexalen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202634.html
Aminoglutethimide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cytadren http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202026.html
Amlodipine and Benazepril •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lotrel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203634.html
Androgens •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Andro L.A. 200; Androderm; AndroGel 1%; Android; Android-F; Andronate 100; Andronate 200; Andropository 200; Andryl 200; Delatest; Delatestryl; Depotest; Depo-Testosterone; Everone 200; Halotestin; ORETON Methyl; T-Cypionate; Testamone 100; Testaqua http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202036.html
Anesthetics •
Dental - U.S. Brands: Anbesol Maximum Strength Gel; Anbesol Maximum Strength Liquid; Anbesol Regular Strength Gel; Anbesol Regular Strength Liquid; Anbesol, Baby; Benzodent; Chloraseptic Lozenges; Chloraseptic Lozenges, Children's; Dentapaine; Dent-Zel-Ite; Hurricaine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202038.html
Anesthetics, General •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amidate; Brevital; Diprivan; Ethrane; Fluothane; Forane; Ketalar; Penthrane; Pentothal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203043.html
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Anticholinergics/Antispasmodics •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anaspaz; A-Spas S/L; Banthine; Bentyl; Cantil; Cystospaz; Cystospaz-M; Donnamar; ED-SPAZ; Gastrosed; Homapin; Levbid; Levsin; Levsin/SL; Levsinex Timecaps; Pro-Banthine; Quarzan; Robinul; Robinul Forte; Symax SL http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202049.html
Anticoagulants •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Coumadin; Miradon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202050.html
Antidiabetic Agents, Sulfonylurea •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amaryl; DiaBeta; Diabinese; Dymelor; Glucotrol; Glucotrol XL; Glynase PresTab; Micronase; Orinase; Tolinase http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202742.html
Antihemophilic Factor •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alphanate; Bioclate; Helixate; Humate-P; Hyate:C; Koate-HP; Kogenate; Monarc-M; Monoclate-P; Recombinate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202671.html
Antihistamines •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aller-Chlor; AllerMax Caplets; Aller-med; Atarax; Banophen; Banophen Caplets; Benadryl; Benadryl Allergy; Bromphen; Calm X; Chlo-Amine; Chlorate; Chlor-Trimeton; Chlor-Trimeton Allergy; Chlor-Trimeton Repetabs; Claritin; Claritin Reditabs; Compoz http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202060.html
Antihistamines and Decongestants •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: A.R.M. Maximum Strength Caplets; Actagen; Actifed; Actifed Allergy Nighttime Caplets 20; Alcomed; Alcomed 2-60; Allent; Allercon; Allerest Maximum Strength; Allerfrim; Allerphed; Amilon; Anamine; Anamine T.D.; Andec; Andec-TR; Aprodrine; Atrofed http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202061.html
Antihistamines, Decongestants, and Anticholinergics •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: AH-chew; D.A. Chewable; Dallergy; Dura-Vent/DA; Extendryl; Extendryl JR; Extendryl SR; Mescolor; OMNIhist L.A.; Stahist http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202653.html
Antihistamines, Phenothiazine-Derivative •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anergan 25; Anergan 50; Antinaus 50; Pentazine; Phenazine 25; Phenazine 50; Phencen-50; Phenergan; Phenergan Fortis; Phenergan Plain; Phenerzine; Phenoject-50; Pro-50; Promacot; Pro-Med 50; Promet; Prorex-25; Prorex-50; Prothazine; Prothazine Plain http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202063.html
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Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, Nonsteroidal •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actron; Advil; Advil Caplets; Advil, Children's; Aleve; Anaprox; Anaprox DS; Ansaid; Bayer Select Ibuprofen Pain Relief Formula Caplets; Cataflam; Clinoril; Cotylbutazone; Cramp End; Daypro; Dolgesic; Dolobid; EC-Naprosyn; Excedrin IB http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202743.html
Antimyasthenics •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mestinon; Mestinon Timespans; Mytelase Caplets; Prostigmin; Regonol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202065.html
Apraclonidine •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Iopidine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202070.html
Arsenic Trioxide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Trisenox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500241.html
Asparaginase •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Elspar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202072.html
Azathioprine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Imuran http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202077.html
Beta-Carotene •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lumitene; Max-Caro http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202623.html
Bismuth Subsalicylate, Metronidazole, and Tetracycline--for H. Pylori •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Helidac http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203633.html
Bleomycin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Blenoxane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202093.html
Brimonidine •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Alphagan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203130.html
Brinzolamide •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Azopt http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203544.html
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Bronchodilators, Adrenergic •
Inhalation - U.S. Brands: Adrenalin Chloride; Airet; Alupent; Arm-a-Med Isoetharine; Arm-a-Med Metaproterenol; Asthmahaler Mist; AsthmaNefrin; Beta2; Brethaire; Bronkaid Mist; Bronkaid Suspension Mist; Bronkometer; Bronkosol; Dey-Lute Isoetharine; Dey-Lute Metaproterenol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202095.html
Bronchodilators, Theophylline •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aerolate Sr; Asmalix; Choledyl; Choledyl SA; Elixophyllin; Lanophyllin; Phyllocontin; Quibron-T Dividose; Quibron-T/SR Dividose; Respbid; Slo-Bid Gyrocaps; Slo-Phyllin; Theo-24; Theobid Duracaps; Theochron; Theo-Dur; Theolair; Theolair-SR; Theo-Time http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/201945.html
Busulfan •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Busulfex; Myleran http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202101.html
Calcitonin •
Nasal-Systemic - U.S. Brands: Miacalcin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203482.html
Carboplatin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Paraplatin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202115.html
Carmustine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: BiCNU http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202117.html
Charcoal, Activated •
Oral - U.S. Brands: Actidose with Sorbitol; Actidose-Aqua; CharcoAid; CharcoAid 2000; CharcoAid G; Insta-Char in an Aqueous Base; Insta-Char in an Aqueous Base with Cherry Flavor; Insta-Char Pediatric in an Aqueous Base with Cherry Flavor; Insta-Char Pediatric with Cherry http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202120.html
Chlorambucil •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Leukeran http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202124.html
Chorionic Gonadotropin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: A.P.L.; Pregnyl; Profasi http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202266.html
Cinoxacin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cinobac http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202141.html
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Cisplatin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Platinol; Platinol-AQ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202143.html
Cladribine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Leustatin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202699.html
Clomiphene •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Clomid; Milophene; Serophene http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202151.html
Clonidine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Catapres; Catapres-TTS http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202152.html
Clopidogrel •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Plavix http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203403.html
Colony Stimulating Factors •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Leukine; Neupogen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202628.html
Corticosteroids •
Inhalation - U.S. Brands: AeroBid; AeroBid-M; Azmacort; Beclovent; Decadron Respihaler; Pulmicort Respules; Pulmicort Turbuhaler; Vanceril; Vanceril 84 mcg Double Strength http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202011.html
Cromolyn •
Inhalation - U.S. Brands: Intal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202166.html
Cyclophosphamide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cytoxan; Neosar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202174.html
Cytarabine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cytosar-U http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202177.html
Cytarabine, Liposomal •
Intrathecal - U.S. Brands: DepoCyt http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500008.html
Dacarbazine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: DTIC-Dome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202178.html
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Dactinomycin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cosmegen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202179.html
Dantrolene •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Dantrium http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202181.html
Daunorubicin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cerubidine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202183.html
Daunorubicin, Liposomal •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: DaunoXome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203539.html
Decongestants and Analgesics •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actifed Sinus Daytime; Actifed Sinus Daytime Caplets; Advil Cold and Sinus; Advil Cold and Sinus Caplets; Alka-Seltzer Plus Sinus Medicine; Allerest No-Drowsiness Caplets; Aspirin-Free Bayer Select Sinus Pain Relief Caplets http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202184.html
Desflurane •
Inhalation-Systemic - U.S. Brands: Suprane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202685.html
Didanosine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Videx http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202616.html
Dipyridamole Therapeutic •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Persantine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202624.html
Docetaxel •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Taxotere http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202920.html
Dornase Alfa •
Inhalation - U.S. Brands: Pulmozyme http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202710.html
Dorzolamide •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Trusopt http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202773.html
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Dorzolamide and Timolol •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Cosopt http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203550.html
Doxorubicin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Rubex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202209.html
Doxorubicin, Liposomal •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Doxil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203540.html
Epirubicin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ellence http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500038.html
Estrogens •
Vaginal - U.S. Brands: Estrace; Estring; Ogen; Ortho Dienestrol; Premarin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202227.html
Etoposide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Etopophos; Toposar; VePesid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202234.html
Factor Ix •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: BeneFix; Mononine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202674.html
Fentanyl •
Transdermal-Systemic - U.S. Brands: Duragesic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202702.html
Floxuridine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: FUDR http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202241.html
Fludarabine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fludara http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202630.html
Fluorouracil •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Adrucil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202245.html
Gemcitabine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Gemzar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203038.html
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Headache Medicines, Ergot Derivative-Containing •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cafergot; Cafertine; Cafetrate; D.H.E. 45; Ercaf; ErgoCaff; Ergomar; Ergostat; Gotamine; Migergot; Wigraine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202216.html
Hydroxyurea •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Droxia; Hydrea http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202291.html
Idarubicin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Idamycin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202611.html
Ifosfamide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: IFEX http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202293.html
Imatinib •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Gleevec http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500297.html
Influenza Virus Vaccine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: FluShield; Fluvirin; Fluzone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202297.html
Insulin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Humulin 50/50; Humulin 70/30; Humulin 70/30 Pen; Humulin L; Humulin N; Humulin N Pen; Humulin R; Humulin R, Regular U500 (Concentrated); Humulin U; Lente; Lente Iletin II; Novolin 70/30; Novolin 70/30 PenFill; Novolin 70/30 Prefilled; Novolin L http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203298.html
Interferon, Beta-1B •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Betaseron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203538.html
Interferons, Alpha •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alferon N; Intron A; Roferon-A http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202299.html
Irinotecan •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Camptosar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203051.html
Ivermectin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Stromectol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202311.html
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Ketorolac •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Toradol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202318.html
Lamivudine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Epivir; Epivir-HBV http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202791.html
Lansoprazole •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Prevacid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202787.html
Latanoprost •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Xalatan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203607.html
Levomethadyl •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Orlaam http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202766.html
Lidocaine and Prilocaine •
Topical - U.S. Brands: EMLA http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203679.html
Lomustine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: CeeNU http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202331.html
Mechlorethamine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mustargen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202341.html
Mefloquine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lariam http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202344.html
Melphalan •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alkeran http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202345.html
Mercaptopurine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Purinethol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202350.html
Metformin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Glucophage http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202756.html
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Methotrexate for Noncancerous Conditions •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Folex; Rheumatrex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202356.html
Metronidazole •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Flagyl; Protostat http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202365.html
Minoxidil •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Loniten http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202373.html
Mitomycin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mutamycin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202376.html
Mitotane •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lysodren http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202377.html
Mitoxantrone •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Novantrone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202378.html
Naratriptan •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amerge http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203513.html
Narcotic Analgesics and Acetaminophen •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Allay; Anexsia 5/500; Anexsia 7.5/650; Anolor DH 5; Bancap-HC; Capital with Codeine; Co-Gesic; Darvocet-N 100; Darvocet-N 50; DHCplus; Dolacet; Dolagesic; Duocet; E-Lor; Endocet; EZ III; Hycomed; HycoPap; Hydrocet; Hydrogesic; HY-PHEN; Lorcet 10/650 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202392.html
Narcotic Analgesics and Aspirin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Damason-P; Darvon Compound-65; Empirin with Codeine No.3; Empirin with Codeine No.4; Endodan; Lortab ASA; Panasal 5/500; PC-Cap; Percodan; Percodan-Demi; Propoxyphene Compound-65; Roxiprin; Synalgos-DC; Talwin Compound http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202393.html
Narcotic Analgesics for Pain Relief •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Astramorph PF; Buprenex; Cotanal-65; Darvon; DarvonN; Demerol; Dilaudid; Dilaudid-5; Dilaudid-HP; Dolophine; Duramorph; Hydrostat IR; Kadian; Levo-Dromoran; M S Contin; Methadose; MS/L; MS/L Concentrate; MS/S; MSIR; Nubain; Numorphan; OMS Concentrate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202390.html
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Narcotic Analgesics for Surgery and Obstetrics •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alfenta; Astramorph; Astramorph PF; Buprenex; Demerol; Duramorph; Nubain; Stadol; Sublimaze; Sufenta; Ultiva http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202391.html
Nateglinide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Starlix http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500277.html
Nicotine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Habitrol; Nicorette; Nicotrol; Prostep http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202407.html
Paclitaxel •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Taxol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202682.html
Pegaspargase •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Oncaspar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203543.html
Penicillamine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cuprimine; Depen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202445.html
Pentostatin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Nipent http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202650.html
Plicamycin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mithracin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202467.html
Poliovirus Vaccine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: eIPV; IPV; N-IPV; OPV; TOPV http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202470.html
Porfimer •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Photofrin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203593.html
Procarbazine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Matulane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202484.html
Progesterone Intrauterine Device •
Iud) - U.S. Brands: Progestasert http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202774.html
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Progestins for Contraceptive Use •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Depo-Provera Contraceptive Injection; Micronor; NORPLANT System; Nor-QD; Ovrette; Plan B http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202757.html
Progestins for Noncontraceptive Use •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amen; Aygestin; Crinone; Curretab; Cycrin; DepoProvera; Gesterol 50; Gesterol LA 250; Hy/Gestrone; Hylutin; Megace; Prodrox; Prometrium; Pro-Span; Provera http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202758.html
Pseudoephedrine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cenafed; Decofed; Efidac/; Genaphed; Myfedrine; Sudafed http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202489.html
Pyrimethamine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Daraprim http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202494.html
Quinupristin and Dalfopristin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Synercid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500048.html
Rauwolfia Alkaloids •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Harmonyl; Raudixin; Rauval; Rauverid; Serpalan; Wolfina http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202503.html
Salicylates •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Acuprin 81; Amigesic; Anacin Caplets; Anacin Maximum Strength; Anacin Tablets; Anaflex 750; Arthritis Pain Ascriptin; Arthritis Pain Formula; Arthritis Strength Bufferin; Arthropan; Aspergum; Aspirin Regimen Bayer Adult Low Dose http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202515.html
Sevoflurane •
Inhalation-Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ultane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202793.html
Sibutramine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Meridia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203725.html
Streptozocin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zanosar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202532.html
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Sumatriptan •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Imitrex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202665.html
Tamoxifen •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Nolvadex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202545.html
Teniposide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Vumon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203661.html
Testolactone •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Teslac http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202549.html
Thiabendazole •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mintezol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202558.html
Ticlopidine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ticlid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202637.html
Tobramycin •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: AKTob; Tobrex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202570.html
Topotecan •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hycamtin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203049.html
Unoprostone •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Rescula http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500199.html
Urea C 14 •
