HOOKWORMS A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET
R EFERENCES
HOOKWORMS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Hookworms: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00549-2 1. Hookworms-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on hookworms. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HOOKWORMS ........................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Hookworms ................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 10 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 11 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HOOKWORMS.................................................................................. 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Finding Nutrition Studies on Hookworms .................................................................................. 27 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 28 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HOOKWORMS ........................................................... 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 31 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 34 General References ....................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON HOOKWORMS ............................................................................. 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Dissertations on Hookworms ....................................................................................................... 37 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON HOOKWORMS ........................................................................................ 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 Patents on Hookworms ................................................................................................................ 39 Patent Applications on Hookworms ............................................................................................ 41 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON HOOKWORMS ............................................................................................ 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 43 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 47 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 49 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 51 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 53 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 55 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 57 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 57 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 57 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 63 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 65 HOOKWORMS DICTIONARY.................................................................................................... 67 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 93
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with hookworms is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about hookworms, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to hookworms, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on hookworms. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to hookworms, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on hookworms. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HOOKWORMS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on hookworms.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and hookworms, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “hookworms” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Enterobius, Trichuris, Capillaria, and Hookworm Including Ancylostoma Caninum Source: Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 25(3): 579-597. September 1996. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company, Periodicals Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 654-2452. Summary: This article reviews four groups of helminth: enterobius (pinworm), trichuris, capillaria, and hookworm, including ancylostoma caninum. The authors provide an overview of the epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and disease caused by the different parasites. They also highlight research that is providing new insights into both the biology of the host-parasite relationship and possible new approaches to infection management for the future. For each type of parasite, the authors describe symptoms
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Hookworms
and clinical effects of infection, diagnostic methods, and treatment options. 6 figures. 90 references.
Federally Funded Research on Hookworms The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to hookworms. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to hookworms. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore hookworms. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for hookworms: •
Project Title: A GENOMIC APPROACH TO PARASITES FROM THE PHYLUM NEMATODA Principal Investigator & Institution: Wilson, Richard K.; Director, Genome Sequencing Center; Genetics; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-MAR-2000; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Parasitic nematodes infect over half the world's population, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Characterization of nematode genomes provides fundamental molecular information about these parasites accelerating both basic research as well as the development of effective diagnostics, vaccines, and new drugs. After completing the C. elegans genome, Washington University's Genome Sequencing Center (GSC) has generated and immediately made public over 210,000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from 25 nematode species, including representatives of all the major groups of human parasites such as hookworms, filarial worms, whipworms, and Ascarids. This application seeks to extend the available parasitic nematode sequence data and enhance its value to the research community through three aims. First, we will generate 125,000 new sequences from parasitic nematodes for less than half the cost per read of our original 1999 proposal. Sequencing efforts will focus on normalized libraries from the prevalent human and animal geohelminths Ascaris and hookworm that together infect over 2 billion people with the goal of identifying over half of the genes in each species. An Ascaris microarray will be produced and used to examine differences in gene expression over embryogenesis and in adult organs. Second, we will use nematode.net and wormbase.org to provide the parasitology community with bioinformatics databases and tools that are user-friendly, integrated, and lasting. Features to be created or expanded include the NemaGene cluster consensus sequences assembled from all available nematode sequence data, the
2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
Studies
5
NemPep database of nematode peptide sequences, Gene Ontology and Interpro protein domain classifications, and codon usage tables. In addition to its use by parasitologists, the availability of such information will provide important evolutionary context to developmental and genetic studies in the model C. elegans. Third, we will investigate novel areas of nematode biology by identifying nematode-specific protein domains with currently unknown functions. Regions of NemaGene sequences lacking Interpro domain coverage will be clustered and aligned by amino acid sequence to create new candidate domains with the goal of generating 250 novel high quality domain models for submission to Pfam/Interpro. Working with collaborators, a limited number of novel domains will be characterized in more detail with an emphasis on postulating molecular or cellular function. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CLONING OF A HOOKWORM EXCRETORY-SECRETORY PROTEIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Bungiro, Richard D.; Epidemiology and Public Health; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-MAR-2002 Summary: provided by the candidate): Hookworms are a major global public health problem, infecting over a billion people worldwide. Blood feeding adult hookworms are a leading cause of anemia and malnutrition in developing countries, extracting a particularly devastating toll on children and women of childbearing age. Adult worms secrete numerous factors at the site of attachment in the intestine that are likely to contribute to disease pathogenesis. Accordingly, the initial aims of this project are the molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of AcES-1, a novel excretorysecretory protein which ahs been isolated from the human hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum. Using an animal model of hookworm infection the role of AcES-1 in pathogenesis will then be examined using active and passive immunization techniques. Aside from shedding light in the nature of the host-parasite interaction, study of factors such as AcES-1 may ultimately yield novel targets for immunological or pharmacological intervention to reduce the burden of hookworm disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EMERGING HELMINTHIASES IN CHINA: GENETIC DIVERSITY, Principal Investigator & Institution: Feng, Zheng; Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine Preventive Medicine Shanghai, Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUN-1996; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This revised version of our TMRC P50 application, re-titled "Emerging Helminthiasis in China: Genetic Diversity, Transmission Dynamics, and the Impact of Environmental Changes", has been prepared to reflect and incorporate the recommendations of the year 2000 Study Section. In brief, this application contains four discrete yet synergistically interrelated projects. These four projects are entitled: 1. Schistosoma japonicum: Genomics, post-genomics and genetic diversity; 2. Ecogenetics of Schistosoma japonicum transmission in China; 3. Environmental change impacting on control and transmission of Schistosoma japonicum, and 4. Population genetics and transmission patterns of hookworms in China. In addition, it has three cores: Core; Repository for Bio-Informatics, Voucher Specimens, and the RS-GIS Database; and Visiting Scientist Opportunity. Our year 2000 application included five projects and four cores. Three of the 5 projects have been retained, although these projects have been appropriately revised and re-titled. These
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Hookworms
are projects 4-7 above. We have removed two projects that were included in the year 2000 version. The first of these dealt with Paragonimus spp. It was not given a priority score. The second dealt with transmission of Echinococcus granulosus in western China. We have decided not to pursue this issue here because we felt that we could not, with our current personnel and material, re-frame and re-build the project to a level that would unfalteringly attract an outstanding score. By contrast, we have substituted a new project 6 in place of the two that were removed. This project, "Environmental change impacting on control and transmission of Schistosoma japonicum" is included because it addresses the key issues of the roles of bovines in transmission of human Schistosoma japonicum, and the relationships of different transmission modes of S. japonicum infection. It continues some of the ongoing work in Jiangxi Province that is currently supported by the ongoing grant; the work is at a crucial stage and requires another 2 years to complete. Furthermore, the inclusion of a significant mathematical modeling component of project 6 follows on from some preliminary work that commenced as part of the previous P50 grant and continues in the current program. This modeling aspect is at an exciting stage and it will allow us to predict the impact of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) on schistosomiasis in southern China and to evaluate the effect of the dam on the cost effectiveness of anti-schistosomiasis control programs that will need to be orchestrated following closure of the dam. The concluding workshop at a recent International Symposium on Schistosomiasis held in China (July 2001, Shanghai) emphasized the timeliness and importance of undertaking studies along the lines described in this project so as to determine the impact of the TGD on human schistosomiasis transmission in southern China. Our group is in a unique position to do this. Finally, project 6 provides direct links and synergies with the other two schistosometargeted projects, project numbers 4 and 5, above; links that the Study Section encouraged us to pursue. Specific point-by-point responses to the Study Section comments and recommendations are detailed at the beginning of the three relevant project applications (projects 4, 5, and 7). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IN VIVO ANALYSIS OF SL ADDITION IN ASCARIS EMBRYOS Principal Investigator & Institution: Davis, Richard E.; Associate Professor; Biology; College of Staten Island Staten Island, Ny 10314 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Parasitic nematodes cause considerable morbidity in humans. Lymphatic filariasis, river blindness, and hookworms infect hundreds of millions and Ascaris alone infects over 1 billion people. The socioeconomic effects caused by these parasites are severe and present a major obstacle in facilitating medical and economic improvements in many parts of the world. Mechanisms of gene expression in parasitic nematodes are poorly understood. Trans-splicing is a major mechanism of gene expression in parasitic nematodes accounting for greater than or equal to 70 percent of the expression and maturation of nematode mRNAs. Spliced leader (SL) trans-splicing is an RNA processing event that forms the 5' termini of mature mRNAs by accurately joining a small, separately transcribed exon (the SL) to the 5' end of pre- mRNAs. The functional significance of trans-splicing in parasitic nematodes remains unknown. We have developed novel strategies to introduce and express nucleic acids in Ascaris embryos to facilitate analysis of gene expression and trans-splicing. With our development of these molecular genetic tools, Ascaris embryos provide an excellent model for analyzing parasitic nematode gene expression. Moreover, it is now possible for the first time to address the functional significance of SL addition in vivo. Using biolistic introduction of
