Leukocytosis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

LEUKOCYTOSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Leukocytosis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00653-7 1. Leukocytosis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on leukocytosis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LEUKOCYTOSIS .......................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Leukocytosis .................................................................................. 8 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 15 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 16 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LEUKOCYTOSIS ................................................................................ 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding Nutrition Studies on Leukocytosis................................................................................. 55 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 56 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LEUKOCYTOSIS.......................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 59 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 61 General References ....................................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON LEUKOCYTOSIS .......................................................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 63 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 64 Chapters on Leukocytosis............................................................................................................. 64 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LEUKOCYTOSIS ............................................................ 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 67 Academic Periodicals covering Leukocytosis ............................................................................... 68 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 73 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 75 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 77 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 79 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 80 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 83 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 83 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 83 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 89 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 89 LEUKOCYTOSIS DICTIONARY ................................................................................................. 91 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 139

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with leukocytosis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about leukocytosis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to leukocytosis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on leukocytosis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to leukocytosis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on leukocytosis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LEUKOCYTOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on leukocytosis.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and leukocytosis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “leukocytosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Streptococcus Milleri: A Cause of Pyogenic Liver Abscess Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 93(7-8): 276-277. July-August 2001. Contact: Available from National Medical Association. 1012 Tenth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001. (202) 347-1895, ext. 267. Website: www.NMAnet.org. Summary: Anemia, leukocytosis (high levels of white blood cells in the blood), elevated abnormal liver function enzymes, hypoalbuminemia (low levels of protein in the blood), fever, and right upper quadrand abdominal pain are common signs and symptoms of liver abscesses. Mortality is high: 100 percent without treatment, and 50 to 65 percent with medical treatment. The bacteria Streptococcus milleri has been found to be associated with liver abscesses significantly more frequently than any other streptococci. S. milleri is also a common cause of liver abscess in patients with Crohn's disease. This

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article reports a case of S. milleri in a 47 year old patient with a history of hypertension, alcohol abuse, and tobacco smoking. The authors stress that increased awareness of S. milleri has come from better isolation of Streptococci species. The clinical importance of this awareness is that S. milleri is resistant to metronidazole. Therefore, patients with liver abscesses who receive metronidazole may not respond if S. milleri is the infecting organism. Effective antibiotics include ampicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and the cephalosporins. 1 figure. 1 table. 3 references. •

Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection Is Rarely Symptomatic: A Prospective Study of 1497 Catheterized Patients Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 160(5): 678-682. March 13, 2000. Contact: Available from American Medical Association. Subscriber Services Center, P.O. Box 10946, Chicago, IL 60610-0946. (800) 262-2350. Fax (312) 464-5831. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: Catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is the most common nosocomial infection (infections originating in the hospital), accounting for more than 1 million cases each year in hospitals and nursing homes in the United States. This article reports on a prospective study of 1,497 newly catheterized patients undertaken to define the clinical features of CAUTI. Every day that the catheter was in place, a quantitative urine culture and urine leukocyte count were obtained, and the patient was queried by a research worker regarding symptoms. To more precisely define the role of CAUTI in patients' symptoms, a subset of 1,034 patients (89 of whom developed CAUTI with more than 10 to the third colony forming units per milliliter), who did not have another potentially confounding site of infection besides the urinary tract, was analyzed. There were 235 new cases of nosocomial CAUTI during the study period. More than 90 percent of the infected patients were asymptomatic; only 123 infections (52 percent) were detected by patients' physicians using the hospital laboratory. In the subset analysis, there were no significant differences between patients with and without CAUTI in signs or symptoms commonly associated with urinary tract infection (fever, dysuria, urgency, or flank pain) or in leukocytosis. Only 1 of the 235 episodes of CAUTI that were prospectively studied was unequivocally associated with secondary bloodstream infection. The authors conclude that whereas CAUTI are a major reservoir of antibiotic resistant organisms in the hospital, they are rarely symptomatic and infrequently cause bloodstream infection. Symptoms referable to the urinary tract, fever, or peripheral leukocytosis have little predictive value for the diagnosis of CAUTI. 2 tables. 46 references.

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Surgical Approach to Cecal Diverticulitis Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 188(6): 629-635. June 1999. Contact: Available from Journal of the American College of Surgeons. P.O. Box 2127, Marion, OH 43306-8227. (800) 214-8489 or (740) 382-3322. Fax (740) 382-5866. Summary: Cecal diverticulitis (diverticulitis, or pouches, in the first part of the large intestine) is a rare condition in the Western world, with a higher incidence in people of Asian descent. The treatment for cecal diverticulitis has ranged from expectant medical management, which is similar to uncomplicated left sided diverticulitis, to right hemicolectomy. This article reports on a retrospective chart review that was conducted of 49 patients treated for cecal diverticulitis at Olive View UCLA Medical Center from 1976 to 1998. The clinical presentation was similar to that of acute appendicitis, with abdominal pain, low grade fever, nausea or vomiting, abdominal tenderness, and

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leukocytosis. Operations performed include right hemicolectomy in 39 patients (80 percent), diverticulectomy in 7 patients (14 percent), and appendectomy with drainage of intraabdominal abscess in 3 patients (6 percent). Of the 7 patients who had diverticulectomy, 1 required right hemicolectomy at 6 months followup for continued symptoms. Of the three patients who underwent appendectomy with drainage, all required subsequent hemicolectomy for continued inflammation. Of the 39 patients who received immediate hemicolectomies, there were complications in 7 (18 percent), with no mortality. The authors conclude by endorsing an aggressive operative approach to the management of cecal diverticulitis, with the resection of all clinically apparent disease at the time of the initial operation. In cases of a solitary diverticulum, they recommend the use of diverticulotomy when it is technically feasible. When confronted with multiple diverticuli and cecal phlegmon, or when neoplastic disease cannot be excluded, they advocate immediate right hemicolectomy. This procedure can be safely performed in the unprepared colon with few complications. Excisional treatment for cecal diverticulitis prevents the recurrence of symptoms, which may be more common in the Western populations. 2 figures. 1 table. 15 references. •

Man with Acute Abdominal Pain and Diarrhea Source: Consultant. 39(5): 1521-1522. May 1999. Contact: Available from Cliggott Publishing Company. 55 Holly Hill Lane, Box 4010, Greenwich, CT 06831-0010. Summary: This article offers a brief case report, with a discussion of appropriate treatment. The case was a 57 year old man who began experiencing acute abdominal pain with mild diarrhea 2 weeks after his return from New Mexico. The pain originated in the hypogastrium and involved the lower quadrant and the perineum. The diarrhea was characterized as two loose stools on the first day and two watery stools on the second day. The patient did not note blood or pus in the stools. The patient's history was unremarkable except for mild exercise induced asthma. His physical condition was normal except for very mild end expiratory wheezing and some diffuse abdominal tenderness with guarding but no rebound in the left lower quadrant. No masses were felt on abdominal palpation, and there was no hepatosplenomegaly. Blood studies revealed a mild leukocytosis; stool was trace heme positive. The author asks readers to choose from a set of five management options for the first 12 hours of handling this patient. The author stresses that the differential diagnosis for a patient who presents with abdominal pain and mild diarrhea is broad. The acute nature of the pain and the lack of a toxic appearance in this case suggest either an infectious diarrheal disease or diverticulitis. A broad spectrum antibiotic (for instance, a fluoroquinolone such as trovafloxacin) with activity against the major gastrointestinal pathogens and the enteric flora found in diverticulitis is a good initial treatment for febrile patients with diarrhea of undetermined cause. The use of loperamide or narcotics as antimotility agents in patients with undiagnosed diarrhea and fever is a practice that should be discouraged. The authors stresses that physicians should consider surgery only if there is evidence of peritonitis or progression of disease with medical management. 4 references.

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Fever: Thermal Regulation and Alteration in End Stage Renal Disease Patients Source: American Nephrology Nurses Association Journal. 19(1): 13-18. February 1992. Summary: This article presents an overview of thermoregulatory mechanisms, the pathophysiology of fever, and alterations of the febrile response in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Topics include definitions of fever; mechanisms of thermal

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regulation, including hypothalamic control of temperature; the pathophysiology of fever; fever management; uremia and body temperature; the possible mechanisms of hypothermia; and infection in ESRD patients. The author stresses that many ESRD patients do not exhibit the expected rise in white blood cell count or body temperature during clinical and laboratory-confirmed infections. Therefore, leukocytosis and fever cannot be relied on for the diagnosis of bacterial infection in ESRD patients. 3 figures. 4 tables. 16 references. (AA-M). •

Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Clostridium Difficile-Associated Diarrhea and Colitis Source: American Journal of Gastroenterology. 92(5): 739-750. May 1997. Summary: This article presents guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis in adults. Guidelines for clinical practice are intended to suggest preferable approaches to particular medical problems as established by interpretation and collation of scientifically valid research, derived from extensive review of published literature. C. difficile causes a spectrum of diarrheal syndromes that vary widely in severity and merge with one another. The author considers the pathophysiology and epidemiology of C. difficile diarrhea, the clinical manifestations, diagnostic guidelines, primary treatment, management of relapses or recurrences of C. difficile diarrhea or colitis, and guidelines for prevention. The typical symptoms of C. difficile diarrhea are cramping abdominal pain, profuse diarrhea consisting of mucoid, greenish, smelling, water stools, low grade fever, and leukocytosis. These can start a few days after antibiotic therapy is begun or up to 8 weeks after its discontinuation. The differential diagnosis of C. difficile diarrhea includes benign or simple antibiotic-associated diarrhea, acute and chronic diarrhea caused by other enteric pathogens, adverse reactions to various medications other than antibiotics, ischemic colitis, idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases, and intraabdominal sepsis. One table presents guidelines for preventing C. difficile diarrhea; these include limiting the use of antimicrobial drugs, washing hands between contact with all patients, using stool isolation precautions for patients with C. difficile diarrhea, and educating the medical, nursing, and other appropriate staff members about the disease and its epidemiology. 4 tables. 63 references. (AA-M).

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Life-Threatening Retroperitoneal Sepsis After Hemorrhoid Injection Sclerotherapy: Report of a Case Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 42(3): 421-423. March 1999. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 352 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-2436. Summary: This article reports a case of life threatening retroperitoneal sepsis after injection sclerotherapy for first degree hemorrhoids. A 50 year old man with symptomatic first degree hemorrhoids was seen in the outpatient department. An experienced surgical registrar injected three internal hemorrhoids with 3 to 5 mL of 5 percent oily phenol. Four days later, the patient was admitted as an emergency, complaining of tight central chest pain. For 6 hours he had experienced chills and pelvic pain radiating to his lower abdomen and the backs of his thighs. Anorectal instrumentation was not attempted, because the patient was reporting severe pelvic pain. Investigation revealed leukocytosis, raised creatinine kinase, and electrocardiographic changes suggestive of anteroseptal myocardial infarction. Streptokinase, cefotaxime, and metronidazole were administered. Later that day, his

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pelvic pain worsened. He remained pyrexial (having a fever), developed tachycardia (rapid heartbeat), and went into urinary retention. Computed tomography revealed extensive retroperitoneal fluid but no localized abscess. Blood culture isolated gram negative bacilli, but exploratory laparotomy found no colonic lesion. The fecal stream was diverted with an end sigmoid colostomy and the rectal stump was oversewn. Hyperbaric oxygen, antibiotics, and intensive inotropic and ventilatory support were continued in the postoperative period. The patient eventually made a good recovery. The authors note that life threatening sepsis after injection sclerotherapy for hemorrhoids has been reported only once previously. One table summarizes the cases of life threatening complications after rubber band ligation of hemorrhoids. 1 table. 9 references. •

Empirical Management of Urinary Tract Infections Complicating Transrectal Ultrasound Guided Prostate Biopsy Source: Journal of Urology. 169(5): 1762-1765. May 2003. Summary: This article reports on a study of the empirical management of urinary tract infections (UTI) complicating transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. All 23 patients enrolled in the study underwent biopsy for acceptable indications and 95.7 percent had received antibiotic prophylaxis, including 69.5 percent with fluoroquinolones. Infection was typically accompanied by high fever, chills (78.3 percent of cases), and leukocytosis (56.5 percent). All positive blood cultures and 92.9 percent of positive urine cultures yielded Escherichia coli. Bacterial isolates showed high resistance to fluoroquinolones and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, and 100 percent susceptibility to second and third generation cephalosporin amikacin, carbapenem. 3 tables. 19 references.

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Colitis: Key Components of the Evaluation Source: Consultant. 38(2): 375-378, 381-383. February 1998. Contact: Available from Cliggott Publishing Company. 55 Holly Hill Lane, Box 4010, Greenwich, CT 06831-0010. Summary: This article reviews the key components of the evaluation of colitis. Colitis is a nonspecific condition that has a variety of causes, including inflammatory bowel disease, infections, ischemia, radiation, and antibiotic therapy. The mainstays of evaluating patients who have colitis include the history and physical examination, sigmoidoscopy with mucosal biopsy, stool examination, and barium radiography. These tools are used to determine if colitis is present, how severe it is, the cause of the colitis, and the anatomic extent of the disease. In addition to the typical symptoms of colitis (diarrhea, abdominal pain, and tenesmus), the authors recommend that physicians look for signs of more severe disease, such as orthostasis, pallor, fever, fatigue, and tachycardia. Also, physicians should be alert for extraintestinal manifestations of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as mouth ulcers, erythema nodosum, and arthritis. Laboratory findings that may suggest severe colitis include a low hemoglobin level, leukocytosis, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and hypoalbuminemia. After confirming the presence of colitis with proctosigmoidoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy, stool cultures and parasite testing should be ordered to identify the specific cause. Complications of colitis include toxic megacolon, perforation, hemorrhage, and obstruction in ischemic disease. 4 figures. 3 tables. 16 references. (AAM).

