Garlic - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ARLIC A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES J AMES N. P ARK...

Author: Health Publica Icon Health Publications

206 downloads 1408 Views 2MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!

Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

ARLIC A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

ii

ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Garlic: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83921-2 1. Garlic-Popular works. I. Title.

iii

Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

iv

Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on garlic. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

v

About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

vi

About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

vii

Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GARLIC ...................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Garlic ............................................................................................ 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 11 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GARLIC ............................................................................................ 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding Nutrition Studies on Garlic ........................................................................................... 55 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 69 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GARLIC...................................................................... 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 The Combined Health Information Database............................................................................... 77 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 78 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 110 General References ..................................................................................................................... 121 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND GARLIC ................................................................................ 123 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 123 Recent Trials on Garlic .............................................................................................................. 123 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 124 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON GARLIC ................................................................................................ 127 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 127 Patents on Garlic ....................................................................................................................... 127 Patent Applications on Garlic.................................................................................................... 155 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 175 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON GARLIC .................................................................................................... 177 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 177 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 177 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 179 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 185 Chapters on Garlic ..................................................................................................................... 186 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON GARLIC ......................................................................................... 189 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 189 Audio Recordings....................................................................................................................... 189 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GARLIC ...................................................................... 191 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 191 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 191 Academic Periodicals covering Garlic........................................................................................ 194 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 199 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 199 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 199 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 201 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 204 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 205 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 205 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 205 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 208 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 211 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 211

viii Contents

Preparation................................................................................................................................. 211 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 211 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 211 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 217 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 217 GARLIC DICTIONARY ............................................................................................................... 219 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 281

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with garlic is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about garlic, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to garlic, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on garlic. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to garlic, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on garlic. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GARLIC Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on garlic.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and garlic, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “garlic” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Effect of Garlic on Hypercholesterolemia in Renal Transplant Patients Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 30(1): 189-191. February 1998. Contact: Available from Appleton and Lange. P.O. Box 86, Congers, NY 10920-0086. (203) 406-4623. Summary: Hyperlipidemia is a common problem in renal transplant patients and the treatment options have proven difficult. Thus it is desirable to identify safe and effective alternative modalities. This article reports on a study that explored the use of garlic as an herbal medicine to reduce cholesterol levels in renal transplant patients. The study included 35 renal transplant patients with a total serum cholesterol of greater than 240 mg per dL and LDL cholesterol of greater than 160 mg per dL. All participants had stable renal allograft function for more than a 6 month period. Patients were instructed

4

Garlic

in a Step One National Cholesterol Education Program reduction diet and randomized to receive a 12 week course of either placebo or matching garlic tablets at a dose of 680 mg two times a day. Garlic was effective in decreasing both total and LDL cholesterol levels. This benefit was apparent after 6 weeks of therapy and sustained at 12 weeks. In contrast, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels did not change significantly in the placebo group. In general, garlic therapy was well tolerated. The response to garlic was somewhat less than that reported in the metanalysis in which garlic was found to decrease total cholesterol by about 9 percent. However, it is possible that even small decrements in cholesterol may have a long term benefit, particularly in a population that is at higher risk for coronary disease. And, although garlic had significant beneficial effects, treated patients still had hyperlipidemia severe enough to consider the addition of standard pharmacotherapy. 1 figure. 2 tables. 16 references.

Federally Funded Research on Garlic The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to garlic. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to garlic. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore garlic. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for garlic: •

Project Title: ALLIUM COMPOUNDS IN CONTROL OF HUMAN PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Pinto, John T.; Institute for Cancer Prevention 1 Dana Rd Valhalla, Ny 10595 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by the applicant) This exploratory grant seeks to establish a novel role for allium derivatives from garlic in control of human prosta cancer by acting as anti-androgens. Our preliminary observations reveal that when androgen-responsive human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) are incubated with allium derivatives in vitro, two events take place: (a) the proliferation rate of the LNCaP cells is markedly reduced and (b) testosterone concentration rapidly decreases in both the media in which the cells are growing as well as in the cells themselves. Furthermore, when testosterone is added back to the media of LNCaP cells previously exposed to allium derivatives, the decrease in initial rate of cell proliferation is only partially restored. These preliminary results strongly suggest that allium-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and accelerated

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

5

removal of testosterone are linked. We hypothesize that allium derivatives increase testosterone disappearance by accelerating conversion to inactive metabolites thereby diminishing the action of testosterone on the prostate. To test I validity of this hypothesis, we shall measure the conversion rate of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a more potent metabolite, through 5-alpha reductase, and the formation rate of a series of inactive testosterone metabolites, a determined by GC-MS methods. Concurrent with these experiments, we shall determine the mechanism of inhibition of growth of human prostat cancer cells by allium derivatives, whether by apoptosis or cytostasis. We shall determine where in the cell cycle growth inhibition occurs, whether or not apoptosis is induced, and whether changes in specific signal transduction proteins occ in later experiments, we shall examine effects of allium derivatives on regulatory proteins most likely to be relevant unc these conditions in modifying cell cycle transcription (i.e., cyclin B, cdk 2). These studies will then be extended in the second year to examine effects of allium derivatives on human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP C4-2) that exhibit androgen receptors but are non-responsive to its trophic effects. Together, the LNCaP and LNCaP C4-2 cell lines should serve as appropriate models, respectively, for early prostate cancer that is androgen-sensitive and later prostate cancer that is largely unresponsive to androgen manipulations. These studies should provide a creative approach to prevention and control of prostate cancer that is feasible and cosi effective, and should lead to an innovative advance in correlating certain dietary modifications and prostate cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CANCER PREVENTION BY SELENIUM-ENRICHED ALLIUM VEGETABLES Principal Investigator & Institution: Ip, Clement C.; Distinguished Member & Chair; Roswell Park Cancer Institute Corp Buffalo, Ny 14263 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1980; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: This project is focused on the mammary cancer preventive activity of a highselenium garlic (abbreviated to Se-garlic). The hypothesis is that Se-garlic (and also selenium compounds contained in Se-garlic) is able to suppress the clonal expansion of mammary preneoplastic lesions by inhibiting cell proliferation and/or by stimulating apoptosis. Molecular biomarkers relevant to these two events will be studied. The rationale for supporting this hypothesis is based on new findings from animal chemoprevention bioassays and mechanistic studies in cell culture. In the rodent mammary gland, terminal end buds (TEBs) are the primary sites for the induction of mammary carcinomas by chemicals. Upon transformation, they undergo unregulated expansion to form morphologically distinct prenoeplastic lesions called "intraductal proliferations" or IDPs. Aim 1 is to determine the effect of selenium treatment on the expression of proliferative biomarkers in mammary gland TEBs and IDP lesions. These biomarkers include (a) bromodeoxyuridine labeling for DNA synthesis, (b) cyclins D1, E and A, and (c) cdk2, cdk4 and cdk6. Aim 2 is to determine the effect of selenium treatment on the expression of apoptotic biomarkers: (a) TUNEL assay by Apoptag kit, (b) apoptotic inducers bax and bad, and (c) apoptotic repressors bcl-2 and bcl-x1. All of the above biomarkers will be evaluated by immunohistochemistry. In contrast to the suppression of preneoplastic lesions, Se-garlic has minimal effect on the late stage of mammary carcinogenesis. It is well documented that preneoplastic IDPs progressively develop into more advanced neoplastic lesions called "ductal carcinoma in situ" or DCIS. The working hypothesis is that by the time the pathology has reached this stage, the DCIS lesions are no longer sensitive to selenium intervention. Aim 3 will therefore

6

Garlic

investigate the increased resistance to selenium modulation of biomarkers in these DCIS lesions. Since preliminary evidence suggested that Se-garlic has a unique effect in blocking clonal expansion of early transformed cells, it is important to find out whether this effect of Se-garlic could be mimicked by its constituent selenium compounds. Aim 4 is to examine the efficacy of methylselenocysteine and allylselenocysteine chemoprevention in the early stage of mammary carcinogenesis. Aim 5 is designed to use a gland-free fat pad transplantation approach in assessing the tumorigenic capability of preneoplastic cells from control versus Se-garlic treated rats. The objective is to corroborate the significance of clonal suppression of preneoplastic lesions in selenium protection of cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COMPARING EFFECTS OF 3 SOURCES OF GARLIC ON SERUM LIPIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gardner, Christopher D.; Asst. Professor; Medicine; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2002; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): BACKGROUND: Garlic supplements are the most consumed herbal products in the US. The most common health claims made for these products is that of cholesterol lowering. This claim has not been supported by 7 recent clinical trials and 2 recent meta-analyses. However, the data suggest that it is not garlic, per se, that has been ineffective, but the particular garlic preparations being used. To date, the type of garlic preparation used in these clinical trials has predominantly been dried garlic powders. A few clinical trials have reported beneficial lipid effects using an aged garlic extract, and only a small number of weak and inconclusive uncontrolled trials have used fresh garlic. A rigorous trial directly comparing different types of garlic preparations for their effects on serum lipids is needed. OBJECTIVE: To decisively determine whether fresh garlic can positively affect serum lipids in moderately hyperlipidemic adults and whether the same effects can be found for two main types of garlic supplements: a dried powdered garlic designed to yield the same bioactive agents in vivo as fresh garlic (GARLICIN) and an aged garlic extract preparation (KYOLIC). DESIGN: 220 adults with moderately elevated LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) will be randomized to one of 4 groups for 6 months: fresh garlic, Garlicin tablets, Kyolic tablets, or Control. Both the fresh garlic and control groups will receive placebo tablets. The fresh garlic will be provided to participants with "study sandwiches," and all other groups will receive the same sandwiches, but without the garlic. The primary outcome will be 6-month changes in LDL-C levels. Secondary outcomes will include HDLcholesterol, triacylglycerols, platelet function, antioxidant status and blood pressure. IMPLICATIONS: This investigation will address 1) the magnitude of the effect on serum lipids, 2) the debate over the most effective type of garlic preparation, and 3) previous criticisms as to the transience of the effect. The comprehensive approach taken in this study will provide important evidence for both the public and for health professionals as to whether fresh garlic or garlic supplements have beneficial effects on serum lipids. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: CYTOCHROME P450 MEDIATED METABOLISM, DIET, AND THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT Principal Investigator & Institution: Wood, Alastair J J.; Professor; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917

Studies

7

Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The oral bioavailability of drugs if determined by their absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract and first-pass metabolism occurring in either the intestinal epithelium and/or the liver. The often marked interindividual variability in plasma concentrations and associated clinical response is frequently determined by these factors. Extensive study has been made of the hepatic component of this effect, but other determinants are largely undefined. For example, CYP3A-mediated metabolism during absorption by the intestinal epithelium and efflux from this tissue associated with Pglycoprotein. Such processes as well as metabolism in the liver may be potentially modulated by dietary-related factors and/or intestinal disease. Accordingly, studies will address some of these determinants that are important in the clinical use of drugs or may be significant in the chemoprevention of cancer resulting from dietary and environmental procarcinogens. In the latter instance, it is though that enzymes like CYP1A, CYP2E1 and CYP3A activate the procarcinogen. Since the chemoprotective effect of vegetables against cancer is well-recognized, it is hypothesized that certain phytochemical may inhibit these enzymes. This will be tested by investigating the ability of cruciferous vegetables and garlic-related products to inhibit the metabolism of in vivo probes of the individual CYP isoforms in humans. Subsequently, studies will be extended to examine the effects of representative pure chemical constituents that are under development as chemoprotective agents (oltipraz, phenethyl isothiocyanate, Sallyl cysteine). The effect of diet of CYP2E1 and CYP3A activities will also be examined in racial groups with different disposition characteristics from Caucasians, as identified in Project 1. In particular, Japanese and Mexican-Americans that routinely eat a "western" diet compared to "native" diet. The mechanism(s) whereby dietary salt affects the plasma concentration-time profile of certain CYP3A/P-glycoprotein substrates will also be examined in both humans and animal models. Finally, the effect of intestinal disease such as celiac disease and tropical sprue on the oral bioavailability of drugs will be determined, since such inflammatory diseases are associated with major disturbances in the structure and functioning of the intestinal epithelium. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DISPOSITION OF GINKGO FLAVONOIDS VIA RECYCLING Principal Investigator & Institution: Hu, Ming; Associate Professor; Pharmaceutical Sciences; Washington State University 423 Neill Hall Pullman, Wa 99164 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The present proposal will focus on sequential anaerobic and aerobic metabolism of ginkgo-flavones by intestinal microflora, large intestine, and liver. This sequential metabolism of ginkgo-flavones is expected to be efficient and extensive, because flavonoids and their metabolites are expected to go through repeated enterohepatic recycling. The long-term goal of our study is to determine how this sequential metabolism plus repeated recycling affects the disposition of flavonoids, an important class of antioxidants presented in Ginkgo biloba and many other herbs (e.g., garlic, tea, chamomile, and others). The special focus of the present study is on how bacterial metabolism affects the overall disposition of ginkgo- flavonoids. The specific aims are to: (l) determine if bacteria will only take up ginkgo-flavones but not ginkgoflavone glycosides, because of expected poor permeability of glycosides through the bacterial walls; (2) determine the metabolism of each ginkgo-flavone and as a mixture in Ginkgo biloba extract by various groups of bacteria normally residing in human and rat large intestine under anaerobic conditions.; (3) determine how parent compounds and metabolites formed through bacteria metabolism are absorbed in the large intestine,; (4)

8

Garlic

determine how these metabolites are further metabolized by the large intestine and the liver; and (5) determine how metabolite reshuffling, perhaps for multiple times, into the enterohepatic recycling loop will affect the over metabolic fate of ginkgo flavones and their metabolites. Through these exploratory studies, we would be able to test if a grand recycling scheme which involve sequential metabolism and/or secretion of flavonoids, their microbial and mammalian metabolites, is functionally critical to the disposition of ginkgo-flavonoids. By combining expertise from the two independent disciplines of microbiology and pharmaceutical sciences, we have the capability and the know-how to effectively test this complex hypothesis. if proven, this complex metabolic process will have profound impact on safety and efficacy of this herbal extract and other flavonoidrich herbal products. Through future animal and human studies in vivo, we would then determine how this grand recycling scheme influences the disposition of a variety of herbal and pharmaceutical products that also undergo, perhaps repeatedly, enterohepatic recycling. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECT OF INULIN CONSUMPTION ON VARIOUS ASPECTS OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Slavin, Joanne L.; Professor; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This study will measure the effects of short-term consumption of inulin on blood lipid concentrations, iron, magnesium, and calcium absorption, fermentation in the colon, and glucose tolerance and insulin response. Inulin is isolated from chicory and is a naturally occuring storage oligomer of the carbohydrate fructose found in many plants, such as onion, garlic, artichoke, and chicory. To determine the physiological effects of a commercially-available inulin, twelve male subjects, ages 35-50 years, will consume controlled diets containing either no inulin or 15 grams of inulin per day. Subjects will complete daily questionnaires on their subjective responses to the diet. At the end of each 3 week period, the followig measurements will be completed: blood lipids, including serum cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, serum triglycerides, Apo A1, and Apo B. During the third week of each 3 week period, 5 day composites of feces and urine will be collected. In these samples, calcium, magnesium and iron absorption will be measured by determining fecal and urinary losses. From the 5 day fecal collection, fecal wet weight and dry weight, fecal pH, transit time, fecal short chain fatty acids, fecal bile acids and neutral steroids, an fecal enzymes will be measured. A final fresh fecal collection will be used for measurement of bacterial flora including total anaerobes, bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, enterococci, bacteroides, clostridia and coliforms (IMVIC series). Finally, glucose tolerance tests and insulin response will be measured in during the third week of each diet. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: GARLIC PREPARATIONS AND ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Greenblatt, David J.; Professor and Chair; Pharmacol & Exper Therapeutics; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The use of complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies, including botanical medicines, is increasing continuously. Botanical medicines are of particular importance, since these natural preparations may cause

Studies

9

clinically important drug interactions with prescription drugs, in particular the antiretroviral drugs that have become the principal medical treatment for individuals with HIV infection and AIDS. This population commonly uses additional CAM treatments, including botanical medicines. Garlic is commonly taken by patients with HIV, and garlic has been shown to interact with saquinavir. The broad objective of this project is to develop and test research models to enhance mechanistic understanding of interactions between botanicals and antiretrovirals, such that clinically important interactions can be anticipated and prevented. We propose a combined experimental and clinical approach to evaluating the influence of garlic, and of selected chemical components of garlic, on the processes regulating disposition of the majority of antiretroviral agents (metabolism by CYP3A and transport by P-glycoprotein), and on the pharmacokinetics of two representative antiretrovirals, ritonavir and saquinavir. There are two specific aims. The experimental component will assess the effect of two garlic preparations (standardized garlic and aged garlic extract), and several individual chemical components, in the following systems: inhibitory actions on human CYP3A (and other CYPs) in human liver microsomes; induction of CYP3A in primary human hepatocyte culture; inhibition of P-gp transport in Caco-2 transwell cultures; and induction of P-gp expression in LS180V transwell cell cultures. In clinical studies of healthy human volunteers, we will study the effect of 14 days of exposure to standardized garlic, aged garlic extract, and placebo on: the clearance of oral midazolam, a CYP3A probe substrate; the clearance of oral fexofenadine, a probe P-gp substrate; and the pharmacokinetics of ritonavir and saquinavir, representative antiretrovirals dependent on CYP3A and P-gp for disposition and clearance. Kinetics of these compounds are determined prior to, during, and after garlic exposure. The work will provide immediately applicable clinical data on garlic interactions with antiretrovirals, as well as mechanistic data identifying the interaction process and its predictability from in vitro models. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GARLIC THERAPY IN HYPERLIPIDEMIA CAUSED BY HAART Principal Investigator & Institution: Standish, Leanna J.; Professor; None; Bastyr University 14500 Juanita Dr Ne Kenmore, Wa 98028 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 13-SEP-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: This is a phase I/II randomized double-blind, placebo controlled trial to study garlic as lipid lowering therapy in hyperlipidemic HIV-infected subjects treated with highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). We will utilize Garlicin/TM, an allicin-standardized dried garlic supplement in three escalating doses (700 mg, 1400 mg, and 2800 mg/day) in HIV- infected subjects (n=102, with 51/arm) who are receiving HAART. The primary aim of this study is to measure the effects of three escalating doses of Garlicin/TM on total serum cholesterol. Secondary aims include determining the tolerability and adverse events associated with three escalating doses of Garlicin/TM and gathering preliminary data on the effects on fasting serum triglycerides, basal glucose and insulin levels as well as serum transaminases (ALT and AST). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: MAPPING CARCINOGENESIS

GENETIC

SUPPRESSORS

OF

EPIGENETIC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Zarbl, Helmut; Member; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109

10

Garlic

Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: Our recent findings have generated a new paradigm for nonmutagenic mammary carcinogenesis. We demonstrated that the activating Hras1 mutations found in NMU-induced tumors arise as background mutations within cells of the developing gland, and that NMU enhanced the phenotypic penetrance of these mutations by initiating alterations in DNA conformation. We further identified a cell-type-specific, DNA structure within the Hras1 promoter of normal rat mammary cells(RMCs) in vivo. The structure has characteristics of H-form DNA and includes a putative ets transcription factor binding site. Our results further demonstrated that depending upon hormonal status of the animals, RMCs can switch between states where the structural feature is present or absent from the Hras1 promoter. For this reason, we call this DNA structure a Conformation Toggle Switch(CS). In the Fischer 344(F344) and SpragueDawley(SD) strains, which are sensitive to mammary carcinogenesis, a carcinogenic dose of NMU initiated the loss of this structure from the Hras1 promoter of RMCs. While the Hras1 CS was restored in normal RMCs by 120 days after exposure, its loss was irreversible in cells that gave rise to tumors. By contrast, the same exposure to induce CS disruption in Copenhagen(Cop) rats, which are highly resistant to mammary carcinogenesis. NMU also failed to promote the outgrowth of pre-existing Hras1 mutants present in the mammary epithelium of resistant Cop rats. Moreover, NMUinduced disruption of the CS in sensitive rats was inhibited by a diet supplemented with a chemopreventive dose of high selenium garlic. Together our results suggest that NMU-induced alterations in DNA conformation promote the outgrowth of pre-existing mutants by irreversibly deregulating expression of Hras1 and other ets-responsive genes, thereby increasing the phenotypic penetrance of the conditional Hras1 oncomutations. Phenotypic analysis of resistant(F344 khi Cop)F1 progeny further indicated that the suppression of CS disruption was medicated by one or more dominant suppressors expressed in RMCs of Cop rats. Together our findings indicated that these genetic suppressors of CS disruption are putative tumor suppressor genes. The overall goal of this proposal is to use genetic linkage analysis to map this novel suppressor(s) of mammary carcinogenesis on the rat genome in preparation for positional cloning and application to studies of human breast cancer risk, early detection and prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISM ORGANOSULFIDES

OF

ANTICARCINOGENIC

ACTIVITY--

Principal Investigator & Institution: Singh, Shivendra V.; Professor/Program Leader; Pharmacology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1995; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The overall objective of the currently funded grant was to elucidate the mechanism of differential efficacy of garlic organosulfides (OSCs) against benzo(a)pyrene (BP)-induced cancer in mice. We fond that differential anti-cancer efficacy of OSCs against forestomach cancer is largely due to differences in their inductive effects on forestomach and hepatic Pi class glutathione transferase (mGSTP11). In contrast to forestomach, we found an apparent correlation in lung between anticancer efficacy of OSCs and their effects on pulmonary mGSTP1-1. This indicates that, unlike forestomach, induction of mGSTP1-1 alone cannot account for the majority of OSC chemoprotection in the lung. To elucidate the additional mechanisms contributing to OSC chemoprotection in the lung, we will characterize a process that is proximate to

Studies

11

tumorigenesis, namely DNA modification, by determining the effects of OSCs (a) on kinetics of antiBPDE-DNA adduct formation and decay in lung, liver, and forestomach of mice, and (b) formation of anti-BPDE adducts at guanine in codons 157, 248 and 273 of P53 in cell culture as well as in mice (aim 1). Damage to DNA is intimately linked to another novel topic to be investigated under the present application, i.e. the role of biodistribution of GSH conjugate of anti-BPDE (BPD-SG) in BP-linked cancer. The rationale for these studies stems from our recent unpublished studies, which reveal that purified BDP-SG can form adduct with DNA in vitro. Therefore, the tissue distribution and transport of BPD-SG are relevant to tumorigenesis. Consequently, we will characterize the transporter responsible for transport of BPD-SG, and determine the effects of the OSCs on its/their expression. In addition, we will determine the effects of the OSCs on biodistribution of anti-BPDE and its conjugated metabolites (aim 2). The above novel aspects of OSC function may be especially relevant to lung tumorigenicity. At the same time, we will continue and extend our previous work on forestomach where the pertinent effect of OSCs is mGSTP1-1 induction. Here, we will focus our studies on the mechanisms of OSC-mediated induction of mGSTP1-1 using two complementary approaches: determining the structural features of OSCs necessary for induction (aim 3), and characterizing the requisite elements in the mGSTP1-gene (aim 4). In the long-term, these studies may be beneficial not only in identifying most active natural OSC, but also in the synthesis of OSC analogues that retain biological activity without having properties that limit their usefulness as chemoprotective agents. Insights gained from these studies should help in devising practical dietary recommendation for humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISMS OF GARLIC COMPOUNDS INDUCED OCULAR HYPERTENSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Chu, Teh-Ching; Morehouse School of Medicine Atlanta, Ga 30310 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 29-SEP-2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “garlic” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for garlic in the PubMed Central database:

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

12

Garlic

•

Activities of Garlic Oil, Garlic Powder, and Their Diallyl Constituents against Helicobacter pylori. by O'Gara EA, Hill DJ, Maslin DJ.; 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101489

•

Aged garlic extract therapy for sickle cell anemia patients. by Takasu J, Uykimpang R, Sunga MA, Amagase H, Niihara Y.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117242

•

Allicin from garlic strongly inhibits cysteine proteinases and cytopathic effects of Entamoeba histolytica. by Ankri S, Miron T, Rabinkov A, Wilchek M, Mirelman D.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=164109

•

Antimicrobial Properties of Garlic Oil against Human Enteric Bacteria: Evaluation of Methodologies and Comparisons with Garlic Oil Sulfides and Garlic Powder. by Ross ZM, O'Gara EA, Hill DJ, Sleightholme HV, Maslin DJ.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92605

•

Chronic garlic administration protects rat heart against oxidative stress induced by ischemic reperfusion injury. by Banerjee SK, Dinda AK, Manchanda SC, Maulik SK.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126262

•

Developmental Regulation of Lectin and Alliinase Synthesis in Garlic Bulbs and Leaves. by Smeets K, Van Damme E, Peumans WJ.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158194

•

Effect of garlic on cardiovascular disorders: a review. by Banerjee SK, Maulik SK.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139960

•

Effect of Garlic on Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci. by Jonkers D, Sluimer J, Stobberingh E.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89616

•

In Vitro Inhibition of the Growth of Helicobacter pylori by Oil-Macerated Garlic Constituents. by Ohta R, Yamada N, Kaneko H, Ishikawa K, Fukuda H, Fujino T, Suzuki A.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89373

•

Inhibition of microbial growth by ajoene, a sulfur-containing compound derived from garlic. by Naganawa R, Iwata N, Ishikawa K, Fukuda H, Fujino T, Suzuki A.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168248

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text

Studies

13

The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with garlic, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “garlic” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for garlic (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of garlic allergy. Author(s): Asero R, Mistrello G, Roncarolo D, Antoniotti PL, Falagiani P. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 March; 101(3): 427-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9525465&dopt=Abstract

•

A commentary on the effects of garlic extraction and formulation on product composition. Author(s): Staba EJ, Lash L, Staba JE. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1118S-9S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238829&dopt=Abstract

•

A double-blind crossover study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men that compared the effect of aged garlic extract and placebo administration on blood lipids. Author(s): Steiner M, Khan AH, Holbert D, Lin RI. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 December; 64(6): 866-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8942410&dopt=Abstract

•

A historical perspective on garlic and cancer. Author(s): Milner JA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1027S-31S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238810&dopt=Abstract

•

A meta-analysis of the effect of garlic on blood pressure. Author(s): Silagy CA, Neil HA. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1994 April; 12(4): 463-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8064171&dopt=Abstract

•

A new high molecular weight agglutinin from garlic (Allium sativum). Author(s): Gupta A, Sandhu RS. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 1997 January; 166(1-2): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9046016&dopt=Abstract

journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

14

Garlic

•

A pilot study of garlic consumption shows no significant effect on markers of oxidation or sub-fraction composition of low-density lipoprotein including lipoprotein(a) after allowance for non-compliance and the placebo effect. Author(s): Byrne DJ, Neil HA, Vallance DT, Winder AF. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1999 July; 285(1-2): 21-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10481920&dopt=Abstract

•

A prospective cohort study on Allium vegetable consumption, garlic supplement use, and the risk of lung carcinoma in The Netherlands. Author(s): Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. Source: Cancer Research. 1994 December 1; 54(23): 6148-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7954460&dopt=Abstract

•

A prospective cohort study on the relationship between onion and leek consumption, garlic supplement use and the risk of colorectal carcinoma in The Netherlands. Author(s): Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1996 March; 17(3): 477-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8631133&dopt=Abstract

•

A protein fraction from aged garlic extract enhances cytotoxicity and proliferation of human lymphocytes mediated by interleukin-2 and concanavalin A. Author(s): Morioka N, Sze LL, Morton DL, Irie RF. Source: Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy : Cii. 1993 October; 37(5): 316-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8402735&dopt=Abstract

•

A randomized trial of the effects of garlic oil upon coronary heart disease risk factors in trained male runners. Author(s): Zhang XH, Lowe D, Giles P, Fell S, Board AR, Baughan JA, Connock MJ, Maslin DJ. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 2001 January; 12(1): 67-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229829&dopt=Abstract

•

A strategic call to utilize Echinacea-garlic in flu-cold seasons. Author(s): Abdullah T. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 2000 January; 92(1): 48-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10800289&dopt=Abstract

Studies

15

•

Acquired periungual fibrokeratoma. A rare benign tumor previously described as the garlic-clove fibroma. Author(s): Cahn RL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1977 November; 113(11): 1564-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=931397&dopt=Abstract

•

Acute effect of a dried ethanol-water extract of garlic on the microhaemovascular system of the skin. Author(s): Wohlrab J, Wohlrab D, Marsch WC. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2000 July; 50(7): 606-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10965416&dopt=Abstract

•

Aged garlic extract and its constituents inhibit Cu(2+)-induced oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. Author(s): Ide N, Nelson AB, Lau BH. Source: Planta Medica. 1997 June; 63(3): 263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9225610&dopt=Abstract

•

Aged garlic extract, a modulator of cardiovascular risk factors: a dose-finding study on the effects of AGE on platelet functions. Author(s): Steiner M, Li W. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 980S-4S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238801&dopt=Abstract

•

Ajoene, a compound of garlic, induces apoptosis in human promyeloleukemic cells, accompanied by generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of nuclear factor kappaB. Author(s): Dirsch VM, Gerbes AL, Vollmar AM. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 1998 March; 53(3): 402-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9495804&dopt=Abstract

•

Ajoene, a garlic-derived natural compound, enhances chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in human myeloid leukaemia CD34-positive resistant cells. Author(s): Ahmed N, Laverick L, Sammons J, Zhang H, Maslin DJ, Hassan HT. Source: Anticancer Res. 2001 September-October; 21(5): 3519-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11848518&dopt=Abstract

•

Allergic contact dermatitis due to garlic (Allium sativum). Author(s): Lembo G, Balato N, Patruno C, Auricchio L, Ayala F. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1991 November; 25(5): 330-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1839726&dopt=Abstract

16

Garlic

•

Allergic contact dermatitis from garlic. Author(s): McFadden JP, White IR, Rycroft RJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1992 November; 27(5): 333-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1493696&dopt=Abstract

•

Allium sativum (garlic) suppresses leukocyte inflammatory cytokine production in vitro: potential therapeutic use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Hodge G, Hodge S, Han P. Source: Cytometry : the Journal of the Society for Analytical Cytology. 2002 August 1; 48(4): 209-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12210145&dopt=Abstract

•

Allium sativum (garlic)--a natural antibiotic. Author(s): Adetumbi MA, Lau BH. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1983 November; 12(3): 227-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6366484&dopt=Abstract

•

Allium vegetable consumption, garlic supplement intake, and female breast carcinoma incidence. Author(s): Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. Source: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 1995; 33(2): 163-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7749142&dopt=Abstract

•

Allyl sulfides from garlic suppress the in vitro proliferation of human A549 lung tumor cells. Author(s): Sakamoto K, Lawson LD, Milner JA. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1997; 29(2): 152-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9427979&dopt=Abstract

•

Allylsulfide constituents of garlic volatile oil as antimicrobial agents. Author(s): Avato P, Tursil E, Vitali C, Miccolis V, Candido V. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2000 June; 7(3): 239-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11185736&dopt=Abstract

•

Alterations of prostate biomarker expression and testosterone utilization in human LNCaP prostatic carcinoma cells by garlic-derived S-allylmercaptocysteine. Author(s): Pinto JT, Qiao C, Xing J, Suffoletto BP, Schubert KB, Rivlin RS, Huryk RF, Bacich DJ, Heston WD. Source: The Prostate. 2000 December 1; 45(4): 304-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11102955&dopt=Abstract

Studies

17

•

Altered arachidonic acid metabolism in platelets inhibited by onion or garlic extracts. Author(s): Makheja AN, Vanderhoek JY, Bryant RW, Bailey JM. Source: Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Res. 1980; 6: 309-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6770600&dopt=Abstract

•

Altered cytokeratin expression during chemoprevention of experimental hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis by garlic. Author(s): Balasenthil S, Rao KS, Nagini S. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2002 March; 31(3): 142-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903819&dopt=Abstract

•

Ancient remedies revisited: does Allium sativum (garlic) palliate the hepatopulmonary syndrome? Author(s): Caldwell SH, Jeffers LJ, Narula OS, Lang EA, Reddy KR, Schiff ER. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1992 October; 15(3): 248-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1479173&dopt=Abstract

•

Antibacterial activity of garlic and onions: a historical perspective. Author(s): Farbman KS, Barnett ED, Bolduc GR, Klein JO. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1993 July; 12(7): 613-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8346006&dopt=Abstract

•

Antibacterial activity of garlic powder against Escherichia coli O-157. Author(s): Sasaki J, Kita T, Ishita K, Uchisawa H, Matsue H. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1999 December; 45(6): 785-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10737231&dopt=Abstract

•

Antifungal activity in human urine and serum after ingestion of garlic (Allium sativum). Author(s): Caporaso N, Smith SM, Eng RH. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1983 May; 23(5): 700-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6870217&dopt=Abstract

•

Antimicrobial properties of garlic oil against human enteric bacteria: evaluation of methodologies and comparisons with garlic oil sulfides and garlic powder. Author(s): Ross ZM, O'Gara EA, Hill DJ, Sleightholme HV, Maslin DJ. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2001 January; 67(1): 475-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11133485&dopt=Abstract

18

Garlic

•

Antioxidant effects of aqueous garlic extract. 2nd communication: Inhibition of the Cu(2+)-initiated oxidation of low density lipoproteins. Author(s): Lewin G, Popov I. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1994 May; 44(5): 604-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8024630&dopt=Abstract

•

Antioxidant health effects of aged garlic extract. Author(s): Borek C. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1010S-5S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238807&dopt=Abstract

•

Antiplatelet constituents of garlic and onion. Author(s): Makheja AN, Bailey JM. Source: Agents Actions. 1990 March; 29(3-4): 360-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2111084&dopt=Abstract

•

Antiproliferative effect of the garlic compound S-allyl cysteine on human neuroblastoma cells in vitro. Author(s): Welch C, Wuarin L, Sidell N. Source: Cancer Letters. 1992 April 30; 63(3): 211-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1349504&dopt=Abstract

•

Antiproliferative effects of allium derivatives from garlic. Author(s): Pinto JT, Rivlin RS. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1058S-60S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238816&dopt=Abstract

•

Antitumor activity of Z-ajoene, a natural compound purified from garlic: antimitotic and microtubule-interaction properties. Author(s): Li M, Ciu JR, Ye Y, Min JM, Zhang LH, Wang K, Gares M, Cros J, Wright M, Leung-Tack J. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2002 April; 23(4): 573-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11960908&dopt=Abstract

•

Applying a highly specific and reproducible cDNA RDA method to clone garlic upregulated genes in human gastric cancer cells. Author(s): Li Y, Lu YY. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2002 April; 8(2): 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925594&dopt=Abstract

Studies

19

•

Aqueous extracts of onion, garlic and ginger inhibit platelet aggregation and alter arachidonic acid metabolism. Author(s): Srivastava KC. Source: Biomed Biochim Acta. 1984; 43(8-9): S335-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6440548&dopt=Abstract

•

Assessment of the anticarcinogenic potential of raw garlic in humans. Author(s): Hageman G, Krul C, van Herwijnen M, Schilderman P, Kleinjans J. Source: Cancer Letters. 1997 March 19; 114(1-2): 161-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9103278&dopt=Abstract

•

Biomonitoring the intake of garlic via urinary excretion of allyl mercapturic acid. Author(s): Verhagen H, Hageman GJ, Rauma AL, Versluis-de Haan G, van Herwijnen MH, de Groot J, Torronen R, Mykkanen H. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2001 August; 86 Suppl 1: S111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11520428&dopt=Abstract

•

Botanical briefs: garlic--Allium sativum. Author(s): McGovern TW, LaWarre S. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 March; 67(3): 193-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11270290&dopt=Abstract

•

Botulism from chopped garlic: delayed recognition of a major outbreak. Author(s): St Louis ME, Peck SH, Bowering D, Morgan GB, Blatherwick J, Banerjee S, Kettyls GD, Black WA, Milling ME, Hauschild AH, et al. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1988 March; 108(3): 363-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3341673&dopt=Abstract

•

Can garlic lower blood pressure? A pilot study. Author(s): McMahon FG, Vargas R. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1993 July-August; 13(4): 406-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8361870&dopt=Abstract

•

Can garlic reduce levels of serum lipids? A controlled clinical study. Author(s): Jain AK, Vargas R, Gotzkowsky S, McMahon FG. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1993 June; 94(6): 632-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8506890&dopt=Abstract

20

Garlic

•

Can inhalation of garlic dust cause asthma? Author(s): Armentia A, Vega JM. Source: Allergy. 1996 February; 51(2): 137-8. Erratum In: Allergy 1997 March; 52(3): 358. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8738525&dopt=Abstract

•

Cancer prevention by organosulfur compounds from garlic and onion. Author(s): Fukushima S, Takada N, Hori T, Wanibuchi H. Source: J Cell Biochem Suppl. 1997; 27: 100-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9591199&dopt=Abstract

•

Cardiology update. Garlic and the healthy heart. Author(s): Randerson K. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1993 April 14-20; 7(30): 51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8499292&dopt=Abstract

•

Cardioprotection and garlic. Author(s): Myers SP, Smith AJ. Source: Lancet. 1997 January 11; 349(9045): 131-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8996441&dopt=Abstract

•

Cardioprotection and garlic. Author(s): Rahman K, Billington D, Rigby G. Source: Lancet. 1997 January 11; 349(9045): 131. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8996440&dopt=Abstract

•

Cardioprotection and garlic. Author(s): Ernst E. Source: Lancet. 1997 January 11; 349(9045): 131. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8996439&dopt=Abstract

•

Cardiovascular benefits of garlic (Allium sativum L). Author(s): Brace LD. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 2002 July; 16(4): 33-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597261&dopt=Abstract

•

Cardiovascular effects of garlic (Allium sativum): a review. Author(s): Ernst E. Source: Pharmatherapeutica. 1987; 5(2): 83-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3310019&dopt=Abstract

Studies

21

•

Cell cycle arrest and differential gene expression in HT-29 cells exposed to an aqueous garlic extract. Author(s): Frantz DJ, Hughes BG, Nelson DR, Murray BK, Christensen MJ. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2000; 38(2): 255-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11525604&dopt=Abstract

•

Changes in platelet function and susceptibility of lipoproteins to oxidation associated with administration of aged garlic extract. Author(s): Steiner M, Lin RS. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1998 June; 31(6): 904-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9641475&dopt=Abstract

•

Characterization of a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation and release reaction isolated from allium sativum (garlic). Author(s): Mohammad SF, Woodward SC. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1986 December 15; 44(6): 793-806. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3798421&dopt=Abstract

•

Chemical speciation influences comparative activity of selenium-enriched garlic and yeast in mammary cancer prevention. Author(s): Ip C, Birringer M, Block E, Kotrebai M, Tyson JF, Uden PC, Lisk DJ. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 June; 48(6): 2062-70. Erratum In: J Agric Food Chem 2000 September; 48(9): 4452. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10888499&dopt=Abstract

•

Cholesterol-lowering effect of garlic extracts and organosulfur compounds: human and animal studies. Author(s): Yeh YY, Liu L. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 989S-93S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238803&dopt=Abstract

•

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity and atherogenic parameters in rabbits supplemented with cholesterol and garlic powder. Author(s): Kwon MJ, Song YS, Choi MS, Park SJ, Jeong KS, Song YO. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 May 16; 72(26): 2953-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12706483&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparative effect of clofibrate, garlic and onion on alimentary hyperlipemia. Author(s): Arora RC, Arora S. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1981 July; 39(4): 447-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7259824&dopt=Abstract

22

Garlic

•

Comparison of the efficacy and tolerance of a garlic preparation vs. bezafibrate. Author(s): Holzgartner H, Schmidt U, Kuhn U. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1992 December; 42(12): 1473-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1288512&dopt=Abstract

•

Construction of cDNA representational difference analysis based on two cDNA libraries and identification of garlic inducible expression genes in human gastric cancer cells. Author(s): Li Y, Yang L, Cui JT, Li WM, Guo RF, Lu YY. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2002 April; 8(2): 208-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925593&dopt=Abstract

•

Consumption of a garlic clove a day could be beneficial in preventing thrombosis. Author(s): Ali M, Thomson M. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 1995 September; 53(3): 211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7480084&dopt=Abstract

•

Contact allergy to garlic used for wound healing. Author(s): Bojs G, Svensson A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1988 March; 18(3): 179-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3365975&dopt=Abstract

•

Contact dermatitis due to topical treatment with garlic in Hong Kong. Author(s): Lee TY, Lam TH. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1991 March; 24(3): 193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1831097&dopt=Abstract

•

Contact dermatitis to garlic; crossreactivity between garlic, onion and tulip. Author(s): Bleumink E, Nater JP. Source: Arch Dermatol Forsch. 1973 August 15; 247(2): 117-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4748763&dopt=Abstract

•

Contact sensitivity to garlic (Allium). Author(s): Mitchell JC. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1980 August; 6(5): 356-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7418398&dopt=Abstract

Studies

23

•

Correlation of serum cholesterol levels and incidence of myocardial infarction with dietary onion and garlic eating habits. Author(s): Sogani RK, Katoch K. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1981 June; 29(6): 443-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7319999&dopt=Abstract

•

Daily supplementation with aged garlic extract, but not raw garlic, protects low density lipoprotein against in vitro oxidation. Author(s): Munday JS, James KA, Fray LM, Kirkwood SW, Thompson KG. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1999 April; 143(2): 399-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10217370&dopt=Abstract

•

Demonstration of the anti-viral activity of garlic extract against human cytomegalovirus in vitro. Author(s): Guo NL, Lu DP, Woods GL, Reed E, Zhou GZ, Zhang LB, Waldman RH. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1993 February; 106(2): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8389276&dopt=Abstract

•

Dietary supplementation with aged garlic extract inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation in humans. Author(s): Rahman K, Billington D. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2000 November; 130(11): 2662-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11053504&dopt=Abstract

•

Dietary supplementation with aged garlic extract reduces plasma and urine concentrations of 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2 alpha) in smoking and nonsmoking men and women. Author(s): Dillon SA, Lowe GM, Billington D, Rahman K. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 February; 132(2): 168-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11823573&dopt=Abstract

•

Differentiation of mouth versus gut as site of origin of odoriferous breath gases after garlic ingestion. Author(s): Suarez F, Springfield J, Furne J, Levitt M. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1999 February; 276(2 Pt 1): G425-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9950816&dopt=Abstract

•

Direct anti-atherosclerosis-related effects of garlic. Author(s): Orekhov AN, Tertov VV, Sobenin IA, Pivovarova EM. Source: Annals of Medicine. 1995 February; 27(1): 63-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7742001&dopt=Abstract

24

Garlic

•

Direct cytotoxicity of garlic on human oral cancer cells. Author(s): Chen JH, Lim JS, Shyu KW, Meng CL. Source: Zhonghua Ya Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1988 March; 7(1): 13-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3254744&dopt=Abstract

•

Does eating garlic lower cholesterol? Author(s): Lerner DJ, Hulley SB. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1994 June 1; 120(11): 969-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8172443&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of a garlic oil preparation on serum lipoproteins and cholesterol metabolism: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Berthold HK, Sudhop T, von Bergmann K. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 June 17; 279(23): 1900-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9634262&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of allicin from garlic powder on serum lipids and blood pressure in rats fed with a high cholesterol diet. Author(s): Ali M, Al-Qattan KK, Al-Enezi F, Khanafer RM, Mustafa T. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 2000 April; 62(4): 253-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10882191&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of dietary garlic (Allium Sativum) on the blood pressure in humans--a pilot study. Author(s): Qidwai W, Qureshi R, Hasan SN, Azam SI. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2000 June; 50(6): 204-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10979632&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of dried garlic on blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, platelet aggregation and serum cholesterol levels in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Author(s): Harenberg J, Giese C, Zimmermann R. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1988 December; 74(3): 247-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3240334&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on blood lipids, blood sugar, fibrinogen and fibrinolytic activity in patients with coronary artery disease. Author(s): Bordia A, Verma SK, Srivastava KC. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 1998 April; 58(4): 25763. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9654398&dopt=Abstract

Studies

25

•

Effect of garlic and fish-oil supplementation on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in hypercholesterolemic men. Author(s): Adler AJ, Holub BJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 February; 65(2): 445-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9022529&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of garlic on conjunctival vessels: a randomised, placebo-controlled, doubleblind trial. Author(s): Wolf S, Reim M, Jung F. Source: Br J Clin Pract Suppl. 1990 August; 69: 36-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2083172&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of garlic on lipid profile and psychopathologic parameters in people with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Peleg A, Hershcovici T, Lipa R, Anbar R, Redler M, Beigel Y. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2003 September; 5(9): 637-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14509153&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of garlic on platelet aggregation in humans: a study in healthy subjects and patients with coronary artery disease. Author(s): Bordia A, Verma SK, Srivastava KC. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 1996 September; 55(3): 201-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8931120&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of garlic on platelet aggregation in patients with increased risk of juvenile ischaemic attack. Author(s): Kiesewetter H, Jung F, Jung EM, Mroweitz C, Koscielny J, Wenzel E. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1993; 45(4): 333-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8299665&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of garlic on serum lipids. Author(s): Lawson LD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 November 11; 280(18): 1568. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9820256&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of garlic on thrombocyte aggregation, microcirculation, and other risk factors. Author(s): Kiesewetter H, Jung F, Pindur G, Jung EM, Mrowietz C, Wenzel E. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1991 April; 29(4): 151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2071264&dopt=Abstract

26

Garlic

•

Effect of garlic on total serum cholesterol. A meta-analysis. Author(s): Warshafsky S, Kamer RS, Sivak SL. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1993 October 1; 119(7 Pt 1): 599-605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8363171&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of ginger & garlic on DNA content of gastric aspirate. Author(s): Desai HG, Kalro RH, Choksi AP. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1990 April; 92: 139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2370094&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of ingestion of raw garlic on serum cholesterol level, clotting time and fibrinolytic activity in normal subjects. Author(s): Gadkari JV, Joshi VD. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1991 July; 37(3): 128-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1784022&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of onion and garlic on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in vitro. Author(s): Nagda KK, Ganeriwal SK, Nagda KC, Diwan AM. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1983 April-June; 27(2): 141-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6885127&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of organosulfur compounds from garlic and cruciferous vegetables on drug metabolism enzymes. Author(s): Smith TJ, Yang CS. Source: Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 2000; 17(1-4): 23-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11201297&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of purified allicin, the major ingredient of freshly crushed garlic, on cancer cell proliferation. Author(s): Hirsch K, Danilenko M, Giat J, Miron T, Rabinkov A, Wilchek M, Mirelman D, Levy J, Sharoni Y. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2000; 38(2): 245-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11525603&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of short-term administration of garlic supplements on single-dose ritonavir pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Gallicano K, Foster B, Choudhri S. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 February; 55(2): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12580992&dopt=Abstract

Studies

27

•

Effect of the dried powder extract, water soluble of garlic (Allium sativum) on cholesterol, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein in the blood. Author(s): Nitiyanant W, Ploybutr S, Wasuwat S, Tandhanand S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1987 November; 70(11): 646-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3443797&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of volatile metabolites of dill, radish and garlic on growth of bacteria. Author(s): Tirranen LS, Borodina EV, Ushakova SA, Rygalov VY, Gitelson JI. Source: Acta Astronautica. 2001 July; 49(2): 105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11594365&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of a dried garlic preparation on fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation in healthy subjects. Author(s): Legnani C, Frascaro M, Guazzaloca G, Ludovici S, Cesarano G, Coccheri S. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1993 February; 43(2): 119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8457236&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of a garlic-derived principle (ajoene) on aggregation and arachidonic acid metabolism in human blood platelets. Author(s): Srivastava KC, Tyagi OD. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 1993 August; 49(2): 58795. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8415808&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of allyl sulfur compounds and garlic extract on the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and p53 in non small cell lung cancer cell lines. Author(s): Hong YS, Ham YA, Choi JH, Kim J. Source: Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 2000 September 30; 32(3): 127-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11048643&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of aqueous extracts of onion, garlic and ginger on platelet aggregation and metabolism of arachidonic acid in the blood vascular system: in vitro study. Author(s): Srivas KC. Source: Prostaglandins Leukot Med. 1984 February; 13(2): 227-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6425866&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of aspirin and garlic on cyclooxygenase-induced chemiluminescence in human term placenta. Author(s): Das I, Patel S, Sooranna SR. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1997 February; 25(1): 99S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9056997&dopt=Abstract

28

Garlic

•

Effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.) supplementation on cytochrome P450 2D6 and 3A4 activity in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Markowitz JS, Devane CL, Chavin KD, Taylor RM, Ruan Y, Donovan JL. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2003 August; 74(2): 170-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12891227&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of garlic coated tablets in peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Author(s): Kiesewetter H, Jung F, Jung EM, Blume J, Mrowietz C, Birk A, Koscielny J, Wenzel E. Source: Clin Investig. 1993 May; 71(5): 383-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8508009&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of garlic components diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide on arylamine Nacetyltransferase activity and 2-aminofluorene-DNA adducts in human promyelocytic leukemia cells. Author(s): Lin JG, Chen GW, Su CC, Hung CF, Yang CC, Lee JH, Chung JG. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2002; 30(2-3): 315-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230020&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of garlic compounds diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide on arylamine Nacetyltransferase activity in strains of Helicobacter pylori from peptic ulcer patients. Author(s): Chung JG, Chen GW, Wu LT, Chang HL, Lin JG, Yeh CC, Wang TF. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1998; 26(3-4): 353-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9862023&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of garlic extract (Allium sativum) on neutrophil migration at the cellular level. Author(s): Hofbauer R, Frass M, Gmeiner B, Kaye AD, Frost EA. Source: Heart Disease. 2001 January-February; 3(1): 14-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11975765&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of garlic extract and of three pure components isolated from it on human platelet aggregation, arachidonate metabolism, release reaction and platelet ultrastructure. Author(s): Apitz-Castro R, Cabrera S, Cruz MR, Ledezma E, Jain MK. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1983 October 15; 32(2): 155-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6419374&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of garlic extract on platelet aggregation. Author(s): Myers SP, Smith AJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1995 November; 22(11): 888-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8593752&dopt=Abstract

