Filariasis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

FILARIASIS A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET R EFERENC...

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FILARIASIS A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET

R EFERENCES

FILARIASIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Filariasis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00471-2 1. Filariasis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on filariasis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FILARIASIS ................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Filariasis........................................................................................ 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 20 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 21 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FILARIASIS ....................................................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Finding Nutrition Studies on Filariasis ...................................................................................... 65 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 68 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FILARIASIS ................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 71 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 77 General References ....................................................................................................................... 78 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON FILARIASIS ................................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 79 Chapters on Filariasis .................................................................................................................. 80 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FILARIASIS ................................................................... 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 81 Academic Periodicals covering Filariasis ..................................................................................... 82 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 85 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 87 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 91 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 93 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 95 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 97 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 99 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 101 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 101 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 101 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 107 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 107 FILARIASIS DICTIONARY ........................................................................................................ 109 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 143

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with filariasis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about filariasis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to filariasis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on filariasis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to filariasis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on filariasis. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FILARIASIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on filariasis.

Federally Funded Research on Filariasis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to filariasis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to filariasis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore filariasis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for filariasis: •

Project Title: A VIRAL VECTOR FOR GENE EXPRESSION IN INSECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dasgupta, Ranjit K.; Animal Hlth & Biomedical Scis; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: More than 500 million people per year are adversely affected by mosquitoborne diseases such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis and dengue fever. Understanding

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

4

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the physiology of insect vectors, and the molecular interactions between those insects and the pathogens they transmit is critical for controlling these diseases. Viruses, such as Sindbis virus, developed for transient gene expression and gene silencing in insects have proven useful in this type of research. However, the few virus vectors available for this purpose are constrained by narrow host ranges, limited tissue dissemination, inability to express larger genes and human pathogenicity. Our goal is to overcome these problems and develop a highly efficient viral vector system based on a simple RNA virus called Flock House virus (FHV). The virus is a member of the Nodaviridae family of insect viruses. The adaptability of this virus to different hosts, its simple genome organization and non-pathogenecity to humans make FHV an attractive virus for vector development. The 4.5 kb genome of FHV consists of two positive sense single stranded RNAs, which are packaged into a coat protein with no envelope. Although of insect origin, FHV can overcome the kingdom barrier and replicate in plants and yeast. FHV has not previously been shown to multiply in mosquitoes and other insect disease vectors. We have demonstrated that FHV replicates in vitro in cultured mosquito cells as well as in vivo in four mosquito genera, Aedes, Cu/ex, Anopheles and Armigeres. We have expressed the reporter gene GFP in Drosophila ceils and in mosquitoes using FHV vectors generated in this laboratory. We have also shown that FHV replicates vigorously in tsetse flies. We will optimize existing, and develop new FHV vectors to extend its ability to infect medically important insects and express genes of interest. Specifically, we will (1) determine optimum conditions for the growth (both in vitro and in vivo) of FHV in mosquitoes and other insects that transmit diseases including tsetse flies, sand flies and kissing bugs (2) improve the existing FHV-based vectors so that they are capable of expressing or silencing one or multiples gene(s) in insects, and (3) silence two genes that belong to the family of serine proteases from the human malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, and assess their role in melanization. We expect that FHV vectors will be valuable tools for introducing or silencing genes in vivo in medically important insects in order to elucidate the function of genes with various physiological roles. These molecular tools will become increasingly more important as whole organism genome sequencing efforts rapidly progress. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BRUGIA MALAYI GENOME PROJECT Principal Investigator & Institution: Ghedin, Elodie; Institute for Genomic Research Rockville, Md 20850 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Brugia malayi is a parasitic nematode that causes disseminated disease in the lymphatic and respiratory systems, in addition to chronic disfiguring elephantiasis. Accounts from ancient civilizations describe the role that filarial parasites have had on human hosts for centuries. Presently, the World Health Organization estimates over 140 million cases with over a billion people at risk for infection. All filarial parasites share a biphasic lifecycle within arthropod vectors and mammalian hosts, but only B. malayi can be cultured in the laboratory by passage through mosquitoes and gerbils, serving as a model for filariasis. B. malayi has six chromosomes (five autosomes and an XY sex-determining pair) comprising the estimated 110 Mb genome. The chromosomes are difficult to resolve individually and they are at the smallest 10 Mb in size. We propose to begin large-scale sequencing of the B. malayi NIAID/TRS strain genome by generating, in phase 1 of the project, 8 Mb of discontinuous single-pass sequence implemented by end-sequencing 8,000 BACs (Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes) from a large insert (greater than 100 kb) library to be

Studies

5

constructed and from an already existing library (approximately 60 kb). The purpose of the first phase is to enhance early gene discovery and to provide markers that will be important for construction of a high-resolution sequence-ready map. During phase 2 of this proposal, 13 Mb of contiguous sequence will be generated representing chromosomal regions rich in genes that are of interest to the filarial community. These regions have been agreed upon by a consortium of filarial parasite experts around the world as being of most immediate biomedical importance as targets for new therapeutics or potential vaccine candidates. Chosen were also regions representing areas of evolutionary importance for which comparisons to genomes that have already been fully sequenced (such as the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans) or to ESTs from a large collection of filariae will be the most informative. The genome sequence of B. malayi will provide invaluable information to researchers around the world, including the (1) identification of genes involved in basic functions of filarial parasites; (2) construction and mapping of BAC clones, which will facilitate easy, inexpensive and fast cloning of genes encoding proteins being actively studied by filariasis laboratories; (3) immediate access to genes and their products for functional/structural studies; (4) prediction of metabolic pathways on the basis of candidate genes; (5) identification of parasite-specific gene products by comparison with other genomes; and (6) starting point for whole-genome analysis of B. malayi. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PARASITOLOGY TRAINING PROGRAM NIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Yoshino, Timothy P.; Professor & Chair; Pathobiological Sciences; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1992; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Proposed is a predoctoral training program in cellular and molecular parasitology (CMP) that will provide trainees excellent opportunities to gain expertise in modern parasitology through its instructional and research components. Depending on the background experience of metriculating trainees, the program offers a three-tiered curriculum which includes ( 1) a basic course introducing concepts of parasitology drawing examples from parasites important to human and animal health, (2) advanced courses in molecular parasitology, immunoparasitology, medical entomology, and other specialized disciplines, and (3) weekly journal clubs and research "focus" groups featuring critical analyses of the primary literature and trainee research findings, All trainees will be required to take the course "Good Practices in Science: Research Ethics and Survival Skills" as a formal introduction to issues surrounding the ethical conduct of research. Monthly seminars featuring both on- and off-campus experts in parasitology and tropical medicine also will be offered. The research component of the training program consists of opportunities to investigate cellular, biochemical, immunological, or molecular aspects of parasite-host associations in any of 13 trainer laboratories. A wide range of parasite models are available for study including those of major importance to health in the tropics: malaria, trypanosomiasis, schistosomiasis, and filariasis. Participating faculty have outstanding training records and well-funded programs covering a variety of research areas such as vector biology, immunology of parasitic infection and disease, biochemistry and gene regulation of metabolic, cell cycle and secretory pathways, microbe-insect interactions, and parasite neurobiology. Support is requested for five years to support six (6 ) predoctoral trainees per year. Exceptionally qualified trainees

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will be selected for awards from a national pool of applicants by the CMP training committee-of-the-whole. Selection will be based on scholastic excellence, recommendations, prior research experience/publications and their commitment to careers in research. The duration of CMP training support for students will be from 2 to 3 years. Plans are described to encourage applications from and support of minority students underrepresented in the sciences. Outstanding training facilities will be provided through individual investigator labs, departmental shared resources and campus-wide facilities including the Biotron, Biotechnology Center, Center for Genomic Studies, Integrated Microscopy Resource, and several AAALAC-approved animal care facilities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PATHOGENS

CELLULAR

IMMUNE

RESPONSE

OF

MOSQUITOES

TO

Principal Investigator & Institution: Hillyer, Julian F.; Animal Hlth & Biomedical Scis; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Mosquitoes are currently the most important arthropod vectors, transmitting a broad range of diseases such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis and dengue fever. A method for curtailing disease transmission is through vector control programs. It has been shown that mosquitoes are able to mount powerful cellular and humoral responses against invading pathogens, and that this response is directly correlated to vector competence. To date, most studies addressing mosquito immunity have focused on the humoral response. However, it is clear that hemocytes (mosquito blood cells) play a central role in the production of many of the players involved in the humoral response. The current study will address the role hemocytes from two immunologically different mosquito species, Aedes egypti and Armigeres subalbatus, have in the immune response mounted against prokaryotic, protozoan and metazoan parasites. This research will focus on 1) classifying the hemocytes, 2) studying the phagocytic response of hemocytes towards pathogens, 3) determining which cells are responsible for the transcription of immune molecules, and 4) determining the structure/function relationship between invading pathogens, hemocytes and soluble immune molecules. In understanding the immune response mounted by different insect species and strains toward pathogens, it may be possible to manipulate existing vectors to make the parasite/vector biologic interplay incompatible. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--INFORMATICS FACILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Alexander, Neal; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This ICIDR is concerned with advancing knowledge of the complex interactions between the host, vector, and parasite that underlie the pathogenesis of bancroftian filariasis. It also has the practical goal of applying this quantitative information to assessment and development of control strategies aimed at controlling filariasis. As such, a major task will be to maintain accurate databases that are accessible to each of the Projects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies

•

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Project Title: CWRU-KENYA INFECTIOUS DISEASES RESEARCH TRAINING PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: King, Charles H.; Associate Professor of International Hea; Medicine; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 05-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application for a Global Infectious Disease Research Training Program is for continuing support of an international joint training program in Infectious Disease research operated in partnership between Case Western Reserve University, the Division of Vector Borne Diseases of the Ministry of Health (Kenya) and the Kenya Medical Research Institute. The overall goal of this training project is to further expand the research and management skills of the Division of Vector Borne Diseases (DVBD) and to enhance DVBD's capacity for basic research. The specific aims of the proposed CWRU-DVBD-KEMRI Global Infectious Disease Research Training Program are: 1. To provide intensive training in the research methodology of emerging infectious diseases to investigators, research staff, and other relevant individuals from Kenya; 2. To strengthen the scientific and administrative ties with researchers in Kenya; 3. To advance knowledge in the epidemiology, molecular pathogenesis, and genetic epidemiology of malaria, schistosomiasis, filariasis and arboviruses; 4. To train US counterparts to foreign scientists in the research methods relevant to the epidemiology and control of Infectious Diseases in developing countries; and, 5. To assist in the infrastructure development of collaborating research centers in Kenya. In order to achieve these goals, the program will provide a continuing program of education and collaborative research projects between CWRU and the Kenya Ministry of Health. Training options will include graduate degree training at the Masters and PhD level, post-doctoral training, focused short-term training for established investigators, and short-course seminars in Kenya for transfer of specific research skills. Depending on the needs of participating trainees, training may occur either at U.S. or Kenyan institutions. Selection of trainees and program oversight will be provided by a Training Advisory Group comprised of the program directors, program alumni, and local Kenyan and international research scientists. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: CYSTEINE DEVELOPMENT

PROTEASES

&

INHIBITORS

IN

NEMATODE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Lustigman, Sara; Member, Head of Laboratory; New York Blood Center 310 E 67Th St New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Onchocerciasis, or river blindness, is a major filarial disease and is the fifth most common cause of blindness in the world. Limitations of control programs and the possible emergence of ivermectin-resistant strains suggest the need for alternative strategies for treatment and control of Onchocerciasis. Currently, few suitable targets for chemotherapy have been precisely identified in filarial and other parasitic nematodes, due in part to a lack of understanding of the basic biology and biochemistry of these parasites. We propose to explore cysteine proteases as potential targets for chemotherapy. In our previous studies we identified a cysteine protease inhibitor, onchocystatin, and a cathepsin Z-like cysteine protease, and proposed that they are essential for molting, growth and remodeling of the cuticle in larvae and adult worms, and the development of microfilariae. Recently, a cathepsin L-

8

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Iike enzyme and another member of the cystatin family were cloned, suggesting that the role of cysteine proteases and their endogenous inhibitors is more elaborate than initially thought. However, these proteins cannot be easily studied in 0. volvulus in vivo as we lack a system for observing gene expression during the development of the parasite, particularly in its adult stages and in the gravid female worms. As many of the essential genes for nematode development are conserved in free-living and parasitic nematodes, we will take advantage of the existence of homologous proteins in C. elegansto understand the cellular processes by which the 0. volvuluscysteine proteases participate in the development of the 0. volvulusparasite in humans. The integrated approach of using genetic, molecular, biochemical and anatomical studies in this proposal, combined with a well-defined organism, will result in understanding how regulation of three distinct cysteine proteases is critical for the development and survival of C. elegansand 0. volvulus. The proposed project has three specific objectives: 1. To establish the distinct physiological roles for each cathepsin Z and cathepsin L-like cysteine protease during C. elegans development and then verify that the proposed 0. volvulushomologues will perform similar functions in 0. volvulus. 2. To compare and contrast the developmental regulation and tissue specificity of 0. volvulusand C. elegans cystatins. 3. To determine the substrate specificity of each 0. volvulusand C. elegans cysteine protease and identify their specific inhibitors in vitro. We will also determine which low molecular weight inhibitors could, eventually, be tested for their in vivoeffects on adult worm survival and microfilariae development. This will provide the basis for developing effective drugs, targeting cysteine proteases, to control onchocerciasis and filariasis in the future. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DETECTION OF FILARIAL ASPARAGINYL-TRNA SYNTHETASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kron, Michael A.; Professor; Medicine; Michigan State University 301 Administration Bldg East Lansing, Mi 48824 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: Lymphatic filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi is endemic throughout the Philippine Island archipelago south of the fourteenth parallel and 20 million persons live in endemic areas. Efforts to control filariasis by the Philippines National Filariasis Control Program (NFCP) includes scientific support from the University of the Philippines (UP) and evaluation of new diagnostic methods to monitor community-based chemotherapy trials. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARS) are an important family of enzymes that play a fundamental role in protein biosynthesis by maintaining fidelity of translation of the genetic code. Several lines of evidence suggest that asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase (AsnRS) in particular may be a useful molecular target for diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis. Filarial AsnRS is highly antigenic and structurally divergent from human enzymes. Antibody against B. malayi AsnRS is cross reactive with W. bancrofti AsnRS. Filarial AsnRS is excreted or secreted from parasites in a high molecular weight form, and several methods exist to identify filarial AsnRS. Therefore the objectives are to work with the Department of Biochemistry (UP) and the NFCP to assess the validity of filarial AsnRS as a marker of active filariasis. This research design addresses the sensitivity and specificity of methods to detect AsnRS as an antigen, and AsnRS enzyme activity. The NFCP is preparing to evaluate several diagnostic tests during combination drug treatment in five sentinel hyperendemic communities beginning in April of the year 2000. Thus the accuracy of AsnRS detection methods to identify subjects with active Bancroftian filariasis can be compared to three other methods under evaluation by the NFCP - a serum filarial

Studies

9

antigen test (ICT), amplification of circulating parasite DNA by PCR, and acridine orange examination of nocturnal blood samples. The long term goals of this research are twofold: (1) Help develop and evaluate tools to monitor the effects of filariasis chemotherapy on human and vector populations, and (2) Expand investigations on the biological functions of filarial AARS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EMBRYOGENESIS AND LARVAL MORPHOGENESIS IN FILARIAE Principal Investigator & Institution: Fuhrman, Juliet A.; Associate Professor; Biology; Tufts University Medford Boston Ave Medford, Ma 02155 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUN-2002; Project End 14-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Filarial parasites infect a wide variety of vertebrate hosts, including man. Considerable morbidity results fr6m filarial infections such as lymphatic filariaisis (elephantiasis) and onchocerciasis (river blindness). These parasitic nematodes display complex life cycles, requiring arthropod vectors for development and transmission to new hosts. In the vertebrate host, the parasite reproduces sexually, giving rise to first stage larvae that migrate through host tissues or blood. These first stage larvae, or microfilariae, must be ingested by feeding vectors, which support their further development, for transmission to occur. This application proposes to investigate several aspects of filarial reproduction and larval development that may serve as therapeutic targets. Chitin synthesis has long been known to be required for nematode eggshell formation. We have recently cloned the genes for chitin synthase from two different filarial parasites, and demonstrated expression in oocytes and early embryos. We will investigate the regulation of chitin synthesis during the transition from ooctye to fertilized zygote, as well as the role of chitin metabolism in subsequent embryonic growth. We will also investigate the role of chitin synthase in later larval stages and in adult somatic tissues, to understand if this enzyme may be a protective antigen. The relationship between chitin synthesis and development of a functional gut will be determined. Methods for posttranscriptional gene silencing (RNA interference) will be developed to study the loss-of-function phenotype for genes involved in chitin metabolism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH OF BRUGIA MALAVI IN SCID MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Rajan, Thiruchandurai V.; Boehringer-Ingelheim Professor of Immuno; Pathology; University of Connecticut Sch of Med/Dnt Bb20, Mc 2806 Farmington, Ct 060302806 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1996; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Brugia malayi is a human filarial infection, which can grow in mice. The PI hypothesizes that resistance of Brugia malayi is composed of an initial B dependent, T independent protective immune response which constrains initial parasite growth and that a subsequent T dependent, IL-4 mediated defense results in subsequent more effective immunity. The PI will use a combination of mice, genetically deficient in specific aspects of their immune response, and the adoptive transfer of specific cell populations into deficient mice, to investigate the mechanisms of the postulated immunoprotective events. The PI suggests that if B cells are important in this model, they may also be important in human disease and the

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specific modulation of their responses by B dependent immunogens may form a basis of an immunoprophylactic vaccine for humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENETIC MOSQUITOES

CONTROL

OF

FILARIAE

DEVELOPMENT

IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Christensen, Bruce M.; Professor; Colorado State University-Fort Collins Fort Collins, Co 80523 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: The filarioid nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and B. timori are mosquito-transmitted pathogens responsible for lymphatic filariasis in approximately 80 million humans throughout the tropics and subtopics, with an additional 750 million people at risk. Control efforts have been seriously hampered by emergence of pesticide resistance in mosquito populations, environmental concerns over pesticide applications, lack of progress in vaccine development, and the limited array of available pharmacological agents for prophylaxis or treatment. The ultimate objective of this research is to determine, at the genetic level, those factors that influence the vector competence of mosquitoes for filarial worms and to use this information to develop novel control strategies aimed at disrupting the life cycle of mosquito-borne filariasis. The research described primarily examines the mosquito, Aedes aegypti, and its genetic relationship with the filarial worm, B. malayi, as a model system for elucidating genetic control mechanisms, because of the wealth of knowledge available concerning the genetics of this vector. Additionally, some aspects of the proposed research include a primary vector for W. bancrofti, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. The specific aims of this project are (1) isolate genes that influence filarial worm susceptibility using mapbased cloning techniques, (2) isolate molecules that are tightly associated with mosquito strains that are susceptible or refractory to filarial worm development using in vivo amino acid labeling and differential display PCR methodologies, (3) obtain DNA clones of inducible immune peptides and polypeptides identified from Ae. aegypti through a collaborative effort with a research group at the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Strasbourg, France, (4) construct a RFLP linkage map of Cx. p. quinquefasciatus, using markers developed previously for Ae. aegypti, and use this map to identify linkage associations between these markers and the genes that influence susceptibility/refractoriness of Cx. p. quinquefasciatus to B. malayi development, and (5) assess the potential of candidate genes, identified in specific aims 1-4, to positively or negatively influence the development of filaroid nematodes using the Sindbis or AeDNV virus expression systems in cooperation with Colorado State university. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HETEROGENEITY OF DISEASE IN LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kazura, James W.; Professor; Medicine; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 28-FEB-2004 Summary: The long-term goals of this ICIDR are to advance our understanding of the role of transmission dynamics, host immunity, and parasite genetic structure in the pathogenesis of bancroftian filiariasis. The research program takes advantage of wellestablished field sites for clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory studies of bancroftian filariasis in Papua New Guinea and Kenya. The three interrelated projects are focused on: I. Transmission as a determinant of immunity and lymphatic pathology in