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Federally Funded Research on Leukocytosis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to leukocytosis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to leukocytosis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore leukocytosis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for leukocytosis: •

Project Title: CHARACTERIZATION & TREATMENT OF CATEGORY III PROSTATITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Nickel, J Curtis.; Queen's University at Kingston Kingston K7l 3N6, Canada Kingston, On Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 27-MAR-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Taken from the applicant's Abstract) Characterization and Treatment of Category III Prostatitis Background: Chronic abacterial prostatitis and prostatodynia (NIH Category III), remains a frustrating enigma for North American physicians and patients. Our definition of the syndrome is unclear, the etiology is obscure, the relevance of the only objective finding we have (leukocytosis) is unknown, symptoms are highly variable, the natural history of the disease has not been adequately studied and the clinical treatment trials are poorly designed, small and inconclusive. Objectives: To collaboratively develop validated NIH assessment instruments for the study of Category III prostatitis, analyze objective microscopic, microbiological, immunological and molecular biological parameters and develop a long term collaborative multicenter study in which a number of potential standardized treatment protocols could be tested. Research Design: Part 1: Retest, revalidate and revise as necessary the Principal Investigator's published prostatitis specific Symptom Frequency Questionnaire (SFQ) and Symptom Severity Index (SSI) in 100 prostatitis patients presently being studied and 100 age matched control patients. These modified indices would be subsequently used as the basis for a consensus and evidence based NIH prostatitis specific symptom assessment instrument to be tested prospectively in 200 prostatitis and 100 control patients. Part 2: Analyze objective microscopic, microbiological, immunological and molecular biological aspects of expressed prostatic secretions, semen and urine specimen after prostatic massage in these 300 patients. of potential standardized treatment protocols (conservative, antibiotic, alpha blockade and repetitive prostatic massage; alone or in combination) will be tested in patients enrolled in part l and part 2. Results from this 3 part study will be analyzed and correlated between groups and within groups, both concurrently and sequentially.

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECT OF LEUKOREDUCTION ON INFECTION RISK IN TRAUMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Nathens, Avery B.; Associate Professor; Surgery; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: Severely injured patients often require transfusions of allogeneic blood products to restore intravascular blood volume. Many of these patients survive their initial resuscitation only to experience the late sequelae of nosocomial infection and multiple organ failure. Several lines of clinical and experimental evidence suggest that residual leukocytes present in allogeneic blood products have immunomodulatory effects. These effects might underlie the propensity of trauma patients to develop infection or organ failure. Strategies designed to limit the exposure of patients to allogeneic leukocytes may reduce the incidence of these post-injury sequelae. Prestorage leukoreduction, a process leading to a 3 log order reduction in passenger leukocytes, represents one such strategy. We postulate that the leukoreduction of blood products will reduce the incidence of nosocomial infections and multiple organ failure in critically injured trauma patients requiring blood transfusion. This proposal seeks to accomplish the following: Specific aim 1: To evaluate whether there are differences in the rates of infection and in the severity of organ dysfunction in trauma patients receiving leukoreduced blood products compared to similar patients receiving standard allogeneic blood products. Specific aim 2a: To assess T-cell responsiveness and the dominant CD4 lymphocyte subset in trauma patients transfused with leukoreduced blood products compared to subjects receiving standard allogeneic blood products. Specific aim 2b: To assess the activational state of the monocyte and the neutrophil in trauma patients receiving leukoreduced blood products compared to those receiving standard allogeneic blood products. Given the large proportion of the United States' blood supply used for emergency transfusions and the risk of sequelae in this high risk population, the results of these studies may provide efficacy data to guide decisions regarding the processing of blood products and provide insight into the mechanisms of transfusion induced immunomodulation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ENDOTHELIN 1 IN SICKLE ACUTE CHEST SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Kalra, Vijay K.; Professor; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) experience recurrent episodes of vasoocclusive crises(VOC). Following a VOC, patients often develop pulmonary symptoms resulting in a potentially life-threatening condition termed acute chest syndrome (ACS). ACS is the second most common cause of mortality in SCD. In the National Acute Chest Study, 38% of ACS cases in SCD were attributed to infection, fat embolism and infarction, while no identifiable cause was found in the remaining 62% of ACS cases. Recruitment of monocytes (Mo)/polymorphonuclear neutrophils(PMN) into the alveolar compartment is an important feature of acute lung injury. Leukocytosis, in the absence of infection, is commonly seen in SCD patients and is a predictor of severity and ACS. Studies in transgenic sickle mice (Tg HbS) reveal increased accumulation of leukocytes in the lung in response to an experimental lung insult. We find that endothelin-1(ET-1) is released from cultured human pulmonary endothelial cells

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(HPEC) in response to deoxygenated sickle(SS) RBCs and initiates leukocyte transmigration.The goal of this project is to test the hypothesis that the interaction of SS RBC with HPEC initiates cellular signaling to cause Mo/PMN to transmigrate from the lumen of the blood vessel into the alveolar compartment, wherein activated Mo/PMN cause injury to the pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (PAEC). SpecificAim 1, examines the effectof SS RBC with cultured HPEC on the transmigration of Mo/PMN and the role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in this process. Specific Aim 2 delineates the effect of conditioned medium, elaborated from the interactionof SS RBC with HPEC, on the migration of Mo/PMN from the basolateral to apical direction across AEC monolayers. Specific Aim 3 explores the mechanism of transmigration of Mo/PMN in a co-culture model of HPEC and PAEC. Finally, Specific Aim 4 employs a Tg HbS mouse model to induce ACS and examines the effect of ET-1 receptor antagonists in preventing the accumulation and activation of Mo/PMN and resultant lung injury. Together, these coordinated investigations will improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which Mo/PMN accumulatein the alveolar compartment in SCD leading to ACS and provide a rationale for therapeutic approaches to ameliorate ACS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FUNCTION OF MEF IN HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Nimer, Stephen D.; Professor and Head; SloanKettering Institute for Cancer Res New York, Ny 100216007 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1997; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): We cloned a novel member of the ETS family of transcription factors called MEF, from a human megakaryocytic leukemia cell line. MEF is a strong transcriptional activator that is expressed in immature and mature hematopoietic cells. We have demonstrated that MEF is phosphorylated by the cyclin A/CDK2 complex and have preliminarily shown that sequential phosphorylation leads to its degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome degradation pathway. After generating murine cDNA and genomic MEF clones, we created MEF "knock-out" mice which have defects in NK and NK T cell development and abnormalities in the hematopoietic stem cell compartment. MEF -7- NK cells cannot lyse tumor cells, probably because perforin, an MEF target gene, is not expressed. Based on the phenotype of these mice, and the cell cycle dependent regulation of MEF function, we propose to further characterize the biological effects of MEF on hematopoietic stem cells, NK and NK T cells by utilizing MEF-null mice for several bone marrow transplant models (and for target gene identification) and by overexpressing MEF in hematopoietic progenitor cells. We will define the mechanisms of MEF action by identifying and characterizing MEF target genes in hematopoietic cells and by further characterizing the cell cycle dependent regulation of MEF expression. The studies proposed will define the role of MEF in regulating gene expression involved in hematopoietic stem cell behavior and innate immunity. These studies will contribute greatly to advances in the fields of stem cell transplantation and immune regulation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENE THERAPY OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE & BETA THALASSEMIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Stamatoyannopoulos, George; Professor of Medicine and Genetics; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002

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Summary: Pre-clinical and clinical studies on gene therapy of sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia. The goal of this project is to perform the pre-clinical and clinical studies that are required for the eventual application of the therapeutic gene transfer in sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia. Specifically, 1) stem cell mobilization is required for the application of ex vivo stem cell gene therapy but the current approach based on administration of G-CF cannot be used in sickle cell disease because the resultant leukocytosis precipitates a sickle cell crisis with severe (or lethal) consequences. We will develop new approaches of mobilization that can be used safely in sickle cell disease. Two clinical studies will be done. The first is based on the assumption that recovery from the cytotoxic effects of hydroxyurea results in hematopoietic cell regeneration that is accompanied by increased rate of mobilization of stem/progenitor cells. The second approach is based on the evidence that mobilization using anti-VLA-4 antibody or Flt-3 ligand is characterized primarily by release of progenitor cells and small degree of leukocytosis. Preclinical studies using a combination of anti-VLA-4 with hydroxyurea, or anti-VLA-4 with Flt-3 ligand will be done in baboons to identify a treatment scheme that will result in optimal mobilization with minimal change in white blood cell numbers. The optimal treatment scheme will subsequently be applied to patients with sickle cell disease. 2) We will perform pre-clinical studies aimed to determine whether MLV-based "insulated" betagamma globin gene vectors can be used for clinical studies in sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia. Specifically, we will a) test whether such vectors can correct the defects in sickle cell and beta thalassemic mice; b) assess transduction rates, levels of expression of the transferred betagamma globin gene and vector toxicity in the baboon transplantation model; c) determine betagamma gene expression and transduction rates in primary human erythroid cells following transduction of BFU-E of patients with sickle cell disease or beta thalassemia; d) measure transduction rates of human stem cells in the SCID/NOD murine model. 3) Successful completion of these pre-clinical studies will allow us to proceed with a clinical study in patients with Hb S disease or beta thalassemia. a) Clinical grade vectors will be produce, b) the necessary regulatory requirements will be fulfilled, c) a clinical study of three patients with sickle cell disease and six with beta thalassemia will be initiated to test safety and function of globin gene vectors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR HISTIOCYTOSIS

PATHOBIOLOGY

OF

LANGERHANS

CELL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Rollins, Barrett J.; Associate Professor; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute 44 Binney St Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH) is a disease in which tissue destruction is caused by accumulation of histiocytes related to Langerhans cells (LC), the antigen presenting dendritic cells of skin. Although these pathologic LC's (PLC's) are clonal and overexpress p53, the high rate of remission in response to local treatment has led to the consensus that LCH is not a malignancy. LCH lesions can be localized and easily treated, or disseminated and lead to multiorgan failure and death. LC's are motile cells and their trafficking in vivo is tightly regulated. Normal resting LC's express the chemokine receptor CCR6 which directs them to mucocutaneous inflammatory sites where its ligand is secreted. Once LC's ingest antigen and become activated, they downregulate CCR6 and up-regulate CCR7. This attracts LC's to lymph nodes, the source of CCR7's ligands, where they present antigen to T cells. Our preliminary data demonstrate that despite having characteristics of activated LC's, PLC's show persistent

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expression of CCR6 explaining, in part, their accumulation at inappropriate tissue sites. The experiments in this proposal are designed to elucidate the pathobiology and pathogenesis of LCH by testing the hypotheses that: (1) Dysregulated expression of chemokines and their receptors may be responsible for the persistence of PLC's in target organs; and (2) Clonal PLC's arise from LC's because of the expression of specific genes. To test these hypotheses, I propose the following specific aims: Specific Aim 1. Test primary LCH tissues for abnormalities in chemokine and chemokine receptor expression. This will be done using custom chip-based hybridization techniques and confirmed by immuno- histochemistry. Correlates will be made to a clinical database. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEUTROPHIL HOMEOSTASIS AND LUNG SEQUESTRATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Worthen, G Scott.; Associate Professor and Senior Faculty m; National Jewish Medical & Res Ctr and Research Center Denver, Co 80206 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The generation, release, and disposal of neutrophils in response to inflammation remains poorly understood. A number of neutrophildependent lung disorders, including the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) are characterized by release of immature neutrophils from marrow into the circulation. Using murine systems in vivo, a novel embryonic stem cell-derived in vitro system, and murine and human cells in vitro, we propose to test interrelated hypotheses that explore fundamental mechanisms of leukocytosis and lung sequestration. 1. During inflammation, systemic expression of G-CSF is induced by TNF and other cytoses. GCSF not only increases the number of progenitors, but also retards apoptosis of developing neutrophils, amplifying the resultant generation of neutrophils. 2. G-CSF mobilizes immature neutrophils through modification of three systems - signaling of CXCR4 by SDF-1, the interaction between sialoadhesin and its ligand, and homotypic interactions between ALCAM on both stroma and hematopoietic cells. 3. Immature neutrophils mobilized by G-CSF are larger and demonstrate increased resistance to deformation, leading to their localization in the lung. We believe the results of these experiments will provide new information on fundamental aspects of normal homeostasis as well as insights into mechanisms of neutrophil-dependent inflammatory states. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PERSISTENCE OF CNS T. PALLIDUM IN HIV INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Marra, Christina M.; Associate Professor; Neurology; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1996; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of our original proposal was to test the hypothesis that concomitant HIV-1 infection impairs clearance of Treponema pallidum from the CSF. The progress that we have made in the first funding period supports our hypothesis. Specifically, individuals with more pronounced HIV-1mediated immunosuppression are more likely to have neurosyphillis, and normalization of CSF WBC count and serum RPR after treatment for neurosyphilis is slower and less complete in HIV-1-infected individuals. Few studies have addressed the influence of concomitant HIV-1 on CNS infection by T. pallidum. In our study to date, we have enrolled and obtained CSF from 348 subjects with all stages of syphilis. Approximately three-quarters of our subjects are also HIV-1-infected. To date, 53

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subjects have had at least one follow-uplumbar puncture. Our ongoing study represents the largest investigation of neurosyphilis in many decades, and is the only study with sufficient power to address the effect of concurrent HIV-1-infection on development of neurosyphilis and the response to neurosyphilis therapy in HIV-1-infected and uninfected individuals. In this competing renewal application, we focus on three clinically important questions. These questions and the principal hypotheses to be tested for each are: 1) Which HIV-1-infected and -uninfected patients with syphilis should undergo lumbar puncture to evaluate the possibility of neurosyphilis? We hypothesize that individuals with higher concentrations of T. pallidum in blood, those with particular strain types in blood and those with greater diversity of blood T. pallidum strains will be more likely to have neurosyphilis. We will test these hypotheses in Specific Aim 1; 2) How can CSF pleocytosis due to infection with T. pallidum be distinguished from CSF pleocytosis due to HIV-1 infection? We hypothesize that the CSF cellular phenotype and that production of T. pallidum-specific antibody by CSF lymphocytes will distinguish T. pallidum-induced from HIV-1-induced CSF pleocytosis. We will test these hypotheses in Specific Aim 2; and 3) What factors determine response to therapy in HIV-1-infected and -uninfected patients with neurosyphilis? We hypothesize that rapidity and completeness of response to treatment will be related to CSF T. pallidum concentration and to CSF T. pallidum strain type. We will test these hypotheses in Specific Aim 3. The studies proposed in this application are directly relevant to the care of patients with HIV-1 and with syphilis and will ultimately improve our ability to diagnose and treat neurosyphilis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REDUCED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE DURING LAPAROSCOPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Talamini, Mark A.; Surgery; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Laparoscopic surgery represents a new paradigm, with less pain, quicker recovery times, and reduced disability. In time, most general surgical procedures will be performed in this manner. Laparoscopic surgery is not simply a reduced surgical insult, it is a different surgical insult. Preliminary data in the rat shows that a pneumoperitoneum with CO2 gas alters the inflammatory response associated with laparoscopic surgery in the setting of sepsis. The objective of this application is to establish whether CO2 pneumoperitoneum has a modifying role, and to determine the possible mechanism(s). AIM 1: To test whether CO2 modifies the inflammatory response during laparoscopic surgery. The effect of pneumoperitoneum with CO2, helium, or air on the inflammatory response after sepsis (cecal ligation and puncture) will be compared. The parameters of the inflammatory response to be evaluated are: leukocytosis, leukocyte infiltration, hepatic acute phase gene expression, and circulating levels of cytokines. AIM 2: To determine where in the pathway of the inflammatory response CO2 pneumoperitoneum exerts its effect. Expression of the acute phase proteins will be used as an experimental paradigm. Pre-transcriptional, transcriptional, and post transcriptional regulation of the acute phase genes will be evaluated. AIM 3: To determine how the C02 pneumoperitoneum alters the inflammatory response. The hypothesis of this aim is that alteration of pH with abdominal distension alters the inflammatory response. A) Arterial pH will be measured to correlate pH changes with immune modulation. B) The pH will be artificially decreased by a comparable amount via systemic intravenous infusion of hydrochloric acid in the setting of sepsis plus C02 pneumoperitoneum, helium