Studies

29

•

Effects of garlic extract on platelet aggregation: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Author(s): Morris J, Burke V, Mori TA, Vandongen R, Beilin LJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1995 June-July; 22(6-7): 414-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8582091&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of garlic extracts and of three pure components isolated from it on human platelet aggregation, arachidonate metabolism, release reaction and platelet ultrastructure-comments. Author(s): Sharma CP, Sunny MC. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1988 December 1; 52(5): 493-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3146824&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of garlic on atherosclerosis. Author(s): Orekhov AN, Grunwald J. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1997 July-August; 13(7-8): 65663. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9263259&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of garlic on blood fluidity and fibrinolytic activity: a randomised, placebocontrolled, double-blind study. Author(s): Kiesewetter H, Jung F, Mrowietz C, Pindur G, Heiden M, Wenzel E, Gu LD. Source: Br J Clin Pract Suppl. 1990 August; 69: 24-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2128029&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of garlic thioallyl derivatives on growth, glutathione concentration, and polyamine formation of human prostate carcinoma cells in culture. Author(s): Pinto JT, Qiao C, Xing J, Rivlin RS, Protomastro ML, Weissler ML, Tao Y, Thaler H, Heston WD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 August; 66(2): 398-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9250120&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of spray dried garlic preparation on primary hyperlipoproteinemia. Author(s): Plengvidhya C, Sitprija S, Chinayon S, Pasatrat S, Tankeyoon M. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1988 May; 71(5): 248-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3397686&dopt=Abstract

30

Garlic

•

Effects of the garlic components diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide on arylamine Nacetyltransferase activity in human colon tumour cells. Author(s): Chen GW, Chung JG, Hsieh CL, Lin JG. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1998 September-October; 36(9-10): 761-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9737423&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of the garlic compound diallyl disulfide on the metabolism, adherence and cell cycle of HT-29 colon carcinoma cells: evidence of sensitive and resistant subpopulations. Author(s): Robert V, Mouille B, Mayeur C, Michaud M, Blachier F. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2001 August; 22(8): 1155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11470743&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects on the human serum lipoprotein profile of beta-glucan, soy protein and isoflavones, plant sterols and stanols, garlic and tocotrienols. Author(s): Kerckhoffs DA, Brouns F, Hornstra G, Mensink RP. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 132(9): 2494-505. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221200&dopt=Abstract

•

Efficacy of ajoene, an organosulphur derived from garlic, in the short-term therapy of tinea pedis. Author(s): Ledezma E, DeSousa L, Jorquera A, Sanchez J, Lander A, Rodriguez E, Jain MK, Apitz-Castro R. Source: Mycoses. 1996 September-October; 39(9-10): 393-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9009665&dopt=Abstract

•

Efficacy of garlic supplementation in lowering serum cholesterol levels. Author(s): Spigelski D, Jones PJ. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2001 July; 59(7): 236-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11475449&dopt=Abstract

•

Enhanced immunocompetence by garlic: role in bladder cancer and other malignancies. Author(s): Lamm DL, Riggs DR. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1067S-70S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238818&dopt=Abstract

Studies

31

•

Evaluation of garlic oil as a contact dissolution agent for gallstones: comparison with monooctanoin. Author(s): Nijhawan S, Agarwal V, Sharma D, Rai RR. Source: Trop Gastroenterol. 2000 October-December; 21(4): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11194578&dopt=Abstract

•

Evaluation of the antiparasitic effect of aqueous garlic (Allium sativum) extract in hymenolepiasis nana and giardiasis. Author(s): Soffar SA, Mokhtar GM. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1991 August; 21(2): 497-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1875077&dopt=Abstract

•

Even garlic. Author(s): Sweetman BJ. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1994 August; 33(8): 790-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8055215&dopt=Abstract

•

Factitial dermatitis induced by application of garlic. Author(s): Kaplan B, Schewach-Millet M, Yorav S. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1990 January-February; 29(1): 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2329032&dopt=Abstract

•

Formation of 14,15-hepoxilins of the A(3) and B(3) series through a 15-lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide isomerase present in garlic roots. Author(s): Reynaud D, Ali M, Demin P, Pace-Asciak CR. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1999 October 1; 274(40): 28213-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10497175&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) modulates cytokine expression in lipopolysaccharideactivated human blood thereby inhibiting NF-kappaB activity. Author(s): Keiss HP, Dirsch VM, Hartung T, Haffner T, Trueman L, Auger J, Kahane R, Vollmar AM. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 July; 133(7): 2171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12840173&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic (Allium sativum) as an anti-Candida agent: a comparison of the efficacy of fresh garlic and freeze-dried extracts. Author(s): Lemar KM, Turner MP, Lloyd D. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2002; 93(3): 398-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12174037&dopt=Abstract

32

Garlic

•

Garlic and aging: new insights into an old remedy. Author(s): Rahman K. Source: Ageing Research Reviews. 2003 January; 2(1): 39-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437995&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic and cancer: a critical review of the epidemiologic literature. Author(s): Fleischauer AT, Arab L. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1032S-40S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238811&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic and garlic-derived compounds inhibit human squalene monooxygenase. Author(s): Gupta N, Porter TD. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 June; 131(6): 1662-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11385050&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic and health. Author(s): Kik C, Kahane R, Gebhardt R. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2001 August; 11(4 Suppl): 57-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11894756&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic and ischemic heart disease. Author(s): Bhatia RS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 August; 50: 1095. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12421047&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic and onion oils inhibit proliferation and induce differentiation of HL-60 cells. Author(s): Seki T, Tsuji K, Hayato Y, Moritomo T, Ariga T. Source: Cancer Letters. 2000 November 10; 160(1): 29-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11098081&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic and onions: their effect on eicosanoid metabolism and its clinical relevance. Author(s): Ali M, Thomson M, Afzal M. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 2000 February; 62(2): 55-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10780871&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic and the strabismus surgeon. Author(s): Carden SM, Good WV, Carden PA, Good RM. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2002 August; 30(4): 303-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12121375&dopt=Abstract

Studies

33

•

Garlic as an antioxidant: the good, the bad and the ugly. Author(s): Banerjee SK, Mukherjee PK, Maulik SK. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 February; 17(2): 97-106. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12601669&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic as an insect repellent. Author(s): Stjernberg L, Berglund J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000 August 16; 284(7): 831. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10938169&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic burns of the breast. Author(s): Roberge RJ, Leckey R, Spence R, Krenzelok EJ. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1997 September; 15(5): 548. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9270405&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic burns. Author(s): Baruchin AM, Sagi A, Yoffe B, Ronen M. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 2001 November; 27(7): 781-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11600262&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic burns. Author(s): Rafaat M, Leung AK. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2000 November-December; 17(6): 475-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11123784&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic cloves for verruca vulgaris. Author(s): Silverberg NB. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2002 March-April; 19(2): 183. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11994189&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic compounds minimize intracellular oxidative stress and inhibit nuclear factorkappa b activation. Author(s): Ide N, Lau BH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1020S-6S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238809&dopt=Abstract

34

Garlic

•

Garlic consumption and cancer prevention: meta-analyses of colorectal and stomach cancers. Author(s): Fleischauer AT, Poole C, Arab L. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 October; 72(4): 1047-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11010950&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic extract (allium sativum) reduces migration of neutrophils through endothelial cell monolayers. Author(s): Hobauer R, Frass M, Gmeiner B, Kaye AD, Frost EA. Source: Middle East J Anesthesiol. 2000 October; 15(6): 649-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11330220&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic extract therapy in children with hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): McCrindle BW, Helden E, Conner WT. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1998 November; 152(11): 1089-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9811286&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic for flavour, not cardioprotection. Author(s): Beaglehole R. Source: Lancet. 1996 November 2; 348(9036): 1186-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8898032&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic for peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Author(s): Jepson RG, Kleijnen J, Leng GC. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd000095. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796487&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic for total cholesterol reduction. Author(s): Lawson LD. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2001 July 3; 135(1): 65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11434747&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic for treating hypercholesterolemia. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Author(s): Stevinson C, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2000 September 19; 133(6): 420-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10975959&dopt=Abstract

Studies

35

•

Garlic inhibits microsomal triglyceride transfer protein gene expression in human liver and intestinal cell lines and in rat intestine. Author(s): Lin MC, Wang EJ, Lee C, Chin KT, Liu D, Chiu JF, Kung HF. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 June; 132(6): 1165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042427&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic powder and plasma lipids and lipoproteins: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Isaacsohn JL, Moser M, Stein EA, Dudley K, Davey JA, Liskov E, Black HR. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1998 June 8; 158(11): 1189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9625398&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic preparations for prevention of atherosclerosis. Author(s): Berthold HK, Sudhop T. Source: Current Opinion in Lipidology. 1998 December; 9(6): 565-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9868592&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic reduces saquinavir blood levels 50%; may affect other drugs. Author(s): James JS. Source: Aids Treat News. 2001 December 21; (375): 2-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11810949&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic shows promise for improving some cardiovascular risk factors. Author(s): Ackermann RT, Mulrow CD, Ramirez G, Gardner CD, Morbidoni L, Lawrence VA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2001 March 26; 161(6): 813-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11268223&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic study vindicated by official investigation. Author(s): Koscielny J, Schmitt R, Radtke H, Latza R, Kiesewetter H. Source: Nature. 2000 April 6; 404(6778): 542. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10766215&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic supplements and saquinavir. Author(s): Borek C. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 August 1; 35(3): 343. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12115105&dopt=Abstract

36

Garlic

•

Garlic supplements can impede HIV medication. Author(s): Sussman E. Source: Aids (London, England). 2002 June 14; 16(9): N5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090243&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic therapy. Loose labels. Author(s): Fischman J. Source: U.S. News & World Report. 2002 November; 133(17): 57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12436788&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic, onion and cereal fibre as protective factors for breast cancer: a French casecontrol study. Author(s): Challier B, Perarnau JM, Viel JF. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 December; 14(8): 737-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9928867&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic: a way out of work. Author(s): Lachter J, Babich JP, Brookman JC, Factor AY. Source: Military Medicine. 2003 June; 168(6): 499-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12834145&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic: the key to sophisticated lowering of hepatocellular lipid. Author(s): Gebhardt R. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1997 April; 13(4): 379-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9178295&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic: the panacea with bad breath. Author(s): Aronson SM. Source: Medicine and Health, Rhode Island. 2001 January; 84(1): 2-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11210287&dopt=Abstract

•

Gender may affect the action of garlic oil on plasma cholesterol and glucose levels of normal subjects. Author(s): Zhang XH, Lowe D, Giles P, Fell S, Connock MJ, Maslin DJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 May; 131(5): 1471-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340102&dopt=Abstract

Studies

37

•

Glutathione S-transferases of female A/J mouse liver and forestomach and their differential induction by anti-carcinogenic organosulfides from garlic. Author(s): Hu X, Benson PJ, Srivastava SK, Mack LM, Xia H, Gupta V, Zaren HA, Singh SV. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1996 December 15; 336(2): 199-214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8954567&dopt=Abstract

•

Green tea extract and aged garlic extract inhibit anion transport and sickle cell dehydration in vitro. Author(s): Ohnishi ST, Ohnishi T, Ogunmola GB. Source: Blood Cells, Molecules & Diseases. 2001 January-February; 27(1): 148-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11358376&dopt=Abstract

•

Helicobacter pylori infection, garlic intake and precancerous lesions in a Chinese population at low risk of gastric cancer. Author(s): You WC, Zhang L, Gail MH, Ma JL, Chang YS, Blot WJ, Li JY, Zhao CL, Liu WD, Li HQ, Hu YR, Bravo JC, Correa P, Xu GW, Fraumeni JF Jr. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 December; 27(6): 941-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10024185&dopt=Abstract

•

Helicobacter pylori--in vitro susceptibility to garlic (Allium sativum) extract. Author(s): Sivam GP, Lampe JW, Ulness B, Swanzy SR, Potter JD. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1997; 27(2): 118-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9121937&dopt=Abstract

•

Herbs and the brain: friend or foe? The effects of ginkgo and garlic on warfarin use. Author(s): Evans V. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing : Journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses. 2000 August; 32(4): 229-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10994537&dopt=Abstract

•

Historical perspective on garlic and cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Rahman K. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 977S-9S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238800&dopt=Abstract

•

Historical perspective on the use of garlic. Author(s): Rivlin RS. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 951S-4S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238795&dopt=Abstract

38

Garlic

•

How does garlic exert its hypocholesterolaemic action? The tellurium hypothesis. Author(s): Larner AJ. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1995 April; 44(4): 295-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7666832&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypertension and hyperlipidaemia: garlic helps in mild cases. Author(s): Auer W, Eiber A, Hertkorn E, Hoehfeld E, Koehrle U, Lorenz A, Mader F, Merx W, Otto G, Schmid-Otto B, et al. Source: Br J Clin Pract Suppl. 1990 August; 69: 3-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2083170&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypocholesterolaemic effect of garlic, Allium sativum Linn. Author(s): Augusti KT. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1977 June; 15(6): 489-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=598887&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypocholesterolemic effect of an enteric-coated garlic supplement. Author(s): Kannar D, Wattanapenpaiboon N, Savige GS, Wahlqvist ML. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2001 June; 20(3): 225-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11444418&dopt=Abstract

•

Immediate and delayed sensitization to garlic. Author(s): Campolmi P, Lombardi P, Lotti T, Sertoli A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1982 September; 8(5): 352-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6216059&dopt=Abstract

•

In vitro activity of garlic oil and four diallyl sulphides against antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Author(s): Tsao S, Yin M. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 May; 47(5): 665-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11328781&dopt=Abstract

•

In vitro effect of garlic powder extract on lipid content in normal and atherosclerotic human aortic cells. Author(s): Orekhov AN, Tertov VV. Source: Lipids. 1997 October; 32(10): 1055-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9358431&dopt=Abstract

Studies

39

•

In vitro effects of aged garlic extract and other nutritional supplements on sickle erythrocytes. Author(s): Ohnishi ST, Ohnishi T. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1085S-92S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238822&dopt=Abstract

•

In vitro efficacy of a compound derived from garlic against Pneumocystis carinii. Author(s): Abdullah TH. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1996 November; 88(11): 694, 704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8999132&dopt=Abstract

•

In vitro virucidal effects of Allium sativum (garlic) extract and compounds. Author(s): Weber ND, Andersen DO, North JA, Murray BK, Lawson LD, Hughes BG. Source: Planta Medica. 1992 October; 58(5): 417-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1470664&dopt=Abstract

•

Influence of garlic on serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum total lipids and serum glucose in human subjects. Author(s): Bakhsh R, Chughtai MI. Source: Die Nahrung. 1984; 28(2): 159-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6727984&dopt=Abstract

•

Influence of garlic powder on cutaneous microcirculation. A randomized placebocontrolled double-blind cross-over study in apparently healthy subjects. Author(s): Jung EM, Jung F, Mrowietz C, Kiesewetter H, Pindur G, Wenzel E. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1991 June; 41(6): 626-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1930351&dopt=Abstract

•

Influence of garlic powder on cutaneous microcirculation: a randomised, placebocontrolled, double-blind, crossover study in apparently healthy subjects. Author(s): Jung F, Jung EM, Mrowietz C, Kiesewetter H, Wenzel E. Source: Br J Clin Pract Suppl. 1990 August; 69: 30-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2083171&dopt=Abstract

•

Inhibition by diallyl trisulfide, a garlic component, of intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization without affecting inositol-1,4, 5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) formation in activated platelets. Author(s): Qi R, Liao F, Inoue K, Yatomi Y, Sato K, Ozaki Y. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2000 November 15; 60(10): 1475-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11020449&dopt=Abstract

40

Garlic

•

Inhibition of Candida adhesion to buccal epithelial cells by an aqueous extract of Allium sativum (garlic). Author(s): Ghannoum MA. Source: The Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 1990 February; 68(2): 163-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2318745&dopt=Abstract

•

Inhibition of coagulase activity and growth of Staphylococcus aureus by garlic extracts. Author(s): Fletcher RD, Parker B, Hassett M. Source: Folia Microbiol (Praha). 1974; 19(6): 494-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4435660&dopt=Abstract

•

Inhibition of fatty acid oxygenases by onion and garlic oils. Evidence for the mechanism by which these oils inhibit platelet aggregation. Author(s): Vanderhoek JY, Makheja AN, Bailey JM. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1980 December 1; 29(23): 3169-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6778482&dopt=Abstract

•

Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori by garlic extract (Allium sativum). Author(s): Cellini L, Di Campli E, Masulli M, Di Bartolomeo S, Allocati N. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 1996 April; 13(4): 273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8739190&dopt=Abstract

•

Inhibition of Mycobacterium avium complex isolates from AIDS patients by garlic (Allium sativum). Author(s): Deshpande RG, Khan MB, Bhat DA, Navalkar RG. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1993 October; 32(4): 623-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8288504&dopt=Abstract

•

Inhibition of platelet aggregation and thromboxane synthesis by onion and garlic. Author(s): Makheia AN, Vanderhoek JY, Bailey JM. Source: Lancet. 1979 April 7; 1(8119): 781. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=86023&dopt=Abstract

•

Inhibition of tumorigenesis by chemicals from garlic and tea. Author(s): Yang CS, Wang ZY, Hong JY. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1994; 354: 113-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8067280&dopt=Abstract

Studies

41

•

Inhibition of whole blood platelet-aggregation by compounds in garlic clove extracts and commercial garlic products. Author(s): Lawson LD, Ransom DK, Hughes BG. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1992 January 15; 65(2): 141-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1579891&dopt=Abstract

•

Inhibitory effect of whole strawberries, garlic juice or kale juice on endogenous formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine in humans. Author(s): Chung MJ, Lee SH, Sung NJ. Source: Cancer Letters. 2002 August 8; 182(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12175517&dopt=Abstract

•

Injuries to cultivated BJA-B cells by ajoene, a garlic-derived natural compound: cell viability, glutathione metabolism, and pools of acidic amino acids. Author(s): Scharfenberg K, Ryll T, Wagner R, Wagner KG. Source: Journal of Cellular Physiology. 1994 January; 158(1): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8263028&dopt=Abstract

•

Intake of garlic and its bioactive components. Author(s): Amagase H, Petesch BL, Matsuura H, Kasuga S, Itakura Y. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 955S-62S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238796&dopt=Abstract

•

Interactions of warfarin with garlic, ginger, ginkgo, or ginseng: nature of the evidence. Author(s): Vaes LP, Chyka PA. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000 December; 34(12): 1478-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11144706&dopt=Abstract

•

Investigation on the antibacterial properties of garlic (Allium sativum) on pneumonia causing bacteria. Author(s): Dikasso D, Lemma H, Urga K, Debella A, Addis G, Tadele A, Yirsaw K. Source: Ethiop Med J. 2002 July; 40(3): 241-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12602248&dopt=Abstract

•

Is garlic an effective treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection? Author(s): Ernst E. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1999 November 8; 159(20): 2484-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10665902&dopt=Abstract

42

Garlic

•

Ischaemic heart-disease and garlic. Author(s): Buck C, Simpson H, Willan A. Source: Lancet. 1979 July 14; 2(8133): 104-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=87957&dopt=Abstract

•

Ischemic heart-disease and wine. or garlic. Author(s): Tyrrell H. Source: Lancet. 1979 June 16; 1(8129): 1294. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=87753&dopt=Abstract

•

Isolation and effects of some garlic components on platelet aggregation and metabolism of arachidonic acid in human blood platelets. Author(s): Srivastava KC, Justesen U. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 1989 April 14; 101(8): 293-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2499123&dopt=Abstract

•

Lack of efficacy of dried garlic in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Author(s): Luley C, Lehmann-Leo W, Moller B, Martin T, Schwartzkopff W. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1986 April; 36(4): 766-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3521619&dopt=Abstract

•

Letter: Boiled garlic and blood fibrinolytic activity. Author(s): Sharma KK, Dwivedi KK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1975 December; 23(12): 923-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1225899&dopt=Abstract

•

Letter: Essential oil of garlic in prevention of atherosclerosis. Author(s): Bordia A, Bansal HC. Source: Lancet. 1973 December 29; 2(7844): 1491-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4129327&dopt=Abstract

•

Letter: Garlic pyelography. Author(s): Becker JA. Source: Lancet. 1973 November 24; 2(7839): 1203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4127569&dopt=Abstract

•

Letter: Onion, garlic, and atherosclerosis. Author(s): Sainani GS, Desai DB, More KN. Source: Lancet. 1976 September 11; 2(7985): 575-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=60651&dopt=Abstract

Studies

43

•

Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of two major proteins in garlic bulb. Author(s): Wen GY, Mato A, Wisniewski HM, Malik MN, Jenkins EC, Sheikh AM, Kim KS. Source: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 1995 August; 58(4): 481-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7593270&dopt=Abstract

•

Limitation of the deterioration of lipid parameters by a standardized garlic-ginkgo combination product. A multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind study. Author(s): Kenzelmann R, Kade F. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1993 September; 43(9): 978-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8240462&dopt=Abstract

•

Lycopene synergistically inhibits LDL oxidation in combination with vitamin E, glabridin, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, or garlic. Author(s): Fuhrman B, Volkova N, Rosenblat M, Aviram M. Source: Antioxidants & Redox Signalling. 2000 Fall; 2(3): 491-506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229363&dopt=Abstract

•

Mechanisms by which garlic and allyl sulfur compounds suppress carcinogen bioactivation. Garlic and carcinogenesis. Author(s): Milner JA. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2001; 492: 69-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11480676&dopt=Abstract

•

Metabolism of garlic constituents in the isolated perfused rat liver. Author(s): Egen-Schwind C, Eckard R, Kemper FH. Source: Planta Medica. 1992 August; 58(4): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1438588&dopt=Abstract

•

Modulation of lipid profile by fish oil and garlic combination. Author(s): Morcos NC. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1997 October; 89(10): 673-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9347681&dopt=Abstract

•

Multiple inhibitory effects of garlic extracts on cholesterol biosynthesis in hepatocytes. Author(s): Gebhardt R. Source: Lipids. 1993 July; 28(7): 613-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8394977&dopt=Abstract

44

Garlic

•

Multi-residue determination of 41 insecticides in garlic by gas chromatography and ion trap mass spectrometry using the selective ion storage technique. Author(s): Ma X, Li C, Tao C, Liu W, Zheng S. Source: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : Rcm. 2001; 15(1): 15-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11135419&dopt=Abstract

•

Natural antibodies to dietary proteins: the existence of natural antibodies to alliinase (Alliin lyase) and mannose-specific lectin from garlic (Allium sativum) in human serum. Author(s): Tchernychev B, Rabinkov A, Mirelman D, Wilchek M. Source: Immunology Letters. 1995 July-August; 47(1-2): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8537101&dopt=Abstract

•

Neuroprotective effect of garlic compounds in amyloid-beta peptide-induced apoptosis in vitro. Author(s): Peng Q, Buz'Zard AR, Lau BH. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2002 August; 8(8): Br328-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12165737&dopt=Abstract

•

Nitric oxide synthase activation is a unique mechanism of garlic action. Author(s): Das I, Khan NS, Sooranna SR. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1995 February; 23(1): 136S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7538943&dopt=Abstract

•

Nitric oxide--a mediator of the effects of garlic? Author(s): Maslin DJ, Brown CA, Das I, Zhang XH. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1997 August; 25(3): 408S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9388638&dopt=Abstract

•

No long-term benefits for garlic. Author(s): SoRelle R. Source: Circulation. 2000 October 17; 102(16): E9032-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11183535&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational allergy secondary inhalation of garlic dust. Author(s): Couturier P, Bousquet J. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1982 August; 70(2): 145. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7096823&dopt=Abstract

Studies

45

•

Occupational asthma induced by garlic dust. Author(s): Anibarro B, Fontela JL, De La Hoz F. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 December; 100(6 Pt 1): 734-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9438479&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational asthma induced by inhalation and ingestion of garlic. Author(s): Lybarger JA, Gallagher JS, Pulver DW, Litwin A, Brooks S, Bernstein IL. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1982 May; 69(5): 448-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7076985&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational asthma secondary to inhalation of garlic dust. Author(s): Falleroni AE, Zeiss CR, Levitz D. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1981 August; 68(2): 156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7252000&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational contact dermatitis from a garlic and herb mixture. Author(s): Hughes TM, Varma S, Stone NM. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 July; 47(1): 48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12225414&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational eczema from garlic and onion. Author(s): van Ketel WG, de Haan P. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1978 February; 4(1): 53-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=148998&dopt=Abstract

•

On the effect of garlic on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in mild hypercholesterolaemia. Author(s): Simons LA, Balasubramaniam S, von Konigsmark M, Parfitt A, Simons J, Peters W. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1995 March; 113(2): 219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7605361&dopt=Abstract

•

Patient preferences for novel therapy: an N-of-1 trial of garlic in the treatment for hypertension. Author(s): Estrada CA, Young MJ. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 1993 November; 8(11): 619-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8289103&dopt=Abstract

46

Garlic

•

Pharmacological effects of garlic extract. Author(s): Qi R, Wang Z. Source: Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 2003 February; 24(2): 62-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12559767&dopt=Abstract

•

Physical, chemical, and biological properties of s-allylcysteine, an amino acid derived from garlic. Author(s): Kodera Y, Suzuki A, Imada O, Kasuga S, Sumioka I, Kanezawa A, Taru N, Fujikawa M, Nagae S, Masamoto K, Maeshige K, Ono K. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 January 30; 50(3): 622-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11804540&dopt=Abstract

•

Platelet aggregation inhibitor in garlic. Author(s): Ariga T, Oshiba S, Tamada T. Source: Lancet. 1981 January 17; 1(8212): 150-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6109819&dopt=Abstract

•

Potent activation of nitric oxide synthase by garlic: a basis for its therapeutic applications. Author(s): Das I, Khan NS, Sooranna SR. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1995; 13(5): 257-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7555034&dopt=Abstract

•

Preparation of an appropriate antigen extract for patch tests with garlic. Author(s): Pasricha JS, Guru B. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1979 February; 115(2): 230. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=426539&dopt=Abstract

•

Preventing the common cold with a garlic supplement: a double-blind, placebocontrolled survey. Author(s): Josling P. Source: Adv Ther. 2001 July-August; 18(4): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11697022&dopt=Abstract

•

Protection against Helicobacter pylori and other bacterial infections by garlic. Author(s): Sivam GP. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1106S-8S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238826&dopt=Abstract

Studies

47

•

Protective effect of chronic garlic intake on elastic properties of aorta in the elderly. Author(s): Breithaupt-Grogler K, Ling M, Boudoulas H, Belz GG. Source: Circulation. 1997 October 21; 96(8): 2649-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9355906&dopt=Abstract

•

Protective effect of garlic oil on the changes produced by 3 weeks of fatty diet on serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, fibrinolytic activity and platelet adhesiveness in man. Author(s): Bordia A, Sharma KD, Parmar YK, Verma SK. Source: Indian Heart J. 1982 March-April; 34(2): 86-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7118147&dopt=Abstract

•

Rationale of garlic use in ischemic heart disease? Author(s): Arora RC, Arora S, Nigam P. Source: Mater Med Pol. 1985 January-March; 17(1): 48-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4033224&dopt=Abstract

•

Reducing effects of garlic constituents on DNA adduct formation in human lymphocytes in vitro. Author(s): Hageman GJ, van Herwijnen MH, Schilderman PA, Rhijnsburger EH, Moonen EJ, Kleinjans JC. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1997; 27(2): 177-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9121947&dopt=Abstract

•

Reduction in elevated blood lipids in hospitalised patients by a standardised garlic preparation. Author(s): Zimmermann W, Zimmermann B. Source: Br J Clin Pract Suppl. 1990 August; 69: 20-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2083169&dopt=Abstract

•

Role of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in human and plant diseases. Author(s): Singh UP, Prithiviraj B, Sarma BK, Singh M, Ray AB. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 April; 39(4): 310-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11491574&dopt=Abstract

•

Saponins in garlic as modifiers of the risk of cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Matsuura H. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1000S-5S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238805&dopt=Abstract

48

Garlic

•

Sensitivity of yeasts isolated from cases of vaginitis to aqueous extracts of garlic. Author(s): Sandhu DK, Warraich MK, Singh S. Source: Mykosen. 1980 December; 23(12): 691-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7219442&dopt=Abstract

•

Severe toxic contact dermatitis caused by garlic. Author(s): Eming SA, Piontek JO, Hunzelmann N, Rasokat H, Scharffetter-Kachanek K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 August; 141(2): 391-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10468845&dopt=Abstract

•

Some observations on the mechanism of fibrinolytic enhancing effect of garlic during alimentary lipaemia in man. Author(s): Sharma KK, Sharma SP, Arora RC. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1978 April; 24(2): 98-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=722609&dopt=Abstract

•

Spermicidal effect in vitro by the active principle of garlic. Author(s): Qian YX, Shen PJ, Xu RY, Liu GM, Yang HQ, Lu YS, Sun P, Zhang RW, Qi LM, Lu QH. Source: Contraception. 1986 September; 34(3): 295-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3791995&dopt=Abstract

•

Spinal epidural hematoma and garlic ingestion. Author(s): Fedder SL. Source: Neurosurgery. 1990 October; 27(4): 659. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2234379&dopt=Abstract

•

Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma with associated platelet dysfunction from excessive garlic ingestion: a case report. Author(s): Rose KD, Croissant PD, Parliament CF, Levin MB. Source: Neurosurgery. 1990 May; 26(5): 880-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2352608&dopt=Abstract

•

Sporotrichosis treated with garlic juice. A case report. Author(s): Tutakne MA, Satyanarayanan G, Bhardwaj JR, Sethi IC. Source: Indian J Dermatol. 1983 January; 28(1): 41-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6852881&dopt=Abstract

Studies

49

•

Studies of garlic's health benefits are inconclusive, says report. Author(s): Miller JL. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2000 November 15; 57(22): 2044. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11098304&dopt=Abstract

•

Suppression of LDL oxidation by garlic. Author(s): Lau BH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 985S-8S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238802&dopt=Abstract

•

Testing garlic for possible anti-ageing effects on long-term growth characteristics, morphology and macromolecular synthesis of human fibroblasts in culture. Author(s): Svendsen L, Rattan SI, Clark BF. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1994 July 8; 43(2): 125-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7526077&dopt=Abstract

•

The action of garlic upon plasma total antioxidant capacity. Author(s): Zhang XH, Maxwell SR, Thorpe GH, Thomason H, Rea CA, Connock MJ, Maslin DJ. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1997 August; 25(3): 523S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9388739&dopt=Abstract

•

The anti-atheroslerotic effect of Allium sativum: statistics re-evaluated. Author(s): Siegel G, Klussendorf D. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2000 June; 150(2): 437-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10917869&dopt=Abstract

•

The antimicrobial activity of garlic and onion extracts. Author(s): Elnima EI, Ahmed SA, Mekkawi AG, Mossa JS. Source: Pharmazie. 1983 November; 38(11): 747-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6669596&dopt=Abstract

•

The antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic effects of tea, garlic and other natural foods in China: a review. Author(s): Chen J. Source: Biomed Environ Sci. 1992 March; 5(1): 1-17. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1586461&dopt=Abstract

50

Garlic

•

The cytotoxic effect of ajoene, a natural product from garlic, investigated with different cell lines. Author(s): Scharfenberg K, Wagner R, Wagner KG. Source: Cancer Letters. 1990 September; 53(2-3): 103-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2208068&dopt=Abstract

•

The determination of metabolites of garlic preparations in breath and human plasma. Author(s): Rosen RT, Hiserodt RD, Fukuda EK, Ruiz RJ, Zhou Z, Lech J, Rosen SL, Hartman TG. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 2000; 13(1-4): 241-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11237188&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of a garlic preparation on plasma lipid levels in moderately hypercholesterolemic adults. Author(s): Gardner CD, Chatterjee LM, Carlson JJ. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2001 January; 154(1): 213-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11137102&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of a garlic preparation on the composition of plasma lipoproteins and erythrocyte membranes in geriatric subjects. Author(s): Brosche T, Platt D, Dorner H. Source: Br J Clin Pract Suppl. 1990 August; 69: 12-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2083168&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of fried versus raw garlic on fibrinolytic activity in man. Author(s): Chutani SK, Bordia A. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1981 February-March; 38(3-4): 417-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7225179&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of garlic extract on human metabolism of acetaminophen. Author(s): Gwilt PR, Lear CL, Tempero MA, Birt DD, Grandjean AC, Ruddon RW, Nagel DL. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1994 March; 3(2): 155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8049637&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of garlic extracts on contractions of rat gastric fundus and human platelet aggregation. Author(s): Gaffen JD, Tavares IA, Bennett A. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1984 April; 36(4): 272-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6144781&dopt=Abstract

Studies

51

•

The effect of garlic on cell growth and cell division in cultured trophoblast and endothelial cell lines. Author(s): Sooranna SR, Patel S, Das I. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1997 August; 25(3): 456S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9388680&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of garlic on hypercholesterolemia in renal transplant patients. Author(s): Lash JP, Cardoso LR, Mesler PM, Walczak DA, Pollak R. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1998 February; 30(1): 189-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9474997&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of garlic supplements on the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir. Author(s): Piscitelli SC, Burstein AH, Welden N, Gallicano KD, Falloon J. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 January 15; 34(2): 234-8. Epub 2001 December 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11740713&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of garlic tablet on plasma lipids and platelet aggregation in nulliparous pregnants at high risk of preeclampsia. Author(s): Ziaei S, Hantoshzadeh S, Rezasoltani P, Lamyian M. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2001 December 1; 99(2): 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11788172&dopt=Abstract

•

The effects of garlic oil upon serum indicators of liver function. Author(s): Kasinath RT, Joseph PK, Hebron K, Zhang XH, Connock MJ, Maslin DJ. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1997 August; 25(3): 533S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9388749&dopt=Abstract

•

The effects of garlic preparations against human tumor cell proliferation. Author(s): Siegers CP, Steffen B, Robke A, Pentz R. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 1999 March; 6(1): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10228605&dopt=Abstract

•

The effects of repeated exposure to garlic-flavored milk on the nursling's behavior. Author(s): Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK. Source: Pediatric Research. 1993 December; 34(6): 805-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8108198&dopt=Abstract

52

Garlic

•

The fungicidal and fungistatic effects of an aqueous garlic extract on medically important yeast-like fungi. Author(s): Moore GS, Atkins RD. Source: Mycologia. 1977 March-April; 69(2): 341-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=865503&dopt=Abstract

•

The importance of taking garlic. Author(s): Spray W. Source: Nurs Times. 1978 February 16; 74(7): 295. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=634817&dopt=Abstract

•

The in vitro susceptibility of Scedosporium prolificans to ajoene, allitridium and a raw extract of garlic (Allium sativum). Author(s): Davis SR, Perrie R, Apitz-Castro R. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 March; 51(3): 593-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12615859&dopt=Abstract

•

The long-term use of garlic in ischemic heart disease--an appraisal. Author(s): Arora RC, Arora S, Gupta RK. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1981 October; 40(2): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7306257&dopt=Abstract

•

The medical uses of garlic--fact and fiction. Author(s): Bolton S, Null G, Troetel WM. Source: Am Pharm. 1982 August; Ns22(8): 40-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6751063&dopt=Abstract

•

The nutraceutical benefit, part iv: garlic. Author(s): Sato T, Miyata G. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2000 September; 16(9): 787-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10978866&dopt=Abstract

•

The pharmacological effects of allicin, a constituent of garlic oil. Author(s): Mayeux PR, Agrawal KC, Tou JS, King BT, Lippton HL, Hyman AL, Kadowitz PJ, McNamara DB. Source: Agents Actions. 1988 August; 25(1-2): 182-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2847508&dopt=Abstract

Studies

53

•

The potential application of Allium sativum (garlic) for the treatment of bladder cancer. Author(s): Lamm DL, Riggs DR. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 2000 February; 27(1): 157-62, Xi. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10696254&dopt=Abstract

•

Therapeutic actions of garlic constituents. Author(s): Agarwal KC. Source: Medicinal Research Reviews. 1996 January; 16(1): 111-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8788216&dopt=Abstract

•

Therapeutic values of onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.). Author(s): Augusti KT. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1996 July; 34(7): 634-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8979497&dopt=Abstract

•

Therapy with garlic: results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Author(s): Vorberg G, Schneider B. Source: Br J Clin Pract Suppl. 1990 August; 69: 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2083173&dopt=Abstract

•

Three cases of occupational asthma and rhinitis caused by garlic. Author(s): Seuri M, Taivanen A, Ruoppi P, Tukiainen H. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1993 December; 23(12): 1011-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10779294&dopt=Abstract

•

Treatment of hepatopulmonary syndrome with Allium sativum L. (garlic): a pilot trial. Author(s): Abrams GA, Fallon MB. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1998 October; 27(3): 232-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9802451&dopt=Abstract

•

Treatment of hyperlipidaemia with garlic-powder tablets. Evidence from the German Association of General Practitioners' multicentric placebo-controlled double-blind study. Author(s): Mader FH. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1990 October; 40(10): 1111-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2291748&dopt=Abstract

54

Garlic

•

Unusual conjugates in biological profiles originating from consumption of onions and garlic. Author(s): Jandke J, Spiteller G. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1987 October 9; 421(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3429558&dopt=Abstract

•

Urinary excretion of N-acetyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine upon garlic consumption by human volunteers. Author(s): de Rooij BM, Boogaard PJ, Rijksen DA, Commandeur JN, Vermeulen NP. Source: Archives of Toxicology. 1996; 70(10): 635-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8870956&dopt=Abstract

•

Volatile sulfur compounds in human expiration after eating raw or heat-treated garlic. Author(s): Tamaki T, Sonoki S. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1999 April; 45(2): 213-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10450562&dopt=Abstract

•

Wine, garlic, and CHD in seven countries. Author(s): Keys A. Source: Lancet. 1980 January 19; 1(8160): 145-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6101471&dopt=Abstract

55

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GARLIC Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and garlic.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Garlic The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “garlic” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

56

Garlic

The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on garlic: •

Herbs or garlic in oil: dangerous combos. Source: Environmental-nutrition (USA). (August 1995). volume 18(8) page 3.

•

Pungent, powerful garlic may help fight infection, heart disease. Source: Golub, C. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (December 1995). volume 18(12) page 1, 6.

•

Should you be getting more garlic? EN weighs the evidence. Source: Albertson, E. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (September 1998). volume 21(9) page 1, 4.

Additional consumer oriented references include: •

A comparative study on the beneficial effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn), amla (Emblica Officinalis Gaertn)and onion (Allium cepa Linn) on the hyperlipidemia induced by butter fat and beef fat in rats. Author(s): Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medical Education, M.G. University, Kottayam, India. Source: Augusti, K T Arathy, S L Asha, R Ramakrishanan, J Zaira, J Lekha, V Smitha, S Vijayasree, V M Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 2001 Aug; 39(8): 760-6 0019-5189

•

A pilot study to determine the effectiveness of garlic oil capsules in the treatment of dyspeptic patients with Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Public Health Laboratory, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK. Source: McNulty, C A Wilson, M P Havinga, W Johnston, B O'Gara, E A Maslin, D J Helicobacter. 2001 September; 6(3): 249-53 1083-4389

•

After 4,000 years, medical science considers garlic. Source: Brody, J.E. The-New-York-times (USA). (4 September 1990). page B5, B9. 03624331

•

Alliin lyase (alliinase) from garlic (Allium sativum): crystallization and preliminary X-ray characterization. Author(s): Department of Chemical Services, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. [email protected] Source: Shimon, L J Rabinkov, A Miron, T Mirelman, D Wilchek, M Frolow, F ActaCrystallogr-D-Biol-Crystallogr. 2002 August; 58(Pt 8): 1335-7 0907-4449

•

Allium sativum (garlic) suppresses leukocyte inflammatory cytokine production in vitro: potential therapeutic use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Haematology Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia. [email protected] Source: Hodge, G Hodge, S Han, P Cytometry. 2002 August 1; 48(4): 209-15 0196-4763

•

Allixin accumulation with long-term storage of garlic. Author(s): Healthcare Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan. [email protected] Source: Kodera, Y Ayabe, M Ogasawara, K Yoshida, S Hayashi, N Ono, K Chem-PharmBull-(Tokyo). 2002 March; 50(3): 405-7 0009-2363

•

Allysulfide constituents of garlic volatile oil as antimicrobial agents. Source: Avato, P. Tursi, F. Vitali, C. Miccolis, V. Candido, V. Phytomedicine. Stuttgart; New York : G. Fischer, c1994-. June 2000. volume 7 (3) page 239-243. 0944-7113

Nutrition

57

•

An in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by garlic. Author(s): Office of Science, Therapeutic Products Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. [email protected] Source: Foster, B C Foster, M S Vandenhoek, S Krantis, A Budzinski, J W Arnason, J T Gallicano, K D Choudri, S J-Pharm-Pharm-Sci. 2001 May-August; 4(2): 176-84 1482-1826

•

Antifungal activity of an aqueous extract of leaves of garlic creeper (Adenocilymma alliaceum Miers.). Source: Rana, B.K. Taneja, V. Singh, U.P. Pharm-biol. Lisse, the Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger, c1998-. January 1999. volume 37 (1) page 13-16. 1388-0209

•

Antimicrobial properties of Allium sativum (garlic). Author(s): Microbiology Group, School of Biosciences, University of Wales, Cardiff, UK. [email protected] Source: Harris, J C Cottrell, S L Plummer, S Lloyd, D Appl-Microbiol-Biotechnol. 2001 October; 57(3): 282-6 0175-7598

•

Antioxidant activities of aged garlic extracts and cancer chemotherapy. Source: Ohnishi, S.T. Kojinra, R. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 105-115. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Antioxidants in garlic. II. Protection of heart mitochondria by garlic extract and diallyl polysulfide from the doxorubicin-induced lipid peroxidation. Source: Awazu, S. Horie, T. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 131-138. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Apoptosis induction by S-allylcysteine, a garlic constituent, during 7,12dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India. Source: Balasenthil, S Rao, K S Nagini, S Cell-Biochem-Funct. 2002 September; 20(3): 2638 0263-6484

•

Applying a highly specific and reproducible cDNA RDA method to clone garlic upregulated genes in human gastric cancer cells. Author(s): Beijing Institute for Cancer Research, Beijing Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, School of Oncology, Peking University, 1 Da-Hong-Luo-Chang Street, Western District, Beijing 100034, China. Source: Li, Y Lu, Y Y World-J-Gastroenterol. 2002 April; 8(2): 213-6 1007-9327

•

Attenuation of cell migration and induction of cell death by aged garlic extract in rat sarcoma cells. Author(s): Department of Biology, Providence College, Brown University Medical School and VA Medical Center, RI 02918, USA. Source: Hu, X Cao, B N Hu, G He, J Yang, D Q Wan, Y S Int-J-Mol-Med. 2002 June; 9(6): 641-3 1107-3756

•

Beneficial effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn) on rats fed with diets containing cholesterol and either of the oil seeds, coconuts or groundnuts. Author(s): Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medical Education, M.G. University, Gandhi Nagar, Kottayam, India. Source: Augusti, K T Narayanan, A Pillai, L S Ebrahim, R S Sivadasan, R Sindhu, K R Subha, I Abdeen, S Nair, S S Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 2001 July; 39(7): 660-7 0019-5189

58

Garlic

•

Cardiovascular benefits of garlic (Allium sativum L). Author(s): Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Source: Brace, L D J-Cardiovasc-Nurs. 2002 July; 16(4): 33-49 0889-4655

•

Chemical effects of processing and food preparation on carotenoids and soy and garlic phytochemicals. Source: Zhou, J.R. Erdman, J.W. Jr. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 23-37. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Chemical methods development for quantitation of phytochemicals in aqueous garlic extract. Source: Geary, R.S. Miller, M.A. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 87-94. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Construction of cDNA representational difference analysis based on two cDNA libraries and identification of garlic inducible expression genes in human gastric cancer cells. Author(s): Beijing Institute for Cancer Research, Beijing Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, School of Oncology, Peking University, 1 Da-Hong-Luo-Chang Street, Western District, Beijing 100034, China. Source: Li, Y Yang, L Cui, J T Li, W M Guo, R F Lu, Y Y World-J-Gastroenterol. 2002 April; 8(2): 208-12 1007-9327

•

Diallyl sulfide--a flavour component from garlic (Allium sativum) attenuates lipid peroxidation in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis. Source: Grudzinski, I.P. Frankiewicz Jozko, A. Bany, J. Phytomedicine. Stuttgart; New York : G. Fischer, c1994-. May 2001. volume 8 (3) page 174-177. 0944-7113

•

Dietary aged garlic extract inhibits suppression of contact hypersensitivity by ultraviolet B (UVB, 280-320 NM) radiation or cis urocanic acid. Source: Reeve, VolumeE. Bosnic, M. Rozinova, E. Boehm Wilcox, C. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 163-175. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Dietary tolerance/absorption/metabolism of phytochemicals in garlic. Source: Kodera, Y. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 95-103. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Effect of aged garlic extract on caspase-3 activity, in vitro. Author(s): Department of Research, Oakwood College, Huntsville, AL 35896, USA. Source: Jackson, R McNeil, B Taylor, C Holl, G Ruff, D Gwebu, E T Nutr-Neurosci. 2002 September; 5(4): 287-90 1028-415X

•

Effect of Allium cepa and Allium sativum feeding on glucose, glycogen, protein bands profile and phenol oxidase activity in Biomphalaria alexandrina. Author(s): Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. Source: Mantawy, M M Mahmoud, A H J-Egypt-Soc-Parasitol. 2002 April; 32(1): 271-83 0253-5890

•

Effect of garlic bulb extract on the growth and enzymatic activities of rhizosphere and rhizoplane fungi. Source: Muhsin, T.M. Al Zubaidy, S.R. Ali, E.T. Mycopathologia. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2001. volume 152 (3) page 143-146. 0301-486X

Nutrition

59

•

Effect of garlic intake on the antifatigue and fatigue recovery during prolonged exercise. Author(s): Pusan National University, Pusan (Korea Republic). Department of Physical Education Source: Baek, Y.H. Journal-of-The-Korean-Society-of-Food-and-Nutrition (Korea Republic). (December 1995). volume 24(6) page 970-977. 0253-3154

•

Effects of aged garlic extract on rat brain neurons. Source: Saito, H. Moriguchi, T. Zhang, Y. Katsuki, H. Nishiyama, N. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 153-161. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Effects of garlic extract (Allium sativum) on neutrophil migration at the cellular level. Author(s): Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Austria. Source: Hofbauer, R Frass, M Gmeiner, B Kaye, A D Frost, E A Heart-Dis. 2001 JanFebruary; 3(1): 14-7 1521-737X

•

Effects of garlic extract on oxidant/antioxidant status and atherosclerotic plaque formation in rabbit aorta. Author(s): Ankara University Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey. [email protected] Source: Durak, I Ozturk, H S Olcay, E Can, B Kavutcu, M Nutr-Metab-Cardiovasc-Dis. 2002 June; 12(3): 141-7 0939-4753

•

Effects of Wild versus Cultivated Garlic on Blood Pressure and Other Parameters in Hypertensive Rats. Author(s): Department of Medicine (Nephrology) and Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC. Source: Mohamadi, A Jarrell, S T Shi, S J Andrawis, N S Myers, A Clouatre, D Preuss, H G Heart-Dis. 2000 Jan-February; 2(1): 3-9 1521-737X

•

Evaluation of garlic oil and other chemicals for control of Downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica) in organic production of brassica. Source: Lawson, M. Kennedy, R. Stopes, C. Tests-agrochem-cultivolume [London : Association of Applied Biologists, c1980-. June 1998. (19) page 14-15. 0951-4309

•

Garlic and health. Author(s): Plant Research International, Wageningen University & Research Center, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands. [email protected] Source: Kik, C Kahane, R Gebhardt, R Nutr-Metab-Cardiovasc-Dis. 2001 August; 11(4 Suppl): 57-65 0939-4753

•

Garlic and its active metabolite allicin produce endothelium- and nitric oxidedependent relaxation in rat pulmonary arteries. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA. [email protected] Source: Ku, David D Abdel Razek, Tarek T Dai, June Kim Park, SangAe Fallon, Michael B Abrams, Gary A Clin-Exp-Pharmacol-Physiol. 2002 Jan-February; 29(1-2): 84-91 03051870

•

Garlic and prevention of prostate cancer. Source: Pinto, J.T. Rivlin, R.S. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 177-187. ISBN: 0917678400

60

Garlic

•

Garlic and serum cholesterol. Source: Schmeisser, D.D. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 193-197. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Garlic and the strabismus surgeon. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Source: Carden, S M Good, W V Carden, P A Good, R M Clin-Experiment-Ophthalmol. 2002 August; 30(4): 303-4 1442-6404

•

Garlic and your health: the current evidence. Source: Anonymous Harv-Mens-Health-Watch. 2002 September; 7(2): 4-6 1089-1102

•

Green tea extract and aged garlic extract inhibit anion transport and sickle cell dehydration in vitro. Author(s): Philadelphia Biomedical Research Institute, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA. [email protected] Source: Ohnishi, S T Ohnishi, T Ogunmola, G B Blood-Cells-Mol-Dis. 2001 Jan-February; 27(1): 148-57 1079-9796

•

Improvement of age-related deterioration of learning behaviors and immune responses by aged garlic extract. Source: Zhang, Y. Moriguchi, T. Saito, H. Nishiyama, N. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 117-129. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Induction of direct somatic embryogenesis in garlic (Allium sativum). Author(s): Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot - 360 005, India. Source: Sata, S J Bagatharia, S B Thaker, V S Methods-Cell-Sci. 2000; 22(4): 299-304 13815741

•

International phytotherapeutic uses of garlic food forms. Source: Krishnaraj, R. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 71-80. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Lipid soluble phytochemical constituents in garlic food forms. Source: Weinberg, D.S. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 81-86. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism by garlic extracts. Source: Dimitrov, N.Volume Bennink, M.R. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 199-202. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Modulatory effects of garlic extracts on proliferation of T-lymphocytes in vitro stimulated with concanavalin A. Author(s): Institute of Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. [email protected] Source: Colic, M Vucevic, D Kilibarda, V Radicevic, N Savic, M Phytomedicine. 2002 March; 9(2): 117-24 0944-7113

•

Molecular characterisation of a complex mixture of viruses in garlic with mosaic symptoms in China. Author(s): Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. [email protected] Source: Chen, J Chen, J Adams, M J Arch-Virol. 2001 October; 146(10): 1841-53 0304-8608

Nutrition

61

•

Myth and science converge on the virtues of garlic, and business takes an interest. Source: Burros, M. N-Y-Times. [New York, N.Y. : H.J. Raymond & Co.]. May 15, 1991. page B5. 0362-4331

•

Neuroprotective effect of garlic compounds in amyloid-beta peptide-induced apoptosis in vitro. Author(s): Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA. Source: Peng, Q Buz'Zard, A R Lau, B H Med-Sci-Monit. 2002 August; 8(8): BR328-37 1234-1010

•

Pharmacokinetic study of allixin, a phytoalexin produced by garlic. Author(s): Healthcare Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Takatagun, Hiroshima, Japan. [email protected] Source: Kodera, Y Ichikawa, M Yoshida, J Kashimoto, N Uda, N Sumioka, I Ide, N Ono, K Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 2002 March; 50(3): 354-63 0009-2363

•

Phytochemistry of garlic horticultural and processing procedures. Source: Matsuura, H. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 55-69. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Potent antifungal activity of garlic (Allium sativum) against experimental murine disseminated cryptococcosis. Source: Khan, Z.K. Katiyar, R. Pharm-biol. Lisse, the Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger, c1998-. April 2000. volume 38 (2) page 87-100. 1388-0209

•

Potential effect of Allium cepa and Allium sativum on haemolymph of Biomphalaria alexandrina, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. Author(s): Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. Source: Mantawy, M I J-Egypt-Soc-Parasitol. 2001 December; 31(3): 711-23 0253-5890

•

Potential interaction of aged garlic extract with the central serotonergic function: biochemical studies. Source: Fillion, G.M. Fillion, M.P. Bolanos Jimenez, F. Sarhan, H. Grimaldi, B. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 189-192. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Prevention of psychological stress-induced immune suppression by aged garlic extract. Author(s): Pharmacology & Safety Assessment Laboratory of Healthcare Research Institute Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Taketa-gun, Hiroshima, Japan. [email protected] Source: Kyo, E Uda, N Ushijima, M Kasuga, S Itakura, Y Phytomedicine. 1999 November; 6(5): 325-30 0944-7113

•

Pseudomonas salomonii sp. nov., pathogenic on garlic, and Pseudomonas palleroniana sp. nov., isolated from rice. Author(s): UMR 077 de Pathologie Vegetale INRA-INH-Universite, BP 57, 42 rue G. Morel, 49071 Beaucouze , France. [email protected] Source: Gardan, L Bella, P Meyer, J M Christen, R Rott, P Achouak, W Samson, R Int-JSyst-Evol-Microbiol. 2002 November; 52(Pt 6): 2065-74 1466-5026

•

Re-refinement using reprocessed data to improve the quality of the structure: a case study involving garlic lectin. Author(s): Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.