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bancroftian filariasis. This work will examine the influence of transmission intensity on infection burden, lymphatic pathology, and T-cell and allergic- type responses at the population level in Papua New Guinea. 2. Prenatal sensitization to Wuchereria bancrofii and its impact on infection and immunity in children. This work will examine how in utero sensitization or tolerance to W. bancrofii influences the response to filarial infection and childhood vaccines in Kenya. 3. Spatial ecology of transmission and heterogeneity of infection and lymphatic pathology in bancroftian filariasis. This work will examine the impact of spatial heterogeneity of vector biting patterns on W bancrofii infection burden and lymphatic disease at the household and individual level. These studies will advance knowledge of key ecologic and clinical features of filariasis which are critical for the evaluation of current approaches to elimination this disease at a global level. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HIGHLY IMPROVED BACTERIAL LARVICIDES FOR VECTOR CONTROL Principal Investigator & Institution: Federici, Brian A.; Professor; Entomology; University of California Riverside 900 University Ave Riverside, Ca 92521 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objective of the proposed research is to develop a series of highly improved recombinant bacterial larvicides for controlling the mosquito vectors of major human diseases including malaria, filariasis, dengue, and the viral encephalitides. These bacteria will be significantly more cost-effective than Bacillus thuringiensis subsp, israelensis (Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus (Bs), the active ingredients of current commercial bacterial larvicides used in vector control. In addition, these recombinants will be much less prone to induce mosquito resistance, which has already developed to B. sphaericus in Culex populations in Brazil, China, and India. Preliminary studies show that the production of high levels of the Bs2362 binary protein in Bti results in a recombinant strain tenfold more effective than the parental strains from which it was derived. This demonstrates that highly improved bacteria can be engineered for use in vector control. Despite these encouraging results, the development of recombinant bacterial larvicides is plagued by several major hurdles including low returns on investment, limited market size, and additional regulatory burdens imposed on recombinant organisms that result in long product development times. The present project is a collaboration between the University of California, Riverside and Valent BioSciences of Libertyville, Illinois, that will combine the expertise of both parties to accelerate the development highly improved bacterial larvicides for vector control. Through focused engineering research, a series of much more effective strains of Bti and Bs based on Cry, Cyt, and Bs mosquitocidal proteins will be developed and commercialized that also meet U.S. regulatory requirements. Improved strains using Bs as a host cell will be developed primarily for control of Culex species (vectors of filariasis and West Nile Virus) breeding in semi-polluted and highly polluted waters, whereas Bti will be used as the host cell for control of Aedes species (vectors of dengue) and certain anopheline vectors of malaria. This collaboration has the common goal of having new products based on these recombinant bacteria on the market within five years, sooner if possible. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IN VIVO ANALYSIS OF SL ADDITION IN ASCARIS EMBRYOS Principal Investigator & Institution: Davis, Richard E.; Associate Professor; Biology; College of Staten Island Staten Island, Ny 10314 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Parasitic nematodes cause considerable morbidity in humans. Lymphatic filariasis, river blindness, and hookworms infect hundreds of millions and Ascaris alone infects over 1 billion people. The socioeconomic effects caused by these parasites are severe and present a major obstacle in facilitating medical and economic improvements in many parts of the world. Mechanisms of gene expression in parasitic nematodes are poorly understood. Trans-splicing is a major mechanism of gene expression in parasitic nematodes accounting for greater than or equal to 70 percent of the expression and maturation of nematode mRNAs. Spliced leader (SL) trans-splicing is an RNA processing event that forms the 5' termini of mature mRNAs by accurately joining a small, separately transcribed exon (the SL) to the 5' end of pre- mRNAs. The functional significance of trans-splicing in parasitic nematodes remains unknown. We have developed novel strategies to introduce and express nucleic acids in Ascaris embryos to facilitate analysis of gene expression and trans-splicing. With our development of these molecular genetic tools, Ascaris embryos provide an excellent model for analyzing parasitic nematode gene expression. Moreover, it is now possible for the first time to address the functional significance of SL addition in vivo. Using biolistic introduction of luciferase reporter mRNAs into Ascaris embryos, we will examine the kinetics of luciferase activity to evaluate translational efficiency and functional mRNA half-life to test several hypotheses on trans-splicing including: 1) does trans- splicing addition of a leader sequence and unique cap play an important role in mRNA metabolism and 2) does the process of SL addition serve to trim mRNAs, remove inhibitory sequences, produce an optimal translation initiation context or distance from the 5' end of the mRNA to the initiator AUG. In addition, using luciferase reporters and DNA constructs we will test the hypothesis that trans-splicing in parasitic nematodes can serve to functionally resolve polycistronic mRNAs. Other major goals are to examine the role of exon determinants on trans-splicing efficiency and to further develop biolistic methods to directly analyze RNA processing in vivo. The proposed studies will address several outstanding hypotheses regarding trans-splicing and provide information on the functional significance of a major mechanism of gene expression in a model parasitic nematode. These studies may provide insight into the development of novel and cheaper therapeutic agents or vaccine candidates against a broad spectrum of parasites including other trans-splicing organisms such as flatworms and kinetoplastida. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES IN LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hise, Amy G.; Medicine; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The research goal of this application is to initiate studies to identify specific innate immune receptors, including toll-like receptors (tlr) that are activated by filarial and Wolbachia products. Additionally, early immune effector molecules involved in the inflammatory response, such as cytokines and chemokines, will be identified. Initial laboratory studies will utilize transfected cell lines and animal models to identify important receptor pathways. Later work will confirm the mechanism of recognition and response to filarial and Wolbachia products in human

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disease using peripheral blood monocytes from humans infected with Wuchereria bancrofti in Papua New Guinea. Training in laboratory techniques, research methodology and ethics, field based research and clinical tropical medicine will be important components of the project. Wolbachia are obligatory intracellular bacteria that infect all filarial species of medical significance. Recent observations indicate that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Iike products of Wolbachia endosymbionts induce acute inflammatory responses in the mammalian host. Preliminary studies using CD14+ monocytes from filadae-naive humans indicate that B. malayi extracts stimulate TNFalpha, IL-6, and IL-10 production. In contrast, Acanthocheilonema viteae, a filarial parasite not infected with Wolbachia, or B. malayi treated with doxycycline stimulate little to no cytokine production by monocytes. Experiments using transfected cell lines expressing human toll-like receptors and monocytes exposed to B. malayi extracts with competitive inhibitors of the LPS - TLR4 interaction suggest that the stimulatory effects of Brugia are exerted through both TLR4 and TLR4-independent pathways. However, differences and similarities of receptors involved in recognition of nematode versus Wolbachia ligands have not yet been identified. The aims of this project are to identify specific innate immune receptors including the toll-like receptor family and signaling pathways that are activated by filarial and Wolbachia products and to characterize the early innate immune mechanisms by which the human host recognizes and responds to filarial infections including those mediated by endosymbiotic Wolbachia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MAPPING OF FILARIAL VECTOR COMPETENCE IN AEDES AEGYPTI Principal Investigator & Institution: Knudson, Dennis L.; Bioagr Scis & Pest Management; Colorado State University-Fort Collins Fort Collins, Co 80523 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1994; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: Filarial and malarial parasites are responsible for the most devastating vector-borne infections of humans with over 420 million people affected worldwide and with over 2 million people killed annually. Our long-term objective is to elucidate the molecular basis for vector competence in the transmission of parasitic diseases and to control vector-borne parasitic disease cycles in nature. The advent and development of molecular markers for mosquitoes has allowed the identification of discrete genome regions carrying genes determining the susceptibility of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, to several parasites including the filarial parasite responsible for zoonotic filariasis, dog heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, the human lymphatic filaroid parasite, Brugia malayi, and the avian malaria parasite, plasmodium gallinaceum. It is our hypothesis that the genes determining vector competence for parasite transmission can be identified and isolated using a combination of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-based physical mapping and genetic linkage mapping techniques. What we intend to do is to characterize the genome regions by map-base positional cloning strategies using FISH as a primary physical mapping tool and to identify the gene(s) responsible through transcriptional and functional characterization. Since we have identified the QTL regions and have begun contig construction across these regions, here we present details in our research design describing how we will accomplish the map-based positional cloning of genes responsible for Brugia malayi parasite vector competence in Aedes aegypit. Aim 1 describes how we will construct contigs across the QTL regions. Aim 2 outlines our strategies for the isolation of transcribed sequences within the regions. Aim 3 describes our plan for correlating specific mutations with phenotype. The use of multiple strategies ensure a high likelihood of success in

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identifying the gene(s) for the trait from at least one major region. If the biochemical pathways associated with genes that influence vector susceptibility to parasites can be defined, new chemical control and intervention strategies may be developed and incorporated into current and existing control strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MICROFILARIAL ENHANCEMENT OF DENGUE TRANSMISSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Vaughan, Jefferson A.; Biology; University of North Dakota 264 Centennial Drive Grand Forks, Nd 58202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): In nature, vertebrate hosts of arboviruses are often infected with other parasitic organisms. Laboratory studies have established that vertebrates concurrently infected with microfilariae and arboviruses can enhance mosquito transmission of arboviruses. When ingested, microfilariae penetrate the mosquito midgut and allow immediate dissemination of virus into the mosquito body cavity. This greatly increases and accelerates viral infectivity of mosquitoes. This is termed mf enhancement of arboviral transmission and it can have 2 important epidemiological consequences. First, mosquito species that are normally refractory to viral infection because of midgut barriers to viral infectivity may now develop infections. Thus, otherwise incompetent vector species can be transformed into competent vector species, increasing the number of vector species involved in a virus transmission cycle. Second, microfilarial enhancement can accelerate viral development within the mosquito, significantly shortening the time required for infected mosquitoes to become infectious mosquitoes (=extrinsic incubation period EIP]). Since EIP affects transmission in an exponential fashion, small reductions in EIP can lead to large increases in vectorial capacity, even with natural vector systems. Hypothesis: the phenomenon of microfilarial enhancement may affect the transmission of dengue virus in certain areas of the world where the distribution of dengue and human filariasis overlap. The objective of this proposal is to understand the magnitude to which human filariasis can affect patterns of dengue transmission under varying conditions. The experimental approach is to utilize an existing computer simulation model for dengue transmission (DENSiM) to predict how different types and prevalence's of human filariasis can alter transmission dynamics of dengue virus by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. Important parameters for transmission (e.g., EIP) will be determined experimentally with the use of paired mosquito feedings. Viral development and transmission will be compared between dually exposed (i.e., virus plus mf) versus singly exposed (i.e., virus only) mosquitoes, examining different serotypes of dengue viruses and different species of filarial parasites. Using a combination of laboratory-derived data and computer simulation, it is anticipated that fundamental principles can be established that will be generally applicable to any arboviral transmission cycle where arboviral and micro filarial infections occurs together. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PARASITE TRANSMISSION, WORM GENETICS, INFECTION AND PATHOLOGY IN FILARIASIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Michael, Edwin; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002

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Summary: This project seeks to address a key gap in current understanding regarding the epidemiology and control of lymphatic filariasis, viz. the contribution of transmission heterogeneities to (I) patterns of infection, disease and immune response observed at the individual host and household levels and (2) the population genetics of the parasite. Recent studies in filariasis and other helminths indicate that gaining a better understanding of this topic will be crucial to characterizing the mechanisms underlying infection and disease dynamics and distribution, and hence the effects of control in lymphatic filariasis. The impact of exposure variability to bancroftian filarial infection, disease and immune response patterns at each population level will be studied using a combination of(1) a household-based field study to collect detailed parallel data on vector biting rates and host immuno-epidemiological variables and (2) novel laboratory analysis of parallel mosquito and human blood samples from households to quantify the exposure rate of individuals. The field study will be conducted in two endemic villages (differing in spatial configuration and hence transmission patterns) in Papua New Guinea, although parasite samples will also be collected from the Project 2 site in Kenya to enable a comparison of parasite genetic differentiation between these two endemic regions. The population genetics of W. bancrofii, including estimating the effects of transmission patterns on gene flow and drug selection, will be carried out via the isolation and application of microsatellites. Finally, theoretical analyses, utilizing new stochastic approaches to modeling the impact of exposure variability on helminth immunoepidemiology and population genetics, will be used to interpret the results from the field studies. This will specifically address the dynamics of infection, worm population genetics, including the evolution of anthelmintic resistance, and the impact of observed spatial transmission patterns. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PRENATAL SENSITIZATION TO W BANCROFTI Principal Investigator & Institution: King, Christopher L.; Associate Professor International Health; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Prenatal sensitization to W. bancrofti is hypothesized to be an important variable that affects the host's immune response and subsequent risk of infection and clinical disease. Antigens or anti-id antibodies that cross the placenta have been suggested to induce antigen (Ag)-specific tolerance and prevent disease. Instead we have observed that the fetus becomes sensitized to filarial antigens in utero based on the identification of filarial Ag- specific T and B cells in cord blood. This immunity persists for at least 2 years after birth in the absence of natural infection. This proposal tests the hypothesis that filarial Ag-specific immunity acquired in utero significantly influences susceptibility to infection, as well as the severity of sub-clinical lymphatic pathology in children. Fetal responses to filariasis can also alter the host immune response to other antigens. We have shown that BCG vaccination of newborns sensitized to filariasis in utero skews this immunity away from a protective type I IFN-g response. This project will examine the impact of in utero sensitization on the long-term immune response to BCG and Hemophilus influenza type B polysaccaride conjugate vaccines (Hib) administered during infancy. This study will examine the broader question of how fetal exposure to exogenous antigens may affect the ontogeny of the fetal immune response. We hypothesize that fetal exposure to exogenous Ags primes the fetal immune system and enhances children's antibody affinity maturation and capacity to synthesize antipolysaccharide antibody and polyclonal IgG and IgA after Hib vaccination. This project

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builds on an established cohort of over 300 infants for which filarial-specific fetal immunity has been determined. These and newly recruited infants will be followed prospectively to determine the period to first infection, along with lymphatic pathology and immunity associated with early exposure and/or infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REGIONAL PRIMATE RESEARCH CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Whelton, Paul K.; Senior Vice President for Health Science; None; Tulane University of Louisiana New Orleans, La New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1978; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: This application is a request for the support of the operation of the Tulane Regional Primate Research Center for the next five year period. The research will be done utilizing non-human primates most of which are produced at the Center from breeding colonies. The score of the research projects, although primarily in the area of infectious diseases, covers a range of biomedical disciplines. The proposed AIDS research will include studies of vaccines, the interaction of the IDS virus with other infectious agents, the pathogenesis of disease in the monkey including the transfer of virus form the mother to the fetus, the role of alcohol in the infectious process, and the role of the mucosal immune response. Gene therapy studies will test strategies for correcting globoid cell leukodystrophy, hemophilia B, cystic fibrosis, liver disease, and as a treatment for AIDS. Other infectious disease research will be done on Lyme borreliosis (antibiotic treatment and autoimmunity), malaria (severe cerebral disease and disease during pregnancy)< lymphatic filariasis, and pyelonephritis in diabetics. Other, non-infectious disease research projects will be done on neuropeptides, aging, opioids, and vascular injury with balloon catheters. In addition to the research junction of the Center, this grant will support breeding colonies of macaques. It will also provide support for this Center to serve as a resource for investigators from other institutions who have need to conduct research in non-human primates. The performance site of these activities will be at the Tulane Regional Primate Research Center in Covington, Louisiana. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RESEARCH FOR ELIMINATION OF HUMAN FILARIASIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Weil, Gary J.; Barnes-Jewish Hospital Ms 90-94-212 St. Louis, Mo 63110 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THE ROLE OF WOLBACHIA ENDOBACTERIA IN RIVER BLINDNESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pearlman, Eric; Medicine; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-DEC-1993; Project End 30-NOV-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Parasitic filarial nematodes infect over 200 million individuals worldwide, causing debilitating inflammatory diseases such as river blindness and lymphatic filariasis. Rickettsia - like Wolbachia bacteria are essential symbionts of the major pathogenic filarial nematode parasites of humans, including the

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Onchocerca volvulus, which causes river blindness. Using a murine model, we reported that Wolbachia play an essential role in the pathogenesis of Onchocerca keratitis, primarily by mediating neutrophil recruitment to the corneal stroma [Science 2002.295:1892]. In the current proposal, we will use microfilaria larvae (Mf) which harbor Wolbachia to examine the interaction between Wolbachia and the neutrophils that lead to stromal disease, focusing on mediators of neutrophil migration through the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the corneal stroma which include CXC chemokine receptors, beta 2 integrins, and matrix metalloproteinases. The experimental plan is a logical progression from studies conducted in the previous funding period, which focused on the role of vascular endothelial cells in recruitment of neutrophils from limbal vessels to the cornea. In addition to furthering our understanding of the role of Wolbachia in the pathogenesis of river blindness, results of proposed studies represent a novel approach to define the early molecular events underlying the interaction of neutrophils with ECM that lead to development of corneal haze. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRAINING IN TROPICAL AND EMERGING GLOBAL DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Colley, Daniel G.; Director; None; University of Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, Ga 306027411 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-AUG-2004; Project End 31-JUL-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): This training program is proposed by the Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD) of the University of Georgia (UGA) to develop biomedical investigators in the areas of bioinformatics, biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, cell biology and immunology related to laboratory and field research on parasitic pathogens, their hosts and their vectors. CTEGD is a multi-disciplinary group of scientists/educators who work productively in these areas and share a unifying concept of the research and education of trainees. The concept is based on a rigorous training that imparts: a broad understanding of the biosciences; in depth training in focused research; and the perspectives to appreciate global aspects of parasitic diseases. ICTEGD is founded on this tenet that biomedical scientists who study these diseases should be accomplished in their discipline and able to understand and relate their research in the greater global context, where their research may have an additional impact. This training grant will draw on the breadth of biomedical science training within the Departments of Cellular Biology, Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Entomology, Microbiology, and Genetics. Our in-depth research training component will provide opportunities in genetic, bioinformatic, molecular, biochemical, cell biologic and immunologic aspects of parasites or host/parasite relationships with any of the 13 highly qualified, funded, experienced CTEGD faculty members. The research systems available for study include malaria, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporiasis, American and African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) of fish, parasitic insects, schistosomiasis, cysticercosis, lymphatic filariasis, and culicine, anopheline and ixodid vectors. Through courses, a seminar series, a journal club, an annual symposium, focused retreats and unique bench and overseas opportunities, trainees will learn about aspects of parasitology outside of their own research focus and research integrity. Funding is requested for 5 years to support 4 predoctoral and 3 post-doctoral trainees per year. Superior trainees will be selected by the CTEGD faculty from a national pool of applicants based on scholastic records, recommendations, standardized testing, prior research experience, and commitment to a scientific career in this field. Our recruitment will pro-actively seek excellent students underrepresented in the biomedical sciences.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRYPTOPHAN METABOLISM IN MOSQUITOES Principal Investigator & Institution: Li, Jianyong; Animal Sciences; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Henry Administration Bldg Champaign, Il 61820 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: Mosquitoes are important disease vectors, responsible for transmission of numerous viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, and filariasis. Malaria, caused by infection with species of Plasmodium, is a devastating, disease which affects up to 500 million people world-wide, killing as many as 2 million a year. The development of drug resistant parasites, and insecticide resistant mosquito vectors urgently demands that new and innovative mosquito or parasite control strategies be developed. Disruption of the required physio-biochemical processes that are necessary for the normal development of either mosquitoes or malaria parasites is one approach for malaria control. A novel transaminase that is specific for the transamination of a chemically reactive and potentially toxic 3-hydroxykynurenine, formed during tryptophan oxidation, to stable xanthurenic acid is identified in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, and this enzyme is tightly regulated with high activity in larvae and adult females after a bloodmeal. Our recent data show that xanthurenic acid also stimulates gametogenesis of Plasmodium parasites, suggesting this pathway may play critical role in initiating Plasmodium development in mosquito vectors. The long term goal of this research is to achieve a full understanding of the pathways and mechanisms governing the regulation of this enzyme in mosquito vectors. The specific aims of the proposed research are (I) to purify and characterize the 3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase from mosquitoes by various biochemical techniques, (II) to initiate studies concerning the genetic regulation of this transaminase in mosquitoes during development with various molecular techniques, which includes preparation of a cDNA library from mosquito larvae, isolation of 3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase cDNA from the library, and study of gene expression of the 3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase in mosquitoes during development, and (III) to study the transamination pathway of 3-hydroxykynurenine to xanthurenic acid in Anopheles mosquitoes. Our hypotheses are that this transamination pathway is critical for the normal development of mosquitoes and also may play a critical role in stimulating Plasmodium development; consequently, understanding the mechanism controlling its regulation could have a significant impact on future efforts to negatively interfere with vector development through innovative mosquito control strategies and also may provide insight into developing novel tools for the control of malaria parasites by interrupting gametogenesis of Plasmodium in mosquito vectors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: VIRUS EXPRESSION SYSTEMS IN MOSQUITO BIOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Beatty, Barry J.; Colorado State University-Fort Collins Fort Collins, Co 80523 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, filariasis, and dengue, remain significant pathogens of humans and animals and are intractable to control or are resurgent in many areas of the world. Conventional mechanisms have proven to be ineffectual in controlling these diseases. Application of modern molecular tools and approaches should remove the "black box' view of the vector in terms of vectobiology,

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vector-pathogen interactions, vector competence, and other components of vectorpathogen amplification and maintenance cycles in nature. The long term goal of this research is to exploit such new information concerning vector biology or vectorpathogen interactions to develop novel control strategies for vector-borne diseases, which target the invertebrate vector. In this project, we will exploit viruses that naturally-infect mosquitoes to investigate the molecular biology of vectors and vectorpathogen interactions. Genes and gene produced identified as determinants of malaria and filaria transmission in other projects of this TDRU proposal will be characterized in vitro and in vivo using virus delivery and expression systems. Two viruses will be utilized; Sindbis an Aedes densonucleosis (AeDNV). The SIN virus (Togaviridae) system will be used to stably, "cytoplasmically transform" mosquito cells and to express or knock out genes, which are potentially determinants of vector-pathogen interactions. Similarly, genes identified as potential targets for development of transgenic, parasiteresistant organisms (or other genes necessitating DNA-based expression systems) will be characterized using the AeDNV (Parvoviridae) expression system. These two virus expression systems provide extremely powerful additions to the armentarium of vector molecular biologists and much useful information concerning the molecular biology of parasite vectors will undoubtedly be forthcoming. These proposed studies will also provide considerable information about the feasibility of developing a new generation of biocontrol agents from control of vectors. The AeDNV expression system provides unique biocontrol potential. aroviruses are extremely resistant to environmental degradation, and naturally infect a wide range of vector species. The AeDNV expression system will be used to transduce genes into mosquito larvae that repress host seeking behavior, are mosquitocidal, make vectors incompetent, or inhibit vector host development. Both the AeDNV and the gene products involved (eg -Aedes head peptide, juvenile hormone esterase) are species specific, which is most desirable for biocontrol agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: VIRUS EXPRESSION SYSTEMS IN VECTOR BIOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Beaty, Barry J.; Microbiol, Immunology & Path (Mip); Colorado State University-Fort Collins Fort Collins, Co 80523 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: Mosquito-borne diseases continue to increase in significance as pathogens of humans and animals. Many of these diseases remain intractable to control or resurgent in many areas of the world. Novel control strategies are desperately needed for control of these important diseases. The overall goal of this research is to develop novel control strategies that target the vector or vector-pathogen interface to interrupt the cycle of transmission of vector-borne pathogens. New information concerning vector-pathogen interactions and vector molecular biology will be derived using virus transduction and expression systems, and this new information may be exploited to control vector-borne diseases. Sindbis (Alphavirus, AV) and Aedes densonucleosis (DNV)-based virus transduction systems have been developed for Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. AV and DNV expression systems will also be developed for expression and knock out of genes in Anopheles gambiae. These systems will be used to characterize biologically genes of interest (GOIs) in vivo in the medically important vectors. Genes and gene products identified as determinants of malaria and filaria transmission in Projects 1 and 2 of this TDRU proposal and by others will be characterized in vivo in Aedes and Anopheles vectors. The DNV systems possess biocontrol potential in addition to transduction capability of GOls. Densoviruses are extremely stable in the environment and are target