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pneumoperitoneum, air pneumoperitoneum, and open surgery. The information provided by this investigation will be essential in patient care as increasing numbers of patients undergo operations using the CO2 pneumoperitoneum. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SUPERANTIGENS IN EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS PATHOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Rankin, Christopher T.; Macrogenics, Inc. Rockville, Md 20850 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 06-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Superantigens (SAG) are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of certain infectious agents by activating a broad subset of primary Tcells. Through association with MHC class II molecules outside of the peptide recognition cleft, the SAG is able to bind and activate T-cells expressing a particular Tcell receptor (TCR) beta chain variable gene. Recent experiments have identified a SAG, encoded by the human endogenous retrovirus K18 env (HK18 env) gene, which is transcriptionally activated following infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV is a ubiquitous, B-cell tropic herpesvirus, which has been identified as a causative agent for infectious mononucleosis (IM), a self-limiting lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by mononuclear leukocytosis. The association of EBV and a SAG activity provides an attractive hypothesis for the mechanism of EBV related T-cell proliferation. However, the exact role of the SAG in EBV infection and pathology is not currently known. The goal of this phase I application is to evaluate the role of the recently identified SAG molecule, HERV-K18 Env, in EBV infection and pathology. Our working hypothesis is that SAG activated T-cells supply an essential component necessary for the development of EBV associated B-cell lymphomas. Thus, blocking T-cell activation by the SAG could effectively prevent the development of EBV tumors. If this hypothesis is correct, these studies will provide a basis for phase II studies in primate models of EBV infection, in order to examine the potential for anti-SAG antibodies as preventative or therapeutic agents against EBV related disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THERAPEUTIC MECHANISMS IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Daley, George Q.; Associate Professor; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Res Biomedical Research Cambridge, Ma 02142 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 07-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (Adapted from the investigator's abstract) Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) is caused by BCR/ABL, a constitutive tyrosine kinase oncoprotein. Standard chemotherapy can control leukocytosis during the initial chronic phase of CML, but does nothing to alter the inevitable development of blast crisis, an acute leukemia that ultimately proves fatal. Alpha-interferon (a-IFN) induces hematologic and cytogenetic remission, postpones blast crisis, and prolongs survival in CML patients. cx-IFN restores critical adhesion defects and stimulates active immune suppression of CML progenitors, but our knowledge of interferon mechanisms is incomplete. In preliminary studies we have uncovered roles for two interferon inducible proteins that suggest novel hypotheses to explain the therapeutic effect of interferons in CML. The Interferon Consensus Sequence Binding Protein (ICSBP), implicated in CML causation by gene knock-out in mice, inhibits BCRIABL-mediated proliferation of hematopoietic cells and sensitizes leukemia cell lines to immune rejection. We will characterize the mechanism

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of ICSBP-induced immunity against BCR/ABL-induced leukemia. The Interferon Inducible Protein 9-27/Leu13, an adhesion molecule that inhibits cell proliferation, was found in an array-based expression screen to be down-regulated by BCRJABL and upregulated by ICSBP. We will investigate the lIP 9-27/Leul3 protein as a potentially critical point of convergence of BCRIABL and interferon signaling. Our expression screen also identified a number of novel targets of BCR/ABL action, including cyclin D2. We have demonstrated that cyclin D2-deficient mice have a profound cell-intrinsic resistance to BCRJABL transformation, and we will study how cyclins D1, D2, and D3 influence the capacity of BCR/ABL to induce myeloid and lymphoid leukemia in mice. This proposal seeks to advance our fundamental knowledge of CML biology and therapeutic mechanisms in hopes of refining future treatment strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “leukocytosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for leukocytosis in the PubMed Central database: •

A study of the leukocytosis produced in man by artificial fever. by Cohen P, Warren SL.; 1935 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=424697

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An elderly man with nonresolving cough, leukocytosis and a pulmonary mass. by Alanezi M, Pugsley S, Higgins D, Smieja M, Lee CH.; 2003 Jul 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=164983

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Comparison of agents producing a neutrophilic leukocytosis in man. Hydrocortisone, prednisone, endotoxin, and etiocholanolone. by Dale DC, Fauci AS, Guerry D IV, Wolff SM.; 1975 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=301935

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Delayed leukocytosis after hard strength and endurance exercise: Aspects of regulatory mechanisms. by Risoy BA, Raastad T, Hallen J, Lappegard KT, Baeverfjord K, Kravdal A, Siebke EM, Benestad HB.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=317276

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Evidence that tumor necrosis factor plays a pathogenetic role in the paraneoplastic syndromes of cachexia, hypercalcemia, and leukocytosis in a human tumor in nude

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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mice. by Yoneda T, Alsina MA, Chavez JB, Bonewald L, Nishimura R, Mundy GR.; 1991 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=329890

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with leukocytosis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “leukocytosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for leukocytosis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of a gallbladder cancer with marked hypercalcemia and leukocytosis. Author(s): Watanabe Y, Ogino Y, Ubukata E, Sakamoto Y, Matsuzaki O, Shimizu N. Source: Jpn J Med. 1989 November-December; 28(6): 722-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2534486

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A paraneoplastic syndrome of hypercalcemia and leukocytosis associated with solid tumors: production of interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and granulocyte colonystimulating factor (G-CSF) by clonal squamous cell carcinoma cells. Author(s): Sato K. Source: Nippon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi. 1988 December 20; 64(12): 1223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2470624

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A patient with mevalonic aciduria presenting with hepatosplenomegaly, congenital anaemia, thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis. Author(s): de Klerk JB, Duran M, Dorland L, Brouwers HA, Bruinvis L, Ketting D. Source: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 1988; 11 Suppl 2: 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3141709

6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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•

A seven-month-old infant with fever and neutrophilic leukocytosis. Author(s): Fishbein JD, Bruggers CS, Friedman NJ, Graham ML, Kurtzberg J. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1992 May; 120(5): 819-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1578323

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Abdominal trauma with leukocytosis and Howell-Jolly bodies. Idiopathic functional asplenia. Author(s): Spencer RP, Grimmond AP, Treschuk-Bahn J. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1988 July; 13(7): 544. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3168366

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Abnormal physiological conditions in acute schizophrenic patients on emergency admission: dehydration, hypokalemia, leukocytosis and elevated serum muscle enzymes. Author(s): Hatta K, Takahashi T, Nakamura H, Yamashiro H, Endo H, Fujii S, Fukami G, Masui K, Asukai N, Yonezawa Y. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1998; 248(4): 180-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9810481

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Acidosis of synovial fluid correlates with synovial fluid leukocytosis. Author(s): Ward TT, Steigbigel RT. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1978 June; 64(6): 933-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=26220

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Allergic urticarial eruption, leukocytosis and abnormal liver function tests following nifedipine administration. Author(s): Toner M, White A, Moriarty J, Clancy L. Source: Chest. 1988 June; 93(6): 1320-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3371125

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Amphetamines and leukocytosis. A possible association. Author(s): Goldberg LH. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1983 February; 73(2): 113-5, 118-20, 123. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6823452

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Amyloidosis and hyposplenism with leukocytosis and thrombocytosis. Author(s): Jacobson IM, Isselbacher KJ. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1983 October; 99(4): 573. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6625405

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An elderly man with nonresolving cough, leukocytosis and a pulmonary mass. Author(s): Alanezi M, Pugsley S, Higgins D, Smieja M, Lee CH. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 July 22; 169(2): 134-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12874165

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Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with prominent cardiac metastasis, accompanied by a marked leukocytosis with a neutrophilia and high GM-CSF level in serum. Author(s): Murabe H, Akamizu T, Kubota A, Kusaka S. Source: Intern Med. 1992 September; 31(9): 1107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1421718

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Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: review of 24 cases, with emphasis on cytodiagnosis and leukocytosis. Author(s): Chang TC, Liaw KY, Kuo SH, Chang CC, Chen FW. Source: Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1989 June; 88(6): 551-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2794956

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Anergy in patients with leukocytosis. Author(s): Heiss LI, Palmer DL. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1974 March; 56(3): 323-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4813650

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Antibody responses after vaccination and disease against leukocytosis promoting factor, filamentous hemagglutinin, lipopolysaccharide and a protein binding to complement-fixing antibodies induced during whooping cough. Author(s): Winsnes R, Lonnes T, Mogster B, Berdal BP. Source: Dev Biol Stand. 1985; 61: 353-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2872124

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Are leukocytosis and lipid peroxidation involved in ischemic or reperfusion injury in cardiac surgery? Author(s): Rashid MA, William-Olsson G. Source: The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon. 1991 August; 39(4): 193-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1948967

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Association of monocytic leukemia in patients with extreme leukocytosis. Author(s): Cuttner J, Conjalka MS, Reilly M, Goldberg J, Reisman A, Meyer RJ, Holland JF. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1980 October; 69(4): 555-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6932815

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Asymptomatic cervicovaginal leukocytosis in infertile women. Author(s): Wah RM, Anderson DJ, Hill JA. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1990 September; 54(3): 445-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2397787

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Autonomous production of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in tumour xenografts associated with leukocytosis. Author(s): Katoh Y, Nakamura M, Ohnishi Y, Shimamura K, Ueyama Y, Tamaoki N. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1993 October; 68(4): 715-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7691144

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Bacteremia in febrile children with lobar pneumonia and leukocytosis. Author(s): Bonadio WA. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1988 December; 4(4): 241-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3231554

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Bacteriuria, leukocytosis, and fever after transurethral prostatectomy. Author(s): Fujita K, Kawamura M. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1988; 10 Spec No: 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3233626

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Blood transfusion for haemolytic disease as a cause of leukocytosis in the fetus. Author(s): Yankowitz J, Weiner CP. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1996 August; 16(8): 719-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8878281

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C3e: an acidic fragment of human C3 with leukocytosis-inducing activity. Author(s): Ghebrehiwet B, Muller-Eberhard HJ. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1979 August; 123(2): 616-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=110877

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Carbamazepine-induced leukocytosis. Author(s): Murphy JE, Stewart RB, Springer PK. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1980 April; 37(4): 550-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7377219

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Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 19-200. A five-day-old girl with leukocytosis and a worsening rash from birth. Author(s): Wolfe LC, Weinstein HJ, Ferry JA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 June 19; 348(25): 2557-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12815142

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Causes of leukocytosis in liver transplant recipients: relevance in clinical practice. Author(s): Singh N, Gayowski T, Marino IR. Source: Transplantation. 1998 January 27; 65(2): 199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9458014

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CD34-positive acute promyelocytic leukemia is associated with leukocytosis, microgranular/hypogranular morphology, expression of CD2 and bcr3 isoform. Author(s): Foley R, Soamboonsrup P, Carter RF, Benger A, Meyer R, Walker I, Wan Y, Patterson W, Orzel A, Sunisloe L, Leber B, Neame PB. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2001 May; 67(1): 34-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11279655

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Cervical leukocytosis and abnormal post-coital test: a diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Author(s): Matilsky M, Ben-Ami M, Geslevich Y, Eyali V, Shalev E. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1993 February; 8(2): 244-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8473428

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Characterization of R-type vitamin B12-binding proteins by isoelectric focusing. III. Cobalophilin (R protein) in myeloproliferative states and leukocytosis. Author(s): Stenman UH. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1975 March; 35(2): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1056618

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Chronic idiopathic leukocytosis. Author(s): Ward HN, Reinhard EH. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1971 August; 75(2): 193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5558646

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Chronic illness, leukocytosis and large mediastinal mass. Author(s): Chisholm JC Jr, Traad EA, Rich LM. Source: Dis Chest. 1969 February; 55(2): 173-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5775734

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Chronic leukocytosis and neutrophilia caused by rehabilitation stress in a clozapinetreated patient. Author(s): Seifritz E, Hemmeter U, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Poldinger W. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1993 May; 26(3): 99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8105497

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Chronic myelogenous leukemia with elevated leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, positive indirect Coombs' test, neutrophilic leukocytosis and unusual cytogenetical findings. Author(s): Grinblat J, Mammon Z, Lewitus Z, Joshua H. Source: Acta Haematologica. 1977; 57(5): 298-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=403733

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Clinicopathological study of involvement of granulocyte colony stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor in non-lymphohematopoietic malignant tumors accompanied by leukocytosis. Author(s): Kojima K, Nakashima F, Boku A, Muroishi Y, Nakanishi I, Oda Y. Source: Histology and Histopathology. 2002 October; 17(4): 1005-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12371127

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Clostridium difficile infection in patients with unexplained leukocytosis. Author(s): Wanahita A, Goldsmith EA, Marino BJ, Musher DM. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2003 November; 115(7): 543-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14599633

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Clozapine and leukocytosis. Author(s): Popli A, Pies R. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1995 August; 15(4): 286-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7593714

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Cohort study of fever and leukocytosis as diagnostic and prognostic indicators in infected surgical patients. Author(s): Crabtree TD, Pelletier SJ, Antevil JL, Gleason TG, Pruett TL, Sawyer RG. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 2001 June; 25(6): 739-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11376409