62

Garlic

Source: Ramachandraiah, Gosu Chandra, Nagasuma R Surolia, A Vijayan, M ActaCrystallogr-D-Biol-Crystallogr. 2002 March; 58(Pt 3): 414-20 0907-4449 •

Role of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in human and plant diseases. Author(s): Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. [email protected] Source: Singh, U P Prithiviraj, B Sarma, B K Singh, M Ray, A B Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 2001 April; 39(4): 310-22 0019-5189

•

Role of garlic in disease prevention--preclinical models. Source: Hatono, S. Wargovich, M.J. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 139-151. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Stable genetic transformation of garlic plants using particle bombardment. Author(s): Microbial Genetics Department, Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. Source: Sawahel, Wagdy A Cell-Mol-Biol-Lett. 2002; 7(1): 49-59 1425-8153

•

Study on the chemical constituents of garlic oil in Yunnan [China]. Author(s): Academia Sinica, Kunming (China). Kunming Inst. of Botany Source: Ding Zhihui Ding Jingkai Yang Chongren Acta-Botanica-Yunnanica (China). (May 1988). volume 10(2) page 223-226. 0253-2700

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “garlic” (or a synonym): •

Effect of varying levels of garlic powder (Allium sativum) on egg production, and blood constituents of white leghorn layers. Author(s): University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (Pakistan). Dept. of Poultry Husbandry Source: Rehman, M.S. Haq, A. Nadeem, M. Mukhtar, N. The-Journal-of-Animal-andPlant-Sciences (Pakistan). (2002). volume 12(1) page 23-25.

•

Versatile garlic. Source: Alvarez, R.C. Greenfields (Philippines). (April 2001). page 31-34. Received June 2001.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

A comparative study on the beneficial effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn), amla (Emblica Officinalis Gaertn)and onion (Allium cepa Linn) on the hyperlipidemia induced by butter fat and beef fat in rats. Author(s): Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medical Education, M.G. University, Kottayam, India. Source: Augusti, K T Arathy, S L Asha, R Ramakrishanan, J Zaira, J Lekha, V Smitha, S Vijayasree, V M Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 2001 Aug; 39(8): 760-6 0019-5189

•

A pilot study to determine the effectiveness of garlic oil capsules in the treatment of dyspeptic patients with Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Public Health Laboratory, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK. Source: McNulty, C A Wilson, M P Havinga, W Johnston, B O'Gara, E A Maslin, D J Helicobacter. 2001 September; 6(3): 249-53 1083-4389

Nutrition

63

•

After 4,000 years, medical science considers garlic. Source: Brody, J.E. The-New-York-times (USA). (4 September 1990). page B5, B9. 03624331

•

Alliin lyase (alliinase) from garlic (Allium sativum): crystallization and preliminary X-ray characterization. Author(s): Department of Chemical Services, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. [email protected] Source: Shimon, L J Rabinkov, A Miron, T Mirelman, D Wilchek, M Frolow, F ActaCrystallogr-D-Biol-Crystallogr. 2002 August; 58(Pt 8): 1335-7 0907-4449

•

Allium sativum (garlic) suppresses leukocyte inflammatory cytokine production in vitro: potential therapeutic use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Haematology Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia. [email protected] Source: Hodge, G Hodge, S Han, P Cytometry. 2002 August 1; 48(4): 209-15 0196-4763

•

Allixin accumulation with long-term storage of garlic. Author(s): Healthcare Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan. [email protected] Source: Kodera, Y Ayabe, M Ogasawara, K Yoshida, S Hayashi, N Ono, K Chem-PharmBull-(Tokyo). 2002 March; 50(3): 405-7 0009-2363

•

Allysulfide constituents of garlic volatile oil as antimicrobial agents. Source: Avato, P. Tursi, F. Vitali, C. Miccolis, V. Candido, V. Phytomedicine. Stuttgart; New York : G. Fischer, c1994-. June 2000. volume 7 (3) page 239-243. 0944-7113

•

An in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by garlic. Author(s): Office of Science, Therapeutic Products Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. [email protected] Source: Foster, B C Foster, M S Vandenhoek, S Krantis, A Budzinski, J W Arnason, J T Gallicano, K D Choudri, S J-Pharm-Pharm-Sci. 2001 May-August; 4(2): 176-84 1482-1826

•

Antifungal activity of an aqueous extract of leaves of garlic creeper (Adenocilymma alliaceum Miers.). Source: Rana, B.K. Taneja, V. Singh, U.P. Pharm-biol. Lisse, the Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger, c1998-. January 1999. volume 37 (1) page 13-16. 1388-0209

•

Antimicrobial properties of Allium sativum (garlic). Author(s): Microbiology Group, School of Biosciences, University of Wales, Cardiff, UK. [email protected] Source: Harris, J C Cottrell, S L Plummer, S Lloyd, D Appl-Microbiol-Biotechnol. 2001 October; 57(3): 282-6 0175-7598

•

Antioxidant activities of aged garlic extracts and cancer chemotherapy. Source: Ohnishi, S.T. Kojinra, R. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 105-115. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Antioxidants in garlic. II. Protection of heart mitochondria by garlic extract and diallyl polysulfide from the doxorubicin-induced lipid peroxidation. Source: Awazu, S. Horie, T. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 131-138. ISBN: 0917678400

64

Garlic

•

Apoptosis induction by S-allylcysteine, a garlic constituent, during 7,12dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India. Source: Balasenthil, S Rao, K S Nagini, S Cell-Biochem-Funct. 2002 September; 20(3): 2638 0263-6484

•

Applying a highly specific and reproducible cDNA RDA method to clone garlic upregulated genes in human gastric cancer cells. Author(s): Beijing Institute for Cancer Research, Beijing Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, School of Oncology, Peking University, 1 Da-Hong-Luo-Chang Street, Western District, Beijing 100034, China. Source: Li, Y Lu, Y Y World-J-Gastroenterol. 2002 April; 8(2): 213-6 1007-9327

•

Attenuation of cell migration and induction of cell death by aged garlic extract in rat sarcoma cells. Author(s): Department of Biology, Providence College, Brown University Medical School and VA Medical Center, RI 02918, USA. Source: Hu, X Cao, B N Hu, G He, J Yang, D Q Wan, Y S Int-J-Mol-Med. 2002 June; 9(6): 641-3 1107-3756

•

Beneficial effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn) on rats fed with diets containing cholesterol and either of the oil seeds, coconuts or groundnuts. Author(s): Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medical Education, M.G. University, Gandhi Nagar, Kottayam, India. Source: Augusti, K T Narayanan, A Pillai, L S Ebrahim, R S Sivadasan, R Sindhu, K R Subha, I Abdeen, S Nair, S S Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 2001 July; 39(7): 660-7 0019-5189

•

Cardiovascular benefits of garlic (Allium sativum L). Author(s): Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Source: Brace, L D J-Cardiovasc-Nurs. 2002 July; 16(4): 33-49 0889-4655

•

Chemical effects of processing and food preparation on carotenoids and soy and garlic phytochemicals. Source: Zhou, J.R. Erdman, J.W. Jr. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 23-37. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Chemical methods development for quantitation of phytochemicals in aqueous garlic extract. Source: Geary, R.S. Miller, M.A. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 87-94. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Construction of cDNA representational difference analysis based on two cDNA libraries and identification of garlic inducible expression genes in human gastric cancer cells. Author(s): Beijing Institute for Cancer Research, Beijing Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, School of Oncology, Peking University, 1 Da-Hong-Luo-Chang Street, Western District, Beijing 100034, China. Source: Li, Y Yang, L Cui, J T Li, W M Guo, R F Lu, Y Y World-J-Gastroenterol. 2002 April; 8(2): 208-12 1007-9327

Nutrition

65

•

Diallyl sulfide--a flavour component from garlic (Allium sativum) attenuates lipid peroxidation in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis. Source: Grudzinski, I.P. Frankiewicz Jozko, A. Bany, J. Phytomedicine. Stuttgart; New York : G. Fischer, c1994-. May 2001. volume 8 (3) page 174-177. 0944-7113

•

Dietary aged garlic extract inhibits suppression of contact hypersensitivity by ultraviolet B (UVB, 280-320 NM) radiation or cis urocanic acid. Source: Reeve, VolumeE. Bosnic, M. Rozinova, E. Boehm Wilcox, C. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 163-175. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Dietary tolerance/absorption/metabolism of phytochemicals in garlic. Source: Kodera, Y. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 95-103. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Effect of aged garlic extract on caspase-3 activity, in vitro. Author(s): Department of Research, Oakwood College, Huntsville, AL 35896, USA. Source: Jackson, R McNeil, B Taylor, C Holl, G Ruff, D Gwebu, E T Nutr-Neurosci. 2002 September; 5(4): 287-90 1028-415X

•

Effect of Allium cepa and Allium sativum feeding on glucose, glycogen, protein bands profile and phenol oxidase activity in Biomphalaria alexandrina. Author(s): Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. Source: Mantawy, M M Mahmoud, A H J-Egypt-Soc-Parasitol. 2002 April; 32(1): 271-83 0253-5890

•

Effect of garlic bulb extract on the growth and enzymatic activities of rhizosphere and rhizoplane fungi. Source: Muhsin, T.M. Al Zubaidy, S.R. Ali, E.T. Mycopathologia. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2001. volume 152 (3) page 143-146. 0301-486X

•

Effect of garlic intake on the antifatigue and fatigue recovery during prolonged exercise. Author(s): Pusan National University, Pusan (Korea Republic). Department of Physical Education Source: Baek, Y.H. Journal-of-The-Korean-Society-of-Food-and-Nutrition (Korea Republic). (December 1995). volume 24(6) page 970-977. 0253-3154

•

Effects of aged garlic extract on rat brain neurons. Source: Saito, H. Moriguchi, T. Zhang, Y. Katsuki, H. Nishiyama, N. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 153-161. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Effects of garlic extract (Allium sativum) on neutrophil migration at the cellular level. Author(s): Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Austria. Source: Hofbauer, R Frass, M Gmeiner, B Kaye, A D Frost, E A Heart-Dis. 2001 JanFebruary; 3(1): 14-7 1521-737X

•

Effects of Wild versus Cultivated Garlic on Blood Pressure and Other Parameters in Hypertensive Rats. Author(s): Department of Medicine (Nephrology) and Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC. Source: Mohamadi, A Jarrell, S T Shi, S J Andrawis, N S Myers, A Clouatre, D Preuss, H G Heart-Dis. 2000 Jan-February; 2(1): 3-9 1521-737X

66

Garlic

•

Evaluation of garlic oil and other chemicals for control of Downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica) in organic production of brassica. Source: Lawson, M. Kennedy, R. Stopes, C. Tests-agrochem-cultivolume [London : Association of Applied Biologists, c1980-. June 1998. (19) page 14-15. 0951-4309

•

Garlic and health. Author(s): Plant Research International, Wageningen University & Research Center, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands. [email protected] Source: Kik, C Kahane, R Gebhardt, R Nutr-Metab-Cardiovasc-Dis. 2001 August; 11(4 Suppl): 57-65 0939-4753

•

Garlic and its active metabolite allicin produce endothelium- and nitric oxidedependent relaxation in rat pulmonary arteries. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA. [email protected] Source: Ku, David D Abdel Razek, Tarek T Dai, June Kim Park, SangAe Fallon, Michael B Abrams, Gary A Clin-Exp-Pharmacol-Physiol. 2002 Jan-February; 29(1-2): 84-91 03051870

•

Garlic and prevention of prostate cancer. Source: Pinto, J.T. Rivlin, R.S. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 177-187. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Garlic and serum cholesterol. Source: Schmeisser, D.D. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 193-197. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Garlic and the strabismus surgeon. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Source: Carden, S M Good, W V Carden, P A Good, R M Clin-Experiment-Ophthalmol. 2002 August; 30(4): 303-4 1442-6404

•

Garlic and your health: the current evidence. Source: Anonymous Harv-Mens-Health-Watch. 2002 September; 7(2): 4-6 1089-1102

•

Green tea extract and aged garlic extract inhibit anion transport and sickle cell dehydration in vitro. Author(s): Philadelphia Biomedical Research Institute, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA. [email protected] Source: Ohnishi, S T Ohnishi, T Ogunmola, G B Blood-Cells-Mol-Dis. 2001 Jan-February; 27(1): 148-57 1079-9796

•

Improvement of age-related deterioration of learning behaviors and immune responses by aged garlic extract. Source: Zhang, Y. Moriguchi, T. Saito, H. Nishiyama, N. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 117-129. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Induction of direct somatic embryogenesis in garlic (Allium sativum). Author(s): Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot - 360 005, India. Source: Sata, S J Bagatharia, S B Thaker, V S Methods-Cell-Sci. 2000; 22(4): 299-304 13815741

•

International phytotherapeutic uses of garlic food forms. Source: Krishnaraj, R. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 71-80. ISBN: 0917678400

Nutrition

67

•

Lipid soluble phytochemical constituents in garlic food forms. Source: Weinberg, D.S. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 81-86. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism by garlic extracts. Source: Dimitrov, N.Volume Bennink, M.R. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 199-202. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Modulatory effects of garlic extracts on proliferation of T-lymphocytes in vitro stimulated with concanavalin A. Author(s): Institute of Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. [email protected] Source: Colic, M Vucevic, D Kilibarda, V Radicevic, N Savic, M Phytomedicine. 2002 March; 9(2): 117-24 0944-7113

•

Molecular characterisation of a complex mixture of viruses in garlic with mosaic symptoms in China. Author(s): Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. [email protected] Source: Chen, J Chen, J Adams, M J Arch-Virol. 2001 October; 146(10): 1841-53 0304-8608

•

Myth and science converge on the virtues of garlic, and business takes an interest. Source: Burros, M. N-Y-Times. [New York, N.Y. : H.J. Raymond & Co.]. May 15, 1991. page B5. 0362-4331

•

Neuroprotective effect of garlic compounds in amyloid-beta peptide-induced apoptosis in vitro. Author(s): Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA. Source: Peng, Q Buz'Zard, A R Lau, B H Med-Sci-Monit. 2002 August; 8(8): BR328-37 1234-1010

•

Pharmacokinetic study of allixin, a phytoalexin produced by garlic. Author(s): Healthcare Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Takatagun, Hiroshima, Japan. [email protected] Source: Kodera, Y Ichikawa, M Yoshida, J Kashimoto, N Uda, N Sumioka, I Ide, N Ono, K Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 2002 March; 50(3): 354-63 0009-2363

•

Phytochemistry of garlic horticultural and processing procedures. Source: Matsuura, H. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 55-69. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Potent antifungal activity of garlic (Allium sativum) against experimental murine disseminated cryptococcosis. Source: Khan, Z.K. Katiyar, R. Pharm-biol. Lisse, the Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger, c1998-. April 2000. volume 38 (2) page 87-100. 1388-0209

•

Potential effect of Allium cepa and Allium sativum on haemolymph of Biomphalaria alexandrina, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. Author(s): Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. Source: Mantawy, M I J-Egypt-Soc-Parasitol. 2001 December; 31(3): 711-23 0253-5890

68

Garlic

•

Potential interaction of aged garlic extract with the central serotonergic function: biochemical studies. Source: Fillion, G.M. Fillion, M.P. Bolanos Jimenez, F. Sarhan, H. Grimaldi, B. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 189-192. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Prevention of psychological stress-induced immune suppression by aged garlic extract. Author(s): Pharmacology & Safety Assessment Laboratory of Healthcare Research Institute Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Taketa-gun, Hiroshima, Japan. [email protected] Source: Kyo, E Uda, N Ushijima, M Kasuga, S Itakura, Y Phytomedicine. 1999 November; 6(5): 325-30 0944-7113

•

Pseudomonas salomonii sp. nov., pathogenic on garlic, and Pseudomonas palleroniana sp. nov., isolated from rice. Author(s): UMR 077 de Pathologie Vegetale INRA-INH-Universite, BP 57, 42 rue G. Morel, 49071 Beaucouze , France. [email protected] Source: Gardan, L Bella, P Meyer, J M Christen, R Rott, P Achouak, W Samson, R Int-JSyst-Evol-Microbiol. 2002 November; 52(Pt 6): 2065-74 1466-5026

•

Re-refinement using reprocessed data to improve the quality of the structure: a case study involving garlic lectin. Author(s): Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India. Source: Ramachandraiah, Gosu Chandra, Nagasuma R Surolia, A Vijayan, M ActaCrystallogr-D-Biol-Crystallogr. 2002 March; 58(Pt 3): 414-20 0907-4449

•

Role of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in human and plant diseases. Author(s): Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. [email protected] Source: Singh, U P Prithiviraj, B Sarma, B K Singh, M Ray, A B Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 2001 April; 39(4): 310-22 0019-5189

•

Role of garlic in disease prevention--preclinical models. Source: Hatono, S. Wargovich, M.J. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 139-151. ISBN: 0917678400

•

Stable genetic transformation of garlic plants using particle bombardment. Author(s): Microbial Genetics Department, Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. Source: Sawahel, Wagdy A Cell-Mol-Biol-Lett. 2002; 7(1): 49-59 1425-8153

•

Study on the chemical constituents of garlic oil in Yunnan [China]. Author(s): Academia Sinica, Kunming (China). Kunming Inst. of Botany Source: Ding Zhihui Ding Jingkai Yang Chongren Acta-Botanica-Yunnanica (China). (May 1988). volume 10(2) page 223-226. 0253-2700

Nutrition

69

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

70

Garlic

The following is a specific Web list relating to garlic; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin E Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

•

Minerals Glucosamine/chondroitin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Selenium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Selenium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Selenium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Selenium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10055,00.html Sulfur Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulfur Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vanadium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vinpocetine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

•

Food and Diet Aged Provolone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Arugula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,123,00.html

Nutrition

Asparagus Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,7,00.html Athlete’s Foot Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Baguettes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Barley Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beet Greens Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,309,00.html Beets Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Broccoli Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Broccoli Rabe Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,185,00.html Buffalo Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carrots Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,14,00.html Chanterelle Mushroom Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chicken Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,86,00.html Chickpeas Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chicory Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

71

72

Garlic

Clams Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,159,00.html Collard Greens Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,152,00.html Collards Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cream Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eggplant Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eggplants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,19,00.html Endive Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fast Recipes Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Feta Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Focaccia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Game Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,88,00.html Garlic Alternative names: Allium sativum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Garlic Alternative names: Allium sativum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Garlic Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

Nutrition

Garlic Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Garlic Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,21,00.html Gouda Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Jerusalem Artichokes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,39,00.html Kale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kale Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,127,00.html Kohlrabi Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,319,00.html Leeks Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lentils Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,99,00.html Lettuce & Other Salad Greens Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,196,00.html Lima Beans Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,151,00.html Low-fat Recipes Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

73

74

Garlic

Low-salt Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mackerel Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,310,00.html Mustard Greens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Napa Cabbage Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,187,00.html Nutrition Booster Recipes Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Okra Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,26,00.html Olives Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,318,00.html Onions Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Onions Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,27,00.html Pecorino Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Popcorn Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potatoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,270,00.html Quinoa Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,74,00.html

Nutrition

Rabbit Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Radicchio Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rice Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sardines Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,317,00.html Saturated Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sausage Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sesame Seed Butter Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Shiitake Mushrooms Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,308,00.html Somen Noodles Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sourdough Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Spelt Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Spinach Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com String Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Swiss Chard Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,140,00.html Texmati Rice Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

75

76

Garlic

Tofu Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tofu Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,136,00.html Tomatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tomatoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,41,00.html Turkey Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,92,00.html Wheat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wild Rice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,178,00.html Winter Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zucchini Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zucchini Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,183,00.html

77

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GARLIC Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to garlic. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) is a bibliographic database produced by health-related agencies of the U.S. federal government (mostly from the National Institutes of Health) that can offer concise information for a targeted search. The CHID database is updated four times a year at the end of January, April, July, and October. Check the titles, summaries, and availability of CAM-related information by using the “Simple Search” option at the following Web site: http://chid.nih.gov/simple/simple.html. In the drop box at the top, select “Complementary and Alternative Medicine.” Then type “garlic” (or synonyms) in the second search box. We recommend that you select 100 “documents per page” and to check the “whole records” options. The following was extracted using this technique: •

Garlic Supplements Can Impede HIV Medication Source: Gaithersburg, MD: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2002. 2 p. Contact: Available from National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clearinghouse. P.O. Box 7923, Gaithersburg, MD 20898. (888) 644-6226; INTERNATIONAL PHONE: (301) 519-3153; TTY: (866) 464-3615; FAX: (866) 464-3616; EMAIL: [email protected]. PRICE: Free. Publication Number: D150. Summary: This National Institutes of Health news release announces the results of a study that discovered a harmful side effect from combining garlic supplements with saquinavir, a type of medication used to treat HIV/AIDS. The news release describes the study, explains the study findings, and includes quotes from the study's co-authors. It also provides a Web address where readers can access the full version of the study results. 1 reference.

78

Garlic

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to garlic and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “garlic” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to garlic: •

A clinical investigation on garlicin injectio for treatment of unstable angina pectoris and its actions on plasma endothelin and blood sugar levels. Author(s): Li G, Shi Z, Jia H, Ju J, Wang X, Xia Z, Qin L, Ge C, Xu Y, Cheng L, Chen P, Yuan G. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2000 December; 20(4): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11263272&dopt=Abstract

•

A commentary on the effects of garlic extraction and formulation on product composition. Author(s): Staba EJ, Lash L, Staba JE. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1118S-9S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238829&dopt=Abstract

•

A comparative study on the beneficial effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn), amla (Emblica Officinalis Gaertn)and onion (Allium cepa Linn) on the hyperlipidemia induced by butter fat and beef fat in rats. Author(s): Augusti KT, Arathy SL, Asha R, Ramakrishanan J, Zaira J, Lekha V, Smitha S, Vijayasree VM. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 August; 39(8): 760-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12018576&dopt=Abstract

•

A historical perspective on garlic and cancer. Author(s): Milner JA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1027S-31S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238810&dopt=Abstract

•

A pilot study to determine the effectiveness of garlic oil capsules in the treatment of dyspeptic patients with Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): McNulty CA, Wilson MP, Havinga W, Johnston B, O'Gara EA, Maslin DJ. Source: Helicobacter. 2001 September; 6(3): 249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11683929&dopt=Abstract

•

A systematic review of the effectiveness of garlic as an anti-hyperlipidemic agent. Author(s): Alder R, Lookinland S, Berry JA, Williams M.

Alternative Medicine 79

Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2003 March; 15(3): 1209. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12696542&dopt=Abstract •

Acute and chronic toxicity study of fish oil and garlic combination. Author(s): Morcos NC, Camilo K. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2001 September; 71(5): 306-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11725696&dopt=Abstract

•

Acute lymphangitis treated by moxibustion with garlic in 118 cases. Author(s): Zhou W. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2003 September; 23(3): 198. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14535186&dopt=Abstract

•

Aged garlic extract attenuates gentamicin induced renal damage and oxidative stress in rats. Author(s): Maldonado PD, Barrera D, Medina-Campos ON, Hernandez-Pando R, Ibarra-Rubio ME, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 October 3; 73(20): 2543-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12967679&dopt=Abstract

•

Aged garlic extract enhances production of nitric oxide. Author(s): Morihara N, Sumioka I, Moriguchi T, Uda N, Kyo E. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 June 21; 71(5): 509-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052435&dopt=Abstract

•

Aged garlic extract therapy for sickle cell anemia patients. Author(s): Takasu J, Uykimpang R, Sunga M, Amagase H, Niihara Y. Source: Bmc Blood Disorders [electronic Resource]. 2002 June 19; 2(1): 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12086586&dopt=Abstract

•

Aged garlic extract, a modulator of cardiovascular risk factors: a dose-finding study on the effects of AGE on platelet functions. Author(s): Steiner M, Li W. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 980S-4S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238801&dopt=Abstract

•

Ajoene, a garlic compound, inhibits protein prenylation and arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. Author(s): Ferri N, Yokoyama K, Sadilek M, Paoletti R, Apitz-Castro R, Gelb MH, Corsini A.

80

Garlic

Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 March; 138(5): 811-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12642382&dopt=Abstract •

Ajoene, a garlic-derived natural compound, enhances chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in human myeloid leukaemia CD34-positive resistant cells. Author(s): Ahmed N, Laverick L, Sammons J, Zhang H, Maslin DJ, Hassan HT. Source: Anticancer Res. 2001 September-October; 21(5): 3519-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11848518&dopt=Abstract

•

Allergy to garlic. Author(s): Pires G, Pargana E, Loureiro V, Almeida MM, Pinto JR. Source: Allergy. 2002 October; 57(10): 957-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12269947&dopt=Abstract

•

Alleviation by garlic of antitumor drug-induced damage to the intestine. Author(s): Horie T, Awazu S, Itakura Y, Fuwa T. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1071S-4S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238819&dopt=Abstract

•

Allicin release under simulated gastrointestinal conditions from garlic powder tablets employed in clinical trials on serum cholesterol. Author(s): Lawson LD, Wang ZJ, Papadimitriou D. Source: Planta Medica. 2001 February; 67(1): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11270714&dopt=Abstract

•

Alliin lyase (alliinase) from garlic (Allium sativum): crystallization and preliminary X-ray characterization. Author(s): Shimon LJ, Rabinkov A, Miron T, Mirelman D, Wilchek M, Frolow F. Source: Acta Crystallographica. Section D, Biological Crystallography. 2002 August; 58(Pt 8): 1335-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136147&dopt=Abstract

•

Allium sativum (garlic) suppresses leukocyte inflammatory cytokine production in vitro: potential therapeutic use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Hodge G, Hodge S, Han P. Source: Cytometry : the Journal of the Society for Analytical Cytology. 2002 August 1; 48(4): 209-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12210145&dopt=Abstract

•

Allixin accumulation with long-term storage of garlic. Author(s): Kodera Y, Ayabe M, Ogasawara K, Yoshida S, Hayashi N, Ono K.

Alternative Medicine 81

Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 March; 50(3): 405-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11911208&dopt=Abstract •

Allixin, a phytoalexin from garlic, inhibits the growth of Helicobacter pylori in vitro. Author(s): Mahady GB, Matsuura H, Pendland SL. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 December; 96(12): 3454-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11774979&dopt=Abstract

•

Altered cytokeratin expression during chemoprevention of experimental hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis by garlic. Author(s): Balasenthil S, Rao KS, Nagini S. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2002 March; 31(3): 142-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903819&dopt=Abstract

•

Ameliorative effect of S-allylcysteine, a major thioallyl constituent in aged garlic extract, on learning deficits in senescence-accelerated mice. Author(s): Nishiyama N, Moriguchi T, Morihara N, Saito H. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1093S-5S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238823&dopt=Abstract

•

An in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by garlic. Author(s): Foster BC, Foster MS, Vandenhoek S, Krantis A, Budzinski JW, Arnason JT, Gallicano KD, Choudri S. Source: Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences [electronic Resource] : a Publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe Canadienne Des Sciences Pharmaceutiques. 2001 May-August; 4(2): 176-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11466175&dopt=Abstract

•

Analysis of fumonisin B(1) in Fusarium proliferatum-infected asparagus spears and garlic bulbs from Germany by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Author(s): Seefelder W, Gossmann M, Humpf HU. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 May 8; 50(10): 2778-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11982398&dopt=Abstract

•

Anti-atherogenic effects of an egg yolk-enriched garlic supplement. Author(s): Yamaji K, Sarker KP, Abeyama K, Maruyama I. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2004 January; 55(1): 61-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14630593&dopt=Abstract

82

Garlic

•

Anticarcinogenic effect and modification of cytochrome P450 2E1 by dietary garlic powder in diethylnitrosamine-initiated rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Author(s): Park KA, Kweon S, Choi H. Source: J Biochem Mol Biol. 2002 November 30; 35(6): 615-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12470597&dopt=Abstract

•

Antimicrobial activity of garlic, tea tree oil, and chlorhexidine against oral microorganisms. Author(s): Groppo FC, Ramacciato JC, Simoes RP, Florio FM, Sartoratto A. Source: Int Dent J. 2002 December; 52(6): 433-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553397&dopt=Abstract

•

Antimicrobial effects of garlic, clove and red hot chilli on Listeria monocytogenes in broth model systems and soft cheese. Author(s): Leuschner RG, Ielsch V. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2003 March; 54(2): 127-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12701369&dopt=Abstract

•

Antimicrobial properties of Allium sativum (garlic). Author(s): Harris JC, Cottrell SL, Plummer S, Lloyd D. Source: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2001 October; 57(3): 282-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11759674&dopt=Abstract

•

Antimutagenic and antioxidant activities of crown compounds in comparison with the effects of garlic extract. Author(s): Zasukhina GD, Vasil'eva IM, Mikhal'chik ES, Durnev AD, Gromov SP, Fedorova OA, Alfimov MV. Source: Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2003 March; 135(3): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12802397&dopt=Abstract

•

Antimutagenic effects of garlic extract on chromosomal aberrations. Author(s): Shukla Y, Taneja P. Source: Cancer Letters. 2002 February 8; 176(1): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11790451&dopt=Abstract

•

Antioxidant effects of tetrahydro-beta-carboline derivatives identified in aged garlic extract. Author(s): Ichikawa M, Ryu K, Yoshida J, Ide N, Yoshida S, Sasaoka T, Sumi S. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 2002; 16(3-4): 57-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14530594&dopt=Abstract

•

Antioxidant health effects of aged garlic extract. Author(s): Borek C.

Alternative Medicine 83

Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1010S-5S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238807&dopt=Abstract •

Antioxidant properties of aged garlic extract: an in vitro study incorporating human low density lipoprotein. Author(s): Dillon SA, Burmi RS, Lowe GM, Billington D, Rahman K. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 February 21; 72(14): 1583-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12551747&dopt=Abstract

•

Antiproliferative effects of allium derivatives from garlic. Author(s): Pinto JT, Rivlin RS. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1058S-60S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238816&dopt=Abstract

•

Antiproliferative effects of garlic-derived and other allium related compounds. Author(s): Pinto JT, Lapsia S, Shah A, Santiago H, Kim G. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2001; 492: 83-106. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11480677&dopt=Abstract

•

Antitumor activity of Z-ajoene, a natural compound purified from garlic: antimitotic and microtubule-interaction properties. Author(s): Li M, Ciu JR, Ye Y, Min JM, Zhang LH, Wang K, Gares M, Cros J, Wright M, Leung-Tack J. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2002 April; 23(4): 573-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11960908&dopt=Abstract

•

Apoptosis induction by S-allylcysteine, a garlic constituent, during 7,12dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Author(s): Balasenthil S, Rao KS, Nagini S. Source: Cell Biochemistry and Function. 2002 September; 20(3): 263-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12125104&dopt=Abstract

•

Applying a highly specific and reproducible cDNA RDA method to clone garlic upregulated genes in human gastric cancer cells. Author(s): Li Y, Lu YY. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2002 April; 8(2): 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925594&dopt=Abstract

•

Attenuation of cell migration and induction of cell death by aged garlic extract in rat sarcoma cells. Author(s): Hu X, Cao BN, Hu G, He J, Yang DQ, Wan YS.

84

Garlic

Source: International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2002 June; 9(6): 641-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12011982&dopt=Abstract •

Bacteriocidal activity of garlic powder against Bacillus anthracis. Author(s): Sasaki J, Kita J. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2003 August; 49(4): 297-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14598920&dopt=Abstract

•

Beneficial effect of aqueous garlic extract on the vascular reactivity of streptozotocindiabetic rats. Author(s): Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M, Homayounfar H, Hosseini M. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 March; 85(1): 139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576212&dopt=Abstract

•

Beneficial effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn) on rats fed with diets containing cholesterol and either of the oil seeds, coconuts or groundnuts. Author(s): Augusti KT, Narayanan A, Pillai LS, Ebrahim RS, Sivadasan R, Sindhu KR, Subha I, Abdeen S, Nair SS. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 July; 39(7): 660-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12019759&dopt=Abstract

•

Biomonitoring the intake of garlic via urinary excretion of allyl mercapturic acid. Author(s): Verhagen H, Hageman GJ, Rauma AL, Versluis-de Haan G, van Herwijnen MH, de Groot J, Torronen R, Mykkanen H. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2001 August; 86 Suppl 1: S111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11520428&dopt=Abstract

•

Botanical briefs: garlic--Allium sativum. Author(s): McGovern TW, LaWarre S. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 March; 67(3): 193-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11270290&dopt=Abstract

•

Cardiovascular benefits of garlic (Allium sativum L). Author(s): Brace LD. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 2002 July; 16(4): 33-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597261&dopt=Abstract

•

Causal organism of flacherie in the silkworm Antheraea assama Ww: isolation, characterization and its inhibition by garlic extract. Author(s): Choudhury A, Guha A, Yadav A, Unni BG, Roy MK.

Alternative Medicine 85

Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 March; 16 Suppl 1: S89-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11933151&dopt=Abstract •

Cell cycle arrest and differential gene expression in HT-29 cells exposed to an aqueous garlic extract. Author(s): Frantz DJ, Hughes BG, Nelson DR, Murray BK, Christensen MJ. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2000; 38(2): 255-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11525604&dopt=Abstract

•

Characterization of the biological activity of gamma-glutamyl-Semethylselenocysteine: a novel, naturally occurring anticancer agent from garlic. Author(s): Dong Y, Lisk D, Block E, Ip C. Source: Cancer Research. 2001 April 1; 61(7): 2923-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11306469&dopt=Abstract

•

Chemopreventive effect of garlic powder diet in diethylnitrosamine-induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Author(s): Kweon S, Park KA, Choi H. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 September 26; 73(19): 2515-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12954459&dopt=Abstract

•

Cholesterol-lowering effect of garlic extracts and organosulfur compounds: human and animal studies. Author(s): Yeh YY, Liu L. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 989S-93S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238803&dopt=Abstract

•

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity and atherogenic parameters in rabbits supplemented with cholesterol and garlic powder. Author(s): Kwon MJ, Song YS, Choi MS, Park SJ, Jeong KS, Song YO. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 May 16; 72(26): 2953-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12706483&dopt=Abstract

•

Chronic garlic administration protects rat heart against oxidative stress induced by ischemic reperfusion injury. Author(s): Banerjee SK, Dinda AK, Manchanda SC, Maulik SK. Source: Bmc Pharmacology [electronic Resource]. 2002 August 16; 2(1): 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12182765&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparative study of extraction techniques for determination of garlic flavor components by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Author(s): Lee SN, Kim NS, Lee DS.

86

Garlic

Source: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2003 October; 377(4): 749-56. Epub 2003 August 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12923610&dopt=Abstract •

Complete genome sequence of garlic latent virus, a member of the carlavirus family. Author(s): Song SI, Choi JN, Song JT, Ahn JH, Lee JS, Kim M, Cheong JJ, Choi YD. Source: Molecules and Cells. 2002 October 31; 14(2): 205-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12442892&dopt=Abstract

•

Computational analysis of multivalency in lectins: structures of garlic lectinoligosaccharide complexes and their aggregates. Author(s): Ramachandraiah G, Chandra NR, Surolia A, Vijayan M. Source: Glycobiology. 2003 November; 13(11): 765-75. Epub 2003 July 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12851290&dopt=Abstract

•

Construction of a garlic BAC library and chromosomal assignment of BAC clones using the FISH technique. Author(s): Lee HR, Eom EM, Lim YP, Bang JW, Lee DH. Source: Genome / National Research Council Canada = Genome / Conseil National De Recherches Canada. 2003 June; 46(3): 514-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12834070&dopt=Abstract

•

Construction of cDNA representational difference analysis based on two cDNA libraries and identification of garlic inducible expression genes in human gastric cancer cells. Author(s): Li Y, Yang L, Cui JT, Li WM, Guo RF, Lu YY. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2002 April; 8(2): 208-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925593&dopt=Abstract

•

Critical role of allyl groups and disulfide chain in induction of Pi class glutathione transferase in mouse tissues in vivo by diallyl disulfide, a naturally occurring chemopreventive agent in garlic. Author(s): Bose C, Guo J, Zimniak L, Srivastava SK, Singh SP, Zimniak P, Singh SV. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2002 October; 23(10): 1661-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12376475&dopt=Abstract

•

Death of Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes in garlic butter as affected by storage temperature. Author(s): Adler BB, Beuchat LR. Source: J Food Prot. 2002 December; 65(12): 1976-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495019&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 87

•

Determination of allicin, S-allylcysteine and volatile metabolites of garlic in breath, plasma or simulated gastric fluids. Author(s): Rosen RT, Hiserodt RD, Fukuda EK, Ruiz RJ, Zhou Z, Lech J, Rosen SL, Hartman TG. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 968S-71S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238798&dopt=Abstract

•

Determination of sulfite in dried garlic by reversed-phase ion-pairing liquid chromatography with post-column detection. Author(s): Perfetti GA, Diachenko GW. Source: J Aoac Int. 2003 May-June; 86(3): 544-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12852574&dopt=Abstract

•

Developmental Regulation of Lectin and Alliinase Synthesis in Garlic Bulbs and Leaves. Author(s): Smeets K, Van Damme E, Peumans WJ. Source: Plant Physiology. 1997 March; 113(3): 765-771. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12223641&dopt=Abstract

•

Diallyl sulfide--a flavour component from garlic (Allium sativum) attenuates lipid peroxidation in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis. Author(s): Grudzinski IP, Frankiewicz-Jozko A, Bany J. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2001 May; 8(3): 174-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11417909&dopt=Abstract

•

Dietary fat and garlic oil independently regulate hepatic cytochrome p(450) 2B1 and the placental form of glutathione S-transferase expression in rats. Author(s): Chen HW, Yang JJ, Tsai CW, Wu JJ, Sheen LY, Ou CC, Lii CK. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 May; 131(5): 1438-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340096&dopt=Abstract

•

Dietary supplementation with aged garlic extract reduces plasma and urine concentrations of 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2 alpha) in smoking and nonsmoking men and women. Author(s): Dillon SA, Lowe GM, Billington D, Rahman K. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 February; 132(2): 168-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11823573&dopt=Abstract

•

Differential effects of garlic oil and its three major organosulfur components on the hepatic detoxification system in rats. Author(s): Wu CC, Sheen LY, Chen HW, Kuo WW, Tsai SJ, Lii CK.

88

Garlic

Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 January 16; 50(2): 378-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11782211&dopt=Abstract •

Differential regulation of NO availability from macrophages and endothelial cells by the garlic component S-allyl cysteine. Author(s): Kim KM, Chun SB, Koo MS, Choi WJ, Kim TW, Kwon YG, Chung HT, Billiar TR, Kim YM. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2001 April 1; 30(7): 747-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11275474&dopt=Abstract

•

Does regular garlic intake affect the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in asymptomatic subjects? Author(s): Salih BA, Abasiyanik FM. Source: Saudi Med J. 2003 August; 24(8): 842-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12939668&dopt=Abstract

•

Dose-dependent induction of endogenous antioxidants in rat heart by chronic administration of garlic. Author(s): Banerjee SK, Maulik M, Mancahanda SC, Dinda AK, Gupta SK, Maulik SK. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 February 15; 70(13): 1509-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895102&dopt=Abstract

•

Duration of the hypocholesterolemic effect of garlic supplements. Author(s): Lawson LD. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2001 November 12; 161(20): 2505-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11700167&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of aged garlic extract on caspase-3 activity, in vitro. Author(s): Jackson R, McNeil B, Taylor C, Holl G, Ruff D, Gwebu ET. Source: Nutritional Neuroscience. 2002 September; 5(4): 287-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12168692&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide, the active principles of garlic, on the aflatoxin B(1)-induced DNA damage in primary rat hepatocytes. Author(s): Sheen LY, Wu CC, Lii CK, Tsai SJ. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2001 May 31; 122(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11397556&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) extract on tissue lead level in rats. Author(s): Senapati SK, Dey S, Dwivedi SK, Swarup D.

Alternative Medicine 89

Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2001 August; 76(3): 229-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11448543&dopt=Abstract •

Effect of garlic and garlic-green tea mixture on serum lipids in MNNG-induced experimental gastric carcinoma and precancerous lesion. Author(s): Su Q, Luo ZY, Teng H, Yun WD, Li YQ, He XE. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 1998 February; 4(1): 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11819224&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of garlic bulb extract on the growth and enzymatic activities of rhizosphere and rhizoplane fungi. Author(s): Muhsin TM, Al-Zubaidy SR, Ali ET. Source: Mycopathologia. 2001; 152(3): 143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11811642&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of garlic oil on the levels of various enzymes in the serum and tissue of streptozotocin diabetic rats. Author(s): Ohaeri OC. Source: Bioscience Reports. 2001 February; 21(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11508690&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of garlic on cardiovascular disorders: a review. Author(s): Banerjee SK, Maulik SK. Source: Nutrition Journal [electronic Resource]. 2002 November 19; 1(1): 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12537594&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of garlic on lipid profile and psychopathologic parameters in people with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Peleg A, Hershcovici T, Lipa R, Anbar R, Redler M, Beigel Y. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2003 September; 5(9): 637-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14509153&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of purified allicin, the major ingredient of freshly crushed garlic, on cancer cell proliferation. Author(s): Hirsch K, Danilenko M, Giat J, Miron T, Rabinkov A, Wilchek M, Mirelman D, Levy J, Sharoni Y. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2000; 38(2): 245-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11525603&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of short-term administration of garlic supplements on single-dose ritonavir pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Gallicano K, Foster B, Choudhri S.

90

Garlic

Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 February; 55(2): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12580992&dopt=Abstract •

Effect of volatile metabolites of dill, radish and garlic on growth of bacteria. Author(s): Tirranen LS, Borodina EV, Ushakova SA, Rygalov VY, Gitelson JI. Source: Acta Astronautica. 2001 July; 49(2): 105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11594365&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of dietary garlic on cholesterol metabolism in laying hens. Author(s): Chowdhury SR, Chowdhury SD, Smith TK. Source: Poultry Science. 2002 December; 81(12): 1856-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12512577&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.) supplementation on cytochrome P450 2D6 and 3A4 activity in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Markowitz JS, Devane CL, Chavin KD, Taylor RM, Ruan Y, Donovan JL. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2003 August; 74(2): 170-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12891227&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of garlic components diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide on arylamine Nacetyltransferase activity and 2-aminofluorene-DNA adducts in human promyelocytic leukemia cells. Author(s): Lin JG, Chen GW, Su CC, Hung CF, Yang CC, Lee JH, Chung JG. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2002; 30(2-3): 315-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230020&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of garlic extract (Allium sativum) on neutrophil migration at the cellular level. Author(s): Hofbauer R, Frass M, Gmeiner B, Kaye AD, Frost EA. Source: Heart Disease. 2001 January-February; 3(1): 14-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11975765&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of garlic extract on oxidant/antioxidant status and atherosclerotic plaque formation in rabbit aorta. Author(s): Durak I, Ozturk HS, Olcay E, Can B, Kavutcu M. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2002 June; 12(3): 141-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12325471&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of garlic preparations on the gastrointestinal mucosa. Author(s): Hoshino T, Kashimoto N, Kasuga S. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1109S-13S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238827&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 91

•

Effects of organosulfur compounds from garlic oil on the antioxidation system in rat liver and red blood cells. Author(s): Wu CC, Sheen LY, Chen HW, Tsai SJ, Lii CK. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2001 June; 39(6): 563-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11346486&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of raw garlic on physical performance and learning behaviour in rats. Author(s): Sookvanichsilp N, Tiangda C, Yuennan P. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 December; 16(8): 732-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12458475&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of the garlic compound diallyl disulfide on the metabolism, adherence and cell cycle of HT-29 colon carcinoma cells: evidence of sensitive and resistant subpopulations. Author(s): Robert V, Mouille B, Mayeur C, Michaud M, Blachier F. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2001 August; 22(8): 1155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11470743&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of wild versus cultivated garlic on blood pressure and other parameters in hypertensive rats. Author(s): Mohamadi A, Jarrell ST, Shi SJ, Andrawis NS, Myers A, Clouatre D, Preuss HG. Source: Heart Disease. 2000 January-February; 2(1): 3-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728237&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects on the human serum lipoprotein profile of beta-glucan, soy protein and isoflavones, plant sterols and stanols, garlic and tocotrienols. Author(s): Kerckhoffs DA, Brouns F, Hornstra G, Mensink RP. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 132(9): 2494-505. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221200&dopt=Abstract

•

Efficacy of garlic supplementation in lowering serum cholesterol levels. Author(s): Spigelski D, Jones PJ. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2001 July; 59(7): 236-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11475449&dopt=Abstract

•

Endothelium-dependent and -independent effect of aqueous extract of garlic on vascular reactivity on diabetic rats. Author(s): Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M. Source: Fitoterapia. 2003 December; 74(7-8): 630-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14630166&dopt=Abstract

92

Garlic

•

Enhanced immunocompetence by garlic: role in bladder cancer and other malignancies. Author(s): Lamm DL, Riggs DR. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1067S-70S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238818&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic - A Natural Source of Cancer Preventive Compounds. Author(s): Das S. Source: Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2002; 3(4): 305-311. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716288&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) modulates cytokine expression in lipopolysaccharideactivated human blood thereby inhibiting NF-kappaB activity. Author(s): Keiss HP, Dirsch VM, Hartung T, Haffner T, Trueman L, Auger J, Kahane R, Vollmar AM. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 July; 133(7): 2171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12840173&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic (Allium sativum) as an anti-Candida agent: a comparison of the efficacy of fresh garlic and freeze-dried extracts. Author(s): Lemar KM, Turner MP, Lloyd D. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2002; 93(3): 398-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12174037&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic [Allium sativum]: a review of its potential use as an anti-cancer agent. Author(s): Thomson M, Ali M. Source: Current Cancer Drug Targets. 2003 February; 3(1): 67-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12570662&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic and aging: new insights into an old remedy. Author(s): Rahman K. Source: Ageing Research Reviews. 2003 January; 2(1): 39-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437995&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic and cancer: a critical review of the epidemiologic literature. Author(s): Fleischauer AT, Arab L. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1032S-40S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238811&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic and garlic-derived compounds inhibit human squalene monooxygenase. Author(s): Gupta N, Porter TD.

Alternative Medicine 93

Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 June; 131(6): 1662-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11385050&dopt=Abstract •

Garlic and health. Author(s): Kik C, Kahane R, Gebhardt R. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2001 August; 11(4 Suppl): 57-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11894756&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic and ischemic heart disease. Author(s): Bhatia RS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 August; 50: 1095. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12421047&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic and its active metabolite allicin produce endothelium- and nitric oxidedependent relaxation in rat pulmonary arteries. Author(s): Ku DD, Abdel-Razek TT, Dai J, Kim-Park S, Fallon MB, Abrams GA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 2002 January-February; 29(1-2): 84-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11906464&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic and the strabismus surgeon. Author(s): Carden SM, Good WV, Carden PA, Good RM. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2002 August; 30(4): 303-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12121375&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic as an antioxidant: the good, the bad and the ugly. Author(s): Banerjee SK, Mukherjee PK, Maulik SK. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 February; 17(2): 97-106. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12601669&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic attenuates hypercholesterolemic risk factors in olive oil fed rats and high cholesterol fed rats. Author(s): Chetty KN, Calahan L, Harris KC, Dorsey W, Hill D, Chetty S, Jain SK. Source: Pathophysiology : the Official Journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology / Isp. 2003 May; 9(3): 127-132. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14567929&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic attenuates nitric oxide production in rat cardiac myocytes through inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and the arginine transporter CAT-2 (cationic amino acid transporter-2). Author(s): Schwartz IF, Hershkovitz R, Iaina A, Gnessin E, Wollman Y, Chernichowski T, Blum M, Levo Y, Schwartz D.

94

Garlic

Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2002 May; 102(5): 487-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11980565&dopt=Abstract •

Garlic burns. Author(s): Baruchin AM, Sagi A, Yoffe B, Ronen M. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 2001 November; 27(7): 781-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11600262&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic cloves for verruca vulgaris. Author(s): Silverberg NB. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2002 March-April; 19(2): 183. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11994189&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic compounds minimize intracellular oxidative stress and inhibit nuclear factorkappa b activation. Author(s): Ide N, Lau BH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1020S-6S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238809&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic extract (allium sativum) reduces migration of neutrophils through endothelial cell monolayers. Author(s): Hobauer R, Frass M, Gmeiner B, Kaye AD, Frost EA. Source: Middle East J Anesthesiol. 2000 October; 15(6): 649-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11330220&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic extract and two diallyl sulphides inhibit methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in BALB/cA mice. Author(s): Tsao SM, Hsu CC, Yin MC. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 October 29 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14585852&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic extract attenuates time-dependent changes in the reactivity of isolated aorta in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Author(s): Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 September 19; 73(18): 2281-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12941431&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic extract methylallyl thiosulfinate blocks insulin potentiation of platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. Author(s): Golovchenko I, Yang CH, Goalstone ML, Draznin B.