Diagnostic - U.S. Brands: PYtest http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203517.html
Verteporfin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Visudyne http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500139.html
Vinblastine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Velban http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202593.html
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Vincristine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Oncovin; Vincrex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202594.html
Vinorelbine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Navelbine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203542.html
Zalcitabine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: HIVID http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202652.html
Zidovudine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Retrovir http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202602.html
Zolmitriptan •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zomig http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203426.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter,
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Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
269
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
9
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
10
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “ether” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 52125 347 2 44 2529 55047
HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “ether” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
12
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
13
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 16
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
17 Adapted 18
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on ether can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to ether. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to ether. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “ether”:
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Other guides Drinking Water http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/drinkingwater.html Environmental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/environmentalhealth.html Gallbladder Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gallbladderdiseases.html Occupational Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/occupationalhealth.html Occupational Health for Healthcare Providers http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/occupationalhealthforhealthcareproviders.t ml
Within the health topic page dedicated to ether, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Gene Therapy Source: Dept. of Energy, Human Genome Project http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetherapy .shtml Introduction to Genetics and Genetic Testing Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/medical/genetics.html JAMA Patient Page: Genetics Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZZCI25TTC&s ub_cat=202
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Specific Conditions/Aspects Cloning Source: Dept. of Energy http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtml Facts about Genome Sequencing Source: Dept. of Energy, Human Genome Project http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/faq/seqfacts.shtml Functional and Comparative Genomics Source: Dept. of Energy http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/faq/compgen.shtml Genes and Populations Source: National Institute of General Medical Sciences http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/science_ed/genepop/faq.html Human Gene Therapy: Harsh Lessons, High Hopes Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2000/500_gene.html
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Medicine and the New Genetics: Gene Testing, Pharmacogenomics, and Gene Therapy Source: Dept. of Energy, Human Genome Project http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/publicat/primer2001/6 .shtml Pharmacogenomics Source: American Medical Association http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/2306.html Proteomics Source: American Medical Association http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/3668.html SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) Source: Dept. of Energy, Human Genome Project http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/faq/snps.shtml Your Genes, Your Choices: Exploring the Issues Raised by Genetic Research Source: American Association for the Advancement of Science, Dept. of Energy http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/publicat/genechoice/i ndex.html •
Children Gene Therapy and Your Child Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/medical/gene_therapy.html What Is a Gene? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/talk/qa/what_is_gene.html You and Your Genes: Making It in a Tough Environment Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.niehs.nih.gov/oc/factsheets/genes/home.htm
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From the National Institutes of Health Frequently Asked Questions about Genetics Source: National Human Genome Research Institute http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10001191 Gene Therapy for Cancer: Questions and Answers Source: National Cancer Institute http://cis.nci.nih.gov/fact/7_18.htm Genetics Home Reference Source: National Library of Medicine http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/ Human Genome Project Source: National Human Genome Research Institute http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10001694
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Journals/Newsletters Genomics Weekly Update Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/update/current.htm
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Latest News Bladder Cancer Gene Identified Source: 02/26/2004, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_16294 .html Chicken Genome Assembled Source: 03/01/2004, National Human Genome Research Institute http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/mar2004/nhgri-01.htm DNA Sunscreen Protects Against Skin Cancer in Mice Source: 03/01/2004, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_16328 .html Gene Therapy in Salivary Glands Could Lead to Promising Applications in Oral Diseases Source: 01/22/2004, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jan2004/nidcr-22.htm Links Found in Genes that Cause Lymphoma Source: 02/25/2004, United Press International http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_16246 .html Marsupial Among the Model Organisms Next in Line for Genome Sequencing Source: 02/25/2004, National Human Genome Research Institute http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/feb2004/nhgri-25.htm More News on Genes and Gene Therapy http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_g.html#G enesandGeneTherapy
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Law and Policy Genetics Privacy and Legislation Source: Dept. of Energy http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/legislat.shtml Human Gene Therapy and the Role of the Food and Drug Administration Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/cber/infosheets/genezn.htm Issues in Genetics and Health Source: National Human Genome Research Institute http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10001740
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Organizations GeneTests Source: Children's Health Care System, Seattle http://www.genetests.org/ Human Genome Project Information Source: Dept. of Energy, Human Genome Project http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml National Human Genome Research Institute http://www.genome.gov/ National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature http://www.georgetown.edu/research/nrcbl/nrc/
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Research Honey Bee Genome Assembled Source: National Human Genome Research Institute http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jan2004/nhgri-07.htm Mouse Genome and the Measure of Man Source: National Human Genome Research Institute http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10005831 New Bioinformatics Tool Will Help Design Cancer Drugs Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/weinstein Newly Identified Tumor Suppressor Cooperates with p53 to Protect Mice against Tumors Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/aug2003/nci-07.htm NHGRI Study May Help Scientists Design Safer Methods for Gene Therapy Source: National Human Genome Research Institute http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jun2003/nhgri-12.htm NIEHS and UNC to Collaborate on Registry of 20,000 Subjects to Relate Gene Variants and Environmental Disease Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.niehs.nih.gov/oc/news/polyreg.htm Only Two Genes Needed to Form Heads in Model Organism Embryos Source: National Institute of General Medical Sciences http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/releases/brief_solnica-krezel.html Progress Made in Sequencing of Model Organisms' Genomes Source: National Human Genome Research Institute http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/may2003/nhgri-20.htm Research Brief: A Protein to Tie Up Loose Ends Source: National Institute of General Medical Sciences http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/releases/brief_lieber.html Researchers Discover Use of Novel Mechanism Preserves Y Chromosome Genes Source: National Human Genome Research Institute http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jun2003/nhgri-18.htm
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Scientists Pinpoint Gene Influencing Age-at-Onset of Alzheimers, Parkinsons Source: National Institute on Aging http://www.nia.nih.gov/news/pr/2003/1021b.htm Study Finds Direction of Enzymes Affects DNA Repair Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.niehs.nih.gov/oc/news/wilsdna.htm •
Teenagers Basics on Genes and Genetic Disorders Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/health_basics/genes_genetic_disorders.ht ml
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to ether. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to ether. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with ether. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about ether. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “ether” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “ether”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “ether” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “ether” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
20
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
21
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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ETHER DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acid Rain: Acidic water usually pH 2.5 to 4.5, which poisons the ecosystem and adversely affects plants, fishes, and mammals. It is caused by industrial pollutants, mainly sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted into the atmosphere and returning to earth in the form of acidic rain water. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Acrosome: Cap-like structure covering the nucleus and anterior part of the sperm head. [NIH]
Acrosome Reaction: Changes that occur to liberate the enzymes of the acrosome of spermatozoa that allow the entry of a spermatozoon into the ovum. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adduct: Complex formed when a carcinogen combines with DNA or a protein. [NIH]
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Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Triphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Aggressiveness: The quality of being aggressive (= characterized by aggression; militant; enterprising; spreading with vigour; chemically active; variable and adaptable). [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU]
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Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allo: A female hormone. [NIH] Alloys: A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alpha-helices: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alternative Splicing: A process whereby multiple protein isoforms are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of nonconsecutive exons during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form messenger RNA. The alternative forms produce proteins in which one part is common while the other part is different. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH]
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Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amination: The creation of an amine. It can be produced by the addition of an amino group to an organic compound or reduction of a nitro group. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more amino acids in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties. [NIH] Aminophenols: Phenols substituted in any position by an amino group. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ammonium Compounds: Inorganic and organic compounds that contain the hypothetical radical NH4. [NIH] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amputation: Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU]
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Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]
Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Anhydrides: Chemical compounds derived from acids by the elimination of a molecule of water. [NIH] Anhydrous: Deprived or destitute of water. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anisotropy: A physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. The physical property may be with regard to thermal or electric conductivity or light refraction. In crystallography, it describes crystals whose index of refraction varies with the direction of the incident light. It is also called acolotropy and colotropy. The opposite of anisotropy is isotropy wherein the same values characterize the object when measured along axes in all directions. [NIH] Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food
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supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiangiogenic: Having to do with reducing the growth of new blood vessels. [NIH] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antifungal Agents: Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from fungicides, industrial because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimycotic: Suppressing the growth of fungi. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and
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febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antituberculosis: Refers to a drug used to treat tuberculosis. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriosus: Circle composed of anastomosing arteries derived from two long posterior ciliary and seven anterior ciliary arteries, located in the ciliary body about the root of the iris. [NIH]
Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid: Rheumatoid arthritis of children occurring in three major
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subtypes defined by the symptoms present during the first six months following onset: systemic-onset (juvenile-onset Still's disease), polyarticular-onset, and pauciarticular-onset. Adult-onset cases of Still's disease are also known. Only one subtype of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Artificial Limbs: Prosthetic replacements for arms, legs, and parts therof. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atheromatosis: A diffuse atheromatous disease of the arteries. [EU] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Adhesion: Physicochemical property of fimbriated and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most
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important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Sequence: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Bentonite: A colloidal, hydrated aluminum silicate that swells 12 times its dry size when added to water. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with lidocaine injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH]
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Bioavailable: The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biocompatible Materials: Synthetic or natural materials, other than drugs, that are used to replace or repair any body tissue or bodily function. [NIH] Biodegradation: The series of processes by which living organisms degrade pollutant chemicals, organic wastes, pesticides, and implantable materials. [NIH] Biogenesis: The origin of life. It includes studies of the potential basis for life in organic compounds but excludes studies of the development of altered forms of life through mutation and natural selection, which is evolution. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biomolecular: A scientific field at the interface between advanced computing and biotechnology. [NIH] Biophysics: The science of physical phenomena and processes in living organisms. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bioterrorism: The use of biological agents in terrorism. This includes the malevolent use of bacteria, viruses, or toxins against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Biotic: Pertaining to living organisms in their ecological rather than their physiological relations. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a
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network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Burden: The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Cements: Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Borates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of boric acid. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broadband: A wide frequency range. Sound whose energy is distributed over a broad range of frequency (generally, more than one octave). [NIH] Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. [NIH]
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Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. [EU] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Calibration: Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency, or other output. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Camptothecin: An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA topoisomerase. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity. [NIH] Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract. [NIH] Cannabinoids: Compounds extracted from Cannabis sativa L. and metabolites having the cannabinoid structure. The most active constituents are tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, and cannabidiol. [NIH] Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L. [NIH] Cannabis: The hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Products prepared from the dried flowering tops of the plant include marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capping: A 7-methyl guanosine cap attached to the 5'-end of eucaryotic mRNAs by a phosphodiester linkage. The cap is believed to increase the stability of the message, since
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most nucleases require a 5'-3'or 3'-5'bond in order to cleave the RNA. [NIH] Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid. [NIH]
Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiotoxic: Having a poisonous or deleterious effect upon the heart. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH]
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Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellular adhesion: The close adherence (bonding) to adjoining cell surfaces. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Arteries: The arteries supplying the cerebral cortex. [NIH] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH]
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Chaperonins: A class of sequence-related molecular chaperones found in bacteria, mitochondria, and plastids. Chaperonins are abundant constitutive proteins that increase in amount after stresses such as heat shock, bacterial infection of macrophages, and an increase in the cellular content of unfolded proteins. Bacterial chaperonins are major immunogens in human bacterial infections because of their accumulation during the stress of infection. Two members of this class of chaperones are chaperonin 10 and chaperonin 60. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chloral Hydrate: A hypnotic and sedative used in the treatment of insomnia. The safety margin is too narrow for chloral hydrate to be used as a general anesthetic in humans, but it is commonly used for that purpose in animal experiments. It is no longer considered useful as an anti-anxiety medication. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorine Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain chlorine as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenecity. [NIH] Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses. [NIH] Cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the gallbladder. [NIH] Cholelithiasis: Presence or formation of gallstones. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esterase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cholesterol and some other sterol esters, to liberate cholesterol plus a fatty acid anion. EC 3.1.1.13. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all
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human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chrysosporium: A mitosporic Onygenaceae fungal genus which causes adiaspiromycosis, a pulmonary mycosis of man and rodents. One of its teleomorphs is Ajellomyces. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Cleave: A double-stranded cut in DNA with a restriction endonuclease. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH]
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Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colloids: Two-phase systems in which one is uniformly dispersed in another as particles small enough so they cannot be filtered or will not settle out. The dispersing or continuous phase or medium envelops the particles of the discontinuous phase. All three states of matter can form colloids among each other. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Common Bile Duct: The largest biliary duct. It is formed by the junction of the cystic duct and the hepatic duct. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in
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addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH]
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Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast Media: Substances used in radiography that allow visualization of certain tissues. [NIH]
Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Conus: A large, circular, white patch around the optic disk due to the exposing of the sclera as a result of degenerative change or congenital abnormality in the choroid and retina. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the coronary arteries. [NIH] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpuscle: A small mass or body; a sensory nerve end bulb; a cell, especially that of the blood or the lymph. [NIH] Corrosion: Irreversible destruction of skin tissue. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Coumarin: A fluorescent dye. [NIH] Courtship: The mutual attraction between individuals of the opposite sex. [NIH] Cowpox: A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by cowpox virus, with lesions
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occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal. [NIH] Cowpox Virus: A species of orthopoxvirus that is the etiologic agent of cowpox. It is closely related to but antigenically different from vaccina virus. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cryostat: A batchwise operating apparatus in which a cryogenic liquid or solid is used to maintain by evaporation a cryotemperature which needs not be constant but may vary in a predetermined fashion. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cystic Duct: The tube that carries bile from the gallbladder into the common bile duct and the small intestine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]
Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products.