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Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: association of mortality with lack of fever and leukocytosis. Author(s): Ahkee S, Srinath L, Ramirez J. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1997 March; 90(3): 296-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9076300

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Comparison of agents producing a neutrophilic leukocytosis in man. Hydrocortisone, prednisone, endotoxin, and etiocholanolone. Author(s): Dale DC, Fauci AS, Guerry D IV, Wolff SM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1975 October; 56(4): 808-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1159089

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Conditions associated with leukocytosis in a tertiary care hospital, with particular attention to the role of infection caused by clostridium difficile. Author(s): Wanahita A, Goldsmith EA, Musher DM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 June 15; 34(12): 1585-92. Epub 2002 May 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12032893

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Constitutional t(8;22) in a patient with myasthenia gravis, leukocytosis, and thrombocytosis. Author(s): Keung YK, Knovich MA, Molnar I, Pettenati M. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 2004 January 1; 148(1): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14697649

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Correlation of pseudohypoxemia and leukocytosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Author(s): Gorski TF, Ajemian M, Hussain E, Talhouk A, Ruskin G, Hanna A, Jacobs M. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1999 August; 92(8): 817-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10456725

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Cranial irradiation in the management of extreme leukemic leukocytosis complicating childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. Author(s): Gilchrist GS, Fountain KS, Dearth JC, Smithson WA, Burgert EO Jr. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1981 February; 98(2): 257-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6936549

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Cyclic eosinophilic leukocytosis in eosinophilic leukemia with observations on transcobalamin I and eosinophils. Author(s): Adrouny A, Seraydarian A, Levine AM, Hungerford GF, Carmel R. Source: Cancer. 1984 October 1; 54(7): 1374-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6205742

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Cyclic leukocytosis and long survival in chronic myeloid leukemia. Author(s): Inbal A, Akstein E, Barak I, Meytes D, Many A. Source: Acta Haematologica. 1983; 69(5): 353-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6404119

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Cyclic leukocytosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia: new perspectives on pathogenesis and therapy. Author(s): Gatti RA, Robinson WA, Deinard AS, Nesbit M, McCullough JJ, Ballow M, Good RA. Source: Blood. 1973 June; 41(6): 771-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4514501

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Cytokine profiles in cerebrospinal fluid of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with cryptococcal meningitis: no leukocytosis despite high interleukin-8 levels. University of Zimbabwe Meningitis Group. Author(s): Chaka W, Heyderman R, Gangaidzo I, Robertson V, Mason P, Verhoef J, Verheul A, Hoepelman AI. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1997 December; 176(6): 1633-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9395381

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Delayed leukocytosis after hard strength and endurance exercise: aspects of regulatory mechanisms. Author(s): Risoy BA, Raastad T, Hallen J, Lappegard KT, Baeverfjord K, Kravdal A, Siebke EM, Benestad HB. Source: Bmc Physiology [electronic Resource]. 2003 December 11; 3(1): 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14667246

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Determination of blood gases in children with extreme leukocytosis. Author(s): Shohat M, Schonfeld T, Zaizoz R, Cohen IJ, Nitzan M. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1988 August; 16(8): 787-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3396373

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Determination of leukocytosis in traumatic spinal tap specimens. Author(s): Mayefsky JH, Roghmann KJ. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 June; 82(6): 1175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3605134

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Diagnosis and outcome of 100 consecutive patients with extreme granulocytic leukocytosis. Author(s): Reding MT, Hibbs JR, Morrison VA, Swaim WR, Filice GA. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1998 January; 104(1): 12-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9528714

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Differential leukocytosis and lymphocyte mitogenic response to acute maximal exercise in the young and old. Author(s): Ceddia MA, Price EA, Kohlmeier CK, Evans JK, Lu Q, McAuley E, Woods JA. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1999 June; 31(6): 829-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10378910

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Early age onset of hairy cell leukemia presenting with leukocytosis. Author(s): Shibayama H, Machii T, Yamaguchi M, Tokumine Y, Kitani T. Source: International Journal of Hematology. 1996 October; 64(3-4): 287-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8923794

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Early leukocytosis in trauma patients: what difference does it make? Author(s): Chang DC, Cornwell EE 3rd, Phillips J, Paradise J, Campbell K. Source: Current Surgery. 2003 November-December; 60(6): 632-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14972206

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Early mortality and the retinoic acid syndrome in acute promyelocytic leukemia: impact of leukocytosis, low-dose chemotherapy, PMN/RAR-alpha isoform, and CD13 expression in patients treated with all-trans retinoic acid. Author(s): Vahdat L, Maslak P, Miller WH Jr, Eardley A, Heller G, Scheinberg DA, Warrell RP Jr. Source: Blood. 1994 December 1; 84(11): 3843-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7949141

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Effect of chronic beta-adrenergic blockade on exercise-induced leukocytosis. Author(s): Rocker L, Franz IW. Source: Klin Wochenschr. 1986 March 17; 64(6): 270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3713102

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Effect of leukocytosis at initial examination on prognosis in patients with primary unstable angina. Author(s): Lloyd-Jones DM, Camargo CA Jr, Giugliano RP, O'Donnell CJ. Source: American Heart Journal. 2000 May; 139(5): 867-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10783221

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Effect of marked peripheral leukocytosis on the leukocyte count in ascites. Author(s): Antillon MR, Runyon BA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1991 March; 151(3): 509-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2001133

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Empiric chest radiographs in febrile children with leukocytosis. Author(s): Baraff LJ. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1999 April; 33(4): 480. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10092739

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Epinephrine-induced leukocytosis in acute asthma. Author(s): Enberg R, McCullough J, Ownby D. Source: Ann Allergy. 1986 November; 57(5): 337-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3777532

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Erythrocytosis and marked leukocytosis in overlapping myeloproliferative diseases. Author(s): Shenkenberg TD, Waddell CC, Rice L. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1982 July; 75(7): 868-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6953606

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Erythropoietin-independent colonies of red blood cells and leukocytosis in a worker exposed to low levels of benzene. Author(s): Froom P, Dyerassi L, Cassel A, Aghai E. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 1994 August; 20(4): 306-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7801077

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Establishment of a clonal cell line producing granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and parathyroid hormone-related protein from a lung cancer patient with leukocytosis and hypercalcemia. Author(s): Asahi Y, Kubonishi I, Imamura J, Kamioka M, Matsushita H, Furihata M, Ohtsuki Y, Miyoshi I. Source: Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann. 1996 May; 87(5): 451-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8641981

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Establishment of large cell lung cancer cell lines secreting hematopoietic factors inducing leukocytosis and thrombocytosis. Author(s): Kimura H, Yamaguchi Y, Sun L, Iwagami S, Sugita K. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1992 October; 22(5): 313-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1281895

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Evidence that tumor necrosis factor plays a pathogenetic role in the paraneoplastic syndromes of cachexia, hypercalcemia, and leukocytosis in a human tumor in nude mice. Author(s): Yoneda T, Alsina MA, Chavez JB, Bonewald L, Nishimura R, Mundy GR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1991 March; 87(3): 977-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1999505

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Excess leukocytosis (leukemoid reactions) associated with malignant diseases. Author(s): McKee LC Jr. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1985 December; 78(12): 1475-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3877987

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Excessive dependence on the leukocytosis cue in diagnosing appendicitis. Author(s): English DC, Allen W, Coppola ED, Sher A. Source: The American Surgeon. 1977 June; 43(6): 399-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=869331

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Exercise leukocytosis with and without beta-adrenergic blockade. Author(s): Ahlborg B, Ahlborg G. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1970 April; 187(4): 241-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5447088

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Explanation for apparent hypoxemia associated with extreme leukocytosis: leukocytic oxygen consumption. Author(s): Chillar RK, Belman MJ, Farbstein M. Source: Blood. 1980 June; 55(6): 922-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7378581

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Extreme granulocytic leukocytosis. Author(s): Tashima CK. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1998 October; 105(4): 359. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9809703

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Extreme leukemic leukocytosis (blast crisis) in childhood. Author(s): Dearth JC, Fountain KS, Smithson WA, Burgert EO Jr, Gilchrist GS. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1978 April; 53(4): 207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=273132

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Extreme leukocytosis in patients presenting to a pediatric emergency department. Author(s): Mazur LJ, Kline MW, Lorin MI. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1991 August; 7(4): 215-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1758774

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Extreme leukocytosis successfully managed by double-volume exchange transfusion in an infant with T-cell leukemia. Author(s): Dickerman JD. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1982 July; 136(7): 643-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6979923

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Extreme leukocytosis without hematologic malignancy. Author(s): Orio KE, Heller BJ, Osswald M. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2002 December; 95(12): 1457-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12597320

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False hypoxemia induced by leukocytosis. Author(s): Rello J, Benito S, Triginer C, Net A. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1989 September; 17(9): 970. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2766778

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Familial cold urticaria. A generalized reaction involving leukocytosis. Author(s): Tindall JP, Beeker SK, Rosse WF. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1969 August; 124(2): 129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5797070

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Fat droplets and synovial fluid leukocytosis in traumatic arthritis. Author(s): Graham J, Goldman JA. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1978 January-February; 21(1): 76-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=623698

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Fecal leukocytosis, indium-111-labelled autologous polymorphonuclear leukocyte abdominal scanning, and quantitative fecal indium-111 excretion in acute gastroenteritis and enteropathogen carriage. Author(s): Kordossis T, Joseph AE, Gane JN, Bridges CE, Griffin GE. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1988 November; 33(11): 1383-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3180975

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Fever and leukocytosis in acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Cooper C. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1987 September; 79(9): 911-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3669085

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Fever and leukocytosis related to terconazole vaginal suppository. Author(s): Hyder SS, Manjon JE, Gantz NM. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1994 July; 87(7): 762-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8023214

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Fever and leukocytosis: physical manifestations of bipolar affective disorder? Author(s): Kronfol Z, Hamdan-Allen G, Black DW. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1988; 12(6): 887-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3241871

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Fever, leukocytosis and skin ulcerations in a four-month-old male. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD). Author(s): Ariue B, Janner D. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1996 September; 15(9): 840-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8878236

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Fever, leukocytosis, and an enlarging flank mass. Author(s): Natelson EA, Fred HL. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1994 April 15; 29(4): 33-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8144724

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Fever, leukocytosis, and referred thigh pain. Author(s): Dyer KA. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1996 January; 164(1): 81-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8779218

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Fever, leukocytosis, and sedimentation rate in acute MI. Author(s): Duke M. Source: American Heart Journal. 1979 February; 97(2): 273. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=760465

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Frequency of the hypercalcemia-leukocytosis syndrome in oral malignancies. Author(s): Yoneda T, Nishimura R, Kato I, Ohmae M, Takita M, Sakuda M. Source: Cancer. 1991 August 1; 68(3): 617-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2065282

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Granulopoietic inhibitors excreted in the urine of a patient with uterine cancer and marked leukocytosis. Author(s): Ishii Y, Shinoda M, Nara N, Hirashima K, Shikita M. Source: Experimental Hematology. 1982 April; 10(4): 315-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6980133

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Haemostatic and fibrinolytic parameters in septic patients with leukopenia or leukocytosis. Author(s): Saito M, Asakura H, Jokaji H, Uotani C, Kumabashiri I, Morishita E, Yamazaki M, Yoshida T, Aoshima K, Matsuda T. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 1995 March; 54(3): 176-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7720838

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Hearing loss and leukocytosis. Author(s): Lossos IS, Berger S, Gomori M, Leibovich G, Matzner Y. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1996 March; 72(845): 183-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8731715

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Hemoglobin in samples with leukocytosis can be measured on ABL 700 series blood gas analyzers. Author(s): Scharnhorst V, Van De Laar PJ, Vader HL. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2003 December; 49(12): 2107-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14633895

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Heparin-coated materials limit the shear stress-induced leukocytosis after cardiopulmonary bypass. Author(s): Ranucci M. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1994 December; 58(6): 1790-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7979768

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Hepatocellular carcinoma presenting with pyrexia and leukocytosis: report of five cases. Author(s): Okuda K, Kondo Y, Nakano M, Kage M, Arakawa M, Kojiro M, Ohtsuki T, Shimokawa Y, Hirata M, Kohno K. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1991 April; 13(4): 695-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1849115

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Herpes simplex encephalitis without CSF leukocytosis. Author(s): Schlageter N, Jubelt B, Vick NA. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1984 September; 41(9): 1007-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6477225

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High concentration of leptin stimulates myeloid differentiation from human bone marrow CD34+ progenitors: potential involvement in leukocytosis of obese subjects. Author(s): Laharrague P, Oppert JM, Brousset P, Charlet JP, Campfield A, Fontanilles AM, Guy-Grand B, Corberand JX, Penicaud L, Casteilla L. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2000 September; 24(9): 1212-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11033993

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Hypercalcemia-leukocytosis syndrome associated with lung cancer. Author(s): Hiraki A, Ueoka H, Takata I, Gemba K, Bessho A, Segawa Y, Kiura K, Eguchi K, Yoneda T, Tanimoto M, Harada M. Source: Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2004 March; 43(3): 301-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15165088

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Hyperkeratosis and leukocytosis in transgenic mice carrying MHC class I chainrelated gene B (MICB). Author(s): Nomura E, Sato M, Suemizu H, Watanabe T, Kimura T, Yabuki K, Goto K, Ito N, Bahram S, Inoko H, Mizuki N, Ohno S, Kimura M. Source: Tissue Antigens. 2003 April; 61(4): 300-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12753668

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Hyperlactatemia associated with pustular psoriasis and leukocytosis. Author(s): Yung CW, Ell SR, Soltani K, Lorincz AL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1982 June; 118(6): 432-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7092256

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Hypocomplementemia and leukocytosis in diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. Author(s): Robson WL, Leung AK, Fick GH, McKenna AI. Source: Nephron. 1992; 62(3): 296-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1436342

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Identification of colony-stimulating factor activity in patients with malignant tumors associated with excessive leukocytosis. Author(s): Nakamura K, Takahashi T, Tsuyuoka R, Ueda Y, Suzuki A, Okuno Y, Ihara Y, Seko S, Okada T, Kumagai N, et al. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1991 December; 21(6): 395-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1666658

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Impact of solid organ transplantation and immunosuppression on fever, leukocytosis, and physiologic response during bacterial and fungal infections. Author(s): Sawyer RG, Crabtree TD, Gleason TG, Antevil JL, Pruett TL. Source: Clinical Transplantation. 1999 June; 13(3): 260-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10383107