Alternative Medicine 95

Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2003 February; 52(2): 254-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12601642&dopt=Abstract •

Garlic for total cholesterol reduction. Author(s): Lawson LD. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2001 July 3; 135(1): 65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11434747&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic induces apoptosis during 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Author(s): Balasenthil S, Rao KS, Nagini S. Source: Oral Oncology. 2002 July; 38(5): 431-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12110336&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic inhibits microsomal triglyceride transfer protein gene expression in human liver and intestinal cell lines and in rat intestine. Author(s): Lin MC, Wang EJ, Lee C, Chin KT, Liu D, Chiu JF, Kung HF. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 June; 132(6): 1165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042427&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic prevents ultrastructural alterations caused by dehydration in mouse cerebral microvessels. Author(s): Fahim MA, El-Sabban FF. Source: The Anatomical Record. 2001 May 1; 263(1): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11331974&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic reduces saquinavir blood levels 50%; may affect other drugs. Author(s): James JS. Source: Aids Treat News. 2001 December 21; (375): 2-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11810949&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic shows promise for improving some cardiovascular risk factors. Author(s): Ackermann RT, Mulrow CD, Ramirez G, Gardner CD, Morbidoni L, Lawrence VA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2001 March 26; 161(6): 813-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11268223&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic supplementation increases testicular testosterone and decreases plasma corticosterone in rats fed a high protein diet. Author(s): Oi Y, Imafuku M, Shishido C, Kominato Y, Nishimura S, Iwai K.

96

Garlic

Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 August; 131(8): 2150-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11481410&dopt=Abstract •

Garlic supplements and saquinavir. Author(s): Borek C. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 August 1; 35(3): 343. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12115105&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic supplements can impede HIV medication. Author(s): Sussman E. Source: Aids (London, England). 2002 June 14; 16(9): N5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090243&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic therapy. Loose labels. Author(s): Fischman J. Source: U.S. News & World Report. 2002 November; 133(17): 57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12436788&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic: a way out of work. Author(s): Lachter J, Babich JP, Brookman JC, Factor AY. Source: Military Medicine. 2003 June; 168(6): 499-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12834145&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic-induced alteration in rat liver and kidney morphology and associated changes in endogenous antioxidant status. Author(s): Banerjee SK, Maulik M, Manchanda SC, Dinda AK, Das TK, Maulik SK. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2001 August; 39(8): 793-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11434986&dopt=Abstract

•

Garlic--the pungent panacea. Author(s): Hobbs C. Source: Pharm Hist. 1992; 34(3): 152-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11612862&dopt=Abstract

•

Gender may affect the action of garlic oil on plasma cholesterol and glucose levels of normal subjects. Author(s): Zhang XH, Lowe D, Giles P, Fell S, Connock MJ, Maslin DJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 May; 131(5): 1471-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340102&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 97

•

Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of garlic-fermenting lactic acid bacteria isolated from som-fak, a Thai low-salt fermented fish product. Author(s): Paludan-Muller C, Valyasevi R, Huss HH, Gram L. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2002; 92(2): 307-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11849359&dopt=Abstract

•

Green tea extract and aged garlic extract inhibit anion transport and sickle cell dehydration in vitro. Author(s): Ohnishi ST, Ohnishi T, Ogunmola GB. Source: Blood Cells, Molecules & Diseases. 2001 January-February; 27(1): 148-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11358376&dopt=Abstract

•

High-performance ion-pair chromatography method for simultaneous analysis of alliin, deoxyalliin, allicin and dipeptide precursors in garlic products using multiple mass spectrometry and UV detection. Author(s): Arnault I, Christides JP, Mandon N, Haffner T, Kahane R, Auger J. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2003 March 28; 991(1): 69-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12703902&dopt=Abstract

•

Historical perspective on garlic and cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Rahman K. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 977S-9S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238800&dopt=Abstract

•

How to distinguish garlic from the other Allium vegetables. Author(s): Itakura Y, Ichikawa M, Mori Y, Okino R, Udayama M, Morita T. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 963S-7S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238797&dopt=Abstract

•

Hyperaccumulation of cadmium by roots, bulbs and shoots of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Author(s): Jiang W, Liu D, Hou W. Source: Bioresource Technology. 2001 January; 76(1): 9-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11315815&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypocholesterolemic effect of an enteric-coated garlic supplement. Author(s): Kannar D, Wattanapenpaiboon N, Savige GS, Wahlqvist ML. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2001 June; 20(3): 225-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11444418&dopt=Abstract

•

Identification of aster yellows phytoplasma in garlic and green onion by PCR-based methods. Author(s): Khadhair AH, Evans IR, Choban B.

98

Garlic

Source: Microbiological Research. 2002; 157(3): 161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12398284&dopt=Abstract •

Immunomodulatory activity of a protein isolated from garlic extract on delayed type hypersensitivity. Author(s): Ghazanfari T, Hassan ZM, Ebrahimi M. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2002 October; 2(11): 1541-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12433055&dopt=Abstract

•

Immunomodulatory affect of R10 fraction of garlic extract on natural killer activity. Author(s): Hassan ZM, Yaraee R, Zare N, Ghazanfari T, Sarraf Nejad AH, Nazori B. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2003 October; 3(10-11): 1483-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12946445&dopt=Abstract

•

Immunomodulatory effects of aged garlic extract. Author(s): Kyo E, Uda N, Kasuga S, Itakura Y. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1075S-9S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238820&dopt=Abstract

•

Impact of garlic organosulfides on p21(H-ras) processing. Author(s): Singh SV. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1046S-8S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238813&dopt=Abstract

•

In vitro activity of garlic oil and four diallyl sulphides against antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Author(s): Tsao S, Yin M. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 May; 47(5): 665-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11328781&dopt=Abstract

•

In vitro effects of aged garlic extract and other nutritional supplements on sickle erythrocytes. Author(s): Ohnishi ST, Ohnishi T. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1085S-92S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238822&dopt=Abstract

•

Induction of apoptosis by the garlic-derived compound S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) is associated with microtubule depolymerization and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase 1 activation. Author(s): Xiao D, Pinto JT, Soh JW, Deguchi A, Gundersen GG, Palazzo AF, Yoon JT, Shirin H, Weinstein IB.

Alternative Medicine 99

Source: Cancer Research. 2003 October 15; 63(20): 6825-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14583480&dopt=Abstract •

Induction of direct somatic embryogenesis in garlic (Allium sativum). Author(s): Sata SJ, Bagatharia SB, Thaker VS. Source: Methods in Cell Science : an Official Journal of the Society for in Vitro Biology. 2000; 22(4): 299-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11549942&dopt=Abstract

•

Inhibition of baboon platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo by the garlic derivative, ajoene. Author(s): Teranishi K, Apitz-Castro R, Robson SC, Romano E, Cooper DK. Source: Xenotransplantation. 2003 July; 10(4): 374-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12795687&dopt=Abstract

•

Inhibition of heterocyclic aromatic amine formation in fried ground beef patties by garlic and selected garlic-related sulfur compounds. Author(s): Shin IS, Rodgers WJ, Gomaa EA, Strasburg GM, Gray JI. Source: J Food Prot. 2002 November; 65(11): 1766-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12430700&dopt=Abstract

•

Inhibitory effect of whole strawberries, garlic juice or kale juice on endogenous formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine in humans. Author(s): Chung MJ, Lee SH, Sung NJ. Source: Cancer Letters. 2002 August 8; 182(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12175517&dopt=Abstract

•

Inhibitory Effects of Heated Garlic on N-Ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced Carcinogenesis in the Duodenum and Jejunum of C57BL/6 Mice. Author(s): Shimpo K, Chihara T, Kaneko T, Shinzato M, Beppu H, Hoshino M, Ida C, Shamoto M, Kuzuya H. Source: Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2002; 3(4): 339-344. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716292&dopt=Abstract

•

Intake of garlic and its bioactive components. Author(s): Amagase H, Petesch BL, Matsuura H, Kasuga S, Itakura Y. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 955S-62S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238796&dopt=Abstract

•

Investigation of antihypertensive mechanism of garlic in 2K1C hypertensive rat. Author(s): Sharifi AM, Darabi R, Akbarloo N.

100 Garlic

Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 June; 86(2-3): 219-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12738090&dopt=Abstract •

Investigation on the antibacterial properties of garlic (Allium sativum) on pneumonia causing bacteria. Author(s): Dikasso D, Lemma H, Urga K, Debella A, Addis G, Tadele A, Yirsaw K. Source: Ethiop Med J. 2002 July; 40(3): 241-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12602248&dopt=Abstract

•

In-vitro antimicrobial activity of four diallyl sulphides occurring naturally in garlic and Chinese leek oils. Author(s): Tsao SM, Yin MC. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2001 July; 50(7): 646-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11444776&dopt=Abstract

•

Isolation and characterization of the genes up-regulated in isolated neurons by aged garlic extract (AGE). Author(s): Sumi S, Tsuneyoshi T, Matsuo H, Yoshimatsu T. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1096S-9S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238824&dopt=Abstract

•

Isolation and identification of organosulfur compounds oxidizing canine erythrocytes from garlic (Allium sativum). Author(s): Hu Q, Yang Q, Yamato O, Yamasaki M, Maede Y, Yoshihara T. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 February 27; 50(5): 1059-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11853480&dopt=Abstract

•

Isolation and identification of sodium 2-propenyl thiosulfate from boiled garlic (Allium sativum) that oxidizes canine erythrocytes. Author(s): Yamato O, Sugiyama Y, Matsuura H, Lee KW, Goto K, Hossain MA, Maede Y, Yoshihara T. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2003 July; 67(7): 1594-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12913309&dopt=Abstract

•

Low allicin release from garlic supplements: a major problem due to the sensitivities of alliinase activity. Author(s): Lawson LD, Wang ZJ. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 May; 49(5): 2592-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11368641&dopt=Abstract

•

Mechanism of garlic (Allium sativum) induced reduction of hypertension in 2K-1C rats: a possible mediation of Na/H exchanger isoform-1. Author(s): Al-Qattan KK, Khan I, Alnaqeeb MA, Ali M.

Alternative Medicine 101

Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 2003 October; 69(4): 217-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12907130&dopt=Abstract •

Mechanisms by which garlic and allyl sulfur compounds suppress carcinogen bioactivation. Garlic and carcinogenesis. Author(s): Milner JA. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2001; 492: 69-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11480676&dopt=Abstract

•

Mechanisms of inhibition of chemical toxicity and carcinogenesis by diallyl sulfide (DAS) and related compounds from garlic. Author(s): Yang CS, Chhabra SK, Hong JY, Smith TJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1041S-5S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238812&dopt=Abstract

•

Mechanisms of protection against aflatoxin B(1) genotoxicity in rats treated by organosulfur compounds from garlic. Author(s): Guyonnet D, Belloir C, Suschetet M, Siess MH, Le Bon AM. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2002 August; 23(8): 1335-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12151352&dopt=Abstract

•

Modulatory effects of garlic extracts on proliferation of T-lymphocytes in vitro stimulated with concanavalin A. Author(s): Colic M, Vucevic D, Kilibarda V, Radicevic N, Savic M. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2002 March; 9(2): 117-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11995944&dopt=Abstract

•

Molecular basis by which garlic suppresses atherosclerosis. Author(s): Campbell JH, Efendy JL, Smith NJ, Campbell GR. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1006S-9S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238806&dopt=Abstract

•

Molecular characterisation of a complex mixture of viruses in garlic with mosaic symptoms in China. Author(s): Chen J, Chen J, Adams MJ. Source: Archives of Virology. 2001 October; 146(10): 1841-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11722009&dopt=Abstract

•

Morphological changes in garlic (Allium sativum L.) microbulblets during dormancy and sprouting as related to peroxidase activity and gibberellin A3 content. Author(s): Arguello JA, Falcon LR, Seisdedos L, Milrad S, Bottini R.

102 Garlic

Source: Biocell. 2001 April; 25(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11387870&dopt=Abstract •

N alpha-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)-L-arginine, an antioxidant compound identified in aged garlic extract. Author(s): Ryu K, Ide N, Matsuura H, Itakura Y. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 972S-6S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238799&dopt=Abstract

•

Neuroprotective effect of garlic compounds in amyloid-beta peptide-induced apoptosis in vitro. Author(s): Peng Q, Buz'Zard AR, Lau BH. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2002 August; 8(8): Br328-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12165737&dopt=Abstract

•

Neurotoxicity induced by amyloid beta-peptide and ibotenic acid in organotypic hippocampal cultures: protection by S-allyl-L-cysteine, a garlic compound. Author(s): Ito Y, Ito M, Takagi N, Saito H, Ishige K. Source: Brain Research. 2003 September 19; 985(1): 98-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12957372&dopt=Abstract

•

No effect of garlic extract supplement on serum lipid levels in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Author(s): Satitvipawee P, Rawdaree P, Indrabhakti S, Ratanasuwan T, Getn-gern P, Viwatwongkasem C. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 August; 86(8): 750-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948274&dopt=Abstract

•

Nonenzymatic antioxidant activity of four organosulfur compounds derived from garlic. Author(s): Yin MC, Hwang SW, Chan KC. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 October 9; 50(21): 6143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358493&dopt=Abstract

•

Novel quantitative assays for estimating the antimicrobial activity of fresh garlic juice. Author(s): Unal R, Fleming HP, McFeeters RF, Thompson RL, Breidt F Jr, Giesbrecht FG. Source: J Food Prot. 2001 February; 64(2): 189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11271766&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational contact dermatitis from a garlic and herb mixture. Author(s): Hughes TM, Varma S, Stone NM.

Alternative Medicine 103

Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 July; 47(1): 48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12225414&dopt=Abstract •

Organosulfur compounds from garlic (Allium sativum) oxidizing canine erythrocytes. Author(s): Yang Q, Hu Q, Yamato O, Lee KW, Maede Y, Yoshihara T. Source: Z Naturforsch [c]. 2003 May-June; 58(5-6): 408-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12872937&dopt=Abstract

•

Oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: effects of garlic oil and melatonin. Author(s): Anwar MM, Meki AR. Source: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 2003 August; 135(4): 539-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12890544&dopt=Abstract

•

Oxygen-containing sulfur-rich compounds from the bark of the tropical garlic tree Scorodophloeus zenkeri Harms. Author(s): Kouokam JC, Zapp J, Becker H. Source: Phytochemistry. 2002 June; 60(4): 403-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12031433&dopt=Abstract

•

Partial purification and kinetic characterization of acid phosphatase from garlic seedling. Author(s): Yenigun B, Guvenilir Y. Source: Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2003 Spring; 105 -108: 677-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12721447&dopt=Abstract

•

Pharmacokinetic study of allixin, a phytoalexin produced by garlic. Author(s): Kodera Y, Ichikawa M, Yoshida J, Kashimoto N, Uda N, Sumioka I, Ide N, Ono K. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 March; 50(3): 354-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11911198&dopt=Abstract

•

Pharmacologic activities of aged garlic extract in comparison with other garlic preparations. Author(s): Kasuga S, Uda N, Kyo E, Ushijima M, Morihara N, Itakura Y. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1080S-4S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238821&dopt=Abstract

•

Pharmacological effects of garlic extract. Author(s): Qi R, Wang Z.

104 Garlic

Source: Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 2003 February; 24(2): 62-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12559767&dopt=Abstract •

Physical, chemical, and biological properties of s-allylcysteine, an amino acid derived from garlic. Author(s): Kodera Y, Suzuki A, Imada O, Kasuga S, Sumioka I, Kanezawa A, Taru N, Fujikawa M, Nagae S, Masamoto K, Maeshige K, Ono K. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 January 30; 50(3): 622-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11804540&dopt=Abstract

•

Preventing the common cold with a garlic supplement: a double-blind, placebocontrolled survey. Author(s): Josling P. Source: Adv Ther. 2001 July-August; 18(4): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11697022&dopt=Abstract

•

Prevention of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced rat tongue carcinogenesis by garlic. Author(s): Balasenthil S, Ramachandran CR, Nagini S. Source: Fitoterapia. 2001 June; 72(5): 524-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11429247&dopt=Abstract

•

Prevention of psychological stress-induced immune suppression by aged garlic extract. Author(s): Kyo E, Uda N, Ushijima M, Kasuga S, Itakura Y. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 1999 November; 6(5): 325-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11962538&dopt=Abstract

•

Production and characterization of an interspecific hybrid between leek and garlic. Author(s): Yanagino T, Sugawara E, Watanabe M, Takahata Y. Source: Tag. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Theoretische Und Angewandte Genetik. 2003 June; 107(1): 1-5. Epub 2003 March 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12835927&dopt=Abstract

•

Prophylactic action of garlic on the histological and histochemical patterns of hepatic and gastric tissues in rats injected with a snake venom. Author(s): Rahmy TR, Hemmaid KZ. Source: Journal of Natural Toxins. 2001 May; 10(2): 137-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11405277&dopt=Abstract

•

Protection against Helicobacter pylori and other bacterial infections by garlic. Author(s): Sivam GP.

Alternative Medicine 105

Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1106S-8S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238826&dopt=Abstract •

Protection of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced in vivo clastogenicity by aqueous garlic extract. Author(s): Arivazhagan S, Nagini S, Santhiya ST, Ramesh A. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001; 10(3): 238-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11708316&dopt=Abstract

•

Protective action on human LDL against oxidation and glycation by four organosulfur compounds derived from garlic. Author(s): Ou CC, Tsao SM, Lin MC, Yin MC. Source: Lipids. 2003 March; 38(3): 219-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12784861&dopt=Abstract

•

Protective effect of aqueous garlic extract against oxidative organ damage in a rat model of thermal injury. Author(s): Sener G, Satyroglu H, Ozer Sehirli A, Kacmaz A. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 May 23; 73(1): 81-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12726889&dopt=Abstract

•

Protective effect of S-allyl-L-cysteine, a garlic compound, on amyloid beta-proteininduced cell death in nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells. Author(s): Ito Y, Kosuge Y, Sakikubo T, Horie K, Ishikawa N, Obokata N, Yokoyama E, Yamashina K, Yamamoto M, Saito H, Arakawa M, Ishige K. Source: Neuroscience Research. 2003 May; 46(1): 119-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12725918&dopt=Abstract

•

Protective effects of an aged garlic extract on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in the mouse. Author(s): Kojima R, Toyama Y, Ohnishi ST. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1994; 22(2): 163-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14502845&dopt=Abstract

•

Pseudomonas salomonii sp. nov., pathogenic on garlic, and Pseudomonas palleroniana sp. nov., isolated from rice. Author(s): Gardan L, Bella P, Meyer JM, Christen R, Rott P, Achouak W, Samson R. Source: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2002 November; 52(Pt 6): 2065-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12508870&dopt=Abstract

106 Garlic

•

Purification of allivin, a novel antifungal protein from bulbs of the round-cloved garlic. Author(s): Wang HX, Ng TB. Source: Life Sciences. 2001 December 7; 70(3): 357-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12005268&dopt=Abstract

•

Purification, characterization, and crystallization of alliinase from garlic. Author(s): Kuettner EB, Hilgenfeld R, Weiss MS. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2002 June 15; 402(2): 192-200. Erratum In: Arch Biochem Biophys 2002 August 15; 404(2): 339. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12051663&dopt=Abstract

•

Relative activities of organosulfur compounds derived from onions and garlic in increasing tissue activities of quinone reductase and glutathione transferase in rat tissues. Author(s): Munday R, Munday CM. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2001; 40(2): 205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11962257&dopt=Abstract

•

Re-refinement using reprocessed data to improve the quality of the structure: a case study involving garlic lectin. Author(s): Ramachandraiah G, Chandra NR, Surolia A, Vijayan M. Source: Acta Crystallographica. Section D, Biological Crystallography. 2002 March; 58(Pt 3): 414-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11856826&dopt=Abstract

•

Retinoic acid receptor-beta mRNA expression during chemoprevention of hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis by garlic. Author(s): Balasenthil S, Rao KS, Nagini S. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003; 12(2): 215-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12810414&dopt=Abstract

•

Role of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in human and plant diseases. Author(s): Singh UP, Prithiviraj B, Sarma BK, Singh M, Ray AB. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 April; 39(4): 310-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11491574&dopt=Abstract

•

S-alk(en)yl cysteines of garlic inhibit cholesterol synthesis by deactivating HMGCoA reductase in cultured rat hepatocytes. Author(s): Liu L, Yeh YY. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 June; 132(6): 1129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042421&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 107

•

S-allylcysteine, a garlic constituent, inhibits 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Author(s): Balasenthil S, Ramachandran CR, Nagini S. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2001; 40(2): 165-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11962252&dopt=Abstract

•

Saponins in garlic as modifiers of the risk of cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Matsuura H. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1000S-5S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238805&dopt=Abstract

•

Screening pharmaceutical preparations containing extracts of turmeric rhizome, artichoke leaf, devil's claw root and garlic or salmon oil for antioxidant capacity. Author(s): Betancor-Fernandez A, Perez-Galvez A, Sies H, Stahl W. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2003 July; 55(7): 981-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12906755&dopt=Abstract

•

Soy, garlic, and ginkgo biloba: their potential role in cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment. Author(s): Gardner CD, Messina M, Lawson LD, Farquhar JW. Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 2003 November; 5(6): 468-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14525680&dopt=Abstract

•

Stable genetic transformation of garlic plants using particle bombardment. Author(s): Sawahel WA. Source: Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters. 2002; 7(1): 49-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11944049&dopt=Abstract

•

Study of garlic extracts and fractions on cholesterol plasma levels and vascular reactivity in cholesterol-fed rats. Author(s): Slowing K, Ganado P, Sanz M, Ruiz E, Tejerina T. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 994S-9S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238804&dopt=Abstract

•

Suppression of LDL oxidation by garlic. Author(s): Lau BH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 985S-8S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238802&dopt=Abstract

•

Suppressive effects of garlic extract on Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis in Mongolian gerbils. Author(s): Iimuro M, Shibata H, Kawamori T, Matsumoto T, Arakawa T, Sugimura T, Wakabayashi K.

108 Garlic

Source: Cancer Letters. 2002 December 10; 187(1-2): 61-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12359352&dopt=Abstract •

The active principle of garlic at atomic resolution. Author(s): Kuettner EB, Hilgenfeld R, Weiss MS. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 November 29; 277(48): 46402-7. Epub 2002 September 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12235163&dopt=Abstract

•

The amino acid precursors and odor formation in society garlic (Tulbaghia violacea Harv.). Author(s): Kubec R, Velisek J, Musah RA. Source: Phytochemistry. 2002 May; 60(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11985847&dopt=Abstract

•

The combined effects of garlic oil and fish oil on the hepatic antioxidant and drugmetabolizing enzymes of rats. Author(s): Chen HW, Tsai CW, Yang JJ, Liu CT, Kuo WW, Lii CK. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 February; 89(2): 189-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12575903&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of garlic supplements on the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir. Author(s): Piscitelli SC, Burstein AH, Welden N, Gallicano KD, Falloon J. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 January 15; 34(2): 234-8. Epub 2001 December 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11740713&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of garlic tablet on plasma lipids and platelet aggregation in nulliparous pregnants at high risk of preeclampsia. Author(s): Ziaei S, Hantoshzadeh S, Rezasoltani P, Lamyian M. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2001 December 1; 99(2): 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11788172&dopt=Abstract

•

The effects of aged garlic extract on lipid peroxidation and the deformability of erythrocytes. Author(s): Moriguchi T, Takasugi N, Itakura Y. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1016S-9S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238808&dopt=Abstract

•

The garlic-derived organosulfur component ajoene decreases basal cell carcinoma tumor size by inducing apoptosis.

Alternative Medicine 109

Author(s): Tilli CM, Stavast-Kooy AJ, Vuerstaek JD, Thissen MR, Krekels GA, Ramaekers FC, Neumann HA. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2003 July; 295(3): 117-23. Epub 2003 May 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12756587&dopt=Abstract •

The in vitro susceptibility of Scedosporium prolificans to ajoene, allitridium and a raw extract of garlic (Allium sativum). Author(s): Davis SR, Perrie R, Apitz-Castro R. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 March; 51(3): 593-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12615859&dopt=Abstract

•

The influence of heating on the anticancer properties of garlic. Author(s): Song K, Milner JA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3S): 1054S-7S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238815&dopt=Abstract

•

The protective effect of garlic oil on hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in mice and comparison with N-acetylcysteine. Author(s): Kalantari H, Salehi M. Source: Saudi Med J. 2001 December; 22(12): 1080-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11802181&dopt=Abstract

•

The reversible two-state unfolding of a monocot mannose-binding lectin from garlic bulbs reveals the dominant role of the dimeric interface in its stabilization. Author(s): Bachhawat K, Kapoor M, Dam TK, Surolia A. Source: Biochemistry. 2001 June 19; 40(24): 7291-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11401577&dopt=Abstract

•

Tomato and garlic can modulate azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Author(s): Sengupta A, Ghosh S, Das S. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 2003 June; 12(3): 195-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771557&dopt=Abstract

•

Toxic effect of garlic extracts on the eggs of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): a scanning electron microscopic study. Author(s): Jarial MS. Source: Journal of Medical Entomology. 2001 May; 38(3): 446-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11372972&dopt=Abstract

110 Garlic

•

Water-soluble organosulfur compounds of garlic inhibit fatty acid and triglyceride syntheses in cultured rat hepatocytes. Author(s): Liu L, Yeh YY. Source: Lipids. 2001 April; 36(4): 395-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11383692&dopt=Abstract

•

Wild garlic has a greater effect than regular garlic on blood pressure and blood chemistries of rats. Author(s): Preuss HG, Clouatre D, Mohamadi A, Jarrell ST. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 2001; 32(4): 525-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11989540&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to garlic; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Arteriosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 111

Ascariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Atherosclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atherosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease Prevention Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Athlete's Foot Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bone Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brain Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Breast Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bronchitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Prevention (reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Candida/Yeast Hypersensitivity Syndrome Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Candidiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

112 Garlic

Cataracts (prevention) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chronic Candidiasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Colds and Flus Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Colon Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colorectal Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Common Cold Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coronary Artery Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cyclic Mastalgia Alternative names: Cyclic Mastitis, Fibrocystic Breast Disease Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cystic Fibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diabetes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Digestive Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ear Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 113

Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Emphysema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endocarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endometriosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Flu Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Guinea Worm Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heat Exhaustion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com High Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Histoplasmosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hookworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

114 Garlic

Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Alternative names: High Blood Pressure Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Immune System Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Influenza Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Intermittent Claudication Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Intestinal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Intestinal Parasites Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Loiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lung Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lupus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphatic Filariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Meningitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menstrual Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 115

Menstrual Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Motion Sickness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nausea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Osteomyelitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Otitis Media Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parasites Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pertussis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pharyngitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pinworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pulmonary Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pulmonary Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Recurrent Ear Infections Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Respiratory Ailments Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com River Blindness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Roseola Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

116 Garlic

Roundworms Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sexually Transmitted Diseases Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sickle Cell Anemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sinus Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinus Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinusitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sore Throat Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com STDs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stomach Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stroke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Stroke Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Threadworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trichinosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tuberculosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vaginal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 117

Vaginitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicose Veins Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Visceral Larva Migrans Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Warts Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Water Retention Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whipworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whooping Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yeast Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Alternative Therapy Indirect Moxabustion Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/i.html

•

Herbs and Supplements Allium Compounds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1024,00.html Allium Sativum Alternative names: Garlic Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alliumsativa Garlic Alternative names: Garlic; Allium sativa Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

118 Garlic

Angelica Sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Blue-green Algae Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Blue-green Algae Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bryonia Bryony Alternative names: Bryony; Bryonia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cayenne Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chinese Angelica Alternative names: Dong Quai Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chlorzoxazone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cinnamomum Alternative names: Cinnamon; Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Crataegus Alternative names: Hawthorn; Crataegus oxyacantha L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Danggui Alternative names: Angelica sinensis, Chinese Angelica, Dang Gui, Danngui, Dong Qua, Tang Kuei, Tan Kue Bai zhi(Note: Dong quai should not be confused with Angelica root or Angelica seed.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dipyridamole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dmso Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Docosahexaenoic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dong Quai Alternative names: Angelica sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 119

Equisetum Alternative names: Horsetail; Equisetum arvense L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Fennel Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,20,00.html FOS Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10026,00.html Ginger Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ginkgo Alternative names: Ginkgo biloba Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ginkgo Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Heparin Alternative names: Hep-Lock Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Herbal Decongestant Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,949,00.html Hydrastis Alternative names: Goldenseal; Hydrastis canadensis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Insulin Alternative names: Humalog, Humulin, Iletin, Novolin, Velosulin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lepidium Sp Alternative names: Cress; Lepidium sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Luffa Alternative names: Luffa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

120 Garlic

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Oral Hypoglycemics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Origanum Alternative names: Oregano; Origanum vulgare Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pentoxifylline Alternative names: Trental Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Red Clover Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rosmarinus Alternative names: Rosemary; Rosmarinus officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ruta Alternative names: Rue; Ruta graveolens L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Spirulina Alternative names: Blue-green Algae Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tang Kuei Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thymus Alternative names: Thyme; Thymus vulgaris Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ticlopidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 121

Traditional Chinese Medicine Herbs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trigonella Alternative names: Fenugreek; Trigonella foenum graecum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Valerian Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Vitex Alternative names: Chaste; Vitex agnus-castus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Warfarin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Warfarin Alternative names: Coumadin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

123

CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND GARLIC Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning garlic.

Recent Trials on Garlic The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to garlic.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Comparing Effects of 3 Sources of Garlic on Cholesterol Levels Condition(s): Hypercholesterolemia Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine whether fresh garlic can positively affect cholesterol in adults with moderately high cholesterol levels. This study will also determine whether the same effects can be found for two main types of garlic supplements: a dried powdered garlic (designed to yield the same effect as fresh garlic) and an aged garlic extract preparation. Phase(s): Phase II; Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00056511

•

Garlic in hyperlipidemia caused by HAART Condition(s): HIV Hyperglycemia

Infections;

Hypercholesterolemia;

Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment.

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

Hypertriglyceridemia;

124 Garlic

Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: This is a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial to test the use of garlic to lower cholesterol and triglycerides in hyperlipidemic HIV-infected individuals who are being treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The garlic will be administered as enteric-coated tablets and in two escalating dosages. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00029250

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “garlic” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

•

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

•

For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

•

For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

•

For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

•

For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

•

For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

Clinical Trials 125

•

For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

•

For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

•

For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

•

For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

•

For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

•

For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

127

CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON GARLIC Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “garlic” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on garlic, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Garlic By performing a patent search focusing on garlic, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

128 Garlic

will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on garlic: •

Apparatus for controlled cracking of nut-like fruits and the like Inventor(s): Maoz; Chaim (68 Prospect Ter., Tenafly, NJ 07670) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,041,697 Date filed: June 18, 1998 Abstract: An apparatus for the controlled fracture of the outer hull of a nut-like fruit wherein a reciprocable piston is moved within a frame and is supported and guided by arms that interfit with the piston to guide it or non-rotating movement into and out of engagement with the nut-like fruit. A key actuator is rotated by the user and which rotates an actuator, threadedly interengaged with the frame and which serves to provide the reciprocable movement of the piston. The nut hull is itself positioned between the piston and an anvil that among the surfaces of the piston and anvil that crack the nut hull are both configured so as to retain the nut in a stable position where it can be acted upon by the apparatus. In an alternate embodiment, the apparatus is modified so as to act as a garlic press using the same piston constrained motion. In a still further embodiment. the apparatus is modified so as to operate as a corkscrew to safely and easily remove the corks from bottles such as wine bottles. Excerpt(s): The present application relates to an apparatus for the fracture of the outer hulls of nut-like fruits. More particularly, the apparatus in question may extend to other applications where reciprocable impact on a comestible product is desired, such as the crushing of garlic and the like. A variety of consumable products are known which are either disposed within inedible outer hulls or are otherwise less appealing in their natural state than might be the case if some physical modification were made. Specifically, a classification of fruits are known that have inedible outer hulls, but that contain desirable meat there within. A true nut has a hard shell, does not split open when ripe, and has its kernel, or meat, in one piece. Acorns, hazelnuts, beechnuts, and sweet chestnuts are among the true nuts in the botanical sense. In the popular sense, many other foods are called nuts. Examples are the peanut, which is actually a legume, and the almond and coconut, which are drupes, or stone fruits. The edible portion of most nuts, true nuts or otherwise, is the embryo, in which large amounts of protein and fat are stored to nourish the young seedling plant. The nutshell protects the kernel from contamination. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06041697__

•

Baby eel substitute and method of fabrication thereof Inventor(s): Herbozo; Jon Manterola (Casa Galardi, 6, 20170 Aginaga-Usurbil, Gipuzkoa, ES) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,387,439 Date filed: May 26, 2000 Abstract: Part of "surimi" in a sequential thermal treatment process comprising four stages: drainage of excess water; preliminary cooking in oil; final cooking in oil and

Patents 129

drainage of excess oil; incorporating ground fish muscle, between 50 and 60% of final total mass; water in a state just prior to freezing, from 8 to 12%; white wine from 2 to 4%; vegetable or animal oil, from 1 to 2%; salt, from 1 to 3%; sugar, up to 1%; ovoalbumin, from 4 to 6%; flours, from 7 to 16%; starch form 7 to 16%; garlic and white pepper up to 0.5% each; cryoprotectors, up to 0.5%; potassium sorbate up to 0.5%; aromas of crab, oyster and eel, between 1 and 1.5%; alginates up to 2% and cephalopod ink in varying proportions up to 4%. Excerpt(s): The invention here disclosed relates to a baby eel substitute and a method of fabrication thereof, from among the food products based on fish derivatives known as "surimi" and their industrial fabrication methods. The invention is characterised by a special formulation of the substitute which incorporates additives which determine the texture, organoleptic characteristics, nutritional properties and external appearance of the final product, but above all it is characterised by the fabrication process, improved in its thermal treatment stage, such that it is these changes which allow to formulate the substitute in the aforementioned manner. Fish derivatives known as surimi, that is, fish muscle ground, washed and rinsed, have been known in the market for years so that they are sufficiently well known and no further description is required. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06387439__ •

Composition comprising the lower, no-branch culm portion of bamboo Inventor(s): Kumon; Shigetomi (Saijo, JP) Assignee(s): Asahi Corporation (Ehime, JP) Patent Number: 6,391,307 Date filed: September 22, 1998 Abstract: An anticancer drug of which the main ingredient is bamboo powder. In particular, the bamboo powder is of lower no-branch culm portions of three-year-old and older bamboos, or is of bamboos cut down during the period of three months before the season of bamboo shoots; and pumpkin seed powder, garlic powder, powdered cheese, wheat flour, and water are added to the bamboo powder to make a mixture thereof, and the mixture is allowed to mature. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an anticancer drug effective in preventing colon and rectum cancer (cancer of the large intestine) of a high incidence, reducing the cholesterol value in plasma, and lowering the blood-sugar levels of diabetics. Cancer has been taking a heavy toll of lives every year, and has recently become a representative of fatal diseases. On the other hand, research and development in medicines for, and treatments of, cancer are progressing rapidly. However, no fully effective medicine has been developed, and no fully effective treatment has been established. Accordingly, the prevention of cancer is most important. One of the cancer-preventing measures is to remove such factors in our living environment as may cause cancer. Among such factors, food is the most fundamental factor. Food additives may contain cancerinducing agents. Carcinogens may be produced while food is stored or cooked. It is known that the quality of food and nutrition have considerable relevance to the canceration. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06391307__

130 Garlic

•

Composition for reducing the risk or progression of cardiovascular diseases Inventor(s): Lang; Philip C. (Toms River, NJ), Sosnowski; Robert E. (Manasquan, NJ) Assignee(s): DexGen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Manasquan, NJ) Patent Number: 6,583,152 Date filed: April 30, 2001 Abstract: Elevated levels of homocysteine have been implicated as an important risk factor for cardiovascular and other diseases. A composition for decreasing levels of plasma homocysteine and a method for administering the composition are provided the composition containing dextromethorphan (DM), folic acid and vitamins B.sub.6 and B.sub.12. The composition provides a synergistic therapeutic effect so that lower amounts of the above ingredients may be employed to minimize any undesirable side effects caused by the use of high levels of a component such as DM. Preferred compositions for cardiovascular diseases further include lecithin, vitamin E, betacarotene, procyanidins/flavonoids, trimethylglycine, garlic oil and minerals. Other compositions for treating glaucoma include bilberry, bioflavonoids and beta-carotene and for treating tardive dyskinesia include an antioxidant such as grape seed extract and pine bark extract, lecithin and oligomeric proanthocyanidins. The compositions may be administered using any suitable means such as orally or intravenous. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition and method for reducing the risk or progression of cardiovascular, glaucoma and tardive dyskinesia diseases and, more particularly, to a composition containing a number of ingredients which are present in amounts lower than amounts considered harmful to the body but which act synergistically to provide enhanced disease inhibition. Cardiovascular disease is the most frequent cause of death in industrialized countries. Atherosclerosis (AS) is the principal cause of cardiovascular disease. AS is a disease of the intima of the arteries that leads to fatty lesions called artheromatous plaques on the inside surface of the arteries. This deposit of fat and cholesterol narrows the arteries, and often becomes calcified, providing sites for abnormal blood clots to form, leading to high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes. Elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations have repeatedly been associated with increased vascular risk. Hcy causes cells to decrease their production of clot preventing and clot dissolving substances and increases production of clot promoting substances. Hcy is an intermediate sulfhydryl alpha-amino acid formed during conversion of methionine to cysteine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06583152__

•

Controlled-release garlic formulations Inventor(s): Blatt; Yoav (Rehovot, IL), Cohen; David (Petach Tikva, IL), Friedman; Oded (Holon, IL), Kimmelman; Eugene (Rehovot, IL), Rotman; Avner (Rehovot, IL) Assignee(s): Bio Dar Ltd. (Yavne, IL) Patent Number: 6,270,803 Date filed: October 7, 1998 Abstract: There are provided orally-administrable formulations for the controlled release of granulated garlic, comprising particles of granulated garlic coated with a film comprising a mixture of at least one water soluble polymer and at least one water insoluble polymer, said at least one water soluble polymer and at least one water

Patents 131

insoluble polymer being present in a ratio that produces a substantially zero order linear release pattern of at least one active ingredient. Preferably, the formulations are characterized in that the total in vitro dissolution time of said formulations required for release of 75% of the Allicin available from said formulations based upon the total amount of alliin initially present in said formulations is between about 4 and about 12 hours, as determined by U.S.P. XXIII paddle method at a paddle speed of 150 rpm, using simulated intestinal fluid without the digestive enzymes normally found in intestinal fluid, containing 0.1% w/w sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), at pH 6.8, and a temperature of 37.degree. C. A process for preparing the formulations of the invention is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to formulations for the controlled or extended release of certain bioactive compounds, and to processes for the preparation of the same. Powdered and granulated garlic are good sources of allicin,.gamma.-glutamyl peptides and certain other bioactive compounds. Allicin and.gamma.-glutamyl peptides have broad and significant biological and therapeutic activities, including prevention of arteriosclerosis; lowering elevated levels of serum cholesterol and triglycerides; hypotensive effects; anticarcinogenic effects; antidiabetic effects; inhibition of platelet aggregation; and activation of fibrinolysis (Reuter & Sendl, "Allium sativum and Allium ursinum: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Applications", in: Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, Academic Press, New York, 1994, pp. 54-113; Koch & Hahn, "Knoblauch: Grundlagen der therapeutischen Anwendung von Allium sativum L.", Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich 1988; Kochh & Lawson, "Garlic, The Science and Therapeutic Application of Allium sativum L. and Related Species", Williams & Wilkins 1996). It has thus been established that Garlic powder and granules can serve as a important nutritional supplement, and that garlic, in the proper form, is a good source of those biologically active compounds which are believed to be responsible for the above-mentioned therapeutic effects. However, it has also been found that in garlic powder or granules which is stored for long periods, the active ingredients present in freshly ground garlic are often eliminated or otherwise rendered inactive. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06270803__ •

Device for dicing garlic Inventor(s): Culig; Branko (Metlika, SL), Repac; Cedomir (Brechen, DE) Assignee(s): Repac; Petra (Brechen, DE) Patent Number: 6,401,605 Date filed: July 23, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to a device for dicing garlic, or similar vegetables. Said device comprises an inner section (2) which has a receiving chamber with a cutting grid (6) located at one end, an upper housing section (3) which can close the other end of the receiving chamber and has a plunger (9) and comprises a housing body (1) with a blade (7), in which the inner section (2) is accommodated in a rotating manner and thread elements which cause the plunger (9) to be driven into and out of the receiving chamber of the rotating section (2) as a result of a twisting motion of the upper housing section (3). The thread elements can be engaged or disengaged using adjustment elements (14). Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an implement for cutting garlic, onions or similar vegetables, having an inner part which has an accommodating chamber with a cutting grid which is arranged at one end and is intended for the substance which is to be cut,

132 Garlic

having a top housing part which has a ram and by means of which the accommodating chamber can be closed at the other end, having a housing body which has a blade and in which the inner part is accommodated in a rotatable manner, and having threaded means which, as a result of rotation of the top housing part, allow the ram to move into the accommodating chamber of the co-rotating inner part or move out of the same, it being possible for the threaded means to be engaged or disengaged by means of adjustment means. The garlic cutter is further equipped with adjustment means which ensure engagement in the spindle in the operating state and allow a free longitudinal displacement of the spindle in the open state. The means are designed as a union nut which is arranged on the housing body and has a mating thread for the spindle. The union nut is fastened on the housing body by means of a bayonet closure. The mating thread is arranged on the inside of a spring ring which, by way of the union nut, is engaged with the thread of the spindle in the operating state and disengaged in the open state. This measure allows the ram to be moved rapidly into the operating position directly above the substance which is to be cut. The union nut is then latched and the ram, by rotation of the top part, is fed to the substance which is to be cut, as a result of which the substance is cut up by the cutting grid and the blade. For rapid opening, the union nut is unlatched again, with the result that the ram can be rapidly removed and the garlic cutter cleaned. Although this garlic cutter has proven very successful in practice, there is a need for further improvement. The object of the invention is to develop an implement for cutting garlic or similar vegetables, and having the features specified in the introduction, to the extent that, as well as having a construction of straightforward design, it can be handled, as well as cleaned, easily and quickly. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06401605__ •

Dietary supplement for preventing or reducing shedding of hair Inventor(s): Allen; Barabra A. (Farmington, CT) Assignee(s): Stabar Enterprises, Inc. (Farmington, CT) Patent Number: 6,149,932 Date filed: October 30, 1998 Abstract: A dietary supplement for humans and hair-bearing pets such as dogs and cats, comprising safflower oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, soya oil, cod liver oil, lecithin, natural flavors, herbs, garlic, and zinc. When fed to a dog or cat daily in a proper dosage, the supplement reduces or eliminates non-seasonal shedding and promotes healthy skin and a glossy coat, silky coat, without affecting the dog's or cat's natural shedding cycle and without causing any harmful effects. The composition also may be administered topically to a human to reduce hair loss. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to compositions and methods for preventing or reducing shedding of hair by hair-bearing mammals. More specifically, the present invention relates to a dietary supplement and methods for using the dietary supplement for humans, dogs, cats and other mammals. The compositions and methods described herein can be used to prevent pets from shedding out of season and to promote healthy skin and silky, glossy coats. There are over 54 million domesticated dogs and over 63 million domesticated cats in the United States. The owners of these pets and other animals have had to cope with the problems associated with keeping the animals indoors and coming into frequent contact with the animals. Additionally, these pet owners deeply care for their pets and want to keep them as healthy and as beautiful as possible. One of the problems pet owners often encounter is excessive amounts of pet

Patents 133

hair clinging to clothes and fabrics and covering surfaces, including floors, carpets, and furniture. This is a result of shedding, the process by which many animals routinely lose their hair. New hair grows to replace that which is lost, so that the animals maintain a full coat. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06149932__ •

Fermentation composition, process for preparing the same, and use thereof Inventor(s): Matsuura; Shingoro (Innoshima, JP) Assignee(s): Manda Formentation Co., Ltd. (Hiroshima, JP) Patent Number: 6,395,315 Date filed: March 10, 1998 Abstract: Fermented and aged fruits such as apples, persimmons, bananas, pineapples, akebia, silvervine, figs, wild strawberries, wild vines, Myrica, and Ume (Japanese apricot), citrus fruits such as Navel oranges, Hassaku oranges, Mandarin oranges, Sour oranges, Iyokan oranges, kumquats, citrons, Kabosu oranges, shaddocks, Ponkan oranges, and lemons, edible roots such as Burdock, carrots, garlic, lotus root, and lily bulbs, grains such as brown rice, glutinous rice, polished rice, millet, corn, wheat, barley, and Foxtail millet, beans and sesames such as soybeans, black soybeans, black sesame, white sesame, and walnuts, seaweed such as Konbu, Wakame, Hijiki, and Laver, saccharides such as brown sugar as lump, fructose, and glucose, as well as honey, starch, cucumbers, Perilla, and celery are used as food quality improvers. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a fermented composition, a method for its manufacture, and applications thereof. The fermented composition pertaining to the present invention can be used as a growth promoter for various plants and animals, and more specifically, can be used for plants such as rice, fruit trees, farm produce, flowering plants, and trees, animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens, and seafood such as fish and shellfish. Various types of fermented composition for health foods have been known in the past. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06395315__

•

Fermented garlic composition Inventor(s): Itakura; Yoichi (Hiroshima, JP), Kakimoto; Masanori (Hiroshima, JP), Nishimoto; Isao (Hiroshima, JP), Shiraishi; Sumihiro (Hiroshima, JP), Suzuki; Ayumi (Hiroshima, JP) Assignee(s): Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,146,638 Date filed: June 10, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition prepared by fermenting enzymatically-deactivated garlic with Aspergillus and/or Monascus, to a process for preparing the same, and also to foods and drugs containing the same. The composition is free from any unpleasant odor and is useful as a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for diabetes, hepatic diseases, cancer, immunopathy, hyperlipemia, and the like.