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specific. The potential for DNV systems to infect and to transduce genes that alter vector competence or vectorial capacity will be determined. Genes to be investigated include insect- specific toxin, juvenile hormone esterase, and Aedes headpeptide I, which regulates host seeking behavior. Transduction of such effector molecules into vector populations could provide novel control mechanisms for vector-borne diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “filariasis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for filariasis in the PubMed Central database: •

Antistreptolysin Titers in Cases of Filariasis with Recurrent Lymphangitis among Military Personnel. by Rose HM, Culbertson JT, Lipman MO.; 1945 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=435484

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B-Cell Deficiency Suppresses Vaccine-Induced Protection against Murine Filariasis but Does Not Increase the Recovery Rate for Primary Infection. by Martin C, Saeftel M, Vuong PN, Babayan S, Fischer K, Bain O, Hoerauf A.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=100087

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Infection of malaria (Anopheles gambiae s.s.) and filariasis (Culex quinquefasciatus) vectors with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. by Scholte EJ, Njiru BN, Smallegange RC, Takken W, Knols BG.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=222926

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Influence of Maternal Filariasis on Childhood Infection and Immunity to Wuchereria bancrofti in Kenya. by Malhotra I, Ouma JH, Wamachi A, Kioko J, Mungai P, Njzovu M, Kazura JW, King CL.; 2003 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=187356

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Lymphatic Filariasis (Elephantiasis) Elimination: A public health success and development opportunity. by Molyneux D.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=200964

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Lymphoedema: Pathophysiology and management in resource-poor settings relevance for lymphatic filariasis control programmes. by Vaqas B, Ryan TJ.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153482

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Mapping of lymphatic filariasis in Nepal. by Sherchand JB, Obsomer V, Thakur GD, Hommel M.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153485

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Treatment of co-infection with bancroftian filariasis and onchocerciasis: a safety and efficacy study of albendazole with ivermectin compared to treatment of single infection with bancroftian filariasis. by Makunde WH, Kamugisha LM, Massaga JJ, Makunde RW, Savael ZX, Akida J, Salum FM, Taylor MJ.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=293471

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Willingness to pay for prevention and treatment of lymphatic filariasis in Leogane, Haiti. by Rheingans RD, Haddix AC, Messonnier ML, Meltzer M, Mayard G, Addiss DG.; 2004; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=356926

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with filariasis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “filariasis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for filariasis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 26-year follow-up of bancroftian filariasis in two communities in north-eastern Tanzania. Author(s): Meyrowitsch DW, Simonsen PE, Magesa SM. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2004 March; 98(2): 155-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15035726

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A brief introduction to the research achievement on the strategy and technical measures for interrupting the transmission of lymphatic filariasis in China. Author(s): Shi ZJ, Sun DJ, Wang ZJ, Tao ZH, Pan SX, Liu XJ, Zhang SQ, Ou ZY, Zhu SZ, Li QJ, Chang J, Wu RZ, Deng SS, Zheng XQ. Source: Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi. 2001; 19(2): 1102. Chinese, English. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12572001

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A clinico-epidemiological perspective of lymphatic filariasis in Satyabadi block of Puri district, Orissa. Author(s): Chhotray GP, Mohapatra M, Acharya AS, Ranjit MR. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2001 August; 114: 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11785453

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A community-based trial for the control of lymphatic filariasis and iodine deficiency using salt fortified with diethylcarbamazine and iodine. Author(s): Freeman AR, Lammie PJ, Houston R, LaPointe MD, Streit TG, Jooste PL, Brissau JM, Lafontant JG, Addiss DG. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2001 December; 65(6): 865-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11791989

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A family study of lymphedema of the leg in a lymphatic filariasis-endemic area. Author(s): Cuenco KT, Halloran ME, Louis-Charles J, Lammie PJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2004 February; 70(2): 180-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14993630

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A geostatistical analysis of the geographic distribution of lymphatic filariasis prevalence in southern India. Author(s): Srividya A, Michael E, Palaniyandi M, Pani SP, Das PK. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 November; 67(5): 480-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12479548

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A new approach to the treatment of filariasis. Author(s): Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A. Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 2001 December; 14(6): 727-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11964892

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A polymerase chain reaction assay for the survey of bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Chansiri K, Phantana S. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2002 September; 33(3): 504-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12693583

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A qualitative study of the perceptions, practices and socio-psychological suffering related to chronic brugian filariasis in Kerala, southern India. Author(s): Suma TK, Shenoy RK, Kumaraswami V. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2003 December; 97(8): 839-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14754496

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A randomized clinical trial comparing single- and multi-dose combination therapy with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole for treatment of bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): El Setouhy M, Ramzy RM, Ahmed ES, Kandil AM, Hussain O, Farid HA, Helmy H, Weil GJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2004 February; 70(2): 191-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14993632

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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with diethylcarbamazine for the treatment of hydrocoele in an area of Tanzania endemic for lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Bernhard P, Magnussen P, Lemnge MM. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2001 September-October; 95(5): 534-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11706668

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A study of bancroftian filariasis on the islands of Batan and Rapu Rapu, Philippines. Author(s): Schultz GW. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1988 June; 19(2): 207-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2906482

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A technique for removal of filariasis of the anterior chamber. Author(s): Samples JR, Fraunfelder FT, Swan KC, Beaver PC, Rashad AL, Rosenquist R. Source: Ophthalmic Surg. 1988 February; 19(2): 124-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3347456

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Albendazole for lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Addiss D, Critchley J, Ejere H, Garner P, Gelband H, Gamble C; International Filariasis Review Group. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004; (1): Cd003753. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14974034

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Albendazole sulphoxide concentrations in plasma of endemic normals from a lymphatic filariasis endemic region using liquid chromatography. Author(s): Sarin R, Dash AP, Dua VK. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2004 January 25; 799(2): 233-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14670741

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Analysis of IgG subclasses and IgE antibodies across the clinical spectrum of bancroftian filariasis in an endemic area. Author(s): Bhunia B, Bhandary YP, Reddy MV, Harinath BC. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2003 January; 46(1): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15027750

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Antibodies in human filariasis sera react with diethylcarbamazine. Author(s): Ravindran B, Satapathy AK, Hussain T, Pattnaik AM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1989 November; 78(2): 219-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12412752

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Aping Jane Goodall: insights into human lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Ravindran B. Source: Trends in Parasitology. 2003 March; 19(3): 105-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12643989

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Assessing density dependence in the transmission of lymphatic filariasis: uptake and development of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae in the vector mosquitoes. Author(s): Stolk WA, Van Oortmarssen GJ, Subramanian S, Das PK, Borsboom GJ, Habbema JD, de Vlas SJ. Source: Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2004 March; 18(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15009446

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Assessment of families for excess risk of lymphedema of the leg in a lymphatic filariasis-endemic area. Author(s): Cuenco KT, Halloran ME, Lammie PJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2004 February; 70(2): 185-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14993631

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Bancroftian filariasis and membrane filters: are night surveys necessary? Author(s): Dennis DT, McConnell E, White GB. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1976 March; 25(2): 257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=769578

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Bancroftian filariasis in a Philippine village: clinical, parasitological, immunological, and social aspects. Author(s): Grove DI, Valeza FS, Cabrera BD. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1978; 56(6): 975-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=367626

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Bancroftian filariasis in a weaving community of lower Assam. Author(s): Khan AM, Dutta P, Khan SA, Baruah NK, Sharma CK, Mahanta J. Source: J Commun Dis. 1999 March; 31(1): 61-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10810590

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Bancroftian filariasis in Bagdogra town, district Darjeeling (West Bengal). Author(s): Singh S, Bora D, Sharma RC, Datta KK. Source: J Commun Dis. 2002 June; 34(2): 110-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14768828

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Bancroftian filariasis in Kwale district, Kenya. Author(s): Njenga SM, Muita M, Kirigi G, Mbugua J, Mitsui Y, Fujimaki Y, Aoki Y. Source: East Afr Med J. 2000 May; 77(5): 245-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12858914

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Bancroftian filariasis in Nepal: a survey for circulating antigenemia of Wuchereria bancrofti and urinary IgG4 antibody in two rural areas of Nepal. Author(s): Watanabe K, Itoh M, Matsuyama H, Hamano S, Kobayashi S, Shirakawa T, Suzuki A, Sharma S, Acharya GP, Itoh K, Kawasaki T, Kimura E, Aoki Y. Source: Acta Tropica. 2003 September; 88(1): 11-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12943971

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Bancroftian filariasis in residents of Oman. Author(s): Scrimgeour EM, Idris MA, Al-Riyami BM, El-Shafie OT, Johnston WJ, Woodhouse NJ, Mohsen N. Source: Acta Tropica. 2001 June 22; 79(3): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11412808

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Bancroftian filariasis in the Igwun Basin, Nigeria. An epidemiological, parasitological, and clinical study in relation to the transmission dynamics. Author(s): Udonsi JK. Source: Acta Tropica. 1988 June; 45(2): 171-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2901204

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Bancroftian Filariasis in Togo 1. a comparative field study of the membrane filtration concentration technique and conventional blood films. Author(s): Scheiber P, Braun-Munzinger RA. Source: Tropenmed Parasitol. 1976 June; 27(2): 224-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=781957

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Bancroftian filariasis infection, disease, and specific antibody response patterns in a high and a low endemicity community in East Africa. Author(s): Simonsen PE, Meyrowitsch DW, Jaoko WG, Malecela MN, Mukoko D, Pedersen EM, Ouma JH, Rwegoshora RT, Masese N, Magnussen P, Estambale BB, Michael E. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 May; 66(5): 550-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12201589

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Bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Southgate BA. Source: Nurs Times. 1976 January 22; 72(3): 107-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1107961

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Bancroftian filariasis. An autochthonous case in Zambia. Author(s): Hira PR. Source: Med J Zambia. 1976 December-1977 January; 10(6): 160-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1052106

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Bancroftian filariasis: a 13-year follow-up study of asymptomatic microfilariae carriers and endemic normals in Orissa, India. Author(s): Sahoo PK, Babu Geddam JJ, Satapathy AK, Mohanty MC, Das BK, Acharya AS, Mishra N, Ravindran B. Source: Parasitology. 2002 February; 124(Pt 2): 191-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11862995

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Bancroftian filariasis: clinical parasitologic and serologic evaluation after 4 years applying two antifilarial regimens. Author(s): Abdul-Fattah MM, El-Karamany EM, El-Gindy AM, Nimr WA, El-Shamy MH. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2002 December; 32(3): 849-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12512817

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Bancroftian filariasis: prevalence of antigenaemia and endemic normals in Orissa, India. Author(s): Sahoo PK, Geddam JJ, Satapathy AK, Mohanty MC, Ravindran B. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2000 September-October; 94(5): 515-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11132379

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Benign obstruction of subclavian and axillary veins possibly due to filariasis. Author(s): Nagaratnam N, Fernando DJ, Deen MF, Kulasegaram V, Ismail MM. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1976 May; 63(5): 379-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=773483

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Biochemical studies in human filariasis. Author(s): Govindwar SL, Ghirnikar SN, Harinath BC. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1976 November; 64(11): 1607-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=798723

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Blood groups and filariasis. Author(s): Kumar H, Santhanam S. Source: Folia Parasitol (Praha). 1989; 36(2): 163-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2504655

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Breast filariasis--a case report. Author(s): Sehri P, Krishnanand G, Gupta A, Mukherjee A. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2000 July; 43(3): 363-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11218689

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Brugian filariasis: epidemiological and experimental studies. Author(s): Denham DA, McGreevy PB. Source: Adv Parasitol. 1977; 15: 243-309. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=17276

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Calcified filariasis of the breast: report of four cases. Author(s): Bastarrika G, Pina L, Vivas I, Elorz M, San Julian M, Alberro JA. Source: European Radiology. 2001; 11(7): 1195-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11471612

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Call to consolidate achievements for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis control. Author(s): Hoerauf A, Walter RD, Remme H, Lazdins J, Fleischer B. Source: Trends in Parasitology. 2001 December; 17(12): 566-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11756020

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Case 43: filariasis. Author(s): Friedman PD, Kalisher L. Source: Radiology. 2002 February; 222(2): 515-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11818622

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Certain concepts in the epidemiology of filariasis. A critical review. Author(s): Rajappan PN, Sadanand AV. Source: Indian J Public Health. 1974 October-December; 18(4): 174-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4157073

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Characterization of antibody responses to Wolbachia surface protein in humans with lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Punkosdy GA, Addiss DG, Lammie PJ. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 September; 71(9): 5104-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12933853

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Circulating filarial antigen in the hydrocele fluid from individuals living in a bancroftian filariasis area - Recife, Brazil: detected by the monoclonal antibody Og4C3-assay. Author(s): Rocha A, Lima G, Medeiros Z, Aguiar-Santos A, Alves S, Montarroyos U, Oliveira P, Beliz F, Netto MJ, Furtado A. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2004 February; 99(1): 101-5. Epub 2004 March 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15057356

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Circulating filarial antigens for monitoring the efficacy of ivermectin in treatment of filariasis. Author(s): Hassan MM, Bahgat MA, Ali AE, Saleh A, El-Shafae OK, Abdel-Ghaffar MM, Mowafy NM. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2001 August; 31(2): 575-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11478456

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Clinical manifestations of Bancroftian filariasis in a suburb of Calcutta, India. Author(s): Dondero TJ Jr, Bhattacharya NC, Black HR, Chowdhury AB, Gubler DJ, Inui TS, Mukerjee M. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1976 January; 25(1): 64-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=769575

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Community empowerment in the control of lymphatic filariasis in Misima, Milne Bay Province using diethylcarbamazine in combination with albendazole. Author(s): Selve BP, Bwadua S, Misa M, James K, Usurup JP, Turner P, Melrose W, Yad W, Samuel R, Eddie C. Source: P N G Med J. 2000 September-December; 43(3-4): 183-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11939299

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Community perception of Malayan filariasis in the rural areas of Cherthala Taluk of Kerala State, south India. Author(s): Nanda B. Source: J Commun Dis. 2001 September; 33(3): 198-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12206040

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Comparison of Brugia-Elisa and thick blood smear examination in a prevalence study of brugian filariasis in Setiu, Terengganu, Malaysia. Author(s): Lim BH, Rahmah N, Afifi SA, Ramli A, Mehdi R. Source: Med J Malaysia. 2001 December; 56(4): 491-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12014770

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Comparison of two IgG4 assay formats (ELISA and rapid dipstick test) for detection of brugian filariasis. Author(s): Noordin R, Shenoy RK, Rahman RA. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2003 December; 34(4): 768-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15115085

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Compliance with the mass chemotherapy program for lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Kasturiratne KT, Premaratne BA, Pathmeswaran A, de Silva NR, de Silva HJ. Source: Ceylon Med J. 2001 December; 46(4): 126-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12164029

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Consequences of hydrocele and the benefits of hydrocelectomy: a qualitative study in lymphatic filariasis endemic communities on the coast of Ghana. Author(s): Ahorlu CK, Dunyo SK, Asamoah G, Simonsen PE. Source: Acta Tropica. 2001 December 21; 80(3): 215-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11700178

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Control of lymphatic filariasis in a hunter-gatherer group in Madang Province. Author(s): Bockarie MJ, Jenkins C, Blakie WM, Lagog M, Alpers MP. Source: P N G Med J. 2000 September-December; 43(3-4): 196-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11939301

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Cost-effectiveness of the use of vector control and mass drug administration, separately or in combination, against lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Krishnamoorthy K, Rajendran R, Sunish IP, Reuben R. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2002 December; 96 Suppl 2: S7790. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12625921

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Could it be lymphatic filariasis? Author(s): Leggat PA, Melrose W, Durrheim DN. Source: Journal of Travel Medicine : Official Publication of the International Society of Travel Medicine and the Asia Pacific Travel Health Association. 2004 January-February; 11(1): 56-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14769289

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Current status and future prospects of the Global Lymphatic Filariasis Programme. Author(s): Molyneux DH, Taylor MJ. Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 2001 April; 14(2): 155-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11979126

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Cystic lymph node enlargement of the neck: filariasis as a rare differential diagnosis in MRI. Author(s): Schick C, Thalhammer A, Balzer JO, Abolmaali N, Vogl TJ. Source: European Radiology. 2002 September; 12(9): 2349-51. Epub 2001 December 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12195494

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Cytologic diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis in a nonendemic area. Author(s): Hira PR, Lindberg LG, Ryd W, Behbehani K. Source: Acta Cytol. 1988 March-April; 32(2): 267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3279714

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Defective concanavalin A-induced suppression in bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Vanamala CR, Narayanan PR. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1987; 83(4): 410-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2956197

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Demographic and socio-economic factors with implications for the control of lymphatic filariasis in Kwale District, Kenya. Author(s): Mwobobia IK, Mitsui Y. Source: East Afr Med J. 1999 September; 76(9): 495-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10685317

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Detection of bancroftian filariasis in human blood samples from Sorsogon province, the Philippines by polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Torres EP, Ramirez BL, Salazar F, Pasay MC, Alamares JG, Santiago ML, Hafalla JC. Source: Parasitology Research. 2001 August; 87(8): 677-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11511008

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Detection of circulating antigens and parasite specific antibodies in filariasis. Author(s): Abdullah WO, Oothuman P, Yunus H. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1993; 24 Suppl 2: 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7973943

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Detection of infective larval antigens in bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Das MK, Beuria MK, Dash AP, Pattnaik NM. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1988 December; 26(12): 1003-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3076164

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Development and standardization of a rapid, PCR-based method for the detection of Wuchereria bancrofti in mosquitoes, for xenomonitoring the human prevalence of bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Williams SA, Laney SJ, Bierwert LA, Saunders LJ, Boakye DA, Fischer P, Goodman D, Helmy H, Hoti SL, Vasuki V, Lammie PJ, Plichart C, Ramzy RM, Ottesen EA. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2002 December; 96 Suppl 2: S416. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12625916

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Development of antigen detection ELISA for the diagnosis of brugian and bancroftian filariasis using antibodies to recombinant filarial antigens Bm-SXP-1 and Wb-SXP-1. Author(s): Lalitha P, Eswaran D, Gnanasekar M, Rao KV, Narayanan RB, Scott A, Nutman T, Kaliraj P, Gnanasekar M. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 2002; 46(5): 327-32. Erratum In: Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 46(9): 645. Gnanasekar Muniratnam [corrected to Gnanasekar Munirathinam]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12139392

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Development of rapid assessment procedures for the delimitation of lymphatic filariasis-endemic areas. Author(s): Srividya A, Lall R, Ramaiah KD, Ramu K, Hoti SL, Pani SP, Das PK. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2000 January; 5(1): 64-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10672207

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Diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis by detection of circulating antigens by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Author(s): el-Ganayni GA, Romia SA, Makhlouf LM, Hegazi MM. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1988 December; 18(2): 503-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3047273

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Diagnosis of Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis by immunofluorescence using microfilariae as antigen. Author(s): Gonzaga Dos Santos L, Santos DS, Azevedo R. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1976 June; 70(2): 219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=779683

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Diagnostic values of ELISA-IgG4 as compared to ELISA-IgG and indirect immunofluorescence, for the routine diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis in the South Pacific. Application on capillary blood collected on filter paper. Author(s): Chanteau S, Plichart R, Spiegel A, Martin PM, Cartel JL. Source: Trop Med Parasitol. 1991 December; 42(4): 339-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1796229

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Diethylcarbamazine in the control of splenomegaly associated with Bancroftian filariasis in the Ok Tedi area of Papua New Guinea. Author(s): Schuurkamp GJ, Kereu RK, Bulungol PK, Kawereng A, Popon WH, Crane GG, Greenidge J, Spicer PE. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1992 September-October; 86(5): 531-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1475824

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Diethylcarbamazine prophylaxis against bancroftian filariasis given by a member of the local community in Kenya. Author(s): Wijers DJ, Kaleli N, Ngindu AH. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1988 August; 82(4): 411-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3075443

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Diethylcarbamazine treatment of bancroftian and malayan filariasis with emphasis on side effects. Author(s): Fan PC. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1992 August; 86(4): 399-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1463361