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Implications of asymptomatic endocervical leukocytosis in infertility. Author(s): Ou MC, Su CS. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2000; 49(2): 124-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10671821

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Implications of leukocytosis and fever at conclusion of antibiotic therapy for intraabdominal sepsis. Author(s): Lennard ES, Dellinger EP, Wertz MJ, Minshew BH. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1982 January; 195(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7055379

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Increased toxicity of tumor necrosis factor/gamma interferon in patients with leukocytosis. Author(s): Fiedler W, Gotz G, Weh HJ, Hossfeld DK. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1988 November; 6(11): 1787-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3141593

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Infectious mononucleosis presenting as acute hepatitis, with marked leukocytosis and renal involvement. Author(s): Khanna S, Kumar A. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2003 March-April; 22(2): 62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12696827

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Inhibition of granulocyte adherence by lithium: possible relationship to lithiuminduced leukocytosis. Author(s): MacGregor RR, Dyson WL. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1980; 127: 347-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7405727

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Internal tandem duplication of FLT3 associated with leukocytosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia Study Group of the Ministry of Health and Welfare (Kohseisho). Author(s): Kiyoi H, Naoe T, Yokota S, Nakao M, Minami S, Kuriyama K, Takeshita A, Saito K, Hasegawa S, Shimodaira S, Tamura J, Shimazaki C, Matsue K, Kobayashi H, Arima N, Suzuki R, Morishita H, Saito H, Ueda R, Ohno R. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1997 September; 11(9): 1447-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9305596

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Interpretation of cyclic leukocytosis. Author(s): Wheldon TE, Kirk J. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1972 September 28; 287(13): 669-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4507162

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Intra-articular corticosteroid-induced peripheral leukocytosis. Author(s): Salomon F, Weinberger A, Levy L, Gelber M, Pinkhas J. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1986 May; 22(5): 408-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3744790

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Is leukocytosis a predictor of mortality in severe pertussis infection? Author(s): Pierce C, Klein N, Peters M. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2000 October; 26(10): 1512-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11126265

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Leukocytosis

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Jaundice and leukocytosis in a postpartum patient. Author(s): Staszewski H. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1989 November 15; 24(11): 131, 134. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2509497

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Joint fluid leukocytosis of patient with rheumatoid arthritis Computer analysis of possible explanative factors. Author(s): Norberg B, Bjelle A, Eriksson S. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1983 March; 2(1): 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6678682

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Joint fluid leukocytosis of patients with rheumatoid arthritis evidence for neutrophil and monocyte chemotaxis in vivo. Author(s): Norberg B, Bjelle A, Eriksson S. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1983 September; 2(3): 237-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6678697

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Ki-1 lymphoma with nodular involvement in liver and spleen: possible role of cytokines in systemic manifestation of fever and leukocytosis. Author(s): Harada Y, Yamada S, Murakami S, Mine S, Momosaka Y, Tsukada J, Morimoto I, Eto S. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2000 November; 45(11): 2240-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11215747

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Leflunomide induced fevers, thrombocytosis, and leukocytosis in a patient with relapsing polychondritis. Author(s): Koenig AS, Abruzzo JL. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 January; 29(1): 192-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11824960

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Letter: Leukocytosis in acute appendicitis. Author(s): Hyman P. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1975 March 3; 231(9): 916. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1173096

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Letter: Lithium and leukocytosis. Author(s): Greco FA. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1976 January; 84(1): 102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1244789

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Letter: Periodontitis and leukocytosis. Author(s): Berman CL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1974 August 15; 291(7): 366. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4852885

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Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis: "hairy cell leukemia," functional and structural features of the abnormal cell in a patient with profound leukocytosis. Author(s): Boldt DH, Speckart SF, MacDermott RP, Nash GS, Valeski JE. Source: Blood. 1977 May; 49(5): 745-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=139955

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Leukocyte adhesion deficiency presenting with recurrent otitis media and persistent leukocytosis. Author(s): Voss LM, Rhodes KH. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1992 July; 31(7): 442-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1352192

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Leukocyte response to somatostatin in normals and patients with bacterial leukocytosis. Author(s): Zierden E, Hengst K, Wagner H. Source: Klin Wochenschr. 1977 May 15; 55(10): 503-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=875314

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Leukocytosis after posttraumatic splenectomy: a physiologic event or sign of sepsis? Author(s): Toutouzas KG, Velmahos GC, Kaminski A, Chan L, Demetriades D. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2002 August; 137(8): 924-8; Discussion 928-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12146991

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Leukocytosis and adverse hospital outcomes after acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Menon V, Lessard D, Yarzebski J, Furman MI, Gore JM, Goldberg RJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 August 15; 92(4): 368-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12914863

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Leukocytosis and artifactual hypoglycemia. Author(s): Goodenow TJ, Malarkey WB. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1977 May 2; 237(18): 1961-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=576709

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Leukocytosis and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Author(s): Bartlett JG. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 November; 95(11): 3023-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11095311

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Leukocytosis and fibrinolytic activity of the blood in leukemic patients. Author(s): Lisiewicz I, Moszczynski P. Source: Rev Roum Med Intern. 1975; 13(1): 37-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1061985

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Leukocytosis and free fluid are important indicators of isolated intestinal injury after blunt trauma. Author(s): Harris HW, Morabito DJ, Mackersie RC, Halvorsen RA, Schecter WP. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1999 April; 46(4): 656-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10217230

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Leukocytosis and hyperleptinemia in obesity: is there a link? Author(s): Perfetto F, Mancuso F, Tarquini R. Source: Haematologica. 2002 May; 87(5): Elt25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12010685

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Leukocytosis and hypoalbuminemia in mixed bipolar states: evidence for immune activation. Author(s): Cassidy F, Wilson WH, Carroll BJ. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2002 January; 105(1): 60-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12086227

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Leukocytosis and large cell lung cancer. A frequent association. Author(s): Ascensao JL, Oken MM, Ewing SL, Goldberg RJ, Kaplan ME. Source: Cancer. 1987 August 15; 60(4): 903-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3036338

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Leukocytosis and left shift associated with quinidine fever. Author(s): Bedell SE, Kang JL. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1984 August; 77(2): 345-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6465180

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Leukocytosis and low serum IgA in workers exposed to the epoxy compound, tmethyl-3-phenylglycidate. Author(s): Yamada Y, Kido T, Ishizaki M, Honda R, Tsuritani I, Yamaya H, Nogawa K. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1988; 60(1): 7-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2965109

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Leukocytosis and natural killer cell function parallel neurobehavioral fatigue induced by 64 hours of sleep deprivation. Author(s): Dinges DF, Douglas SD, Zaugg L, Campbell DE, McMann JM, Whitehouse WG, Orne EC, Kapoor SC, Icaza E, Orne MT. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1994 May; 93(5): 1930-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7910171

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Leukocytosis and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Author(s): Parkinson D, Stephensen S. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1984 February; 21(2): 132-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6701748

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Leukocytosis and the retinoic acid syndrome in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with arsenic trioxide. Author(s): Camacho LH, Soignet SL, Chanel S, Ho R, Heller G, Scheinberg DA, Ellison R, Warrell RP Jr. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2000 July; 18(13): 2620-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10893295

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Leukocytosis as a harbinger and surrogate marker of Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients with diarrhea. Author(s): Bulusu M, Narayan S, Shetler K, Triadafilopoulos G. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 November; 95(11): 3137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11095331

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Leukocytosis as an independent risk factor for cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Author(s): McGirt MJ, Mavropoulos JC, McGirt LY, Alexander MJ, Friedman AH, Laskowitz DT, Lynch JR. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 June; 98(6): 1222-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12816268

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Leukocytosis associated with all-trans-retinoic acid therapy in metastatic non-smallcell lung cancer. Author(s): Kahn MJ, Luginbuhl W, Gaines L, Bratschi J, Bavaria J, Kaiser L, Treat J. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1992 November 4; 84(21): 1669-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1331480

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Leukocytosis associated with and localized bladder cancer: resolution with radiation therapy. Author(s): Georgilis K, Athanassiades P. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1999 May; 161(5): 1567. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10210403

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Leukocytosis at termination of antibiotic therapy: its importance for intra-abdominal sepsis. Author(s): Lennard ES, Minshew BH, Dellinger EP, Wertz M. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1980 August; 115(8): 918-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7396700

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Leukocytosis caused by prostaglandin E1 in neonates. Author(s): Arav-Boger R, Baggett HC, Spevak PJ, Willoughby RE. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 February; 138(2): 263-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11174627

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Leukocytosis due to adrenal metastases from malignant melanoma: reversal after bilateral adrenalectomy with long-term survival. Author(s): Carey RW, Kunz VS. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1988 March; 27(3): 228-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3348209

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Leukocytosis during lithium treatment and its correlation to serum lithium level. Author(s): Watanabe S, Taguchi K, Nakashima Y, Ebara T, Iguchi K. Source: Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn. 1974; 28(3): 161-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4435674

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Leukocytosis during lithium treatment. Author(s): Murphy DL, Goodwin FK, Bunney WE Jr. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1971 May; 127(11): 1559-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5551533

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Leukocytosis during long-term lithium treatment. Author(s): Yassa R. Source: N Y State J Med. 1981 September; 81(10): 1479-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6792575

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Leukocytosis during steroid therapy. Author(s): John TJ. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1966 January; 111(1): 68-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5900287

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Leukocytosis following intravenous phenylpropanolamine use--possible association. Author(s): Paulman PM, Commers J, Goode DL. Source: Nebr Med J. 1986 February; 71(2): 40-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3951645

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Leukocytosis in acute appendicitis. Observed racial difference. Author(s): Hyman P, Westring DW. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1974 September 16; 229(12): 1630-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4408297

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Leukocytosis in acute pulmonary embolism. Author(s): Afzal A, Noor HA, Gill SA, Brawner C, Stein PD. Source: Chest. 1999 May; 115(5): 1329-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10334148

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Leukocytosis in children with Escherichia coli O157:H7 enteritis developing the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Author(s): Buteau C, Proulx F, Chaibou M, Raymond D, Clermont MJ, Mariscalco MM, Lebel MH, Seidman E. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2000 July; 19(7): 642-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10917223

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Leukocytosis in hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Author(s): Salzman MB, Ettenger RB, Cherry JD. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1991 June; 10(6): 470-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1852544

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Leukocytosis in infection. Author(s): Zubler MA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1987 February; 147(2): 197. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3813721

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Leukocytosis in labor: what are its implications? Author(s): Molberg P, Johnson C, Brown TS. Source: Fam Pract Res J. 1994 September; 14(3): 229-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7976474

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Leukocytosis in non hematological malignancies--a possible tumor-associated marker. Author(s): Shoenfeld Y, Tal A, Berliner S, Pinkhas J. Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 1986; 111(1): 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3949851

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Leukocytosis in pharyngitis due to group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus. Author(s): Lund MH. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1986 July; 79(7): 909-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3523771

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Leukocytosis in response to exogenous gonadotrophin stimulation. Author(s): Hock DL, Huhn RD, Kemmann E. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1997 October; 12(10): 2143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9402270

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Leukocytosis induced by exercise. Author(s): Steel JM, Steel CM, Johnstone FD. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 October 31; 295(6606): 11356. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3120910

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Leukocytosis induced by plasma exchange. Author(s): Bedo Z, Sipka S, Csipo I, Kormos T, Lebedin JS, Shmushkovich BJ, Chuchalin AG, Szegedi G. Source: Acta Med Hung. 1991; 48(3-4): 219-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1822860

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Leukocytosis is a poor indicator of acute osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Armstrong DG, Lavery LA, Sariaya M, Ashry H. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 1996 July-August; 35(4): 280-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8872749

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Leukocytosis is proportional to HELLP syndrome severity: evidence for an inflammatory form of preeclampsia. Author(s): Terrone DA, Rinehart BK, May WL, Moore A, Magann EF, Martin JN Jr. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2000 August; 93(8): 768-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10963506

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Leukocytosis of exercise: role of cardiac output and catecholamines. Author(s): Foster NK, Martyn JB, Rangno RE, Hogg JC, Pardy RL. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1986 December; 61(6): 2218-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3804928

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Leukocytosis related to the therapeutic dosage of sulpiride. Author(s): Levkovitz H, Abramovitch Y, Nitzan I. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1994 June 15; 35(12): 963. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8080896

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Leukocytosis, hyperglycemia, vomiting, and positive X-rays are not indicators of severity of iron overdose in adults. Author(s): Palatnick W, Tenenbein M. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1996 September; 14(5): 454-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8765107

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Leukocytosis, hypoalbuminemia, and the risk for chronic kidney disease in US adults. Author(s): Erlinger TP, Tarver-Carr ME, Powe NR, Appel LJ, Coresh J, Eberhardt MS, Brancati FL. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2003 August; 42(2): 256-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12900806

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Leukocytosis, monocytosis and neutrophilia: hallmarks of severe depression. Author(s): Maes M, Van der Planken M, Stevens WJ, Peeters D, DeClerck LS, Bridts CH, Schotte C, Cosyns P. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1992 April; 26(2): 125-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1613679

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Leukocytosis: a new look at an old marker for acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Green SM, Vowels J, Waterman B, Rothrock SG, Kuniyoshi G. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 1996 November; 3(11): 1034-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8922012

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Leukocytosis: basics of clinical assessment. Author(s): Abramson N, Melton B. Source: American Family Physician. 2000 November 1; 62(9): 2053-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11087187

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Leukocytosis: side effect of lithium. Author(s): Jim RT. Source: Blood. 1979 May; 53(5): 1031. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=285732

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Leukocytosis-induced artifactual hypoglycemia. Author(s): Ybarra J, Isern J. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2003 August; 50(4): 481-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14599125

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Lithium and leukocytosis. Author(s): Shopsin B, Friedmann R, Gershon S. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1971 November-December; 12(6): 9238. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5134995

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Lithium carbonate and leukocytosis. Author(s): Lapierre G, Stewart RB. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1980 November; 37(11): 1525-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7211857

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Lithium leukocytosis, and leukemia: the probable influence of biologic plausibility on clinical concern. Author(s): Leber P. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1981 April; 17(2): 10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7244058