134 Garlic

Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a fermented garlic composition, a process for producing the same, and a food and a drug containing the same. Since ancient times, garlic has been consumed as a seasoning or spice. In recent years, garlic has been found to contain a variety of physiologically active components, and therefore, garlic is widely used as a health food and a drug. However, garlic contains an odor precursor which is easily converted to an odorous component such as allicin or diallyl disulfide, to thereby impart an unfavorable taste which many people dislike. Therefore, there have been developed methods for producing odorless garlic through heat treatment, as disclosed in, e.g., Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (kokai) Nos. 59-216565 and 4-12604. However, there still remain problems, such as generation of a garlic odor after eating. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06146638__ •

Food roaster with basting receptacle Inventor(s): Dadez; Jaime E. (749 1/2 W. Pleasant St., Freeport, IL 61032) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,026,734 Date filed: March 17, 1998 Abstract: A food roaster is been described which includes a base plate and a cover. The cover includes a basting receptacle which allows in situ basting during a roasting operation. The roaster uses gravity to direct a baste material from the basting receptacle through a hole, or via, and into an interior of the cover. The basting dripper feature is provided to direct the baste material onto food, such as garlic, located on the base plate. The present invention, therefore, allows a solid baste material such as butter, or a liquid baste material such as oil to be placed in the receptacle during a roasting operation for basting without removing the cover. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to food roasters, and in particular to a garlic roaster with a basting receptacle. The roasting of garlic is often performed to provide seasoning for cooking, or the preparation of spreads for food such as bread. The roasting operation is performed at relatively high temperatures and often includes the step of basting the garlic. When baked, garlic mellows and softens. The roasted garlic takes on a slightly sweet taste and spreads like butter. For the reasons stated above, and for other reasons stated below which will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the present specification, there is a need in the art for a garlic roaster which allows garlic to be basted while remaining covered during the roasting operation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06026734__

•

Garlic composition for foliar applications Inventor(s): Arand; Anthony (219 Rancho Bonito Rd., Fallbrook, CA 92028), Arand; John K. (5731 Mistridge Dr., Rancho Palos Verdes, CA 90275) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,488,950 Date filed: August 8, 2000

Patents 135

Abstract: An agricultural composition of a garlic extract solution having a concentration greater than 10% by weight of a garlic extract of the garlic extract solution is disclosed. Also disclosed is an agricultural composition of a garlic extract having a concentration of greater than 10% by weight of a garlic extract and a treatment agent. So further disclosed is a method of making a garlic extract of a predetermined concentration. The method includes determining the amount of a garlic puree, separating a substantial amount of a garlic extract from the garlic puree, and adding an inert liquid to the garlic extract to form a predetermined concentration of the extract. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a garlic formulation and more specifically to a garlic extract formulation having uses in the agricultural environment. Several garlic and water-based compositions or solutions have been introduced into the marketplace as registered pesticides. These garlic/water agricultural compositions have found uses in controlling pests in the following agricultural environments: Brassica vegetables, bulb vegetables, cereal grains, citrus, cotton, cucurbit crops, forage crops, fruiting vegetables, kiwi, leafy vegetables, legume vegetables, nut trees, ornamentals, peanuts, pome fruit trees, root and tuber vegetables, small fruits and berries, and stone fruit trees. It is commonly believed that the repellent power of a garlic/water solution derives from its presence, smell, or ingestion on the crops. The treatment with garlic/water compositions offers a cost effective, environmentally-favorable pest irradication program alternative to conventional chemical pesticides. The technical level of prior art manufacturing methods are generally incapable of measuring a percent by weight garlic extract. In general, the prior art garlic/water agricultural compositions known to the inventors utilize concentrations of approximately 10% or less by weight garlic extract. Garlic extract is the amount of solution obtained after separating the solution from substantially all of the solid particles of crushed garlic in a carrier such as ethyl alcohol or water. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06488950__ •

Garlic cutter Inventor(s): Culig; Branko (Gradac, SI), Repac; Cedomir (Brechen, DE) Assignee(s): Repac; Petra (Brechen, DE) Patent Number: 6,209,439 Date filed: September 10, 1998 Abstract: A garlic cutter having a housing and a beaker shaped structure adapted to receive garlic rotatably disposed in the housing. The beaker shaped structure has a cutting grid for cutting garlic or other vegetables. An upper part, bearing a punch, threadingly engages the housing such that when rotated the punch is urged towards the cutting grid pushing the garlic through the cutting grid. Preferably, the punch and cutting grid are rotated in unison upon rotation of the upper part to allow a plurality of pegs of the punch to align with and enter corresponding apertures in the cutting grid. A cutting blade is non-rotatably disposed beneath the beaker shaped structure to cut garlic emerging from the cutting grid. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns a garlic cutter which may also be used for other vegetables, for instance onions. Known implements for mincing garlic are designed as a sort of press, the garlic being forced by a punch through a grid. Essentially the vegetable is being squeezed, namely being processed by the apertures, into small strands or streamers. The garlic is less cut than pressed in this procedure. Moreover, comparatively

136 Garlic

large parts remain caught in the implement and do not pass through the apertures. The German Offenlegungsschrift 21 19 992 describes an onion cutter wherein an axially adjustable punch forces the onion through star-arrayed cutting blades, so that the onion is cut into a plurality of sectors of a circle. These sectors are cut into individual pieces by a knife inserted transversely. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06209439__ •

Garlic press with detachable cleaner Inventor(s): Clouser, Jr.; Leon C. (Lombard, IL), Huang; Daiying (Chicago, IL), May; David (Geneva, IL), Short; Kevin G. (LaGrange, IL), Subsits; Diane (Chicago, IL) Assignee(s): The Pampered Chef, Ltd. (Addison, IL) Patent Number: 6,109,170 Date filed: August 31, 1998 Abstract: A manually operated, two lever arm type garlic press is provided which a detachably associated cleaning plate that is stored at the front end of the one of the lever arms (preferably, the first lever arm). The cleaning plate is provided with projections on its inner surface which are adopted to engage with apertures in the floor plate of the press chamber so as to clean debris from the apertures after usage of the garlic press. During storage, the projections extend forwardly from the associated lever arm. The cleaning plate is provided with opposing side clips and with top and bottom stabilizing legs that coact together and cooperate with side portions of the associated lever arm adjacent to the front end to hold the cleaning plate relative to that lever arm. Preferably, the top stabilizing leg also functions as a lock to retain the lever arms in a closed configuration during garlic press storage. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to manually operated, lever-type garlic presses that are equipped with a press plate cleaner. Although manually operated garlic presses are useful and effective, they are generally difficult to clean, which particularly involves the removal of the compressed clove from the apertures in the floor plate of the press chamber. In routine use, these apertures tend to become filled with the material from a garlic clove as it is squeezed in the press chamber between the floor plate and an anvil. The anvil compressively descends in the chamber towards the floor plate as the press levers are manually squeezed together by the user so that fluid and paste from the compressed clove can drain out through the floor plate apertures. Attempts to flush out any remaining material from the apertures using tap water pressure are usually ineffective. Moreover, surface brushing of the floor plate usually does not clear all of the material from the apertures. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06109170__

•

Garlic surface membrane stripper Inventor(s): Tsai; Chuan Yu (No. 215, Chung Ming Rd., Pao Chung Hsiang, Yun Lin Hsien, TW) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,131,508 Date filed: March 21, 2000

Patents 137

Abstract: A garlic surface membrane stripper comprises a first body, a second body, a press rod, and a press structure. The first body is installed with a plurality of membrane stripping claws therewithin. The lower ends of the membrane stripping claws are formed with respective free ends, and each of the membrane stripping claw is installed with a protrusion. The membrane stripping claws encircles around a space as a chamber. The second body is installed with an assembling hole and an inlet, and the second body is connected to an upper end of the first body. The press rod is slidably matched to an assembling hole of the second body. The press structure is installed with a plurality of press pieces, and the press structure is connected to a lower end of the press rod. By aforesaid structure, a garlic surface membrane stripper is formed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a garlic surface membrane stripper for striping the surface membrane of a garlic rapidly and easily. Garlic is a general vegetable in baking. Since the surface of a garlic has a membrane which is necessary to be stripped before being used. However, it is troublesome and time-wasted to stripe the membrane by fingers, or in general, the user uses knife to flap the garlic and then stripes the membrane from the garlic. All these operations are inconvenient, especially to stores or homes which have a large consumption to garlic. Therefore, it is apparent that there is an eager demand for a garlic surface membrane stripper for striping the surface membrane of a garlic rapidly and easily. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06131508__ •

Hand operated food grinding apparatus Inventor(s): Ross; Gary (Oxnard, CA), Whitmer; Dave C. (Oxnard, CA) Assignee(s): Highwave Incorporated (Oxnard, CA) Patent Number: 6,637,684 Date filed: April 17, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is hand operated food grinding apparatus into which is designed a series of opposing parallel ridges to enable the food item such as garlic, peppercorn, spices, coffee etc. to be ground into coarsely ground portions or finely ground portions depending on the arrangement and design of the opposing parallel ridges. The hand grinding apparatus has a base having an upper surface made of a series of parallel ridges separated by parallel groves wherein each of the parallel ridges has a flat upper surface, and also comprises a top member having a lower surface made of an opposing series of parallel ridges separated by parallel grooves wherein each of the parallel ridges has a surface, and wherein a respective ridge of the base member is aligned with a respective ridge of a top member or a respective ridge of a base member is offset from a respective ridge or a top member. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, a hand grinding apparatus has a first base member having an upper surface made of a series of parallel ridges which are rounded in a concave fashion to be rounded into the base and are separated by a series of parallel concave grooves, wherein each of the parallel concave ridges has a rounded or flat surface, and also has a second top member having a lower surface made of a series of parallel convex ridges separated by parallel convex grooves, wherein each of the parallel convex ridges has a rounded or flat surface, and wherein each of the convex parallel ridges of the top member is aligned with each of the concave parallel grooves of the base member or offset therefrom. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the general field of food preparation items. In particular, the field of the present invention relates to food grinding apparatus

138 Garlic

operated by hand, as opposed to electric or other motorized apparatus. In general, prior art food grinding apparatus which is used to grind foods such as garlic or peppercorns are generally smooth surface devices wherein pressure is applied between the surfaces to grind the foods. A common food grinding apparatus known in the prior art is a mortar and pestle which preparers of Latin foods use to prepare sauces and salsas. It has been discovered that the operation of two smooth surfaces grinding against each other such as a mortar and pestle do not provide a finely ground or chopped or minced food item. There is a significant need to provide a hand operated food grinding apparatus which can enable the user to finely grind and mince food items. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06637684__ •

Hand-held food processor Inventor(s): Romano; John J. (240 W. Third Ave., Conshohocken, PA 19428) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,409,107 Date filed: October 17, 2000 Abstract: A food processor device arranged to be held in a user's hand for slicing or grating a foodstuff, e.g., garlic, is provided. The device basically comprises a receptacle member having a "handle-like" portion with a hollow cavity at one end for receipt of the foodstuff. An elongated, "handle-like" pusher member is pivotably connected to the opposite end of the receptacle member and is arranged to be pressed down by the user squeezing on the device for pushing the foodstuff toward an outlet of the cavity. A cutting member is provided for slicing or grating the foodstuff and is releasably mounted immediately adjacent the receptacle's outlet. The cutting member is arranged to be pulled across the receptacle's out by an actuator lever mounted on the handle-like portion of the receptacle member. The cutting member is a planar panel having at least one a slicing blade offset parallel slightly therefrom on one side of the planar panel, and at least one grating blade offset at angle to the panel on the opposite side as the slicing blade. The cutting member is arranged to be releasably mounted on the device adjacent the cavity's outlet with either the slicing blade(s) or grating blades(s) oriented toward the outlet to slice or grate the foodstuff, as the case may be. The cutter member cuts or grates the portion of the foodstuff forced out of the outlet as the blade is drawn across the outlet by squeezing the actuator lever. The actuator lever is spring-biased to enable the cutter blade to automatically return to a neutral or extended position with respect to the outlet upon release of the actuator lever. The pusher member includes an offset end arranged to enter into the cavity and that end has a textured surface to engage the foodstuff and prevent it from slipping on its way to the outlet. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to food processing devices, and in particular to a hand-held device for slicing or grating foodstuffs. The patent literature includes numerous patents disclosing hand-held devices for processing foodstuffs. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 125,428 (Amerling) discloses a nutmeg grater in the form of a wooden body having a circular opening. In this device, the nutmeg is placed in position within the circular opening and the operator presses his thumb down on a rod holding a follower member. Thereafter, using the unoccupied hand, the operator revolves a crank which rotates a grater to grinds or grate the nutmeg. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06409107__

Patents 139

•

Herbal intestinal tract cleanser Inventor(s): Watson; Brenda F. (Dunedin, FL), Watson; Tommy Stanley (Dunedin, FL) Assignee(s): Renew Life Formulas, Inc. (Clearwater, FL) Patent Number: 6,551,628 Date filed: November 30, 2001 Abstract: An herbal formulation comprises a liquid component and a solid component. The liquid component comprises oregano leaf, orange peel, Oregon grape root, pau d' arco, cinnamon bark, clove bud, and peppermint leaf. The solid component comprises uva ursi, garlic bulb, magnesium caprylate, citricidal extract, pau d' arco, calcium undecylenate, barberry root, neem leaf, olive leaf, and berberine sulphate. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to an herbal food supplement and intestinal tract cleanser. More particularly, the invention is directed to an herbal formulation useful for cleansing Candida from the intestinal tract of the human body. Leaky gut is a condition in which the mucosa of the intestinal tract is compromised, thereby allowing toxins and food particles to penetrate the lining of the intestinal tract and enter the body's blood stream. The body itself may naturally attempt to counteract this phenomenon, usually with several negative side effects. Firstly, the body may attempt to produce antibodies to combat the toxins. This will result in the body developing allergies to the foods which have caused the breakdown of the intestinal tract lining. Furthermore, the liver may increase its production of detoxifying enzymes. The activation of some of these enzymes may release harmful free radicals as a byproduct. These oxidizing free radicals may, in turn, damage the liver and other tissues, resulting in a weakened immune system. Symptoms of leaky gut may include irritable bowel disease, chronic fatigue, food allergies, and arthritis. Candida Albicans, a common yeast, is part of the regular flora (bacteria) in the digestive tract. In a healthy state, the Candida exist in a ratio of about one Candida per one million other bacteria. Due to many modern-day factors, this yeast can proliferate beyond correct proportion. Yeast overgrowth related disorders may then develop, such as yeast infections, rectal itch, constipation, bloating, skin problems, and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06551628__

•

Manually-operated garlic grater Inventor(s): Bigelow, Jr.; George (Chai Wan, HK), Bigelow, Sr.; George (Chai Wan, HK), Tardif; Pierre (Longueuil, CA) Assignee(s): Desing Pierre Tardif Inc. (Longueil, CA), Les Entreprises Yvan Laporte Inc. (Longueil, CA) Patent Number: 6,244,529 Date filed: June 26, 2000 Abstract: Disclosed is a manually-operated garlic grater which is very easy to use and very efficient to grate cloves of garlic. This garlic grater has a casing defining a tubular cavity having a lateral opening. A handle is removably mounted in a rotatable manner onto the casing on top of one end of the tubular cavity. A hollow grating drum is rigidly connected to the handle so as to be rotated therewith. This drum extends within the tubular cavity when the handle is mounted onto the casing and has a cylindrical wall which extends at a short distance away from the inner wall of the tubular cavity. The

140 Garlic

handle and hollow grating drum altogether form one piece. A base is removably mounted onto the casing on top of the other ends of the tubular cavity. A wiper is rigidly connected to the base. This wiper extending radially within the drum when the base is mounted on the casing and bearing against the cylindrical wall of the drum to wipe the cylindrical wall when the drum is rotated. The base and wiper altogether form another one-piece. A door is pivotally mounted onto the casing so as to be manually foldable onto the lateral opening of the tubular cavity of the casing. This door has an inner surface acting as a pusher to press a glove of garlic to be grated through the lateral opening against the grating drum. The above grater is interesting in that it is compact in size and made of a few pieces easy to assemble and separate, thereby making its use and cleaning easy to carry out. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a kitchen utensil. More specifically, it relates to a manually-operated garlic grater for use to peel off and grate cloves of garlic or other similar products, such as small onions. To obtain garlic juice and gratings for spicing or flavoring a food preparation, it is of common practice to take a clove of garlic, to peel off the skin of the clove with a knife, and then either to chop the peeled clove with the knife or to grate it with a flat grate. Garlic presses are also known, comprising a small container provided with a perforated bottom, in which a clove of garlic previously peeled off can be inserted and pressed with a handle. The clove that is so pressed is crushed and converted into juice and gratings while it passes through the perforations at the bottom of the casing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06244529__ •

Method and apparatus for roasting and smoking skinned food products Inventor(s): Durst; Greg M. (Yuba City, CA), Felice; Salvatore C. (Hollister, CA), Risner, Jr.; Spencer Charles (Hollister, CA) Assignee(s): California Fire-Roasted, L.L.C. (West Sacramento, CA) Patent Number: 6,099,882 Date filed: June 7, 1999 Abstract: A system for preparing a skinned food product includes a roasting unit, a smoking chamber, and a conveyor system for transporting the skinned food product through the roasting unit and through the smoking chamber. The roasting unit has a heated zone for at least partially loosening the skin of the skinned food product. The heat in the heated zone may also blacken portions of the skinned food product. The conveyor system rotates the skinned food product as the product passes through the heated zone. The contact with the smoke in the smoking chamber provides the skinned food product with a desired flavor. A method for preparing a skinned food product includes contacting the product with heat to at least partially loosen a skin thereof, and contacting the product with smoke for a period of time sufficient to provide the product with a smoked flavor. The system and method may be used to prepare skinned food products such as tomatoes, peppers, onions, garlic, corn, potatoes, and artichokes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to food processing and, more particularly, to a system and method for preparing skinned food products. In recent years roasting has become a popular preparation technique for a variety of food products. One known commercial roasting device is a drum-type roaster in which the food product is rotated in a heated drum. Another known commercial roasting device is a belt-type roaster in which the food product is carried on a belt through a heated

Patents 141

section that is heated by a resistance heating element. These known roasting devices, however, suffer from significant disadvantages when used to prepare skinned food products such as tomatoes, peppers, and onions. One disadvantage is that skinned food products generally lack flavor when they are prepared in these known roasting devices. Another disadvantage is that these known roasting devices do not provide the prepared food product with the aesthetically pleasing visual appearance obtained by flame roasting. In view of the foregoing, there is a need for a preparation technique that not only provides a skinned food product with an aesthetically pleasing visual appearance, but also imparts flavor to the skinned food product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06099882__ •

Method and pharmaceutical composition for reducing serum homocysteine concentration Inventor(s): Amagase; Harunobu (Mission Viejo, CA) Assignee(s): Wakunaga of America Co., Ltd. (Mission Viejo, CA) Patent Number: 6,129,918 Date filed: August 13, 1998 Abstract: A method and composition are described for reducing the elevated plasma homocysteine level in mammals (humans) by oral administration of a therapeutically effective amount of Allium plants or extracts thereof, preferably garlic, with or without one or more vitamins such as B.sub.6, B.sub.12 and folic acid in an acceptable pharmaceutical carrier. Enhanced effectiveness is achieved with a combination of Allium plants or extracts thereof, preferably garlic, with vitamins such as B.sub.6, B.sub.12 and folic acid. The described method and composition are effective for prevention, treating or ameliorating cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction, stroke and multiple arteriosclerosis by the reduction or prevention of high levels of plasma homocysteine, one of the major causes for such diseases. Methods and compositions are disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to pharmaceutical methods and compositions and more particularly to improved methods and compositions for reducing elevated serum homocysteine concentrations in mammals. Homocysteine, a three carbon sulfidhydral amino acid, (Cys C), CAS Registry Number 52-90-4, having the molecular formula C.sub.3 H.sub.7 NO.sub.2 S [HS--CH2--CH(NH2)--COOH] and a molecular weight of 121.15, has attracted interest because of its relationship to the development of cardiovascular disease. Numerous studies have shown that patients with myocardial infarction, stroke, or peripheral occlusive arterial disease are frequently hyperhomocysteinamic. Clarke, R., et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia: An Independent Risk Factor for Vascular Disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 1991, 324:1149-1155. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06129918__

142 Garlic

•

Method for improving the forming of flowers of a garlic plant Inventor(s): Barten; Piet (Noord-Scharwoude, NL) Assignee(s): Bejo Zaden B.V. (ZH Warmenhuizen, NL) Patent Number: 6,308,456 Date filed: February 28, 2000 Abstract: A garlic plant (Allium sativum L.) provided with an agent containing a hormone for improving the forming of flowers, at least substantially without bulbils, which has been added thereto in vivo prior to the forming of flowers, which hormone is selected from the group of gibberellins, preferably gibberellic acid type GA3. The agent containing the hormone is for example injected into the flower stalk of the garlic plant. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method for improving the forming of flowers of a garlic plant (Allium sativum L.), that is, for effecting a normal development of flowers with garlic. This improved forming of flowers in accordance with the invention now makes it possible to improve garlic via sexual hybridization and multiply it on a commercial scale via seeds. Commercially, garlic is an important crop, which, like onion, shallot and leek, belongs to the Allium family. In 1987 approx. 2,662,000 tons of garlic were produced worldwide, which corresponds to a crop area of approx. 421,000 hectares. Commercial garlic production takes place by means of vegetative propagation, whereby "garlic cloves", which are also fit for consumption, are used as propagation material. So far it has appeared to be impossible to effect practically acceptable generative propagation of garlic, since this crop forms hardly any flowers, and thus seeds, (if at all). The fact is that a garlic plant develops vegetative parts in the inflorescence, which parts have a strong impeding effect on the development of flowers. Said vegetative parts may be considered to be small "garlic cloves", and they are also referred to as "bulbils" or "topsets". Accordingly, attempts to produce commercial quantities of garlic seed have so far been unsuccessful. There are significant drawbacks attached to vegetative propagation of garlic. The garlic cloves which function as propagation material are voluminous, which leads to high transport costs, whilst in addition they do not keep very well. Furthermore, vegetative propagation stands in the way of adequate crop improvement. Moreover, there is always a risk of virus diseases, nematodes and fungi being transferred from a parent plant. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06308456__

•

Method for producing microbulbs of garlic {Allium sativum l.} in vitro Inventor(s): Chung; Kyung Ho (Kyonggi-Do, KR), Nam; Sang Il (Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): Tong Yang Moolsan Company Limited (KR) Patent Number: 6,265,217 Date filed: March 1, 2000 Abstract: A method for producing the bulbs of Garlic with saving the cost for producing them and enhancing the work efficiency and the yield by dark-culturing and/or liquid media-culturing of the garlic tissues in vitro is provided, which comprises the steps of:a) isolation and excision of the virus-free tissues in the length of 0.2 to 0.3 mm obtained from the meristem of parent body of garlic;b) inoculating the excised tissues from the meristem tissue of garlic onto the solid-type primary media;c) culturing the tissues inoculated onto the solid-type primary media under the light condition at 25.degree. C.

Patents 143

in the culturing room for 4 weeks;d) propagating the shoots regenerated from the cultured tissues at the multiplication media for 4 weeks;e) transferring the propagated shoots into the liquid-type media with additional components of 90 g/l of sucrose and plant growth regulators and culturing them primarily for 10 days;f) transferring the primarily cultured tissues into the liquid-type media having the same composition as the media used in the step e) with additional components of 140 g/l of sucrose and plant growth regulators;g) secondarily culturing the said tissues at about 25.degree. C. and under the dark-condition in the culturing room for 6 weeks;h) harvesting the microbulbs from the virus-free garlic plants in vitro;in which the steps f) and g) are carried out in the altered liquid-type MS media under the dark-condition with no artificial illumimation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for producing the bulbs of Garlic In Vitro, more practically, a method for producing the bulbs of Garlic with saving the cost for producing them and enhancing the work efficiency and the yield by darkculturing and/or liquid media-culturing of the tissue of garlic In Vitro. Generally, the garlic is known to be propagated by vegetative propagation through dividing the clove, since their reproductive organ had been degenerated and no seeds are formed in the plant body itself. In addition, since the ratio of obtaining the clove is very low, much more amount of clove should be used as the "seeds" in cultivation of the garlic. Furthermore, the garlic is generally exposed to a risk of possible infection of the virus, and once a parent body of the garlic is infected by the virus, the progenies resulted from the said parent body by the vegetative propagation are grown in the infected condition thereby causing the reduced yield of garlic. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06265217__ •

Method of manufacturing a lemon-basil garlic marinade Inventor(s): Vella; Salvatore (20 Julian Way, Marlboro, NJ 07746) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,171,639 Date filed: December 27, 1999 Abstract: A method for preparing a lemon-basil garlic marinade, which combines an Italian dressing with water, granulated garlic and dried basil at room temperature, where both the granulated garlic and dried basil are slowly poured into the mixture and easily stirred, and where the Italian dressing is a blended dressing including lemon juice as an ingredient. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of condiments, in general, and to a lemonbasil garlic marinade for poultry and fish products, in particular. As will become clear from the discussion that follows, the lemon-basil garlic marinade of the invention includes an Italian dressing mixed with water at a rate of substantially six gallons of water per twenty gallons of dressing--with granulated garlic then being poured in, and with the mixture so formed being easily stirred for a period of approximately three to four minutes. Dried basil is then poured in further, and easily stirred for another four to five minutes to produce the marinade. Experimentation has shown that the resultant taste afforded will be uniform throughout the mix if the ingredients are poured in slowly--with the easy stirring and slow pouring all being done at room temperature. Being then immediately ready as a marinade--especially for a boneless and skinless turkey breast--experimentation has shown that additional refrigeration after use

144 Garlic

prolongs the taste of the marinade, and produces optimal results. Experimentation has further shown that uniformity of taste results when using an Italian dressing which is blended (i.e. one where, upon sitting, the oil does not rise to the top with the spices settling to the bottom) and enhanced taste results when lemon juice is included as an ingredient of the dressing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06171639__ •

Natural pesticide Inventor(s): Chang; Chun-Hua Lily (Ventura, CA), Hsu; Hsinhung John (Ventura, CA), Zhou; Jian (Ventura, CA) Assignee(s): Safer Gro Laboratories, Inc. (Ventura, CA) Patent Number: 6,231,865 Date filed: March 23, 1999 Abstract: The invention describes a synergistic effect when garlic oil or extract is combined with essential oils which results in an improved insecticide/fungicide which is natural and contains no chemical additives. Essential oils are defined in this application to be volatile liquids obtained from plants and seeds including cotton seed oil, soybean oil, cinnamon oil, corn oil, cedar oil, castor oil, clove oil, geranium oil, lemongrass oil, linseed oil, mint oil, sesame oil, thyme oil, rosemary oil, anise oil basil oil, camphor oil, citronella oil, eucalyptus oil, fennel oil, ginger oil, grapefruit oil, lemon oil, mandarin oil, orange oil, pine needle oil, pepper oil, rose oil, tangerine oil, tea tree oil, tee seed oil, mineral oil and fish oil. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition of matter used as a natural pesticide and a method for inhibiting the growth of bacteria, fungi and insect pests. Garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) and/or its extract have been reported to have antibacterial and/or antifungal properties. It is known that Allicin isolated from the cloves of garlic had antibacterial properties against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Further, aqueous extracts of garlic have been reported to inhibit the growth of a variety of yeast-like fungi in the genera Candida, Cryptococcus, Rhudotoruto, Torulopsis and Trichosporon. It has also been previously reported that garlic extract and chips inhibit the growth of fungi such as Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Because of its antifungal and antibacterial properties, garlic or its extract have been used as pesticides to control plant diseases such as mildew. It has also been used as an insecticide to control plant insects such as army worms, aphids and Colorado beetles. Most recently, a method used to repel mosquitos using garlic extract and water was granted U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,552 issued to Anderson et. al. The present invention is directed to a composition of matter which comprises garlic extract and essential oils. This combination of natural ingredients, when applied to plants, has superior antifungal and anti-bacterial qualities, than if applied separately. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06231865__

Patents 145

•

Nutritive composition for cardiovascular health containing fish oil, garlic, rutin, capsaicin, selenium, vitamins and juice concentrates Inventor(s): Fan; David (Mission Veijo, CA), Hsia; Houn Simon (Foothill Ranch, CA) Assignee(s): Viva Life Science (Costa Mesa, CA) Patent Number: 6,440,464 Date filed: April 21, 1997 Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of nutritional supplement compositions to overcome nutritional deficiencies typically associated with the normal mammalian diet. The compositions of the present invention are obtained by combining fish oil, garlic powder, rutin, capsaicin, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and one or more juice concentrates. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides a novel nutritive compositions, and more specifically to nutritive compositions containing fish oil, garlic, rutin, capsaicin, vitamin A (beta carotene) , vitamin E, vitamin C, selenium and selected juice concentrates, for reducing the levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) in human blood serum, and for lowering the blood pressure, and for increasing the levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in human blood serum. In the last few years, scientific literature has provided strong evidence for a bona fide link between micronutrient compositions (such as vitamins, minerals, fish oils, and plant extracts) and cardiovascular disease. For humans of high risk for cardiovascular diseases, realizing an appreciable reduction in the levels of high cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL) in their blood serum is known to be important for reducing the risk of cardiac diseases. It is also known that effecting an increase in the levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) also provides a significant decrease to the risk of cardiac diseases. Cardiovascular disease resulting from the buildup of arterial plaque is known to be a leading cause of illness and death in humans. Arterial plaque is caused by precipitous material formed chiefly of oxidized low density lipoprotein (O-LDL). The buildup of plaque in the form of O-LDL in the arteries is understood to be a factor in ischemic heart disease. Free radical oxidants, many of which come from naturally occurring sources such as sun exposure, metabolism of certain nutrients, exercise, or are otherwise often observed in persons suffering from diabetes and high blood pressure, act to oxidize LDL into its deleterious form, O-LDL. Free radical "scavengers" such as vitamins A, E, C, and selenium are believed to react with these oxidants and render them incapable of oxidation. The inhibitory action of these antioxidants thus inhibits the formation of OLDL, thereby lowering the levels of arterial plaque deposits in blood vessels. In contrast, the presence of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in the body is understood to have beneficial health effects. Specifically, HDL is known to be a more soluble form of lipoprotein, hence its presence does not significantly contribute to the formation of arterial plaque. In addition, it is known that HDL is able to absorb plaque material and may thus directly reduce the amount of arterial plaque. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06440464__

146 Garlic

•

Pet breath ameliorator Inventor(s): Lewandowski; Joan (HC 63, Box 60, Costigan, ME 04223) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,309,676 Date filed: July 19, 1999 Abstract: An oral hygienic compound and method for use in domesticated animals such as cats and dogs. The primary component of the oral hygienic compound is pure, natural garlic. The method involves coating or otherwise adulterating the animal's food with the oral hygienic compound in order to maximize garlic exposure within the oral cavity of the animal. Thus, the oral hygienic compound should promote chewing by the animal so as to evenly distribute the garlic within the animal's mouth. Garlic, in an uncooked state, has been found to substantially eliminate a pet's bad breath, whether by substantially reducing odor-causing bacteria within the oral cavity, and/or by other more systemic means when it is administered according to the inventive method. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of pet hygiene. More particularly, the present invention relates to controlling breath odor in pets. More particular yet, the present invention involves both a method and composition for controlling breath odor in pets such as dogs. Most particularly, the present invention involves the treatment and control of breath odor in pets by dispensing uncooked garlic in powder form to such pets. As all pet owners are aware, the smell of a pet's breath can be rank enough to repulse the pets' owners, as well as the owners' friends and relatives, thereby adversely affecting the emotional bond between dog and human. The cause of the bad breath is periodontal disease, caused by a build-up of plaque and tartar along the gumline and between the teeth of the pet. Plaque, a composition of bacteria, salivary proteins and food debris, builds up in the groove between the teeth and gums forming pockets in which bacteria can continue to breed and eventually damage the tissue surrounding the teeth. It is the bacteria that causes the malodorous breath of the pet. A veterinarian specializing in dental care in pets estimates that 98% of dogs with bad breath are suffering from periodontal disease. See Matthew Hoffman, Ed.; Dogs. The Ultimate Care Guide, Rodale Press, Emmaus, 1998, citing Dr. Jan Bellows, DVM, PhD, p. 408. The cause of bad breath in the remaining 2% of dogs that are not suffering from periodontal disease are systemic, or internal. For example, the bad breath may be the result of poor nutrition or organic dysfunctions that result noxious gases being discharged through the respiratory system. Just as there are remedies, such as breath mints, mouthwashes, pastes, and gels, intended for human use combating what the advertisers once dubbed "halitosis," so too are there similar "fresheners," i.e., cover-up liquids and solids, that can be administered to pets for what is referred to as "doggy breath." Some of these fresheners can be administered to the pet orally, others require that the pet owner apply the freshener to the oral cavity of the pet. Devices for applying the breath freshener include such things as dental wipes, scrubbers that fit over a person's finger, and toothbrushes and toothpaste specially formulated for pets. The difficulty with such devices is that the pet owner must apply the device to the pet's teeth, a task that may entail extensive time and energy. Using such means to clean a pet's teeth necessarily entails putting a foreign object into the oral cavity of the pet--an unnatural situation for the pet --and this may be distressful for the pet. Oral sprays and cleansers are also known as breath fresheners, to be applied to the animal's oral cavity by the owner or by a veterinarian. In addition, there are various types of pet treats or toys that supply some type breath-freshening substance to the oral cavity of the pet. One such device is a treat that has a pumice-like substance on the surface of the treat which is used to remove

Patents 147

tartar and plaque build-up from the pet's teeth as the pet chews the treat, e.g., BREATH TREATS FOR DOGS by FOUR PAWS. Other known devices are treats or chewy toys that contain breath-freshening ingredients such as mint, parsley, chlorophyl, vitamins, or zinc compounds. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06309676__ •

Process of making a marinated frozen garlic product Inventor(s): Onove; Margaret M. (4250 NW. 30th St., Apt. 251, Coconut Creek, FL 33066) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,096,366 Date filed: December 18, 1998 Abstract: A process of making a marinated frozen garlic product in which the garlic is marinated in vinegar, minced, combined with olive oil, and frozen. Excerpt(s): The fresh garlic is a healthy herb, prepared as a ready to use condiment, which is not available in the market place as of this date. The garlic is minced, seasoned, and frozen. The garlic is always freezer fresh, economic, and has a long freezer life-span. The product is used directly from the freezer, after taking only the required amount from the garlic container. This process avoids a time consuming preparation in a very busy kitchen. Garlic cloves were extensively used in recipes from my Italian family and this tradition has continued to the present. During my working career the heads of garlic were purchased, peeled and pickled. Over time, I thought of avoiding the pickling and changed to marinating, mincing and freezing. Ready pealed fresh garlic cloves. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06096366__

•

Process to modulate disease risk with doses of a nutraceutical Inventor(s): Block; Jerome Bernard (Rancho Palos Verdes, CA), Evans; Steven (Omaha, NE) Assignee(s): Genetic Services Management, Inc. (Omaha, NE) Patent Number: 6,630,160 Date filed: September 5, 2000 Abstract: A dietary supplement is created, comprised of material from the following nutrients, vitamins, herbs, minerals, and food and plant substances and food and plant derivatives: lycopene, vitamin E, selenium, green tea, coenzyme Q10, garlic, folic acid, vitamin C, curcumin, seaweed, Cordyceps sinsensis mushroom, Lentinus edodes (shiitake) mushroom, and Ganoderma lucidum (reishi) mushroom. The composition is administered orally for individuals who wish to reduce their risk of disease, particularly cancer-risk. Excerpt(s): Cancer care is reported to have cost Americans more than $110 billion in 1992, more than 11% of all expenditures spent on diseases in America. Researchers have indicated that from 50-90% of all cancers could be prevented through proper nutrition. There has evolved a new professional descriptive term "nutraceuticals" which combines the term "nutrient" and the term "pharmaceuticals" to describe this genre of medicinal agents that may be comprised of one or more complex combinations of ingredients

148 Garlic

made from nutrients, vitamins, minerals, herbs, and food and plant derivatives. We shall employ this term "nutraceutical" to refer to such a composition of one or more ingredients. This invention addresses the need for a dietary supplement that can reduce risk of disease, particularly cancer risk, that will be efficacious for a significant segment of the population. There have been tests and clinical trials on numerous individual agents for their role as cancer preventatives, such as coenzyme Q10 or selenium, but the daunting task of intelligently combining complex compositions has precluded exploration of complex compositions of nutraceuticals for cancer risk reduction. Thus in the past, one single ingredient would be selected and tested for its role as a cancer preventative for some specific cancer, usually in individuals who already had cancer. For example, selenium was tested for cancer prevention in patients who had had carcinoma of the skin [Clark, L. C., Combs; G. F., Jr., Turnbull, B. W., Slate, E. H., Chalker, D. K., Chow, J., Davis, L. S., Glover, R. A., Graham, G. F., Gross, E. G., Krongrad, A., Lesher, J. L., Park, H. K., Sanders, B. B., Jr., Smith, C. L., Taylor, J. R. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 276 (24): 1957-1963, Dec. 1996]. Similarly the effects of coenzyme Q10 suggested possible efficacious results in limited case studies with individuals with breast cancer [Lockwood, K., Moesgaard, S., Folkers, K. Partial and complete regression of breast cancer in patients in relation to dosage of coenzyme Q10. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 199: 1504-1508, 1994]. However researchers as noted have been preoccupied with traditional experimental design methodology whereby these investigators wish to determine whether one specific ingredient is effective or not, usually for one specific cancer, and even then, as a treatment rather than a preventative. Another reason single individual ingredients were selected is because researchers have focused on just one of the following biologic, cancer-fighting, etiologically-oriented domains of interest: (1) anti-tumor activity, or (2) immune stimulating activity, or (3) anti-viral activity, or (4) anti-inflammatory activity, or (5) antimutagenic activity, or (6) antiproliferative activity, or (7) anti-free-radical development. This micro-focus has precluded the realization that by combining all those ingredients which work for one subset or another of the population, for one type of cancer or another, for one etiological reason or another, a powerful net effect can be achieved, along with the synergy of the ingredients working together. The present invention provides a complex composition (a "nutraceutical") comprising material from known nutrients, vitamins, herbs, minerals, and food and plant substances and food and plant derivatives which are useful to reduce risk of disease, particularly cancer risk, for one or more of all the known etiological factors that affect cancer development and hence yields cancer prevention for the consumer of this nutraceutical. This nutraceutical profoundly reduces risk of cancers through the multiple actions of all the etiological factors addressing cancer-causing conditions, such as providing (1) anti-tumor activity, and (2) immune stimulating activity, and (3) anti-viral activity, and (4) anti-inflammatory activity, and (5) antimutagenic activity, and (6) antiproliferative activity, and (7) anti-free-radical development. The nutraceutical is comprised of lycopene, vitamin E, selenium, green tea polyphenols, Coenzyme Q-10, garlic, folic acid, vitamin C, curcumin, seaweed, Cordyceps sinsensis mushroom, Lentinus edodes (shiitake) mushroom, and Ganoderma lucidum (reishi) mushroom. Preferably the material from each of such entries is in dried powder form. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06630160__

Patents 149

•

Prostate formula Inventor(s): Wheeler; Ronald E. (412 C.R. 243, Durango, CO 81301) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,197,309 Date filed: August 3, 1999 Abstract: A composition providing an all-natural, non-surgical preventative of or improvement to disorders of the prostate gland is described. The invention relates to a composition for the prevention of or improvement of prostatitis, and for relieving symptoms and improving objective signs of prostatitis. The formula of the composition preferably includes the following ingredients each in a therapeutically effective amount: Vitamin C, Vitamin B6, Vitamin E, zinc, glycine, L-alanine, Glutamic acid, Saw palmetto, Pygeum extract, Pumpkin seed, Stinging nettle, Echinacea, garlic, Ginkgo leaves, and selenium. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a composition that provides an allnatural, non-surgical preventative of or improvement to disorders of the prostate gland. More specifically, the invention relates to a composition for the prevention of or improvement of prostatitis, and for relieving symptoms and improving objective signs of prostatitis. The prostate gland (or prostate) is a walnut-sized, mucous-producing organ in males that lies just below the urinary bladder. The prostate typically grows and enlarges throughout life. The only known function of the prostate is to produce a secretion that nourishes and protects the sperm during reproduction. The urethra, the canal that in most mammals discharges urine from the bladder, passes through the prostate gland. Unfortunately, this anatomical feature creates problems, often associated with difficulty in urination, as males age. In men, the prostate gland is the source of several common disorders including prostatitis and benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), wherein the prostrate gland becomes inflamed or enlarged. Prostatitis is defined as an inflammation or infection of the prostate gland. While prostatitis may be acute, associated with systemic findings of fever, chills and rigors, most cases of prostatitis are chronic and tend to be incurable with relatively frequent recurrences despite optimal standard therapy. Chronic prostatitis (inflammation or infection of the prostate) is common to all adult men. It is associated with virtually all cases of prostate cancer and is present in every prostate biopsy regardless of other findings. Chronic prostatitis may not cause significant symptoms in many men, but in others it can be a devastating disease that severely affects the quality of life of those afflicted. It is difficult to diagnose and even more difficult to treat. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06197309__

•

Snake repellent system Inventor(s): Pogue; Thelma F. (4414 S. 3rd St., Phoenix, AZ 85040) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,244,518 Date filed: October 12, 1999 Abstract: A snake repellent system for use in repelling snakes so as to prevent the human user from being bitten. The snake repellent system consists of a receptacle into which is placed a quantity of garlic or onion, the aroma of which is believed to be

150 Garlic

effective in repelling snakes. The receptacle is provided with a lid having a plurality of openings for facilitating the dispersal of the garlic or onion aroma. The receptacle may be provided with a mincing rack used to mince a clove of garlic, thereby more fully releasing its aroma. The receptacle may also be provided with a means to both limit child access to the repellent substance within the receptacle and prevent removal of the repellent substance from the lid openings. An adjustable band is provided for attaching the receptacle to the arm or leg of the user. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to providing a snake repellent system. More particularly, this invention concerns a snake repellent system which may be worn or otherwise carried by the user and in which may be stored substances which are believed to be effective in repelling snakes. A number of methods are available to protect adults and children from being bitten by a snake. One such method includes the use of specially-made garments which are designed to form a protective barrier between the fangs of a snake and the wearer's skin. These garments may either comprise a full boot in which the sides of the boot extend substantially to the wearer's knees, or a leggingtype garment which is attached to each of the wearer's legs and extends from the shoe to the knee. Both garments typically are made of leather having a sufficient toughness and thickness to prevent the penetration of the snake's fangs into the skin. Although both products are instrumental in preventing injury due to snakebites, both may be toq cumbersome and expensive for many users. In addition, covering part of the leg with thick leather may make traversing through hot environments uncomfortable and interfere with the tanning process for those who venture outdoors with exposed legs in hopes of improving their tan. Furthermore, neither product is proactive in preventing the shock and fright associated with having a snake actually strike at one's body. Yet further, in many areas, most particularly of the southwest United States, construction of new homes is taking place nearby occupied homes. Such construction tends to disturb and make more active the snakes, most particularly rattlesnakes, which are indigenous to that area. This puts children and pets playing outdoors, even in their own nearby yards, at higher risk. And it is expensive, inefficient, and difficult to make children consistently wear cumbersome snake protection of the type above mentioned. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06244518__ •

Spicy popcorn with natural ingredients Inventor(s): Patel; Bharatkumar Jethalal (3/13 Old Prabhunagar Society, Asarva, Ahmedabad 380016, IN), Patel; Kiritkumar J. (2724, Monterey Rd., San Jose, CA 95111), Patel; Shilpa P. (38, Tatsat Flat, Bhudur pura Road, Amgavadi. Ahmedagad, 3800015, IN) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,207,205 Date filed: March 22, 1999 Abstract: A method to prepare spicy popcorn with natural ingredients for providing a snack food. The ingredients are turmeric powder, red chili powder, black peppers, sea salt, garlic powder, penut or corn oil and chili powder. Excerpt(s): It is an object of the present invention to provide a new hot spicy corn, which may be easily and efficiently manufactured and marketed. It is a further object of the present invention to provide new spicy popcorn, which is of a durable and reliable construction. An even further object of the present invention is to provide a new hot

Patents 151

spicy corn which is susceptible of a low cost of manufacture with regards to both material and labor, and which accordingly is then susceptible of low prices of sell to the consuming public, there by marking such spicy popcorn economically available to the buying public. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06207205__ •

Sulfur adsorbent for reducing onion or garlic breath odor Inventor(s): Berg; Kenneth A. (North Wales, PA) Assignee(s): PQ Holding, Inc. (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 6,403,642 Date filed: August 14, 2000 Abstract: Compositions for adsorbing sulfur-containing compounds and eliminating or reducing odors associated with the ingestion of foods or medicines causing sulfur odor, such as garlic and onions, contain a metal complex of a substrate and a ligand. The complex may be contained in a carrier, such as a silica gel, and has low solubility in an aqueous environment. The ligand of the compositions may comprise an amino acid containing sulfur, nitrogen, or a carboxylic acid, such as cystine, and the substrate is a metal which may be copper, zinc, or iron. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to compositions and methods for eliminating or reducing breath odors caused by sulfur-containing compounds produced when food products and medicines are ingested. More particularly, it relates to eliminating or reducing breath odors by adsorbing sulfur-containing compounds and their constituents and derivatives contained in foods composed of garlic or onions. Many chemicals and food products contain sulfur-containing compounds, which possess a strong odor. Ingestion of the chemical or food product often results in breath having undesirable odors from either the ingested compounds, from their metabolites, or both. Garlic and onions are foods with particularly strong sulfur odors and cause particularly undesirable breath odors. Garlic and other food products and chemicals comprise or produce various sulfur-containing constituents, including allicin, alliin, and diallyl disulfide. The sulfur-containing compounds that have been found to result from ingestion of garlic or other food products and chemicals include allyl mercaptan, diallyl disulfide, dimethyl disulfide, dipropyl disulfide, methyl allyl disulfide, allyl methyl sulfide, diallyl sulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, methyl allyl trisulfide, and allyl thiol. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06403642__

•

Synergistic mixtures of garlic and lycopene for preventing LDL oxidation Inventor(s): Aviram; Michael (Haifa, IL), Fuhrman; Bianca (Haifa, IL), Gruenwald; Jeorg (Berlin, DE), Nir; Zohar (Beer Sheva, IL) Assignee(s): Lycored Natural Products Industries Ltd. (Beer Sheva, IL) Patent Number: 6,555,134 Date filed: October 11, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides a synergistic pharmaceutical or dietary composition containing lycopene and garlic. The present invention also provides an improved method to block the oxidation of LDL in order to arrest the process of

152 Garlic

therapeutic agent and a method for the prevention or treatment of atheroscelerosis using and/or applying said compositions. Excerpt(s): Atherosclerosis is the cause of death in more than 50% of people in Western Societies (Davies MJ and Woolf N. Atherosclerosis: what is it and why does it occur? Br Heart J 69:S3, 1993). In addition, it results in significant cardiac morbidity, such as anginal syndromes, myocardial infarctions, ischemic cardiomyopathy, sudden cardiac death, cerebrovascular accidents, and peripheral vascular disease. Indisputable evidence for an association between coronary heart disease (CHD) and risk factors, such as arterial hypertension, cigarette smoking and hyperlipidemia, has been derived from a variety of epidemiological studies. Of all the risk factors established thus far, lipid disorders play a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic vascular disease, especially of CHD. Many epidemiological and clinical trials have demonstrated the powerful association between hyperlipidemia and the widespread incidence of CHD. The Framingham Heart Study (Castell WP, Anderson K, Wilson PW., Levy D. Lipids aid risk of coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Ann Epidemiol 2(1-2): 23-28, 1992), which has been continuous since 1984, showed that hypercholesterolemia is a major contributor to the development of CHD. The link between atherosclerosis and cholesterol has been confirmed by a number of clinical trials. Fats are insoluble in the aqueous medium of the blood. Thus, transport of the lipids triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol occurs exclusively by way of lipid-protein complexes, the lipoproteins. The lipoproteins are classified into 4 broad classes-chylomicrons, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and high density lipoprotein (HDL), which differ in their composition, size, and potential atherogenicity. Measurement of total cholesterol level in plasma reflects the sum of cholesterol being transported in each individual lipoprotein. However, LDL and HDL are the main cholesterol carriers in plasma and only a small fraction of cholesterol is carried in VLDL or in the chylomicrons. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06555134__ •

Therapeutic uses of specially processed garlic for sickle cell disease Inventor(s): Ohnishi; Tsuyoshi (King of Prussia, PA) Assignee(s): Wakunaga of America Co., Ltd. (Mission Viejo, CA) Patent Number: 6,254,871 Date filed: November 12, 1999 Abstract: This invention deals with a therapeutically effective composition and method for use in ameliorating the effects of sickle cell anemia and sickle cell crisis. The method preferably involves the oral administration, in preferably four doses daily, of an effective amount of a composition containing S-allyl cysteine and S-allylmercapto cysteine (such as aged garlic extract or AGE) with 1 to 10 grams of Vitamin C and between 200 to 1,200 I.U. of vitamin E. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the therapeutic efficacy of a composition containing components found in specially processed garlic for sickle cell anemia patients, particularly, to a method for ameliorating sickle cell anemia and more particularly to a method in which the composition or a specially processed garlic is administered on a daily basis for ameliorating anemia and preventing painful crisis in sickle cell anemia patients. Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease seen in both African and African-American populations. The patients have a genetically abnormal

Patents 153

hemoglobin (called sickle hemoglobin or HbS), which polymerizes at a low oxygen concentration and forms bundles of hemoglobin polymers, thus stretching and deforming red blood cells into a "sickle" shape. This deformation damages the membrane of patients' red blood cells and makes the average life of the red blood cells in the range of 10 to 20 days as opposed to 120 days for normal individuals. As a result, patients suffer from chronic anemia. These damaged red blood cells have a tendency to adhere to the endothelial cells of the blood vessel, neutrophils and platelets, and thus, obstruct blood flow causing frequent painful seizure called "sickle cell crisis," damaging organs and impairing bone joints. In Africa, one out of fifty persons is estimated to suffer from this disease, and if enough medical assistance is not provided, the average life span of the patients is around 20 years. In the entire African continent, millions of patients are estimated to suffer from this disease. In the United States, about one out of 500 of the African-American population (about 18% of total U.S. population) may suffer from this disease. The total number of sickle cell patients in the United States is estimated to be on the order of 70,000. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06254871__ •

Topical treatment of psoriasis Inventor(s): Albazi; Hermiz (4344 Moorpark Ave. #1, San Jose, CA 95117), Albazi; Rakhi (4344 Moorpark Ave. #1, San Jose, CA 95117) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,153,197 Date filed: April 27, 1999 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition for treatment of psoriasis is a mixture of garlic (Allium sativum) and seeds of the radish plant (Raphanus sativus) in dilute acetic acid, preferably in the form of white wine vinegar, which is pulverized and blended into a paste. For maximum potency, the composition is preferably prepared immediately before use from fresh ingredients in an amount sufficient for a single treatment. Alternatively, the composition may be prepared ahead of time and stored in a sealed, refrigerated container or otherwise preserved. In the method of treatment, the paste-like composition is applied topically directly to psoriatic plaques on the patient. The composition is allowed to dry on the patient's skin and is left in place for a period of approximately 24 to 72 hours, after which the composition is washed off. The composition is repeatedly applied at intervals of approximately one week over a three to six week period until the desired results are obtained. Typically, the patient's skin will begin to show signs of improvement after the first application of the composition and, after the course of the treatment, the plaque-like lesions will be replaced by healthy, normal skin. The method of treatment is effective on new cases of psoriasis and on longstanding intractable cases of psoriasis, which have not responded to other methods of treatment. Longterm follow-up of patients has shown relatively complete remission of the disease and restoration of normal skin growth for extended periods without recurring symptoms. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition and method for topical treatment of skin disorders, in particular, for the treatment of psoriasis. Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease long recognized for its peculiar clinical symptoms characterized by circumscribed red patches covered with white scales, and often accompanied by varying degrees of discomfort. It has been determined that the disease is not contagious; however, its cause and mechanism have not yet been elucidated. See, Kruger, G. G.,

154 Garlic

"Psoriasis: Current Concepts of its Etiology and Pathogenesis", The Year Book of Dermatology (1981). Due to the characteristic formation of skin lesions and eruptions, psoriasis gives its victims an unfavorable psychological outlook on life. Among people in Western countries, about 2% of the total population suffer from the disease. Psoriasis is considered to be a pluricausal hereditary disease whose onset occurs due to the genetic makeup in the body, and which is stimulated by the action of various other factors, such as infection, drugs, food, climate and stress, any one of which can trigger the genetic cause. Since it is known that psoriasis has a close relationship with histocompatibility antigen (HLA) which exhibits polymorphism due to the variation of the HLA gene, it is clear that psoriasis is a hereditary disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06153197__ •

Use of garlic extract as both preventive and therapeutic agents for human prostate and bladder cancers Inventor(s): Cheon; Jun (Seoul, KR), Kim; Hankyeum (Seoul, KR), Kim; Jejong (Seoul, KR), Lee; Jungku (Seoul, KR), Moon; Doogun (Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): Korea Chungang Educational Foundation (Seoul, KR) Patent Number: 6,465,020 Date filed: July 5, 2000 Abstract: This invention is concerned with the clinical investigation of the therapeutic effects of garlic extracts containing allicin, diallyl disulfide, and diallyl trisulfide. The intake of garlic or therapeutically active substances such as allicin from garlic, induces immunostimulation and these active substances possess strong antitumor effects including the apoptosis of tumors, including the programmed cell death of human prostatic and bladder tumor cells. This invention claims that garlic and/or garlic extracts possess very effective therapeutic substances useful not only to treat human prostate and bladder cancers to extend life span of patients, but also to suppress or prevent bladder and prostate gland cancers. Excerpt(s): This invention is relates to new therapeutic applications of garlic extracts containing allicin, diallyl disulfide, trisulfide, etc., and more specifically this application relates to the use of these extracts against human prostate gland and bladder tumors. The therapeutic applications relate to the strong immunostimulation mediated anticancer effects elicited by allicin, diallyl disulfide, and diallyl trisulfide in garlic extracts, which induce programmed prostate and bladder cancer cell death. Prostate cancer death is prevalent in the U.S. and Europe. Prostate cancer is the second largest cause of cancer death among the male population in these countries. In Korea, as the elderly male population increases and as more advanced diagnostic techniques for detecting prostate cancers are imported into the country, the incidence of detected prostate cancers within Korea is expected to increase. The incidence of prostate cancer within Korea is also expected to rise because of dramatic changes in dietary habits, including the increased consumption of dairy products, which are closely associated with the number of male prostate cancer patients and an increase in male mortality due to prostate cancer. Thus, prostate cancer in Korea is expected to become one of the major socially important diseases. Unfortunately, when many patients are diagnosed with prostate cancer, prostate tumors have already metastasized to bone marrow and lymph nodes. In such cases, the only treatment mode is hormonal therapy (either radical orchiectomy of both testes and/or continued injection of LHRH analogues). Most patients respond well to primary treatment, however, more than half of the patients