Studies
7
luciferase reporter mRNAs into Ascaris embryos, we will examine the kinetics of luciferase activity to evaluate translational efficiency and functional mRNA half-life to test several hypotheses on trans-splicing including: 1) does trans- splicing addition of a leader sequence and unique cap play an important role in mRNA metabolism and 2) does the process of SL addition serve to trim mRNAs, remove inhibitory sequences, produce an optimal translation initiation context or distance from the 5' end of the mRNA to the initiator AUG. In addition, using luciferase reporters and DNA constructs we will test the hypothesis that trans-splicing in parasitic nematodes can serve to functionally resolve polycistronic mRNAs. Other major goals are to examine the role of exon determinants on trans-splicing efficiency and to further develop biolistic methods to directly analyze RNA processing in vivo. The proposed studies will address several outstanding hypotheses regarding trans-splicing and provide information on the functional significance of a major mechanism of gene expression in a model parasitic nematode. These studies may provide insight into the development of novel and cheaper therapeutic agents or vaccine candidates against a broad spectrum of parasites including other trans-splicing organisms such as flatworms and kinetoplastida. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: POPULATION HOOKWORMS
GENETIC/TRANSMISSION
PATTERNS
OF
Principal Investigator & Institution: Xue, Haichou; Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine Preventive Medicine Shanghai, Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUN-1996; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Description (provided by applicant): Hookworm infection remains a serious disease in rural China, with an estimated 194 million people infected. Current control strategies are limited to costly anthelmintic treatments that require frequent visits, and risk the development of resistant parasite strains. Significant advances in vaccine development are imminent, with testing of a lead vaccine antigen, recombinant Ancylostoma secreted protein-1 (ASP-1) less than 5 years away. In preparation for vaccine implementation, studies investigating the amount of genetic variation in hookworm populations in China are underway. We hypothesize that hookworm populations from geographically separated areas of China will contain significant levels of molecular variation in ASP-1 that could be important in the development of a recombinant hookworm vaccine using this antigen. We will investigate variation in this antigen from different localities across China and compare the results with population genetic parameters inferred using other genetic markers. In most areas of the world, hookworm transmission occurs by the "classic" mode, wherein people are infected by infective stages encountered during activities such as defecation. In China, where farmers continue to use human feces, or night soil, as fertilizer, exposure to infective hookworm larvae also occurs during agricultural activities. The mode of hookworm transmission has important epidemiological and genetic consequences because the small-scale population genetic structure of the parasite should differ under these two modes of transmission. Under the "classic" mode of infection all individuals in a village are infected from a common pool of larvae. Under the "night-soil" mode, families are re-infected by their own pool hookworms. In this case individual members of the same family will harbor worms that are most closely related to each other, causing genetic structure at the level of individual hosts and/or families, which in turn is important for vaccine development and the development and spread of anthelmintic resistance genes. We will use a combination of questionnaires, field observations and molecular genetic approaches to compare the
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Hookworms
population genetic structure under the two modes of transmission, and to determine the sources of infection under each mode. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PREGNANCY HOOKWORMS
INDUCED
REACTIVATION
OF
ARRESTED
Principal Investigator & Institution: Arasu, Prema; Molecular Biomedical Sciences; North Carolina State University Raleigh 2230 Stinson Drive Raleigh, Nc 27695 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: Developmental arrest within a host allows many parasitic nematodes to evade adverse external conditions and action of chemotherapeutic agents, but to reactivate at opportune periods. Our long range goal is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that trigger reactivation of arrested parasites and to identify strategies of preventing neonatally- transmitted infections as well as self-reinfections (e.g. Strongyloides in immunodeficient individuals). This study is focused on pregnancyinduced reactivation and transmammary transmission of arrested Ancylostoma larvae because hookworms infect about 1.2 billion people, and in young children, the protein loss and anemia can contribute to physical and cognitive deficiencies. We have previously shown that larval reactivation cannot be attributed to a state of generalized immunosuppression as is associated with pregnancy; rather, hormonally- induced cytokine changes appear to be critical. Using an in vitro reactivation assay, we find that TGF-beta stimulates larval feeding at levels comparable to that of serum stimulation. Further, the stimulatory effect of serum can be significantly neutralized with antibodies to TGF-beta. Earlier studies have shown that exogenous estrogen and prolactin stimulate a resurgence of larvae in the milk of latently-infected, lactating dogs, and more recent work indicates that these hormones specifically upregulate the levels of TGFbeta2 during late pregnancy and lactation. In addition, TGF-beta. signaling is clearly crucial to reactivation of arrested larvae of the soil nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. The objective of this proposal is to use the mouse/A. caninum model to test the hypothesis that host-derived TGF-beta particularly the beta2 isoform which is upregulated by estrogen and prolactin, triggers the reactivation and transmammary transmission of developmentally-arrested larvae during late pregnancy and lactation. We propose to test our hypothesis with 3 specific aims: 1. Characterize the A. caninum homologues of the TGF-beta receptor and ligand to evaluate binding of mammalian TGF-beta to the parasite receptor. 2. Use the in vivo model of infection to determine TGF-beta levels, and larval status and burden in skeletal muscle versus mammary tissue during different phases of pregnancy and lactation, and determine whether larval reactivation is stimulated by estrogen and prolactin. 3. Use in vitro co-cultures of tissue larvae with muscle versus mammary cells to distinguish the differential effects of estrogen, prolactin and staged pregnancy sera on larval reactivation, and determine if neutralizing antibodies to TGF-beta inhibit reactivation. These studies will provide important results for the development of therapeutic strategies to eradicate latent parasitic infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REGULATION OF PHARYNGEAL PUMPING IN PARASITIC NEMATODES Principal Investigator & Institution: Komuniecki, Richard W.; Professor; Biological Sciences; University of Toledo 2801 W Bancroft St Toledo, Oh 43606
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JAN-2000; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: Filarids, hookworms and a variety of intestinal nematodes infect billions of individuals worldwide, while nematode parasites of domesticated animals and cultivated plants have a multibillion dollar impact on the anti-nematodal drug in use today the future direction of nematode chemotherapy is uncertain. Clearly, new contraction are essential processes in all nematodes and serotonin (5-HT) receptors play a key role in the regulation of both, the present study was designed to identify and characterize 5-HT receptors in the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum. Specifically, putative 5-HT receptors from pharynx and body wall muscle will be identified using RT-PCR with degenerate oligonucleotides designed against conserved regions of 5-HT receptors from other organisms and cDNA pools prepared from poly A+RNA isolated from A. suum pharynx and body wall muscle. Then, the putative 5-HT receptors, especially the recently identified 5-HT2-like receptor isoforms, will be functionally expressed in mammalian cell lines and the pharmacology and coupling of the wall muscle and 5-HT dependent changes in adenyl cyclase activity, phosphoinositide turnover and pharyngeal pumping in physiological preparations of A. suum pharynx or body wall muscle. These studies should generate a clear description of the role of 5-HT receptors in the regulation of pharyngeal pumping and muscle contraction/metabolism in nematodes and should provide an excellent framework for the development of specific inhibitors of these essential processes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF HOOKWORM ANEMIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Cappello, Michael; Pediatrics; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by the applicant): More than one billion people in developing countries are currently infected with blood feeding hookworms, intestinal nematodes that represent a leading cause of iron deficiency anemia in the world. The pathogenesis of hookworm anemia is a direct result of hemorrhage caused by the adult worm as it attaches to the intestinal mucosa. While it has been appreciated for nearly a century that adult hookworms produce potent inhibitors of thrombosis, only recently have the molecular mechanisms underlying the parasite blood feeding process been elucidated. Potent inhibitors of coagulation and platelet function have been identified in soluble protein extracts and secretory products of the human hookworm parasite Ancylostoma ceylanicum. The anticoagulant has been cloned from adult A. ceylanicum RNA, and the recombinant protein inhibits the activity of coagulation factor Xa by a novel mechanism. The platelet inhibitor blocks the function of two important platelet integrins, glycoprotein Jib/lila (GPIIb/IIIa) and GPIa/Iia, which mediate platelet binding to fibrinogen and collagen, respectively. We hypothesize that these anti-thrombotics play a central role in the pathogenesis of hookworm anemia by facilitating blood feeding and exacerbating gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The mechanism of action of the hookworm factor Xa inhibitor will be characterized using in vitro studies of factor Xa binding, protease mediated inhibitor cleavage, and site directed mutagenesis. The platelet inhibitor will be purified and cloned from A. ceylanicum, and its mechanism of action will be characterized using in vitro assays of GPIa/Iia and GPIJb/iIIa integrin binding. Using a reproducible animal model of A.ceylanicum infection, the role of the anticoagulant and platelet inhibitor in the pathogenesis of hookworm anemia will be characterized using a vaccine-based approach. Animals will be immunized with each recombinant inhibitor, followed by challenge with 50 infectious L3 hookworm larvae.