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Marked cyclic leukocytosis-leukopenia in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Author(s): Rodriguez AR, Lutcher CL. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1976 June; 60(7): 1041-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1084692

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Marked mature neutrophilic leukocytosis: a leukemoid variant associated with malignancy. Author(s): Eichenhorn MS, Van Slyck EJ. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1982 November-December; 284(3): 32-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7148888

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Mechanisms and mediators of neutrophilic leukocytosis. Author(s): Jagels MA, Hugli TE. Source: Immunopharmacology. 1994 July-August; 28(1): 1-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7928299

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Methylprednisolone-induced neutrophil leukocytosis--down-modulation of neutrophil L-selectin and Mac-1 expression and induction of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor. Author(s): Crockard AD, Boylan MT, Droogan AG, McMillan SA, Hawkins SA. Source: International Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Research. 1998; 28(2): 110-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9689553

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Murine gamma-herpesvirus-68-induced IL-12 contributes to the control of latent viral burden, but also contributes to viral-mediated leukocytosis. Author(s): Elsawa SF, Bost KL. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2004 January 1; 172(1): 516-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14688362

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Neonatal leukocytosis associated with prenatal administration of dexamethasone. Author(s): Otero L, Conlon C, Reynolds P, Duval-Arnould B, Golden SM. Source: Pediatrics. 1981 December; 68(6): 778-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7322713

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Neutrophil gelatinase B and chemokines in leukocytosis and stem cell mobilization. Author(s): Starckx S, Van den Steen PE, Wuyts A, Van Damme J, Opdenakker G. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2002 February; 43(2): 233-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11999552

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New insights in the regulation of leukocytosis and the role played by leukocytes in septic shock. Author(s): Opdenakker G. Source: Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg. 2001; 63(6): 531-8; Discussion 538-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11813508

42

Leukocytosis

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No significant leukocytosis under controlled ovarian stimulation using the LHRH antagonist Cetrorelix and recFSH. Author(s): Ludwig M, Strik D, Felberbaum R, Al-Hasani S, Diedrich K. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2000 April; 89(2): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10725579

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Noninfectious ascitic fluid leukocytosis associated with penetrating duodenal ulcer. Author(s): Harty RF, Steinberg WM. Source: Am J Dig Dis. 1978 December; 23(12): 1132-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=736019

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Normal arterial oxygen saturation with the ear oximeter in patients with leukemia and leukocytosis. Author(s): Loke J, Duffy TP. Source: Cancer. 1984 April 15; 53(8): 1767-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6697315

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Nutropin or neupogen? A medication error resulting in leukocytosis. Author(s): Wiener SW, Liu S, Nelson LS, Hoffman RS. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2004 April; 38(4): 721. Epub 2004 February 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14766997

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Occult pneumonias in febrile children with leukocytosis. Author(s): Panacek EA. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1999 November; 34(5): 683-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10533022

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Occult pneumonias: empiric chest radiographs in febrile children with leukocytosis. Author(s): Bachur R, Perry H, Harper MB. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1999 February; 33(2): 166-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9922412

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Occurrence of hypercalcemia and leukocytosis with cachexia in a human squamous cell carcinoma of the maxilla in athymic nude mice: a novel experimental model of three concomitant paraneoplastic syndromes. Author(s): Yoneda T, Aufdemorte TB, Nishimura R, Nishikawa N, Sakuda M, Alsina MM, Chavez JB, Mundy GR. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1991 March; 9(3): 468-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1999718

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Paraneoplastic syndrome of hypercalcemia and leukocytosis caused by squamous carcinoma cells (T3M-1) producing parathyroid hormone-related protein, interleukin 1 alpha, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Author(s): Sato K, Fujii Y, Kakiuchi T, Kasono K, Imamura H, Kondo Y, Mano H, Okabe T, Asano S, Takaku F, et al. Source: Cancer Research. 1989 September 1; 49(17): 4740-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2474371

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Paraneoplastic syndromes of leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, and hypercalcemia associated with squamous cell carcinoma. Author(s): Kato N, Yasukawa K, Onozuka T, Kimura K. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1999 June; 26(6): 352-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10405479

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Perigraft air, fever, and leukocytosis after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Author(s): Velazquez OC, Carpenter JP, Baum RA, Barker CF, Golden M, Criado F, Pyeron A, Fairman RM. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1999 September; 178(3): 185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10527435

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Peripheral leukocytosis in children with febrile seizures. Author(s): Mohebbi MR, Holden KR, Mohammadi M. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2004 January; 19(1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15032384

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Persistent neutrophilic leukocytosis associated with idiopathic functional asplenia. Author(s): Spencer RP, McPhedran P, Finch SC, Morgan WS. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1972 March; 13(3): 224-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5058244

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Persistent urethral leukocytosis and asymptomatic chlamydial urethritis. Author(s): Swartz SL, Kraus SJ. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1979 October; 140(4): 614-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=512420

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Leukocytosis

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Physiological leukocytosis during pregnancy is associated with changes in glucose transporter expression of maternal peripheral blood granulocytes and monocytes. Author(s): Korgun ET, Demir R, Sedlmayr P, Desoye G, Arikan G, Puerstner P, Haeusler M, Dohr G, Skofitsch G, Hahn T. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 2002 August; 48(2): 110-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12389600

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Plasma level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) correlates with leukocytosis and biological features of leukemic cells, but not treatment response of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Author(s): Potapnev MP, Petyovka NV, Belevtsev MV, Savitskiy VP, Migal NV. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2003 June; 44(6): 1077-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12854915

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Polymorphonuclear leukocytosis in patients with cholera. Author(s): Onyemelukwe GC, Kulkarni AG. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1986 September; 32(9): 224-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3652193

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Poor survival in t(8;21) (q22;q22)-associated acute myeloid leukaemia with leukocytosis. Author(s): Billstrom R, Johansson B, Fioretos T, Garwicz S, Malm C, Zettervall O, Mitelman F. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 1997 July; 59(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9260580

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Postoperative aggravation of hypercalcemia-leukocytosis syndrome in a case of squamous cell type cholangiocarcinoma. Author(s): Aizawa M, Koshiyama H, Inoue D, Fukunaga Y, Katakami H, Miki M, Mizuno Y. Source: Intern Med. 1997 March; 36(3): 232. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9144021

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Postoperative leukocytosis in morbidly obese patients: relationship to serum cholesterol. Author(s): Nanji AA, Freeman JB, Nair G. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1985 December; 20(4): 417-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4073016

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Prednisone-induced leukocytosis. Influence of dosage, method and duration of administration on the degree of leukocytosis. Author(s): Shoenfeld Y, Gurewich Y, Gallant LA, Pinkhas J. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1981 November; 71(5): 773-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7304648

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Pregnancy-induced leukocytosis in Yemenite Jews. Author(s): Shoenfeld Y, Shindel D, Neri A, Berliner S, Lusky A, Kaufman C, Pinkhas J. Source: Acta Haematologica. 1983; 70(3): 170-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6410643

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Presence of fever and leukocytosis in acute cholecystitis. Author(s): Gruber PJ, Silverman RA, Gottesfeld S, Flaster E. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1996 September; 28(3): 273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8780469

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Primary adenosquamous carcinoma of the liver which produces granulocyte-colonystimulating factor and parathyroid hormone related protein: association with leukocytosis and hypercalcemia. Author(s): Hayashi T, Mizuki A, Yamaguchi T, Hasegawa T, Kunihiro T, Tsukada N, Matsuoka K, Orikasa H, Yamazaki K. Source: Intern Med. 2001 July; 40(7): 631-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11506305

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Primary hemangiosarcoma of the spleen associated with leukocytosis and abnormal spleen scan. Author(s): Montemayor P, Caggiano V. Source: Int Surg. 1980 July-August; 65(4): 369-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7194868

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Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid associated with leukocytosis and hypercalcemia. Author(s): Riddle PE, Dincsoy HP. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1987 April; 111(4): 373-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3827545

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Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid associated with marked leukocytosis and hypercalcemia. Author(s): Saito K, Kuratomi Y, Yamamoto K, Saito T, Kuzuya T, Yoshida S, Moriyama SI, Takahashi A. Source: Cancer. 1981 November 1; 48(9): 2080-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7296515

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Leukocytosis

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Production and expression of granulocyte- and macrophage-colony-stimulating factors in newborns: their roles in leukocytosis at birth. Author(s): Ishii E, Masuyama T, Yamaguchi H, Saito S, Irie K, Nomiyama M, Motoyoshi K, Miyazaki S. Source: Acta Haematologica. 1995; 94(1): 23-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7544522

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Production of bone-resorbing activity and colony-stimulating activity in vivo and in vitro by a human squamous cell carcinoma associated with hypercalcemia and leukocytosis. Author(s): Sato K, Mimura H, Han DC, Kakiuchi T, Ueyama Y, Ohkawa H, Okabe T, Kondo Y, Ohsawa N, Tsushima T, et al. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1986 July; 78(1): 145-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3487554

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Production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in two patients with lung cancer, leukocytosis, and eosinophilia. Author(s): Sawyers CL, Golde DW, Quan S, Nimer SD. Source: Cancer. 1992 March 15; 69(6): 1342-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1540871

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Production of interleukin 1 alpha-like factor and colony-stimulating factor by a squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid (T3M-5) derived from a patient with hypercalcemia and leukocytosis. Author(s): Sato K, Fujii Y, Ono M, Nomura H, Shizume K. Source: Cancer Research. 1987 December 15; 47(24 Pt 1): 6474-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3499974

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Prognostic significance of marked leukocytosis in hospitalized patients. Author(s): Chang R, Wong GY. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 1991 May-June; 6(3): 199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2066822

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Propranolol affects stress-induced leukocytosis and cellular adhesion molecule expression. Author(s): Kuhlwein EC, Irwin MR, Ziegler MG, Woods VL, Kennedy B, Mills PJ. Source: European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001 December; 86(2): 135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11822472

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Prostatitis: especially concerning studies of leukocytosis in prostatic fluid and bacterial culture, and daily practice. Author(s): Nishimura T. Source: Nippon Ika Daigaku Zasshi. 1997 February; 64(1): 2-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9119948

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Pseudohyperkalemia and extreme leukocytosis. Author(s): Bellevue R, Dosik H, Spergel G, Gussoff BD. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1975 April; 85(4): 660-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1120932

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Pseudohyperkalemia and leukocytosis. Author(s): Dosik H. Source: Blood. 1977 October; 50(4): 749-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=901945

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Pseudohyperkalemia in extreme leukocytosis. Author(s): Colussi G, Cipriani D. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 1995; 15(5): 450-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7503149

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Pseudohyperkalemia occurring in a patient with chronic renal failure and polycythemia vera without severe leukocytosis or thrombocytosis. Author(s): Fukasawa H, Furuya R, Kato A, Yonemura K, Fujigaki Y, Yamamoto T, Hishida A. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2002 December; 58(6): 451-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12508968

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Pseudo-leukocytosis in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia may simulate chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Author(s): Montecucco C, Cherie-Ligniere EL, Ascari E. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1985 July-September; 3(3): 278-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4053444

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PTHrP-producing tumor: squamous cell carcinoma of the liver accompanied by humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, increased IL-6 and leukocytosis. Author(s): Asanuma N, Hagiwara K, Matsumoto I, Matsuda M, Nakamura F, Kouhara H, Miyamoto M, Miyashita Y, Noguchi S, Morimoto Y. Source: Intern Med. 2002 May; 41(5): 371-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12058886

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Leukocytosis

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Pustular psoriasiform eruption with leukocytosis associated with terbinafine. Author(s): Papa CA, Miller OF. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 July; 39(1): 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9674406

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Ranitidine and leukocytosis. Author(s): Gelwan JS, Schmitz RL, Pellecchia C. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1986 August; 81(8): 685-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3740030

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Rapidly relapsing squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis associated with paraneoplastic syndromes of leukocytosis, thrombocytosis and hypercalcemia. Author(s): Er O, Coskun HS, Altinbas M, Akgun H, Cetin M, Eser B, Unal A. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2001; 67(2): 175-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11490218

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Recombinant human GM-CSF induces leukocytosis and activates peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils in nonhuman primates. Author(s): Mayer P, Lam C, Obenaus H, Liehl E, Besemer J. Source: Blood. 1987 July; 70(1): 206-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3496133

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Recurrent fever, leukocytosis, and abdominal pain due to treatment with cimetidine. Author(s): Chia JK, Kim DO, Lebow RC. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 March; 18(3): 468-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8011837

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Relationship between leukocytosis and ischemic complications following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Author(s): Spallone A, Acqui M, Pastore FS, Guidetti B. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1987 March; 27(3): 253-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3810457

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Relationship between marked leukocytosis and urinary colony-stimulating activity (CSA) in a patient with carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Author(s): Nara N, Hirashima K. Source: Nippon Ketsueki Gakkai Zasshi. 1983 February; 46(1): 114-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6602447

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Retinal findings in adult leukaemia: correlation with leukocytosis. Author(s): Jackson N, Reddy SC, Hishamuddin M, Low HC. Source: Clinical and Laboratory Haematology. 1996 June; 18(2): 105-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8866143

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Salmonellosis with marked leukocytosis: a case of chronic myeloid leukaemia associated with Salmonella infection. Author(s): Wanvarie S, Limsuwan A, Tanphaichitr D. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1978 December; 9(4): 536-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=286422

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Secondary amyloidosis and the serum amyloid precursor in leprosy: geographical variation and association with leukocytosis. Author(s): McAdam KP, Anders RF, Aiken G, Takitaki FF. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1977 April-June; 45(2): 150-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=561759

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Severe hemolytic anemia and excessive leukocytosis masking mycoplasma pneumonia. Author(s): Daxbock F, Zedtwitz-Liebenstein K, Burgmann H, Graninger W. Source: Annals of Hematology. 2001 March; 80(3): 180-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11320906

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Severe leukocytosis with neutrophilia (leukemoid reaction) in alcoholic steatohepatitis. Author(s): Juturi JV, Hopkins T, Farhangi M. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1998 June; 93(6): 1013. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9647048

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Shiga bacillus dysentery associated with marked leukocytosis and erythrocyte fragmentation. Author(s): Rahaman MM, JamiulAlam AK, Islam MR, Greenough WB 3rd. Source: Johns Hopkins Med J. 1975 February; 136(2): 65-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1090770