Patents 155

develop resistance to hormonal treatment and unfortunately, these patients die within a year to a year and a half. Consequently, it was very much desired to find new therapeutic regimens or ways to increase the quality of life for patients who are resistant to hormonal therapy. Effective new therapeutic regimens have not yet been discovered. Furthermore, the discovery of preventive therapeutic agents that significantly reduce the incidence of prostate cancer without serious side effects, will become highly desired. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06465020__

Patent Applications on Garlic As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to garlic: •

Antiadipose topical treatment composition based on garlic bulbs extracts, and cosmetic and therapeutic uses Inventor(s): Tomatis, Isabelle; (Tournefeuille, FR) Correspondence: Young & Thompson; 745 South 23rd Street 2nd Floor; Arlington; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20020146474 Date filed: October 26, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to an antiadipose topical treatment composition comprising an effective amount of at least one antiadipose active agent chosen from extracts of Allium sativum bulbs, with the exception of an oleoresin extracted with hexane, and a cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable excipient which is suitable for topical application for external use--especially on the skin. The invention covers the uses of this composition and of its extracts cosmetically for treating cellulite and localized dermal excess adipose, and therapeutically for treating obesity. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an antiadipose topical treatment composition and to the uses of this composition and/or of garlic bulbs extracts cosmetically for preventively or curatively treating cellulite and localized dermal excess adipose, or therapeutically for treating obesity. More than 90% of women have cellulite to a greater or lesser degree. There are many causes of cellulite: genetic predispositions, hormonal imbalance, dietetic errors, circulatory problems, stress or depression. In brief outline, cellulite corresponds to an increase in adipose tissue in certain regions of the body, in particular on the hips, the buttocks, the knees and the forearms. This adipose tissue or fatty mass of the body is present below virtually the entire surface of the skin. Cellulite is often associated with an overall excess of adipose and the stability of the fatty mass is an important point in controlling the development of cellulite. Cellulite is localized in the dermis. In the hypodermis, a deep layer of the dermis, the adipose cells, or adipocytes, gather together to form lobules delimited by partitions (rows of collagen fibers) that are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the skin surface. The adipocyte is a large cell, 80% of the volume of which consists of one or more lipid vacuoles. It is of variable size. If the

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

156 Garlic

vacuole is overloaded with fat, the volume of the adipocyte increases and the dermal connective tissue thickens. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Anti-inflammatory complex containing eicosapentaenoic acid Inventor(s): Maffetone, Philip B.; (St. Augustine, FL) Correspondence: Steptoe & Johnson Llp; 1330 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20030077342 Date filed: November 12, 2002 Abstract: A nutritional supplement includes eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), ginger, sesame, citrus, garlic and tumeric. The nutritional supplement preferably includes about 170 to 200 mg of EPA, about 113 to 133 mg of DHA, about 50 to 100 mg of ginger, about 50 to 100 mg of sesame, about 50 to 100 mg of citrus, about 50 to 100 of garlic, and about 10 to 30 mg of tumeric. The nutritional supplement may be used in a method of treating inflammation by administering to a patient in need thereof an effective dose of the nutritional supplement. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a nutritional supplement containing a variety of naturally occurring substances useful for treating inflammatory conditions. Fish oil contains the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Most fish oil supplements are 18% EPA and 12% DHA (30% omega-3 fatty acids). These omega-3 fatty acids help regulate blood triglycerides, may inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis, influence blood clotting, and are important for nervous system development in the fetus and newborn and brain function in adults. EPA and DHA also have anti-inflammatory activity. As a result, fish oil is used to help people with various inflammatory conditions, and chronic inflammatory states that may be either symptomatic or asymptomatic. Fish oil may help people with a wide variety of disorders, including the following: some types of cancers, heart disease, immune problems, pain syndromes, diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, some types of brain disorders including Alzheimer, Schizophrenia and depression, some intestinal diseases including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, hyperlipidemia, arthritis, some types of skin conditions, some types of kidney disease, and others including positively influencing gene expression. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Anti-inflammatory complex containing flaxseed oil Inventor(s): Maffetone, Philip B.; (St. Augustine, FL) Correspondence: Steptoe & Johnson Llp; 1330 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20030077336 Date filed: November 6, 2002 Abstract: A nutritional supplement includes flaxseed oil, ginger, sesame, citrus, garlic, tumeric, vitamins and minerals. The nutritional supplement preferably includes about 400 to 800 mg of flaxseed oil, about 50 to 100 mg of ginger, about 50 to 100 mg of sesame,

Patents 157

about 50 to 100 mg of citrus, about 50 to 100 of garlic, about 10 to 30 mg of tumeric, about 6 to 10 mg of Vitamin C, about 1 to 5 IU of Vitamin E, about 0.25 to 1 mg of Vitamin B6, about 0.25 to 1 mg of niacin, about 3 to 6 mg of magnesium, and about 0.25 to 1 mg of zinc. The nutritional supplement may be used in a method of treating inflammation by administering to a patient in need thereof an effective dose of the nutritional supplement. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a nutritional supplement containing a variety of naturally occurring substances useful for treating inflammatory conditions. Flaxseed oil contains significant amounts of alpha linolenic acid (ALA), an essential fatty acid. ALA is an omega-3 fatty acid. The body turns ALA to a limited extent into eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which requires a variety of vitamins and minerals. EPA and DHA are omega-3 fatty acids also found in fish oil. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Antimicrobial blood treatment using allicin and related compounds Inventor(s): Goodrich, Laura L.; (Lakewood, CO) Correspondence: Greenlee Winner And Sullivan P C; 5370 Manhattan Circle; Suite 201; Boulder; CO; 80303; US Patent Application Number: 20030077264 Date filed: September 18, 2002 Abstract: Methods and compositions prolonging the storage life and/or increasing the safety of a blood product, such as whole blood, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, serum and aqueous additive solutions for storage of such blood products are provided. Storage solutions of this invention comprise a composition selected from the group consisting of garlic extract, allicin, other microorganism-growth-inhibiting compounds derived from garlic, and analogs and derivatives of allicin and said other compounds, in an amount effective to inhibit growth of at least one selected microorganism which is a bacterium, virus, fungus or parasite. The storage additive solutions of this invention can increase platelet storage life by at least about 20%, preferably at least about 40%. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application No. 60/323,669 filed Sep. 20, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety to the extent not inconsistent herewith. Fermented with rice bran and Aspergillus, then extracted with ethanol, garlic is said to be useful as a coating agent for treating diseases of trichophytosis. (PCT Publication 88/04933 dated Jul. 14, 1988 for "Specially Processed Garlic Product" (Abstract)). Enzymatically-deactivated and fermented with Aspergillus and/or Monascus, it is known as a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for diabetes, hepatic disease, cancer, immunopathy, and hyperemia. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,146,638 issued Nov. 14, 2000 to Kakimoto et al. for "Fermented Garlic Composition.") Extracts have been recommended for inhibiting apoptosis. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,187 issued Jun. 3, 1997 to Bathurst et al. for "Compositions which Inhibit Apoptosis, Methods of Purifying the Compositions and Uses Thereof.") A composition made by combining extract of garlic with S-allylcysteine is said to be useful in controlling hepatopathy and oncogenesis. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,093,122 issued Mar. 3, 1992 to Kodera for "Method for Preparing an SAllylcysteine-containing Composition." Garlic and extracts have been orally administered for treating and preventing cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction, stroke and multiple arteriosclerosis by reduction of high levels of plasma

158 Garlic

homocysteine. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,129,918 issued Oct. 10, 2000 to Amagase for "Method and Pharmaceutical Composition for Reducing Serum Homocysteine Concentration.") U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,152 issued Jan. 6, 1998 to Plummer for "Antimicrobial Composition" discloses the use of dried garlic powder in combination with non-pathogenic microorganisms useful for combating pathogenic microorganisms in animal gastrointestinal tracts. Other components of garlic and their degradation products are described in L. D. Lawson et al. (1991), "Identification and HPLC Quantitation of the Sulfides and Dialk(en)yl Thiosulfinates in Commercial Garlic Products," Planta Med. 57:363-370. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Barbecue sauce and process for making saMen Inventor(s): Lincoln, Naomi H.; (Houston, TX) Correspondence: Kenneth D. Baugh; 2413 Blodgett; Houston; TX; 77004; US Patent Application Number: 20020192349 Date filed: June 18, 2001 Abstract: A barbecue sauce is provided containing a mixture of vinegar, lemon juice, sage, red pepper, paprika, black pepper, white pepper, Worcestershire sauce, steak sauce, margarine, brown sugar, chili powder, garlic salt, onion salt, seasoning salt, met tenderizer, tomato sauce and ketchup. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to food treatment and more particularly to a barbecue sauce for use in seasoning foods. In preparing certain food products individuals sometimes find it difficult to get a desired taste consistently. Because of this problem flavor enhancing products have been developed to assist in this regard. One of the more popular flavor enhancing products is sauce. Sauces have been developed to be applied to foods such as, for example, meats, fish, foul and even vegetables, in order to ensure that a desired taste is achieved. In order to achieve this desired taste many sauces have become very extravagant mixtures of many different ingredients, which are sometimes not readily available. Accordingly there becomes a need to provide a sauce which, when used, will consistently provide a unique taste while at the same time being preparable by utilizing readily available ingredients. Attempts have been made to provide sauces which provide a unique taste. One such sauce is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,644. This sauce includes nuts, vinegar, water, oil and salt. The method of preparation includes preconditioning the nuts with garlic by dry blending to form a substantially homogenous dough-like mixture, mixing the vinegar, water and salt into the dough-like mixture to form a substantially homogenous batter and adding oil to the dough to form a unique chunky crunchy and spreadable sauce. Another sauce is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No, 3,930,030. In this product a barbecue sauce having a tenderizing agent is provided. The tenderizing agent is the proteolytic enzyme papain which is substantially free of amylase, and stabilized against loss of proteolytic activity. This tenderizing agent is provided in combination with tomato paste, sugar, gum-oil, salt, spices, garnish preservative agents, vinegar and water. Although both these products achieve the desired results both these products because of the unique ingredients required may be expensive and somewhat difficult to make. Accordingly it is desirable to provide a product made from readily available ingredients, which is easy to prepare and has the unique taste and advantages of the sauce of the present invention. The invention relates to an Improved Barbecue Sauce. The barbecue sauce in accordance with the principles of the invention is provided in predetermined weight quantities with a mixture of vinegar,

Patents 159

lemon juice, sage, red pepper, paprika, black pepper, white pepper, worcestershire sauce, steak sauce, margarine, brown sugar, chili powder, garlic salt, onion salt, seasoning salt, meat tenderizer, tomato sauce and ketchup. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Caesar salad dressing Inventor(s): Ruhl, Jeanne M.; (Downingtown, PA) Correspondence: Gary M. Cohen, ESQ.; Strafford Building Number Three; Suite 300; 125 Strafford Avenue; Wayne; PA; 19087-3318; US Patent Application Number: 20030026885 Date filed: October 3, 2002 Abstract: A Caesar salad dressing is provided with a creamy consistency using a combination of ingredients which includes extra virgin olive oil, lemon juice, Worcestershire sauce, salt, pepper, garlic, mayonnaise, milk, cream, Romano cheese, Dijon mustard and vinegar. The milk and cream are preferably combined in equal proportions (i.e., 50% each). The salt and pepper are optionally included. If used, the salt is preferably kosher salt and the pepper is preferably black pepper. The Romano cheese is preferably Locatelli and the vinegar is preferably red wine vinegar. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of prior co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/707,019, filed Nov. 6, 2000. The present invention generally pertains to the variety of salad dressings known as "Caesar" salad dressings, and more particularly, to an improved composition for a so-called "creamy" style Caesar salad dressing. The "traditional" Caesar salad dressing, which was originally created by Chef Caesar Cardini in 1924, is generally comprised of ingredients including extra virgin olive oil, raw (or coddled) egg, lemon juice, Worcestershire sauce, salt, pepper and garlic, in desired proportions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Composition and method for reducing the risk or progression of cardiovascular, glaucoma and tardive dyskinesia diseases Inventor(s): Lang, Philip C.; (Toms River, NJ), Sosnowski, Robert E.; (Manasquan, NJ) Correspondence: Delio & Peterson; 121 Whitney Avenue; New Haven; CT; 06510 Patent Application Number: 20020164388 Date filed: April 30, 2001 Abstract: Elevated levels of homocysteine have been implicated as an important risk factor for cardiovascular and other diseases. A composition for decreasing levels of plasma homocysteine and a method for administering the composition are provided the composition containing dextromethorphan (DM), folic acid and vitamins B.sub.6 and B.sub.12. The composition provides a synergistic therapeutic effect so that lower amounts of the above ingredients may be employed to minimize any undesirable side effects caused by the use of high levels of a component such as DM. Preferred compositions for cardiovascular diseases further include lecithin, vitamin E, betacarotene, procyanidins/flavonoids, trimethylglycine, garlic oil and minerals. Other compositions for treating glaucoma include bilberry, bioflavonoids and beta-carotene

160 Garlic

and for treating tardive dyskinesia include an antioxidant such as grape seed extract and pine bark extract, lecithin and oligomeric proanthocyanidins. The compositions may be administered using any suitable means such as orally or intravenous. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition and method for reducing the risk or progression of cardiovascular, glaucoma and tardive dyskinesia diseases and, more particularly, to a composition containing a number of ingredients which are present in amounts lower than amounts considered harmful to the body but which act synergistically to provide enhanced disease inhibition. Cardiovascular disease is the most frequent cause of death in industrialized countries. Atherosclerosis (AS) is the principal cause of cardiovascular disease. AS is a disease of the intima of the arteries that leads to fatty lesions called artheromatous plaques on the inside surface of the arteries. This deposit of fat and cholesterol narrows the arteries, and often becomes calcified, providing sites for abnormal blood clots to form, leading to high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes. Elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations have repeatedly been associated with increased vascular risk. Hcy causes cells to decrease their production of clot preventing and clot dissolving substances and increases production of clot promoting substances. Hcy is an intermediate sulfhydryl alpha-amino acid formed during conversion of methionine to cysteine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Composition comprising a fat phase, vegetable matter and salt Inventor(s): Tan, May Chu; (Valinhos, BR), Verhoef, Nicolaas Jan; (Vlaardingen, NL) Correspondence: Unilever; Patent Department; 45 River Road; Edgewater; NJ; 07020; US Patent Application Number: 20020068125 Date filed: September 26, 2001 Abstract: Edible compositions containing a fat phase and vegetable matter from members of the botanical genus of Allium, such as onions, garlic, chives, leek or mixtures thereof. Said composition is suitable for food preparation processes, such as frying or simmering. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to edible compositions containing a fat phase and vegetable matter from members of the botanical genus of Allium, such as onions, leek, garlic, shallots or mixtures thereof. Vegetable matter from the botanical genus of Allium such as onions, shallots and garlic, are used in many different dishes to provide flavour, either fresh/raw or in (freshly) fried form. With respect to onions, frying diced or sliced onions form usually the start of the preparation of many dishes, e.g. by frying or simmering, prior to mixing in e.g. meat, other vegetables, stock, thickeners or mixtures thereof. This requires the need for cutting or chopping onions, which can be perceived as burdensome and a nasty task due to the aromas liberated. The same applies for other members of the botanical genus of Allium, such as for example garlic. Hence, there is a need for compositions consisting mainly of onions or other vegetable matter obtained from members of the botanical genus of Allium that are already cut in slices or chopped in dices. Preferably, those slices or dices should have an appearance close to being freshly cut or chopped (i.e. preferably not fully dried, pre-fried or frozen). Furthermore, it is preferred that the product is ambient stable when closed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 161

•

Electric garlic cooker Inventor(s): Hannon, Georgia A.; (Burlington, WI), Hannon, Todd J.; (Burlington, WI) Correspondence: Georgia A. Hannon; 5611 381 Avenue; Burlington; WI; 53105; US Patent Application Number: 20020185486 Date filed: May 8, 2001 Abstract: An electrical cooking device (10) for a bulb or more of garlic including a lower bowl-like cooking plate (22) with circular peripheral walls (46) extending upward, and an upper domed cooking plate (20). When these are in a closed position a cooking chamber (30) is formed in which one or more bulbs of garlic can be cooked quickly and efficiently. Excerpt(s): This invention is a device for cooking foodstuffs, in particular it relates to an electrical cooker that roasts garlic. Garlic is one of the oldest and most popular flavoring herbs in the world having been used as a food and medicine for centuries by all cultures. Over 200 million pounds of garlic are produced annually in the United States with its use having quadrupled in the past twenty-five years. It is a very pungent herb that when roasted the cloves soften and the sugars become concentrated creating a mild and nutty flavor. It is very popular as it becomes spreadable and its unique taste enhances many foods. Roasted garlic is a favorite appetizer both in homes and restaurants and there are many recipes that call for its addition. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Garlic ingredients and antioxidants in the prevention and treatment of vascularrelated disorders and pathological angiogenesis-mediated disorders Inventor(s): Mousa, Ahmed; (Lincoln University, PA) Correspondence: Ahmed Mousa; 7 Linden Circle; Lincoln University; PA; 19352; US Patent Application Number: 20010053356 Date filed: April 2, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and method of use for the prevention and treatment of vascular-related disorders such as vascular re-occlusion or restenosis post-coronary intervention with balloon angioplasty or stent procedures and diseases associated with pathological angiogenesis such as cancer, ocular or inflammatory diseases. More specifically, compositions and methods of the present invention involve the combination of the garlic-derived or related compounds and antioxidants. Excerpt(s): The present invention is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/531,297, filed Mar. 20, 2000. The present invention relates to the treatment and prevention of vascular-related disorders such as vascular re-occlusion or restenosis post-arterial intervention procedures (balloon angioplasty or stent) and pathological angiogenesismediated disorders such as cancer, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and inflammatory diseases. More particularly, the present invention is directed to compositions and methods of use in the treatment and prevention of such diseases. The methods of the present invention involve the administration to mammals a combination of (i) garlic derived sulfhydryl or sulfate containing or related compounds, (ii) antioxidants, and optionally (iii) minerals. Preferred methods of the present invention involve the oral administration of compositions comprising one or more garlic related

162 Garlic

compounds, one or more antioxidants and one or more minerals. Other preferred embodiments of the present invention involve the prevention and treatment of vascularrelated disorders (vascular restenosis), cancer, diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and inflammatory diseases through the combined administration of the garlic compound alliin, or other natural sulfhydryl-containing compounds, natural antioxidants such as vitamin E, C, and minerals such as selenium. This combined composition could be used as a supplement for patients with vascular arterial disorders for pre- and post- arterial (coronary, carotid or peripheral arteries) interventional procedures and for cancer patients taking cancer chemotherapeutics, radiotherapy, and other angiogenesis inhibitors. Additionally, this supplement could be used in conjunction with laser therapy and other angiogenesis inhibitor therapy for patients with DR or AMD. The combined composition could also be used in conjunction with chemotherapy, radiation, laser, other angiogenesis inhibitors, or anti-restenosis agents. Garlic has been used in herbal medicine for thousands of years. Most studies on garlic during the past 15 years have been primarily in the field of cardiovascular. Cardiovascular studies have been mainly related to atherosclerosis, where effects of different garlic preparations garlic were examined on serum cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglyceride, and oxidative stress. Agarwal, Med. Res. Rev. 16 (1): 111-124 (1996), Berthold and Sudhop, Curr. Opin. Lipido. 9 (6): 565-569 (1998); Ide and Lau, Phytomedicine 6 (2): 125-131 (1999). Although the studies were not consistent in relation to the dosage, standardization of garlic preparations, and period of treatment, most findings suggest but not strongly indicate that garlic decreases cholesterol and triglyceride levels in patients with increased levels of these lipids. Lowering of serum lipids by garlic ingestion may decrease the atherosclerosis process. The role of smooth muscle cell migration, proliferation in accelerated atherosclerosis and restenosis in ischemic heart disease patients was previously documented (J. American College Cardiology 15 (7): 1667-1687, 1990 and Human Pathology 18 (3): 240-247, 1987). Additionally, several studies showed antiplatelet effects for different garlic preparations and active ingredients, suggesting potential anti-thrombotic benefits (Apitz-Castro et. al., Thromb. Res. 75 (3): 243-249 (1994). The present investigation examined the possible role of garlic ingredients on smooth muscle cell migration toward plasma obtained from acute myocardial infarction I) patients during balloon angioplasty and stent coronary intervention & on the modulation of angiogenesis-mediated disorders. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Garlic press Inventor(s): Herren, Bruno; (Bern, CH) Correspondence: Pauley Petersen Kinne & Fejer; 2800 W. Higgins Road, Suite 365; Hoffman Estates; IL; 60195; US Patent Application Number: 20020069769 Date filed: September 26, 2001 Abstract: A plier-like garlic press having an upper grip and a lower grip. Both grips are connected to one another via a pivot. On the upper grip is formed a head in which a pressing plunger is linkedly mounted. The pressing plunger presses with a pressing plunger plate on a sieve-like, perforated base plate. The base plate is mounted separably on the lower end of the chamber which accommodates the product to be pressed. Preferably the sieve-like, perforated base plate is formed as an insertable element with a lock. The garlic press may be easily cleaned by removing the perforated base plate.

Patents 163

Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a garlic press having two hand grips which are connected to one another like pliers, wherein a lower grip has a chamber that accommodates product to be pressed and has a sieve-like, perforated base, and an upper grip is connected to a pressing plunger that immerses into the receptacle. Garlic presses of this construction type have been available in the market. One or more cloves of garlic are positioned into the chamber and then the plier-like garlic press is pressed together. The pressing plunger immerses into the chamber and crushes the cloves of garlic located therein. At the same time garlic juice and a part of the flesh is pressed through the perforated base. The remains are pressed as a press-cake on the perforated base in the chamber. Running water usually does not rinse out the press-cake. The small size of the chamber and its depth also make difficult cleaning with a washing-up brush. Also, after washing in a dishwasher normally the press-cake is still located in the garlic press. Since with normal dishwashers subsequent to the washing procedure there is usually effected a drying procedure, thereafter the press-cake remaining in the garlic press sticks unpleasantly to the press. Washing in the dishwasher is desirable, not only for convenience, but also because there is a more intensive cleaning with relatively aggressive detergents, so that the last remains of the essential oils are removed and thus the garlic press after the cleaning is odorless. Users typically scratch the press-cake out of the chamber using a sharp object, for example the tip of a knife, and then rinse out the press and finally place it into the dishwasher. This method is not particularly userfriendly and is not particularly hygienically sound. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Garlic processor Inventor(s): Cordiero, Arthur; (Cedar City, UT) Correspondence: David R. Mckinney; Thorpe North & Western, L.L.P.; P.O. Box 1219; Sandy; UT; 84091-1219; US Patent Application Number: 20030094522 Date filed: November 20, 2001 Abstract: A garlic processor for processing a garlic clove having a husk includes a motor having a spindle, a cutting disk, disposed on the spindle and having cutting surfaces, and a cover, having a bottom opening, configured to removably mount with the bottom opening surrounding the cutting disk. The motor gives the cutting disk a rotational speed sufficient to both (i) remove the husk of a garlic clove which comes in contact therewith, and (ii) mash the garlic clove and fling particles thereof outwardly onto the inside surface of the cover. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to food processing devices. More particularly, the present invention relates to a garlic processor which both separates the husk from a clove of garlic, and mashes the garlic. Some food materials, however, are difficult to process by machine, and are thus frequently prepared by hand, as has been done throughout history. Garlic is one such food item. Garlic is difficult to process because the bulb must first be broken, then the individual cloves must be peeled to remove the inedible husk. Only then can the garlic clove be cut or mashed to put it into a useable form. This process is tedious, labor-intensive, and tends to release large quantities of odor. All of these conditions can be objectionable. It has been recognized that it would be advantageous to develop a garlic processor that reduces or eliminates hand labor associated with preparing garlic for use in food.

164 Garlic

Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Garlic upright-positioning and planting device Inventor(s): Choi, Duck-Kyu; (Suwon, KR), Kang, Tea-Gyoung; (Suwon, KR), Kim, HakJin; (Kunpo, KR), Kim, Young-Keun; (Suwon, KR), Kwak, Tae-Yong; (Kunpo, KR), Park, Seok-Ho; (Suwon, KR), Park, Won-Kyu; (Kunpo, KR) Correspondence: Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld L.L.P.; One Commerce Square; 2005 Market Street, Suite 2200; Philadelphia; PA; 19103-7013; US Patent Application Number: 20030084830 Date filed: November 8, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a garlic planting device for planting garlic cloves while maintaining an upright state thereof at the time of planting the garlic cloves. The garlic planting device of the present invention comprises at least one guiding hopper for guiding a garlic clove with a root portion thereof directed in a downward direction, and a planting means for planting the garlic clove supplied from each of the guiding hoppers. The planting means further comprises a pair of round planting plates rotatably supported at both ends of a fixed shaft; a driving sprocket fixedly engaged on an external surface of one of the planting plates for transmitting driving force from an external power source to the planting plates; a plurality of driven shafts disposed at a equiangular interval between the pair of the planting plates; a plurality of planting hoppers fixed respectively to the plurality of the driven shafts for planting the garlic clove supplied from the guiding hoppers; a sector cam fixed to one side of the fixed shaft for causing the planting hoppers to be opened and closed; and a reverse drive mechanism which is disposed in at least one of the pair of the planting plates and causes the driven shafts to be rotated in a direction opposite to a direction the planting plates rotate such that lower portions of the planting hoppers are always directed toward the ground even if the planting plates rotate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a planting device of a garlic clove planter for planting garlic cloves, and more particularly, to a garlic upright-positioning and planting device for planting garlic cloves while maintaining an upright state thereof at the time of planting the garlic cloves. In general, operations for planting garlic are performed by transporting garlic cloves to a planting field, making furrows for planting the transported garlic cloves, planting the garlic cloves into the furrows, and covering the furrows. Heretofore, such garlic planting operations have been conducted by manual works that need tremendous human labors. There were problems in that more time and expenses were required for the garlic planting operations conducted by the manual works. Thus, the applicant developed the garlic clove planter capable of overcoming the above problems and filed patent applications with the Korean Intellectual Property Office (see Korean Patent Application Nos. 1998-48914 and 199932085). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 165

•

Herbal sauce for food, process for preparing the same and product containing the saMen Inventor(s): Lee, Tae Yong; (Flushing, NY) Correspondence: Tae Yong Lee; 144-92 37th AVE.; Flushing; NY; 11354; US Patent Application Number: 20020114873 Date filed: February 19, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to an herbal sauce for food prepared by providing an initial mixture of Polygoni Multiflori Radix, Acanthopanacis Cortex, Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Zingiberis Rhizoma, Cinnamomi Cortex Spissus, Glycyrrhizae Radix and Cnidii Rhizoma, soaking the initial mixture in water, heating the initial mixture with the water, filtering the liquified mixture and adding a small amount of garlic powder to the aqueous extract. The present invention also relates to a process for preparing the herbal sauce for food and various products containing the same. The herbal sauce for food of the present invention has a distinctive flavor and aroma obtained by the specific combination of Oriental herbs. The herbal sauce for food of the present invention can be used for various foods and for various applications. Excerpt(s): Many kinds of herbs have been used for food and medicine worldwide. From the ancient times, many kinds of Oriental herbs have been widely used for therapeutic and/or health promoting purposes. They have been used individually or combinedly for therapeutic and/or health improvement purposes, in the form of various kinds of medicine, tea, wine, and health food. Recently, many researches about Oriental herbs have been made with the help of modern medicine. Many researches have revealed the components and efficacy of herbs, and their synergistic effects when mixed and used together. The present invention relates to an herbal sauce for food made from herbs that have been used mainly for therapeutic purposes in traditional Oriental medicine. Polygoni Multiflori Radix has been used to increase body energies, and to lower plasma cholesterol in traditional Oriental medicine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Herbal tonic composition that improves respiration, aids in the elimination of toxins and improves overall vitality Inventor(s): Rigby, Alvin Foster; (Providenciales, TC) Correspondence: Mark Woodring; P O Box 43; Providenciales; Bwi; TC Patent Application Number: 20030012796 Date filed: July 10, 2001 Abstract: An herbal composition comprised of extracts from the following herbs: Garlic (Allium Sativum), Onion (Allium Cepa), Cat Claw (Macfadyena Unguis-cati), Rat Root (Chicocca Alba), Pear Leaf (Persea Americana), Billyweb Bark (Sweetia Panamensis), Strongback (Desmodium Abscendens), Aloe (Aloe Barbadensis), Life Leaf (Bryophyllum Pinnatum), Sarsaparilla (Smilax Officinalis), Bamboo (Aralia Mubicaulis), Geritout (Pluchea Symphytofolia), Hibiscus (Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis), Balsam (Myroxylon Balsamum). The composition acts as a tonic to improve respiration, aid in the elimination of toxins and improves overall vitality. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to ingestible herbal compositions for the improvement of respiration, to aid in the elimination of toxins and improvement of

166 Garlic

overall vitality. The use of herbs and plants to treat ailments and generally improve overall health has become commonplace. The use of the singular herbs comprising this invention has been documented. A summary of each herb's individual use is described hereafter. Garlic--(Allium Sativum)Commonly used as an antiseptic, anti-cough and promote circulation, as described in many herbal texts. Garlic cloves are obtained at the local supermarket and/or from local gardens. The plant is commonly available throughout North America and the Caribbean. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method and apparatus for peeling of fruits cut in slides Inventor(s): Staehr, Jan; (Birkeroed, DK) Correspondence: Hans H Haraldsten; Post Box 107; Farun; 3520; DK Patent Application Number: 20030138536 Date filed: October 21, 2002 Abstract: Method and apparatus (3 and 8) for peeling of garlic (1) and like vegetables as fruits (1). As the garlic (1) with "shells" (2) can be placed "loose" in a boiler (3), which generally for the purpose is close-able (6) and as an example for the purpose with a lit (6).And where the garlic (1) then following are brought to an fast and momentary acceleration, and de-acceleration (4) by crashing against of the walls of the boiler (3) for momentary stop, and by this via a resulting big crash via its own weight. Namely by bringing the garlic (1) to crash against the sides of the walls of the boiler (3) and here of course especially the bottom (2) and the lit (6). Namely by that the boiler (3) for peeling with contents (1) has to be moved (4) fast up and down.Or as alternative, that boiler is brought to swing (5) or rock (5) or like. And especially with such a pattern of movement, that the single garlic (1) continuous is forced round in the boiler (3) or the peeler (3) for stop and by this indirect stroke or crash against the inner of the surface of the boiler, and by this peeling the outer shells (2) off laid garlic (1). Excerpt(s): The purpose with the present invention is to show a method as an example on an apparatus for automatically peeling of garlic and like vegetables as fruit. Hitherto it is only known manually with a knife or other manually devices or means to try to take the outer shell of the single garlic unit, and which is taken out of its garlic- brunch, just short before the garlic itself shall be pressed or cut into pieces, or perhaps direct be used as hole by roasting or like. The disadvantage by the earlier way to peel of a garlic is for the first, that it is difficult and time demanding, and the same time with, that one perhaps get the very large smell of the garlic on his or hers fingers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Method and apparatus for utilizing tomatoes to produce salsa Inventor(s): Perez, Ralph P.; (Phoenix, AZ) Correspondence: Tod R. Nissle, ESQ.; Tod R. Nissle, P.C.; P.O. Box 55630; Phoenix; AZ; 85078; US Patent Application Number: 20030003199 Date filed: June 29, 2001

Patents 167

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing salsa utilizes tomatoes in combination a condiment mixture. The condiment mixture is dry and is sealed in a package prior to use. The dry condiment mixture includes chili pepper, dry garlic, sea salt, oregano leaves, and cumin seeds. The salsa can be used as a decongestant. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the packaging of condiments and to the preparation of food products. In another respect, the invention relates to a method and apparatus for packaging a condiment mixture. In a further respect, the invention relates to a method and apparatus for producing salsa without requiring the use and preparation of fresh vegetables. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for killing house dust mites in clothing and other soft materials Inventor(s): Miller, Jeffrey D.; (Ridgefield, CT) Correspondence: Darby & Darby P.C.; 805 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10022; US Patent Application Number: 20020022043 Date filed: December 28, 2000 Abstract: The present inventor has found, surprisingly, that exposing woolen or other fabrics to the vapors of certain pleasant-smelling plant oils, including wintergreen oil, lavandin oil, Ylang-Ylang oil, and others, kills house dust mites in those fabrics. In one aspect of the present invention, a method for killing house dust mites which are living in or infesting a fabric substrate is disclosed. The method includes the step of exposing said mite-infested substrate to a vapor of at least one plant oil. The plant oil is selected from the group of Anise, Balsam, Basil, Bay, Birch, Cajeput, Camphor, Caraway, Cinnamon, Clove, Coriander, Dill, Fennell, Fir, Garlic, Lavender, Lavendin, Lemongrass, Marjoram, Nutmeg, Peppermint, Pine, Rosemary, Rue, Sage, Spearmint, Tea Tree, Thuja, Thyme, Wintergreen and Ylang-Ylang. In a preferred method, the exposing step comprises placing the mite-infested substrate in a closed drawer or other closed container along with a volume of the selected plant oil. The plant oil can be applied to the substrate in a variety of manners as can be understood from the following detailed description. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to a method for killing house dust mites in soft materials such as clothing. It has been known for many years that common house dust is an important cause of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in allergic individuals. The mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and related mites are the major sources of house dust allergen in temperate climates including the United States. Dust mites are eight-legged arachnids, relatives of spiders. They live in close association with humans, their main food source being the shed scales from skin. A major protein allergen present in the fecal particles of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Der p I, can cause acute asthma symptoms when present at levels greater than 10.mu.g per gram of dust. Dust mites are photophobic, and live within soft materials such as pillows, mattresses, blankets and clothing. One study revealed 20,000 live dust mites in a jacket. Another study showed mean Der p I levels of 15.9.mu.g/gm in all clothing and 21.0.mu.g/gm in woolen garments. Hot water washing, dry cleaning, freezing and prolonged sun exposure can kill mites in fabrics. These methods are not practical for all fabrics, or may not be practical to do frequently. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

168 Garlic

•

Method for making improved garlic product Inventor(s): Zaboli, Tony S.; (Marietta, GA) Correspondence: William A. Marvin; 3020 Shallowford Park Manor; Roswell; GA; 30075; US Patent Application Number: 20020034566 Date filed: March 3, 2001 Abstract: A method for processing fresh garlic which will not leave an unpleasant odor after having been digested is disclosed. The fresh garlic can be peeled, unpeeled, minced or chopped prior to processing. Garlic is composed of many tiny micrograms containing aromatic oils that are responsible for its strong odor. It has been determined with the correct processing of the fresh garlic by microwaving an aqueous or water soluble solution of fresh garlic, that most if not all of the tiny micrograms can be ruptured such that the aromatic oils can be easily neutralized by digestion. Solutions that are useful in practicing the invention are pure boiled water, boiled water and vinegar, boiled water and lemon juice, and lemon juice in natural concentration. The microwave radiation is useful in rupturing the micrograms without a total cooking of the garlic which would remove its fresh flavor and texture. In addition, edible salts can also be added during the process to adjust taste or as a preservative. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional application of Ser. No. 09/318,581,filed May 25, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,354. The present invention generally relates to a method for processing fresh garlic to render it odorless after consumption and to provide for its long term preservation, and more particularly, to a process which uses a rapid internal thermal energy build up, such as microwave energy, to rupture the microcapsules of aromatic oils contained within cloves of garlic without cooking the clove or varying its freshness and texture substantially. Garlic has been used for food for a long time for the purposes of nutrition, medical use, flavoring, etc. However, the range of its utilization for food has been somewhat limited because of its strong odor and such odor's lasting effects on those who consume the garlic. Various methods are listed in the art to remove odor from garlic. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Method for the pressing of juice out of bulbs and means for the execution of the method Inventor(s): Folkjaer, Steen; (Silkeborg, DK) Correspondence: William J. Sapone, ESQ.; Coleman Sudol Sapone P.C.; 14th Floor; 708 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20010003006 Date filed: December 5, 2000 Abstract: According to the invention, the pressing of juice out of bulbs, for example garlic, can be effected in a garlic presser (4), where the bulb (3) is packaged in a bag (1).The bag (1) is made of a material through which the bulb juice can permeate, so that when the bag (1) with the bulb (3) are pressed together in the pressing chamber (5), only the juice (9) will be pressed out.The remains of the bulb, the pulp with the membrane, are retained in the bag (1), and can be removed from the presser (4) without any risk of the user coming into contact with the bulb (3).

Patents 169

Excerpt(s): The invention concerns a method for pressing juice/oil from bulbs such as garlic, which bulbs or parts hereof are placed in a garlic pressing chamber and compressed for extraction of the juice, the oil, and means for the execution of the method. Juice from bulbs, such as from garlic, is used to a wide extent as seasoning in the preparation of food, and is also used as a medicament. The pressing-out of the bulb juice is a process which is made difficult by the strong-smelling oil which the bulb contains. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of manufacture of garlic extract for use as a preventive and therapeutic agent for human prostate and bladder cancers Inventor(s): Cheon, Jun; (Sungbuk-ku, KR), Kim, Hankyeum; (Sungbuk-ku, KR), Kim, Jejong; (Sungbuk-ku, KR), Lee, Jungku; (Sungbuk-ku, KR), Moon, Doogun; (Sungbukku, KR) Correspondence: Barry E. Bretschneider; Morrison & Foerster Llp; Suite 5500; 2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20006-1888; US Patent Application Number: 20020044978 Date filed: November 16, 2001 Abstract: This invention is concerned with clinical investigation of therapeutic effects of garlic extracts containing allicin, diallyl disulfide, and diallyl trisulfide. Because the intake of garlic or therapeutically active substance such as allicin from garlic, induces immunostimulation and possess strong antitumor effects concomitant with apoptosis of tumors that can in turn induces a programmed cell death of human prostatic and bladder tumor cells. This invention claims that garlic and/or garlic extracts possess very effective therapeutic substances not only to treat human prostate and bladder cancers to extend life span of patients, but also to suppress or prevent bladder and prostate gland cancers. Excerpt(s): This invention is related to new therapeutic application of garlic extracts containing allicin, diallyl disulfide, trisulfide, etc. more specifically against human prostate gland and bladder tumors. This therapeutic application relates to strong immunostimulation mediated anticancer effects elicited by allicin, diallyl disulfide, and diallyl trisulfide in garlic extracts, and subsequently induces programmed prostate and bladder cancer cell death. Prostate cancer death in the U.S and Europe is the most prevalent and the second highest cancer death among male population. As of aged-male populations increases and importation of advanced diagnostic techinique for prostate cancer in Korea, together with increased consumption of dairy products, and a dramatic changes in dietary habits are associated closely with increase in male prostate cancer patients and increase in male mortality due to prostate cancers. Thus, prostate cancers in Korea is expected to be one of the major socially important disease. Unfortunately, when many of the patients are diagnosed as a prostate cancers, prostate tumors are already metastasized to bone marrow, and lymph nodes and such cases, only treatment mode left is hormonal therapy (either radical orchiectomy of both testes and/or continued injection of LHRH analogues) to which, most of the patients respond well to primary treatment, however, more than half of the patients develop resistance to hormonal treatment and unfortunately, these patients die within one year to a year and a half. Consequently, it was very much desired to find a new therapeutic regimens or increase quality of life for patients, who are resistant to hormonal therapy, such effective new therapeutic regimens have remained to be discovered. Furthermore, if it is feasible to

170 Garlic

find a preventive therapeutic agents for prostate cancers without a serious side effects, the incidence of prostatic cancers will be signjficantly reduced and discovery of such therapeutic agents will be highly desired. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Onion and garlic biohydrolysates and their use as natural flavorings Inventor(s): Zurbriggen, Beat Denis; (Buelach, CH) Correspondence: Winston & Strawn; Patent Department; 1400 L Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3502; US Patent Application Number: 20020155193 Date filed: April 15, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preparing an onion/garlic biohydrolysate-based flavoring base that includes mixing water with onion, garlic, or onion and garlic, hydrolyzing the mixture with one or more technical enzymes, and thermally treating the hydrolysate to provide a flavoring base. The invention further includes a method for production of a meaty flavor which includes providing a mixture of a crop protein source and a carbohydrate source, inoculating the mixture with at least one meat fermenting microorganism, fermenting the inoculated mixture until reaching steady state, adding a flavoring base to the fermented mixture to obtain a flavoring mixture, and pasteurizing the flavoring mixture. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of application no. PCT/EP00/09513, filed Sep. 28, 2000, the content of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference thereto. This invention relates to a method for preparing a flavoring base obtained by biohydrolysis of an onion/garlic mixture, or of individual onion or garlic powders and their use in flavor blends, in fermented mixtures, in process flavors, and in several culinary applications. In JP 59034869, fruits or vegetables are subjected to degradation and liquefaction with pectin transeliminase, which is derived from a culture solution of filamentous fungus such as Aspergillus niger. This process provides a flavored sauce. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Process for enhancing immune response in canines using a dietary composition including garlic Inventor(s): Boebel, Katherine P.; (West Alexandria, OH), Hayek, Michael G.; (Dayton, OH), Massimino, Stefan Patrick; (Dayton, OH) Correspondence: Killworth, Gottman, Hagan & Schaeff, L.L.P.; Suite 500; One Dayton Centre; Dayton; OH; 45402-2023; US Patent Application Number: 20020015745 Date filed: April 30, 2001 Abstract: A composition and method for enhancing immune response and improving the overall health of canines is provided which includes feeding the canines a dietary composition containing an effective amount of garlic in an amount of from about 1 to 10 g/kg diet. The dietary composition, when fed to canines, provides antioxidant, anticancer, and immunomodulatory benefits. The canines are fed the composition containing an effective amount of garlic in a quantity and frequency appropriate for

Patents 171

their nutritional needs resulting in an enhanced immune response by increased lymphocyte blastogenesis and improves the overall health of the animal. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/201,028, filed May 1, 2000. This invention relates to a dietary composition and method for enhancing immune response and improving the overall health of canines, and more particularly, to a dietary composition which includes an effective amount of garlic, which, when fed to canines, provides antioxidant, anticancer, and immunomodulatory benefits. In recent years, the health effects of garlic for humans have become an area of active research with regard to the prevention and treatment of disease. Garlic may be provided in many forms; e.g., as a natural product in raw or cooked form, as a water or oil soluble extract, a powder, and as purified forms of the bioactive compounds. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process of beak-nun-cho white kimchi for stamina Inventor(s): Kim, Soon Ja; (Kyungki-do, KR) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 2040 Main Street; Fourteenth Floor; Irvine; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20020182304 Date filed: June 10, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed is a method for preparing health-aid white kimchi containing Opuntia ficus midia. About 51.5 parts by weight of half-cut Chinese cabbages whose outer leaves are trimmed off are immersed in about 8% saline for about 12 hours and rinsed with water, followed by dewatering. About 9.3 parts by weight of radish is cut into segments, and mixed with about 1 part by weight of clove onion pieces about 4 cm long, about 1 part by weight of dropwort stem pieces about 4 cm long, about 3 parts by weight of apple pieces, about 3 parts by weight of pear pieces, about 0.5 part by weight of chestnut pieces, about 2 parts by weight of carrot pieces, about 2 parts by weight of onion pieces, about 0.5 part by weight of Opuntia ficus midia pieces about 0.2 mm thick, about 0.1 part by weight of red pepper sections about 0.3 cm thick, about 0.3 part by weight of jujube flesh slices, about 3 parts by weight of crushed garlic, and about 1 part by weight of crushed ginger, along with about 0.3 part by weight of salt. The resulting radish segment mass is applied to each leaf of the cabbage, after which the cabbage is wrapped with its outer leaves and soaked in soused water. The white kimchi is beneficial to the health of the body owing to its containing Opuntia ficus midia, and has a good flavor, thereby making a contribution to an improvement in the national diet, as well as becoming a globalized food. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for preparing white kimchi which employs Opuntia ficus midia, apple, pear, chestnut, and carrot as main materials. More particularly, the present invention relates to an improvement in flavor and nutrition, along with the method. Opuntia ficus midia, a kind of cactus, grows naturally in Cheju Island, Korea According to various Chinese traditional pharmacological literature, including "Bencao gangmu" (meaning "The Great Pharmacopoeia"), Opuntia ficus media is described to be effective for the treatment of asthma, cough, pulmonary disorders, gastritis, constipation, enteritis, nephritis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart diseases, neuralgia, arthritis, tumors, abscesses, dysentery, etc. Being rich in vitamin C, Opuntia ficus midia is known to be beneficial to dermal aesthetics. In Korea, this plant

172 Garlic

has been used as a folk remedy for constipation and difficulty in urination, and to activate functions of the gastric and intestinal tracts and improve appetite. In addition, its leaves have been used for the treatment of various dermal diseases, including burns. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Rotary kitchen garlic tool Inventor(s): Teng, Eric Y.; (Gold River, CA) Correspondence: Eric Y. Teng; 12089 Gold Pointe Lane; Gold River; CA; 95670; US Patent Application Number: 20030015611 Date filed: September 7, 2001 Abstract: In accordance with the present invention an innovative garlic tool consists of a set of two disc-shaped presser units having respective male and female rotary grating means comprising a row of protruding grater elements each. Unpeeled garlic cloves are placed between the rotary grating means whereby they are peeled, pressed, and grated by hand-applied counter-twisting force. Processing can be precisely controlled by continuous visual monitoring and repeated grating to achieve optimal bit size and texture. This device is truly remarkable in its complete functionality, and in its simple, compact, and elegant two piece form-follows-function design. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to a kitchen utensil used in the preparation of garlic for cooking. Specifically, it relates to the common kitchen garlic press. A common kitchen garlic press is constructed of a garlic chamber with a perforated sieve member in the bottom located near a hinge which joints two lever arms. The top lever arm operates a plunger which moves vertically within the chamber to squeeze garlic through the perforations. There are numerous existing patents for this type of garlic press with each one a minor variation of this fundamental design. Examples of these can be found in Lackie U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,370,044, Gibson 5,463,941, and Laib 5,467,699, etc. In this type of garlic press, each clove of garlic should first be pre-peeled to avoid the peelings blocking the perforations. Then substantial pressure is required to force the closing of the two levers to squeeze on the clove of garlic. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Ruminant animal feed, and mineral supplement and method of use Inventor(s): Johnson, Louis B.; (Troy, AL), Whitehead, William; (Troy, AL) Correspondence: Clark & Brody; Suite 600; 1750 K Street, NW; Washington; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20030133996 Date filed: April 3, 2002 Abstract: A mineral supplement or feed for ruminant animals, especially deer, contains effective amounts of sulfur and garlic to repel insects from the animals. By inducing the repellant into the animal via ingestion of the mineral supplement or feed, disease and stress in the animals as caused by the insects is reduced. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 USC 119(e) from provisional patent application 60/347,889 filed on Jan. 15, 2002. The present invention is directed to an

Patents 173

improved ruminant animal mineral supplement and animal feed, and particularly one containing effective amounts of sulfur and garlic for insect repellency. In the prior art, it is well know to provide mineral supplements to ruminant animals. One reason for this is that minerals are important in antler development, and an animal's diet does not always supply the necessary minerals for optimum antler growth. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Solid-state organic maser Inventor(s): Callahan, Philip S.; (Cedar Crest, NM) Correspondence: Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein & Fox Pllc; 1100 New York Avenue, N.W., Suite 600; Washington; DC; 20005-3934; US Patent Application Number: 20020125419 Date filed: February 6, 2002 Abstract: A solid-state, paramagnetic-diamagnetic maser for controlling the amplification and direction of electromagnetic emissions from a molecular control system, such as insect pheromones. The solid-state maser includes a paramagnetic layer of, for example, a mixture of andosite, basalt and granite. The paramagnetic layer is disposed onto a diamagnetic base. A burlap or hairy cloth impregnated with the molecular control system is placed over the paramagnetic layer, such that the paramagnetic energy amplifies the molecular control system to produce coherent or semi-coherent electromagnetic emissions. The molecular control system can be a semiochemical (such as, insect pheromones), garlic scent, perfume, deodorant, air freshener, similar molecules, infrared coded emissions from any system that controls or effects living organisms, and the like. The solid-state maser of the present invention is an organic and biodegradable device that is tuned and modulated by existing and naturally occurring atomospheric frequencies. Moreover the device provides a highly efficient and effective solution for pest control and improving plant growth, without having to exterminate the pests or distribute chemicals that may harm the environment or increase health risks for humans. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/266,466, filed Feb. 6, 2001, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Not applicable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Soybean food product Inventor(s): Vilkin, Michael; (San Diego, CA), Vilkin, Tamara; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: Michael Vilkin; 309 N. Solana Hills Drive; APT. 48; Solana Beach; CA; 92075; US Patent Application Number: 20030026889 Date filed: July 20, 2001 Abstract: Formulation of our soybean food product includes cooked soybeans, crushed peanuts, whole spices, dry spices, garlic, grapeseed oil, lemon juice, salt and water. All ingredients are combined in a food processor and pureed until smooth.