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Hookworms
The responses to immunization will be monitored by ELISA, and the degree to which antibodies directed at the anti-thrombotics from A. ceylanicum protect against hookworm anemia and weight loss will be assessed using clinical parameters and worm burden measurements. These studies will ultimately determine the role of blood feeding in the pathogenesis of hookworm disease, as well as identify potential targets for a human vaccine against this globally important parasite. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “hookworms” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for hookworms in the PubMed Central database: •
Anticoagulant Repertoire of the Hookworm Ancylostoma caninum. by Stanssens P, Bergum PW, Gansemans Y, Jespers L, Laroche Y, Huang S, Maki S, Messens J, Lauwereys M, Cappello M, Hotez PJ, Lasters I, Vlasuk GP.; 1996 Mar 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39925
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Hyaluronidase from infective Ancylostoma hookworm larvae and its possible function as a virulence factor in tissue invasion and in cutaneous larva migrans. by Hotez PJ, Narasimhan S, Haggerty J, Milstone L, Bhopale V, Schad GA, Richards FF.; 1992 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257588
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Immune Responses in Hookworm Infections. by Loukas A, Prociv P.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89000
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Metalloproteases of infective Ancylostoma hookworm larvae and their possible functions in tissue invasion and ecdysis. by Hotez P, Haggerty J, Hawdon J, Milstone L, Gamble HR, Schad G, Richards F.; 1990 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313750
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Oral Transfer of Adult Ancylostoma ceylanicum Hookworms into Permissive and Nonpermissive Host Species. by Bungiro Jr. RD, Anderson BR, Cappello M.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152085
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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Role of specific immunoglobulin E to excretory-secretory antigen in diagnosis and prognosis of hookworm infection. by Ganguly NK, Mahajan RC, Sehgal R, Shetty P, Dilawari JB.; 1988 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266433
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with hookworms, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “hookworms” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for hookworms (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A calreticulin-like molecule from the human hookworm Necator americanus interacts with C1q and the cytoplasmic signalling domains of some integrins. Author(s): Kasper G, Brown A, Eberl M, Vallar L, Kieffer N, Berry C, Girdwood K, Eggleton P, Quinnell R, Pritchard DI. Source: Parasite Immunology. 2001 March; 23(3): 141-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11240905
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A polyethylene-tube culture method for diagnosis of parasitic infections by hookworms and related nematodes. Author(s): Sasa M, Mitsui G, Harinasuta C, Vajrasthira S. Source: Jpn J Exp Med. 1965 August; 35(4): 277-89. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5325649
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A survey of genes expressed in adults of the human hookworm, Necator americanus. Author(s): Daub J, Loukas A, Pritchard DI, Blaxter M. Source: Parasitology. 2000 February; 120 ( Pt 2): 171-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10726278
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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American hookworm antiquity. Author(s): Reinhard K, Araujo A, Ferreira LF, Coimbra CE. Source: Medical Anthropology. 2001; 20(1): 96-101; Discussion 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11820770
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Ancylostoma secreted protein 1 (ASP-1) homologues in human hookworms. Author(s): Bin Z, Hawdon J, Qiang S, Hainan R, Huiqing Q, Wei H, Shu-Hua X, Tiehua L, Xing G, Zheng F, Hotez P. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 1999 January 5; 98(1): 143-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10029316
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Apparent feeding behaviour of ensheathed third-stage infective larvae of human hookworms. Author(s): Kumar S, Pritchard DI. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 1994 February; 24(1): 133-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8021101
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Association between Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm infections among schoolchildren in Cote d'Ivoire. Author(s): Keiser J, N'Goran EK, Singer BH, Lengeler C, Tanner M, Utzinger J. Source: Acta Tropica. 2002 October; 84(1): 31-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12387908
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Australian hookworms (Ancylostomatoidea): a review of the species present, their distributions and biogeographical origins. Author(s): Beveridge I. Source: Parassitologia. 2002 June; 44(1-2): 83-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12404813
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Cellular responses and cytokine production in post-treatment hookworm patients from an endemic area in Brazil. Author(s): Geiger SM, Massara CL, Bethony J, Soboslay PT, Correa-Oliveira R. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2004 May; 136(2): 334-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15086399
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Characterization and localization of cathepsin B proteinases expressed by adult Ancylostoma caninum hookworms. Author(s): Harrop SA, Sawangjaroen N, Prociv P, Brindley PJ. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 1995 May; 71(2): 163-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7477098
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Cleavage of hemoglobin by hookworm cathepsin D aspartic proteases and its potential contribution to host specificity. Author(s): Williamson AL, Brindley PJ, Abbenante G, Prociv P, Berry C, Girdwood K, Pritchard DI, Fairlie DP, Hotez PJ, Dalton JP, Loukas A. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2002 September; 16(11): 1458-60. Epub 2002 July 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12205047
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Cryopreservation of human hookworms. Author(s): Nolan TJ, Bhopale VM, Megyeri Z, Schad GA. Source: J Parasitol. 1994 August; 80(4): 648-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8064535
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Differentiation between the human hookworms Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus using PCR-RFLP. Author(s): Hawdon JM. Source: J Parasitol. 1996 August; 82(4): 642-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8691377
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Direct transfer of adult hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale) from dog to child for therapeutic purposes. Author(s): Walterspiel JN, Schad GA, Buchanan GR. Source: J Parasitol. 1984 April; 70(2): 217-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6470885
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Distribution of human hookworms at Lucknow. Author(s): Vidyarthi SC. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1968 February; 22(2): 99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5649155
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Effective control of hookworm infection in school children from Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman: a four-year experience with albendazole mass chemotherapy. Author(s): Idris MA, Shaban MA, Fatahallah M. Source: Acta Tropica. 2001 October 22; 80(2): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11600092
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Efficacy of DEC against Ascaris and hookworm infections in schoolchildren. Author(s): Meyrowitsch DW, Simonsen PE. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2001 September; 6(9): 73942. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11555442
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Emerging patterns of hookworm infection: influence of aging on the intensity of Necator infection in Hainan Province, People's Republic of China. Author(s): Bethony J, Chen J, Lin S, Xiao S, Zhan B, Li S, Xue H, Xing F, Humphries D, Yan W, Chen G, Foster V, Hawdon JM, Hotez PJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 December 1; 35(11): 1336-44. Epub 2002 November 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12439796
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Enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blotting analysis of human serologic responses to infective hookworm larval antigen. Author(s): Xue H, Liu S, Ren H, Qiang H, Xiao S, Feng Z, Hotez P. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1999 March; 112(3): 249-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11593560
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Epidemiology of human ancylostomiasis among rural villagers in Nanlin County (Zhongzhou village), Anhui Province, China: age-associated prevalence, intensity and hookworm species identification. Author(s): Yong W, Guangjin S, Weitu W, Shuhua X, Hotez PJ, Qiyang L, Haichou X, Xiaomei Y, Xiaoming L, Bin Z, Hawdon JM, Li C, Hong J, Chunmei H, Zheng F. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1999 December; 30(4): 692-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10928362
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Epidemiology of human hookworm infections among adult villagers in Hejiang and Santai Counties, Sichuan Province, China. Author(s): Changhua L, Xiaorong Z, Dongchuan Q, Shuhua X, Hotez PJ, Defu Z, Hulian Z, Mingden L, Hainan R, Bing Z, Haichou X, Hawdon J, Zheng F. Source: Acta Tropica. 1999 October 15; 73(3): 243-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10546842
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Epidemiology of iron deficiency anemia in Zanzibari schoolchildren: the importance of hookworms. Author(s): Stoltzfus RJ, Chwaya HM, Tielsch JM, Schulze KJ, Albonico M, Savioli L. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 January; 65(1): 153-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8988928
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Epidemiology of Necator americanus hookworm infections in Xiulongkan Village, Hainan Province, China: high prevalence and intensity among middle-aged and elderly residents. Author(s): Gandhi NS, Jizhang C, Khoshnood K, Fuying X, Shanwen L, Yaoruo L, Bin Z, Haechou X, Chongjin T, Yan W, Wensen W, Dungxing H, Chong C, Shuhua X, Hawdon JM, Hotez PJ. Source: J Parasitol. 2001 August; 87(4): 739-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11534635
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Experimental approaches to the development of a recombinant hookworm vaccine. Author(s): Hotez PJ, Ghosh K, Hawdon JM, Narasimhan S, Jones B, Shuhua X, Sen L, Bin Z, Haechou X, Hainan R, Heng W, Koski RA. Source: Immunological Reviews. 1999 October; 171: 163-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10582170
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Experimental human infection with the dog hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum. Author(s): Landmann JK, Prociv P. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2003 January 20; 178(2): 69-71. Erratum In: Med J Aust. 2003 April 7; 178(7): 323. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12526725
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Genes and genomes of Necator americanus and related hookworms. Author(s): Blaxter M. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 2000 April 10; 30(4): 347-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10731559
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Geographic distribution and epidemiology of Oesophagostomum bifurcum and hookworm infections in humans in Togo. Author(s): Pit DS, Rijcken FE, Raspoort EC, Baeta SM, Polderman AM. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1999 December; 61(6): 951-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10674676
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Hookworm (Necator americanus) transmission in inland areas of sandy soils in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Author(s): Mabaso ML, Appleton CC, Hughes JC, Gouws E. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2004 April; 9(4): 471-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15078265
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Hookworm and anaemia prevalence. Author(s): Guyatt HL, Brooker S, Peshu N, Shulman CE. Source: Lancet. 2000 December 16; 356(9247): 2101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11145522
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Hookworm aspartic protease, Na-APR-2, cleaves human hemoglobin and serum proteins in a host-specific fashion. Author(s): Williamson AL, Brindley PJ, Abbenante G, Datu BJ, Prociv P, Berry C, Girdwood K, Pritchard DI, Fairlie DP, Hotez PJ, Zhan B, Loukas A. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 February 1; 187(3): 484-94. Epub 2003 January 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12552433
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Hookworm control programs and anaemia. Author(s): Garrow SC, McCarthy JC, Thompson RC, Reynoldson JA, Hopkins R, Musk B. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2001 October 15; 175(8): 442-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11700841
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Hookworm infection and anemia in adult women in rural Chiapas, Mexico. Author(s): Brentlinger PE, Capps L, Denson M. Source: Salud Publica De Mexico. 2003 March-April; 45(2): 117-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12736990
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Hookworm infection as a cause of melaena. Author(s): de Silva N. Source: Ceylon Med J. 2003 September; 48(3): 98. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14735813