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These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Demethylation: Process that releases substantial amounts of carbon dioxide in the liver. [NIH]
Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]
Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]
Dental Materials: Materials used in the production of dental bases, restorations, impressions, prostheses, etc. [NIH] Dental Plaque: A film that attaches to teeth, often causing dental caries and gingivitis. It is composed of mucins, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively
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persistent. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diacylglycerol Kinase: An enzyme of the transferase class that uses ATP to catalyze the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol to a phosphatidate. EC 2.7.1.107. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialysate: A cleansing liquid used in the two major forms of dialysis--hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diamines: Organic chemicals which have two amino groups in an aliphatic chain. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihematoporphyrin Ether: The purified component of hematoporphyrin derivative, it consists of a mixture of oligomeric porphyrins. It is used in photodynamic therapy (hematoporphyrin photoradiation) to treat malignant lesions with visible light and experimentally as an antiviral agent. It is the first drug to be approved in the use of photodynamic therapy in the United States. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Dioxins: Chlorinated hydrocarbons containing heteroatoms that are present as contaminants of herbicides. Dioxins are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic. They have been banned from use by the FDA. [NIH]
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Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dispenser: Glass, metal or plastic shell fitted with valve from which a pressurized formulation is dispensed; an instrument for atomizing. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Disulphide: A covalent bridge formed by the oxidation of two cysteine residues to a cystine residue. The-S-S-bond is very strong and its presence confers additional stability. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Doping: The action of administering a drug to someone before a sports event (originally to a horse before a race); the substance thus administered. [EU] Dosimetry: All the methods either of measuring directly, or of measuring indirectly and computing, absorbed dose, absorbed dose rate, exposure, exposure rate, dose equivalent, and the science associated with these methods. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Dross: Residue remaining in an opium pipe which has been smoked; contains 50 % of the morphine present in the original drug. [NIH] Drug Delivery Systems: Systems of administering drugs through controlled delivery so that an optimum amount reaches the target site. Drug delivery systems encompass the carrier, route, and target. [NIH] Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNAbinding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics,
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dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dwell time: In peritoneal dialysis, the amount of time a bag of dialysate remains in the patient's abdominal cavity during an exchange. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyslipidemia: Disorders in the lipoprotein metabolism; classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. [NIH] Ecosystem: A dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. [NIH] Ectromelia: Gross hypo- or aplasia of one or more long bones of one or more limbs. The concept includes amelia, hemimelia, and phocomelia. [NIH] Ectromelia Virus: A species of orthopoxvirus infecting mice and causing a disease that involves internal organs and produces characteristic skin lesions. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elastomers: A generic term for all substances having the properties of natural, reclaimed, vulcanized, or synthetic rubber, in that they stretch under tension, have a high tensile strength, retract rapidly, and recover their original dimensions fully. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electric Conductivity: The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of electrons. [NIH] Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH]
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Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: ERCP. A procedure to x-ray the pancreatic duct, hepatic duct, common bile duct, duodenal papilla, and gallbladder. In this procedure, a thin, lighted tube (endoscope) is passed through the mouth and down into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). A smaller tube (catheter) is then inserted through the endoscope into the bile and pancreatic ducts. A dye is injected through the catheter into the ducts, and an x-ray is taken. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph
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vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Energetic: Exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. [EU] Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local
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anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]
Epoxy Resins: Organic compounds containing an epoxide group and characterized by strength and thermosetting properties. Epoxy resins are often used as dental materials. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocyte Membrane: The semipermeable outer portion of the red corpuscle. It is known as a 'ghost' after hemolysis. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethanolamine: A viscous, hygroscopic amino alcohol with an ammoniacal odor. It is widely distributed in biological tissue and is a component of lecithin. It is used as a surfactant, fluorimetric reagent, and to remove CO2 and H2S from natural gas and other gases. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ether, Ethyl: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes. [NIH] Ethyl Chloride: A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine. [NIH] Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is
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poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins. [NIH]
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic. [NIH]
Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evaluable disease: Disease that cannot be measured directly by the size of the tumor but can be evaluated by other methods specific to a particular clinical trial. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excimer laser: An ultraviolet laser used in refractive surgery to remove corneal tissue. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Extender: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight, used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU]
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Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Farnesyl: Enzyme which adds 15 carbon atoms to the Ras precursor protein. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrillation: A small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin, resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres. [EU] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fibrositis: Aching, soreness or stiffness of muscles; often caused by inexpedient work postures. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Flame Retardants: Materials applied to fabrics, bedding, furniture, plastics, etc. to retard their burning; many may leach out and cause allergies or other harm. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescence Polarization: Measurement of the polarization of fluorescent light from solutions or microscopic specimens. It is used to provide information concerning molecular size, shape, and conformation, molecular anisotropy, electronic energy transfer, molecular interaction, including dye and coenzyme binding, and the antigen-antibody reaction. [NIH] Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay: Fluoroimmunoassay where detection of the hapten-antibody reaction is based on measurement of the increased polarization of fluorescence-labeled hapten when it is combined with antibody. The assay is very useful for the measurement of small haptenic antigens such as drugs at low concentrations. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen
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family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fluorocarbons: Liquid perfluorinated carbon compounds which may or may not contain a hetero atom such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, but do not contain another halogen or hydrogen atom. This concept includes fluorocarbon emulsions and fluorocarbon blood substitutes. [NIH] Fluorosis: Discoloration of the tooth enamel due to fluorine. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Foam Cells: Lipid-laden macrophages originating from monocytes or from smooth muscle cells. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Frozen Sections: Thinly cut sections of frozen tissue specimens prepared with a cryostat or freezing microtome. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicides, Industrial: Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi in agricultural applications, on wood, plastics, or other materials, in swimming pools, etc. [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglionic Blockers: Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their
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actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU]
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Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycidyl: A vinyl monomer. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycolysis: The pathway by which glucose is catabolized into two molecules of pyruvic acid with the generation of ATP. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as
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glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]
Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Graphite: An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Greenhouse Effect: The effect of global warming and the resulting increase in world temperatures. The predicted health effects of such long-term climatic change include increased incidence of respiratory, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH]
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Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Heat-Shock Proteins: Proteins which are synthesized in eukaryotic organisms and bacteria in response to hyperthermia and other environmental stresses. They increase thermal tolerance and perform functions essential to cell survival under these conditions. [NIH] Heat-Shock Proteins 90: A class of molecular chaperones whose members act in the mechanism of signal transduction by steroid receptors. [NIH] Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests: Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination. [NIH] Hematoporphyrin Derivative: A complex mixture of monomeric and aggregated porphyrins used in the photodynamic therapy of tumors (hematoporphyrin photoradiation). A purified component of this mixture is known as dihematoporphyrin ether. [NIH] Hematoporphyrin Photoradiation: Photochemotherapy using visible light, usually red, topically or delivered locally by fiberoptic probe to tissues sensitized with hematoporphyrins. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level
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may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatic Duct, Common: Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct. [NIH] Hepatotoxic: Toxic to liver cells. [EU] Heptanes: Seven-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. [NIH] Heptanol: A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]
Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform
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quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to codeine, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds. [NIH]
Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from morphine and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH]
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Hypertension, Renal: Hypertension due to renal diseases, especially chronic parenchymal disease. Hypertension as a result of compression or obstruction of the renal artery or its branches is hypertension, renovascular. [NIH] Hypertension, Renovascular: Hypertension due to compression or obstruction of the renal artery or its branches. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]
Hypoglycemic Agents: Agents which lower the blood glucose level. [NIH] Hypolipidemic: A drug that lowers abnormally high plasma concentrations of cholesterol or triglycerides or both. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immaturity: The state or quality of being unripe or not fully developed. [EU] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogen: A substance that is capable of causing antibody formation. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU]
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Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunologic Factors: Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] Impregnation: 1. The act of fecundation or of rendering pregnant. 2. The process or act of saturation; a saturated condition. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Inertia: Inactivity, inability to move spontaneously. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
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Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis: A herpesvirus infection of cattle characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]
Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Instillation: . [EU] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interindividual: Occurring between two or more individuals. [EU] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are
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distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intravenous Anesthetics: The systemic administration of an anesthetic drug via an injection into the vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ionophores: Chemical agents that increase the permeability of biological or artificial lipid membranes to specific ions. Most ionophores are relatively small organic molecules that act as mobile carriers within membranes or coalesce to form ion permeable channels across membranes. Many are antibiotics, and many act as uncoupling agents by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the
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iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Islet: Cell producing insulin in pancreas. [NIH] Isoflavones: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of flavones in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. [NIH] Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects. [NIH] Isoniazid: Antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic. It remains the treatment of choice for tuberculosis. [NIH] Isotope Labeling: Techniques for labeling a substance with a stable or radioactive isotope. It is not used for articles involving labeled substances unless the methods of labeling are substantively discussed. Tracers that may be labeled include chemical substances, cells, or microorganisms. [NIH] Isozymes: The multiple forms of a single enzyme. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Ketoacidosis: Acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis. [EU] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can
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also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosteroids: Steroid derivatives formed by oxidation of a methyl group on the side chain or a methylene group in the ring skeleton to form a ketone. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Kidney Pelvis: The flattened, funnel-shaped expansion connecting the ureter to the kidney calices. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Kinetoplastida: An order of flagellate protozoa. Characteristics include the presence of one or two flagella arising from a depression in the cell body and a single mitochondrion that extends the length of the body. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Lag: The time elapsing between application of a stimulus and the resulting reaction. [NIH] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the
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outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Lenses: Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Lightness: The attribute of visual sensation in accordance with which a body seems to transmit or reflect diffusely a greater or smaller fraction of the incident light. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing
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an aqueous compartment. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Lithotripsy: The destruction of a calculus of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces, including crushing with a lithotriptor through a catheter. Focused percutaneous ultrasound and focused hydraulic shock waves may be used without surgery. Lithotripsy does not include the dissolving of stones by acids or litholysis. Lithotripsy by laser is laser lithotripsy. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the liver. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Long-Term Potentiation: A persistent increase in synaptic efficacy, usually induced by appropriate activation of the same synapses. The phenomenological properties of long-term potentiation suggest that it may be a cellular mechanism of learning and memory. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen,
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thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokines: Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysophospholipase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a single fatty acid ester bond in lysoglycerophosphatidates with the formation of glyceryl phosphatidates and a fatty acid. EC 3.1.1.5. [NIH] Macrolides: A group of organic compounds that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Activation: The process of altering the morphology and functional activity of macrophages so that they become avidly phagocytic. It is initiated by lymphokines, such as the macrophage activation factor (MAF) and the macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MMIF), immune complexes, C3b, and various peptides, polysaccharides, and immunologic adjuvants. [NIH] Magnesium Chloride: Magnesium chloride. An inorganic compound consisting of one magnesium and two chloride ions. The compound is used in medicine as a source of magnesium ions, which are essential for many cellular activities. It has also been used as a cathartic and in alloys. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]
defect
resulting
from
an
intrinsically
abnormal
Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU]
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Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (antimalarials). It is very effective against Plasmodium falciparum with very few side effects. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Fluidity: The motion of phospholipid molecules within the lipid bilayer, dependent on the classes of phospholipids present, their fatty acid composition and degree of unsaturation of the acyl chains, the cholesterol concentration, and temperature. [NIH] Membrane Fusion: The adherence of cell membranes, intracellular membranes, or artifical membrane models of either to each other or to viruses, parasites, or interstitial particles through a variety of chemical and physical processes. [NIH] Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells. [NIH] Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH]
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Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methoxamine: An alpha-adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral vasoconstriction. It has little if any direct effect on the central nervous system. [NIH] Methyl Ethers: A group of compounds that contain the general formula R-OCH3. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbicide: Any substance (gels, creams, suppositories, etc.) that can reduce transmission of sexually transmitted infections. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH]
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Mid-Atlantic Region: A geographical area of the United States comprising the District of Columbia, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineral Oil: A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient. [NIH] Miscible: Susceptible of being mixed. [EU] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Chaperones: A family of cellular proteins that mediate the correct assembly or disassembly of other polypeptides, and in some cases their assembly into oligomeric structures, but which are not components of those final structures. It is believed that chaperone proteins assist polypeptides to self-assemble by inhibiting alternative assembly pathways that produce nonfunctional structures. Some classes of molecular chaperones are the nucleoplasmins, the chaperonins, the heat-shock proteins 70, and the heat-shock proteins 90. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH]
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Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mycobacterium: A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts. [NIH]
Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]
Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has
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morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Natural selection: A part of the evolutionary process resulting in the survival and reproduction of the best adapted individuals. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrotoxic: Toxic or destructive to kidney cells. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]
Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal,
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and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV infection and AIDS. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrogen Oxides: Inorganic oxides that contain nitrogen. [NIH] Non-nucleoside: A member of a class of compounds, including delavirdine, loviride and nevirapine, that acts to directly combine with and block the action of HIV's reverse transcriptase. [NIH] Nonoxynol: Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nurseries: Facilities which provide care for infants. [NIH]
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Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Occupational Health: The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment. [NIH] Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Organosilicon Compounds: Organic compounds that contain silicon as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Orthopoxvirus: A genus of the family Poxviridae, subfamily Chordopoxvirninae, comprising many species infecting mammals. Viruses of this genus cause generalized infections and a rash in some hosts. The type species is Vaccinia virus. [NIH] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU]
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Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]
Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxycodone: Semisynthetic derivative of codeine that acts as a narcotic analgesic more potent and addicting than codeine. [NIH] Oxygenase: Enzyme which breaks down heme, the iron-containing oxygen-carrying constituent of the red blood cells. [NIH] Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH] Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH]
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Pancreatic Ducts: Ducts that collect pancreatic juice from the pancreas and supply it to the duodenum. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]
Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral
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sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Perspiration: Sweating; the functional secretion of sweat. [EU] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phocomelia: Congenital deformity that leaves the child without legs. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipid Ethers: Phospholipids which have an alcohol moiety in ethereal linkage with a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol. They are usually derivatives of phosphoglycerols or phosphatidates. The other two alcohol groups of the glycerol backbone
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are usually in ester linkage. These compounds are widely distributed in animal tissues. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorous: Having to do with or containing the element phosphorus. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylate: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photoallergy: Sensitization of the skin to light usually due to the action of certain substances or drugs, may occur shortly after exposure to a substance or after a latent period of from days to months. [NIH] Photodynamic therapy: Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light. These drugs kill cancer cells. [NIH] Photofrin: A drug used in photodynamic therapy that is absorbed by tumor cells; when absorbed by cancer cells and exposed to light, it becomes active and kills the cancer cells. [NIH]
Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Photosensitizer: A drug used in photodynamic therapy. When absorbed by cancer cells and exposed to light, the drug becomes active and kills the cancer cells. [NIH] Physicochemical: Pertaining to physics and chemistry. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Phytoplankton: Minute plant organisms which live in practically all natural waters. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a
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fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmalogens: Any glycerophospholipid in which one of the two acyl chains is attached to glycerol with an ether alkenyl linkage instead of an ester as with the other glycerophospholipids. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Plasticizers: Materials incorporated mechanically in plastics (usually PVC) to increase flexibility, workability or distensibility; due to the non-chemical inclusion, plasticizers leach out from the plastic and are found in body fluids and the general environment. [NIH] Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by platelets, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including hypotension, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and bronchoconstriction. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH]