174 Garlic

Excerpt(s): Our invention is a new soybean food product. It's common knowledge that soybeans have very high nutritional value. US Food and Drug Administration recommends to eat soybeans every day. This new soybean product has delicious taste and flavor. When manufactured commercially, this product will provide very high nutritional benefits to millions of consumers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Squeeze garlic Inventor(s): Pardey, Eduardo J.; (Miami, FL) Correspondence: Eduardo J. Pardey; 10357 SW 9th Terrace; Miami; FL; 33174; US Patent Application Number: 20030047088 Date filed: September 12, 2001 Abstract: My invention is a devise used to squish garlic cloves, separate the skin from the inside, and maintain the juices in order to use for marinating different foods. My devise comes in different colors, it is heat resistant, it seals in the garlic odors, and maintains your hands clean and free of odors, it is light, and very manual. This devise is safe, and easy to use even by a small child.I feel my devise is unique. I have not seen any other garlic squishier such as mine. Excerpt(s): The invention is a garlic squishier. The garlic squishier is composed of five components or five separate pieces, when put together form the garlic squishier. The material used to fabricate the invention is Hi Plastic, which is injected at high impact. This material is non-toxic, and can be exposed to extremely high temperatures. The material maintains its original color, and is available in many shades. The garlic squishier is composed of five separate components or pieces as specified below. 1--A tourniquet or type of screw component, which pushes the garlic through the main chamber. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Systems and methods of enhancing consumable products Inventor(s): Rast, Robert W.; (Rancho Cordova, CA), Rast, Rodger H.; (Rancho Cordova, CA) Correspondence: Rastar Corporation; 11230 Gold Express DR.; STE. 310; Gold River; CA; 95670-4484; US Patent Application Number: 20030129291 Date filed: December 13, 2001 Abstract: Enhanced consumables providing an enhanced consumption rate adjustable firelog wherein the consumer can select the burning rate, baked buns which are resistant to hinge splitting when a consumer inserts food items therein, wine bottle corks which may be easily removed by the consumer without specific hardware such as corkscrews, electronic soap for entertaining bathing children, bathroom mirror defog sheets which facilitate consumer use of mirrors subject to steam fogging, and a breath "equalizer" preparation which reduces the sensitivity of the consumer to specific forms of breath born halitosis, such as garlic and onions.

Patents 175

Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. provisional application serial No. 60/256,887 filed on Dec. 15, 2000 and serial No. 60/256/888 filed on Dec. 15, 2000 which are incorporated herein by reference. The invention pertains generally to consumables and more particularly to an enhanced consumption rate adjustable firelog, no-split baked buns, easily removable wine bottle corks, entertaining electronic soap, bathroom mirror defog sheets, and breath equalizing preparations. The number of products in the consumables category continues to rise, and the need for continuous improvement provides a competitive edge for manufacturers. Following are six typically molded consumables and a number of enhancements described for each. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with garlic, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “garlic” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on garlic. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning garlic. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

177

CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON GARLIC Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to garlic. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on garlic include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “garlic” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on garlic: •

Low Fat No Fat Cookbook Source: Garden City Park, NY: Avery, 228 p., 1997. Contact: Avery Publishing Group, 120 Old Broadway, Garden City Park, NY 11040. (516) 741-2155, (800) 548-5757. FAX (516) 742- 1892. Summary: Bellerson offers tips and advice for reducing fat intake through low-fat recipes and cooking techniques. She also includes suggestions for shopping and meal planning. Recipes include Apple Cinnamon Pancakes, Creamy Cucumbers, and Cheesy Garlic Mashed Potatoes. Each recipe includes nutritional information.

•

Low-Fat Living for Real People. 2nd ed Source: New York, NY: Lake Isle Press, Inc. 1998. 252 p.

178 Garlic

Contact: Available from Lake Isle Press, Inc. 2095 Broadway, Suite 404, New York, NY 10023. (800)462-6420 or (212) 769-2361. PRICE: $14.95. ISBN: 096274039X. Summary: This book, written by a humorist and a registered dietitian, is designed to help readers adjust to eating foods that are lower in fat. Nine chapters provide practical information about fat intake, carbohydrates, protein, snacks, exercise, eating out, and coping with family rebellion. Chapter 10 addresses phytochemicals, folic acid, fiber, soybeans, garlic, nuts, vitamin E, and LDL cholesterol. Chapters 11 and 12 provide answers to frequently asked questions and information about using food labels to select foods low in fat. The last chapter includes easy to prepare recipes in seven categories: rice, pasta, potatoes, barley, and beans; vegetables; soups and salads; appetizers, dressings, and sauces; chicken and turkey; fish; and desserts. All recipes include serving sizes and nutritional analyses noting calories, fat, carbohydrate, protein, and sodium. Pen and ink illustrations appear throughout the book. A subject index and a list of resources to consult for further information conclude the book. 43 endnotes. (AA-M). •

Foods That Harm, Foods That Heal: An A-Z Guide to Safe and Healthy Eating Source: Pleasantville, NY: Reader's Digest. 1997. 400 p. Contact: Available from Customer Service, Reader's Digest. Pleasantville, NY 10570. (800) 846-2100. PRICE: $30.00. ISBN: 0895779129. Summary: This nutrition reference book features more than 400 photographs and illustrations with more than 400 A to Z entries on a vast range of foods and health concerns, include caffeine, cancer, diabetes, fast food, garlic, heart disease, influenza, osteoporosis, pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and vegetarianism. The book is designed to provide families with information to help understand the close links between foods and wellness. Each food entry provides at-a-glance information on its nutrients (or lack of) and its benefits and drawbacks. Each ailment is accompanied by a list of foods and beverages that are considered safe, and what foods or beverages should be cut down or avoided altogether. Personalized case studies help to illustrate various topics. There are special features on eating during different life stages, from infancy to old age, as well as such issues as genetically altered foods, irradiation, pesticides, and pollution. Other topics include how to cook foods to achieve maximum nutritional benefits; which dietary supplements really work; tips on exercising, storing food, and reading food labels; an instructive analysis of the most popular diet regimens; and controversial foods and additives such as eggs, nitrites, bran, cheese, milk, fat, wine, and alcohol. A glossary defines unfamiliar or technical terms; there is also a listing of organizations that can provide further information and resources. Topics specifically related to digestive diseases include allergic reactions to food, anorexia nervosa, antioxidants, appetite loss, basic food groups, carbohydrates, celiac disease, childhood and adolescent nutrition, cholesterol, constipation, convenience foods, Crohn's disease, diarrhea, dieting and weight control, digestive and malabsorption disorders, diverticulitis, fats, fiber, food poisoning, gastritis, gastroenteritis, gout, hiatal hernia, indigestion and heartburn, intolerance to milk and other foods, irritable bowel syndrome, malnutrition, medicine-food interactions, minerals, obesity, organic and health foods, preparation and storage of food, restaurants and eating out, smoking and diet, sports nutrition, supplements, traveler's health, ulcers, vitamins, and worms and other parasites.

Books

179

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “garlic” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “garlic” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “garlic” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

101 garlic recipes : a collection of your favorites (1999); ISBN: 0785333827; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0785333827/icongroupinterna

•

10-Pak Garlic Hc by Janet Hazen (1992); ISBN: 0811891038; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0811891038/icongroupinterna

•

A Clove of Garlic: Garlic for Health and Cookery: Recipes and Traditions by Katy Holder, Gail Duff (2003); ISBN: 0785806679; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0785806679/icongroupinterna

•

A Garlic Testament: Seasons on a Small New Mexico Farm by Stanley G. Crawford (1998); ISBN: 0826319602; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0826319602/icongroupinterna

•

A New Generation of Phytomedicines (High Quality Standardized Galenical Preparations Ginkgo, Bilberry, Ginseng, Garlic and Their Extrordinary Therap) by Auguste Mockle, J. August Mockle (1996); ISBN: 0879836768; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879836768/icongroupinterna

•

Bread, Tomato, Garlic: Quick Cooking With 3 Main Ingredients by Jill Dupleix, et al; ISBN: 1579590225; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1579590225/icongroupinterna

•

Brian Glover's Know Your Onions: The Complete Guide to Onions, Leeks, Garlic, Shallots, Spring Onions and Chives With over 45 Great Recipes by Brian Glover (2002); ISBN: 1842154508; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842154508/icongroupinterna

•

Cholesterol Cures: From Almonds and Antioxidants to Garlic, Golf, Wine and Yogurt325 Quick and Easy Ways to Lower Cholesterol and Live Longer by Richard Trubo, et al (1996); ISBN: 0875963994; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875963994/icongroupinterna

•

Cocine Saludablemente Con Ajo / Cooking Healthy with Garlic by Linda Ferrari (2000); ISBN: 9706431543; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9706431543/icongroupinterna

•

Compendium of Onion and Garlic Diseases (The Disease Compendium Series of the American Phytopathological Society) by Howard F. Schwartz (Editor), S. Krishna Mohan (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 0890541701; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890541701/icongroupinterna

•

Disease of Vegetables: Cucurbits, Garlic, Lettuce, Onion, Tomato (Digital Images Collection) (2000); ISBN: 0890542538; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890542538/icongroupinterna

180 Garlic

•

DK Pocket Healers: Garlic: Immunity Booster & Heart Helper (DK Pocket Healers Healers) by Stephanie Pederson; ISBN: 075133166X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/075133166X/icongroupinterna

•

Do I Have to Wear Garlic Around My Neck: Family Remedies for Holistic Healing by Adrienne Selko, et al (1997); ISBN: 0965322009; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965322009/icongroupinterna

•

Extra Garlic, Please by Christian Chase (2001); ISBN: 0759645949; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0759645949/icongroupinterna

•

Favorite Garlic Recipes by Bristol Publishing Enterprises (1997); ISBN: 1558671501; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1558671501/icongroupinterna

•

Flavoring with Garlic by Clare Gordon-Smith, James Merrell (Photographer); ISBN: 1841720631; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1841720631/icongroupinterna

•

For the Love of Garlic: The Complete Guide to Garlic Cuisine by Victoria Renoux (2003); ISBN: 0757000878; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0757000878/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic by Karen Evernett (2000); ISBN: 0859697975; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859697975/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic by Southwater Publishing (2000); ISBN: 1842151924; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842151924/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic by Smallwood (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0836227778; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0836227778/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic - How Garlic Protects Your Heart by Edzard Ernst (1996); ISBN: 1899308083; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1899308083/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic & Friends: The History, Growth & Use of Edible Alliums by Penny Woodward (1996); ISBN: 1875657622; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1875657622/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic (The Gourmet Kitchen) by Orla Broderick, et al; ISBN: 0376027568; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0376027568/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic and Friends: The History, Growth and Use of Edible Alliums by Penny Woodward (1996); ISBN: 1864470097; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1864470097/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic and You: The Modern Medicine by Benjamin Lau (1999); ISBN: 1896817025; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1896817025/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic Cookery by Martha Rose Shulman (1987); ISBN: 0722509227; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722509227/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic for Health by Benjamin Lau (1988); ISBN: 0941524329; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0941524329/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic for Health by Roser; ISBN: 0859416747; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859416747/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic Healing Powers (Dr. Jensen's Health Handbooks Series, Vol. 8) by Bernard Jensen (1992); ISBN: 0932615260; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0932615260/icongroupinterna

Books

181

•

Garlic Is Life: A Memoir With Recipes by Chester Aaron (1996); ISBN: 0898158060; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898158060/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic Kisses: Human Struggles - Garlic Connections by Chester Aaron, et al (2000); ISBN: 0970109490; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0970109490/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic Lane by John Waddington-Feather (1998); ISBN: 0947718648; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0947718648/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic Lover's Greatest Hits: 20 Years of Prize-Winning Recipes from the Gilroy Garlic Festival by Gilroy Garlic Festival (1998); ISBN: 0890878773; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890878773/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic! Garlic! Garlic! by B. Carlson (2001); ISBN: 1571661271; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1571661271/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic, Garlic, Garlic : More than 200 Exceptional Recipes for the World's Most Indispensable Ingredient by Linda Griffith (Author), Fred Griffith (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0395892546; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0395892546/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic, Garlic, Garlic: Recipe Ideas Using the World's Supreme Herb by Jane Donovan (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0785809228; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0785809228/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic, Medical and Health Qualities: Index of Modern Authors and Subjects for Rapid Research by Richard C. Trovatto (1996); ISBN: 0788310739; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788310739/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic, Onion, & Other Alliums: How to Grow and Use XX Great Plants by Ellen Spector Platt (2003); ISBN: 0811728919; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0811728919/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic, Wine and Olive Oil: Historical Anecdotes and Recipes by Thomas Pellechia; ISBN: 0884964442; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0884964442/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic: Nature's Amazing Nutritional and Medicinal Wonder Food (Woodland Health Series) by Rita Elkins (1996); ISBN: 1885670141; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885670141/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic: Nature's Healer by Morton Walker; ISBN: 0815956231; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815956231/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic: Nature's Perfect Prescription: Nature's Perfect Prescription by C. G. Hullquist, Gary Hullquist (1996); ISBN: 157258064X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/157258064X/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic: Sophisticated Recipes Made With Aromatic, Savory and Healthful Flavors from the Mediterranean (Quick & Easy Cooking) by Cornelia Adam (2001); ISBN: 1930603118; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1930603118/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic: The Life-blood of Good Health by Stephen Fulder MA PhD; ISBN: 0722521324; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722521324/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic: The Natural Healer by Karen Evennett; ISBN: 1569750971; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569750971/icongroupinterna

182 Garlic

•

Garlic: The Science and Therapeutic Application of Allium Sativum L. and Related Species by Larry D. Lawson (Editor), Heinrich P., Phd Koch (Editor); ISBN: 0683181475; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683181475/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic-Medical & Health Qualities: Index of Modern Authors & Subjects for Rapid Research by Trovatto (1994); ISBN: 078830187X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/078830187X/icongroupinterna

•

Ginger, Garlic & Green Onions As Medicine: Curing Diseases the Chinese Way: A Safe and Cheap Form of Traditional Chinese Food Therapy by Wang Fuchun (Compiler), Duan Yuhua (Compiler) (2000); ISBN: 9679786846; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9679786846/icongroupinterna

•

Ginkgo and Garlic: Natural Remedies for Respiratory and Circulatory Problems by Nicola Peterson (1998); ISBN: 0285634321; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0285634321/icongroupinterna

•

Glorious Garlic (Cole's Cooking Companion Series) by The Cole Group Editors (Editor), Cole Group (1998); ISBN: 1564268098; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1564268098/icongroupinterna

•

Great Garlic Cookbook (1992); ISBN: 0890099952; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890099952/icongroupinterna

•

Great Garlic Cookbook by Sophie Hale (Author); ISBN: 185076171X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/185076171X/icongroupinterna

•

Great Garlic Recipes by Southwater Publishing (2000); ISBN: 1842150995; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842150995/icongroupinterna

•

Growing and Using Garlic by Glenn Andrews (1998); ISBN: 1580170854; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580170854/icongroupinterna

•

Growing Great Garlic: The Definitive Guide for Organic Gardeners and Small Farmers by Ron L. Engelland, et al (1995); ISBN: 0963085018; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963085018/icongroupinterna

•

Healing Herbs-4 Vol.: Garlic Hawthorn Marigold & Saw Palmetto by Jill Rosemary Davies (2000); ISBN: 1862047987; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862047987/icongroupinterna

•

Healing Power of Garlic: The Enlightened Personªs Guide to Natureªs Most Versatile Medicinal Plant by Paul Bergner (1996); ISBN: 0788167359; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788167359/icongroupinterna

•

Herbs for Common Ailments : How to Use Familiar Herbs--Such as Sage, Garlic, and Aloe--To Treat More Than 100 Common Health Problems by Anne McIntyre (Author) (2004); ISBN: 0743254112; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743254112/icongroupinterna

•

Honey, Garlic, & Vinegar: Home Remedies & Recipes: The People's Guide to Nature's Wonder Medicines by Patrick Quillin (2000); ISBN: 1886898030; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1886898030/icongroupinterna

•

In a Nutshell: Garlic by Jill Rosemary Davies (2000); ISBN: 1862045593; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862045593/icongroupinterna

•

Knight of Onions and Knight of Garlic by Hayyim N. Bialik (1934); ISBN: 0884827348; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0884827348/icongroupinterna

Books

183

•

Mad for Garlic by Pat Reppert (2001); ISBN: 1571661069; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1571661069/icongroupinterna

•

Onion: The Essential Cook's Guide to Onions, Garlic, Leeks, Scallions, Shallots and Chives by Brian Glover (2001); ISBN: 0754806324; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0754806324/icongroupinterna

•

Onions and Garlic: An Old Tale by Eric A. Kimmel, Katya Arnold (Illustrator) (1996); ISBN: 0823412229; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823412229/icongroupinterna

•

Onions, Leeks, and Garlic: A Handbook for Gardeners by Marian Coonse (1995); ISBN: 0890966761; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890966761/icongroupinterna

•

Ou Est Le Garlic by Len Deighton (Author); ISBN: 0060109963; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060109963/icongroupinterna

•

Pasta and Garlic: Low-Fat Recipes. That Work by Chris Gluck, John Molenaar (Illustrator) (1997); ISBN: 1891004018; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1891004018/icongroupinterna

•

Roses Love Garlic: Companion Planting and Other Secrets of Flowers by Louise Riotte (1998); ISBN: 1580170285; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580170285/icongroupinterna

•

Saffron, Garlic & Olives by Loukie Werle (1999); ISBN: 1555611842; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555611842/icongroupinterna

•

Simply Bruschetta : Garlic Toast the Italian Way by Victor C. Pellegrino, Vittorio Pellegrino (2000); ISBN: 0945045069; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945045069/icongroupinterna

•

Smell It Like It Is: Tales from the Garlic Capital of the World by Kathryn McKenzie Nichols; ISBN: 1564740080; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1564740080/icongroupinterna

•

Sweet Basil, Garlic, Tomatoes, and Chives: The Vegetable Dishes of Tuscany and Provence by Diana Shaw; ISBN: 0517582694; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517582694/icongroupinterna

•

The 2003-2008 World Outlook for Garlic Supplements [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00009KF5F; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00009KF5F/icongroupinterna

•

The Complete Garlic Lovers Cookbook by Gilroy, Gilroy Garlic Festival (1987); ISBN: 0890875030; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890875030/icongroupinterna

•

The Complete Guide to Making Great Garlic Powder: Homegrown & Homemade Secrets From a Garlic Powder Guru by Herrick C. Kimball (2003); ISBN: 0972656421; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0972656421/icongroupinterna

•

The Fanatic's Ecstatic Aromatic Guide to Onions, Garlic, Shallots, and Leeks by Marilyn. Singer; ISBN: 0133029018; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0133029018/icongroupinterna

•

The Garlic Cookbook by David Diresta (2003); ISBN: 1558672532; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1558672532/icongroupinterna

184 Garlic

•

The Garlic Cookbook by Beverley Jollands (2003); ISBN: 0754812421; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0754812421/icongroupinterna

•

The Garlic Cookbook by Lorna Rhodes; ISBN: 0831738855; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0831738855/icongroupinterna

•

The Garlic in the Melting Pot by Lewis M. Elia (2002); ISBN: 1553693361; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1553693361/icongroupinterna

•

The Garlic Lovers Cookbook by Gilroy Garlic Festival Committee., et al (1980); ISBN: 0890872724; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890872724/icongroupinterna

•

The Great Garlic Book: A Guide With Recipes by Chester Aaron (1997); ISBN: 0898159199; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898159199/icongroupinterna

•

The Great Garlic Cook Book (1988); ISBN: 9998632196; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9998632196/icongroupinterna

•

The Great Garlic Cook Book by Sophie Hale; ISBN: 1856055957; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1856055957/icongroupinterna

•

The Great Garlic Cookbook by Barbara Friedlander Meyer, Bob Cato (1992); ISBN: 0871316730; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0871316730/icongroupinterna

•

The Great Garlic Cookbook by Barbara. Friedlander; ISBN: 002541500X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/002541500X/icongroupinterna

•

The Healing Power of Garlic by Paul Bergner (1995); ISBN: 0761500987; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761500987/icongroupinterna

•

The International Garlic Cookbook by Publishers Staf Collins (Author) (1995); ISBN: 000225056X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/000225056X/icongroupinterna

•

The Little Garlic Book by Rosamond Richardson; ISBN: 0312488645; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312488645/icongroupinterna

•

The Medical Uses of Garlic by Orville C., Iii, M.D. Green, Nicholas G. Polydoris; ISBN: 0963771302; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963771302/icongroupinterna

•

The Miracle of Garlic by Paavo Airola (1984); ISBN: 0932090087; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0932090087/icongroupinterna

•

The Stinking Cookbook: The Layman's Guide to Garlic Eating, Drinking, and Stinking by Jerry Dal Bozzo (1994); ISBN: 0890877300; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890877300/icongroupinterna

•

The Totally Garlic Cookbook (Totally Cookbooks) by Helene Siegel, et al (1994); ISBN: 0890877254; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890877254/icongroupinterna

•

The World Market for Fresh or Chilled Garlic, Leeks, and Alliaceous Vegetables: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B0001345OS; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001345OS/icongroupinterna

•

Wild Garlic [LARGE PRINT] by Newlyn Nash (1987); ISBN: 070896432X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/070896432X/icongroupinterna

Books

185

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “garlic” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

About garlic. Author: Binding, G. J.; Year: 1975; London, Thorsons [1970]

•

Curing diseases the Chinese way with ginger, garlic and green onion Author: Wang, Fuchun.; Year: 1998; Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1998; ISBN: 7119019058 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/7119019058/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic: Allium sativum Author: Foster, Steven,; Year: 1944; Austin, TX: American Botanical Council, c1999

•

Garlic: effects on cardiovascular risks and disease, protective effects against cancer, and clinical adverse effects Author: Mulrow, Cynthia D. (Cynthia Diane),; Year: 1975; Rockville, MD: AHRQ, [2000]; ISBN: 1587630184

•

Garlic: nature's original remedy Author: Fulder, Stephen.; Year: 1974; Rochester, Vt.: Healing Arts Press: Distributed to the book trade in the United States by AIDC (American International Distribution Corp.), c1991; ISBN: 0892814365 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892814365/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic: nature's original remedy. Author: Stephen Fulder, John Blackwood; Year: 1991

•

Garlic therapy Author: Greenwood, T. W. (Trevor William); Year: 1990; London: Medical Tribune, 1990

•

Garlic therapy. Author: Watanabe, Tadashi,; Year: 1975; [Tokyo] Japan Publications; [distributed by Japan Publications Trading Co., San Francisco, c1974]; ISBN: 0870402722 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870402722/icongroupinterna

•

Garlic; the unknown miracle worker - odorless garlic medicine and garlic FlowLeben. Author: Kat¯o, Yoshio,; Year: 1978; [Amagasaki, Japan] Oyama

•

Nutraceuticals: designer foods III, garlic, soy, and licorice Author: Lachance, Paul A.; Year: 1959; Trumbull, Conn.: Food; Nutrition Press, c1997; ISBN: 0917678400 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0917678400/icongroupinterna

•

Onion (allium sepa) and garlic (allium sativa) as a remedy for pneumonia and pulmonary tuberculosis. Author: by H. O. Hall; Year: 1913

•

Onion and garlic Author: Krishnamurthy, K. H.,; Year: 2000; Delhi: Books for All, [1992?]

•

Onion and garlic. Author: K.H. Krishnamurthy; Year: 1992

11

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

186 Garlic

•

Onions and garlic Author: Singh, S. J.; Year: 1988; Lucknow: Nature Cure Council of Medical Research, 1988

•

The miracle of garlic Author: Airola, Paavo.; Year: 1988; Phoenix: Health Plus, c1978

•

The onion (allium sepa) and garlic (allium sativa) as a remedy for pneumonia and pulmonary tuberculosis Author: Hall, Harry Orville,; Year: 1970; [United States: s.n., 1913?]

Chapters on Garlic In order to find chapters that specifically relate to garlic, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and garlic using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “garlic” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on garlic: •

Herbal Medications, Nutraceuticals, and Hypertension Source: in Miller, L.G. and Murray, W.J., eds. Herbal Medicinals: A Clinician's Guide. New York, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press. 1998. p. 135-162. Contact: Available from Haworth Herbal Press. 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 139041580. (800) HAWORTH. Fax (800) 895-0582. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.haworthpressinc.com. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0789004666. Summary: Hypertension (high blood pressure) is a common problem, for which numerous drug therapies and lifestyle changes are often prescribed. Many patients have elected to augment or substitute their allopathic therapies with herbal remedies, primarily to avoid the many known side effects of antihypertensive drugs. This chapter on herbal medicinals, nutraceuticals, and hypertension is from a clinician's guide to the use of herbal medicinals that uses a case based approach to lead readers through clinical considerations and the potential use of alternative medicines. The authors first briefly review some of the standard antihypertensive treatments, including their potential impact on quality of life. The case studies in this chapter describe licorice induced hypertension (licorice is found in smokeless tobacco); yohimbine to address erectile dysfunction (impotence); the use of garlic to treat hypertension; herbal diuretics (drugs that increase the rate of urine flow and the excretion of sodium); the negative impact of grapefruit juice and ginseng on blood pressure control; Chinese herbs for hypertension; and fish oil supplementation. One table lists herbs that may have an effect on blood pressure; another table summarizes information about herbs reviewed in this chapter. 7 tables. 117 references.

•

Grains, Beans, and Starchy Vegetables: The Foundation of Healthy Eating Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Webb, R. Diabetes Food and Nutrition Bible: A Complete Guide to Planning, Shopping, Cooking, and Eating. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 23-89.

Books

187

Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040037. Summary: This chapter on grains, beans and starchy vegetables is from a book that offers a complete food and nutrition resource for people with diabetes. The book brings readers up to date on meal planning, carbohydrate counting, vitamins, minerals, and the best ways to prepare healthy delicious meals. With this chapter, the authors move beyond introductory and planning information to actual recipes and the use of these foods in everyday eating. The text reviews the digestion and nutrition of starches, the different types of grains, and how to use and store beans, peas and lentils. Numerous recipes are provided: nutty blueberry pancakes, couscous, quinoa stuffed peppers, quinoa salad, wild rice salad, Italian wild rice pilaf, confetti rice and beans, basic polenta, cranberry rice, fusilli with sage and peppers, pasta primavera, penne pasta with basil vinaigrette, Asian noodle salad, oven-dried tomatoes, garlic and pasta, Asian scallop fettucine, angel hair with feta and capers, chicken, spinach and shell soup, marinara sauce, pesto sauce, almond-pesto white beans and vegetables, bow tie pasta with sun- dried tomato pesto and white beans, colorful lentil salad, pasta fagioli, bean salad, black bean jicama salad, Spanish black bean soup, white bean chili, red bean Creole, Tex-Mex beans, shrimp and bean skillet, herbed chickpeas and potatoes, couscous bean pilaf, sweet potato fries, festive sweet potatoes, foil-roasted herb potatoes, creamy mashed potatoes, twice-baked potatoes, chive corn pudding, vegetable burritos, glazed parsnips, and butternut squash and pear soup. The chapter concludes with a special focus section on portion control. •

Early Development of Human Flavor Preferences Source: in Capaldi, E.D., ed. Why We Eat What We Eat: The Psychology of Eating. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 1996. p. 83-112. Contact: Available from American Psychological Association. Book Order Department, Department KK, P.O. Box 92984, Washington, DC 20090-2984. (800) 374-2721 or (202) 336-5510. TTY (202) 336-6123. Fax (202) 336-5502. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.apa.org. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1557983666. Summary: This chapter, from a text on the psychology of eating, focuses on the development of taste and smell perception as it relates to the feeding behavior of infants and young children. The authors review the literature that suggests that the fetus and newborn infant have functioning chemosensory systems and that their feeding and expressive behaviors are modulated by taste and smell stimuli. The authors note that, although these sensory systems are operable early in development, the human fetus and newborn infant are not merely miniature adults; their sensory systems mature postnatally and are likely influenced by experiences in ways not yet fully understood. Topics include the sensation of taste (gustation), the role of prenatal taste experiences in modifying later behaviors, olfaction (the sense of smell), the role of prenatal smell experiences in modifying later behaviors, and the transfer of volatiles to mother's milk and the role of early experience (including the flavors of garlic, vanilla, alcohol). The authors conclude that human milk is not a food of invariant flavor but one that provides the potential for a rich source of varying chemosensory experiences to the infant. These findings might imply that the sensory world of breast fed infants is rich, varied, and quite different from that of bottle fed infants, who experience a constant set of flavors from standard formulas and thus may be missing significant sensory experiences that,

188 Garlic

until recent times in human history, were common to all infants. 6 figures. 107 references. •

Vegetables Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Webb, R. Diabetes Food and Nutrition Bible: A Complete Guide to Planning, Shopping, Cooking, and Eating. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 91-120. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040037. Summary: Vegetables are packed with vitamins and minerals and have few calories. The diabetes food pyramid suggests that people with diabetes eat 3 to 5 servings of vegetables each day. This chapter on vegetables is from a book that offers a complete food and nutrition resource for people with diabetes. The book brings readers up to date on meal planning, carbohydrate counting, vitamins, minerals, and the best ways to prepare healthy delicious meals. In this chapter the authors discuss the benefits of eating vegetables, the role of antioxidants, shopping for produce, deciding between fresh, frozen or canned vegetables, tips for eating more vegetables, and how to make the most of eating at a salad bar. Numerous recipes are then provided: 3 flavored vinegars, 5 easy dressings with low-fat sour cream, roasted garlic, caramelized onions, green beans with tomatoes and herbs, zucchini marinara, broccoli with sesame seeds and scallions, broccoli and garlic, Brussels sprouts with chestnuts, cauliflower with cheddar cheese sauce, curried cauliflower soup, healthy coleslaw, fall spinach salad, soy kale, arugula and watercress salad, and spinach saute with mushrooms. The chapter concludes with a chart of common vegetables and their nutrition values, and a special focus section on water.

189

CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON GARLIC Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on garlic. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “garlic” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on garlic: •

Nigella Sativa (Black Seed): Advanced Immune Discoveries Symposium Contact: Human Energy Press, 493 Beach Park Blvd Ste 210, Foster City, CA, 94404, (415) 349-0718. Summary: This sound recording deals with the use of four herbs - thyme, ginger, garlic, and nigella sativa, or black seed - in treating Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The speaker explains how the immune system works and how these herbs, singly and in combination, can strengthen it. The physical and psychological tests which are used to gauge improvement are analyzed.

191

CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GARLIC Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover garlic.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on garlic is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “garlic” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to garlic. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “garlic” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for garlic: •

Not all garlic supplements created equal Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 29, 2002

•

Garlic may help heart, but needs more study: report Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 23, 2002

192 Garlic

•

Garlic blocks very earliest stages of arteriosclerosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 12, 2002

•

Garlic extract shows activity against drug-resistant bacteria Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 20, 2001

•

Garlic extract helps ward off drug-resistant bugs Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 20, 2001

•

Garlic use can lower levels of HIV protease inhibitor saquinavir Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 06, 2001

•

Garlic supplements can lower potency of HIV drug Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 06, 2001

•

Lab tests find garlic potent against malaria, cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 15, 2001

•

Garlic supplement claims stink: consumer group Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 06, 2000

•

Garlic compound is an effective treatment for athlete's foot Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 22, 2000

•

Garlic: A clove a day may keep cancer at bay Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 09, 2000

•

Garlic pills unimpressive against cholesterol Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 19, 2000

•

Garlic only modestly effective in reducing total cholesterol Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 19, 2000

•

Garlic may lower heart disease risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 09, 2000

•

Synergistic interaction of garlic and omeprazole on H. pylori growth reported Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 24, 1999

•

Garlic may prevent plaque build-up in arteries Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 22, 1999

•

Garlic, jalapeno peppers do not inhibit H. pylori infection Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 26, 1999

Periodicals and News

•

Garlic shows anticancer and cholesterol-reducing effects Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 20, 1998

•

Garlic powder does not lower cholesterol Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 03, 1998

•

Garlic oil not effective in treatment of moderate hypercholesterolemia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 17, 1998

•

Garlic oil doesn't lower cholesterol Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 16, 1998

•

Garlic tablets unlikely to lower lipids in patients with hypercholesteremia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 09, 1998

•

Garlic doesn't drop children's cholesterol Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 12, 1998

•

Garlic Dust Linked To Workplace Asthma Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 22, 1998

•

Garlic Dust Linked To Occupational Asthma Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 21, 1998

•

Evidence Mounts For Garlic's Antimicrobial, Cholesterol-Lowering Effects Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 14, 1997

•

How Garlic Fights Infection Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 13, 1997

•

Soft Margarine, Garlic Endorsed By American Heart Association Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 03, 1997

•

Garlic Fights Bladder Cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 15, 1997

•

Garlic Effective In A Murine Bladder Cancer Model Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 15, 1997

•

Garlic Breath Equals Low Cholesterol? Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 27, 1997

•

Possible Health Risk From Homemade Garlic Or Herb Flavored Oils Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 29, 1995

193

194 Garlic

The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “garlic” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “garlic” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to garlic, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “garlic” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Garlic Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to garlic. In addition to these

Periodicals and News

195

sources, you can search for articles covering garlic that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

197

APPENDICES

199

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

200 Garlic

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

201

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

13

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

202 Garlic

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “garlic” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “garlic” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Garlic Contact: AIDS Project Los Angeles, 3550 Wilshire Blvd Ste 300, Los Angeles, CA, 900102404, (213) 201-1600, http://www.apla.org. Summary: This is a compilation of material on the use of garlic as a preventive medicine. From ancient Egypt up to modern-day U.S., garlic has been used treat a myriad of medical problems, including indigestion and bronchitis. Today, its potential in cancer prevention and AIDS treatment is being studied. A New York Times reprint highlights preliminary studies that suggest that garlic does have a significant medicinal value. Results of a pilot study treating AIDS patients with garlic as supportive care are included in the packet. In August of 1990,the First World Congress on the Health Significance of Garlic and Garlic Components examined the efficacy of an intravenous extract of garlic in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis and cytomegalovirus infection in AIDS. The packet contains a wide variety of other published papers on the medical uses for garlic, bibliographies, and a book chapter.

The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “garlic” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.

15 16

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Physician Resources

203

Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1885 42 351 20 0 2298

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “garlic” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

17

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

19

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 20 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 21 The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

204 Garlic

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

205

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on garlic can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to garlic. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to garlic. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “garlic”:

206 Garlic

•

Other guides African American Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/africanamericanhealth.html AIDS http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aids.html Cancer Alternative Therapy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/canceralternativetherapy.html Dietary Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html Herbal Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbalmedicine.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on garlic. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Garlic: Effects on Cardiovascular Risks and Disease, Protective Effects Against Cancer, and Clinical Adverse Effects Source: Gaithersburg, MD: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clearinghouse. 2000. 7 p. Contact: Available from National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clearinghouse. P.O. Box 7923, Gaithersburg, MD 20898. (888) 644-6226; INTERNATIONAL PHONE: (301) 519-3153; TTY: (866) 464-3615; FAX: (866) 464-3616; EMAIL: [email protected]. PRICE: Free. Publication Number: D153. Summary: This fact sheet summarizes the evidence report on garlic developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. It contains a systematic review of clinical studies of garlic in humans. Three major areas are addressed: (1) Effects on cardiovascular-related disease and factors such as lipids, blood pressure, glucose, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis; (2) Any protective associations with cancer; and (3) Clinical adverse effects. The fact sheet includes sections on the search strategy, selection criteria, data collection and analysis, cardiovascular-related outcomes, associations with cancer, adverse effects, conclusions, limitations, and future research.

Patient Resources

•

207

Garlic and Cancer Prevention Source: Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. 2002. 2 p. Contact: Available from National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clearinghouse. P.O. Box 7923, Gaithersburg, MD 20898. (888) 644-6226; INTERNATIONAL PHONE: (301) 519-3153; TTY: (866) 464-3615; FAX: (866) 464-3616; EMAIL: [email protected]. PRICE: Free. Publication Number: D178. Summary: This National Cancer Institute fact sheet provides an overview of garlic as a cancer preventing food. It discusses the scientific evidence on garlic in cancer prevention and the mechanisms by which garlic may prevent cancer. 6 references. Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Garlic: Effects on Cardiovascular Risks and Disease, Protective Effects Against Cancer, and Clinical Adverse Effects Summary: This evidence report summarizes clinical studies of garlic in humans. Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5994 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to garlic. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

208 Garlic

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to garlic. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with garlic. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about garlic. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “garlic” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “garlic”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option

Patient Resources

209

“Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “garlic” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “garlic” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

211

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

23

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

212 Garlic

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

24

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

213

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

214 Garlic

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

215

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

216 Garlic

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

217

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

219

GARLIC DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 5-alpha: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adduct: Complex formed when a carcinogen combines with DNA or a protein. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescent Nutrition: Nutrition of children aged 13-18 years. [NIH]

220 Garlic

Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism, or cell respiration. [NIH] Aerobic Respiration: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as oxidative metabolism, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Alginates: Salts of alginic acid that are extracted from marine kelp and used to make dental impressions and as absorbent material for surgical dressings. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have

Dictionary 221

nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allium: A genus of liliaceous herbs containing onions (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), and others; many produce pungent, often bacteriostatic and physiologically active compounds and are used as food, condiment, and medicament, the latter in traditional medicine. [NIH] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel,

222 Garlic

Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Amyloid beta-Protein: A 4 kD protein, 39-43 amino acids long, expressed by a gene located on chromosome 21. It is the major protein subunit of the vascular and plaque amyloid filaments in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome). The protein is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiogenesis inhibitor: A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. [NIH] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH]

Dictionary 223

Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]

Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticarcinogenic: Pertaining to something that prevents or delays the development of cancer. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidiabetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates diabetes. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH]

224 Garlic

Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimitotic: Inhibiting or preventing mitosis. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aphids: A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aptitude: The ability to acquire general or special types of knowledge or skill. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to

Dictionary 225

hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspirate: Fluid withdrawn from a lump, often a cyst, or a nipple. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury

226 Garlic

to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atherogenic: Causing the formation of plaque in the lining of the arteries. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Auxins: Organic compounds found in plant sprouts. They promote tissue growth through cell elongation rather than multiplication. [NIH] Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Bacteroides: A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Its organisms are normal inhabitants of the oral, respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital cavities of humans, animals, and insects. Some species may be pathogenic. [NIH] Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH]

Dictionary 227

Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Berberine: An alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis L., Berberidaceae. It is also found in many other plants. It is relatively toxic parenterally, but has been used orally for various parasitic and fungal infections and as antidiarrheal. [NIH] Beta carotene: A vitamin A precursor. Beta carotene belongs to the family of fat-soluble vitamins called carotenoids. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bezafibrate: Antilipemic agent that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides. It decreases low density lipoproteins and increases high density lipoproteins. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Bioassays: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an

228 Garlic

active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH]

Dictionary 229

Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Camphor: A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plant (primarily the camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora). Natural camphor is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid;

230 Garlic

called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Carcinoma in Situ: A malignant tumor that has not yet invaded the basement membrane of the epithelial cell of origin and has not spread to other tissues. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carlavirus: A group of plant viruses with slightly flexuous filaments, often transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent manner. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after

Dictionary 231

treatment. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Castor Oil: Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU]

232 Garlic

Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemoprotective: A quality of some drugs used in cancer treatment. Chemoprotective agents protect healthy tissue from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapeutics: Noun plural but singular or plural in constructions : chemotherapy. [EU]

Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from

Dictionary 233

the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clostridium: A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Bacillaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals. [NIH] Clostridium botulinum: The etiologic agent of botulism in man, wild ducks, and other waterfowl. It is also responsible for certain forms of forage poisoning in horses and cattle. The bacterium produces a powerful exotoxin that is resistant to proteolytic digestion. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Codons: Any triplet of nucleotides (coding unit) in DNA or RNA (if RNA is the carrier of primary genetic information as in some viruses) that codes for particular amino acid or signals the beginning or end of the message. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU]

234 Garlic

Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete

Dictionary 235

response. [NIH] Complete response: The disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment. This does not always mean the cancer has been cured. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Condiments: Aromatic substances added to food before or after cooking to enhance its flavor. These are usually of vegetable origin. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Corn Oil: Oil from corn or corn plant. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart.

236 Garlic

[NIH]

Coronary Disease: Disorder of cardiac function due to an imbalance between myocardial function and the capacity of the coronary vessels to supply sufficient flow for normal function. It is a form of myocardial ischemia (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels. [NIH] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coronary Vessels: The veins and arteries of the heart. [NIH] Corpuscle: A small mass or body; a sensory nerve end bulb; a cell, especially that of the blood or the lymph. [NIH] Coumarin: A fluorescent dye. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cruciferous vegetables: A family of vegetables that includes kale, collard greens, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, brussels sprouts, and turnip. These vegetables contain substances that may protect against cancer. [NIH] Cryptococcosis: Infection with a fungus of the species Cryptococcus neoformans. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curcumin: A dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of Curcuma longa Linn. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, .

Dictionary 237

New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytokinins: Plant hormones that promote the separation of daughter cells after mitotic division of a parent cell. Frequently they are purine derivatives. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]

Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decongestant: An agent that reduces congestion or swelling. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH]

238 Garlic

Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Dextromethorphan: The d-isomer of the codeine analog of levorphanol. Dextromethorphan shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is a NMDA receptor antagonist (receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is used widely as an antitussive agent, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dietary Proteins: Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the essential amino acids. [NIH] Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. [NIH] Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]

Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH]

Dictionary 239

Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diverticula: Plural form of diverticulum. [NIH] Diverticulitis: Inflammation of a diverticulum or diverticula. [NIH] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dormancy: The period when an organism (i. e., a virus or a bacterium) is in the body but not producing any ill effects. [NIH] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Ductal carcinoma in situ: DCIS. Abnormal cells that involve only the lining of a duct. The

240 Garlic

cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. Also called intraductal carcinoma. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]

Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]

Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Egg Yolk: Cytoplasm stored in an egg that contains nutritional reserves for the developing embryo. It is rich in polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH]

Dictionary 241

Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Endarterectomy: Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called atherectomy. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enteric bacteria: Single-celled microorganisms that lack chlorophyll. Some bacteria are capable of causing human, animal, or plant diseases; others are essential in pollution control because they break down organic matter in the air and in the water. [NIH] Enteric-coated: A term designating a special coating applied to tablets or capsules which prevents release and absorption of their contents until they reach the intestines. [EU] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Enterohepatic: Of or involving the intestine and liver. [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH]

242 Garlic

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocyte Membrane: The semipermeable outer portion of the red corpuscle. It is known as a 'ghost' after hemolysis. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Esotropia: A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Eucalyptus: A genus of Australian trees of the Myrtaceae family that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics, and formerly to treat diarrhea, asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory tract infections. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exotoxin: Toxic substance excreted by living bacterial cells. [NIH]

Dictionary 243

Exotropia: A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Feeding Behavior: Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolysis: The natural enzymatic dissolution of fibrin. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH]

244 Garlic

Fibroma: A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue. [NIH] Fish Flour: A flour made of pulverized, dried fish or fish parts. [NIH] Fish Oils: Oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the livers. Those from the liver are usually high in vitamin A. The oils are used as dietary supplements, in soaps and detergents, as protective coatings, and as a base for other food products such as vegetable shortenings. [NIH] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Flush: Transient, episodic redness of the face and neck caused by certain diseases, ingestion of certain drugs or other substances, heat, emotional factors, or physical exertion. [EU] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Freeze-dried: A method used to dry substances, such as food, to make them last longer. The substance is frozen and then dried in a vacuum. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including

Dictionary 245

mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Fundus: The superior portion of the body of the stomach above the level of the cardiac notch. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes

246 Garlic

are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gibberellin: One of a class of plant hormones that promote elongation. Synthesis occurs mainly in leaves and roots. They function by stimulating cell division and the hydrolisis of sugars to glucose and fructose, and stimulate extensive growth, especially of internodes. [NIH]

Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Ginkgo biloba: Exclusive species of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH]

Dictionary 247

Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glutathione Transferase: A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic radicals as well as epoxides and arene oxides to glutathione. Addition takes place at the sulfur atom. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite. EC 2.5.1.18. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its

248 Garlic

earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Halitosis: An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatopulmonary Syndrome: A syndrome consisting of the triad of liver dysfunction, pulmonary vascular dilatation, and abnormal arterial oxygenation in the absence of detectable intrinsic disease of the lung and heart. [NIH] Hepatotoxicity: How much damage a medicine or other substance does to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring.