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Differential diagnosis of human lymphatic filariasis using PCR-RFLP. Author(s): Thanomsub BW, Chansiri K, Sarataphan N, Phantana S. Source: Molecular and Cellular Probes. 2000 February; 14(1): 41-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10722791

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Direct and indirect costs of the acute form of lymphatic filariasis to households in rural areas of Tamil Nadu, south India. Author(s): Ramaiah KD, Ramu K, Guyatt H, Kumar KN, Pani SP. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1998 February; 3(2): 108-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9537272

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Divergent roles for macrophages in lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Allen JE, Loke P. Source: Parasite Immunology. 2001 July; 23(7): 345-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11472554

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Dose-ranging study of ivermectin in treatment of filariasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti. Author(s): Diallo S, Aziz MA, Ndir O, Badiane S, Bah IB, Gaye O. Source: Lancet. 1987 May 2; 1(8540): 1030. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2883362

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Dot-ELISA for diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Tandon A, Murthy PK, Saxena RP, Sen AB, Saxena KC. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1988 May; 87: 429-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3169899

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Doxycycline as a novel strategy against bancroftian filariasis-depletion of Wolbachia endosymbionts from Wuchereria bancrofti and stop of microfilaria production. Author(s): Hoerauf A, Mand S, Fischer K, Kruppa T, Marfo-Debrekyei Y, Debrah AY, Pfarr KM, Adjei O, Buttner DW. Source: Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 2003 November; 192(4): 211-6. Epub 2003 March 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12684759

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Early signs and symptoms of bancroftian filariasis in males at the East African coast. Author(s): Wijers DJ, McMahon JE. Source: East Afr Med J. 1976 February; 53(2): 57-63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=776586

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Early-stage elephantiasis in bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Grobusch MP, Gobels K, Teichmann D, Bergmann F, Suttorp N. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 November; 20(11): 835-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11783706

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Ecologic and biologic determinants of filarial antigenemia in bancroftian filariasis in Papua New Guinea. Author(s): Tisch DJ, Hazlett FE, Kastens W, Alpers MP, Bockarie MJ, Kazura JW. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 October 1; 184(7): 898-904. Epub 2001 August 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11528594

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Editorial: The possibility of human filariasis occurring in Bangkok. Author(s): Sucharit S, Harinasuta C. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1975 October; 58(10): 501-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1206246

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Effectiveness of community and health services-organized drug delivery strategies for elimination of lymphatic filariasis in rural areas of Tamil Nadu, India. Author(s): Ramaiah KD, Vijay Kumar KN, Chandrakala AV, Augustin DJ, Appavoo NC, Das PK. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2001 December; 6(12): 10629. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11737843

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Efficacy and sustainability of a footcare programme in preventing acute attacks of adenolymphangitis in Brugian filariasis. Author(s): Suma TK, Shenoy RK, Kumaraswami V. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2002 September; 7(9): 763-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12225507

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Efficacy of mass single-dose diethylcarbamazine and DEC-fortified salt against bancroftian filariasis in Papua New Guinea six months after treatment. Author(s): Sapak P, Williams G, Bryan J, Riley I. Source: P N G Med J. 2000 September-December; 43(3-4): 213-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11939303

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Egypt conquers lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Dean M. Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2004 May; 4(5): 260. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15141701

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Elevated immunoglobulin E against recombinant Brugia malayi gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in patients with bancroftian filariasis: association with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia or putative immunity. Author(s): Lobos E, Nutman TB, Hothersall JS, Moncada S. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 February; 71(2): 747-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12540554

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Elimination of lymphatic filariasis: a public-health challenge. Author(s): Zagaria N, Savioli L. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2002 December; 96 Suppl 2: S313. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12630389

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Endemic bancroftian filariasis in Thailand: detection by Og4C3 antigen capture ELISA and the polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Nuchprayoon S, Yentakam S, Sangprakarn S, Junpee A. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2001 September; 84(9): 1300-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11800304

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Engineering, mosquitoes and filariasis: a case report. Author(s): Cairncross S, Rajavel AR, Vanamail P, Subramaniam S, Paily KP, Ramaiah KD, Amalraj D, Mariappan T, Srinivasan R. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1988 June; 91(3): 101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2899174

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Enhanced diagnostic specificity in human filariasis by IgG4 antibody assessment. Author(s): Lal RB, Ottesen EA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1988 November; 158(5): 1034-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2460565

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Entomological monitoring of annual mass drug administrations for the control or elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Das PK, Ramaiah KD. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2002 December; 96 Suppl 2: S13942. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12625926

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Epidemiological investigations of Bancroftian filariasis in the coastal zone Liberia. Author(s): Brinkmann UK. Source: Tropenmed Parasitol. 1977 March; 28(1): 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=324055

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Evaluation of a PCR-ELISA to detect Wuchereria bancrofti in Culex pipiens from an Egyptian village with a low prevalence of filariasis. Author(s): Kamal IH, Fischer P, Adly M, El Sayed AS, Morsy ZS, Ramzy RM. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2001 December; 95(8): 833-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11784438

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Evaluation of ELISA and IHAT in immunodiagnosis of bancroftian filariasis using delipidized L. carinii antigen. Author(s): el-Ganayani GA, el-Shazely AM, Abdel-Magied SA. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1988 June; 18(1): 111-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3286786

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Evaluation of ICT filariasis card test using whole capillary blood: comparison with Knott's concentration and counting chamber methods. Author(s): Njenga SM, Wamae CN. Source: J Parasitol. 2001 October; 87(5): 1140-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11695380

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Evaluation of integrated vector control measures on filariasis transmission in Pondicherry. Author(s): Rajagopalan PK, Das PK, Pani SP, Mariappan T, Rajavel AR, Ramaiah KD, Amalraj D, Paily KP, Balakrishnan N, Sadanandane C, et al. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1988 May; 87: 434-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3049328

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Evolution of immunologic responsiveness of persons living in an area of endemic bancroftian filariasis: a 17-year follow-up. Author(s): Steel C, Ottesen EA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 July 1; 184(1): 73-9. Epub 2001 May 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11398112

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Factors responsible for coverage and compliance in mass drug administration during the programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in the East Godavari District, South India. Author(s): Babu BV, Satyanarayana K. Source: Trop Doct. 2003 April; 33(2): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12680538

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Factors that affect the intradermal test in diagnosis of filariasis in Egypt. Author(s): Madwar MA, Mahdi AH, Sadek S, Hannalla RF, Madwar KR, Shoeb SM. Source: J Egypt Med Assoc. 1976; 59(3-4): 261-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=801636

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Failure of diethylcarbamazine as a provocative test in subperiodic Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis. Author(s): Weller PF, Ottesen EA. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1978; 72(1): 31-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=345536

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Field evaluation of the whole blood immunochromatographic test for rapid bancroftian filariasis diagnosis in the northeast of Brazil. Author(s): Braga C, Dourado MI, Ximenes RA, Alves L, Brayner F, Rocha A, Alexander N. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 2003 May-June; 45(3): 125-9. Epub 2003 July 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12870060

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Filaria dance sign and subclinical hydrocoele in two east African communities with bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Simonsen PE, Bernhard P, Jaoko WG, Meyrowitsch DW, Malecela-Lazaro MN, Magnussen P, Michael E. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 November-December; 96(6): 649-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12625143

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Filarial antigen in circulating immune complexes from patients with Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis. Author(s): Lunde MN, Paranjape R, Lawley TJ, Ottesen EA. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1988 March; 38(2): 366-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3281495

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Filariasis control: ethics, economics, and good science. Author(s): Ravindran B. Source: Lancet. 2001 July 21; 358(9277): 246. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11488588

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Filariasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti in Haiti. Author(s): Raccurt C, Hodges W. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1977; 71(5): 452-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=595106

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Filariasis in a tourist diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology. Author(s): Rubin A. Source: Cytopathology : Official Journal of the British Society for Clinical Cytology. 2002 December; 13(6): 383-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12485178

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Filariasis in Gabon: human infections with Microfilaria rodhaini. Author(s): Richard-Lenoble D, Kombila M, Bain O, Chandenier J, Mariotte O. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1988 July; 39(1): 91-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3400803

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Filariasis in Haiti. Author(s): Miller MJ, Ratard RC, McNeeley DF. Source: J Parasitol. 1976 October; 62(5): 845-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=978378

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Filariasis in Indonesian Timor. Author(s): Wheeling CH, Gundelfinger BF, Lien JC, Atmosoedjono S, Simanjuntak CH. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1975 September; 24(5): 897-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=242225

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Filariasis in Israel. Author(s): Berger SA, Sigman-Igra Y, Geyer O, Michaeli D, Lengy J. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1988 November; 24(11): 690-1. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3063686

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Filariasis in the Minahassa. Author(s): Kapojos DS, Tumewu M, Kapojos FX, Waworuntu HC. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1976 December; 28(4): 359-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1014078

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Filariasis on Kinmen (Quemoy) Islands, Republic of China. II. Clinical investigations. Author(s): Fan PC, Wang YC, Liu JC, Hsu J. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1974 September; 5(3): 398-407. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4610780

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Filariasis penis. Author(s): Prasad S. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1976 December; 48(6): 426. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1009323

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Filariasis. Author(s): Young AE. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1976 September; 69(9): 708-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=981278

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Frequency, severity, and costs of adverse reactions following mass treatment for lymphatic filariasis using diethylcarbamazine and albendazole in Leogane, Haiti, 2000. Author(s): McLaughlin SI, Radday J, Michel MC, Addiss DG, Beach MJ, Lammie PJ, Lammie J, Rheingans R, Lafontant J. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2003 May; 68(5): 56873. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12812348

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Genetic aspects in filariasis. Author(s): Dasgupta A. Source: J Commun Dis. 1985; 17(1 Suppl): 117-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3831064

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Genetic aspects of lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Yong HS, Mak JW. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1993; 24 Suppl 2: 37-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7973944

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Genetic variation in immune function and susceptibility to human filariasis. Author(s): Choi EH, Nutman TB, Chanock SJ. Source: Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics. 2003 May; 3(3): 367-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12779010

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Genital filariasis in Minnesota. Author(s): Clark WR, Lieber MM. Source: Urology. 1986 December; 28(6): 518-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3538615

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Genital manifestation of filariasis. Author(s): Iturregui-Pagan JR, Fortuno RF, Noy MA. Source: Urology. 1976 September; 8(3): 207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=987633

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Global alliance launches plan to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Yamey G. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 January 29; 320(7230): 269. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10650014

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Healthcare workers' knowledge of lymphatic filariasis and its control in an endemic area of Eastern India: implications on control programme. Author(s): Babu BV, Satyanarayana K. Source: Trop Doct. 2003 January; 33(1): 41-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12568522

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Heat shock cognate 70 is a prominent immunogen in Brugian filariasis. Author(s): Selkirk ME, Denham DA, Partono F, Maizels RM. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1989 July 1; 143(1): 299-308. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2659668

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Helminth- and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-induced immunity in children sensitized in utero to filariasis and schistosomiasis. Author(s): Malhotra I, Mungai P, Wamachi A, Kioko J, Ouma JH, Kazura JW, King CL. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1999 June 1; 162(11): 6843-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10352306

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High levels of spontaneous and parasite antigen-driven interleukin-10 production are associated with antigen-specific hyporesponsiveness in human lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Mahanty S, Mollis SN, Ravichandran M, Abrams JS, Kumaraswami V, Jayaraman K, Ottesen EA, Nutman TB. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996 March; 173(3): 769-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8627051

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High prevalence of bancroftian filariasis in Myanmar-migrant workers: a study in Mae Sot district, Tak province, Thailand. Author(s): Triteeraprapab S, Songtrus J. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1999 July; 82(7): 735-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10511777

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Histological evidence for adulticidal effect of low doses of diethylcarbamazine in bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Figueredo-Silva J, Jungmann P, Noroes J, Piessens WF, Coutinho A, Brito C, Rocha A, Dreyer G. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1996 March-April; 90(2): 192-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8761588

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HLA and elephantiasis in lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Yazdanbakhsh M, Sartono E, Kruize YC, Kurniawan A, Partono F, Maizels RM, Schreuder GM, Schipper R, de Vries RR. Source: Human Immunology. 1995 September; 44(1): 58-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8522456

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HLA antigens and blood groups in bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Romia SA, el-Ganayni GA, Makhlouf LM, Handousa AE. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1988 June; 18(1): 211-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3163713

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Host cellular response in bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Mohapatra TM, Gupta PN, Sen PC. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1988 October; 88: 308-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3265694

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Host-feeding pattern of Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Mansonia annulifera (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae), the major vectors of filariasis in a rural area of south India. Author(s): Samuel PP, Arunachalam N, Hiriyan J, Thenmozhi V, Gajanana A, Satyanarayana K. Source: Journal of Medical Entomology. 2004 May; 41(3): 442-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15185948

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Household characteristics and peoples' perception about filariasis in Khurda district Orissa. Author(s): Kumar A. Source: J Commun Dis. 1999 June; 31(2): 147-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10810605

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Human antibody responses to Brugia malayi antigens in brugian filariasis. Author(s): Zhang S, Li B, Weil GJ. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 1999 March; 29(3): 429-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10333326

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Human bancroftian filariasis - a role for antibodies to parasite carbohydrates. Author(s): Mohanty MC, Satapathy AK, Sahoo PK, Ravindran B. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2001 April; 124(1): 54-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11359442

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Human Bancroftian filariasis: loss of patent microfilaraemia is not associated with production of antibodies to microfilarial sheath. Author(s): Satapathy AK, Sahoo PK, Babu Geddam JJ, Mohanty MC, Ravindran B. Source: Parasite Immunology. 2001 March; 23(3): 163-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11240907

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Human filariasis: infection rate as the uniform measurable criterion for filarial endemicity. Author(s): Kumar A. Source: J Commun Dis. 1996 September; 28(3): 163-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8973014

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Human immune responses to lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea. Author(s): King CL. Source: P N G Med J. 2000 September-December; 43(3-4): 203-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11939302

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Humoral immune response during filarial fever in Bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Kar SK, Mania J, Kar PK. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1993 March-April; 87(2): 230-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8337737

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Hyperendemic bancroftian filariasis in the Kingdom of Tonga: the application of the membrane filter concentration technique to an age-stratified blood survey. Author(s): Desowitz RS, Hitchcock JC. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1974 September; 23(5): 877-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4615596

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Hyperendemic subperiodic Bancroftian filariasis: a search for clinical and immunological correlates of microfilaraemia. Author(s): Desowitz RS, Berman SJ, Puloka T. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1976; 54(5): 565-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=800355

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Icidence of filariasis in the industrial population of amritsar. Author(s): Sangha HK, Chitkara NL. Source: Indian J Pathol Bacteriol. 1975 January; 18(1): 41-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1132896

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ICT Filariasis test in patients harbouring Mansonella ozzardi. Author(s): Bartoloni A, Cancrini G, Bartalesi F, Roselli M, Gamboa Barahona H. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2000 November; 5(11): 833. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11123834

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IgG- and IgG4-detected antigens of Dirofilaria immitis adult worms for bancroftian filariasis by enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot. Author(s): Dekumyoy P, Insun D, Waikagul J, Tanantaphruti M, Rongsriyam Y, Coochote W. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000; 31 Suppl 1: 58-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11414461

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Immunity in filariasis: a review. Author(s): Grove DI. Source: P N G Med J. 1978 March; 21(1): 32-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=286483

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Immunochromatographic test (ICT) for estimation of true prevalence of bancroftian filariasis in an endemic area in southern India. Author(s): Sunish IP, Rajendran R, Satyanarayana K, Munirathinam A, Gajanana A. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2001 November-December; 95(6): 607-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11816431

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Impact of mass chemotherapy for the control of filariasis on geohelminth infections in Sri Lanka. Author(s): De Silva NR, Pathmeswaran A, Fernando SD, Weerasinghe CR, Selvaratnam RR, Padmasiri EA, Montresor A. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2003 June; 97(4): 421-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12831528

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Impact of single-dose ivermectin on community microfilaria load in bancroftian filariasis infection: two years post treatment. Author(s): Gyapong JO. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2000 JulyAugust; 94(4): 434-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11127252

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Impairment of tetanus-specific cellular and humoral responses following tetanus vaccination in human lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Nookala S, Srinivasan S, Kaliraj P, Narayanan RB, Nutman TB. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2004 May; 72(5): 2598-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15102768

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In Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis, asymptomatic microfilaraemia does not progress to amicrofilaraemic lymphatic disease. Author(s): Dissanayake S. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 April; 30(2): 394-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11369749

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Inadvertent exposure of pregnant women to ivermectin and albendazole during mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Gyapong JO, Chinbuah MA, Gyapong M. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2003 December; 8(12): 1093101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641844

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Infectious diseases: filariasis, Malayan filariasis, loiasis (ioa ioa), Onchocerciasis (river blindness). Author(s): Kemp C, Roberts A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2001 September; 13(9): 391-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11930850

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Influence of maternal filariasis on childhood infection and immunity to Wuchereria bancrofti in Kenya. Author(s): Malhotra I, Ouma JH, Wamachi A, Kioko J, Mungai P, Njzovu M, Kazura JW, King CL. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 September; 71(9): 5231-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12933869

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Intraocular filariasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti. Author(s): Mathai E, David S. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2000 MayJune; 94(3): 317-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10975010

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Intraocular filariasis. Author(s): Thomas A, Oommen MM, Alexander TA. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 1978 January; 25(4): 43-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=350776

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Introduction: Opportunities to work together: intestinal helminth control and programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Cline BL, Savioli L, Neira M. Source: Parasitology. 2000; 121 Suppl: S3-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11386689

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Iodide myxoedema simulating filariasis. Author(s): Tiku ML, Farias AE, Johnson SC. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1976 September; 30(9): 291-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1032622

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Ivermectin and albendazole alone and in combination for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis in Ghana: follow-up after re-treatment with the combination. Author(s): Dunyo SK, Simonsen PE. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 March-April; 96(2): 189-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12055812

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Ivermectin and filariasis. Author(s): Richard-Lenoble D, Chandenier J, Gaxotte P. Source: Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 April; 17(2): 199-203. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12667230

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Ivermectin for the treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis. Efficacy and adverse reactions. Author(s): Kumaraswami V, Ottesen EA, Vijayasekaran V, Devi U, Swaminathan M, Aziz MA, Sarma GR, Prabhakar R, Tripathy SP. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1988 June 3; 259(21): 3150-3. Erratum In: Jama 1988 August 5; 260(5): 640. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3285045

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Ivermectin: effectiveness in lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Brown KR, Ricci FM, Ottesen EA. Source: Parasitology. 2000; 121 Suppl: S133-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11386685

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Kinetics of circulating human IgG4 after diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin treatment of bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Wamae CN, Roberts JM, Eberhard ML, Lammie PJ. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1992 June; 165(6): 1158-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1583340

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Kinetics of serum and cellular interleukin-5 in posttreatment eosinophilia of patients with lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Limaye AP, Ottesen EA, Kumaraswami V, Abrams JS, Regunathan J, Vijayasekaran V, Jayaraman K, Nutman TB. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993 June; 167(6): 1396-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8501330

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Knowledge and beliefs about elephantiasis and hydrocele of lymphatic filariasis and some socio-demographic determinants in an endemic community of Eastern India. Author(s): Babu BV, Hazra RK, Chhotray GP, Satyanarayana K. Source: Public Health. 2004 March; 118(2): 121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15037042

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Knowledge and beliefs about transmission, prevention and control of lymphatic filariasis in rural areas of south India. Author(s): Ramaiah KD, Kumar KN, Ramu K. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1996 August; 1(4): 433-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8765449

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Knowledge on lymphatic filariasis and the response to July 2002 mass treatment campaign in two communities in the Galle district. Author(s): Yahathugoda TC, Wickramasinghe D, Liyanage TS, Weerasooriya MV, Mudalige MP, Waidyaratna EI, Samarawickrema WA. Source: Ceylon Med J. 2003 September; 48(3): 74-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14735801

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Limitation and facilitation in the vectors and other aspects of the dynamics of filarial transmission: the need for vector control against Anopheles-transmitted filariasis. Author(s): Pichon G. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2002 December; 96 Suppl 2: S14352. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12625927

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Long-term population migration: an important aspect to be considered during mass drug administration for elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Sunish IP, Rajendran R, Mani TR, Gajanana A, Reuben R, Satyanarayana K. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2003 April; 8(4): 316-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12667150

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Lymphatic filariasis elimination and schistosomiasis control in combination with onchocerciasis control in Nigeria. Author(s): Hopkins DR, Eigege A, Miri ES, Gontor I, Ogah G, Umaru J, Gwomkudu CC, Mathai W, Jinadu M, Amadiegwu S, Oyenekan OK, Korve K, Richards FO Jr. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 September; 67(3): 266-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12408665

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Lymphatic filariasis elimination: progress in global programme development. Author(s): Molyneux DH, Zagaria N. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2002 December; 96 Suppl 2: S1540. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12630391

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Lymphatic filariasis in children: adenopathy and its evolution in two young girls. Author(s): Dreyer G, Figueredo-Silva J, Carvalho K, Amaral F, Ottesen EA. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2001 September; 65(3): 204-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11561705

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Lymphatic filariasis in kenya since 1910, and the prospects for its elimination: a review. Author(s): Wamae CN, Mwandawiro C, Wambayi E, Njenga S, Kiliku F. Source: East Afr Med J. 2001 November; 78(11): 595-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12219966