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Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Industrial products consisting of a mixture of chlorinated biphenyl congeners and isomers. These compounds are highly lipophilic and tend to accumulate in fat stores of animals. Many of these compounds are considered toxic and potential environmental pollutants. [NIH] Polyesters: Polymers of organic acids and alcohols, with ester linkages--usually polyethylene terephthalate; can be cured into hard plastic, films or tapes, or fibers which can be woven into fabrics, meshes or velours. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polyglycolic Acid: Poly(oxy(1-oxo-1,2-ethanediyl)). A biocompatible polymer used as a surgical suture material. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymyalgia Rheumatica: A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with temporal arteritis and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polytetrafluoroethylene: Homopolymer of tetrafluoroethylene. Nonflammable, tough, inert plastic tubing or sheeting; used to line vessels, insulate, protect or lubricate apparatus; also as filter, coating for surgical implants or as prosthetic material. Synonyms: Fluoroflex; Fluoroplast; Ftoroplast; Halon; Polyfene; PTFE; Tetron. [NIH] Polyurethanes: A group of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers containing polyisocyanate. They are used as elastomers, as coatings, as fibers and as foams. [NIH] Polyvinyl Alcohol: A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products. [NIH] Porosity: Condition of having pores or open spaces. This often refers to bones, bone implants, or bone cements, but can refer to the porous state of any solid substance. [NIH] Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU]
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Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-synaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for potassium ions. [NIH] Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH]
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Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propofol: A widely used anesthetic. [NIH] Propolis: Resinous substance obtained from beehives; contains many different substances which may have antimicrobial or antimycotic activity topically; its extracts are called propolis resin or balsam. Synonyms: bee bread; hive dross; bee glue. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Isoforms: Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different genes, or from the same gene by alternative splicing. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein
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C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH]
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Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Surfactants: Lipoproteins in which the lipid moiety is based mainly on lecithin and other phospholipids. They may also contain small amounts of prostaglandins and other compounds. They are secreted by the mitochondria of type II alveolar cells. Surfactants regulate the surface tension of the mucoid layer lining the alveoli. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship: A quantitative prediction of the biological, ecotoxicological or pharmaceutical activity of a molecule. It is based upon structure and activity information gathered from a series of similar compounds. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH]
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Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal Artery: A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters. [NIH] Renal tubular: A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones, and poor growth in children. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus
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limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Detachment: Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12). [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH] Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RNA-directed DNA polymerase), an enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template. [NIH] Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae inhabiting primarily the respiratory tract of mammalian hosts. It includes the human strains associated with common colds. [NIH]
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Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Saccule: The smaller of the 2 sacs within the vestibule of the ear. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sanitation: The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Schistosome: Dermatitis caused by the snail parasite, Schistosoma cercariae. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH]
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Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sedatives, Barbiturate: Those derivatives of barbituric or thiobarbituric acid that are used as hypnotics or sedatives. The structural class of all such derivatives, regardless of use, is barbiturates. [NIH] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminal fluid: Fluid from the prostate and other sex glands that helps transport sperm out of the man's body during orgasm. Seminal fluid contains sugar as an energy source for sperm. [NIH] Seminal vesicles: Glands that help produce semen. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH]
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Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Ships: Large vessels propelled by power or sail used for transportation on rivers, seas, oceans, or other navigable waters. Boats are smaller vessels propelled by oars, paddles, sail, or power; they may or may not have a deck. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silanes: Compounds similar to hydrocarbons in which a tetravalent silicon atom replaces the carbon atom. They are very reactive, ignite in air, and form useful derivatives. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Silicone Oils: Organic siloxanes which are polymerized to the oily stage. The oils have low surface tension and density less than 1. They are used in industrial applications and in the treatment of retinal detachment, complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy. [NIH] Siloxanes: Silicon polymers that contain alternate silicon and oxygen atoms in linear or cyclic molecular structures. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH]
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Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin graft: Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Small cell lung cancer: A type of lung cancer in which the cells appear small and round when viewed under the microscope. Also called oat cell lung cancer. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and
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the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm Head: The anterior, usually ovoid, nucleus-containing part of spermatozoa. [NIH] Spermatozoon: The mature male germ cell. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Sports Medicine: The field of medicine concerned with physical fitness and the diagnosis and treatment of injuries sustained in sports activities. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stents: Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]
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Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sudden cardiac death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. [NIH] Sudden death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. The term "death" is somewhat misleading, because some patients survive. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfur Compounds: Inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part
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of the molecule. [NIH] Sulfur Oxides: Inorganic oxides of sulfur. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surface Plasmon Resonance: A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or second-
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messenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systemic therapy: Treatment that uses substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching and affecting cells all over the body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of uranium. The stablest isotope has a mass number 99 and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. [NIH] Teicoplanin: Glycopeptide antibiotic complex from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus active against gram-positive bacteria. It consists of five major components each with a different fatty acid moiety. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Tendonitis: Inflammation of tendons attached to the biceps muscle, i. e. the main flexor muscle of the upper arm. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetrahydrocannabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. Dronabinol is a synthetic form of delta-9-THC. [NIH] Tetravalent: Pertaining to a group of 4 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Thalidomide: A pharmaceutical agent originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market because of its known tetratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH]
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Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make
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permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]
Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH]
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Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triclosan: A diphenyl ether derivative used in cosmetics and toilet soaps as an antiseptic. It has some bacteriostatic and fungistatic action. [NIH] Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Tuberculostatic: Inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. [EU] Tubulin: A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from sperm flagella, cilia, and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to colchicine, vincristine, and vinblastine. [NIH] Tumor model: A type of animal model which can be used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumorigenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH]
Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is
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referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Ultraviolet Rays: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants. [NIH]
Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uncoupling Agents: Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those ionophores that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH]
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Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vanadium: Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. [NIH] Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Variola: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Vas Deferens: The excretory duct of the testes that carries spermatozoa. It rises from the scrotum and joins the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular fibrillation: Rapid, irregular quivering of the heart's ventricles, with no effective heartbeat. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU]
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Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids, and their assembly into a new infectious particle. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Voltage-gated: It is opened by the altered charge distribution across the cell membrane. [NIH]
Watchful waiting: Closely monitoring a patient's condition but withholding treatment until symptoms appear or change. Also called observation. [NIH] Wetting Agents: A surfactant that renders a surface wettable by water or enhances the spreading of water over the surface; used in foods and cosmetics; important in contrast media; also with contact lenses, dentures, and some prostheses. Synonyms: humectants; hydrating agents. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Xenobiotics: Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc. [NIH]
Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH]
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X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abdominal, 96, 245, 291, 314, 321, 343, 344, 345, 353, 365 Abdominal Pain, 245, 291, 321, 365 Abrasion, 212, 291 Acceptor, 24, 52, 71, 174, 291, 333, 343, 364 Acetone, 51, 178, 291, 332 Acetylcholine, 53, 60, 63, 291, 305, 340, 341 Acid Rain, 200, 291 Acidity, 50, 116, 291, 345 Acrosome, 32, 291 Acrosome Reaction, 32, 291 Acrylonitrile, 291, 355 Actin, 36, 78, 291 Acyl, 22, 79, 205, 291, 317, 336, 347 Adaptability, 291, 304 Adaptation, 291, 347 Adduct, 63, 212, 291 Adenine, 19, 292, 352 Adenocarcinoma, 24, 292 Adenosine, 119, 205, 292, 346 Adenosine Triphosphate, 205, 292, 346 Adhesives, 56, 174, 185, 212, 291, 292, 301 Adipose Tissue, 76, 84, 292 Adrenaline, 50, 292 Adrenergic, 72, 255, 292, 313, 316, 337, 361 Adsorption, 5, 11, 34, 48, 64, 81, 88, 167, 181, 292 Adsorptive, 292 Adverse Effect, 292, 357, 368 Aerobic, 12, 66, 292, 338, 339 Aerosol, 230, 292, 368 Affinity, 27, 30, 44, 59, 60, 83, 239, 292, 333, 358 Agar, 292, 346 Aggressiveness, 22, 292 Agonist, 27, 60, 61, 66, 292, 313, 331, 337, 341 Alanine, 69, 293 Albumin, 49, 86, 88, 293, 347 Aldehydes, 33, 86, 244, 293 Algorithms, 293, 300 Alkaline, 167, 168, 293, 294, 302, 343, 345 Alkaloid, 293, 302, 306, 307, 338, 341 Allergen, 293, 312 Allo, 293, 323 Alloys, 208, 293, 335, 343 Allylamine, 293, 294
Alpha Particles, 293, 352 Alpha-1, 26, 293 Alpha-helices, 6, 293 Alpha-helix, 6, 293, 331 Alternative medicine, 248, 293 Alternative Splicing, 41, 293, 350 Aluminum, 119, 189, 224, 237, 293, 299 Alveoli, 294, 352, 367 Ameliorating, 62, 294 Amination, 64, 294 Amine, 172, 206, 212, 214, 223, 253, 294, 325 Amino acid, 12, 15, 30, 38, 61, 75, 172, 218, 293, 294, 296, 297, 303, 310, 312, 317, 318, 322, 325, 331, 337, 344, 345, 351, 356, 357, 360, 363, 364, 365, 366 Amino Acid Sequence, 294, 296, 318 Amino Acid Substitution, 75, 294 Aminophenols, 172, 183, 294 Ammonia, 70, 294, 361, 366 Ammonium Compounds, 166, 294 Amphetamines, 294, 306 Ampulla, 294, 315 Amputation, 9, 294 Amyloid, 73, 78, 92, 93, 294 Anaerobic, 39, 66, 69, 294 Anaesthesia, 82, 93, 294, 328 Anal, 14, 295 Analgesic, 53, 92, 295, 306, 326, 338, 342, 343 Analog, 4, 6, 23, 28, 42, 45, 67, 169, 295 Analogous, 63, 237, 295, 313, 347, 364 Analytes, 50, 295, 361 Anaphylatoxins, 295, 307 Anatomical, 17, 295, 298, 315, 356 Anemia, 103, 107, 295, 302, 320 Anesthesia, 4, 6, 7, 53, 76, 92, 295, 316 Anesthetics, 6, 7, 26, 27, 30, 38, 53, 130, 252, 295, 299, 317 Angiogenesis, 22, 295 Anhydrides, 193, 215, 295 Anhydrous, 186, 191, 295 Animal model, 7, 36, 46, 295, 365 Anionic, 56, 166, 167, 170, 203, 204, 230, 295 Anions, 51, 55, 293, 295, 330 Anisotropy, 6, 295, 319 Anode, 295