Dictionary 249

2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Heterotropia: One in which the angle of squint remains relatively unaltered on conjugate movement of the eyes. [NIH] Hiatal Hernia: A small opening in the diaphragm that allows the upper part of the stomach to move up into the chest. Causes heartburn from stomach acid flowing back up through the opening. [NIH] Histocompatibility: The degree of antigenic similarity between the tissues of different individuals, which determines the acceptance or rejection of allografts. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormonal therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called hormone therapy or endocrine therapy. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic

250 Garlic

acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hymenolepiasis: Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipidaemia: A general term for elevated concentrations of any or all of the lipids in the plasma, including hyperlipoproteinaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, etc. [EU] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipoproteinemia: Metabolic disease characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels. The inherited form is attributed to a single gene mechanism. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Ibotenic Acid: Neurotoxic isoxazole substance found in Amanita muscaria and A. pantherina. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompetence: The ability of lymphoid cells to mount a humoral or cellular immune response when challenged by antigen. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH]

Dictionary 251

Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU]

252 Garlic

Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interindividual: Occurring between two or more individuals. [EU] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interspecific: Occurring among members of different species. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraductal carcinoma: Abnormal cells that involve only the lining of a duct. The cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. Also called ductal carcinoma in situ. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a

Dictionary 253

positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoflavones: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of flavones in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laser therapy: The use of an intensely powerful beam of light to kill cancer cells. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

254 Garlic

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipaemia: The presence of an excess of fats or lipids in the blood. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoprotein(a): A family of lipoprotein particles varying in density and size depending on the protein-lipid ratio and the protein composition. These particles consist of apolipoprotein B-100 covalently linked to apolipoprotein-a by one or two disulfide bonds. There is a correlation between high plasma levels of this lipoprotein and increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. [NIH] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between

Dictionary 255

linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lycopene: A red pigment found in tomatoes and some fruits. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphangitis: Inflammation of a lymphatic vessel or vessels. Acute lymphangitis may result from spread of bacterial infection (most commonly beta-haemolytic streptococci) into the lymphatics, manifested by painful subcutaneous red streaks along the course of the vessels. [EU] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH] Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium

256 Garlic

(P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH] Maser: A device that produces an extremely intense, small and nearly non-divergent beam of monochromatic radiation in the microwave region, with all the waves in phase. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Assistance: Financing of medical care provided to public assistance recipients. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH]

Dictionary 257

Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Meristem: A tissue capable of active cell division and therefore of adding new cells to the plant body. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microfibrils: Components of the extracellular matrix consisting primarily of fibrillin. They are essential for the integrity of elastic fibers. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Midazolam: A short-acting compound, water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH. It is a hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used for sedation in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic

258 Garlic

medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. Because of its short duration and cardiorespiratory stability, it is particularly useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. [NIH]

Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineral Oil: A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary

Dictionary 259

arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]

Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with

260 Garlic

other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides

Dictionary 261

form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nulliparous: Having never given birth to a viable infant. [EU] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Olfaction: Function of the olfactory apparatus to perceive and discriminate between the molecules that reach it, in gas form from an external environment, directly or indirectly via the nose. [NIH] Oltipraz: A drug used in cancer prevention. [NIH] Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]

Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Orchiectomy: The surgical removal of one or both testicles. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]

Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Ovum Implantation: Endometrial implantation of the blastocyst. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]

Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing

262 Garlic

agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Panacea: A cure-all. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papain: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and chymopapain that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Patch Tests: Skin tests in which the sensitizer is applied to a patch of cotton cloth or gauze held in place for approximately 48-72 hours. It is used for the elicitation of a contact hypersensitivity reaction. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Dictionary 263

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pest Control: The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects or other animals. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH]

264 Garlic

Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenethyl isothiocyanate: PEITC. A naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables. It is being studied as an agent to prevent cancer. [NIH] Pheromones: Chemical substances which, when secreted by an individual into the environment, cause specific reactions in other individuals, usually of the same species. The substances relate only to multicellular organisms. This includes kairomones. Allomones are repellent pheromones. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placebo Effect: An effect usually, but not necessarily, beneficial that is attributable to an expectation that the regimen will have an effect, i.e., the effect is due to the power of suggestion. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plant Growth Regulators: Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins. [NIH] Plant sterols: Plant-based compounds that can compete with dietary cholesterol to be absorbed by the intestines. This results in lower blood cholesterol levels. They may have some effect in cancer prevention. Also known as phytosterols. [NIH] Plant Viruses: Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized

Dictionary 265

regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Adhesiveness: The process whereby platelets adhere to something other than platelets, e.g., collagen, basement membranes, microfibrils, or other "foreign" surfaces. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet-Derived Growth Factor: Mitogenic peptide growth hormone carried in the alphagranules of platelets. It is released when platelets adhere to traumatized tissues. Connective tissue cells near the traumatized region respond by initiating the process of replication. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH]

266 Garlic

Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Preventive Medicine: A medical specialty primarily concerned with prevention of disease and the promotion and preservation of health in the individual. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]

Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in

Dictionary 267

the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora,

268 Garlic

Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychological Tests: Standardized tests designed to measure abilities, as in intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests, or to evaluate personality traits. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Public Assistance: Financial assistance to impoverished persons for the essentials of living through federal, state or local government programs. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH]

Dictionary 269

Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Reishi: A mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, of the aphyllophorales order of basidomycetous fungi. It has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine in various forms. Contains sterols, coumarin, mannitol, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be

270 Garlic

cancer in the body. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of

Dictionary 271

developing a disease. [NIH] Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]

Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salivary Proteins: Proteins found in saliva and the salivary glands. These proteins show some enzymatic activity, but their composition varies in different individuals. [NIH] Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Selenium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain selenium as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senescence: The bodily and mental state associated with advancing age. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH]

272 Garlic

Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small cell lung cancer: A type of lung cancer in which the cells appear small and round when viewed under the microscope. Also called oat cell lung cancer. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH]

Dictionary 273

Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU]

274 Garlic

Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Standard therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of cancer, based on the results of past research. [NIH] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strabismus: Deviation of the eye which the patient cannot overcome. The visual axes assume a position relative to each other different from that required by the physiological conditions. The various forms of strabismus are spoken of as tropias, their direction being indicated by the appropriate prefix, as cyclo tropia, esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, and hypotropia. Called also cast, heterotropia, manifest deviation, and squint. [EU] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Dictionary 275

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sudden cardiac death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. [NIH] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH] Sulfides: Chemical groups containing the covalent sulfur bonds -S-. The sulfur atom can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfur Compounds: Inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Supportive care: Treatment given to prevent, control, or relieve complications and side effects and to improve the comfort and quality of life of people who have cancer. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Tartar: A mass of calcium and magnesium salts deposited around the teeth and upon artificial dentures. [NIH] Tea Tree Oil: Essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree). It is used as a topical antimicrobial due to the presence of terpineol. [NIH] Tellurium: Tellurium. An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression. [NIH] Tenesmus: Straining, especially ineffectual and painful straining at stool or in urination. [EU] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and

276 Garlic

the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]

Tinea Pedis: Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Tourniquet: A device, band or elastic tube applied temporarily to press upon an artery to stop bleeding; a device to compress a blood vessel in order to stop bleeding. [NIH] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the

Dictionary 277

bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transaminases: A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1. [NIH]

Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell. [NIH]

Trophic: Of or pertaining to nutrition. [EU] Trophoblast: The outer layer of cells of the blastocyst which works its way into the endometrium during ovum implantation and grows rapidly, later combining with mesoderm. [NIH] Tropical Sprue: A condition of unknown cause. Abnormalities in the lining of the small intestine prevent the body from absorbing food normally. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for

278 Garlic

nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tumorigenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH]

Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Unsaturated Fats: A type of fat. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vacuole: A fluid-filled cavity within the cytoplasm of a cell. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vegetarianism: Dietary practice of consuming only vegetables, grains, and nuts. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or

Dictionary 279

characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venom: That produced by the poison glands of the mouth and injected by the fangs of poisonous snakes. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Verruca: A circumscribed, cutaneous excrescence having a papilliferous surface; a small, circumscribed, epidermal tumor. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

280 Garlic

Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [NIH]

Zinc Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain zinc as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

281

INDEX 5 5-alpha, 5, 219 A Abdomen, 219, 228, 240, 252, 255, 274, 279 Abdominal, 219, 238, 245, 253, 262, 278 Abdominal Pain, 219, 245, 253, 278 Acceptor, 219, 254, 261, 277 Acetaminophen, 50, 109, 219 Acetylcholine, 219, 232, 260 Acetylcysteine, 109, 219 Acid Phosphatase, 103, 219 Acute myeloid leukemia, 219, 266 Adaptability, 219, 231 Adduct, 11, 47, 219 Adenosine, 219, 229, 264 Adipocytes, 155, 219, 235 Adipose Tissue, 155, 219 Adjustment, 131, 132, 219 Adolescent Nutrition, 178, 219 Adrenergic, 220, 280 Adverse Effect, 185, 206, 207, 220, 272 Aerobic, 7, 220, 258, 262 Aerobic Metabolism, 7, 220, 262 Aerobic Respiration, 220, 262 Affinity, 220, 238, 273 Agar, 220, 265 Ageing, 32, 49, 92, 220 Agonist, 220, 250 Alanine, 149, 220 Alertness, 220, 229 Alginates, 129, 220 Algorithms, 220, 227 Alimentary, 21, 48, 220, 263 Alkaline, 220, 221, 229, 262 Alkaloid, 220, 227, 230, 280 Allergen, 167, 221, 272 Allograft, 3, 221 Allylamine, 221 Alpha Particles, 221, 268 Alternative medicine, 186, 194, 221 Ameliorating, 141, 152, 221 Amenorrhea, 221, 223 Amine, 99, 221 Amino Acid Sequence, 221, 223 Amino Acids, 41, 221, 222, 238, 263, 265, 267, 275 Ammonia, 221 Amnestic, 221, 257

Amplification, 173, 221 Amylase, 158, 221 Amyloid, 44, 61, 67, 102, 105, 221, 222 Amyloid beta-Protein, 105, 222 Anaerobic, 7, 222, 226 Anaesthesia, 222, 251 Analgesic, 219, 222, 233, 254 Analog, 222, 238, 271 Anaphylatoxins, 222, 234 Anaplasia, 222 Anatomical, 95, 149, 222, 251, 271 Androgens, 4, 222 Anemia, 12, 79, 116, 152, 222, 229, 244, 256 Anesthesia, 222, 241, 258 Angina, 78, 222 Angina Pectoris, 78, 222 Anginal, 152, 222 Angiogenesis, 161, 222 Angiogenesis inhibitor, 162, 222 Angioplasty, 161, 222, 259 Animal model, 7, 223 Anionic, 223, 273 Anorexia, 178, 223, 245 Anorexia Nervosa, 178, 223 Antagonism, 223, 229 Antibacterial, 17, 41, 100, 144, 223, 273 Antibiotic, 16, 38, 98, 223, 237, 239, 273 Antibodies, 44, 139, 223, 248, 250, 255, 265, 269 Antibody, 220, 223, 234, 249, 251, 253, 256, 258, 268, 269, 272, 273, 280 Anticarcinogenic, 19, 49, 82, 131, 223 Anticoagulant, 223, 267, 279 Antidiabetic, 131, 223 Antifungal, 17, 57, 61, 63, 67, 106, 144, 223 Antigen, 46, 154, 220, 223, 234, 249, 250, 251, 256, 272 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 223, 234 Antihypertensive, 99, 186, 223 Anti-infective, 223, 229, 232, 249, 273 Anti-inflammatory, 120, 148, 156, 219, 223, 225, 271 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 223, 225 Antimetabolite, 224, 229 Antimitotic, 18, 83, 224 Antineoplastic, 224, 229, 239

282 Garlic

Antioxidant, 6, 18, 33, 49, 57, 59, 63, 82, 83, 90, 93, 96, 102, 107, 108, 130, 160, 170, 171, 224, 225, 261, 262 Antiproliferative, 18, 83, 148, 224 Antipruritic, 224, 229 Antipyretic, 219, 224 Antiseptic, 166, 224 Antitussive, 224, 238 Antiviral, 219, 224, 229 Anus, 224, 228, 269 Anxiolytic, 224, 257 Aorta, 47, 59, 90, 94, 224 Aphids, 144, 224, 230 Apolipoproteins, 224, 254 Apoptosis, 5, 15, 44, 57, 61, 64, 67, 80, 83, 95, 98, 102, 108, 154, 157, 169, 224, 231 Aptitude, 224, 268 Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 224, 255 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 224, 255 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 224, 255 Arachidonic Acid, 17, 19, 27, 42, 60, 67, 224, 225, 254, 266 Arginine, 93, 102, 222, 225, 260 Aromatic, 99, 168, 181, 183, 225, 235, 247, 274 Arterial, 28, 34, 79, 141, 145, 152, 161, 221, 225, 232, 248, 250, 267, 275 Arteries, 59, 66, 93, 130, 145, 160, 162, 192, 224, 225, 226, 228, 235, 236, 255, 257, 259, 276 Arterioles, 225, 228, 229, 257, 259 Arteriolosclerosis, 225 Arteriosclerosis, 110, 131, 141, 157, 192, 225, 259 Arteriovenous, 225, 257 Ascorbic Acid, 225, 250 Aspartate, 225, 238 Aspirate, 26, 225 Aspirin, 27, 225 Assay, 5, 225 Astringents, 225, 242 Asymptomatic, 88, 156, 225 Ataxia, 225, 250 Atherogenic, 21, 81, 85, 226 Atrial, 226, 279 Atrial Fibrillation, 226, 279 Auxins, 226, 264 Azoxymethane, 109, 226 B Bacterial Infections, 46, 104, 226 Bactericidal, 226, 242 Bacteriophage, 226, 265, 277

Bacteriostatic, 221, 226 Bacterium, 157, 226, 233, 239 Bacteroides, 8, 226 Basal cell carcinoma, 108, 226 Basal cells, 226 Base, 134, 137, 140, 162, 163, 170, 173, 226, 237, 244, 253, 258 Basement Membrane, 226, 230, 243, 265 Benign, 15, 149, 225, 226, 244, 248, 259, 269 Benign tumor, 15, 226, 244 Benzene, 226, 253 Benzo(a)pyrene, 10, 227 Berberine, 139, 227 Beta carotene, 145, 227 Beta-pleated, 221, 227 Bezafibrate, 22, 227 Bile, 8, 227, 245, 255 Bile Acids, 8, 227 Bile Acids and Salts, 227 Bile Ducts, 227, 245 Bilirubin, 227, 245 Bioassays, 5, 227 Bioavailability, 7, 227 Biochemical, 27, 39, 40, 44, 49, 51, 61, 68, 224, 227, 253, 272 Biomarkers, 5, 50, 227 Biopsy, 149, 227 Biosynthesis, 43, 225, 227 Biotechnology, 11, 12, 60, 62, 67, 68, 82, 100, 103, 185, 194, 201, 227 Biotransformation, 227 Bladder, 30, 53, 92, 149, 154, 169, 193, 228, 267, 278 Blastocyst, 228, 235, 261, 264, 277 Bloating, 139, 228, 251, 253 Blood Coagulation, 14, 24, 26, 228, 229, 276 Blood Coagulation Factors, 228 Blood Glucose, 228, 248, 252 Blood Platelets, 27, 42, 228, 272 Body Fluids, 227, 228, 239, 273, 278 Bone Marrow, 154, 169, 219, 226, 228, 250, 255, 266, 273 Boron, 228, 236 Bowel, 139, 228, 238, 241, 251, 252, 253, 274, 278 Bowel Movement, 228, 238, 274 Brachytherapy, 228, 252, 253, 268, 280 Bradykinin, 228, 260 Branch, 129, 215, 228, 255, 262, 268, 273, 276 Breakdown, 139, 228, 238, 245

Index 283

Bromodeoxyuridine, 5, 229 Bronchi, 229 Bronchitis, 111, 202, 229, 242 Buccal, 17, 40, 57, 64, 81, 83, 95, 107, 229 Burns, 33, 94, 172, 229 Burns, Electric, 229 C Cadmium, 97, 229 Cadmium Poisoning, 229 Caffeine, 178, 229 Calcification, 225, 229 Calcium, 8, 139, 229, 234, 259, 272, 275 Calculi, 229, 247 Callus, 229, 241 Camphor, 144, 167, 229 Capillary, 228, 229, 230, 271, 279 Capillary Fragility, 230, 271 Capsaicin, 145, 230 Capsules, 56, 62, 78, 230, 241, 245 Carbohydrate, 8, 170, 178, 187, 188, 230, 246, 247, 265 Carbon Dioxide, 230, 244, 245, 264, 270 Carcinogen, 43, 101, 219, 226, 227, 230 Carcinogenic, 10, 37, 226, 230, 238, 266, 278 Carcinoma, 14, 16, 29, 30, 89, 91, 148, 230 Carcinoma in Situ, 230 Cardiac, 93, 145, 152, 221, 226, 229, 230, 236, 245, 257, 259, 275 Cardiomyopathy, 152, 230 Cardiorespiratory, 230, 258 Cardiotoxicity, 105, 230 Cardiovascular disease, 37, 47, 97, 107, 130, 141, 145, 157, 159, 160, 230, 254 Carlavirus, 86, 230 Carotene, 130, 159, 227, 230, 270 Carotenoids, 58, 64, 227, 230 Case report, 48, 230, 233 Case series, 230, 233 Caspase, 58, 65, 88, 231 Castor Oil, 144, 231 Catecholamine, 231, 264 Catheterization, 222, 231, 259 Cause of Death, 130, 152, 160, 231 Cecum, 231, 253 Celiac Disease, 7, 178, 231 Cell Cycle, 5, 30, 91, 231, 236, 278 Cell Death, 57, 64, 83, 105, 154, 169, 224, 231, 259 Cell Differentiation, 231, 272 Cell Division, 51, 226, 231, 246, 257, 258, 265

Cell membrane, 231, 238, 264 Cell proliferation, 4, 5, 26, 51, 79, 89, 225, 231, 272 Cell Respiration, 220, 231, 258, 262, 270 Cellulose, 231, 245, 265 Central Nervous System, 219, 220, 226, 229, 231, 245, 247, 248, 254, 272 Centrifugation, 231, 257 Cerebral, 95, 225, 231, 232, 235, 256, 273 Cerebrovascular, 152, 230, 232 Cerebrum, 231, 232 Chamomile, 7, 232 Character, 222, 232, 237, 247 Chemoprevention, 5, 7, 17, 81, 106, 232 Chemopreventive, 10, 85, 86, 232 Chemoprotective, 7, 11, 232 Chemotactic Factors, 232, 234 Chemotherapeutics, 162, 232 Chemotherapy, 15, 17, 38, 40, 52, 57, 63, 80, 94, 98, 109, 162, 232 Chlorhexidine, 82, 232 Chlorophyll, 232, 241, 245 Cholesterol Esters, 232, 254 Choline, 232 Chromatin, 224, 232 Chromosomal, 82, 86, 221, 232 Chromosome, 222, 232, 248, 254, 277 Chronic, 12, 47, 79, 85, 88, 112, 139, 149, 153, 156, 232, 251, 253, 254, 268, 274, 278, 279 Chronic Disease, 232, 254 Chylomicrons, 152, 232, 254 Chymopapain, 233, 262 CIS, 58, 65, 233, 270 Citrus, 133, 135, 156, 225, 233 Clear cell carcinoma, 233, 238 Clinical Medicine, 233, 266 Clinical study, 19, 233 Clinical trial, 4, 6, 80, 123, 124, 148, 152, 201, 233, 235, 269 Clone, 18, 57, 64, 83, 233 Cloning, 10, 227, 233 Clostridium, 233 Clostridium botulinum, 233 Coagulation, 228, 233, 276, 279 Cod Liver Oil, 132, 233 Codeine, 233, 238 Codons, 11, 233 Coenzyme, 147, 148, 225, 233 Cofactor, 234, 267, 276 Colitis, 234, 253 Collagen, 155, 226, 234, 243, 245, 265, 266

284 Garlic

Collapse, 228, 234 Colorectal, 14, 34, 112, 234 Communis, 231, 234 Complement, 222, 234, 246, 272 Complementary and alternative medicine, 77, 78, 121, 234 Complementary medicine, 78, 234 Complete remission, 153, 234, 269 Complete response, 235 Compress, 235, 276 Computational Biology, 201, 235 Conception, 235, 243 Concomitant, 169, 235 Condiments, 143, 167, 235 Congestion, 235, 237, 242 Conjugated, 11, 227, 235, 236 Conjunctiva, 235, 251 Connective Tissue, 156, 225, 228, 234, 235, 244, 245, 255, 271 Connective Tissue Cells, 235 Constipation, 139, 171, 178, 235, 253 Consumption, 8, 14, 16, 22, 34, 54, 137, 142, 154, 168, 169, 174, 175, 235, 245, 262 Contact dermatitis, 15, 16, 22, 45, 48, 102, 235 Contamination, 128, 235 Contraindications, ii, 235 Control group, 6, 235 Convulsions, 235, 240, 266 Corn Oil, 144, 150, 235 Coronary, 4, 14, 24, 25, 112, 152, 161, 162, 222, 230, 235, 236, 257, 258, 259 Coronary Circulation, 222, 235 Coronary Disease, 4, 236 Coronary heart disease, 14, 152, 230, 236 Coronary Thrombosis, 236, 257, 259 Coronary Vessels, 235, 236 Corpuscle, 236, 242 Coumarin, 236, 269 Cranial, 236, 248, 260 Cruciferous vegetables, 7, 26, 236, 264 Cryptococcosis, 61, 67, 236 Crystallization, 56, 63, 80, 106, 236 Curative, 236, 260, 276 Curcumin, 147, 148, 236 Cutaneous, 19, 39, 84, 235, 236, 253, 279 Cyclic, 112, 229, 236, 248, 260, 267 Cyclin, 5, 236 Cyst, 225, 236 Cysteine, 7, 12, 18, 54, 88, 102, 105, 130, 152, 160, 219, 233, 236, 275 Cystine, 151, 236

Cytochrome, 28, 57, 63, 81, 82, 87, 90, 236 Cytokine, 16, 31, 56, 63, 80, 92, 237 Cytokinins, 237, 264 Cytomegalovirus, 23, 202, 237 Cytoplasm, 224, 231, 237, 240, 241, 247, 278 Cytotoxic, 50, 230, 237, 269, 272 Cytotoxicity, 14, 24, 221, 237 D Dairy Products, 154, 169, 237 Data Collection, 206, 237 Databases, Bibliographic, 201, 237 Daunorubicin, 237, 239 Decidua, 237, 264 Decongestant, 119, 167, 237 Degenerative, 237, 255, 270 Dehydration, 37, 60, 66, 95, 97, 237 Deletion, 224, 237 Dendrites, 237, 260 Density, 15, 18, 23, 27, 83, 145, 152, 227, 231, 237, 254, 261 Dental Care, 146, 237 Dentures, 237, 275 Depolarization, 238, 272 Dermal, 155, 171, 238 Dermatitis, 15, 16, 22, 31, 38, 45, 103, 238, 240 DES, 222, 238 Detergents, 163, 238, 244 Detoxification, 87, 238 Dextromethorphan, 130, 159, 238 Diabetes Mellitus, 112, 156, 171, 238, 246, 248 Diabetic Retinopathy, 161, 238 Diagnostic procedure, 127, 194, 238 Diaphragm, 238, 249 Diarrhea, 178, 238, 242, 253 Diarrhoea, 238, 245 Diastolic, 238, 250 Dietary Proteins, 44, 238 Diethylnitrosamine, 82, 85, 238 Dietitian, 178, 238 Digestion, 168, 187, 220, 227, 228, 233, 238, 240, 251, 252, 255, 263, 274 Digestive system, 125, 238 Digestive tract, 139, 238, 272 Dihydrotestosterone, 5, 219, 239, 269 Dihydroxy, 239, 271 Dilatation, 222, 239, 248, 266, 278 Dimethyl, 151, 239 Diploid, 239, 265, 277

Index 285

Direct, iii, 23, 24, 60, 66, 99, 134, 166, 233, 239, 246, 269 Disease Vectors, 239, 252 Disinfectant, 232, 239, 242 Disposition, 7, 9, 239 Dissociation, 220, 239, 252 Diuresis, 229, 239 Diverticula, 239 Diverticulitis, 178, 239 Diverticulum, 239 Domesticated, 132, 146, 239 Dormancy, 101, 239 Doxorubicin, 57, 63, 105, 239 Drive, ii, vi, 55, 164, 239, 254 Drug Interactions, 9, 239 Drug Tolerance, 239, 276 Duct, 231, 239, 252, 271 Ductal carcinoma in situ, 5, 239, 252 Duodenum, 99, 227, 240, 241, 274 Dura mater, 240, 257, 262 Dyes, 221, 240 Dysentery, 171, 240 Dyskinesia, 130, 159, 160, 240 Dyspepsia, 240, 251 E Eclampsia, 240, 266 Eczema, 45, 167, 240 Edema, 113, 115, 235, 238, 240, 259, 266 Effector, 219, 234, 240 Efficacy, 6, 8, 10, 22, 30, 31, 39, 42, 91, 92, 152, 165, 202, 240 Egg Yolk, 81, 240 Elasticity, 225, 240 Elastin, 234, 240 Electrolyte, 240, 265, 273 Electrons, 224, 226, 240, 252, 261, 268, 269 Emboli, 240, 279 Embolism, 240, 268, 279 Embolization, 240, 279 Embryo, 128, 228, 231, 240, 241, 251, 257 Embryogenesis, 60, 66, 99, 241 Emollient, 241, 247, 258, 261 Endarterectomy, 222, 241 Endemic, 241, 256 Endometrium, 237, 241, 277 Endoscopic, 241, 257 Endothelial cell, 34, 51, 88, 94, 153, 241, 276 Endothelium, 59, 66, 91, 93, 241, 260 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 241 Endothelium, Vascular, 241 Endothelium-derived, 241, 260

Endotoxic, 241, 254 Endotoxins, 234, 241, 253 Enteric bacteria, 17, 241 Enteric-coated, 38, 97, 124, 241 Enteritis, 171, 241 Enterocolitis, 241 Enterohepatic, 7, 241 Environmental Health, 200, 202, 241 Enzymatic, 58, 65, 89, 229, 230, 234, 241, 243, 262, 270, 271 Epidemiological, 152, 242 Epidermal, 242, 279 Epidermis, 226, 242 Epidural, 48, 242 Epithelial, 40, 230, 237, 242 Epithelial Cells, 40, 242 Epithelium, 7, 10, 226, 241, 242, 245 Erectile, 186, 242 Erection, 242 Erythema, 235, 242 Erythrocyte Membrane, 50, 242 Erythrocytes, 39, 98, 100, 103, 108, 222, 228, 242, 248, 269, 272 Esophagus, 238, 242, 248, 264, 274 Esotropia, 242, 274 Ethanol, 15, 157, 242, 243 Eucalyptus, 144, 242 Evacuation, 235, 242, 253 Excipient, 155, 242 Excitatory, 242, 246, 247, 250 Exhaustion, 113, 223, 242, 256 Exogenous, 227, 240, 242, 267 Exotoxin, 233, 242 Exotropia, 243, 274 Expiration, 54, 243, 270 Extensor, 243, 268 External-beam radiation, 243, 253, 268, 280 Extracellular, 221, 235, 243, 257, 273 Extracellular Matrix, 235, 243, 257 Extraction, 13, 78, 85, 169, 243 Extravasation, 243, 248 F Family Planning, 201, 243 Fatigue, 59, 65, 139, 243 Fatty acids, 8, 156, 157, 243, 247, 255, 266, 273, 276 Feces, 8, 235, 243, 274 Feeding Behavior, 187, 243 Fermentation, 8, 133, 243 Fetus, 156, 187, 243, 264, 266 Fibrin, 228, 243, 276

286 Garlic

Fibrinogen, 24, 243, 276 Fibrinolysis, 14, 24, 26, 27, 131, 243 Fibrinolytic, 24, 26, 29, 42, 47, 48, 50, 243 Fibroblasts, 49, 235, 243 Fibroma, 15, 244 Fish Flour, 244 Fish Oils, 145, 244 Fish Products, 143, 244, 271 Fixation, 244, 272 Flatus, 244, 245 Flavoring Agents, 242, 244 Flush, 136, 244 Folate, 244 Folic Acid, 130, 141, 147, 148, 159, 178, 244 Forearm, 228, 244 Freeze-dried, 31, 92, 244 Fructose, 8, 133, 244, 246, 252 Fungi, 52, 58, 65, 89, 142, 144, 223, 244, 245, 247, 257, 269, 278, 280 Fungicide, 144, 244 Fungistatic, 52, 244 Fungus, 157, 170, 236, 244 G Gallbladder, 219, 227, 238, 245 Gallstones, 31, 227, 245 Gamma Rays, 245, 258, 268, 269 Ganglia, 219, 225, 245, 260 Gas, 44, 85, 221, 230, 244, 245, 249, 251, 253, 258, 260, 261, 268, 270 Gas exchange, 245, 270 Gastric, 18, 22, 26, 37, 50, 57, 58, 64, 83, 86, 87, 89, 104, 172, 245, 248, 263 Gastric Fundus, 50, 245 Gastric Juices, 245, 263 Gastric Mucosa, 245, 263 Gastrin, 245, 249 Gastritis, 107, 113, 171, 178, 245 Gastroenteritis, 178, 245 Gastrointestinal, 80, 90, 158, 228, 229, 242, 245, 254, 256, 272, 274, 278 Gastrointestinal tract, 158, 242, 245, 254, 272, 274, 278 Gelatin, 245, 247 Gels, 146, 245 Gene, 11, 21, 35, 85, 95, 154, 156, 185, 222, 227, 245, 246, 250 Gene Expression, 21, 35, 85, 95, 156, 246 Genetic Engineering, 62, 68, 227, 233, 246 Geriatric, 50, 246 Gestation, 246, 264 Giardiasis, 31, 246 Gibberellin, 101, 246

Ginger, 19, 26, 27, 41, 119, 121, 144, 156, 171, 182, 185, 189, 246 Ginkgo biloba, 7, 107, 119, 246 Ginseng, 41, 179, 186, 246 Gland, 5, 10, 149, 246, 255, 262, 267, 271, 274 Glomerular, 246, 252, 256 Glomerulus, 246, 259 Glucose, 8, 9, 36, 39, 58, 65, 96, 133, 206, 225, 228, 231, 238, 246, 247, 248, 252 Glucose Intolerance, 238, 246 Glucose tolerance, 8, 246 Glucose Tolerance Test, 8, 246 Glutamate, 238, 246, 247 Glutamic Acid, 244, 247, 266 Glutathione Peroxidase, 247, 271 Glutathione Transferase, 10, 86, 106, 247 Gluten, 231, 247 Glycerol, 247, 264 Glycerophospholipids, 247, 264 Glycine, 149, 227, 247 Glycogen, 58, 65, 247 Glycoprotein, 7, 9, 57, 63, 81, 243, 247, 258, 276 Goats, 237, 247 Gout, 178, 247 Governing Board, 247, 266 Graft, 247, 249, 259 Gram-negative, 226, 241, 247 Gram-positive, 233, 247, 274 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 233, 247 Granulocytes, 247, 253, 272, 279 Grasses, 244, 247 Guanylate Cyclase, 248, 260 H Hair follicles, 248, 279 Halitosis, 146, 174, 248 Haploid, 248, 265 Headache, 116, 229, 248, 251 Health Services, iv, 4, 203, 248 Heart attack, 130, 160, 230, 248 Heartbeat, 248, 275 Heartburn, 178, 248, 249, 251 Hematoma, 48, 248 Heme, 227, 236, 248 Hemoglobin, 153, 222, 242, 248 Hemolysis, 242, 248 Hemorrhage, 248, 259, 274, 279 Hepatic, 7, 10, 87, 104, 108, 133, 157, 246, 248 Hepatocellular, 36, 248 Hepatocyte, 9, 248

Index 287

Hepatopulmonary Syndrome, 17, 53, 248 Hepatotoxicity, 109, 248 Hereditary, 154, 247, 248, 263 Heredity, 245, 248 Heterotrophic, 244, 249 Heterotropia, 249, 274 Hiatal Hernia, 178, 249 Histocompatibility, 154, 249 Homologous, 249, 272, 275 Hormonal, 10, 154, 155, 169, 249 Hormonal therapy, 154, 169, 249 Hormone, 142, 227, 238, 245, 249, 252, 265, 272, 276 Hormone therapy, 249 Host, 61, 67, 226, 239, 249, 250, 254, 279 Humoral, 249, 250 Hybrid, 104, 233, 249 Hybridization, 142, 249 Hydrogen, 219, 221, 226, 230, 247, 249, 254, 258, 260, 261, 267 Hydrogen Peroxide, 247, 249, 254 Hydrolysis, 228, 249, 264, 265, 267 Hydrophilic, 238, 249 Hydrophobic, 238, 247, 249, 254 Hydroxylysine, 234, 249 Hydroxyproline, 234, 249 Hygienic, 146, 250 Hymenolepiasis, 31, 250 Hypercholesterolemia, 3, 25, 34, 51, 89, 113, 123, 152, 193, 250 Hyperlipidaemia, 38, 53, 250 Hyperlipidemia, 3, 56, 62, 78, 123, 152, 156, 250 Hyperlipoproteinemia, 24, 29, 42, 250 Hypersensitivity, 58, 65, 98, 111, 221, 250, 254, 262, 272 Hypertension, 13, 38, 45, 100, 114, 115, 152, 171, 186, 225, 230, 248, 250, 266 Hypertrophy, 149, 250 Hyperuricemia, 247, 250 Hypnotic, 250, 257 Hypotensive, 131, 250 I Ibotenic Acid, 102, 250 Id, 69, 110, 207, 214, 216, 250 Immune response, 60, 66, 170, 171, 223, 250, 272, 274, 279 Immune system, 139, 189, 250, 254, 255, 263, 279 Immunity, 180, 220, 250, 261 Immunization, 250, 272 Immunocompetence, 30, 92, 250

Immunodeficiency, 189, 250 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 189, 250 Immunogenic, 250, 254 Immunohistochemistry, 5, 250 Immunologic, 232, 250, 251, 269 Impairment, 225, 240, 251, 257 Implant radiation, 251, 252, 253, 268, 280 Impotence, 186, 242, 251, 280 In situ, 134, 251 In vivo, 6, 7, 8, 10, 86, 99, 105, 142, 251, 261, 276 Incubated, 4, 251 Indicative, 179, 251, 262, 278 Indigestion, 178, 202, 251 Induction, 5, 9, 10, 37, 57, 60, 64, 66, 83, 86, 88, 98, 99, 222, 251 Infancy, 178, 251 Infarction, 251, 270 Inflammatory bowel disease, 16, 56, 63, 80, 251 Influenza, 114, 178, 251 Ingestion, 17, 23, 26, 45, 48, 135, 151, 162, 172, 229, 244, 246, 248, 251, 265 Inhalation, 20, 44, 45, 251, 265 Inlay, 252, 270 Inorganic, 252, 258, 271, 275, 280 Inositol, 39, 252 Insecticides, 44, 252, 263 Insulin, 8, 9, 94, 119, 246, 252 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 252 Interindividual, 7, 252 Interleukin-2, 14, 252 Internal radiation, 252, 253, 268, 280 Interspecific, 104, 252 Interstitial, 228, 252, 253, 259, 280 Intestinal, 7, 35, 95, 114, 131, 139, 156, 172, 226, 230, 231, 233, 241, 246, 252, 255 Intestine, 7, 35, 80, 95, 227, 228, 241, 252, 253, 274 Intracellular, 33, 39, 94, 229, 251, 252, 260, 265, 267, 271, 272 Intraductal carcinoma, 240, 252 Intravenous, 130, 160, 202, 252 Intrinsic, 220, 226, 248, 252 Inulin, 8, 252 Ionization, 81, 252 Ionizing, 221, 252, 269 Ions, 226, 239, 240, 249, 252 Irradiation, 178, 253, 280 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 178, 253 Irritants, 240, 253 Ischemia, 253, 259, 270

288 Garlic

Isoflavones, 30, 91, 253 K Kb, 200, 253 Keto, 253, 277 Kidney Disease, 125, 156, 200, 253 Kinetic, 103, 252, 253 L Labile, 234, 253 Large Intestine, 7, 129, 231, 238, 252, 253, 269, 272 Laser therapy, 162, 253 Latent, 86, 253 Laxative, 220, 253, 258 Lectin, 12, 44, 61, 68, 86, 87, 106, 109, 253 Lesion, 89, 253, 255, 272, 275, 276 Leucocyte, 253, 254 Leukaemia, 15, 80, 254 Leukemia, 219, 239, 254 Leukocytes, 228, 232, 247, 254, 263 Leukotrienes, 22, 24, 25, 27, 32, 101, 225, 254 Levorphanol, 238, 254 Libido, 222, 254 Library Services, 214, 254 Life cycle, 244, 254 Ligament, 254, 267 Linkage, 10, 254 Lipaemia, 48, 254 Lipid A, 25, 254 Lipid Peroxidation, 57, 58, 63, 65, 87, 108, 254, 262 Lipopolysaccharide, 31, 92, 247, 254 Lipoprotein, 14, 15, 23, 25, 27, 30, 83, 91, 145, 152, 247, 254, 255 Lipoprotein(a), 14, 254 Lipoxygenase, 31, 225, 254 Localization, 43, 250, 255 Localized, 155, 244, 248, 251, 255, 264, 265 Locomotion, 255, 265 Loop, 8, 255 Low-density lipoprotein, 14, 254, 255 Lycopene, 43, 147, 148, 151, 255 Lymph, 154, 169, 236, 241, 255 Lymph node, 154, 169, 255 Lymphangitis, 79, 255 Lymphatic, 114, 241, 251, 255, 273, 274 Lymphatic system, 255, 273, 274 Lymphocyte, 171, 223, 255, 256 Lymphoid, 223, 250, 253, 255 M Macula, 255 Macula Lutea, 255

Macular Degeneration, 161, 255 Malabsorption, 178, 231, 255 Malaria, 192, 255, 256 Malaria, Falciparum, 256 Malaria, Vivax, 256 Malignant, 224, 225, 230, 256, 259, 269, 271 Malnutrition, 178, 256 Mammary, 5, 10, 21, 256 Manifest, 256, 274 Mannans, 245, 256 Mannitol, 256, 269 Maser, 173, 256 Meat, 128, 159, 160, 170, 256 Medial, 225, 243, 256 Mediator, 44, 252, 256, 272 Medical Assistance, 153, 256 Medicament, 169, 221, 256 MEDLINE, 201, 256 Medullary, 238, 256 Megaloblastic, 244, 256 Membrane, 136, 137, 153, 168, 231, 234, 235, 238, 247, 256, 258, 259, 264, 270, 272 Memory, 223, 257 Meninges, 231, 240, 257 Meningitis, 114, 202, 257 Mental Disorders, 125, 257 Mental Processes, 239, 257, 268 Meristem, 142, 257 Mesoderm, 257, 277 Meta-Analysis, 13, 26, 34, 257 Metabolic disorder, 247, 257 Metabolite, 5, 8, 59, 66, 93, 228, 239, 257 Metastasis, 257 Methionine, 130, 160, 239, 257, 275 MI, 39, 146, 217, 257 Microbe, 257, 277 Microbiology, 8, 17, 31, 40, 57, 61, 63, 67, 82, 92, 97, 100, 105, 257 Microcirculation, 25, 39, 257 Microfibrils, 257, 265 Microorganism, 157, 170, 234, 257, 279 Microsomal, 35, 95, 257 Midazolam, 9, 257 Migration, 28, 34, 57, 59, 64, 65, 83, 90, 94, 162, 258 Mineral Oil, 144, 258 Mitochondria, 57, 63, 258, 259 Mitosis, 224, 258 Mobilization, 39, 258 Modification, 11, 15, 82, 128, 246, 258, 268 Modulator, 15, 79, 258 Monitor, 44, 102, 258, 260

Index 289

Monoclonal, 253, 258, 268, 280 Morphological, 101, 220, 240, 245, 258 Morphology, 49, 96, 258 Mucolytic, 219, 258 Mucosa, 90, 139, 231, 241, 245, 258 Mucus, 240, 258, 278 Mutagen, 227, 258 Mutagenic, 238, 258 Myalgia, 251, 258 Mydriatic, 258, 280 Myocardial infarction, 23, 141, 152, 157, 162, 236, 257, 258, 259, 279 Myocardial Ischemia, 222, 236, 259 Myocardial Reperfusion, 259, 270 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 259, 270 Myocardium, 222, 257, 258, 259 N Nasal Mucosa, 251, 259 Nausea, 115, 245, 251, 259, 275 NCI, 1, 124, 199, 233, 259 Necrosis, 224, 251, 257, 258, 259, 270 Neoplasia, 259 Neoplasm, 259, 271, 278 Neoplastic, 5, 222, 259 Nephritis, 171, 259 Nephropathy, 253, 259 Nerve, 105, 220, 222, 225, 236, 237, 256, 259, 260, 261, 262, 265, 270, 271, 274, 277, 278 Nerve Growth Factor, 105, 260 Nervous System, 156, 222, 231, 256, 259, 260, 274, 278 Neural, 222, 249, 260 Neuralgia, 171, 260 Neuroblastoma, 18, 260 Neurons, 59, 65, 100, 237, 242, 245, 260, 275 Neurotoxic, 226, 250, 260 Neurotoxicity, 102, 238, 260 Neutrons, 221, 253, 260, 268 Neutrophil, 28, 59, 65, 90, 260 Niacin, 157, 260, 278 Nitric Oxide, 46, 59, 66, 79, 93, 260 Nitrogen, 151, 221, 222, 244, 260, 278 Nuclear, 15, 33, 94, 240, 245, 259, 260 Nucleic acid, 249, 260 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 249, 260 Nucleus, 224, 226, 232, 236, 237, 245, 260, 261, 267 Nulliparous, 51, 108, 261 O Ocular, 161, 242, 243, 261

Odour, 225, 261 Ointments, 232, 261, 273 Olfaction, 187, 261 Oltipraz, 7, 261 Omega-3 fatty acid, 156, 157, 261 Opacity, 237, 261 Optic Disk, 238, 255, 261 Oral Hygiene, 248, 261 Orchiectomy, 154, 169, 261 Organoleptic, 129, 261 Osteoporosis, 178, 261 Ovum, 237, 246, 254, 261, 277 Ovum Implantation, 261, 277 Oxidants, 145, 261 Oxidation-Reduction, 228, 261 Oxidative metabolism, 220, 254, 262 Oxidative Stress, 12, 33, 79, 85, 94, 162, 262 Oxides, 247, 262 Oxygen Consumption, 262, 270 Oxygenation, 248, 262 P Pachymeningitis, 257, 262 Palliative, 262, 276 Panacea, 36, 96, 262 Pancreas, 219, 227, 238, 252, 262, 278 Papain, 158, 262 Parasite, 157, 262 Parasitic, 227, 240, 262, 264 Paroxysmal, 222, 262 Particle, 62, 68, 107, 262, 277 Patch, 46, 262 Patch Tests, 46, 262 Pathogenesis, 152, 154, 262 Pathologic, 224, 227, 235, 250, 262, 268 Pathologic Processes, 224, 262 Patient Education, 206, 212, 214, 217, 262 Pelvic, 263, 267 Pepsin, 263 Pepsin A, 263 Peptic, 28, 115, 263 Peptic Ulcer, 28, 115, 263 Peptide, 44, 61, 67, 102, 263, 265, 267 Perception, 187, 263 Perennial, 263, 277 Perfusion, 263, 276 Periodontal disease, 146, 263 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 152, 263 Peroxidase, 101, 224, 225, 254, 263 Peroxide, 263 Pest Control, 173, 263 Pesticides, 135, 144, 178, 252, 263 Petroleum, 258, 263

290 Garlic

Phagocyte, 261, 263 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 107, 231, 242, 245, 263 Pharmacokinetic, 61, 67, 103, 263 Pharmacologic, 103, 222, 264, 276, 277 Pharmacotherapy, 4, 19, 41, 264 Pharynx, 251, 264 Phenethyl isothiocyanate, 7, 264 Pheromones, 173, 264 Phospholipases, 264, 272 Phospholipids, 152, 243, 252, 254, 264 Phosphorus, 229, 264 Phosphorylated, 233, 264 Physiologic, 220, 227, 252, 264, 266, 269 Pigment, 227, 255, 264 Pilot study, 14, 19, 24, 56, 62, 78, 202, 264 Placebo Effect, 14, 264 Placenta, 27, 264 Plant Diseases, 47, 62, 68, 106, 144, 241, 264 Plant Growth Regulators, 143, 264 Plant sterols, 30, 91, 264 Plant Viruses, 230, 264 Plaque, 59, 90, 145, 146, 153, 192, 222, 226, 232, 265 Plasma cells, 223, 265 Platelet Activation, 265, 272 Platelet Adhesiveness, 47, 265 Platelet Aggregation, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 40, 42, 50, 51, 99, 108, 131, 222, 260, 265, 276 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, 94, 265 Platelets, 17, 39, 153, 157, 224, 260, 265, 276 Platinum, 255, 265 Poisoning, 178, 229, 233, 245, 259, 265 Polymers, 153, 265, 267 Polymorphism, 154, 265 Polypeptide, 221, 234, 243, 249, 263, 265, 280 Polysaccharide, 223, 231, 265 Postmenopausal, 261, 265 Postsynaptic, 265, 272 Potassium, 129, 265, 273 Potentiation, 94, 266, 272 Practice Guidelines, 203, 266 Precancerous, 37, 89, 232, 266 Preclinical, 62, 68, 266 Precursor, 134, 225, 227, 232, 240, 241, 266, 278 Preeclampsia, 51, 108, 266 Premalignant, 266

Prenatal, 187, 240, 266 Prevalence, 88, 266 Preventive Medicine, 202, 213, 266 Probe, 9, 266 Progeny, 10, 266 Progression, 130, 156, 159, 160, 223, 266 Progressive, 225, 231, 239, 247, 259, 265, 266, 278 Proline, 234, 249, 266 Promoter, 10, 133, 266 Promyelocytic leukemia, 28, 90, 266 Prophylaxis, 266, 270, 279 Prostaglandin, 17, 23, 87, 266, 276 Prostaglandins A, 266, 267 Prostate, 4, 16, 29, 59, 66, 149, 154, 169, 227, 267, 270, 278 Prostate gland, 149, 154, 169, 267 Prostatitis, 149, 267 Protease, 192, 267, 271 Protein Binding, 267, 276 Protein C, 152, 221, 224, 226, 254, 267 Protein S, 170, 185, 222, 227, 267 Proteinuria, 266, 267 Proteolytic, 158, 233, 234, 243, 262, 267 Protons, 221, 249, 252, 267, 268 Protozoa, 240, 257, 267, 278 Pruritic, 240, 268, 276 Psoriasis, 153, 268, 270 Psychological Tests, 189, 268 Psychology, 187, 239, 268 Public Assistance, 256, 268 Public Health, 56, 62, 203, 227, 268 Public Policy, 201, 268 Publishing, 11, 177, 180, 182, 268 Pulmonary, 10, 59, 66, 93, 112, 115, 171, 185, 186, 228, 235, 248, 254, 268, 270, 275, 279 Pulmonary Artery, 228, 268 Pulmonary Embolism, 268, 279 Pulmonary Ventilation, 268, 270 Purulent, 268, 278 Q Quality of Life, 149, 155, 169, 186, 268, 275 R Race, 258, 268 Radiation, 58, 65, 162, 168, 222, 243, 245, 252, 253, 256, 268, 269, 280 Radiation therapy, 243, 252, 253, 268, 280 Radioactive, 249, 251, 252, 253, 260, 268, 269, 278, 280 Radioimmunotherapy, 269 Radiolabeled, 253, 268, 269, 280

Index 291

Radiotherapy, 162, 228, 253, 268, 269, 280 Randomized, 4, 6, 9, 14, 24, 29, 34, 35, 39, 124, 148, 240, 269 Randomized clinical trial, 34, 269 Reactive Oxygen Species, 15, 269 Receptor, 106, 223, 238, 269, 272 Rectal, 139, 269 Rectum, 129, 224, 228, 234, 238, 244, 245, 251, 253, 267, 269 Recurrence, 232, 269 Red blood cells, 91, 153, 157, 242, 269 Reductase, 5, 106, 269 Refer, 1, 148, 229, 234, 244, 246, 255, 260, 269 Regimen, 240, 264, 269 Regurgitation, 248, 269 Reishi, 147, 148, 269 Remission, 269 Reperfusion, 12, 85, 259, 270 Reperfusion Injury, 12, 85, 270 Reproductive system, 267, 270 Respiration, 165, 230, 258, 270 Respiratory System, 146, 270 Restoration, 153, 259, 270, 280 Retina, 238, 255, 270, 271 Retinal, 238, 261, 270 Retinoids, 270, 279 Retinol, 270 Retinopathy, 162, 238, 270 Rheumatoid, 261, 270 Rhinitis, 53, 167, 270 Rigidity, 265, 270 Risk factor, 14, 15, 25, 35, 79, 93, 95, 130, 152, 159, 270 Ritonavir, 9, 26, 89, 271 Rod, 137, 138, 226, 271 Rodenticides, 263, 271 Rutin, 145, 271 S Salicylate, 232, 271 Saline, 171, 271 Saliva, 271 Salivary, 146, 237, 238, 271 Salivary glands, 237, 238, 271 Salivary Proteins, 146, 271 Saquinavir, 9, 35, 51, 77, 95, 96, 108, 192, 271 Sarcoma, 57, 64, 83, 271 Sclerosis, 225, 271 Screening, 107, 233, 271 Seafood, 133, 271 Sebaceous, 253, 271, 279

Secretion, 8, 149, 252, 258, 271 Sedative, 233, 257, 271 Selenium, 5, 10, 21, 70, 145, 147, 148, 149, 162, 271 Selenium Compounds, 5, 271 Semen, 267, 271 Senescence, 81, 271 Senile, 261, 271 Sensitization, 38, 272 Serotonin, 264, 272, 278 Serous, 241, 272 Sex Characteristics, 222, 272, 276 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 116, 178, 272 Shedding, 132, 272 Shock, 150, 272 Side effect, 77, 130, 139, 155, 159, 170, 186, 220, 250, 272, 275, 277 Signal Transduction, 5, 252, 272 Skeletal, 222, 272 Skeleton, 266, 272 Small cell lung cancer, 27, 272 Small intestine, 227, 231, 233, 240, 241, 246, 249, 252, 272, 277 Smooth muscle, 79, 94, 162, 221, 222, 229, 235, 273, 274 Sneezing, 272, 273 Soaps, 244, 273 Social Environment, 268, 273 Sodium, 100, 131, 178, 186, 247, 273 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, 131, 273 Soft tissue, 228, 272, 273 Solid tumor, 222, 239, 273 Solvent, 226, 242, 247, 273 Soma, 273 Somatic, 60, 66, 99, 241, 249, 258, 273 Soybean Oil, 144, 273 Spastic, 253, 273 Specialist, 208, 273 Specificity, 220, 225, 273, 276 Spectrum, 236, 273 Sperm, 149, 222, 232, 274, 275 Spices, 137, 144, 158, 173, 274 Spinal cord, 231, 232, 240, 242, 257, 260, 262, 274 Spleen, 237, 255, 274 Stabilization, 109, 274 Standard therapy, 149, 274 Steady state, 170, 274 Stent, 161, 274 Steroids, 8, 274 Stimulant, 229, 274

292 Garlic

Stimulus, 239, 274, 276 Stomach, 34, 116, 219, 238, 242, 245, 246, 249, 259, 263, 264, 272, 274 Stool, 253, 274, 275 Strabismus, 32, 60, 66, 93, 274 Streptococci, 255, 274 Stress, 61, 68, 103, 104, 154, 155, 172, 230, 231, 245, 253, 259, 262, 274 Stroke, 116, 125, 141, 157, 166, 200, 230, 274 Subacute, 251, 274 Subclinical, 251, 274 Subcutaneous, 219, 240, 255, 274 Substance P, 257, 271, 274 Substrate, 9, 151, 167, 275 Sudden cardiac death, 152, 275 Sulfates, 273, 275 Sulfides, 12, 16, 17, 158, 275 Sulfur, 12, 27, 43, 54, 70, 99, 101, 103, 151, 172, 173, 247, 257, 275 Sulfur Compounds, 27, 43, 54, 99, 101, 275 Supplementation, 23, 25, 28, 30, 87, 90, 91, 95, 148, 186, 275 Supportive care, 202, 275 Suppression, 5, 10, 49, 58, 61, 65, 68, 104, 107, 275 Surfactant, 273, 275 Symphysis, 267, 275 Symptomatic, 156, 275 Synaptic, 272, 275 Synergistic, 130, 144, 151, 159, 165, 192, 275 Systemic, 116, 146, 149, 224, 228, 251, 253, 268, 275, 279, 280 Systolic, 250, 275 T Tardive, 130, 159, 160, 275 Tartar, 146, 275 Tea Tree Oil, 82, 144, 275 Tellurium, 38, 275 Tenesmus, 240, 275 Testicles, 261, 275 Testicular, 95, 275 Testis, 275 Testosterone, 4, 16, 95, 219, 269, 276 Therapeutics, 8, 28, 90, 276 Thermal, 105, 128, 129, 168, 239, 260, 276 Threshold, 250, 276 Thrombin, 243, 265, 267, 276 Thrombocytes, 265, 276 Thrombomodulin, 267, 276

Thrombosis, 14, 21, 22, 28, 29, 41, 206, 267, 274, 276 Thromboxanes, 225, 276 Thrombus, 236, 251, 259, 265, 276, 279 Thymidine, 229, 276 Tinea Pedis, 30, 276 Tissue Distribution, 11, 276 Tolerance, 22, 58, 65, 219, 246, 276 Tonic, 165, 276 Topical, 22, 153, 155, 225, 232, 242, 249, 262, 273, 275, 276 Tourniquet, 174, 276 Toxaemia, 266, 276 Toxic, iv, 48, 109, 174, 226, 227, 232, 237, 242, 247, 250, 271, 277 Toxicity, 79, 101, 230, 239, 277 Toxicokinetics, 277 Toxicology, 30, 54, 59, 66, 88, 91, 96, 202, 277 Toxins, 104, 139, 165, 223, 241, 251, 269, 276, 277 Transaminases, 9, 277 Transduction, 272, 277 Transfection, 227, 277 Transferases, 37, 277 Transmitter, 219, 256, 277 Transplantation, 3, 6, 51, 250, 277 Trees, 133, 135, 242, 277 Triad, 248, 277 Triglyceride, 27, 35, 95, 110, 162, 250, 277 Trisomy, 222, 277 Trophic, 5, 277 Trophoblast, 51, 228, 277 Tropical Sprue, 7, 277 Tryptophan, 234, 272, 277 Tuberculosis, 116, 185, 186, 235, 278 Tumor marker, 227, 278 Tumor suppressor gene, 10, 278 Tumorigenic, 6, 278 Tumour, 30, 278 U Ulcerative colitis, 156, 251, 278 Unconscious, 250, 278 Unsaturated Fats, 244, 278 Urethra, 149, 267, 278 Uric, 247, 250, 278 Urinary, 8, 19, 54, 84, 149, 229, 278 Urine, 8, 17, 23, 87, 149, 186, 228, 239, 267, 278 Urocanic Acid, 58, 65, 278 Urogenital, 226, 278

Index 293

V Vaccines, 278, 279 Vacuole, 156, 278 Vagina, 238, 270, 278 Vaginitis, 48, 117, 278 Vasodilators, 260, 278 Vegetarianism, 178, 278 Vegetative, 142, 143, 278 Vein, 225, 252, 260, 279 Venom, 104, 279 Venous, 225, 267, 279 Venous Thrombosis, 279 Venules, 228, 229, 241, 257, 279 Verruca, 33, 94, 279 Vesicular, 257, 279 Veterinary Medicine, 201, 279 Villous, 231, 279 Viral, 23, 148, 219, 251, 277, 278, 279 Virulence, 277, 279 Virus, 86, 142, 143, 157, 189, 224, 226, 239, 246, 265, 277, 279 Virus Diseases, 142, 224, 279 Viscera, 273, 279 Viscosity, 219, 279

Vitamin A, 252, 270, 279 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 238, 279 Vitro, 4, 9, 11, 12, 16, 18, 23, 26, 27, 37, 38, 39, 44, 47, 48, 52, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 67, 80, 81, 83, 88, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 109, 131, 142, 143, 251, 279 Vivo, 279 Vulgaris, 33, 94, 120, 279 W Warfarin, 37, 41, 121, 279 White blood cell, 157, 223, 251, 254, 255, 258, 260, 265, 279 Wound Healing, 22, 280 X Xenograft, 223, 280 X-ray, 56, 63, 80, 245, 253, 258, 260, 268, 269, 280 X-ray therapy, 253, 280 Y Yeasts, 48, 244, 245, 280 Yohimbine, 186, 280 Z Zinc Compounds, 147, 280 Zymogen, 267, 280

294 Garlic

Index 295

296 Garlic

Garlic - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Garlic - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Recommend Documents