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Lymphatic filariasis in Khurda district of Orissa, India: an epidemiological study. Author(s): Babu BV, Acharya AS, Mallick G, Jangid PK, Nayak AN, Satyanarayana K. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001 June; 32(2): 240-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11556570

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Lymphatic filariasis in Lower Shire, southern Malawi. Author(s): Nielsen NO, Makaula P, Nyakuipa D, Bloch P, Nyasulu Y, Simonsen PE. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 March-April; 96(2): 133-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12055799

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Lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: interdisciplinary research on a national health problem. Author(s): Kazura JW, Bockarie MJ. Source: Trends in Parasitology. 2003 June; 19(6): 260-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12798083

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Lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: prospects for elimination. Author(s): Bockarie MJ, Kazura JW. Source: Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 2003 February; 192(1): 9-14. Epub 2002 October 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12592558

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Lymphatic filariasis in the Karonga district of northern Malawi: a prevalence survey. Author(s): Ngwira BM, Jabu CH, Kanyongoloka H, Mponda M, Crampin AC, Branson K, Alexander ND, Fine PE. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2002 March; 96(2): 137-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12080974

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Lymphatic filariasis of the ovary and mesosalpinx. Author(s): Sethi S, Misra K, Singh UR, Kumar D. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2001 October; 27(5): 28592. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11776512

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Lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Thompson B. Source: Nurs Times. 2001 September 20-26; 97(38): 59-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11935860

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Lymphatic filariasis: constraints ahead. Author(s): Mishra CP, Singh N. Source: Indian J Public Health. 2003 January-March; 47(1): 27-30. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14723292

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Lymphatic filariasis: detection of circulating and urinary antigen and differences in antibody isotypes complexed with circulating antigen between symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Author(s): Lutsch C, Cesbron JY, Henry D, Dessaint JP, Wandji K, Ismail M, Capron A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1988 February; 71(2): 253-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3280185

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Lymphatic filariasis: new insights and prospects for control. Author(s): Nutman TB. Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 2001 October; 14(5): 539-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11964873

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Lymphatic filariasis: new insights into an old disease. Author(s): Melrose WD. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 2002 July; 32(8): 947-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12076624

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Lymphatic filariasis-specific immune responses in relation to lymphoedema grade and infection status. I. Cellular responses. Author(s): Nielsen NO, Bloch P, Simonsen PE. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 JulyAugust; 96(4): 446-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12497986

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Lymphatic filariasis-specific immune responses in relation to lymphoedema grade and infection status. II. Humoral responses. Author(s): Nielsen NO, Bloch P, Simonsen PE. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 JulyAugust; 96(4): 453-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12497987

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Major progress toward eliminating lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Ottesen EA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 December 5; 347(23): 1885-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12466515

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Malayan filariasis in Bangkok? Author(s): Shutidamrang C, Chusattayanond W. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1988 June; 19(2): 333-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3227411

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Management of disability in lymphatic filariasis--an update. Author(s): Shenoy RK. Source: J Commun Dis. 2002 March; 34(1): 1-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12718336

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Mapping and estimating the population at risk from lymphatic filariasis in Africa. Author(s): Lindsay SW, Thomas CJ. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2000 January-February; 94(1): 37-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10748895

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Mapping of lymphatic filariasis in India. Author(s): Sabesan S, Palaniyandi M, Das PK, Michael E. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2000 September; 94(6): 591-606. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11064761

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Mass chemotherapy with diethylcarbamazine for the control of Bancroftian filariasis: a twelve-year follow-up in northern Trinidad, including observations on Mansonella ozzardi. Author(s): Chadee DD, Tilluckdharry CC, Rawlins SC, Doon R, Nathan MB. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1995 February; 52(2): 174-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7872448

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Mass DEC campaign for filariasis in a hyper endemic district of West Bengal. Author(s): Haldar A, Mundle M, Haldar S, Biswas AK, Mitra SP, Mahapatra BS. Source: J Commun Dis. 2001 September; 33(3): 192-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12206039

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Mass drug administration to treat lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Ravindran B. Source: Lancet. 2002 June 1; 359(9321): 1948. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12057582

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Mass drug treatment for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. Author(s): Molyneux DH, Bradley M, Hoerauf A, Kyelem D, Taylor MJ. Source: Trends in Parasitology. 2003 November; 19(11): 516-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14580963

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Mass treatment of filariasis in New Guinea. Author(s): Rajendran R, Sunish IP, Mani TR. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 March 20; 348(12): 1179-81; Author Reply 1179-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12647730

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Mass treatment of filariasis in New Guinea. Author(s): Addiss DG. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 March 20; 348(12): 1179-81; Author Reply 1179-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12646679

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Mass treatment of Malayan filariasis in the Gumbasa irrigation area of Central Sulawesi. Author(s): Putrali J, Kaleb YM, Van Peenen PF, Saroso JS. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1975 June; 6(2): 206-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1166347

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Mass treatment to eliminate filariasis in Papua New Guinea. Author(s): Bockarie MJ, Tisch DJ, Kastens W, Alexander ND, Dimber Z, Bockarie F, Ibam E, Alpers MP, Kazura JW. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 December 5; 347(23): 1841-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12466508

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Mathematical modelling and the control of lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Michael E, Malecela-Lazaro MN, Simonsen PE, Pedersen EM, Barker G, Kumar A, Kazura JW. Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2004 April; 4(4): 223-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15050941

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Microfilaraemia, filarial antibody, antigen and immune complex levels in human filariasis before, during and after DEC therapy. A two-year follow-up. Author(s): Ramaprasad P, Prasad GB, Harinath BC. Source: Acta Tropica. 1988 September; 45(3): 245-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2903626

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Migration and dispersal of lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea. Author(s): Alexander ND, Bockarie MJ, Dimber ZB, Griffin L, Kazura JW, Alpers MP. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2001 MayJune; 95(3): 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11490996

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Modelling the epidemiology, transmission and control of lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Das PK, Subramanian S. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2002 December; 96 Suppl 2: S15364. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12625928

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More research needed to consolidate achievements in filariasis control. Author(s): Hoerauf A. Source: Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 2003 February; 192(1): 1-2. Epub 2002 December 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12592556

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Multicentre laboratory evaluation of Brugia Rapid dipstick test for detection of brugian filariasis. Author(s): Rahmah N, Shenoy RK, Nutman TB, Weiss N, Gilmour K, Maizels RM, Yazdanbakhsh M, Sartono E. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2003 October; 8(10): 895900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14516300

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Naturally acquired concomitant infections of bancroftian filariasis and human plasmodia in Orissa. Author(s): Ghosh SK, Yadav RS. Source: Indian J Malariol. 1995 March; 32(1): 32-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8549837

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Neurological manifestations in a patient with filariasis. Author(s): Bada JL, Fernandez-Nogues F, Cerda E, Rufi G. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 October 23; 2(6042): 978-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1086120

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New approaches to the control of lymphatic filariasis using diethylcarbamazine. Author(s): Forsyth K. Source: P N G Med J. 1987 September; 30(3): 189-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3478920

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New goals set for filariasis elimination in India. Author(s): Sharma DC. Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2002 July; 2(7): 389. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12127343

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New insights into the natural history and pathology of bancroftian filariasis: implications for clinical management and filariasis control programmes. Author(s): Dreyer G, Noroes J, Figueredo-Silva J. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2000 November-December; 94(6): 594-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11198637

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New molecular targets for filariasis drug discovery. Author(s): Lazdins J, Kron M. Source: Parasitology Today (Personal Ed.). 1999 August; 15(8): 305-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10407372

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No relationship between HTLV-1 infection and filariasis--Serological study on patients with filariasis in Recife, Brazil. Author(s): Linhares MI, Malagueno E, Carvalho LB Jr, de Oliveira VF, Minamishima Y. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 1995; 39(11): 917-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8657021

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Nodular breast filariasis: diagnosis by fine needle aspiration. Author(s): Monchy D, Noellat P, Nomoredjo A, Videault A, Dubourdieu D. Source: Pathology International. 1996 March; 46(3): 228-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10846575

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Non-involvement of nulliparous females in the transmission of bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Ramaiah KD, Das PK. Source: Acta Tropica. 1992 December; 52(2-3): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1363179

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North American brugian filariasis: report of nine infections of humans. Author(s): Baird JK, Alpert LI, Friedman R, Schraft WC, Connor DH. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1986 November; 35(6): 1205-9. Erratum In: Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988 September; 39(3): 226. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3789271

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Observations on bancroftian filariasis in Wardha, Central India. Author(s): Subrahmanyam M. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1981 September; 29(9): 721-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7047486

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Observations on duration of microfilaraemia in rural bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Rao CK, Narasimham MV, Krishna Rao C. Source: J Commun Dis. 1982 June; 14(2): 138-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7153482

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Observations on population density of Culex quinquefasciatus and transmission indices of Bancroftian filariasis during and after Integrated Vector Management strategy. Author(s): Ramaiah KD, Das PK, Arunachalam N, Rajavel AR, Paily KP. Source: J Commun Dis. 1992 September; 24(3): 173-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1344948

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Obstructive lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Marsden PD. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 January 9; 306(6870): 136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8435614

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Ocular filariasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti presenting as panuveitis: a case report. Author(s): Ganesh SK, Babu K, Krishnakumar S, Biswas J. Source: Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2003 June; 11(2): 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14533034

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Ocular filariasis: not strictly tropical. Author(s): Rouhette H, Marty P, Zur C, Bain O, Fenollar S, Gastaud P. Source: Ophthalmologica. Journal International D'ophtalmologie. International Journal of Ophthalmology. Zeitschrift Fur Augenheilkunde. 1999; 213(3): 206-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10202297

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Of filariasis, mice and men. Author(s): Hoerauf A, Fleischer B, Walter RD. Source: Trends in Parasitology. 2001 January; 17(1): 4-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11394345

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Og4C3 circulating antigen: a marker of infection and adult worm burden in Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis. Author(s): Chanteau S, Moulia-Pelat JP, Glaziou P, Nguyen NL, Luquiaud P, Plichart C, Martin PM, Cartel JL. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1994 July; 170(1): 247-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8014511

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Onchocerca volvulus heat shock protein 70 is a major immunogen in amicrofilaremic individuals from a filariasis-endemic area. Author(s): Rothstein NM, Higashi G, Yates J, Rajan TV. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 1989 March 15; 33(3): 229-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2704388

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Opposing effects of filariasis and chronic malaria on immunoregulatory T lymphocytes. Author(s): Piessens WF, Hoffman SL, Ratiwayanto S, Piessens PW, Partono F, Kurniawan L, Marwoto HA. Source: Diagn Immunol. 1983; 1(3): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6388972

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Pacific nations lead the way in fighting lymphatic filariasis. Region aims to eliminate. Author(s): Dean M. Source: Lancet. 2003 December 6; 362(9399): 1906. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14672081

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Persistence of microfilaremia in bancroftian filariasis after diethylcarbamazine citrate therapy. Author(s): Eberhard ML, Lowrie RC Jr, Lammie PJ. Source: Trop Med Parasitol. 1988 June; 39(2): 128-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3051291

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Persistence of parasite antigenemia following diethylcarbamazine therapy of bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Weil GJ, Sethumadhavan KV, Santhanam S, Jain DC, Ghosh TK. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1988 May; 38(3): 58995. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3079315

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Polymerase chain reaction-based detection of lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Fischer P, Boakye D, Hamburger J. Source: Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 2003 February; 192(1): 3-7. Epub 2002 October 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12592557

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Polymorphisms of innate immunity genes and susceptibility to lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Hise AG, Hazlett FE, Bockarie MJ, Zimmerman PA, Tisch DJ, Kazura JW. Source: Genes and Immunity. 2003 October; 4(7): 524-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14551607

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Prevalence of diurnally subperiodic bancroftian filariasis among the Nicobarese in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India: effect of age and gender. Author(s): Shriram AN, Murhekar MV, Ramaiah KD, Sehgal SC. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2002 November; 7(11): 94954. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12390601

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Prevalence of filariasis among naval community residing in Navy Nagar, Bombay. Author(s): Gupta KK. Source: Indian J Public Health. 1988 July-September; 32(3): 160-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3271761

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Progress towards, and challenges for, the elimination of filariasis from Pacific-island communities. Author(s): Burkot TR, Taleo G, Toeaso V, Ichimori K. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2002 December; 96 Suppl 2: S619. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12625919

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Prospects for elimination of bancroftian filariasis by mass drug treatment in Pondicherry, India: a simulation study. Author(s): Stolk WA, Swaminathan S, van Oortmarssen GJ, Das PK, Habbema JD. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 November 1; 188(9): 1371-81. Epub 2003 October 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14593597

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Protective immunity in human lymphatic filariasis: problems and prospects. Author(s): Ravindran B, Satapathy AK, Sahoo PK, Mohanty MC. Source: Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 2003 February; 192(1): 41-6. Epub 2002 October 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12592562

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Quantitation of antibodies to infective larvae in Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis. Short communications. Author(s): Das MK, Dash AP, Ravindran B, Pattnaik NM, Subramanyam VR. Source: Acta Tropica. 1988 December; 45(4): 387-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2907266

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Quantitative assessment of circulating antigens in human lymphatic filariasis: a field evaluation of monoclonal antibody-based ELISA using blood collected on filter strips. Author(s): Lalitha P, Ravichandran M, Suba S, Kaliraj P, Narayanan RB, Jayaraman K. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1998 January; 3(1): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9484967

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Quantitative cellular cytotoxicity to Brugia malayi microfilariae: in vitro studies of sera from an area endemic for filariasis in Andhra Pradesh, India. Author(s): Thommandru J, Higashi GI, Santhanam S, Malhotra A. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1991 April; 21(1): 1-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2033283

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Quantitative concept in the assessment of filariasis: observations in villages of the Rural Health Training Centre, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow. Author(s): Srivastava RN, Bhushan V, Prasad BG. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1969 October; 57(10): 1975-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5372183

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Rapid assessment for lymphatic filariasis in central Nigeria: a comparison of the immunochromatographic card test and hydrocele rates in an area of high endemicity. Author(s): Eigege A, Richards FO Jr, Blaney DD, Miri ES, Gontor I, Ogah G, Umaru J, Jinadu MY, Mathai W, Amadiegwu S, Hopkins DR. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2003 June; 68(6): 643-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12887020

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Rapid assessment of the prevalence and distribution of lymphatic filariasis in Sierra Leone. Author(s): Gbakima AA, Bockarie MJ, Sahr F, Palmer LT, Gooding E. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2000 April; 94(3): 299-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10884875

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Reading ICT filariasis rapid diagnostic card tests under field conditions and issues of good clinical practice in clinical trials. Author(s): Rajgor D, Gogtay NJ, Garg BS, Deshmukh PR, Kshirsagar NA. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 September-October; 96(5): 574-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12474495

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Recent advances in molecular diagnostic techniques for human lymphatic filariasis and their use in epidemiological research. Author(s): Ramzy RM. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 April; 96 Suppl 1: S225-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12055843

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Recent advances in vector control in filariasis. Author(s): Sucharit S. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1993; 24 Suppl 2: 64-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7973950

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Regulation of the immune response in lymphatic filariasis: perspectives on acute and chronic infection with Wuchereria bancrofti in South India. Author(s): Nutman TB, Kumaraswami V. Source: Parasite Immunology. 2001 July; 23(7): 389-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11472558

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Risk of imported filariasis in Pakistan. Author(s): Beg MA. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2000 January; 50(1): 33-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10770046

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Role of streptococcal infection in the acute pathology of lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Esterre P, Plichart C, Huin-Blondey MO, Nguyen L. Source: Parasite. 2000 June; 7(2): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10887654

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Rural bancroftian filariasis in north-western Cameroon: parasitological and clinical studies. Author(s): Ivoke N. Source: J Commun Dis. 2000 December; 32(4): 254-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11668936

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Safety, tolerability, efficacy and plasma concentrations of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole co-administration in a field study in an area endemic for lymphatic filariasis in India. Author(s): Kshirsagar NA, Gogtay NJ, Garg BS, Deshmukh PR, Rajgor DD, Kadam VS, Kirodian BG, Ingole NS, Mehendale AM, Fleckenstein L, Karbwang J, Lazdins-Helds JK. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2004 April; 98(4): 205-17. Erratum In: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2004 May; 98(5): 329. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15049459

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Sensitivity and specificity of skin reactivity to Brugia malayi and Dirofilaria immitis antigens in Bancroftian and Malayan filariasis in the Philippines. Author(s): Grove DI, Cabrera BD, Valeza FS, Guinto RS, Ash LR, Warren KS. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1977 March; 26(2): 220-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=322516

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Serum ferritin, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and retinol levels in lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Friis H, Kaestel P, Nielsen N, Simonsen PE. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 March-April; 96(2): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12055804

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Serum levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and amino-terminal propeptide type III procollagen (PIII NP) in patients with acute and chronic filariasis. Author(s): el-Sharkawy IM, Haseeb AN, Saleh WA. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2001 April; 31(1): 169-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12557940

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Short communication: concomitant malaria and filariasis infections in Georgetown, Guyana. Author(s): Chadee DD, Rawlins SC, Tiwari TS. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2003 February; 8(2): 140-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12581439

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Short communication: use of a recombinant antigen-based ELISA to determine prevalence of brugian filariasis among Malaysian schoolchildren near Pasir Mas, Kelantan-Thailand border. Author(s): Rahmah N, Lim BH, Azian H, Ramelah TS, Rohana AR. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2003 February; 8(2): 158-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12581442

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South American brugian filariasis: report of a human infection acquired in Peru. Author(s): Baird JK, Neafie RC. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1988 August; 39(2): 185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3407837

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Stigma reduction and improved knowledge and attitudes towards filariasis using a comic book for children. Author(s): el-Setouhy MA, Rio F. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2003 April; 33(1): 55-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12739801

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Strategic options for global lymphatic filariasis elimination. Author(s): Sabesan S. Source: Trends in Parasitology. 2003 May; 19(5): 200-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12763424

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Studies on the prevalence of Malayan filariasis in South Thailand. Author(s): Guptavanij P, Harinasuta C, Surathin K, Vutikes S, Deesin T. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1977 March; 8(1): 42-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=887995

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The economic loss due to treatment costs and work loss to individuals with chronic lymphatic filariasis in rural communities of Orissa, India. Author(s): Babu BV, Nayak AN, Dhal K, Acharya AS, Jangid PK, Mallick G. Source: Acta Tropica. 2002 April; 82(1): 31-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11904101

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The epidemiology and control of lymphatic filariasis on Lihir Island, New Ireland Province. Author(s): Hii J, Bockarie MJ, Flew S, Genton B, Tali A, Dagoro H, Waulas B, Samson M, Alpers MP. Source: P N G Med J. 2000 September-December; 43(3-4): 188-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11939300

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The impact of six rounds of single-dose mass administration of diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin on the transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti by Culex quinquefasciatus and its implications for lymphatic filariasis elimination programmes. Author(s): Ramaiah KD, Das PK, Vanamail P, Pani SP. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2003 December; 8(12): 108292. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641843

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The role of the urologist in the treatment and elimination of lymphatic filariasis worldwide. Author(s): DeVries CR. Source: Bju International. 2002 March; 89 Suppl 1: 37-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11876731

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The use of grid sampling methodology for rapid assessment of the distribution of bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Gyapong JO, Remme JH. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2001 November-December; 95(6): 681-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11816445

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Towards eliminating lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: impact of annual single-dose mass treatment on transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti in East Sepik Province. Author(s): Bockarie MJ, Ibam E, Alexander ND, Hyun P, Dimber Z, Bockarie F, Alpers MP, Kazura JW. Source: P N G Med J. 2000 September-December; 43(3-4): 172-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11939298

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Towards elimination of lymphatic filariasis in India. Author(s): Das PK, Ramaiah KD, Augustin DJ, Kumar A. Source: Trends in Parasitology. 2001 October; 17(10): 457-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11587940

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Towards the elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Dean M. Source: Lancet. 2002 May 11; 359(9318): 1677. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12020539

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Transmission of bancroftian filariasis in tea agro-ecosystem of Assam, India. Author(s): Mahanta B, Handique R, Narain K, Dutta P, Mahanta J. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001 September; 32(3): 581-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11944721

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Treatment costs and work time loss due to episodic adenolymphangitis in lymphatic filariasis patients in rural communities of Orissa, India. Author(s): Babu BV, Nayak AN. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2003 December; 8(12): 11029. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641845

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Ultrasonographic assessment of the adulticidal efficacy of repeat high-dose ivermectin in bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Dreyer G, Addiss D, Noroes J, Amaral F, Rocha A, Coutinho A. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1996 August; 1(4): 427-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8765448

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Ultrasonographic diagnosis of subclinical filariasis. Author(s): Suresh S, Kumaraswami V, Suresh I, Rajesh K, Suguna G, Vijayasekaran V, Ruckmani A, Rajamanickam MG. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1997 January; 16(1): 45-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8979226

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Ultrasonographic evidence for stability of adult worm location in bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Dreyer G, Amaral F, Noroes J, Medeiros Z. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1994 September-October; 88(5): 558. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7992338

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Uncommon manifestations of filariasis. Author(s): Belokar WK, De Sa O, Amonkar DP, Dharwadkar AM, Priolkar RP. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1983 July; 29(3): 170-174B. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6655606

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Unsuspected filariasis coexisting with leishmaniasis in a splenic aspirate. Author(s): Jain S, Rani S, Jain SK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 February; 46(2): 238-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11273125

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Urinary filariasis presenting as bladder pseudotumors. Author(s): Gourlay WA, Chiu A, Montessori VC, Dunn IJ. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1999 February; 161(2): 603-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9915459