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Significance of serum immunoglobulin G for leukocytosis and prognosis in childhood B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Author(s): Potapnev MP, Belevtsev MV, Bortkevich LG, Grinev VV, Martsev SP, Kravchuk ZI, Migal NV, Aleinikova OV. Source: Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 2004 May; 42(5): 421-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15049013

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Simultaneous uvulitis and epiglottitis without fever or leukocytosis. Author(s): Jerrard DA, Olshaker J. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1996 October; 14(6): 551-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8857802

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Smoking-induced leukocytosis can persist after cessation of smoking. Author(s): Kawada T. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2004 May-June; 35(3): 246-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15163468

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Spontaneous cyclic leukocytosis and thrombocytosis in chronic granulocytic leukemia. Author(s): Vodopick H, Rupp EM, Edwards CL, Goswitz FA, Beauchamp JJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1972 February 10; 286(6): 284-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4500260

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Spontaneous remission with cyclic leukocytosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Author(s): Yamauchi K, Ide A. Source: Acta Haematologica. 1992; 88(2-3): 136-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1466195

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Spurious hyperkalaemia associated with severe thrombocytosis and leukocytosis. Author(s): Ho AM, Woo JC, Kelton JG, Chiu L. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1991 July; 38(5): 613-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1934214

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Spurious leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia. A dual phenomenon caused by clumping of platelets in vitro. Author(s): Solanki DL, Blackburn BC. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983 November 11; 250(18): 2514-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6632146

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Spurious leukocytosis-simulating relapse of chronic myeloid leukemia after bone marrow transplant: possible relationship to hypercholesterolemia and hyperbilirubinemia. Author(s): Cobos E, Keung YK, Gilbert M, Morgan D. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1995 March; 48(3): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7864034

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Squamous cell carcinoma of the ureter with marked leukocytosis producing granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Author(s): Morita T, Izumi T, Shinohara N, Tokue A. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1995; 55(1): 32-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7571181

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Squamous cell carcinoma with hypercalcemia and leukocytosis. Author(s): Hayakawa Y, Ishizaki H, Tanabe S, Kimura A, Yamamichi N. Source: Dermatologica. 1986; 172(3): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2422067

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Studies on a leukocytosis-inducing antibiotic agent, Marimycin. Author(s): Soeda M. Source: Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi. 1968 June; 28(3): 377-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4884010

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Synovial fluid leukocytosis associated with intracellular lipid inclusions. Author(s): Weinstein J. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1980 April; 140(4): 560-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6244798

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Synovial fluid leukocytosis in bacterial arthritis vs. reactive arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in the adult knee. Author(s): Kortekangas P, Aro HT, Tuominen J, Toivanen A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1992; 21(6): 283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1475638

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Synovial fluid leukocytosis. A study of extremes. Author(s): Krey PR, Bailen DA. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1979 September; 67(3): 436-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=474588

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Synovial leukocytosis in infectious arthritis. Author(s): McCutchan HJ, Fisher RC. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1990 August; (257): 226-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2379361

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The changing face of leukocytosis. Author(s): Walker NJ, Perry MC. Source: Mo Med. 1987 November; 84(11): 697-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3506660

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The duration of febrile seizures and peripheral leukocytosis. Author(s): van Stuijvenberg M, Moll HA, Steyerberg EW, van Gijssel EN, Moons KG, Derksen-Lubsen G. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 October; 133(4): 557-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9787698

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The inflammation meter: novel technology to detect the presence of infection/inflammation in patients without leukocytosis but with increased leukocyte adhesiveness/aggregation. Author(s): Maharshak N, Kassirer M, Zeltser D, Rotstein R, Rogowski O, Shapira I, Deutsch V, Arber N, Eldor A, Berliner S. Source: Acta Haematologica. 2000; 104(1): 16-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11111116

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The leukocyte esterase test for detection of cerebrospinal fluid leukocytosis and bacterial meningitis. Author(s): DeLozier JS, Auerbach PS. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1989 November; 18(11): 1191-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2683900

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The level of serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in cancer patients with leukocytosis. Author(s): Shimasaki AK, Hirata K, Kawamura T, Kunibe N, Hirai K, Yoshimoto K, Hashimoto H, Nakahara Y, Mochizuki Y. Source: Intern Med. 1992 July; 31(7): 861-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1280490

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The molecular basis of leukocytosis. Author(s): Opdenakker G, Fibbe WE, Van Damme J. Source: Immunology Today. 1998 April; 19(4): 182-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9577095

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The prevalence and significance of leukocytosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Author(s): Chalasani N, Patel K, Clark WS, Wilcox CM. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1998 April; 315(4): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9537636

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The relationship between the levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and leukocytosis induced by all-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Author(s): Wu W, Sun G, Wu W, Zhou R, Li X, Shen Z, Wang Z. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1999 December; 112(12): 1085-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11721444

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Three cases of oral squamous cancer associated with leukocytosis, hypercalcemia, or both. Author(s): Yoneda T, Nishikawa N, Nishimura R, Kato I, Sakuda M. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1989 November; 68(5): 604-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2812715

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Transfusion-related leukocytosis in critically ill patients. Author(s): Izbicki G, Rudensky B, Na'amad M, Hershko C, Huerta M, Hersch M. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2004 February; 32(2): 439-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14758161

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Transient leukocytosis, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor plasma concentrations, and apoptosis determined by binding of annexin V by peripheral leukocytes in patients with severe sepsis. Author(s): Weiss M, Elsharkawi M, Welt K, Schneider EM. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 December; 1010: 742-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15033821

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Triple paraneoplastic syndrome of hypercalcemia, leukocytosis and cachexia in two human tumor xenografts in nude mice. Author(s): Tanaka R, Okada M, Kajimura N, Otsubo K, Gyotoku M, Nagasaki K, Ekimoto H, Yamaguchi K. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1996 April; 26(2): 88-94. Erratum In: Jpn J Clin Oncol 1996 June; 26(3): 194. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8609700

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Tumor-related leukocytosis is linked with poor prognosis in patients with lung carcinoma. Author(s): Kasuga I, Makino S, Kiyokawa H, Katoh H, Ebihara Y, Ohyashiki K. Source: Cancer. 2001 November 1; 92(9): 2399-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11745296

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Uncommon syndromes and treatment manifestations of malignancy: Case 2. Metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer presenting with leukocytosis. Author(s): Ganti AK, Potti A, Mehdi S. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 January 1; 21(1): 168-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12506187

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Unexpected leukocytosis in a preoperative patient. Author(s): McLaren BK, Muldoon R, Veillon DM, Nordberg ML, Weinberger B, Cotelingam JD. Source: J La State Med Soc. 2002 January-February; 154(1): 17-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11892878

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Unreliability of fever and leukocytosis in the diagnosis of infection after cardiac valve surgery. Author(s): Bell DM, Goldmann DA, Hopkins CC, Karchmer AW, Moellering RC Jr. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1978 January; 75(1): 87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=619180

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Unusual leukocytosis with eosinophilia by an allergic disease. Author(s): Mohri H, Motomura S, Okubo T. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1998 January; 57(1): 90-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9423828

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Utility of fever and leukocytosis in acute surgical abdomens in octogenarians and beyond. Author(s): Potts FE 4th, Vukov LF. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 1999 February; 54(2): M55-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10051855

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LEUKOCYTOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and leukocytosis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Leukocytosis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “leukocytosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “leukocytosis” (or a synonym): •

Thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis induced by single intravenous injections of cadmium-saturated metallothioneins-I and -II in rats. Author(s): Department of Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Higashi-Nippon-Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan. Source: Hayashi, T Sudo, J J-Toxicol-Sci. 1992 May; 17(2): 31-9 0388-1350

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Transfusion medicine illustrated. White out: extreme leukocytosis treated with WBC reduction. Author(s): Indiana University Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5283, USA. Source: McCarthy, Leo J Houseworth, Julie Danielson, Constance Transfusion. 2002 June; 42(6): 663 0041-1132

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LEUKOCYTOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to leukocytosis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to leukocytosis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “leukocytosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to leukocytosis: •

Acute myocardial infarction as the presenting symptom of acute myeloblastic leukemia with extreme hyperleukocytosis. Author(s): Cohen Y, Amir G, Da'as N, Gillis S, Rund D, Polliack A. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2002 September; 71(1): 47-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12221675

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Catecholamine-induced leukocytosis: early observations, current research, and future directions. Author(s): Benschop RJ, Rodriguez-Feuerhahn M, Schedlowski M. Source: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 1996 June; 10(2): 77-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8811932

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Hyperleukocytosis before the beginning of treatment in acute leukaemia in children and its subsequent repetition at the onset of relapses. Author(s): Armata J.

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Source: Haematologia. 1970; 4(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5287872 •

Leukocytosis in mice following therapy with a novel antitumor agent, RA-700. Author(s): Kato T, Suzumura Y, Liu FZ, Tateno H, Ogiu T, Ota K. Source: Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann. 1989 March; 80(3): 290-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2498262

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Malignant histiocytosis in a patient presenting with leukocytosis, eosinophilia, and lymph node granuloma. Author(s): Ballard JO, Binder RA, Rath CE, Powell D. Source: Cancer. 1975 May; 35(5): 1444-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1122493

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Pseudo-leukocytosis associated with cryoglobulinemia. Author(s): Emori HW, Bluestone R, Goldberg LS. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1973 August; 60(2): 202-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4198285

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Pseudoleukocytosis due to EDTA-induced platelet clumping. Author(s): Savage RA. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1984 March; 81(3): 317-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6422738

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Pseudoleukocytosis without pseudothrombocytopenia induced by the interaction of EDTA and IgG(2)-kappa M-protein. Author(s): Shimasaki AK, Fujita K, Fujio S, Sakurabayashi I. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2000 September; 299(1-2): 119-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10900298

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Recognition and prevention of pseudothrombocytopenia and concomitant pseudoleukocytosis. Author(s): Lombarts AJ, de Kieviet W. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1988 May; 89(5): 634-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3128946

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Reversible renal impairment during leukocytosis induced by G-CSF in nonHodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Hirokawa M, Lee M, Motegi M, Miura AB.

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Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1996 April; 51(4): 328-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8602637 •

Transfusion medicine illustrated. White out: extreme leukocytosis treated with WBC reduction. Author(s): McCarthy LJ, Houseworth J, Danielson C. Source: Transfusion. 2002 June; 42(6): 663. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12147014

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to leukocytosis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Colds and Flus Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Leukocytosis

Herbs and Supplements Echinacea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON LEUKOCYTOSIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to leukocytosis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on leukocytosis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “leukocytosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on leukocytosis: •

Combination Therapy With Interferon - Alpha, Zidovudine, and Recombinant Granulocyte-, Macrophage Colony - Stimulating Factor: A Phase I Trial in Patients With AIDS - Associated Kaposi's Sarcoma Source: VI International Conference on AIDS; Vol. 3, June 1990. p. 214. Contact: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, AIDS Clinical Trials Unit, 1275 York Ave Box 9, New York, NY, 10021, (212) 639-7168, http://www.mskcc.org. Summary: OBJECTIVE: To improve the hematologic tolerance to the IFN-alpha/AZT combination in patients with AIDS-associated KS by the addition of GM-CSF. METHODS: Patients with KS receive AZT 200 mg PO q4h and GM-CSF (Schering/Sandoz) 5ug/kg SC daily; successive cohorts will receive 5, 10 or 20 million U of IFN-alpha 2b SC daily until the maximum tolerated dose is determined. RESULTS: Of 5 patients treated at the first IFN-alpha dose level, all have required reduction of the GM-CSF dose, to 1.25-3.75 ug/kg/d, because of leukocytosis (mean peak neutrophil

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count, 14.6 x 10(3)/mm(3)); no reductions in the doses of IFN-alpha or AZT have been required. In addition, mean CD4 counts and percent CD4 increased at week 4, from 278+/-78/mm(3) (18.4 percent) at baseline to 363+/-79/mm(3) (23 percent) at week 4; the increase in percent CD4 was statistically significant (p=0.03, paired t-test). By week 8, mean CD4 values returned to baseline. CONCLUSION: The addition of low doses of GM-CSF prevented neutropenia induced by the combination of 5 million U of IFN-alpha daily and 200 mg of AZT q4h. Patient entry at higher IFN-alpha doses is continuing. In our earlier Phase I trial of the IFN-alpha/AZT combination, a higher KS regression rate was seen in patients receiving 200 vs 100 mg AZT q4h (62.5 percent vs 37.5 percent) and in patients receiving moderate-to-high vs low IFN-alpha doses (52 percent vs 33.3 percent). Increasing the tolerance of both drugs, through the addition of GM-CSF, will permit future prospective testing of the potential superiority of a more intensive drug regimen.

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “leukocytosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:8 •

Leukopenia and leukocytosis in lymphoblastoma; their reaction to roentgen therapy. Author: Decker, Fred Henry; Year: 1932

Chapters on Leukocytosis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to leukocytosis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and leukocytosis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “leukocytosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on leukocytosis: •

Disorders of Red and White Blood Cells Source: in Little, J.W., et al. Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient. 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Science. 2002. p. 365-386.

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In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

Books

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Contact: Available from Elsevier Science. Customer Service Department, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146 (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 535-9935. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.elsevierhealth.com. PRICE: $56.95. ISBN: 323011713. Summary: Disorders of the red and white blood cells (RBCs and WBCs) can influence dental treatment. The dentist should be able to detect patients with these abnormalities by history, clinical examination, and screening laboratory tests. Patients with disorders of the RBCs or WBCs may be susceptible to abnormal bleeding, delayed healing, infection, or mucosal ulceration. This chapter on disorders of red and white blood cells is from a resource text that helps dental professionals work with medically compromised patients. The chapter covers anemia, renal (kidney) disease, white blood cell disorders, leukocytosis and leukopenia, and leukemia and lymphoma. For each condition, the chapter provides a brief overview of the basic physiology, epidemiology, the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, currently accepted medical therapy, prevention of medical complications, and recommendations for specific dental treatment planning. 19 figures. 5 tables. 62 references. •

Blood Dyscrasias Source: in Little, J.W.; Falace, D.A. Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 1993. p. 439-459. Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146-9934. (800) 426-4545 or (314) 872-8370; Fax (800) 535-9935 or (314) 4321380; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.mosby.com. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0801668379. Summary: This chapter, from a handbook on the dental management of medically compromised patients, discusses blood dyscrasias. The authors present the most common disorders of the white and red blood cells that may influence dental treatment. They note that these patients may be susceptible to abnormal bleeding, delayed healing, infection, or mucosal ulceration. Disorders covered are covered in two broad categories. The first is anemia, including during menses and pregnancy, pernicious anemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, sickle cell anemia, and anemia resulting from renal disease. The second category is white blood cell disorders, including leukocytosis and leukopenia, infectious mononucleosis, leukemia and lymphoma, acute and chronic leukemias, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. After a review of each of these conditions, the authors discuss their dental management, including medical considerations, treatment planning modifications, and oral complications. 9 references. 14 tables. 28 references.