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Hookworm infections of schoolchildren in southern Thailand. Author(s): Anantaphruti MT, Maipanich W, Muennoo C, Pubampen S, Sanguankiat S. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2002 September; 33(3): 468-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12693578
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Hookworms and the species infecting man in Zambia. Author(s): Hira PR, Patel BG. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1984 February; 87(1): 7-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6716541
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Hookworms presenting in New Zealand. Author(s): Burton J. Source: N Z Med J. 1994 February 9; 107(971): 42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8302505
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Hookworms then. Author(s): Little MD. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1989 September; 41(3 Suppl): 35-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2679163
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Hookworms to treat haemachromatosis? Author(s): Simon D, Rose C, Bovill BA. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1997 April; 73(858): 254-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9156137
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Hookworms, malaria and vitamin A deficiency contribute to anemia and iron deficiency among pregnant women in the plains of Nepal. Author(s): Dreyfuss ML, Stoltzfus RJ, Shrestha JB, Pradhan EK, LeClerq SC, Khatry SK, Shrestha SR, Katz J, Albonico M, West KP Jr. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2000 October; 130(10): 2527-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11015485
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Hookworms: pets to humans. Author(s): Schad GA. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1994 March 1; 120(5): 434-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8304663
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Human enteric infection with Ancylostoma caninum: hookworms reappraised in the light of a "new" zoonosis. Author(s): Prociv P, Croese J. Source: Acta Tropica. 1996 September; 62(1): 23-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8971276
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Human enteric infection with canine hookworms. Author(s): Croese J, Loukas A, Opdebeeck J, Fairley S, Prociv P. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1994 March 1; 120(5): 369-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8304653
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Human infections with dog hookworms not restricted to the tropical north. Author(s): Sandford N, Prociv P. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1991 April 1; 154(7): 490. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2005849
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Human neonatal infections with hookworms in an endemic area of Southern Nigeria. A possible transmammary route. Author(s): Nwosu AB. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1981 June; 33(2): 105-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7281208
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Immune responses in hookworm infections. Author(s): Loukas A, Prociv P. Source: Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2001 October; 14(4): 689-703, Table of Contents. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11585781
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In vitro action of a new anthelmintic, Mebendazole (R-l7, 635) on the development of hookworms. Author(s): Banerjee D, Prakash O. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1972 March; 60(3): 363-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4676624
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Increased sensitivity of routine laboratory detection of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm by agar-plate culture. Author(s): Jongwutiwes S, Charoenkorn M, Sitthichareonchai P, Akaraborvorn P, Putaporntip C. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1999 JulyAugust; 93(4): 398-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10674087
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Index of suspicion. Case #2. Diagnosis: Anemia from hookworm infestation. Author(s): Ali-Ahmad N, Bathija M, Abuhammour W. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 2000 October; 21(10): 354-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11041669
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Infantile hookworm disease. Author(s): Singh K, Singh R, Parija SC, Faridi MM. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2000 March; 67(3): 241. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10838730
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Infection with Schistosoma mansoni correlates with altered immune responses to Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm. Author(s): Correa-Oliveira R, Golgher DB, Oliveira GC, Carvalho OS, Massara CL, Caldas IR, Colley DG, Gazzinelli G. Source: Acta Tropica. 2002 August; 83(2): 123-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12088853
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Infectious diseases of refugees and immigrants: hookworm. Author(s): Roberts A, Kemp C. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2002 May; 14(5): 194. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12051141
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Letter to the editor: Intestinal lacerations caused by hookworms. Author(s): Rep BH. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1975 June; 27(2): 235. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1179490
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Lower hookworm incidence, prevalence, and intensity of infection in children with a Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination scar. Author(s): Barreto ML, Rodrigues LC, Silva RC, Assis AM, Reis MG, Santos CA, Blanton RE. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 December; 182(6): 1800-3. Epub 2000 November 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11069259
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Malaria, hookworms and recent fever are related to anemia and iron status indicators in 0- to 5-y old Zanzibari children and these relationships change with age. Author(s): Stoltzfus RJ, Chwaya HM, Montresor A, Albonico M, Savioli L, Tielsch JM. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2000 July; 130(7): 1724-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10867043
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Mebendazole (R-17,635): a new anthelmintic in the development of hookworms. Author(s): Banerjee D, Mandal A, Prakash O. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1971; 65(5): 685-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5159149
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Metabolism of hookworms. 3. The effects of normal sera on the carbohydrate metabolism of adult female Ancylostoma caninum. Author(s): Fernando MA, Wong HA. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 1965 August; 17(1): 69-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5843288
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Morphological studies of hookworms infecting man and dog at Patna, Bihar. Author(s): Sinha AK, Sahai BN. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1976 August; 64(8): 1192-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=992849
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Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale: life history parameters and epidemiological implications of two sympatric hookworms of humans. Author(s): Hoagland KE, Schad GA. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 1978 February; 44(1): 36-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=627275
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Nematocide studies. I. The practical value of insecticides and plant nematocides for chemical control of hookworms. Author(s): Mango AM. Source: East Afr Med J. 1971 August; 48(8): 372-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5169192
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New sense organ in larval hookworms. Author(s): Smith JM, Croll NA. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 1975 June; 5(3): 289-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1168628
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Observations on the association of hookworms and malaria with hypochromic anaemia in four rural communities in East Africa. Author(s): Sturrock RF. Source: East Afr Med J. 1966 December; 43(12): 603-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5980819
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One confirmed and six suspected cases of cutaneous larva migrans caused by overseas infection with dog hookworm larvae. Author(s): Nakamura-Uchiyama F, Yamasaki E, Nawa Y. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 February; 29(2): 104-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11890293
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Oral transfer of adult Ancylostoma ceylanicum hookworms into permissive and nonpermissive host species. Author(s): Bungiro RD Jr, Anderson BR, Cappello M. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 April; 71(4): 1880-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12654804
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Patterns of concurrent hookworm infection and schistosomiasis in schoolchildren in Tanzania. Author(s): Lwambo NJ, Siza JE, Brooker S, Bundy DA, Guyatt H. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1999 September-October; 93(5): 497-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10696404
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Platelet parameters in subjects infected with hookworm. Author(s): Wiwanitkit V, Soogarun S, Saksirisampant W, Suwansaksri J. Source: Platelets. 2003 September; 14(6): 391-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14602553
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Population biology of hookworms in children in rural West Bengal. I. General parasitological observations. Author(s): Nawalinski T, Schad GA, Chowdhury AB. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1978 November; 27(6): 1152-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=727320
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Population biology of hookworms in children in rural West Bengal. II. Acquisition and loss of hookworms. Author(s): Nawalinski T, Schad GA, Chowdhury AB. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1978 November; 27(6): 1162-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=727321
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Population biology of hookworms in west Bengal: analysis of numbers of infective larvae recovered from damp pads applied to the soil surface at defaecation sites. Author(s): Hominick WM, Dean CG, Schad GA. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1987; 81(6): 978-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3503420
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Pre-Columbian hookworm evidence from Tennessee: a response to Fuller (1997). Author(s): Faulkner CT, Patton S. Source: Medical Anthropology. 2001; 20(1): 92-6; Discussion 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11820769
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Predisposition to hookworm infection in Papua New Guinea. Author(s): Quinnell RJ, Griffin J, Nowell MA, Raiko A, Pritchard DI. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2001 March-April; 95(2): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11355543
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Progress in the development of a recombinant vaccine for human hookworm disease: the Human Hookworm Vaccine Initiative. Author(s): Hotez PJ, Zhan B, Bethony JM, Loukas A, Williamson A, Goud GN, Hawdon JM, Dobardzic A, Dobardzic R, Ghosh K, Bottazzi ME, Mendez S, Zook B, Wang Y, Liu S, Essiet-Gibson I, Chung-Debose S, Xiao S, Knox D, Meagher M, Inan M, CorreaOliveira R, Vilk P, Shepherd HR, Brandt W, Russell PK. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 2003 September 30; 33(11): 1245-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13678639
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Public health policy paradoxes: science and politics in the Rockefeller Foundation's hookworm campaign in Mexico in the 1920s. Author(s): Birn AE, Solorzano A. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1999 November; 49(9): 1197-213. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10501641
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Purification of a diagnostic, secreted cysteine protease-like protein from the hookworm Ancylostoma caninum. Author(s): Loukas A, Dowd AJ, Prociv P, Brindley PJ. Source: Parasitology International. 2000 December; 49(4): 327-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11077267
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Random spatial distribution of Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm infections among school children within a single village. Author(s): Utzinger J, Muller I, Vounatsou P, Singer BH, N'Goran EK, Tanner M. Source: J Parasitol. 2003 August; 89(4): 686-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14533674
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Reducing burden of hookworm disease in the management of upper abdominal pain in the tropics. Author(s): Anyaeze CM. Source: Trop Doct. 2003 July; 33(3): 174-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12870611
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Reduction in the prevalence and intensity of hookworm infections after praziquantel treatment for schistosomiasis infection. Author(s): Utzinger J, Vounatsou P, N'Goran EK, Tanner M, Booth M. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 2002 June; 32(6): 759-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12062494