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Use of fractionated urinary filarial antigen in the diagnosis of human filariasis. Author(s): Ramaprasad P, Harinath BC. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1995 February; 98(1): 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7861478

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Use of mebendazole in combination with DEC in bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Sarma RV, Vallishayee RS, Rao RS, Prabhakar R, Tripathy SP. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1988 June; 87: 579-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3071522

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Use of the Denver pleuroperitoneal shunt in the treatment of chylothorax secondary to filariasis. Author(s): Kitchen ND, Hocken DB, Greenhalgh RM, Kaplan DK. Source: Thorax. 1991 February; 46(2): 144-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2014498

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Value of the quantitative buffy coat capillary tube test (QBC) in the microscopic diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): El-Serougi AO. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1999; 29(1): 223-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12561902

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Vascular abnormalities in experimental and human lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Case T, Leis B, Witte M, Way D, Bernas M, Borgs P, Crandall C, Crandall R, Nagle R, Jamal S, et al. Source: Lymphology. 1991 December; 24(4): 174-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1791728

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Vector control of filariasis in the Solomon Islands. Author(s): Webber RH. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1975 September; 6(3): 430-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3855

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Vector-control synergies, between 'roll back malaria' and the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis, in South-east Asia. Author(s): Prasittisuk C. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2002 December; 96 Suppl 2: S1337. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12630409

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Vector-control synergies, between 'roll back malaria' and the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis, in the African region. Author(s): Manga L. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2002 December; 96 Suppl 2: S12932. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12630402

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Very late antigen-4/vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VLA-4/VCAM-1) pathway is involved in the transendothelial migration of lymphocytes in bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Freedman DO, Parker-Cook S, Maia e Silva MC, Braga C, Maciel A. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1996 April 15; 156(8): 2901-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8609410

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Voluntary community participation in the control of vector borne diseases-filariasis. Author(s): Narasimham MV, Venkatanarayana M, Rao PK, Brahmam RK, Krishna Rao C, Rai Chowdhuri AN, Rao CK. Source: J Commun Dis. 1983 June; 15(2): 106-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6355272

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Wb E34 monoclonal antibody: further characterization and diagnostic use in bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Reddy MV, Parkhe KA, Piessens WF, Harinath BC. Source: Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 1989; 3(5): 277-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2681621

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Weber-Christian disease in the differential diagnosis of filariasis. Author(s): Ridley DS. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1970; 64(4): 473-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5485606

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Wolbachia in the inflammatory pathogenesis of human filariasis. Author(s): Taylor MJ. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 June; 990: 444-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12860672

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Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis in French Polynesia: age-specific patterns of microfilaremia, circulating antigen, and specific IgG and IgG4 responses according to transmission level. Author(s): Chanteau S, Glaziou P, Plichart C, Luquiaud P, Moulia-Pelat JP, N'Guyen L, Cartel JL. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 1995 January; 25(1): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7797377

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Wuchereria bancrofti larval antigen in the diagnosis of human filariasis by skin test. Author(s): Chandra R, Govila P, Chandra S, Katiyar JC, Sen AB. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1974 July; 62(7): 1017-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4611915

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Wuchereria bancrofti microfilarial antigen in the diagnosis of human filariasis by skin test. Author(s): Subrahmanyam M, Belokar WK. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1979 April; 25(2): 81-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=387950

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Xenomonitoring of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes as a guide for detecting the presence or absence of lymphatic filariasis: a preliminary protocol for mosquito sampling. Author(s): Chadee DD, Williams SA, Ottesen EA. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2002 December; 96 Suppl 2: S4753. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12625917

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Zoonotic Brugia filariasis in New England. Author(s): Coolidge C, Weller PF, Ramsey PG, Ottesen EA, Beaver PC, von Lichtenberg FC. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1979 March; 90(3): 341-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=570815

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Zoonotic filariasis with lymphedema in an immunodeficient infant. Author(s): Simmons CF Jr, Winter HS, Berde C, Schrater F, Humphrey GB, Rosen FS, Beaver PC, Weller PF. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1984 May 10; 310(19): 1243-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6709030

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Zoonotic filariasis. Author(s): Orihel TC, Eberhard ML. Source: Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 1998 April; 11(2): 366-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9564568

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FILARIASIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and filariasis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Filariasis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “filariasis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “filariasis” (or a synonym): •

A community-based trial for the control of lymphatic filariasis and iodine deficiency using salt fortified with diethylcarbamazine and iodine. Author(s): Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA. Source: Freeman, A R Lammie, P J Houston, R LaPointe, M D Streit, T G Jooste, P L Brissau, J M Lafontant, J G Addiss, D G Am-J-Trop-Med-Hyg. 2001 December; 65(6): 865-71 0002-9637

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A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled field trial of ivermectin and albendazole alone and in combination for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis in Ghana. Author(s): Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. Source: Dunyo, S K Nkrumah, F K Simonsen, P E Trans-R-Soc-Trop-Med-Hyg. 2000 Mar-April; 94(2): 205-11 0035-9203

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Bancroftian filariasis in Namrup tea estate, district Dibrugarh, Assam. Author(s): Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region, Dibbrugarh, Assam. Source: Prakash, A Mohapatra, P K Das, H K Sharma, R K Mahanta, J Indian-J-PublicHealth. 1998 Oct-December; 42(4): 103-7, 112 0019-557X

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Community-directed treatment: the way forward to eliminating lymphatic filariasis as a public-health problem in Ghana. Author(s): Health Research Unit, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box GP-184, Accra, Ghana. Source: Gyapong, M Gyapong, J O Owusu Banahene, G Ann-Trop-Med-Parasitol. 2001 January; 95(1): 77-86 0003-4983

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Effect of two single doses of ivermectin in treatment of asymptomatic bancroftian filariasis in two villages in the Nile Delta, Egypt. Author(s): Clinical Investigation Branch, NAMRU-3, Cairo, Egypt. Source: Youssef, F G Hassanein, S H Abdel Fatah, M S el Sharkawy, I M J-Egypt-SocParasitol. 1997 April; 27(1): 83-92 0253-5890

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Efficacy of ivermectin treatment of Loa loa filariasis patients without microfilaraemias. Author(s): Institut de Medecine Tropicale, Hopital d'Instruction des Armees A. Laveran, Marseille Armees, France. Source: Hovette, P Debonne, J M Touze, J E Gaxotte, P Imbert, P Fourcade, L Laroche, R Ann-Trop-Med-Parasitol. 1994 February; 88(1): 93-4 0003-4983

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Eradication of bancroftian filariasis by diethylcarbamazine-medicated common salt on Little Kinmen (Liehyu district), Kinmen (Quemoy) Islands, Republic of China. Author(s): Department of Parasitology, National Yangming Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. Source: Fan, P C Ann-Trop-Med-Parasitol. 1990 February; 84(1): 25-33 0003-4983

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Ivermectin and albendazole alone and in combination for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis in Ghana: follow-up after re-treatment with the combination. Author(s): Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 25, Legon, Ghana. Source: Dunyo, Samuel K Simonsen, Paul E Trans-R-Soc-Trop-Med-Hyg. 2002 MarApril; 96(2): 189-92 0035-9203

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Lymphatic filariasis in two distinct communities of upper Assam. Author(s): Regional Medical Research Centre, ICMR, Assam, India. Source: Khan, A M Dutta, P Khan, S A Mohapatra, P K Baruah, N K Sharma, C K Mahanta, A J J-Commun-Dis. 1999 June; 31(2): 101-6 0019-5138

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Mass treatment to eliminate filariasis in Papua New Guinea. Author(s): Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Madang, Papua New Guinea. Source: Bockarie, M J Tisch, D J Kastens, W Alexander, N D Dimber, Z Bockarie, F Ibam, E Alpers, M P Kazura, J W N-Engl-J-Med. 2002 December 5; 347(23): 1841-8 1533-4406

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Mass treatment with ivermectin for filariasis control in Papua New Guinea: impact on mosquito survival. Author(s): Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang. [email protected] Source: Bockarie, M J Hii, J L Alexander, N D Bockarie, F Dagoro, H Kazura, J W Alpers, M P Med-Vet-Entomol. 1999 May; 13(2): 120-3 0269-283X

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Migration and dispersal of lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea. Author(s): Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, P.O. Box 60, Goroka, Papua New Guinea. [email protected] Source: Alexander, N D Bockarie, M J Dimber, Z B Griffin, L Kazura, J W Alpers, M P Trans-R-Soc-Trop-Med-Hyg. 2001 May-June; 95(3): 277-9 0035-9203

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Permethrin-impregnated bednet effects on resting and feeding behavior of lymphatic filariasis vector mosquitoes in Kenya. Source: Bogh, C. Pedersen, E.M. Mukoko, D.A. Ouma, J.H. Med-vet-entomol. Oxford : Blackwell Science Limited. January 1998. volume 12 (1) page 52-59. 0269-283X

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Prevalence of bancroftian filariasis in a foot-hill tea garden of upper Assam. Author(s): Regional Medical Research Centre, ICMR, Dibrugarh, Assam. Source: Khan, A M Dutta, P Khan, S A Baruah, N K Sarma, C K Mahanta, J J-CommunDis. 1999 June; 31(2): 145-6 0019-5138

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The effect of six rounds of single dose mass treatment with diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin on Wuchereria bancrofti infection and its implications for lymphatic filariasis elimination. Author(s): Vector Control Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Indira Nagar, Pondicherry 605 006, India. [email protected] Source: Ramaiah, K D Vanamail, P Pani, S P Yuvaraj, J Das, P K Trop-Med-Int-Health. 2002 September; 7(9): 767-74 1360-2276

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The feasibility of a bed net impregnation program to enhance control of Malayan filariasis along a swamp forest in southern Thailand. Author(s): Faculty of Health Science, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Hamadate, Japan. [email protected] Source: Fumiya, S Chongsvivatwong, V Saburo, U Thammapalo, S Southeast-Asian-JTrop-Med-Public-Health. 2001 June; 32(2): 235-9 0125-1562

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Towards eliminating lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: impact of annual single-dose mass treatment on transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti in East Sepik Province. Author(s): Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang Province. Source: Bockarie M, J Ibam, E Alexander N, D Hyun, P Dimber, Z Bockarie, F Alpers M, P Kazura J, W P-N-G-Med-J. 2000 Sep-December; 43(3-4): 172-82 0031-1480

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Transmission of bancroftian filariasis in tea agro-ecosystem of Assam, India. Author(s): Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Assam, India. Source: Mahanta, B Handique, R Narain, K Dutta, P Mahanta, J Southeast-Asian-J-TropMed-Public-Health. 2001 September; 32(3): 581-4 0125-1562

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Treatment of the microfilaraemia of asymptomatic brugian filariasis with single doses of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine or albendazole, in various combinations. Author(s): Filariasis Chemotherapy Unit, T.D. Medical College Hospital, Alappuzha, India. [email protected] Source: Shenoy, R K Dalia, S John, A Suma, T K Kumaraswami, V Ann-Trop-MedParasitol. 1999 September; 93(6): 643-51 0003-4983

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

Nutrition

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FILARIASIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to filariasis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to filariasis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “filariasis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to filariasis: •

“Filopin” efficacy in the treatment of lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Patnaik SK, Narayana MV, Rao PK, Kanhekar LJ, Raina VK, Biswas G, Kumar A. Source: J Commun Dis. 1991 December; 23(4): 278-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1842811

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A comparison of microfilariae isolated from canine blood by the modified Knott test and a filter method. Author(s): Watson AD, Testoni FJ, Porges WL. Source: Aust Vet J. 1973 January; 49(1): 28-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4632120

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A study of population changes in adult Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) during a mosquito control programme in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Author(s): Holmes PR.

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Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1986 February; 80(1): 107-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3729591 •

A technique for microfilarial detection in preserved blood using nuclepore filters. Author(s): Dickerson JW, Eberhard ML, Lammie PJ. Source: J Parasitol. 1990 December; 76(6): 829-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2123924

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Analysis of renal function in onchocerciasis patients before and after therapy. Author(s): Burchard GD, Kubica T, Tischendorf FW, Kruppa T, Brattig NW. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1999 June; 60(6): 980-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10403331

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Analysis of the effects of rotational larviciding on aquatic fauna of two Guinean rivers: the case of permethrin. Author(s): Crosa G, Yameogo L, Calamari D, Diop ME, Nabe K, Konde F. Source: Chemosphere. 2001 July; 44(3): 501-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11459156

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Anti fi larial potential of the fruits and leaves extracts of Pongamia pinnata on cattle filarial parasite Setaria cervi. Author(s): Uddin Q, Parveen N, Khan NU, Singhal KC. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 November; 17(9): 1104-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14595597

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Antifilarial effect of Zingiber officinale on Dirofilaria immitis. Author(s): Datta A, Sukul NC. Source: Journal of Helminthology. 1987 September; 61(3): 268-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3668217

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Australia's contribution to tropical health: past and present. Author(s): Doherty R. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1993 April 19; 158(8): 552-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8487721

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Community perception regarding chronic filarial swellings: a case study of the Duruma of coastal Kenya. Author(s): Amuyunzu M. Source: East Afr Med J. 1997 July; 74(7): 411-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9491170

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Comparative efficacy of house curtains impregnated with permethrin, lambdacyhalothrin or bendiocarb against the vector of bancroftian filariasis, Culex quinquefasciatus, in Matara, Sri Lanka. Author(s): Weerasooriya MV, Munasinghe CS, Mudalige MP, Curtis CF, Samarawickrema WA. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1996 March-April; 90(2): 103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8761561

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Cultural factors in the epidemiology of filariasis due to Brugia malayi in an endemic community in Malaysia. Author(s): Riji HM. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1983 March; 14(1): 34-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6612423

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Effectiveness of repellent/insecticidal bars against malaria and filariasis vectors in peninsular Malaysia. Author(s): Chiang GL, Tay SL, Eng KL, Chan ST. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1990 September; 21(3): 412-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1981629

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Equine complement activation as a mechanism for equine neutrophil migration in Onchocerca cervicalis infections. Author(s): Camp CJ, Leid HW. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1983 February; 26(2): 277-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6872345

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Exploration of antifilarial potential and possible mechanism of action of the root extracts of Saxifraga stracheyion on cattle filarial parasite Setaria cervi. Author(s): Singh R, Singhal KC, Khan NU. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2000 February; 14(1): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10641054

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Exploration of the frontiers of tradomedical practices: basis for development of alternative medical healthcare services in developing countries. Author(s): Osujih M. Source: J R Soc Health. 1993 August; 113(4): 190-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8410912

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Factors associated with coverage in community-directed treatment with ivermectin for onchocerciasis control in Oyo State, Nigeria. Author(s): Brieger WR, Otusanya SA, Oke GA, Oshiname FO, Adeniyi JD.

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Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2002 January; 7(1): 11-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11851950 •

Field efficacy of “Mosbar” mosquito repellent soap against vectors of bancroftian filariasis and Japanese encephalitis in southern India. Author(s): Mani TR, Reuben R, Akiyama J. Source: J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1991 December; 7(4): 565-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1664850

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Filariasis (shlipada). Author(s): Warrier PK. Source: Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad. 1995; 25(1-2): 38-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11618841

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Filaricidal properties of a wild herb, Andrographis paniculata. Author(s): Dutta A, Sukul NC. Source: Journal of Helminthology. 1982 June; 56(2): 81-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7201486

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Footcare among lymphoedema patients attending a filariasis clinic in South India: a study of knowledge and practice. Author(s): Babu BV, Nayak AN. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2003 April; 97(3): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12803864

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From natural products to drugs. Author(s): Croft SL. Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 2001 December; 14(6): 717-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11964890

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Fumarate reductase system of filarial parasite Setaria digitata. Author(s): Unnikrishnan LS, Raj RK. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1992 April 15; 184(1): 448-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1567448

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Gender and ethnic differences in onchocercal skin disease in Oyo State, Nigeria. Author(s): Brieger WR, Ososanya OO, Kale OO, Oshiname FO, Oke GA. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1997 June; 2(6): 529-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9236819

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Hypogonadism and ecdysteroid production in Loa loa and Mansonella perstans filariasis. Author(s): Lansoud-Soukate J, Dupont A, De Reggi ML, Roelants GE, Capron A. Source: Acta Tropica. 1989 July; 46(4): 249-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2571252

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Impregnated bed nets for the control of filariasis transmitted by Anopheles punctulatus in rural Papua New Guinea. Author(s): Charlwood JD, Dagoro H. Source: P N G Med J. 1987 September; 30(3): 199-202. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3478922

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Isolation, purification and characterization of surface antigens of the bovine filarial parasite Setaria digitata for the immunodiagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Theodore JG, Kaliraj P. Source: Journal of Helminthology. 1990 June; 64(2): 105-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2201719

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Lymphatic filariasis and the women of India. Author(s): Bandyopadhyay L. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1996 May; 42(10): 1401-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8735896

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Lymphatic filariasis related perceptions and practices on the coast of Ghana: implications for prevention and control. Author(s): Ahorlu CK, Dunyo SK, Koram KA, Nkrumah FK, Aagaard-Hansen J, Simonsen PE. Source: Acta Tropica. 1999 October 15; 73(3): 251-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10546843

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Lymphoedema-management measures practised by cases of chronic lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Nanda B, Ramaiah KD. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2003 June; 97(4): 427-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12831529

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Permethrin-impregnated bednet effects on resting and feeding behaviour of lymphatic filariasis vector mosquitoes in Kenya. Author(s): Bogh C, Pedersen EM, Mukoko DA, Ouma JH. Source: Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 1998 January; 12(1): 52-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9513939

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Present situation of filariasis in China. Author(s): Zhong HL, He LY, Cao WJ. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1981 September; 94(9): 567-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6793322

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Rapid diagnosis of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis by an acridine orange/microhematocrit tube technique. Author(s): Long GW, Rickman LS, Cross JH. Source: J Parasitol. 1990 April; 76(2): 278-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1690798

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Recent advances in the application of molecular biology in filariasis. Author(s): McReynolds LA, Poole C, Hong Y, Williams SA, Partono F, Bradley J. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1993; 24 Suppl 2: 55-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7973949

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Recent advances in the social and behavioral aspects of filariasis. Author(s): Rauyajin O, Kamthornwachara B, Yablo P. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1993; 24 Suppl 2: 82-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7973954

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Scarification as a risk factor for rapid progression of filarial elephantiasis. Author(s): Dunyo SK, Ahorlu CK, Simonsen PE. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1997 JulyAugust; 91(4): 446. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9373650

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Socio-cultural and behavioural aspects of mosquito-borne lymphatic filariasis in Thailand: a qualitative analysis. Author(s): Rauyajin O, Kamthornwachara B, Yablo P. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1995 December; 41(12): 1705-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8746870

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The feasibility of a bed net impregnation program to enhance control of Malayan filariasis along a swamp forest in southern Thailand. Author(s): Fumiya S, Chongsvivatwong V, Saburo U, Thammapalo S. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001 June; 32(2): 235-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11556569

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Urine lipids in patients with a history of filariasis. Author(s): Peng HW, Chou CF, Shiao MS, Lin E, Zheng HJ, Chen CC, Fan PC.

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Source: Urological Research. 1997; 25(3): 217-21. Erratum In: Urol Res 1997; 25(5): 330. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9228676

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to filariasis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Ascariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Guinea Worm Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hookworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Loiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Lymphatic Filariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pinworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com River Blindness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Roundworms Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Threadworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trichinosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Visceral Larva Migrans Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whipworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON FILARIASIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to filariasis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on filariasis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “filariasis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “filariasis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “filariasis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Controlling Intestinal Helminths while Eliminating Lymphatic Filariasis (Parasitology) by L. S. Stephenson (Editor), et al; ISBN: 052100506X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/052100506X/icongroupinterna

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Lymphatic Filariasis (Tropical Medicine - Science and Practice , Vol 1) by Thomas B. Nutman; ISBN: 1860940595; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1860940595/icongroupinterna

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Lymphatic Filariasis: 4th Report of the WHO Expert Committee on Filariasis (Technical Report Series); ISBN: 9241207027; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241207027/icongroupinterna

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Recent advances in researches on filariasis and schistosomiasis in Japan, by United States-Japan Cooperative Medical Science Program; ISBN: 0839100329; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0839100329/icongroupinterna

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The epidemiology of malaria and filariasis in the Ok Tedi region of Western Province, Papua New Guinea by Gerrit J. T Schuurkamp; ISBN: 9980999705; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9980999705/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Filariasis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to filariasis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and filariasis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “filariasis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on filariasis: •

Socioeconomic, Ethnic and Geographical Health Issues Source: in Scully, C. and Cawson, R.A. Medical Problems in Dentistry. 4th ed. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. 1998. p. 529-547. Contact: Available from Butterworth-Heinemann. 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041. (800) 366-2665 or (781) 904-2500. Fax (800) 446-6520 or (781) 933-6333. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.bh.com. PRICE: $110.00. ISBN: 0723610568. Summary: This chapter on socioeconomic, ethnic, and geographical health issues is from a text that covers the general medical and surgical conditions relevant to the oral health care sciences. The authors discuss mainly the relevant imported diseases, problems related to social deprivation, and those which religious or ethnic groups may present during oral health care. Topics include infections, including typhoid, paratyphoid, cholera, nonvenereal treponematoses, yaws (framboesia), granuloma inguinale (donovanosis), lymphogranuloma vereneum, blood-borne viruses, arboviruses, arenaviruses, rhabdoviruses (Ebola, rabies), systemic mycoses, Aspergillosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, mucormycosis, rhinosporidiosis, sporotrichosis, systemic candidosis, parasitic infestations, scabies, lice, fleas, malaria, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, trichinosis, echinococcosis, cysticercosis, myiasis, larva migrans, filariasis, trichuriasis, gnathostomiasis, and oral submucous fibrosis. For each condition, the authors discuss general aspects, diagnosis and management issues, dental aspects, and patient care strategies. The chapter includes a summary of the points covered. 9 tables. 45 references.