372
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Antagonism, 60, 63, 295 Antiangiogenic, 78, 296 Antiarrhythmic, 38, 53, 296 Antibacterial, 171, 296, 331, 359, 367 Antibiotic, 80, 197, 198, 296, 298, 317, 344, 355, 359, 360, 362 Antibodies, 13, 296, 324, 325, 328, 335, 338, 347 Antibody, 11, 13, 28, 61, 219, 292, 296, 307, 317, 319, 324, 326, 327, 328, 331, 336, 338, 352, 358, 361, 369 Anticoagulant, 296, 350 Anticonvulsant, 195, 296 Antidepressant, 87, 296, 320 Antifungal, 8, 40, 71, 78, 296 Antifungal Agents, 71, 296 Antigen, 68, 182, 219, 292, 296, 307, 311, 319, 324, 326, 327, 328, 336, 361 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 296, 307 Antigen-presenting cell, 296, 311 Anti-infective, 296, 358 Anti-inflammatory, 20, 23, 92, 94, 204, 296 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 20, 296 Antimicrobial, 32, 63, 166, 198, 296, 312, 350 Antimycotic, 296, 350 Antioxidant, 178, 296, 343 Antipyretic, 92, 296 Antiseptic, 291, 297, 349, 365 Antituberculosis, 31, 297 Antiviral, 16, 17, 25, 32, 195, 297, 312, 344 Antiviral Agents, 25, 195, 297 Anuria, 297, 332 Anus, 295, 297, 301, 307, 353 Anxiety, 97, 297, 305 Aplasia, 297, 314 Apolipoproteins, 297, 333 Apoptosis, 8, 28, 46, 74, 81, 87, 205, 297, 303 Arachidonic Acid, 21, 297, 333, 350 Arginine, 15, 120, 295, 297, 341 Arrhythmia, 37, 44, 98, 213, 231, 296, 297 Arterial, 177, 293, 297, 305, 326, 351, 362 Arteries, 178, 297, 298, 300, 301, 304, 309, 334, 337, 339, 363 Arterioles, 177, 297, 301, 302, 337, 339 Arteriosus, 297, 351 Arteriovenous, 177, 297, 337 Arteritis, 297, 348 Artery, 99, 297, 309, 315, 339, 352, 353, 355 Arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid, 194, 297 Articular, 298, 343
Artificial Limbs, 52, 298 Aspiration, 4, 298 Assay, 13, 18, 27, 32, 33, 35, 37, 42, 51, 60, 80, 298, 319, 327, 355 Astringent, 298, 349 Asymptomatic, 298, 344 Atheromatosis, 178, 298 Atrial, 213, 298 Atrium, 298, 367 Attenuation, 14, 298 Auditory, 221, 298 Autodigestion, 298, 344 Autoimmune disease, 194, 298, 339 Autonomic, 291, 298, 320, 341, 344, 361 Autonomic Nervous System, 298, 344, 361 Azithromycin, 121, 198, 298 B Bacterial Adhesion, 11, 298 Bacterial Infections, 198, 298, 305 Bactericidal, 298, 317, 366 Bacteriophage, 298, 346, 364 Bacteriostatic, 299, 317, 365 Bacterium, 11, 68, 299, 308 Barbiturate, 299, 362 Base, 11, 33, 40, 52, 169, 182, 183, 188, 196, 219, 220, 221, 228, 255, 292, 299, 311, 331, 332, 338, 345, 362, 366 Base Sequence, 182, 299 Basophils, 299, 323, 333, 347 Benign, 98, 169, 299, 324, 340, 344, 352 Bentonite, 201, 299 Benzene, 39, 72, 170, 181, 186, 197, 299, 331 Benzyl Alcohol, 166, 209, 299 Beta-pleated, 294, 299 Bile, 3, 4, 245, 299, 310, 315, 320, 325, 334 Bile Acids, 299 Bile Acids and Salts, 299 Bile duct, 3, 4, 245, 299, 315, 320, 325 Biliary, 299, 302, 307, 344 Biliary Tract, 299, 302, 344 Bilirubin, 293, 299, 320 Binding Sites, 6, 19, 25, 26, 30, 35, 49, 299 Bioavailable, 73, 300 Biochemical, 7, 23, 38, 41, 45, 47, 49, 54, 59, 74, 79, 238, 300, 323, 332, 333, 343, 357 Biocompatible Materials, 55, 300 Biodegradation, 39, 66, 300 Biogenesis, 15, 36, 39, 300 Biological therapy, 300, 323 Biomolecular, 300, 361 Biophysics, 12, 34, 63, 300
Index 373
Biotechnology, 65, 71, 248, 271, 300 Bioterrorism, 16, 300 Biotic, 300, 366 Biotransformation, 13, 74, 300 Bismuth, 55, 122, 254, 300 Bladder, 98, 278, 300, 310, 328, 334, 339, 350, 366 Blood Coagulation, 300, 302, 355, 363 Blood Glucose, 300, 324, 327, 329 Blood pressure, 19, 194, 300, 303, 321, 326, 327, 338, 358 Blood vessel, 9, 177, 295, 296, 300, 301, 303, 304, 315, 316, 331, 334, 335, 344, 358, 360, 363, 367 Blood-Brain Barrier, 301, 335 Body Burden, 79, 301 Body Fluids, 301, 302, 314, 347, 358 Bone Cements, 301, 348 Bone Marrow, 299, 301, 321, 327, 334, 358 Bone scan, 301, 355 Borates, 51, 301 Boron, 147, 168, 301 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 301 Bowel, 103, 194, 295, 301, 312, 329, 330, 332, 360, 365 Bowel Movement, 301, 312, 360 Brachytherapy, 301, 330, 331, 352, 369 Bradykinin, 301, 341, 347 Branch, 287, 301, 310, 315, 335, 344, 351, 353, 358, 362 Breakdown, 7, 21, 301, 312, 321 Broadband, 187, 301 Bromine, 191, 198, 301 Bronchial, 302, 325 Bronchoconstriction, 302, 347 Bursitis, 194, 302 Bypass, 64, 302, 339 C Cadmium, 196, 302 Cadmium Poisoning, 302 Calcium, 32, 41, 49, 75, 148, 175, 301, 302, 306, 307, 339, 357 Calcium Carbonate, 175, 301, 302 Calculi, 302, 323 Calibration, 14, 302 Calmodulin, 41, 302 Camptothecin, 87, 95, 302 Cannabidiol, 45, 302 Cannabinoids, 20, 302 Cannabinol, 302 Cannabis, 20, 302, 362
Capillary, 19, 75, 76, 92, 98, 301, 302, 355, 367 Capping, 87, 302 Capsid, 73, 303 Carbohydrate, 24, 87, 303, 322, 323, 348 Carbon Dioxide, 169, 210, 227, 303, 311, 321, 346, 354, 366 Carboxy, 36, 303, 331 Carboxylic Acids, 13, 218, 226, 303 Carcinogen, 5, 18, 291, 303, 316 Carcinogenesis, 240, 303 Carcinogenic, 299, 303, 312, 329, 350, 365, 366 Carcinoma, 6, 303 Cardiotoxic, 20, 303 Cardiovascular, 11, 15, 52, 61, 64, 73, 98, 193, 194, 195, 303, 318, 333, 357 Cardiovascular disease, 52, 193, 194, 303 Cardiovascular System, 303, 318 Carnitine, 148, 149, 303 Carotene, 121, 122, 143, 146, 254, 303, 354 Carrier Proteins, 194, 303, 347 Caspase, 74, 81, 303 Catabolism, 49, 303 Catheter, 303, 315, 334 Cathode, 295, 303, 318 Cations, 8, 162, 303, 330 Causal, 194, 304, 325 Cause of Death, 19, 304 Caustic, 304, 349, 358 Cell Adhesion, 11, 304 Cell Death, 28, 78, 93, 297, 304 Cell Differentiation, 34, 182, 304, 357 Cell Division, 298, 304, 310, 323, 336, 338, 346, 350, 356 Cell membrane, 11, 17, 22, 24, 205, 213, 303, 304, 311, 318, 336, 346, 349, 368 Cell proliferation, 304, 357 Cell Survival, 304, 323, 324 Cellobiose, 304 Cellular adhesion, 48, 304 Cellulose, 167, 201, 226, 238, 242, 243, 304, 346 Cerebral, 177, 301, 304, 309, 316, 318 Cerebral Arteries, 177, 304 Cerebral Cortex, 304, 318 Cerebrovascular, 303, 304 Cerebrum, 304 Cervical, 18, 99, 304 Cervix, 304 Chaperonins, 305, 338 Chemotactic Factors, 305, 307
374
Ether
Chemotherapeutic agent, 28, 305 Chemotherapy, 28, 124, 205, 305 Chloral Hydrate, 54, 305 Chlorine, 190, 191, 198, 221, 305 Chlorine Compounds, 190, 305 Chloroform, 92, 163, 305 Chloroquine, 206, 305 Cholecystectomy, 4, 305 Cholelithiasis, 245, 305 Cholesterol Esterase, 88, 305 Cholesterol Esters, 305, 333 Choline, 22, 82, 305 Cholinergic, 305, 341 Chromatin, 297, 305, 316 Chromosomal, 47, 305, 354, 355 Chromosome, 182, 279, 305, 308, 323, 333, 355, 356 Chronic, 21, 99, 306, 327, 328, 332, 344, 351, 355, 360, 362, 365, 366, 367 Chrysosporium, 70, 306 Chylomicrons, 306, 333 CIS, 215, 231, 277, 306, 354 Citric Acid, 25, 170, 252, 306 Citrus, 210, 306 Clamp, 19, 37, 45, 53, 306 Clear cell carcinoma, 306, 312 Cleave, 35, 303, 306 Clinical Medicine, 306, 349 Clinical trial, 5, 16, 29, 32, 33, 36, 42, 46, 49, 52, 271, 306, 309, 318, 351, 353 Cloning, 67, 70, 75, 276, 300, 306 Coal, 299, 306 Coca, 306 Cocaine, 19, 73, 306 Cod Liver Oil, 306, 315 Codeine, 18, 125, 261, 306, 326, 342, 343 Coenzyme, 125, 126, 306, 319 Cofactor, 17, 29, 306, 341, 350, 363 Colchicine, 59, 125, 307, 365 Colitis, 108, 307 Collagen, 292, 294, 307, 347 Collapse, 301, 307 Colloidal, 125, 218, 293, 299, 307, 315, 318, 345 Colloids, 226, 307, 321 Colon, 57, 99, 103, 307, 329, 332, 365 Combination Therapy, 194, 307 Common Bile Duct, 307, 310, 325 Complement, 38, 295, 307, 308, 321, 347 Complementary and alternative medicine, 91, 160, 307 Complementary medicine, 91, 308
Computational Biology, 271, 308 Computed tomography, 245, 308, 355 Computerized tomography, 308 Concomitant, 63, 308 Conduction, 19, 308, 317 Confounding, 27, 308 Congestive heart failure, 49, 308 Conjugated, 126, 299, 308, 310 Conjugation, 78, 218, 300, 308 Conjunctiva, 308, 329 Connective Tissue, 301, 307, 308, 319, 320, 334, 354, 362 Consciousness, 295, 309, 313 Constipation, 99, 245, 309 Constriction, 309, 331, 355, 367 Contamination, 5, 29, 81, 208, 309 Contractility, 213, 309 Contraindications, ii, 309 Contrast Media, 309, 368 Control group, 43, 309 Conus, 309, 351 Convulsions, 296, 299, 309 Coordination, 25, 185, 309, 339 Cornea, 55, 309 Coronary, 99, 194, 303, 309, 337, 339 Coronary Arteriosclerosis, 309, 339 Coronary heart disease, 194, 303, 309 Coronary Thrombosis, 309, 337, 339 Corpuscle, 309, 317 Corrosion, 233, 309 Cortex, 309, 316, 317 Cortical, 309, 318, 356 Cortisol, 293, 309 Coumarin, 77, 309 Courtship, 37, 309 Cowpox, 17, 309, 310 Cowpox Virus, 309, 310 Cranial, 310, 324, 344 Criterion, 64, 310 Crossing-over, 310, 353 Cryostat, 310, 320 Cryptosporidiosis, 298, 310 Curative, 111, 310, 362 Cutaneous, 99, 310, 333, 334, 346, 367 Cyclic, 10, 56, 63, 70, 72, 91, 189, 206, 209, 218, 221, 222, 302, 310, 323, 341, 345, 348, 357 Cystic Duct, 245, 307, 310, 325 Cystine, 310, 313 Cystitis, 216, 310 Cytochrome, 7, 30, 67, 74, 77, 310 Cytogenetics, 310, 355
Index 375
Cytokine, 11, 195, 219, 310, 362 Cytoplasm, 54, 297, 299, 304, 310, 316, 323 Cytotoxic, 10, 19, 32, 310, 352, 357 Cytotoxicity, 6, 8, 17, 18, 26, 29, 36, 76, 81, 85, 87, 95, 293, 310 D Dairy Products, 310, 355 Deamination, 311, 366 Decarboxylation, 311, 325 Defense Mechanisms, 198, 311 Degenerative, 309, 311, 343, 354 Dehydration, 189, 225, 232, 311 Delavirdine, 311, 341 Deletion, 36, 38, 297, 311 Demethylation, 69, 311 Dendrites, 311, 340 Dendritic, 17, 162, 311, 336 Dendritic cell, 17, 311 Density, 172, 180, 190, 194, 212, 222, 224, 311, 314, 333, 342, 348, 357, 358 Dental Caries, 311, 320 Dental Materials, 311, 317 Dental Plaque, 171, 311 Dentate Gyrus, 311, 325 Dentures, 311, 368 Depolarization, 311, 357 Depressive Disorder, 311, 334 Deprivation, 21, 46, 312 Dermatitis, 218, 312, 355 DES, 181, 295, 312 Desensitization, 27, 312 Detergents, 170, 312, 341 Deuterium, 18, 312, 326 Diabetes Mellitus, 9, 100, 312, 322, 324 Diacylglycerol Kinase, 205, 312 Diagnostic procedure, 165, 248, 312 Dialysate, 312, 314 Dialyzer, 312, 324 Diamines, 183, 312 Diarrhea, 100, 245, 310, 312 Diastolic, 312, 326 Digestion, 299, 301, 312, 330, 334, 360 Digestive system, 245, 312 Dihematoporphyrin Ether, 43, 312, 324 Dihydrotestosterone, 312, 353 Dihydroxy, 223, 312, 317, 355 Dilatation, 312, 349 Dioxins, 84, 312 Diploid, 313, 346 Direct, iii, 6, 12, 19, 40, 55, 211, 223, 225, 251, 306, 313, 337, 353, 361 Discrimination, 51, 60, 313
Disinfectant, 313, 317 Dispenser, 230, 313 Dissociation, 292, 313, 330 Distal, 15, 48, 313, 315, 351 Disulphide, 218, 313 Dopamine, 306, 313, 340, 345 Doping, 196, 313 Dosimetry, 14, 42, 313 Drive, ii, vi, 7, 10, 53, 220, 313 Dross, 313, 350 Drug Delivery Systems, 55, 313 Drug Design, 63, 313 Drug Interactions, 38, 265, 314 Drug Resistance, 46, 170, 314 Drug Tolerance, 314, 363 Duct, 3, 294, 307, 314, 315, 343, 355, 367 Duodenum, 299, 314, 315, 344, 360 Dwell time, 171, 314 Dyes, 24, 183, 294, 299, 314 Dyslipidemia, 194, 314 E Ecosystem, 291, 314 Ectromelia, 17, 314 Ectromelia Virus, 17, 314 Effector, 59, 205, 291, 307, 314, 345 Efficacy, 7, 17, 26, 29, 34, 36, 42, 43, 48, 52, 313, 314, 334 Ejaculation, 314, 356 Elastic, 212, 314, 358, 361 Elastomers, 185, 314, 348 Elective, 4, 86, 314 Electric Conductivity, 295, 314 Electrocardiogram, 44, 314 Electrode, 10, 50, 180, 207, 295, 303, 315 Electrolysis, 180, 295, 303, 315 Electrolyte, 207, 208, 209, 315, 324, 332, 349, 358, 366 Electrophoresis, 19, 65, 75, 92, 315 Electrophysiological, 15, 37, 53, 54, 63, 315 Emboli, 65, 177, 315 Embolization, 177, 315 Embryo, 304, 315, 319, 328, 347 Emollient, 230, 315, 322, 338, 342 Emulsion, 193, 214, 226, 233, 234, 315 Enamel, 311, 315, 320, 331 Endogenous, 20, 21, 23, 45, 66, 313, 315, 316, 343, 350, 364, 366 Endorphins, 315, 340 Endoscope, 315 Endoscopic, 245, 315 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, 245, 315
376
Ether
Endothelial cell, 21, 49, 78, 301, 315, 363 Endothelium, 316, 341 Endothelium-derived, 316, 341 Endotoxic, 316, 333 Endotoxin, 81, 316, 365 Energetic, 112, 116, 316 Enflurane, 26, 54, 316 Enhancer, 41, 316 Enkephalins, 316, 340 Entorhinal Cortex, 316, 325 Environmental Exposure, 316, 342 Enzymatic, 22, 51, 68, 294, 302, 303, 307, 311, 316, 317, 325, 336, 354 Eosinophils, 316, 323, 333 Epichlorohydrin, 212, 213, 223, 316 Epidemic, 93, 316 Epidemiological, 29, 36, 316 Epidermis, 316, 331 Epidermoid carcinoma, 8, 316, 359 Epinephrine, 292, 313, 316, 340, 341, 365 Epithelial, 17, 28, 29, 34, 292, 317, 344 Epithelial Cells, 17, 28, 29, 317 Epitope, 219, 317 Epoxy Resins, 212, 223, 317 Erythema, 317, 366 Erythrocyte Membrane, 86, 317 Erythromycin, 128, 298, 317 Esophagus, 312, 317, 324, 345, 353, 360 Esterification, 185, 317 Estradiol, 14, 317 Estrogen, 22, 77, 128, 317 Estrogen receptor, 22, 77, 317 Ethanol, 30, 39, 77, 92, 162, 166, 193, 227, 317 Ethanolamine, 22, 204, 317 Ether, Ethyl, 66, 317 Ethyl Chloride, 176, 317 Ethylene Glycol, 11, 78, 81, 85, 182, 240, 317 Etomidate, 26, 318 Eukaryotic Cells, 46, 318, 342 Europium, 177, 318 Evacuation, 309, 318, 332 Evaluable disease, 42, 318 Evoke, 318, 359 Excimer laser, 221, 318 Excitability, 12, 53, 318 Excitation, 294, 318, 340 Excitatory, 53, 318, 322, 331 Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, 318, 331 Excrete, 297, 318, 332, 353 Exhaustion, 295, 318
Exocytosis, 47, 318 Exogenous, 34, 292, 300, 315, 318, 350 Exon, 53, 293, 318 Extender, 234, 318 Extensor, 318, 351 External-beam radiation, 318, 331, 352, 369 Extracellular, 12, 26, 54, 182, 294, 308, 318, 358 Extracorporeal, 245, 318, 324 Extraction, 93, 227, 318, 354 F Facial, 51, 193, 319 Family Planning, 271, 319 Farnesyl, 62, 319 Fatigue, 99, 319, 324 Fatty acids, 22, 39, 293, 303, 319, 322, 350, 358, 363 Feces, 29, 218, 309, 319, 360 Fetal Development, 177, 319 Fetus, 319, 346, 366 Fibrillation, 319 Fibrinogen, 64, 81, 319, 347, 363 Fibrosis, 9, 34, 293, 319, 356 Fibrositis, 194, 319 Filtration, 186, 188, 217, 226, 319, 332 Flame Retardants, 72, 319 Flatus, 319, 321 Flexor, 318, 319, 362 Fluorescence, 6, 12, 24, 27, 31, 51, 81, 319 Fluorescence Polarization, 51, 319 Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay, 51, 319 Fluorine, 170, 176, 177, 180, 191, 208, 221, 222, 225, 319, 320 Fluorocarbons, 222, 320 Fluorosis, 7, 320 Fluoxetine, 87, 149, 320 Foam Cells, 179, 320 Folate, 42, 146, 149, 320 Folic Acid, 42, 52, 145, 146, 149, 320 Forearm, 300, 320, 353 Free Radicals, 296, 313, 320, 339 Friction, 170, 171, 199, 320 Frozen Sections, 14, 320 Fructose, 320, 323 Fungi, 296, 308, 320, 323, 337, 369 Fungicides, Industrial, 296, 320 Fungistatic, 320, 365 G Gallbladder, 3, 4, 101, 245, 276, 291, 299, 305, 310, 312, 315, 320, 334