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Scanning electron microscopy of hookworms. 2. Adult of arthrostoma longspiculum (Maplestone, 1931). Author(s): Setasuban P. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1975 September; 6(3): 382-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1241160
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Secretion of a proteolytic anticoagulant by Ancylostoma hookworms. Author(s): Hotez PJ, Cerami A. Source: The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1983 May 1; 157(5): 1594-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6343546
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Secretory IgA and complement levels in patients with hookworm infection in Zaria. Author(s): Musa BO, Onyemelukwe GC. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2000 June; 29(2): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11379439
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Sequence differences in the internal transcribed spacers of DNA among four species of hookworm (Ancylostomatoidea: Ancylostoma). Author(s): Chilton NB, Gasser RB. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 1999 December; 29(12): 1971-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10961853
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Short report: Hookworm infection is associated with decreased body temperature during mild Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Author(s): Nacher M, Singhasivanon P, Traore B, Dejvorakul S, Phumratanaprapin W, Looareesuwan S, Gay F. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2001 August; 65(2): 136-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11508388
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Single-strand conformation polymorphism-based analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 reveals significant substructuring in hookworm populations. Author(s): Hu M, Chilton NB, Zhu X, Gasser RB. Source: Electrophoresis. 2002 January; 23(1): 27-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11824618
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Species-specific identification of human hookworms by PCR of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene. Author(s): Zhan B, Li T, Xiao S, Zheng F, Hawdon JM. Source: J Parasitol. 2001 October; 87(5): 1227-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11695411
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Successful eradication of Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm infection after three repeated doses of albendazole. Author(s): Sukontason K, Sukontason K, Piangjai S, Na-Bangchang K, Karbwang J. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2000 September; 83(9): 1095-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11075978
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Successful vaccination of BALB/c mice against human hookworm (Necator americanus): the immunological phenotype of the protective response. Author(s): Girod N, Brown A, Pritchard DI, Billett EE. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 2003 January; 33(1): 71-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12547348
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The activity of cholinesterase in human hookworms following expelling of Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. Author(s): Feng-lin W, Kai-pi N, Chu-ying W. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1979 January; 92(1): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=105844
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The effect of soil type and climate on hookworm (Necator americanus) distribution in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Author(s): Mabaso ML, Appleton CC, Hughes JC, Gouws E. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2003 August; 8(8): 722-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12869093
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The effects of ageing on the immune response to Schistosoma haematobium and hookworm by measuring circulating immune complexes, C3, IgG, IgA and IgM levels in residents of Omi dam area of Kogi State, Nigeria. Author(s): Oyeyinka GO, Awogun IA, Akande TM, Awarun JA, Arinola OG, Salimonu LS. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2003 September; 32(3): 263-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15030085
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The epidemiology of human hookworm infections in the southern region of Mali. Author(s): Behnke JM, De Clercq D, Sacko M, Gilbert FS, Ouattara DB, Vercruysse J. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2000 May; 5(5): 343-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10886798
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The human hookworm pathogen Necator americanus induces apoptosis in T lymphocytes. Author(s): Chow SC, Brown A, Pritchard D. Source: Parasite Immunology. 2000 January; 22(1): 21-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10607288
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The influence of sampling effort and the performance of the Kato-Katz technique in diagnosing Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm co-infections in rural Cote d'Ivoire. Author(s): Booth M, Vounatsou P, N'goran EK, Tanner M, Utzinger J. Source: Parasitology. 2003 December; 127(Pt 6): 525-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14700188
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The mitochondrial genomes of the human hookworms, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (Nematoda: Secernentea). Author(s): Hu M, Chilton NB, Gasser RB. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 2002 February; 32(2): 145-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11812491
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The public health importance of hookworm disease. Author(s): Crompton DW. Source: Parasitology. 2000; 121 Suppl: S39-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11386690
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T-lymphocyte subsets in patients with hookworm infection in Zaria, Nigeria. Author(s): Onyemelukwe GC, Musa BO. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2001 December; 30(4): 255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14510099
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Towards the eradication of hookworm in an isolated Australian community. Author(s): Thompson RC, Reynoldson JA, Garrow SC, McCarthy JS, Behnke JM. Source: Lancet. 2001 March 10; 357(9258): 770-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11253974
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Treatment of hookworm disease in 1911. Author(s): Culley JC. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 2001 September; 42(9): 289-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11572211
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Upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale)--a case report. Author(s): Bhargava DK, Dasarathy S, Chowdhry GC, Anand AC, Saraswat V. Source: Endoscopy. 1993 October; 25(8): 548-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8287823
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Vaccination with neutrophil inhibitory factor reduces the fecundity of the hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum. Author(s): Ali F, Brown A, Stanssens P, Timothy LM, Soule HR, Pritchard DI. Source: Parasite Immunology. 2001 May; 23(5): 237-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11309134
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Zoonotic potential of hookworms from dogs and cats in Thailand. Author(s): Areekul S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1979 August; 62(8): 399-402. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=490070
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HOOKWORMS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and hookworms.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Hookworms The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “hookworms” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “hookworms” (or a synonym): •
Efficacy of ivermectin in hookworms as examined in Ancylostoma caninum infections. Author(s): Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China. Source: Wang, C I Huang, X X Zhang, Y Q Yen, Q Y Wen, Y J-Parasitol. 1989 June; 75(3): 373-7 0022-3395
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Structural analysis of the catalytic site of AcCP-1, a cysteine proteinase secreted by the hookworm Ancylostoma caninum. Source: Brinkworth, R.I. Brindley, P.J. Harrop, S.A. Biochim-biophys-acta. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science B.V. November 14, 1996. volume 1298 (1) page 4-8. 0006-3002
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
Nutrition
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HOOKWORMS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to hookworms. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to hookworms and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “hookworms” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to hookworms: •
Adherence of human eosinophils to infective filariform larvae of Necator americanus in vitro. Author(s): Desakorn V, Suntharasamai P, Pukrittayakamee S, Migasena S, Bunnag D. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1987 March; 18(1): 66-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3660070
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Anaemia in Thai children: the effect of iron supplement on haemoglobin and growth. Author(s): Migasena P, Thurnham DI, Jintakanon K, Pongpaew P. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1972 June; 3(2): 255-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4673343
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Chemical attraction between adults of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis characterization of the substance which attracts females. Author(s): Roberts TM, Thorson RE.
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Source: J Parasitol. 1977 October; 63(5): 849-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=562399 •
Effect of ingested garlic on Necator americanus and Ancylostoma caninum. Author(s): Bastidas GJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1969 November; 18(6): 920-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5389769
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Effective community intervention to improve hemoglobin status in preschoolers receiving once-weekly iron supplementation. Author(s): Palupi L, Schultink W, Achadi E, Gross R. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 April; 65(4): 1057-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9094893
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Effects of iron supplementation and anthelmintic treatment on motor and language development of preschool children in Zanzibar: double blind, placebo controlled study. Author(s): Stoltzfus RJ, Kvalsvig JD, Chwaya HM, Montresor A, Albonico M, Tielsch JM, Savioli L, Pollitt E. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 December 15; 323(7326): 1389-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11744561
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Eotaxin is specifically cleaved by hookworm metalloproteases preventing its action in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Culley FJ, Brown A, Conroy DM, Sabroe I, Pritchard DI, Williams TJ. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2000 December 1; 165(11): 644753. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11086084
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Hookworm disease: Puerto Rico's secret killer. Author(s): Maldonado AE. Source: P R Health Sci J. 1993 September; 12(3): 191-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8272486
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Hookworm infection in Dutch servicemen returning from West New Guinea. Author(s): Anten JF, Zuidema PJ. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1964 September; 64(756): 216-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5895548
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Intestinal helminth infections, anaemia and labour productivity of female tea pluckers in Bangladesh. Author(s): Gilgen DD, Mascie-Taylor CG, Rosetta LL.
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Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2001 June; 6(6): 449-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422959 •
Isolation and characterization of a proteolytic enzyme from the adult hookworm Ancylostoma caninum. Author(s): Hotez PJ, Trang NL, McKerrow JH, Cerami A. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1985 June 25; 260(12): 7343-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3888998
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Mechanism of skin penetration by Ancylostoma tubaeforme larvae. Author(s): Matthews BE. Source: Parasitology. 1975 February; 70(1): 25-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=235107
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Preliminary analysis of the proteolytic enzymes in the excretory-secretory products of the adult stages of the dog hookworm Uncinaria stenocephala. Author(s): Kotomski G, Wedrychowicz H. Source: Parasite. 2001 March; 8(1): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11304953
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Secretory cholinesterase of Ancylostoma ceylanicum: effect of tubulin binding agents and benzimidazole anthelmintics. Author(s): Tekwani BL. Source: Life Sciences. 1992; 50(10): 747-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1738300
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The effect of anthelmintic treatment on helminth infection and anaemia. Author(s): Gilgen D, Mascie-Taylor CG. Source: Parasitology. 2001 January; 122 Pt 1: 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11197758
•
The influence of temperature and osmotic stress on the development and eclosion of hookworm eggs. Author(s): Matthews BE. Source: Journal of Helminthology. 1985 September; 59(3): 217-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3934257
•
The in-vitro interaction between several components of the canine immune system and infective larvae of Ancylostoma caninum. Author(s): Klaver-Wesseling JC, Vetter JC, Schoeman EN.