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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FILARIASIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover filariasis.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on filariasis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “filariasis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to filariasis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “filariasis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for filariasis: •

Lymphatic filariasis "virtually eliminated" by mass treatment Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 04, 2002

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “filariasis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “filariasis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to filariasis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “filariasis” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Filariasis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to filariasis. In addition to these

Periodicals and News

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sources, you can search for articles covering filariasis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for filariasis. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with filariasis. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to filariasis: Antihistamines •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alavert; Allegra; Aller-Chlor; AllerMax Caplets; Allermed; Atarax; Banophen; Banophen Caplets; Benadryl; Benadryl Allergy; Bromphen; Calm X; Chlo-Amine; Chlorate; Chlor-Trimeton; Chlor-Trimeton Allergy; Chlor-Trimeton Repetabs; Clarinex; Claritin; Claritin Reditabs; Compoz; Contac 12 Hour Allergy; Cophene-B; Dexchlor; Dimetapp Allergy Liqui-Gels; Dinate; Diphen Cough; Diphenhist; Diphenhist Captabs; Dormarex 2; Dramamine; Dramanate; Genahist; Gen-Allerate; Hydrate; Hyrexin; Hyzine-50; Nasahist B; Nervine Nighttime Sleep-Aid; Nolahist; Nytol QuickCaps; Nytol QuickGels; Optimine; PediaCare Allergy Formula; Periactin; Phenetron; Polaramine; Polaramine Repetabs; Siladryl; Sleep-Eze D; Sleep-Eze D Extra Strength; Sominex; Tavist; Tavist-1; Telachlor; Teldrin; Triptone Caplets; Twilite Caplets; Unisom Nighttime Sleep Aid; Unisom SleepGels Maximum Strength; Vistaril; Zyrtec http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202060.html

Antihistamines and Decongestants •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Allerest Maximum Strength; Allerphed; Atrohist Pediatric; Atrohist Pediatric Suspension Dye Free; Benadryl Allergy Decongestant Liquid Medication; Brofed Liquid; Bromadrine TR; Bromfed; Bromfed-PD; Bromfenex; Bromfenex PD; Chlordrine S.R.; Chlorfed A; ChlorTrimeton 12 Hour Relief; Chlor-Trimeton 4 Hour Relief; Chlor-Trimeton AllergyD 12 Hour; Claritin-D 12 Hour; Claritin-D 24 Hour; Colfed-A; Comhist; CP Oral; Dallergy Jr; Deconamine; Deconamine SR; Deconomed SR; Dexaphen SA; Disobrom; Disophrol Chronotabs; Drixomed; Drixoral Cold and Allergy; Ed AHist; Hayfebrol; Histatab Plus; Iofed; Iofed PD; Kronofed-A Jr. Kronocaps; Kronofed-A Kronocaps; Lodrane LD; Lodrane Liquid; Mooredec; Nalex-A; ND Clear T.D.; Novafed A; PediaCare Cold Formula; Poly Hist Forte; Prometh VC Plain; Promethazine VC; Pseudo-Chlor; Rescon; Rescon JR; Rescon-ED; Respahist; Rhinosyn; Rhinosyn-PD; Rinade B.I.D.; Rondamine; Rondec; Rondec Chewable; Rondec Drops; Rondec-TR; R-Tannamine; R-Tannamine Pediatric; RTannate; Semprex-D; Silafed; Tanafed; Trinalin Repetabs; Triotann; Triotann Pediatric; Triotann-S Pediatric; Tri-Tannate; ULTRAbrom; ULTRAbrom PD http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202061.html

Antihistamines, Decongestants, and Analgesics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actifed Cold & Sinus Caplets; Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold Medicine Liqui-Gels; Benadryl Allergy/Sinus Headache Caplets; Children's Tylenol Cold Multi-Symptom; Comtrex Allergy-Sinus; Comtrex Allergy-Sinus Caplets; Contac Allergy/Sinus Night Caplets; Dimetapp Cold & Fever Suspension; Dristan Cold Multi-Symptom Formula; Drixoral Allergy-Sinus; Drixoral Cold and Flu; Kolephrin Caplets; ND-Gesic; Scot-Tussin Original 5Action Cold Formula; Sinarest; Sine-Off Sinus Medicine Caplets; Singlet for Adults; TheraFlu/Flu and Cold Medicine; TheraFlu/Flu and Cold Medicine for Sore Throat; Tylenol Allergy Sinus Medication Maximum Strength Caplets; Tylenol Allergy Sinus Medication Maximum Strength Gelcaps; Tylenol Allergy Sinus Medication Maximum Strength Geltabs; Tylenol Allergy Sinus Night Time Medicine Maximum Strength Caplets; Tylenol Flu NightTime Hot Medication

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Maximum Strength; Tylenol Flu NightTime Medication Maximum Strength Gelcaps http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202062.html Antihistamines, Decongestants, and Anticholinergics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: AH-chew; D.A. Chewable; Dallergy; Dura-Vent/DA; Extendryl; Extendryl JR; Extendryl SR; Mescolor; OMNIhist L.A.; Stahist http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202653.html

Antihistamines, Phenothiazine-Derivative •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anergan 25; Anergan 50; Antinaus 50; Pentazine; Phenazine 25; Phenazine 50; Phencen-50; Phenergan; Phenergan Fortis; Phenergan Plain; Phenerzine; Phenoject-50; Pro-50; Promacot; Pro-Med 50; Promet; Prorex-25; Prorex-50; Prothazine; Prothazine Plain; Shogan; Tacaryl; Temaril; V-Gan-25; V-Gan-50 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202063.html

Aspirin, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Citric Acid •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alka-Seltzer Effervescent Pain Reliever and Antacid; Flavored Alka-Seltzer Effervescent Pain Reliever and Antacid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202073.html

Diethylcarbamazine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hetrazan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202192.html

Ivermectin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Stromectol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202311.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library. Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by

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brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “filariasis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 10624 182 65 4 2 10877

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “filariasis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on filariasis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to filariasis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to filariasis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “filariasis”:

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Chagas Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chagasdisease.html Leishmaniasis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/leishmaniasis.html Lymphatic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lymphaticdiseases.html Parasitic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parasiticdiseases.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Summary: Find out what international agencies in which countries are partnering with the World Health Organization in it efforts to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Source: World Health Organization http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4495 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to filariasis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. NORD (The National Organization of Rare Disorders, Inc.) NORD provides an invaluable service to the public by publishing short yet comprehensive guidelines on over 1,000 diseases. NORD primarily focuses on rare diseases that might not

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be covered by the previously listed sources. NORD’s Web address is http://www.rarediseases.org/. A complete guide on filariasis can be purchased from NORD for a nominal fee. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to filariasis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with filariasis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about filariasis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “filariasis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.

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Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “filariasis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “filariasis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “filariasis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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FILARIASIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acanthocephala: A phylum of parasitic worms, closely related to tapeworms and containing two genera: Moniliformis, which sometimes infects man, and Macracanthorhynchus, which infects swine. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acridine Orange: Cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenopathy: Large or swollen lymph glands. [NIH] Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (immunotherapy, adoptive). [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino-terminal: The end of a protein or polypeptide chain that contains a free amino group (-NH2). [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence,

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found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anopheline: Malaria-carrier mosquito, having straight form of body from tip of proboscis to top of abdomen while resting with black spots on the wings. [NIH] Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antibody Affinity: A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte.

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Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arthropod Vectors: Arthropods, other than insects and arachnids, which transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Avidity: The strength of the interaction of an antiserum with a multivalent antigen. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Axillary Vein: The venous trunk of the upper limb; a continuation of the basilar and brachial veins running from the lower border of the teres major muscle to the outer border of the first rib where it becomes the subclavian vein. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Base Sequence: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence. [NIH] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU]

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Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biphasic: Having two phases; having both a sporophytic and a gametophytic phase in the life cycle. [EU] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blood Groups: The classification systems (or schemes) of the different antigens located on erythrocytes.The antigens are the phenotypic expression of the genetic differences characteristic of specific blood groups. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

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Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catalyse: To speed up a chemical reaction. [EU] Catheters: A small, flexible tube that may be inserted into various parts of the body to inject or remove liquids. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord.

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Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chitin Synthase: An enzyme that converts UDP glucosamine into chitin and UDP. EC 2.4.1.16. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chloroplasts: Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, which is associated with the membrane of thylakoids. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of higher plants. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coccidioidomycosis: An infectious disease caused by a fungus, Coccidioides immitis, that is prevalent in the western United States and is acquired by inhalation of dust containing the

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spores. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complement Activation: The sequential activation of serum components C1 through C9, initiated by an erythrocyte-antibody complex or by microbial polysaccharides and properdin, and producing an inflammatory response. [NIH] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH]

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Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneal Stroma: The lamellated connective tissue constituting the thickest layer of the cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Counterimmunoelectrophoresis: Immunoelectrophoresis in which immunoprecipitation occurs when antigen at the cathode is caused to migrate in an electric field through a suitable medium of diffusion against a stream of antibody migrating from the anode as a result of endosmotic flow. [NIH] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Cryptococcosis: Infection with a fungus of the species Cryptococcus neoformans. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclosporiasis: Infection with parasitic protozoa of the genus Cyclospora. It is distributed globally and causes a diarrheal illness. Transmission is waterborne. [NIH] Cystatins: A homologous group of endogenous cysteine proteinase inhibitors. Four distinct families are recognized within the cystatin superfamily: cystatin B or stefins; cystatin C or post-gamma-globulin; egg-white or chicken cystatin; and kininogen cystatin. The cystatins

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inhibit most Cysteine Endopeptidases of the papain type, and other peptidases which have a sulfhydryl group at the active site. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors: Exogenous and endogenous compounds which inhibit cysteine endopeptidases. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dengue Virus: A species of the genus Flavivirus which causes an acute febrile and sometimes hemorrhagic disease in man. Dengue is mosquito-borne and four serotypes are known. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH]

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Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disease Transmission: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal (disease transmission, horizontal) or vertical (disease transmission, vertical). [NIH] Disease Transmission, Horizontal: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one individual to another in the same generation. [NIH] Disease Transmission, Vertical: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding. [NIH] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Echinococcosis: An infection caused by the infestation of the larval form of tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus. The liver, lungs, and kidney are the most common areas of infestation. [NIH] Ecosystem: A dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of

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this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidemiology, Molecular: The application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. The examination of patterns of changes in DNA to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture

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dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Feeding Behavior: Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals. [NIH] Ferritin: An iron-containing protein complex that is formed by a combination of ferric iron with the protein apoferritin. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Fleas: Parasitic, blood-sucking, wingless insects comprising the order Siphonaptera. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in

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diagnosis. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gametogenesis: The first phase of sexual reproduction which involves the transforming of certain cells in the parent into specialized reproductive cells. [NIH] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Silencing: Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or

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participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Granuloma Inguinale: Anogenital ulcers caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis as distinguished from lymphogranuloma inguinale (see lymphogranuloma venereum) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of typical intracellular Donovan bodies in crushed-tissue smears. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Hemocytes: Any blood or formed element especially in invertebrates. [NIH] Hemophilia: Refers to a group of hereditary disorders in which affected individuals fail to make enough of certain proteins needed to form blood clots. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterodimers: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they

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are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hookworms: A parasitic infection that may affect workers exposed to warm moist soil in which the larvae of the worm lives. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogen: A substance that is capable of causing antibody formation. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to

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prevent graft rejection. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Insect Vectors: Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host. [NIH] Insect Viruses: Viruses infecting insects, the largest family being Baculoviridae. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including extracellular matrix

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glycoproteins, complement, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the cytoskeleton. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors, the leukocyte adhesion receptors, and the very-late-antigen receptors. Each family contains a common beta-subunit combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits. These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development, hemostasis, thrombosis, wound healing, immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms, and oncogenic transformation. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-10: Factor that is a coregulator of mast cell growth. It is produced by T-cells and B-cells and shows extensive homology with the Epstein-Barr virus BCRFI gene. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-5: Factor promoting eosinophil differentiation and activation in hematopoiesis. It also triggers activated B-cells for a terminal differentiation into Ig-secreting cells. [NIH] International Agencies: International organizations which provide health-related or other cooperative services. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Introns: Non-coding, intervening sequences of DNA that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger RNA. Most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain introns, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. [NIH] Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Ivermectin: A mixture of ivermectin component B1a (RN 71827-03-7) and B1b (RN 70209-813), which is a semisynthetic product from Streptomyces avermitilis. A potent macrocyclic lactone disaccharide antiparasitic agent used to prevent and treat parasite infestations in animals. The compound has activity against internal and external parasites and has been found effective against arthropods, insects, nematodes, filarioidea, platyhelminths, and protozoa. [NIH] Ixodid: A tick of the genus Ixodes. [NIH]

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Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Kinetoplastida: An order of flagellate protozoa. Characteristics include the presence of one or two flagella arising from a depression in the cell body and a single mitochondrion that extends the length of the body. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larva Migrans: Infections caused by nematode larvae which never develop into the adult stage and migrate through various body tissues. They commonly infect the skin, eyes, and viscera in man. Ancylostoma brasiliensis causes cutaneous larva migrans. Toxocara causes visceral larva migrans. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Loa: A genus of parasitic nematodes found throughout the rain-forest areas of the Sudan and the basin of the Congo. L. loa inhabits the subcutaneous tissues, which it traverses freely. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loiasis: A parasitic infection caused by the nematode Loa loa. The vector in the transmission of this infection is the horsefly (Tabanus) or the deerfly or mango fly (Chrysops). The larvae may be seen just beneath the skin or passing through the conjunctiva. Eye lesions are not

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uncommon. The disease is generally mild and painless. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphedema: Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes. [NIH]

Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphogranuloma Venereum: Subacute inflammation of the inguinal lymph glands caused by certain immunotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis. It is a sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. but is more widespread in developing countries. It is distinguished from granuloma venereum (granuloma inguinale), which is caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. [NIH]

Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile

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paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Mebendazole: A nematocide in humans and animals. It acts by interfering with the carbohydrate metabolism and associated energy production of the parasite. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microfilaria: The prelarval stage of Filarioidea in the blood and other tissues of mammals and birds. They are removed from these hosts by blood-sucking insects in which they metamorphose into mature larvae. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH]

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Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Molting: Casting off feathers, hair, or cuticle. Molting is a process of sloughing or desquamation, especially the shedding of an outer covering and the development of a new one. This phenomenon permits growth in arthropods, skin renewal in amphibians and reptiles, and the shedding of winter coats in birds and mammals. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mosquito Control: The reduction or regulation of the population of mosquitoes through chemical, biological, or other means. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myiasis: The invasion of living tissues of man and other mammals by dipterous larvae. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Nematocide: A chemical used to kill nematodes. [NIH] Nematoda: A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are parasites. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU]

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Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptides: Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nulliparous: Having never given birth to a viable infant. [EU] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Onchocerciasis: Infection with nematodes of the genus Onchocerca. Characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, pruritus, and ocular lesions. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH]

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Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Panuveitis: Inflammation in which both the anterior and posterior segments of the uvea are involved and a specific focus is not apparent. It is often severe and extensive and a serious threat to vision. Causes include systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis, as well as malignancies. The intermediate segment of the eye is not involved. [NIH] Papain: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and chymopapain that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasitic Diseases: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top

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of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmodium: A genus of coccidian protozoa that comprise the malaria parasites of mammals. Four species infect humans (although occasional infections with primate malarias may occur). These are Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, P. ovale, and Plasmodium vivax. Species causing infection in vertebrates other than man include: Plasmodium berghei, Plasmodium chabaudi, P. vinckei, and Plasmodium yoelii in rodents; P. brasilianum, Plasmodium cynomolgi, and Plasmodium knowlesi in monkeys; and Plasmodium gallinaceum in chickens. [NIH] Plasmodium gallinaceum: A protozoan parasite that causes avian malaria, primarily in chickens, and is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito. [NIH] Platyhelminths: A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU]

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Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Population Density: Number of individuals in a population relative to space. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Procollagen: A biosynthetic precursor of collagen containing additional amino acid sequences at the amino-terminal ends of the three polypeptide chains. Protocollagen, a precursor of procollagen consists of procollagen peptide chains in which proline and lysine have not yet been hydroxylated. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other

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aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Eosinophilia: A disease characterized by pulmonary infiltrations of eosinophils and blood eosinophilia. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. [EU] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Rabies: A highly fatal viral infection of the nervous system which affects all warm-blooded animal species. It is one of the most important of the zoonoses because of the inevitably fatal outcome for the infected human. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is

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both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reproductive cells: Egg and sperm cells. Each mature reproductive cell carries a single set of 23 chromosomes. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA

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attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]

Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH]

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Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skin test: A test for an immune response to a compound by placing it on or under the skin. [NIH]

Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Sporotrichosis: The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH]

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Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclavian: The direct continuation of the axillary vein at the lateral border of the first rib. It passes medially to join the internal jugular vein and form the brachiocephalic vein on each side. [NIH] Subclavian Vein: The continuation of the axillary vein which follows the subclavian artery and then joins the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein. [NIH] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submucous: Occurring beneath the mucosa or a mucous membrane. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein

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synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Training Support: Financial support for training including both student stipends and loans and training grants to institutions. [NIH] Transaminase: Aminotransferase (= a subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyse the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxal-phosphate-proteins. [EU]

Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Trans-Splicing: The joining of RNA from two different genes. One type of trans-splicing is the "spliced leader" type (primarily found in protozoans such as trypanosomes and in lower invertebrates such as nematodes) which results in the addition of a capped, noncoding,

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spliced leader sequence to the 5' end of mRNAs. Another type of trans-splicing is the "discontinuous group II introns" type (found in plant/algal chloroplasts and plant mitochondria) which results in the joining of two independently transcribed coding sequences. Both are mechanistically similar to conventional nuclear pre-mRNA cis-splicing. Mammalian cells are also capable of trans-splicing. [NIH] Trichinosis: A disease due to infection with Trichinella spiralis. It is caused by eating undercooked meat, usually pork. [NIH] Trichuriasis: Infection with nematodes of the genus Trichuris, formerly called Trichocephalus. [NIH] Tropical Medicine: The branch of medicine concerned with diseases, mainly of parasitic origin, common in tropical and subtropical regions. [NIH] Trypanosomiasis: Infection with protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tsetse Flies: Bloodsucking flies of the genus Glossina, found primarily in equatorial Africa. Several species are intermediate hosts of trypanosomes. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urologist: A doctor who specializes in diseases of the urinary organs in females and the urinary and sex organs in males. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and

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treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Larva Migrans: Infestation of the dermis by various larvae, characterized by bizarre red irregular lines which are broad at one end and fade at the other, produced by burrowing larvae. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Volvulus: A twisting of the stomach or large intestine. May be caused by the stomach being in the wrong position, a foreign substance, or abnormal joining of one part of the stomach or intestine to another. Volvulus can lead to blockage, perforation, peritonitis, and poor blood flow. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yaws: A systemic non-venereal infection of the tropics caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yellow Fever: An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. [NIH] Zoonoses: Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to man or may be transmitted from man to non-human animals. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH]

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INDEX A Acanthocephala, 109, 122 Acceptor, 109, 131, 139 Acridine Orange, 9, 76, 109 Adaptability, 4, 109 Adenopathy, 46, 109 Adoptive Transfer, 9, 109 Adverse Effect, 109, 137 Algorithms, 109, 112 Allergen, 109, 136 Alternative medicine, 82, 109 Amino acid, 10, 109, 110, 115, 117, 119, 121, 122, 127, 131, 132, 133, 136, 139, 140 Amino Acid Sequence, 109, 110, 119, 121, 133 Amino-terminal, 58, 109, 133 Amplification, 9, 19, 109 Anaphylatoxins, 110, 115 Anatomical, 8, 110 Anemia, 110, 127 Angiogenesis, 110, 128 Animal model, 12, 110 Annealing, 110, 132 Anode, 110, 116 Anopheline, 11, 17, 110 Anthelmintic, 15, 110, 117 Antibacterial, 110, 137 Antibiotic, 16, 110, 137, 138 Antibodies, 15, 23, 24, 30, 31, 41, 56, 110, 127, 132 Antibody Affinity, 15, 110 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 111, 115 Anti-infective, 111, 125 Antimicrobial, 111, 118 Arteries, 111, 112, 116, 128 Arterioles, 111, 112, 113 Arthropod Vectors, 4, 6, 9, 111 Aspiration, 37, 52, 111 Assay, 22, 28, 29, 111 Asymptomatic, 26, 43, 48, 66, 68, 111 Attenuated, 111, 140 Autoimmune disease, 111 Autoimmunity, 16, 111 Avian, 13, 111, 132 Avidity, 110, 111 Axillary, 26, 111, 138 Axillary Vein, 26, 111, 138