Index 377
Gallstones, 3, 4, 101, 245, 299, 305, 320 Ganglia, 291, 320, 340, 344, 361 Ganglionic Blockers, 320, 335 Gas exchange, 34, 321, 367 Gasoline, 5, 66, 74, 210, 239, 244, 299, 321 Gastric, 298, 303, 321, 324, 325, 326 Gastrin, 321, 326 Gastroenteritis, 301, 321 Gastrointestinal, 53, 194, 301, 302, 316, 317, 321, 333, 335, 357, 360 Gastrointestinal tract, 317, 321, 333, 335, 357 Gels, 201, 321, 337 Gene Expression, 49, 182, 321 Gene Therapy, 34, 276, 277, 278, 279, 321 Generator, 188, 221, 321 Genetic Engineering, 300, 306, 321 Genetics, 276, 277, 278, 308, 310, 321 Genital, 17, 25, 29, 36, 101, 306, 321 Genomics, 276, 278, 322 Genotype, 41, 322, 345 Germ Cells, 322, 336, 342, 343, 362 Gestation, 34, 322, 346 Ginger, 93, 145, 322 Gingivitis, 171, 311, 322 Ginseng, 119, 121, 130, 138, 141, 322 Gland, 322, 334, 343, 350, 356, 359, 363 Glucose, 9, 21, 24, 47, 64, 193, 194, 300, 304, 312, 322, 323, 324, 329, 358 Glucose Intolerance, 312, 322 Glucuronic Acid, 322, 325 Glutamate, 53, 322 Glutamic Acid, 320, 322, 340 Glycerol, 20, 25, 45, 70, 71, 193, 322, 345, 346, 347 Glycerophospholipids, 12, 34, 322, 346, 347 Glycidyl, 182, 223, 240, 322 Glycine, 294, 299, 322, 340 Glycolysis, 39, 322 Glycoprotein, 17, 319, 322, 323, 363, 365 Glycoside, 26, 322 Glycosylation, 16, 323 Gout, 59, 101, 194, 216, 307, 323 Governing Board, 323, 349 Gp120, 323, 344 Grade, 180, 226, 323 Graft, 175, 323, 326, 328, 339 Graft Rejection, 323, 328 Gram-positive, 323, 339, 362 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 323, 362 Granulocytes, 323, 333, 357, 368
Graphite, 192, 207, 323 Grasses, 320, 323 Greenhouse Effect, 176, 323 Growth factors, 10, 323 Guanylate Cyclase, 323, 341 H Habitat, 323, 339 Haploid, 323, 346 Haptens, 292, 324 Headache, 259, 324, 329 Heart attack, 231, 303, 324 Heart failure, 33, 324 Heartbeat, 324, 360, 367 Heartburn, 245, 324 Heat-Shock Proteins, 324, 338 Heat-Shock Proteins 90, 324, 338 Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests, 69, 324 Hematoporphyrin Derivative, 312, 324 Hematoporphyrin Photoradiation, 312, 324 Heme, 14, 299, 310, 324, 343, 348 Hemodiafiltration, 324, 366 Hemodialysis, 48, 302, 312, 324, 332, 366 Hemofiltration, 324, 366 Hemoglobin, 295, 324, 325, 348 Hemoglobinopathies, 321, 325 Hemolysis, 317, 325 Hemorrhage, 324, 325, 339, 360 Heparin, 48, 132, 325 Hepatic, 7, 293, 307, 315, 325, 334 Hepatic Duct, Common, 315, 325 Hepatotoxic, 30, 325 Heptanes, 51, 325 Heptanol, 202, 325 Herbicide, 34, 70, 77, 325 Heredity, 321, 325 Hernia, 34, 325 Herpes, 17, 25, 29, 36, 101, 325 Herpes Zoster, 325 Heterogeneity, 59, 292, 325 Hippocampus, 93, 311, 325, 360 Histamine, 63, 295, 325 Histidine, 325 Homeostasis, 182, 325 Homogeneous, 179, 190, 217, 325 Homologous, 47, 310, 321, 326, 356, 361, 362 Hormone, 89, 292, 293, 309, 312, 316, 317, 321, 326, 329, 336, 354, 357, 362, 363 Host, 39, 59, 198, 298, 326, 327, 328, 333, 354, 367, 368
378
Ether
Hybrid, 36, 326 Hydration, 190, 326 Hydrochloric Acid, 186, 326 Hydrocodone, 18, 326 Hydrogen Bonding, 27, 326 Hydrolysis, 45, 80, 217, 226, 300, 304, 305, 326, 335, 345, 351 Hydromorphone, 18, 326 Hydrophilic, 48, 169, 203, 233, 312, 326 Hydrophobic, 6, 30, 48, 52, 172, 181, 182, 203, 230, 312, 322, 326, 333 Hydroxylation, 43, 326 Hydroxyproline, 294, 307, 326 Hypercholesterolemia, 102, 178, 314, 326 Hyperglycemia, 79, 326 Hyperlipidemia, 178, 194, 314, 326 Hyperplasia, 34, 98, 326 Hypersensitivity, 293, 312, 326, 333, 354 Hypertension, 101, 102, 154, 193, 194, 303, 324, 326, 327, 335, 366 Hypertension, Renal, 193, 327 Hypertension, Renovascular, 327 Hypertriglyceridemia, 314, 327 Hypertrophy, 326, 327 Hyperuricemia, 323, 327 Hypnotic, 53, 299, 305, 318, 327, 362 Hypoglycemia, 79, 327 Hypoglycemic, 58, 194, 327 Hypoglycemic Agents, 194, 327 Hypolipidemic, 178, 327 Hypoplasia, 34, 327 Hypotension, 309, 321, 327, 347 Hypoxia, 21, 327 I Id, 96, 280, 286, 288, 327 Immaturity, 34, 327 Immune response, 194, 205, 219, 296, 298, 323, 324, 327, 328, 360, 367, 368 Immune system, 29, 296, 300, 327, 328, 333, 335, 339, 345, 367, 368 Immunity, 293, 327, 335 Immunization, 327, 328, 349 Immunoassay, 18, 327 Immunodeficiency, 25, 28, 35, 69, 327 Immunofluorescence, 53, 327 Immunogen, 219, 327 Immunogenic, 218, 327, 333 Immunoglobulin, 296, 328, 338 Immunohistochemistry, 10, 328 Immunologic, 29, 305, 327, 328, 335, 352 Immunologic Factors, 29, 328 Immunology, 47, 292, 328
Immunosuppressant, 8, 328 Immunosuppressive, 182, 328 Immunosuppressive therapy, 328 Immunotherapy, 219, 300, 312, 328 Implant radiation, 328, 330, 331, 352, 369 Impotence, 193, 194, 328 Impregnation, 193, 328 In situ, 48, 224, 328 In vivo, 6, 7, 12, 23, 24, 29, 34, 37, 41, 47, 48, 60, 62, 65, 69, 80, 205, 213, 321, 325, 328, 343, 363 Incision, 328, 330 Incontinence, 109, 218, 328 Indicative, 59, 235, 328, 344, 367 Induction, 32, 63, 182, 205, 219, 318, 321, 328 Inertia, 220, 328 Infarction, 328, 353 Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis, 71, 329 Inflammation, 22, 96, 106, 108, 193, 194, 205, 218, 293, 296, 297, 302, 307, 310, 312, 319, 321, 322, 325, 329, 333, 344, 347, 350, 354, 359, 362, 365, 366, 367 Inflammatory bowel disease, 194, 329 Influenza, 68, 69, 259, 329 Infusion, 4, 16, 329, 339, 364 Ingestion, 302, 329, 337, 347 Inhalation, 73, 93, 240, 255, 256, 257, 263, 292, 316, 317, 329, 331, 347 Initiation, 43, 329, 360, 364 Initiator, 64, 188, 215, 329 Inner ear, 329, 367 Inorganic, 39, 171, 175, 226, 233, 234, 294, 301, 305, 329, 335, 339, 341, 345, 360, 361 Inositol, 25, 46, 329 Insecticides, 329, 345, 368 Insight, 6, 9, 20, 36, 329 Insomnia, 103, 305, 329 Instillation, 34, 329 Insulator, 199, 329, 339 Insulin, 47, 61, 89, 103, 194, 259, 329, 331 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 329 Interindividual, 74, 329 Interleukin-1, 23, 329 Interleukin-2, 330 Internal radiation, 330, 331, 352, 369 Interstitial, 301, 330, 331, 336, 369 Intestinal, 29, 67, 103, 303, 310, 330 Intestine, 299, 301, 330, 332 Intoxication, 330, 367
Index 379
Intracellular, 12, 15, 21, 28, 31, 37, 45, 49, 59, 182, 198, 328, 330, 336, 341, 349, 357, 368 Intracellular Membranes, 330, 336 Intravenous, 16, 26, 329, 330 Intravenous Anesthetics, 26, 330 Intrinsic, 292, 330 Invasive, 22, 327, 330, 335 Invertebrates, 41, 330 Involuntary, 319, 330, 339 Ion Channels, 6, 12, 15, 16, 19, 53, 54, 60, 213, 330, 361 Ionization, 30, 75, 239, 330 Ionizing, 293, 316, 330, 352, 366 Ionophores, 69, 330, 366 Ions, 5, 18, 35, 53, 55, 162, 213, 291, 299, 302, 313, 315, 326, 330, 335, 349 Iridium, 217, 330 Iris, 297, 309, 330, 352 Irradiation, 12, 188, 301, 331, 369 Ischemia, 49, 77, 93, 331, 339, 353 Islet, 47, 331 Isoflavones, 142, 205, 206, 331 Isoflurane, 26, 38, 53, 331 Isoniazid, 31, 133, 331 Isotope Labeling, 56, 331 Isozymes, 47, 331 J Joint, 108, 216, 298, 319, 331, 343, 348, 361, 362 K Kainic Acid, 93, 331 Kb, 270, 331 Keratin, 172, 183, 331 Keto, 87, 95, 242, 244, 331 Ketoacidosis, 291, 331 Ketone Bodies, 291, 331 Ketosteroids, 42, 332 Kidney Failure, 9, 332 Kidney Failure, Acute, 332 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 332 Kidney Pelvis, 332, 366 Kinetic, 27, 35, 44, 162, 330, 332 Kinetoplastida, 39, 332 L Labile, 58, 307, 332 Labyrinth, 329, 332, 368 Lag, 171, 332 Laparoscopy, 245, 332 Large Intestine, 312, 330, 332, 353, 358 Laryngeal, 43, 332 Larynx, 332
Lavage, 18, 332 Laxative, 292, 332, 338, 358 Lectin, 332, 336 Leishmaniasis, 39, 333 Lenses, 333, 353, 368 Lethal, 61, 298, 333 Leucocyte, 293, 333 Leukemia, 8, 61, 103, 321, 333 Leukocytes, 198, 299, 301, 305, 316, 323, 333, 365 Leukotrienes, 297, 333 Library Services, 286, 333 Lidocaine, 260, 299, 333 Ligament, 333, 350 Ligands, 11, 17, 20, 43, 45, 60, 61, 181, 182, 333, 361 Lightness, 204, 333 Linkage, 56, 198, 302, 304, 333, 345, 347 Lipid A, 42, 47, 194, 247, 333 Lipid Peroxidation, 333, 343 Lipophilic, 185, 333, 348 Lipopolysaccharides, 333 Lipoprotein, 194, 314, 333, 334 Liposome, 204, 247, 333 Lithium, 33, 50, 51, 207, 208, 209, 211, 334 Lithotripsy, 3, 4, 245, 334 Liver Cirrhosis, 59, 103, 334 Liver Neoplasms, 334, 368 Liver scan, 334, 355 Localization, 12, 41, 328, 334 Localized, 47, 53, 167, 311, 328, 334, 346, 355, 365, 366 Locomotion, 334, 346 Long-Term Potentiation, 41, 334 Loop, 135, 325, 334 Low-density lipoprotein, 314, 333, 334 Lubricants, 237, 243, 334, 345 Lupus, 103, 108, 334, 362 Lymph, 24, 304, 309, 315, 316, 334, 335 Lymph node, 24, 304, 334, 335 Lymphatic, 104, 316, 328, 334, 358 Lymphatic system, 334, 358 Lymphocyte, 296, 335, 336 Lymphoid, 296, 333, 335 Lymphokines, 335 Lymphoma, 8, 278, 335 Lysophospholipase, 205, 335 M Macrolides, 59, 135, 335 Macrophage, 11, 330, 335 Macrophage Activation, 11, 335 Magnesium Chloride, 186, 335
380
Ether
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 335, 355 Malformation, 173, 177, 335 Malignant, 292, 312, 335, 340, 352 Malnutrition, 293, 335 Mammary, 23, 28, 335 Manic, 334, 335 Meat, 194, 335, 355 Mecamylamine, 60, 335 Mediate, 38, 49, 313, 335, 338 Mediator, 22, 330, 336, 357 MEDLINE, 271, 336 Mefloquine, 206, 260, 336 Megaloblastic, 320, 336 Meiosis, 336, 361, 362 Melanin, 331, 336, 345, 365 Melanocytes, 336 Melanoma, 8, 301, 336 Membrane Fluidity, 11, 336 Membrane Fusion, 12, 47, 336 Membrane Glycoproteins, 336 Membrane Lipids, 71, 163, 336, 346 Membrane Proteins, 6, 15, 31, 213, 336 Memory, 221, 334, 336 Meninges, 304, 336 Mental, iv, 5, 270, 272, 304, 313, 319, 336, 337, 342, 349, 351, 366 Mental Disorders, 336, 349 Mental Health, iv, 5, 270, 272, 337, 342, 349, 351 Mercury, 196, 337 Metabolic disorder, 323, 337 Metabolite, 18, 46, 86, 300, 312, 337, 349 Metastasis, 337 Metastatic, 22, 23, 41, 337 Methanol, 77, 92, 93, 211, 217, 222, 225, 227, 337 Methionine, 12, 136, 312, 337, 360 Methoxamine, 61, 337 Methyl Ethers, 94, 337 MI, 39, 82, 169, 186, 191, 193, 198, 216, 220, 223, 233, 239, 245, 289, 337 Microbe, 337, 364 Microbicide, 17, 25, 337 Microbiological, 25, 337 Microbiology, 25, 291, 337 Microcirculation, 334, 337 Microorganism, 306, 337, 344, 368 Micro-organism, 166, 311, 314, 337, 346 Microscopy, 34, 177, 337 Microtubules, 337, 343 Mid-Atlantic Region, 240, 338 Migration, 88, 335, 338
Mineral Oil, 214, 220, 338 Miscible, 169, 191, 338 Mitochondria, 305, 338, 339, 342, 352 Mitosis, 297, 338 Mobility, 27, 338 Modeling, 14, 19, 49, 162, 237, 313, 338 Modification, 10, 26, 43, 58, 60, 61, 179, 216, 217, 218, 294, 321, 338 Molecular Chaperones, 44, 305, 324, 338 Monitor, 4, 12, 31, 338, 341 Monoclonal, 11, 13, 331, 338, 352, 369 Monoclonal antibodies, 11, 14, 338 Monocyte, 81, 338 Morphine, 18, 51, 306, 313, 326, 338, 340, 342 Morphology, 217, 335, 338 Motion Sickness, 104, 338, 340 Mucins, 311, 339 Mucocutaneous, 333, 339 Mucosa, 18, 334, 339 Mucus, 339, 365 Multiple sclerosis, 12, 339 Mutagenic, 18, 83, 312, 339, 366 Myalgia, 329, 339 Mycobacterium, 31, 66, 67, 298, 339, 365 Mycosis, 306, 339 Myelin, 339 Myocardial infarction, 49, 309, 337, 339 Myocardial Ischemia, 49, 339 Myocardial Reperfusion, 339, 354 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 339, 354 Myocardium, 49, 337, 339 N Narcotic, 261, 262, 326, 338, 339, 343 Nasal Mucosa, 329, 340 Natural selection, 300, 340 Nausea, 104, 245, 321, 340, 366 NCI, 1, 42, 57, 269, 277, 279, 306, 340 Neonatal, 34, 69, 340 Neoplasia, 340 Neoplasm, 340, 344, 365 Neoplastic, 23, 47, 195, 335, 340 Nephrotoxic, 8, 340 Nerve, 37, 292, 295, 309, 311, 317, 336, 339, 340, 349, 356, 359, 365 Nervous System, 6, 12, 26, 41, 60, 94, 291, 293, 294, 298, 299, 304, 306, 320, 322, 324, 333, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 344, 357, 361, 362 Networks, 163, 177, 187, 192, 340 Neural, 53, 294, 320, 340, 354 Neuromuscular, 37, 213, 291, 340, 366
Index 381
Neuromuscular Junction, 37, 291, 340 Neuronal, 41, 45, 60, 77, 93, 213, 340 Neurons, 45, 53, 306, 311, 318, 320, 340, 341, 361 Neurotoxicity, 73, 92, 331, 340 Neurotransmitter, 6, 26, 53, 291, 292, 294, 301, 313, 322, 325, 330, 340, 341, 357, 360, 361 Neutrons, 293, 301, 331, 340, 352 Neutrophil, 22, 341 Nevirapine, 341 Nickel, 185, 341 Nicotine, 60, 77, 262, 341 Nitric Oxide, 14, 341 Nitrogen, 181, 198, 236, 241, 291, 293, 294, 320, 332, 341 Nitrogen Oxides, 291, 341 Non-nucleoside, 25, 57, 311, 341 Nonoxynol, 17, 341 Norepinephrine, 292, 313, 340, 341 Nuclear, 49, 93, 162, 302, 308, 318, 341, 366 Nuclei, 293, 308, 321, 335, 338, 340, 341, 351 Nucleic acid, 299, 303, 341, 352, 368 Nucleus, 11, 49, 291, 297, 298, 299, 305, 310, 312, 316, 318, 336, 340, 341, 350, 351, 359, 360 Nurseries, 201, 341 O Occupational Exposure, 85, 342 Occupational Health, 240, 276, 342 Octanes, 51, 342 Odour, 297, 342, 366 Ointments, 342, 358 Oliguria, 332, 342 Oncogene, 46, 342 Oocytes, 36, 54, 342 Opacity, 311, 342 Ophthalmic, 254, 257, 258, 260, 264, 342, 348 Opiate, 18, 338, 342 Opium, 313, 338, 342 Orbit, 342 Orbital, 235, 342 Organ Culture, 342, 363 Organelles, 310, 336, 342 Organosilicon Compounds, 186, 342 Orgasm, 314, 342, 356 Orthopoxvirus, 310, 314, 342 Osmosis, 217, 342 Osmotic, 293, 342 Osteoarthritis, 105, 194, 216, 343