34
Hookworms
Source: Parasite Immunology. 1982 July; 4(4): 227-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6811999 •
The role of food additives in the control of some parasites contaminating vegetables. Author(s): Hamdy EI, Ahmed TH, Amin FM, Attia M, El-Rahimy HH. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1983 December; 13(2): 539-45. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6663116
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
•
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
•
Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
•
drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
•
HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to hookworms; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Ascariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Guinea Worm Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine 35
Hookworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Loiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphatic Filariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parasites Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pinworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com River Blindness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Roundworms Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Threadworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trichinosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Visceral Larva Migrans Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whipworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Herbs and Supplements Anthelmintics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Elecampane Alternative names: Inula helenium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
37
CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON HOOKWORMS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to hookworms. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “hookworms” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on hookworms, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Hookworms ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to hookworms. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
THE HOOKWORM ERADICATION PROGRAM IN THE SOUTH, 1909-1925 by FARMER, HARRY FRANK, JR., PHD from UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, 1970, 164 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7103730
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
39
CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON HOOKWORMS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “hookworms” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on hookworms, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Hookworms By performing a patent search focusing on hookworms, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
40
Hookworms
example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on hookworms: •
Hookworm anticoagulant Inventor(s): Cappello; Michael (401 Whitney Ave., New Haven, CT 06511), Hawdon; John M. (91 Florence Rd., Branford, CT 06405), Hotez; Peter J. (55 Buttonwood Cir., Cheshire, CT 06410), Richards; Frank F. (24 Huntington St., New Haven, CT 06511) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,427,937 Date filed: April 30, 1993 Abstract: A soluble anticoagulant protein isolated and purified from Ancylostoma hookworms markedly prolongs both the prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time in clotting assays. The protein has an apparent molecular weight of about 6500 daltons and exhibits amino acid sequence homology to the Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor family. Chromogenic peptide substrate and clotting time assays indicate that the protein inhibits extrinsic pathway clotting factor VIIa, the enzyme responsible for initiating the human coagulation cascade, and factor Xa in the common pathway of the coagulation cascade. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an anticoagulant isolated from hookworms. Hookworms are intestinal nematodes that infect over 1 billion persons worldwide, with a higher prevalence in children than in adults (briefly reviewed in Cecil's Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed., W. B. Saunders Co., 1992, page 2010). These individuals suffer from intestinal hemorrhage as a direct consequence of blood loss caused by the adult hookworms attached to the mucosa. Hookworm disease is most common in tropical and less developed countries, where environmental and socioeconomic conditions including warm, moist soil, lack of public sewage disposal systems and the habit of walking barefoot especially favor transmission. Although other routes of infection are known, such as lactogenic transfer of larvae to infants and use of soiled bedding and clothing (Hotez, P. J., Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 8: 516-520 (1989)), infection often occurs when exposed skin maintains contact for several minutes with soil contaminated with parasite eggs containing viable larvae. These penetrate the skin and journey to the lungs to develop into adults that eventually make their way to the upper small intestine, where they attach to the mucosa. Hookworm disease is due primarly to gastrointestinal blood loss and attendant iron deficiency anemia. Adult worms attached to the mucosa digest ingested blood as well as cause focal bleeding. Each hookworm can suck as much as 0.2 ml of blood per day (Spellman, G. G., and Nossel, H. L., Amer. J. Phys. 220: 922927 (1971)). This dramatic blood loss can reduce peripheral hemoglobin concentrations to as low as 3 g/100 ml. More commonly, however, blood loss is insidious, and results in chronic iron-deficiency anemia. Thus, in its human host, the adult hookworm functions as a conduit that empties blood into the intestinal tract, producing blood loss on a global scale equivalent to the exsanguination of 1.5 million people per day (Hotez, cited above). Nutritional deficiencies secondary to coexisting conditions that result in low iron stores contribute to morbidity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05427937__
Patents 41
Patent Applications on Hookworms As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to hookworms: •
Treatment of hookworm infection Inventor(s): Pritchard, David Idris; (Nottingham, GB) Correspondence: Saliwanchik Lloyd & Saliwanchik; A Professional Association; 2421 N.W. 41st Street; Suite A-1; Gainesville; FL; 326066669 Patent Application Number: 20030176382 Date filed: November 25, 2002 Abstract: Vaccine compositions for the treatment of hookworm infections comprise antigenic fragments of aspartyl proteinases obtainable from Necator americanus. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the production of vaccine compositions to treat parasitic infection, in particular to treat infection of the hookworm Necator americanus. The human hookworm Necator americanus is a human pathogen that invades the body by penetrating the skin, and causes debilitating iron deficiency anaemia at low infection intensity. Treating infection using pharmaceuticals can be carried out but the effect is often transient, and the treatment is costly. Hookworm vaccines have been used successfully to control the pathology associated with canine infections. However, protection in this case was induced by exposure to live.gamma.-radiation-attenuated infective larvae, and this treatment is unlikely to be acceptable for human use. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with hookworms, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “hookworms” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on hookworms. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning hookworms. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON HOOKWORMS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to hookworms. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on hookworms include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “hookworms” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “hookworms” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “hookworms” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Infections by Hookworms (Bunostomiasis : Index of New Information) by Fornalle, Abbe Pub Assn of Washington Dc; ISBN: 0788300369; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788300369/icongroupinterna
•
The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Hookworm Infection by Icon Health Publications; ISBN: 059783072X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/059783072X/icongroupinterna
45
APPENDICES
47
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
10
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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Hookworms
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
49
NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Hookworms
•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “hookworms” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 1587 28 1 2 11 1629
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “hookworms” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
13
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
14
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
Physician Resources
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
18 Adapted 19
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
53
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on hookworms can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to hookworms. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to hookworms. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “hookworms”:
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Hookworms
Food Contamination and Poisoning http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodcontaminationandpoisoning.html Parasitic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parasiticdiseases.html Pets and Pet Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/petsandpethealth.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to hookworms. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Patient Resources
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to hookworms. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with hookworms. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about hookworms. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “hookworms” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “hookworms”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “hookworms” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “hookworms” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
22
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
59
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
63
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on hookworms: •
Basic Guidelines for Hookworms Hookworm Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000629.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Hookworms Anemia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000560.htm Blood in the stool Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003130.htm Bloody sputum Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003073.htm Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm
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Coughing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Itch Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Itchy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Loss of appetite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003121.htm Pallor Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003244.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Hookworms D-xylose absorption Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003606.htm Stool ova and parasites exam Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003756.htm
•