B Bacteria, 11, 13, 16, 110, 111, 127, 128, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140 Bacteriophage, 111, 139 Base Sequence, 111, 121 Basement Membrane, 111, 119 Bile, 111, 123, 126 Biochemical, 5, 8, 14, 17, 18, 26, 54, 74, 111, 136 Biosynthesis, 8, 112, 136 Biotechnology, 6, 20, 21, 82, 93, 112 Biphasic, 4, 112 Bladder, 61, 112, 115, 140 Blastocyst, 112, 116, 132 Blastomycosis, 80, 112 Blood Groups, 40, 112 Blood pressure, 112, 129 Blood vessel, 110, 112, 119, 127, 134, 139, 140 Blot, 42, 112 Bone Marrow, 112, 123, 127, 129, 138 Brachial, 111, 112 Breeding, 11, 16, 112 C Calcium, 112, 115, 128 Candidosis, 80, 112 Capillary, 31, 35, 62, 113, 140 Carbohydrate, 113, 122, 128, 133 Carbon Dioxide, 113, 120, 121, 132, 135 Carcinogenic, 113, 124, 130 Carcinogens, 113, 119 Carotene, 58, 113 Case report, 27, 35, 53, 113, 114, 120 Case series, 113, 114 Catalyse, 113, 139 Catheters, 16, 113 Cathode, 110, 113, 116, 118 Cell Adhesion, 63, 113, 125 Cell Cycle, 5, 113 Cell Division, 111, 113, 132, 133 Cellulose, 113, 121, 132 Cerebral, 16, 113, 114, 127 Cerebrospinal, 113, 137 Cerebrospinal fluid, 113, 137 Cerebrum, 113, 114 Chemokines, 12, 114 Chemotactic Factors, 114, 115 Chemotherapy, 7, 8, 29, 43, 49, 68, 114

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Chitin Synthase, 9, 114 Chlorophyll, 114, 121 Chloroplasts, 114, 140 Cholera, 80, 114, 136, 141 Chromatin, 114 Chromosomal, 5, 109, 114 Chromosome, 114, 122, 126 Chronic, 4, 22, 54, 57, 58, 59, 72, 75, 112, 114, 124, 138 CIS, 114, 140 Clear cell carcinoma, 114, 117 Clinical study, 25, 114 Clinical trial, 3, 57, 93, 114, 116, 118, 133, 135 Cloning, 5, 10, 13, 112, 114 Coccidioidomycosis, 80, 114 Codon, 115, 121 Collagen, 109, 111, 115, 120, 128, 133 Complement, 73, 110, 115, 121, 125, 136 Complement Activation, 73, 110, 115 Complementary and alternative medicine, 71, 78, 115 Complementary medicine, 71, 115 Compliance, 29, 36, 115 Computational Biology, 93, 116 Computer Simulation, 14, 116 Conception, 116, 120 Concomitant, 51, 58, 116 Conjunctiva, 116, 124, 126 Connective Tissue, 112, 115, 116, 120, 127 Contraindications, ii, 116 Controlled study, 23, 116 Cornea, 17, 116, 126, 138 Corneal Stroma, 17, 116 Coronary, 116, 128 Coronary Thrombosis, 116, 128 Corpus, 116, 131 Counterimmunoelectrophoresis, 31, 116 Criterion, 41, 116 Cryptococcosis, 80, 116 Cryptosporidiosis, 17, 116 Curative, 116, 130, 139 Cutaneous, 112, 116, 126, 136, 137 Cyclosporiasis, 17, 116 Cystatins, 8, 116 Cysteine, 7, 114, 116, 117 Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors, 116, 117 Cystine, 117 Cytokine, 13, 117 Cytoplasm, 117, 119, 129, 135 Cytoskeleton, 117, 125 Cytotoxicity, 56, 117

D Decidua, 117, 132 Dehydration, 114, 117 Denaturation, 117, 132 Dengue Virus, 14, 117 Density, 24, 117, 130 Deprivation, 80, 117 Dermatosis, 117 DES, 66, 110, 117 Developing Countries, 7, 73, 117, 127 Diagnostic procedure, 82, 117 Diarrhea, 116, 117 Diethylcarbamazine, 22, 23, 24, 28, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 45, 49, 52, 54, 58, 59, 66, 67, 68, 87, 117 Diffusion, 116, 117 Digestion, 111, 117, 125, 126, 137 Dihydrotestosterone, 118, 135 Diploid, 118, 132 Direct, iii, 32, 85, 118, 131, 135, 138 Discrete, 13, 118 Disease Transmission, 6, 118 Disease Transmission, Horizontal, 118 Disease Transmission, Vertical, 118 Disease Vectors, 4, 18, 118 Double-blind, 23, 66, 118 Doxycycline, 13, 33, 118 Drug Interactions, 87, 88, 118 Drug Tolerance, 118, 139 E Echinococcosis, 80, 118 Ecosystem, 60, 68, 118 Effector, 12, 20, 115, 118 Efficacy, 21, 28, 34, 45, 58, 61, 66, 71, 73, 74, 118 Electrons, 113, 118, 131, 135 Encephalitis, 74, 118, 119 Encephalitis, Viral, 118, 119 Endemic, 8, 15, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 31, 34, 36, 39, 43, 45, 49, 54, 56, 58, 73, 114, 119, 127 Endogenous, 8, 116, 117, 119 Endothelial cell, 17, 119 Endotoxins, 115, 119, 126 Environmental Health, 92, 94, 119 Enzymatic, 109, 112, 113, 115, 119, 131, 132 Enzyme, 8, 9, 18, 42, 114, 118, 119, 127, 131, 132, 133, 135, 138, 141 Eosinophil, 119, 125 Eosinophilia, 45, 119, 134 Epidemiological, 10, 14, 15, 22, 25, 27, 35, 47, 57, 119, 120 Epidemiology, Molecular, 7, 119

145

Erectile, 119, 131 Erythrocytes, 110, 112, 119, 136 Ethnic Groups, 80, 119 Eukaryotic Cells, 119, 124, 130 Exhaustion, 119, 127 Exogenous, 15, 117, 119 Exon, 12, 119 Extracellular, 17, 116, 119, 120, 124, 128 Extracellular Matrix, 17, 116, 119, 120, 124, 128 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 120, 128 Extracellular Space, 119, 120 F Family Planning, 93, 120 Fat, 112, 113, 120, 126 Fatal Outcome, 120, 134 Febrile, 117, 120, 127 Feeding Behavior, 67, 120 Ferritin, 58, 120 Fetus, 15, 16, 120, 132 Fibrosis, 16, 80, 120, 136 Filtration, 25, 120 Fixation, 120, 136 Fleas, 80, 120 Fluorescence, 13, 109, 120 Fungi, 121, 128, 137, 140, 141 Fungus, 20, 114, 116, 121 G Gametogenesis, 18, 121 Gangrenous, 121, 136 Gas, 113, 117, 121, 123, 130, 134, 135, 138 Gas exchange, 121, 135 Gastrin, 121, 123 Gene, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 112, 121, 125 Gene Expression, 4, 8, 12, 18, 121 Gene Silencing, 4, 9, 121 Genetic Code, 8, 121, 130 Genetic Engineering, 112, 114, 121 Genetic testing, 121, 132 Genetics, 10, 15, 17, 121 Genotype, 121, 132 Germ Cells, 121, 130, 137 Gestation, 121, 132 Gland, 121, 127, 128, 136, 139 Glomeruli, 122, 134 Glycine, 109, 122, 130, 136 Glycoproteins, 122, 124 Governing Board, 122, 133 Grade, 48, 122 Granuloma, 80, 122, 127 Granuloma Inguinale, 80, 122, 127

H Half-Life, 12, 122 Haploid, 122, 132 Headache, 86, 122, 124 Health Services, 34, 122 Helminths, 15, 79, 122, 124, 129 Hematopoiesis, 122, 125 Hemocytes, 6, 122 Hemophilia, 16, 122 Hemostasis, 122, 125, 136 Hereditary, 122 Heredity, 121, 122 Heterodimers, 122, 124 Heterogeneity, 11, 122 Homologous, 8, 116, 123, 136 Hookworms, 12, 123 Hormone, 19, 20, 117, 121, 123, 125, 138, 139 Humoral, 6, 42, 43, 48, 123 Humour, 123 Hydrogen, 109, 113, 117, 120, 123, 129, 131 Hydrophobic, 110, 123 Hydroxyproline, 109, 115, 123 Hyperreflexia, 123, 138 Hypersensitivity, 109, 119, 123, 136 I Immune function, 39, 123 Immune response, 6, 9, 15, 16, 41, 42, 48, 57, 110, 111, 123, 136, 137, 140, 141 Immune system, 15, 111, 123, 127, 141 Immunization, 109, 123, 136 Immunofluorescence, 31, 123 Immunogen, 39, 54, 123 Immunoglobulin, 34, 110, 123, 129 Immunologic, 17, 36, 109, 114, 123 Immunology, 5, 17, 19, 24, 31, 32, 33, 39, 40, 41, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 55, 57, 63, 73, 123 Immunotherapy, 109, 123 In situ, 13, 124 In Situ Hybridization, 13, 124 In vitro, 4, 8, 19, 56, 124, 132 In vivo, 4, 8, 10, 12, 19, 124 Incubation, 14, 124 Incubation period, 14, 124 Infancy, 15, 124 Infarction, 116, 124, 128 Infestation, 118, 124, 141 Inflammation, 53, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 126, 127, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136 Influenza, 15, 124 Inhalation, 114, 124, 137

146

Filariasis

Initiation, 12, 124 Initiator, 12, 124 Insect Vectors, 4, 124 Insect Viruses, 4, 124 Insight, 12, 18, 124 Integrins, 17, 124 Interleukin-1, 40, 125 Interleukin-10, 40, 125 Interleukin-2, 58, 125 Interleukin-5, 45, 125 International Agencies, 98, 125 Intestinal, 44, 79, 113, 116, 125 Intestine, 125, 126, 141 Intracellular, 13, 122, 124, 125, 136 Introns, 125, 140 Invertebrates, 118, 122, 125, 139 Iodine, 22, 66, 125 Iris, 116, 125, 134, 140 Irrigation, 50, 125 Ivermectin, 7, 21, 28, 32, 43, 44, 45, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 73, 87, 125 Ixodid, 17, 125 K Kb, 4, 92, 126 Keratitis, 17, 126 Keto, 126, 139 Kinetics, 12, 45, 126 Kinetoplastida, 12, 126 L Labile, 115, 126 Laceration, 126, 138 Large Intestine, 125, 126, 137, 141 Larva Migrans, 80, 126 Leishmaniasis, 17, 61, 80, 98, 126 Lesion, 112, 122, 126, 136 Leukocytes, 112, 114, 126, 129 Life cycle, 9, 10, 112, 121, 126 Ligands, 13, 124, 126 Linkage, 10, 13, 126 Lipid, 126 Lipopolysaccharide, 13, 126 Liver, 16, 111, 118, 126, 136 Loa, 66, 75, 117, 126 Localized, 120, 124, 126, 132, 138 Locomotion, 126, 132 Loiasis, 44, 77, 126 Luciferase, 12, 127 Lymph, 30, 109, 111, 119, 123, 127, 136 Lymph node, 30, 111, 127, 136 Lymphatic, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44,

45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 67, 71, 75, 76, 78, 79, 81, 98, 124, 127, 137, 139 Lymphatic system, 127, 137, 139 Lymphedema, 22, 24, 64, 127 Lymphocyte, 110, 127, 128 Lymphogranuloma Venereum, 122, 127 Lymphoid, 110, 127 Lysine, 127, 133 Lytic, 127, 136 M Macrophage, 125, 127 Malaria, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 54, 58, 62, 73, 80, 110, 127, 132 Malaria, Falciparum, 127 Malaria, Vivax, 127 Mannans, 121, 128 Mastitis, 128, 136 Matrix metalloproteinase, 17, 128 Meat, 128, 140 Mebendazole, 62, 128 Mediator, 125, 128, 136 MEDLINE, 93, 128 Membrane, 24, 25, 42, 114, 115, 116, 119, 128, 129, 130, 135, 138, 139 Mental, iv, 3, 92, 94, 128, 134 Mental Health, iv, 3, 92, 94, 128, 134 Metastasis, 128, 129 MI, 36, 52, 107, 128 Microbe, 5, 128, 139 Microfilaria, 17, 33, 37, 43, 128 Microorganism, 128, 131, 141 Micro-organism, 118 Micro-organism, 128 Micro-organism, 132 Micro-organism, 136 Migration, 17, 46, 51, 63, 67, 73, 128 Mitochondria, 128, 130, 140 Modeling, 15, 128 Modification, 109, 121, 129 Molecular, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 32, 39, 52, 54, 57, 76, 93, 95, 112, 116, 119, 129, 139 Molecule, 63, 110, 115, 118, 129, 131, 135, 138, 140 Molting, 7, 129 Monitor, 8, 129, 130 Monoclonal, 28, 56, 63, 129 Monocytes, 13, 125, 126, 129 Mononuclear, 122, 129 Morphological, 121, 129 Mosquito Control, 18, 71, 129

147

Mucocutaneous, 126, 129 Mucosa, 129, 138 Myalgia, 124, 129 Myiasis, 80, 129 Myocardium, 128, 129 N Nasal Mucosa, 124, 129 Necrosis, 124, 128, 129, 136 Nematocide, 128, 129 Nematoda, 122, 129 Neoplasms, 109, 113, 129 Nervous System, 122, 128, 129, 130, 134, 136 Neural, 123, 129 Neuronal, 129, 130 Neurons, 129, 130 Neuropeptides, 16, 130 Neurotransmitter, 109, 122, 130 Neutrophil, 17, 73, 130 Niacin, 130, 140 Nitrogen, 120, 130, 140 Nuclear, 118, 119, 129, 130, 140 Nuclei, 109, 118, 121, 125, 130 Nucleic acid, 12, 111, 121, 124, 130, 134 Nucleus, 114, 117, 119, 129, 130, 133, 137 Nulliparous, 52, 130 O Ocular, 53, 130 Onchocerciasis, 7, 9, 21, 27, 44, 46, 50, 72, 73, 130 Oncogenic, 125, 130 Oocytes, 9, 130 Opacity, 117, 130 Oral Health, 80, 130 Organelles, 117, 129, 130 Ovary, 47, 130 Ovum, 117, 121, 126, 130, 141 Oxidation, 18, 109, 117, 131 P Palliative, 131, 139 Panuveitis, 53, 131 Papain, 117, 131 Parasitic Diseases, 13, 17, 18, 66, 98, 131 Particle, 131, 139 Pathogen, 19, 124, 131 Pathogenesis, 6, 7, 10, 16, 17, 63, 131 Pathologic, 112, 116, 123, 131 Pelvis, 131, 134 Penis, 38, 131 Peptide, 19, 109, 131, 132, 133 Perception, 28, 41, 72, 131 Perforation, 131, 141

Peripheral blood, 13, 131 Peritonitis, 131, 141 Pharmacologic, 122, 131, 139 Pharynx, 124, 131 Phenotype, 9, 13, 132 Physiologic, 112, 122, 132, 135 Physiology, 4, 132 Pigments, 113, 132 Placenta, 15, 132 Plants, 4, 112, 113, 114, 132, 137, 139 Plasma, 23, 58, 110, 122, 132 Plasma cells, 110, 132 Plasmodium, 13, 18, 127, 132 Plasmodium gallinaceum, 13, 132 Platyhelminths, 122, 125, 132 Pneumonia, 116, 132 Polymerase, 22, 30, 34, 55, 132 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 22, 30, 34, 132 Polypeptide, 109, 115, 132, 133 Polysaccharide, 15, 110, 113, 133 Population Density, 53, 133 Posterior, 125, 131, 133 Potentiates, 125, 133 Practice Guidelines, 94, 133 Precursor, 118, 119, 133, 140 Prevalence, 14, 22, 26, 28, 31, 35, 40, 43, 47, 55, 56, 58, 59, 67, 133 Procollagen, 58, 133 Progression, 17, 76, 110, 133 Proline, 115, 123, 133 Prone, 11, 133 Prophase, 130, 133 Prophylaxis, 10, 32, 133, 135, 140 Protease, 7, 133 Protein C, 109, 111, 115, 120, 133 Protein S, 112, 121, 133, 135, 139 Proteolytic, 115, 131, 133 Protocol, 64, 133 Protozoa, 116, 125, 126, 128, 132, 134, 137, 140 Protozoal, 134 Protozoan, 6, 116, 127, 132, 134 Pruritic, 134, 136 Pruritus, 130, 134 Public Policy, 93, 134 Publishing, 20, 98, 134 Pulmonary, 34, 112, 134, 135 Pulmonary Eosinophilia, 34, 134 Pulmonary Ventilation, 134, 135 Pulse, 129, 134 Pupil, 116, 134 Purines, 111, 134, 136

148

Filariasis

Pyelonephritis, 16, 134 Pyridoxal, 134, 139 Pyrimidines, 111, 134, 136 R Rabies, 80, 134 Race, 128, 134 Radiation, 120, 135 Radioactive, 122, 123, 130, 135 Randomized, 23, 66, 118, 135 Randomized clinical trial, 23, 135 Reagent, 127, 135 Receptor, 12, 110, 135, 136 Recombinant, 11, 31, 34, 58, 135, 140 Reductase, 74, 135 Refer, 1, 115, 120, 121, 126, 135, 139 Refraction, 135, 137 Refractory, 10, 14, 135 Regimen, 118, 135 Reproductive cells, 121, 135 Respiration, 113, 128, 129, 135 Respiratory System, 4, 135 Retinoids, 135 Retinol, 58, 135 Rhinitis, 135, 136 Ribosome, 135, 139 Rickettsiae, 136, 140 Risk factor, 76, 136 S Sarcoidosis, 131, 136 Scabies, 80, 136 Screening, 114, 136 Secretion, 123, 136 Secretory, 5, 136 Semisynthetic, 125, 136 Sensitization, 11, 15, 136 Septicaemia, 136 Sequencing, 4, 132, 136 Serine, 4, 136 Serologic, 26, 136 Serotonin, 130, 136, 140 Serotypes, 14, 117, 136 Serum, 8, 45, 58, 109, 110, 115, 131, 136 Shedding, 129, 136 Shock, 39, 54, 137 Shunt, 62, 137 Side effect, 32, 85, 109, 137, 139 Signs and Symptoms, 33, 137 Skin test, 63, 64, 137 Small intestine, 123, 125, 137 Soma, 137 Somatic, 9, 123, 137 Specialist, 99, 137

Specificity, 8, 35, 58, 137 Spectrum, 12, 23, 137 Spleen, 127, 136, 137 Splenomegaly, 32, 137 Spores, 115, 137 Sporotrichosis, 80, 137 Stomach, 121, 123, 132, 137, 141 Strand, 132, 137 Streptococcal, 57, 137 Streptococcus, 137, 138 Stroma, 17, 125, 138 Stromal, 17, 138 Subacute, 124, 127, 138 Subclavian, 26, 111, 138 Subclavian Vein, 111, 138 Subclinical, 37, 61, 124, 138 Subcutaneous, 121, 126, 130, 137, 138 Submucous, 80, 138 Subspecies, 137, 138, 141 Substrate, 8, 138 Substrate Specificity, 8, 138 Suction, 120, 138 Suppression, 30, 121, 138 Symptomatic, 48, 138 Syphilis, 131, 138 Systemic, 80, 86, 87, 112, 124, 131, 136, 138, 141 Systemic disease, 131, 138 T Testosterone, 135, 138 Tetani, 138 Tetanic, 138 Tetanus, 43, 138 Tetracycline, 118, 138 Therapeutics, 5, 88, 139 Thermal, 132, 139 Threonine, 136, 139 Thrombosis, 125, 133, 139 Thymus, 123, 127, 139 Thyroid, 125, 139 Tolerance, 11, 15, 109, 139 Toxic, iv, 18, 117, 139 Toxicity, 118, 139 Toxicology, 94, 139 Toxin, 20, 138, 139 Training Support, 6, 139 Transaminase, 18, 139 Transduction, 19, 139 Transfection, 112, 139 Translation, 8, 12, 109, 139 Translational, 12, 121, 139 Trans-Splicing, 12, 139

149

Trichinosis, 78, 80, 140 Trichuriasis, 80, 140 Trypanosomiasis, 5, 17, 140 Tryptophan, 18, 115, 136, 140 Tsetse Flies, 4, 140 Tuberculosis, 131, 140 U Urethra, 131, 140 Urinary, 25, 48, 61, 140 Urine, 76, 112, 140 Urologist, 60, 140 Uvea, 131, 140 V Vaccination, 15, 43, 140 Vaccines, 11, 15, 16, 140, 141 Vagina, 117, 140 Vascular, 16, 17, 62, 63, 124, 132, 140 Vein, 130, 138, 140 Venereal, 138, 140, 141 Venous, 111, 133, 140 Venules, 112, 113, 140 Veterinary Medicine, 93, 140 Vibrio, 114, 141

Viral, 4, 11, 14, 18, 118, 119, 124, 130, 134, 139, 141 Viral vector, 4, 141 Virus, 4, 10, 11, 14, 16, 19, 111, 121, 125, 139, 141 Viscera, 126, 137, 141 Visceral, 78, 126, 141 Visceral Larva Migrans, 78, 126, 141 Vitro, 4, 141 Vivo, 4, 12, 19, 141 Volvulus, 8, 17, 54, 141 W White blood cell, 110, 126, 127, 130, 132, 141 Wound Healing, 125, 128, 141 X Xenograft, 110, 141 Y Yaws, 80, 141 Yeasts, 112, 121, 132, 141 Yellow Fever, 13, 18, 141 Z Zoonoses, 134, 141 Zygote, 9, 116, 141

150

Filariasis

151

152

Filariasis

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