Ovary, 317, 343, 347 Ovum, 291, 322, 343, 369 Oxidants, 12, 21, 30, 343 Oxidation-Reduction, 300, 343 Oxidative Stress, 232, 343 Oxides, 222, 223, 226, 341, 343, 361 Oxycodone, 18, 343 Oxygenase, 14, 343 P Paclitaxel, 86, 95, 138, 262, 343 Palladium, 64, 185, 343 Palliative, 343, 362 Pancreas, 291, 312, 329, 331, 343, 344 Pancreatic, 47, 61, 105, 303, 315, 343, 344 Pancreatic Ducts, 315, 344 Pancreatitis, 193, 194, 344 Papilla, 315, 344 Papilloma, 43, 344 Parasite, 29, 39, 206, 344, 355 Parasitic, 206, 310, 344 Patch, 19, 37, 45, 53, 201, 309, 344 Pathogen, 219, 344 Pathologic, 47, 297, 309, 326, 344, 351, 367 Pathologic Processes, 297, 344 Pathologies, 23, 344 Pelvic, 344, 350 Penicillin, 139, 296, 344 Peptide, 11, 15, 31, 38, 56, 61, 73, 78, 82, 92, 93, 197, 218, 219, 294, 331, 344, 350, 351, 365 Peptide T, 82, 344 Percutaneous, 4, 334, 344 Perfusion, 327, 344, 363 Pericardium, 344, 362 Periodontitis, 322, 344 Peripheral blood, 80, 94, 344 Peripheral Nervous System, 45, 316, 340, 344, 360 Peritoneal, 312, 314, 345 Peritoneal Dialysis, 312, 314, 345 Peroxide, 206, 243, 333, 345 Perspiration, 218, 345 Pesticides, 300, 329, 345 Petrolatum, 315, 345 Petroleum, 39, 177, 210, 321, 338, 345 PH, 81, 345 Phagocyte, 343, 345 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 304, 317, 345, 350 Pharmacokinetic, 345 Pharmacologic, 37, 63, 295, 345, 363, 364 Pharynx, 329, 345
382
Ether
Phenolphthalein, 315, 345 Phenotype, 16, 345 Phenyl, 231, 345 Phenylalanine, 50, 139, 345, 365 Phocomelia, 314, 345 Phosphates, 46, 51, 240, 345 Phosphodiesterase, 83, 345 Phospholipases, 21, 205, 345, 357 Phospholipid Ethers, 24, 345 Phospholipids, 21, 22, 34, 70, 76, 319, 329, 333, 336, 345, 346, 352 Phosphorous, 233, 346 Phosphorus, 139, 198, 233, 302, 346 Phosphorylate, 41, 346 Phosphorylated, 22, 306, 346 Phosphorylation, 22, 312, 346, 366 Photoallergy, 346 Photodynamic therapy, 14, 43, 48, 312, 324, 346 Photofrin, 43, 262, 346 Photosensitivity, 43, 346 Photosensitizer, 48, 346 Physicochemical, 27, 298, 346 Physiologic, 17, 23, 29, 292, 319, 346, 353 Physiology, 23, 36, 37, 46, 52, 54, 78, 291, 315, 346, 367 Phytoplankton, 75, 346 Pigments, 233, 234, 303, 346, 354 Placenta, 317, 346 Plaque, 171, 346 Plasma cells, 296, 347 Plasma protein, 293, 347 Plasmalogens, 21, 22, 47, 49, 86, 347 Plasticity, 41, 347 Plasticizers, 229, 347 Platelet Activating Factor, 21, 59, 205, 347 Platelet Activation, 65, 347, 357 Platelet Aggregation, 295, 341, 347, 363 Platelets, 64, 79, 341, 347, 357, 363 Platinum, 334, 343, 347 Pleated, 331, 347 Pneumonia, 309, 347 Pneumonitis, 34, 302, 347 Poisoning, 26, 100, 227, 302, 321, 330, 337, 340, 347, 356 Pollen, 139, 347, 352 Polychlorinated Biphenyls, 76, 348 Polyesters, 56, 348 Polyethylene, 197, 214, 233, 348 Polyglycolic Acid, 218, 348 Polymerase, 297, 348, 354 Polymyalgia Rheumatica, 194, 348
Polysaccharide, 296, 304, 348 Polytetrafluoroethylene, 184, 192, 348 Polyurethanes, 10, 56, 348 Polyvinyl Alcohol, 67, 175, 348 Porosity, 180, 348 Porphyrins, 312, 324, 348 Posterior, 295, 297, 330, 343, 348 Postnatal, 349, 359 Postsynaptic, 349, 357, 362 Post-synaptic, 26, 349 Post-translational, 47, 349 Potassium, 12, 15, 19, 29, 36, 37, 41, 44, 50, 73, 74, 79, 80, 83, 87, 88, 150, 205, 349, 358 Potassium Channels, 19, 37, 73, 79, 87, 349 Potassium Dichromate, 29, 349 Potentiate, 26, 349 Potentiating, 26, 349 Potentiation, 334, 349, 357 Practicability, 4, 349 Practice Guidelines, 272, 349 Precipitation, 240, 349 Preclinical, 17, 26, 28, 42, 46, 349 Precursor, 21, 297, 305, 313, 314, 315, 316, 319, 341, 345, 349, 365 Preoperative, 41, 349 Presynaptic, 340, 349, 361 Primary Prevention, 82, 349 Probe, 38, 41, 50, 55, 324, 349 Prodrug, 349 Progeny, 308, 350 Progression, 198, 295, 350, 365 Progressive, 304, 314, 323, 332, 343, 347, 350, 365 Projection, 311, 341, 350 Promoter, 217, 350 Prophase, 342, 350, 361, 362 Prophylaxis, 219, 297, 350, 367 Propofol, 26, 350 Propolis, 77, 92, 350 Proportional, 199, 350, 361 Propylene Glycol, 188, 193, 195, 226, 240, 350 Prostaglandins, 297, 350, 352 Prostaglandins A, 350, 352 Prostate, 24, 42, 98, 106, 350, 356 Prostatitis, 106, 216, 350 Protease, 66, 85, 307, 350 Protein Binding, 27, 32, 350, 363 Protein C, 6, 12, 15, 31, 38, 194, 293, 294, 297, 298, 331, 333, 350, 366 Protein Isoforms, 293, 350
Index 383
Protein Kinases, 32, 350 Protein S, 30, 297, 300, 317, 350, 360 Proteolytic, 293, 307, 319, 351 Protocol, 9, 17, 177, 181, 351 Protons, 293, 326, 330, 351, 352 Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 343, 351 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 343, 351 Protozoa, 308, 332, 333, 337, 351 Protozoal, 47, 351 Protozoan, 29, 310, 351 Proximal, 7, 76, 313, 348, 349, 351 Psoriasis, 106, 216, 351 Psychic, 114, 336, 351, 356 Psyllium, 133, 139, 140, 351 Public Health, 10, 49, 61, 272, 351 Public Policy, 271, 351 Pulmonary, 21, 22, 34, 99, 300, 305, 306, 324, 332, 333, 351, 352, 361, 367 Pulmonary Artery, 21, 300, 351, 367 Pulmonary Edema, 305, 332, 352 Pulmonary Surfactants, 34, 352 Pulse, 316, 338, 352 Pupil, 309, 352 Purifying, 188, 312, 352 Purines, 299, 352 Pyrimidines, 299, 352 Q Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, 88, 352 Quaternary, 166, 185, 198, 352 Quercetin, 80, 94, 147, 150, 352 R Race, 163, 192, 313, 338, 352 Radiation, 42, 188, 191, 211, 212, 316, 318, 319, 320, 330, 331, 352, 355, 369 Radiation therapy, 318, 330, 331, 352, 369 Radioactive, 301, 326, 328, 330, 331, 334, 338, 341, 352, 355, 362, 365, 366, 369 Radiolabeled, 42, 70, 331, 352, 369 Radiopharmaceutical, 41, 321, 352 Radiotherapy, 301, 331, 352, 369 Radius, 225, 353 Randomized, 314, 353 Reactive Oxygen Species, 12, 21, 79, 353 Reagent, 26, 42, 50, 186, 305, 317, 326, 353 Recombinant, 13, 47, 51, 353, 367 Recombination, 47, 308, 321, 353 Rectal, 28, 35, 106, 353 Rectum, 297, 301, 307, 312, 319, 321, 328, 329, 332, 350, 353, 361 Recurrence, 4, 43, 353 Red blood cells, 343, 353, 358
Reductase, 31, 71, 353 Refer, 1, 307, 315, 320, 325, 334, 341, 348, 353, 364 Reflux, 101, 178, 353 Refraction, 295, 353, 359 Regimen, 263, 314, 353 Regurgitation, 324, 353 Remission, 353 Renal Artery, 327, 353 Renal tubular, 7, 353 Reperfusion, 49, 339, 353, 354 Reperfusion Injury, 49, 354 Resection, 42, 354 Respiration, 303, 338, 354 Respiratory distress syndrome, 34, 354 Retinal, 354, 357 Retinal Detachment, 354, 357 Retrograde, 354 Retroviral vector, 60, 321, 354 Retrovirus, 61, 354 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, 57, 354 Rheology, 55, 233, 354 Rheumatism, 194, 354 Rheumatoid, 107, 194, 216, 297, 305, 343, 354 Rheumatoid arthritis, 194, 216, 297, 305, 354 Rhinovirus, 73, 354 Ribose, 292, 355 Rigidity, 52, 346, 355 Risk factor, 19, 52, 245, 355 Ristocetin, 9, 355, 367 Rod, 131, 299, 306, 355 Rubber, 174, 201, 228, 291, 314, 355 Rutin, 352, 355 S Saccule, 355, 368 Salicylic, 193, 355 Salivary, 278, 311, 312, 355 Salivary glands, 311, 312, 355 Sanitation, 176, 355 Satellite, 187, 355 Saturated fat, 204, 355 Scans, 24, 355 Schistosome, 76, 355 Scleroderma, 107, 194, 216, 355 Scleroproteins, 331, 355 Sclerosis, 104, 339, 356 Screening, 7, 52, 181, 182, 306, 356 Scrotum, 356, 367 Secretion, 47, 213, 325, 329, 339, 345, 356 Sedative, 299, 305, 306, 356
384
Ether
Sedatives, Barbiturate, 356 Sediment, 70, 356 Sedimentation, 67, 68, 180, 348, 356, 365 Segmental, 56, 356 Segmentation, 356 Segregation, 353, 356 Seizures, 54, 178, 356 Semen, 29, 314, 350, 356 Seminal fluid, 18, 356 Seminal vesicles, 356, 367 Semisynthetic, 67, 302, 343, 356 Sensibility, 294, 356 Sensor, 9, 24, 54, 356 Septicemia, 193, 194, 356 Sequence Homology, 344, 356 Sequencing, 55, 67, 276, 278, 279, 356 Serologic, 324, 327, 356 Serotonin, 320, 340, 357 Serum, 30, 75, 107, 194, 293, 295, 307, 324, 332, 334, 356, 357, 365 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 35, 357 Ships, 171, 357 Shock, 21, 107, 168, 201, 219, 245, 305, 334, 357, 365 Side effect, 3, 4, 27, 173, 231, 251, 292, 300, 327, 331, 336, 357, 364 Signal Transduction, 20, 23, 24, 28, 32, 213, 324, 329, 357 Signs and Symptoms, 245, 353, 357, 366 Silanes, 218, 357 Silicon, 55, 174, 191, 195, 342, 357 Silicon Dioxide, 357 Silicone Oils, 203, 357 Siloxanes, 357 Skeletal, 54, 306, 357 Skeleton, 26, 31, 62, 291, 331, 332, 357, 358 Skin graft, 55, 358, 359 Sludge, 4, 358 Small cell lung cancer, 41, 358 Small intestine, 306, 310, 314, 315, 326, 330, 358 Smallpox, 16, 358, 367 Smooth muscle, 23, 53, 75, 293, 294, 295, 320, 325, 338, 358, 360 Soaps, 228, 358, 365 Sodium, 17, 19, 29, 32, 35, 75, 86, 92, 150, 162, 202, 205, 225, 226, 252, 301, 323, 358, 361 Soft tissue, 194, 301, 358 Solid tumor, 295, 358 Somatic, 336, 338, 344, 358 Sorbitol, 193, 255, 358
Sound wave, 245, 308, 358 Specialist, 281, 358 Specificity, 13, 37, 51, 61, 69, 292, 358, 363 Spectroscopic, 6, 54, 359 Spectrum, 17, 359, 366 Sperm, 17, 32, 291, 305, 347, 356, 359, 365 Sperm Head, 291, 359 Spermatozoon, 32, 291, 359 Spinal cord, 304, 305, 336, 340, 344, 359, 361 Spinal Nerves, 344, 359 Spondylitis, 194, 216, 359 Sports Medicine, 284, 317, 359 Squamous, 316, 359 Squamous cell carcinoma, 316, 359 Stabilization, 31, 50, 201, 359 Stabilizer, 199, 359 Staging, 24, 42, 355, 359 Steady state, 65, 359 Steel, 306, 359, 367 Stem Cells, 47, 359 Stents, 64, 359 Stimulant, 325, 359 Stimulus, 11, 309, 313, 315, 318, 330, 332, 359, 363 Stomach, 108, 116, 291, 298, 312, 317, 321, 326, 332, 340, 345, 353, 358, 360 Stool, 307, 328, 332, 360 Strand, 75, 348, 360 Streptomycin, 71, 360 Stress, 21, 47, 106, 176, 298, 305, 309, 321, 340, 343, 354, 355, 360, 366 Stroke, 108, 178, 270, 303, 360 Structure-Activity Relationship, 20, 45, 60, 83, 89, 360 Styrene, 175, 176, 182, 233, 355, 360 Subacute, 328, 360 Subclinical, 328, 356, 360 Subiculum, 325, 360 Subspecies, 39, 358, 360 Substance P, 182, 301, 317, 337, 355, 356, 360 Substrate, 30, 33, 41, 44, 47, 64, 180, 187, 188, 193, 195, 211, 221, 230, 314, 360 Substrate Specificity, 41, 360 Suction, 319, 360 Sudden cardiac death, 36, 231, 360 Sudden death, 37, 44, 49, 61, 206, 360 Sulfur, 32, 36, 60, 208, 229, 240, 241, 291, 320, 337, 360, 361 Sulfur Compounds, 208, 240, 360 Sulfur Oxides, 291, 361
Index 385
Superoxide, 8, 361 Suppositories, 337, 361 Suppression, 22, 35, 37, 361 Surface Plasmon Resonance, 65, 361 Surfactant, 34, 168, 170, 172, 193, 200, 202, 204, 214, 230, 317, 341, 361, 368 Sweat, 345, 361 Sympathetic Nervous System, 298, 361 Sympathomimetic, 19, 313, 316, 341, 361 Symphysis, 350, 361 Symptomatic, 4, 344, 361 Synapse, 292, 340, 349, 361, 365 Synapsis, 361 Synaptic, 41, 334, 340, 341, 357, 361 Synaptic Transmission, 341, 361 Synergistic, 57, 166, 198, 362 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 194, 216, 305, 362 Systemic therapy, 305, 362 Systolic, 326, 362 T Tachycardia, 33, 362 Technetium, 196, 362 Teicoplanin, 9, 362 Temporal, 325, 348, 362 Tendon, 302, 362 Tendonitis, 194, 362 Teratogenic, 312, 362 Testis, 317, 362 Testosterone, 252, 353, 362 Tetrahydrocannabinol, 302, 362 Tetravalent, 357, 362 Thalidomide, 173, 362 Therapeutics, 23, 74, 80, 87, 88, 110, 193, 194, 204, 266, 362 Thermal, 58, 168, 175, 176, 183, 191, 237, 239, 295, 301, 313, 324, 340, 363 Threonine, 344, 351, 363 Threshold, 318, 326, 363 Thrombin, 319, 347, 350, 363 Thrombocytes, 347, 363 Thrombocytopenia, 347, 363 Thrombomodulin, 350, 363 Thrombosis, 351, 360, 363 Thromboxanes, 297, 363 Thrombus, 309, 328, 339, 347, 363 Thyroid, 363, 365 Thyroxine, 293, 345, 363 Tin, 208, 347, 363 Tissue Culture, 36, 45, 363 Tissue Distribution, 16, 24, 363 Tolerance, 21, 291, 322, 324, 363
Tomography, 41, 308, 355, 363 Tone, 363, 364 Tonic, 45, 364 Topical, 17, 28, 35, 125, 143, 232, 260, 298, 317, 345, 358, 364 Toxicity, 7, 17, 25, 42, 205, 314, 337, 355, 364, 368 Toxicokinetics, 364 Toxicology, 17, 20, 60, 73, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 240, 272, 364 Toxin, 9, 26, 73, 316, 363, 364 Toxoplasmosis, 298, 364 Trace element, 301, 319, 341, 357, 363, 364 Traction, 306, 364 Transcriptase, 25, 311, 341, 354, 364 Transcription Factors, 46, 182, 364 Transduction, 26, 28, 357, 364 Transfection, 300, 321, 364 Transferases, 14, 71, 205, 323, 364 Transfusion, 318, 364 Translation, 294, 317, 364 Translational, 46, 364 Translocation, 22, 47, 87, 317, 365 Transmitter, 291, 313, 330, 336, 341, 365 Transplantation, 47, 327, 332, 365 Trauma, 9, 230, 324, 344, 365 Trees, 355, 365 Triclosan, 31, 365 Trifluoroacetic Acid, 13, 365 Triglyceride, 178, 327, 365 Tuberculostatic, 331, 365 Tubulin, 59, 337, 365 Tumor model, 23, 365 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 362, 365 Tumorigenic, 28, 365 Tumour, 74, 365 Tunica, 339, 365 Tyrosine, 22, 32, 135, 144, 313, 365 U Ulcer, 105, 365 Ulceration, 25, 365 Ulcerative colitis, 194, 329, 365 Ultrafiltration, 217, 226, 324, 365 Ultraviolet Rays, 195, 366 Unconscious, 295, 311, 327, 366 Uncoupling Agents, 330, 366 Uraemia, 344, 366 Uranium, 362, 366 Urea, 174, 264, 332, 361, 366 Urease, 341, 366 Uremia, 332, 366 Ureter, 82, 332, 334, 366
386
Ether
Urethra, 350, 366 Urethritis, 216, 366 Uric, 323, 327, 352, 366 Urinary, 89, 98, 109, 302, 310, 328, 342, 366 Urine, 18, 39, 85, 218, 297, 300, 328, 331, 332, 342, 366 Urticaria, 83, 366 Uterus, 304, 366, 367 V Vaccination, 219, 367 Vaccine, 17, 39, 218, 219, 259, 262, 351, 367 Vaccinia, 17, 342, 367 Vagina, 32, 304, 312, 367 Vaginal, 25, 28, 258, 341, 367 Vanadium, 150, 222, 367 Vancomycin, 9, 367 Variola, 367 Vas Deferens, 45, 367 Vascular, 23, 103, 105, 293, 316, 328, 334, 337, 341, 346, 363, 366, 367 Vasculitis, 344, 367 Vasoconstriction, 316, 337, 367 Vasodilator, 301, 313, 325, 339, 367 Vector, 323, 364, 367 Vein, 297, 330, 341, 355, 367 Venous, 99, 177, 297, 351, 367 Ventilation, 318, 367 Ventricle, 325, 351, 352, 362, 367 Ventricular, 19, 36, 37, 44, 61, 213, 231, 339, 367 Ventricular fibrillation, 213, 231, 367 Venules, 301, 302, 337, 367 Vertebrae, 359, 367 Vesicular, 325, 358, 367 Vestibule, 38, 82, 329, 355, 368
Veterinary Medicine, 271, 368 Vinblastine, 264, 365, 368 Vincristine, 265, 365, 368 Vinyl Chloride, 190, 368 Viral, 17, 25, 32, 36, 43, 57, 109, 195, 297, 303, 329, 354, 364, 365, 368 Virulence, 364, 368 Virus Diseases, 297, 368 Virus Replication, 69, 368 Visceral, 53, 109, 298, 333, 368 Viscosity, 34, 171, 175, 179, 184, 193, 207, 209, 210, 354, 368 Vitamin A, 146, 150, 151, 329, 368 Vitro, 7, 8, 12, 22, 23, 25, 29, 31, 41, 45, 47, 48, 60, 61, 65, 74, 77, 78, 80, 94, 213, 321, 325, 328, 355, 363, 368 Vivo, 12, 41, 47, 48, 60, 62, 63, 65, 368 Voltage-gated, 12, 62, 73, 368 W Watchful waiting, 245, 368 Wetting Agents, 173, 341, 368 White blood cell, 198, 296, 333, 334, 335, 338, 339, 341, 347, 368 X Xenobiotics, 30, 232, 368 Xenograft, 28, 295, 365, 368 X-ray, 4, 6, 31, 195, 303, 308, 315, 319, 331, 341, 352, 355, 359, 366, 369 X-ray therapy, 331, 369 Y Yeasts, 320, 345, 369 Z Zygote, 308, 369 Zymogen, 350, 369
Index 387
388
Ether