Nutrition for Hookworms Protein Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm Protein in diet Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm
•
Background Topics for Hookworms Abdominal discomfort Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002228.htm
Online Glossaries 65
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
67
HOOKWORMS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Motifs: Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a conserved sequence which can be represented by a consensus sequence. [NIH]
Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and
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blood production is disturbed. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Ancylostoma: A genus of nematode intestinal parasites that consists of several species. A. duodenale is the common hookworm in humans. A. braziliense, A. ceylonicum, and A. caninum occur primarily in cats and dogs, but all have been known to occur in humans. [NIH]
Ancylostomiasis: Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus Ancylostoma. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from
Dictionary 69
spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Binding agent: A substance that makes a loose mixture stick together. For example, binding agents can be used to make solid pills from loose powders. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up
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of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Chloride: A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Capillaria: A genus of trichuroid nematodes parasitic in the liver and intestines of many mammals and birds. Two species, C. hepatica and C. philippinensis, produce often fatal infections in man. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cestode: A flatworm that is an endoparasite and belongs to the class Cestoda. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH]
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Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chloroplasts: Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, which is associated with the membrane of thylakoids. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of higher plants. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative
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pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consensus Sequence: A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known conserved sequence set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (amino acid motifs) are often formed by conserved sequences. [NIH] Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a consensus sequence. Amino acid motifs are often composed of conserved sequences. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins
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have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]
Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Defaecation: The act or process of defecating, discharge of feces. [EU] Defecation: The normal process of elimination of fecal material from the rectum. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH]
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Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Ellagic Acid: A fused four ring compound occurring free or combined in galls. Isolated from the kino of Eucalyptus maculata Hook and E. Hemipholia F. Muell. Activates Factor XII of the blood clotting system which also causes kinin release; used in research and as a dye. [NIH]
Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enterobius: A genus of intestinal nematode worms which includes the pinworm or
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threadworm Enterobius vermicularis. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Expressed Sequence Tags: Sequence tags derived from cDNAs. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are partial DNA sequences from clones. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filariasis: Infections with nematodes of the superfamily Filarioidea. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora
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infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischaemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]
Food Coloring Agents: Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage: Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic Markers: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid
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(glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemoglobin C: A commonly occurring abnormal hemoglobin in which lysine replaces a glutamic acid residue at the sixth position of the beta chains. It results in reduced plasticity of erythrocytes. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterodimers: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Hookworm: A parasitic infection that may affect workers exposed to warm moist soil in which the larvae of the worm lives. [NIH] Hookworm Infections: Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ancylostomiasis
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and necatoriasis are available. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host-Parasite Relations: The interactions between two organisms, one of which lives at the expense of the other. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]
Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA
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synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including extracellular matrix glycoproteins, complement, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the cytoskeleton. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors, the leukocyte adhesion receptors, and the very-late-antigen receptors. Each family contains a common beta-subunit combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits. These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development, hemostasis, thrombosis, wound healing, immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms, and oncogenic transformation. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH]
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Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Introns: Non-coding, intervening sequences of DNA that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger RNA. Most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain introns, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. [NIH] Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ivermectin: A mixture of ivermectin component B1a (RN 71827-03-7) and B1b (RN 70209-813), which is a semisynthetic product from Streptomyces avermitilis. A potent macrocyclic lactone disaccharide antiparasitic agent used to prevent and treat parasite infestations in animals. The compound has activity against internal and external parasites and has been found effective against arthropods, insects, nematodes, filarioidea, platyhelminths, and protozoa. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Kinetoplastida: An order of flagellate protozoa. Characteristics include the presence of one or two flagella arising from a depression in the cell body and a single mitochondrion that extends the length of the body. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lacerations: Torn, ragged, mangled wounds. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Language Development: The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larva Migrans: Infections caused by nematode larvae which never develop into the adult stage and migrate through various body tissues. They commonly infect the skin, eyes, and viscera in man. Ancylostoma brasiliensis causes cutaneous larva migrans. Toxocara causes visceral larva migrans. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils,
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and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Depletion: Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation. [NIH] Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH]
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Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin
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filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Necatoriasis: Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus Necator. The resulting anemia from this condition is less severe than that from ancylostomiasis. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH]
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Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Partial Thromboplastin Time: Test of the intrinsic (factors VIII, IX, XI, and XII) and common (fibrinogen, prothrombin, factors V and X) pathways of coagulation in which a mixture of plasma and phospholipid platelet substitute (e.g., crude cephalins, soybean phosphatides) is recalcified and the time required for the appearance of fibrin strands measured. Activation may be provided by contact with the glass tube or exposure to activators (e.g., ellagic acid, particulate silicates such as diatomaceous earth or kaolin) before addition of the calcium chloride. It is used as a screening test and to monitor heparin therapy. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions
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between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platyhelminths: A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Praziquantel: An anthelmintic used in most schistosome and many cestode infestations. [NIH]
Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a
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designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]
Prothrombin Time: Measurement of clotting time of plasma recalcified in the presence of excess tissue thromboplastin. Factors measured are fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factors V, VII, and X. It is used for monitoring anticoagulant therapy with coumarins. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa;
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protozoal. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Rabies: A highly fatal viral infection of the nervous system which affects all warm-blooded animal species. It is one of the most important of the zoonoses because of the inevitably fatal outcome for the infected human. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified
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as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]
Schistosome: Dermatitis caused by the snail parasite, Schistosoma cercariae. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and
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the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Sympatric: Of species or races inhabiting the same or overlapping areas. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and
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pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trans-Splicing: The joining of RNA from two different genes. One type of trans-splicing is the "spliced leader" type (primarily found in protozoans such as trypanosomes and in lower invertebrates such as nematodes) which results in the addition of a capped, noncoding, spliced leader sequence to the 5' end of mRNAs. Another type of trans-splicing is the "discontinuous group II introns" type (found in plant/algal chloroplasts and plant mitochondria) which results in the joining of two independently transcribed coding sequences. Both are mechanistically similar to conventional nuclear pre-mRNA cis-splicing. Mammalian cells are also capable of trans-splicing. [NIH] Trichuris: A genus of nematode worms comprising the whipworms. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubulin: A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from sperm flagella, cilia, and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to colchicine, vincristine, and vinblastine. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]
Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]
Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH]
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Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Larva Migrans: Infestation of the dermis by various larvae, characterized by bizarre red irregular lines which are broad at one end and fade at the other, produced by burrowing larvae. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zoonosis: Disease of animals, e. g. rabies, that can be transmitted to humans. A risk in major disasters; any disease and/or infection which is likely to be naturally transmitted from animals to man; disease caused by animal parasites. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abdominal, 22, 64, 67, 68, 84 Abdominal Pain, 22, 67 Actin, 67, 82, 83 Agar, 18, 67, 73, 78 Ageing, 24, 67 Algorithms, 67, 69 Alpha Particles, 67, 87 Alternative medicine, 67 Amino acid, 5, 40, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90 Amino Acid Motifs, 67, 72 Amino Acid Sequence, 5, 40, 67, 68, 72, 75, 76 Anaemia, 15, 16, 20, 31, 32, 33, 41, 67 Anaphylatoxins, 68, 72 Ancylostoma, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 32, 33, 40, 68, 77, 80 Ancylostomiasis, 14, 68, 77, 83 Anemia, 5, 8, 9, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 40, 63, 68, 81, 83 Animal model, 5, 9, 68 Anthelmintic, 7, 18, 19, 32, 33, 68, 85 Antibacterial, 68, 89 Antibiotic, 68, 89 Antibodies, 8, 10, 68, 78, 81, 85 Antibody, 68, 71, 78, 79, 82, 88 Anticoagulant, 9, 10, 22, 40, 68, 86 Antigen, 7, 11, 14, 68, 71, 78, 79, 82 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 68, 71 Anti-infective, 68, 76 Anti-Infective Agents, 68, 76 Antioxidants, 69, 76, 84 Apoptosis, 24, 69 Arteries, 69, 72, 82 Aspartic, 13, 15, 69 Aspartic Acid, 69 Assay, 8, 69 Asymptomatic, 69, 75 Attenuated, 41, 69, 90 B Bacteria, 68, 69, 75, 81, 82, 87, 88, 89, 90 Binding agent, 33, 69 Biochemical, 12, 69, 88 Biosynthesis, 69, 88 Biotechnology, 10, 11, 49, 69 Blood Glucose, 69, 77
Blood Platelets, 69, 88 Blood vessel, 69, 70, 89, 90 Bone Marrow, 69, 78, 81 Bowel, 70, 80, 89 Bowel Movement, 70, 89 C Calcium, 70, 71, 84, 86 Calcium Chloride, 70, 84 Callus, 70, 74 Capillaria, 3, 70 Carbohydrate, 19, 70, 83, 85 Carcinogenic, 70, 79, 83 Cardiovascular, 70, 88 Case report, 25, 70 Cell, 9, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 90, 91 Cell Adhesion, 70, 79 Cell Death, 69, 70, 83 Cell Division, 69, 70, 82, 85 Cellulose, 70, 85 Central Nervous System, 70, 77, 88 Cestode, 70, 85 Chemotactic Factors, 70, 72 Chemotherapeutic agent, 8, 70 Chemotherapy, 9, 13, 71 Chloroplasts, 71, 90 Chromatin, 69, 71, 75 Chronic, 40, 71, 79, 89 CIS, 71, 90 Clinical trial, 4, 49, 71, 72 Cloning, 5, 69, 71 Codon, 5, 71, 76 Cognition, 71, 80 Colchicine, 71, 90 Collagen, 9, 67, 71, 86 Complement, 22, 68, 71, 72, 76, 79, 85 Complementary and alternative medicine, 31, 35, 72 Complementary medicine, 31, 72 Computational Biology, 49, 72 Conjugated, 72, 73 Connective Tissue, 70, 71, 72, 75 Consensus Sequence, 4, 67, 72 Conserved Sequence, 67, 72 Contraindications, ii, 72 Controlled study, 32, 72 Coronary, 72, 82 Coronary Thrombosis, 72, 82
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Coumarins, 72, 86 Culture Media, 67, 73 Cutaneous, 10, 20, 73, 80 Cysteine, 22, 28, 73 Cystine, 73 Cytochrome, 23, 73 Cytokine, 8, 12, 73 Cytoplasm, 69, 73, 74, 75, 87 Cytoskeleton, 73, 79 D Defaecation, 21, 73 Defecation, 7, 73 Deletion, 69, 73 Density, 73, 85 Dermatosis, 73, 76 Desensitization, 73, 78 Developed Countries, 40, 73, 76 Developing Countries, 5, 9, 73 Diabetes Mellitus, 74, 77 Diagnostic procedure, 39, 74 Digestion, 70, 74, 80, 81, 89 Digestive tract, 74, 88 Diploid, 74, 85 Direct, iii, 6, 9, 13, 40, 74, 87 Discrete, 5, 74 Disease Vectors, 74, 79 Domesticated, 9, 74 Dyspepsia, 68, 74 E Effector, 71, 74 Elastin, 71, 74 Electrons, 74, 80, 84, 87 Ellagic Acid, 74, 84 Embryo, 74, 79 Embryogenesis, 4, 74 Emulsions, 67, 74 Endemic, 12, 17, 74, 81 Endocrine Glands, 74 Endotoxins, 72, 74 Enterobius, 3, 74 Environmental Health, 48, 50, 75 Enzymatic, 67, 70, 72, 75 Enzyme, 14, 33, 40, 74, 75, 81, 85, 86, 89, 91 Eosinophilia, 68, 75 Eosinophils, 31, 75, 80 Epidemiological, 7, 19, 75 Erythrocytes, 67, 68, 69, 75, 77 Esophagus, 74, 75, 84, 89 Estrogen, 8, 75, 86 Excipients, 75, 76, 84 Exhaustion, 75, 81 Exogenous, 8, 75
Exon, 6, 75 Expressed Sequence Tags, 4, 75 Extracellular, 72, 75, 79 Extracellular Matrix, 72, 75, 79 F Family Planning, 49, 75 Feces, 7, 73, 75, 89 Fibrinogen, 9, 75, 84, 85, 86, 89 Fibrosis, 75 Filariasis, 6, 35, 75 Flavoring Agents, 76, 84 Food Additives, 34, 76 Food Coloring Agents, 76 Food Preservatives, 76 Fungi, 76, 82, 90, 91 G Gallbladder, 67, 76 Gastrointestinal, 9, 25, 40, 76, 81, 88 Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage, 9, 76 Gastrointestinal tract, 76, 88 Gene, 4, 6, 23, 69, 76, 80, 85 Gene Expression, 4, 6, 76 Genetic Code, 76, 83 Genetic Engineering, 69, 71, 76 Genetic Markers, 7, 76 Genetics, 4, 5, 76 Genomics, 5, 76 Genotype, 76, 85 Glucose, 69, 70, 74, 76, 77 Glutamic Acid, 76, 77, 83, 86 Glycine, 67, 77, 83, 88 Glycoprotein, 9, 75, 77 Governing Board, 77, 85 H Half-Life, 7, 77 Haploid, 77, 85 Helminths, 77, 79 Heme, 73, 77 Hemoglobin, 13, 15, 32, 40, 68, 75, 77 Hemoglobin A, 15, 77 Hemoglobin C, 40, 77 Hemorrhage, 9, 40, 77 Hemostasis, 77, 79, 88 Heparin, 77, 84 Heredity, 76, 77 Heterodimers, 77, 79 Hormone, 78, 86 Host-Parasite Relations, 3, 78 Hydrogen, 70, 78, 82, 83, 84, 86 Hydrolysis, 69, 78, 85, 86 Hydroxylysine, 71, 78 Hydroxyproline, 67, 71, 78
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I Immune response, 17, 18, 24, 68, 78, 90 Immune Sera, 78 Immune system, 33, 78, 81, 91 Immunization, 5, 10, 78 Immunodiffusion, 67, 78 Immunoelectrophoresis, 67, 78 Immunoglobulin, 11, 68, 78 Immunologic, 70, 78 Immunosuppression, 8, 78, 79, 81 Immunosuppressive, 78 Immunosuppressive Agents, 78 In vitro, 8, 9, 18, 31, 32, 79 In vivo, 6, 8, 32, 77, 79, 81 Induction, 79, 86 Infarction, 72, 79, 82 Infestation, 18, 79, 91 Inflammation, 73, 75, 79, 85 Initiation, 7, 79 Initiator, 7, 79 Insecticides, 19, 79 Insight, 7, 79 Integrins, 9, 11, 79 Intestinal, 9, 18, 32, 40, 68, 74, 79 Intestinal Mucosa, 9, 79 Intestine, 5, 70, 80 Intracellular, 79, 80, 87 Intrinsic, 80, 84 Introns, 80, 90 Invertebrates, 74, 80, 90 Ions, 78, 80, 86 Ivermectin, 28, 80 K Kb, 48, 80 Kinetics, 7, 80 Kinetoplastida, 7, 80 L Labile, 71, 80 Lacerations, 18, 80 Lactation, 8, 80, 86 Language Development, 32, 80 Large Intestine, 74, 80, 87, 88 Larva Migrans, 10, 20, 80 Latent, 8, 80 Laxative, 67, 80 Lesion, 80, 81, 88 Leukocytes, 69, 70, 75, 80 Ligands, 79, 81 Linkage, 76, 81 Liver, 67, 70, 75, 76, 77, 81 Localization, 12, 81 Localized, 79, 81, 85
Locomotion, 81, 85 Luciferase, 7, 81 Lutein Cells, 81, 86 Lymphatic, 6, 35, 79, 81, 89 Lymphocyte, 25, 68, 78, 81, 82 Lymphocyte Depletion, 78, 81 Lymphocyte Subsets, 25, 81 Lymphoid, 68, 81 Lysine, 77, 78, 81 Lytic, 81, 88 M Malaria, 17, 19, 20, 23, 81, 82 Malaria, Falciparum, 81, 82 Malaria, Vivax, 81, 82 Malnutrition, 5, 82 Mammary, 8, 82 Mediate, 9, 82 Mediator, 82, 88 MEDLINE, 49, 82 Membrane, 71, 72, 75, 82, 83, 84, 90 Mental, iv, 4, 48, 50, 71, 82, 87 Mental Health, iv, 4, 48, 50, 82, 87 MI, 65, 82 Microorganism, 82, 84, 91 Mitochondria, 82, 90 Mitosis, 69, 82 Modeling, 6, 82 Modification, 67, 76, 82 Molecular, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 40, 49, 51, 69, 72, 75, 77, 82, 86, 87, 90 Molecule, 11, 68, 71, 74, 78, 82, 84, 87 Monitor, 82, 83, 84 Morphological, 19, 67, 74, 82 Motility, 82, 88 Mucosa, 40, 82, 86 Muscle Contraction, 9, 68, 82 Mutagenesis, 9, 83 Mutagens, 83 Myocardium, 82, 83 Myosin, 83 N Necatoriasis, 78, 83 Necrosis, 69, 76, 79, 82, 83 Neonatal, 17, 83 Neurotransmitter, 67, 69, 77, 83 Neutrons, 67, 83, 87 Neutrophil, 25, 83 Nuclear, 74, 83, 90 Nucleic acid, 6, 76, 83, 87 Nucleus, 69, 71, 73, 75, 83, 86, 89 Nutritive Value, 76, 83
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O Oncogenic, 79, 83 Osmosis, 83, 84 Osmotic, 33, 84 Ovum, 84, 86 Oxidation, 69, 73, 84 P Pancreas, 67, 84 Parasite, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 24, 25, 33, 34, 40, 80, 84, 88 Parasitic, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 41, 54, 70, 77, 79, 84, 87 Partial Thromboplastin Time, 40, 84 Parturition, 84, 86 Pathogen, 24, 41, 84 Pathogenesis, 5, 9, 84 Pathologic, 69, 72, 84 Pathologic Processes, 69, 84 Peptide, 5, 40, 67, 84, 85, 86 Pharmaceutic Aids, 76, 84 Pharmacologic, 77, 84, 90 Pharynx, 9, 84 Phenotype, 23, 84 Physiologic, 69, 77, 85, 87 Plants, 9, 69, 71, 76, 85, 90 Plasma, 68, 75, 77, 84, 85, 86 Plasma cells, 68, 85 Plasma protein, 85, 86 Plasticity, 77, 85 Platyhelminths, 77, 80, 85 Pneumonia, 72, 85 Polyethylene, 11, 85 Polymorphism, 23, 85 Polypeptide, 67, 71, 72, 75, 85, 86 Polysaccharide, 68, 70, 85 Practice Guidelines, 50, 85 Praziquantel, 22, 85 Precursor, 74, 75, 85, 86, 90 Prevalence, 14, 15, 19, 22, 40, 85 Progesterone, 86 Progression, 68, 86 Prolactin, 8, 86 Proline, 71, 78, 86 Prophylaxis, 86, 90 Protease, 9, 15, 22, 40, 86 Protein C, 67, 71, 86 Protein Conformation, 67, 86 Protein S, 69, 72, 76, 86, 87 Proteins, 15, 67, 68, 69, 71, 77, 78, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90 Proteolytic, 22, 33, 71, 75, 86 Prothrombin, 40, 84, 86, 89
Prothrombin Time, 40, 86 Protons, 67, 78, 86, 87 Protozoa, 80, 82, 86, 90 Protozoan, 81, 86 Public Health, 5, 14, 16, 22, 25, 31, 50, 87 Public Policy, 49, 87 Publishing, 10, 87 Purines, 87, 88 Pyrimidines, 87, 88 R Rabies, 87, 91 Radiation, 41, 78, 87 Radioactive, 77, 78, 83, 87 Reactivation, 8, 87 Reagent, 81, 87 Receptor, 8, 9, 68, 87, 88 Receptors, Serotonin, 87, 88 Recombinant, 7, 9, 15, 21, 87 Recombination, 76, 87 Rectum, 70, 73, 74, 80, 87 Refer, 1, 71, 76, 81, 83, 87 Refraction, 87, 89 Ribosome, 87, 90 Rickettsiae, 87, 90 S Schistosome, 85, 88 Screening, 71, 84, 88 Secretion, 22, 80, 88 Secretory, 5, 9, 11, 22, 33, 88 Sedimentation, 88, 90 Semisynthetic, 80, 88 Serine, 40, 88 Serologic, 14, 88 Serotonin, 9, 83, 87, 88, 90 Serum, 8, 15, 68, 71, 78, 81, 88 Shedding, 5, 88 Skeletal, 8, 88 Skeleton, 67, 88 Small intestine, 40, 78, 80, 88 Sneezing, 88 Solvent, 84, 88 Somatic, 74, 82, 88 Specialist, 55, 88 Species, 4, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 23, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74, 77, 81, 82, 84, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 Specificity, 13, 88 Spectrum, 7, 89 Sperm, 89, 90 Sputum, 63, 89 Stomach, 67, 74, 75, 76, 78, 84, 88, 89 Stool, 63, 64, 80, 89 Strand, 23, 89
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Stress, 33, 89 Subacute, 79, 89 Subclinical, 79, 89 Subspecies, 88, 89 Substrate, 40, 89 Supplementation, 32, 89 Sympatric, 19, 89 Synergistic, 86, 89 Systemic, 79, 89, 90 T Threonine, 88, 89 Thrombin, 75, 86, 89 Thromboplastin, 86, 89 Thrombosis, 9, 79, 86, 89 Thymus, 78, 81, 89 Ticks, 79, 89 Tissue, 8, 10, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86, 89, 90, 91 Toxic, iv, 89, 90 Toxicology, 50, 89 Toxins, 68, 74, 79, 90 Trachea, 84, 90 Transfection, 69, 90 Transfer Factor, 78, 90 Translation, 7, 67, 90 Translational, 7, 90 Transplantation, 78, 81, 90 Trans-Splicing, 6, 90
Trichuris, 3, 90 Tryptophan, 71, 88, 90 Tubulin, 33, 90 Tunica, 82, 90 V Vaccination, 19, 23, 25, 90 Vaccines, 4, 41, 90 Vascular, 79, 90 Veterinary Medicine, 49, 90 Vinblastine, 90 Vincristine, 90, 91 Virulence, 10, 69, 91 Viruses, 82, 87, 88, 90, 91 Viscera, 80, 88, 91 Visceral, 35, 80, 91 Visceral Larva Migrans, 35, 80, 91 Vitro, 8, 9, 33, 77, 91 Vivo, 7, 81, 91 W White blood cell, 68, 80, 81, 83, 85, 91 Windpipe, 84, 91 Wound Healing, 79, 91 X Xenograft, 68, 91 Y Yeasts, 76, 85, 91 Z Zoonosis, 17, 91
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