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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LEUKOCYTOSIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover leukocytosis.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on leukocytosis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “leukocytosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to leukocytosis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “leukocytosis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for leukocytosis: •

Fever, Leukocytosis Should Not Affect Acute Cholecystitis Diagnosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 11, 1996

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “leukocytosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “leukocytosis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to leukocytosis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “leukocytosis” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Leukocytosis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to leukocytosis. In addition to

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69

these sources, you can search for articles covering leukocytosis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

9

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

10

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “leukocytosis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 9582 37 401 47 382 10449

HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “leukocytosis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

12

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

13

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 16

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

17 Adapted 18

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on leukocytosis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to leukocytosis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to leukocytosis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “leukocytosis”:

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Laboratory Tests http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/laboratorytests.html Polymyalgia Rheumatica http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/polymyalgiarheumatica.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to leukocytosis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to leukocytosis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with leukocytosis.

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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about leukocytosis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “leukocytosis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “leukocytosis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “leukocytosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “leukocytosis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

20

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

21

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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LEUKOCYTOSIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acremonium: A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow). [NIH]

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a

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synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Aggravation: An increasing in seriousness or severity; an act or circumstance that intensifies, or makes worse. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as

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standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from kanamycin. It is reno- and ototoxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH]

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Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the

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maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Appendectomy: An operation to remove the appendix. [NIH] Appendicitis: Acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix. [NIH] Arsenic trioxide: An anticancer drug that induces programmed cell death (apoptosis) in certain cancer cells. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Ascitic Fluid: The serous fluid which accumulates in the peritoneal cavity in ascites. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition,

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or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and

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protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blast Crisis: Rapid increase in the proportion of blast cells in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]

Blast phase: The phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which the number of immature, abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is extremely high. Also called blast crisis. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells, stromal cells, megakaryocytes, and the immediate precursors of most blood cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Cachexia: General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes.

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It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catecholamines: A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH]

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Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Cellular adhesion: The close adherence (bonding) to adjoining cell surfaces. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cephalosporins: A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium acremonium). They contain the betalactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic granulocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myelogenous leukemia or

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chronic myeloid leukemia. [NIH] Chronic leukemia: A slowly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissues. [NIH] Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells (called lymphocytes) are found in the body. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Chronic phase: Refers to the early stages of chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The number of mature and immature abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is higher than normal, but lower than in the accelerated or blast phase. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of lincomycin. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clostridium: A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Bacillaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals. [NIH] Clostridium difficile: A common inhabitant of the colon flora in human infants and sometimes in adults. It produces a toxin that causes pseudomembranous enterocolitis in patients receiving antibiotic therapy. [NIH] Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colony-Stimulating Factors: Glycoproteins found in a subfraction of normal mammalian

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plasma and urine. They stimulate the proliferation of bone marrow cells in agar cultures and the formation of colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages. The factors include interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colonystimulating factor (M-CSF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF). [NIH] Colostomy: An opening into the colon from the outside of the body. A colostomy provides a new path for waste material to leave the body after part of the colon has been removed. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH]

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Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Cryoglobulinemia: A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal or abnormal quantities of cryoglobulins in the blood. They are precipitated into the microvasculature on exposure to cold and cause restricted blood flow in exposed areas. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU]

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Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH]

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Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Diverticula: Plural form of diverticulum. [NIH] Diverticulitis: Inflammation of a diverticulum or diverticula. [NIH] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenal Ulcer: An ulcer in the lining of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH]

Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]

Dysuria: Painful or difficult urination. [EU] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]

Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH]

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Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Empiric: Empirical; depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory. [EU] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

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Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epiglottis: Thin leaf-shaped cartilage, covered with mucous membrane, at the root of the tongue, which folds back over the entrance to the larynx, covering it, during the act of swallowing. [NIH] Epiglottitis: Inflammation of the epiglottis. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Nodosum: An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy. [NIH] Erythrocyte Volume: Volume of circulating erythrocytes. It is usually measured by radioisotope dilution technique. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal Varices: Stretched veins in the esophagus that occur when the liver is not working properly. If the veins burst, the bleeding can cause death. [NIH] Etiocholanolone: 3-alpha-Hydroxy-5-beta-androstan-17 one. A ketosteroid of mainly human

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origin; causes fever, immunostimulation and leukocytosis; used to evaluate adrenal cortex function, bone marrow performance and in neoplastic disease for immunostimulation. Synonym: 5-isoandrosterone. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flank Pain: Pain emanating from below the ribs and above the ilium. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH]

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Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally

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occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor: A glycoprotein of MW 25 kDa containing internal disulfide bonds. It induces the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neutrophilic granulocyte precursor cells and functionally activates mature blood neutrophils. Among the family of colony-stimulating factors, G-CSF is the most potent inducer of terminal differentiation to granulocytes and macrophages of leukemic myeloid cell lines. [NIH] Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: An acidic glycoprotein of MW 23 kDa with internal disulfide bonds. The protein is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the hemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. GM-CSF is able to stimulate the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells and can stimulate the formation of eosinophil colonies from fetal liver progenitor cells. GM-CSF can also stimulate some functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Hairy cell leukemia: A type of chronic leukemia in which the abnormal white blood cells appear to be covered with tiny hairs when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH]

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Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: Syndrome of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure, with pathological finding of thrombotic microangiopathy in kidney and renal cortical necrosis. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homotypic: Adhesion between neutrophils. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH]

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Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydroxyurea: An antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperkalaemia: Pathology: an abnormally high concentration of potassium in the blood. [EU]

Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Hypoxemia: Deficient oxygenation of the blood; hypoxia. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH]

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Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Diarrhea: Diarrhea caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. [NIH] Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH]

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Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-3: A multilineage cell growth factor secreted by lymphocytes, epithelial cells, and astrocytes which stimulates clonal proliferation and differentiation of various types of blood and tissue cells. Also called multi-CSF, it is considered one of the hematopoietic colony stimulating factors. [NIH] Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU]

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Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Ischemic Colitis: Decreased blood flow to the colon. Causes fever, pain, and bloody diarrhea. [NIH] Isoelectric: Separation of amphoteric substances, dissolved in water, based on their isoelectric behavior. The amphoteric substances are a mixture of proteins to be separated and of auxiliary "carrier ampholytes". [NIH] Isoelectric Focusing: Electrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site (or focus) at which the pH is equal to their isoelectric point. [NIH] Isoelectric Point: The pH in solutions of proteins and related compounds at which the dipolar ions are at a maximum. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Pelvis: The flattened, funnel-shaped expansion connecting the ureter to the kidney calices. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2.

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Chemically unstable. [EU] Laparotomy: A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocyte Count: A count of the number of white blood cells per unit volume in venous blood. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukopenia: A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Lincomycin: (2S-trans)-Methyl 6,8-dideoxy-6-(((1-methyl-4-propyl-2pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)-1-thio-D-erythro-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside. An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an

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electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loperamide: 4-(p-Chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-N.N-dimethyl-alpha,alpha-diphenyl-1piperidine butyramide hydrochloride. Synthetic anti-diarrheal agent with a long duration of action; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumbar puncture: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a spinal tap. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Depletion: Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general

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or unspecified. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: A mononuclear phagocyte colony-stimulating factor synthesized by mesenchymal cells. The compound stimulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. M-CSF is a disulfide-bonded glycoprotein dimer with a MW of 70 kDa. It binds to a specific high affinity receptor (receptor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor). [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Maximum Tolerated Dose: The highest dose level eliciting signs of toxicity without having major effects on survival relative to the test in which it is used. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megacolon: Pathological enlargement of the colon. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH]

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MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mononucleosis: The presence of an abnormally large number of mononuclear leucocytes (monocytes) in the blood. The term is often used alone to refer to infectious mononucleosis. [EU]

Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mouth Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH]

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Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Multiple Organ Failure: A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative. [NIH] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Mycoplasma: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds. [NIH] Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]

Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU]

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Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurosyphilis: A late form of syphilis that affects the brain and may lead to dementia and death. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Organ Transplantation: Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU]

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Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Ototoxic: Having a deleterious effect upon the eighth nerve, or upon the organs of hearing and balance. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pallor: A clinical manifestation consisting of an unnatural paleness of the skin. [NIH] Palpation: Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paraneoplastic syndrome: A group of symptoms that may develop when substances released by some cancer cells disrupt the normal function of surrounding cells and tissue. [NIH]

Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and

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phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage: Bleeding from a peptic ulcer. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the

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mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Pernicious anemia: A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of norepinephrine but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of

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skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma Volume: Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator dilution techniques. [NIH] Platelet Factor 4: A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan. [NIH]

Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycythemia Vera: A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polyethylene Glycols: Alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyls). Additional polymers of ethylene oxide and water and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid, depending on the molecular weight, indicated by a number following the name. Used as surfactants in industry, including foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutics; in biomedicine, as dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, tablet excipients. Some specific groups are lauromagrogols, nonoxynols, octoxynols and poloxamers. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU]

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Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Proctosigmoidoscopy: An examination of the rectum and the lower part of the colon using a thin, lighted tube called a sigmoidoscope. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]

Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests

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upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatectomy: Complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. Three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; and transurethral (transurethral resection of prostate). [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]

Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible

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collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Pyrexia: A fever, or a febrile condition; abnormal elevation of the body temperature. [EU] Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alphaadrenergic neurotransmission. [NIH] Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU]

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Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Reticuloendotheliosis: Hyperplasia of reticuloendothelial tissue, in any organ or tissue. A related concept is reticulosis which is an increase in reticuloendothelial elements. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retropubic: A potential space between the urinary bladder and the symphisis and body of the pubis. [NIH]

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Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides using NADPH as the ultimate electron donor. The deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates are used in DNA synthesis. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.17.4.1. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sclerotherapy: Treatment of varicose veins, hemorrhoids, gastric and esophageal varices, and peptic ulcer hemorrhage by injection or infusion of chemical agents which cause localized thrombosis and eventual fibrosis and obliteration of the vessels. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include

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abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigmoid: 1. Shaped like the letter S or the letter C. 2. The sigmoid colon. [EU] Sigmoid Colon: The lower part of the colon that empties into the rectum. [NIH] Sigmoidoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to view the inside of the colon. [NIH] Sigmoidoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the sigmoid flexure. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Sleep Deprivation: The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of

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the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Sonogram: A computer picture of areas inside the body created by bouncing sound waves off organs and other tissues. Also called ultrasonogram or ultrasound. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal tap: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a lumbar puncture. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenectomy: An operation to remove the spleen. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and

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digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Statistically significant: Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. The difference is said to be statistically significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. [NIH] Stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing immature blood-forming cells that were destroyed by cancer treatment. The stem cells are given to the person after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by

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clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Suppository: A medicated mass adapted for introduction into the rectal, vaginal, or urethral orifice of the body, suppository bases are solid at room temperature but melt or dissolve at body temperature. Commonly used bases are cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol. [EU] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints. [NIH] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tenesmus: Straining, especially ineffectual and painful straining at stool or in urination. [EU] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Thalassemia: A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and

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fatal anemia. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombocytosis: Increased numbers of platelets in the peripheral blood. [EU] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic

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microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transrectal ultrasound: A procedure used to examine the prostate. An instrument is inserted into the rectum, and sound waves bounce off the prostate. These sound waves create echoes, which a computer uses to create a picture called a sonogram. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Transurethral resection: Surgery performed with a special instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called TUR. [NIH] Transurethral Resection of Prostate: Resection of the prostate using a cystoscope passed through the urethra. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH]

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Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ubiquitin: A highly conserved 76 amino acid-protein found in all eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose vein: An abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the

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legs. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wheezing: Breathing with a rasp or whistling sound; a sign of airway constriction or obstruction. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to

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treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

139

INDEX A Abdomen, 6, 91, 97, 104, 113, 115, 116, 122, 128, 131, 132, 134 Abdominal, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 17, 27, 30, 36, 43, 48, 91, 108, 121, 122, 123, 128 Abdominal Pain, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 48, 91, 108, 123 Abscess, 3, 5, 7, 91 Acceptor, 91, 116, 121 Acetylcholine, 91, 116, 120 Acremonium, 91, 99 Acrylonitrile, 91, 129 Acute leukemia, 14, 91 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 44, 49, 91 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 22, 91 Acute myeloid leukemia, 91, 125 Acute renal, 91, 110 Adipocytes, 91, 115 Adrenal Cortex, 91, 102, 107, 125 Adrenal Glands, 91, 93 Adrenergic, 24, 26, 91, 95, 104, 106, 116, 123, 127, 133 Adverse Effect, 92, 100, 130 Afferent, 92, 115 Affinity, 92, 100, 117, 130 Agar, 92, 101 Aggravation, 44, 92 Agonist, 92, 104, 123 Airway, 92, 137 Albumin, 92, 133 Algorithms, 92, 96 Alkaline, 21, 92, 96, 98, 133 Alkaline Phosphatase, 21, 92 Alkaloid, 92, 127 Allogeneic, 9, 92 Alpha Particles, 92, 127 Alternative medicine, 68, 92 Amebiasis, 93, 117 Amikacin, 7, 93 Amino acid, 93, 94, 103, 104, 106, 122, 123, 124, 126, 130, 133, 135, 136 Amino Acid Sequence, 93, 94 Ampicillin, 4, 93 Amyloid, 49, 93 Amyloidosis, 17, 49, 93 Anaemia, 16, 93 Anaerobic, 93, 119 Anaesthesia, 50, 93, 112

Analog, 93, 100 Anaphylatoxins, 93, 101 Anatomical, 94, 95, 112 Androgens, 91, 94, 102 Anemia, 3, 49, 65, 94, 98, 110, 119, 123, 134 Angina, 24, 94 Anginal, 94, 120 Anorexia, 94, 108 Antagonism, 94, 100 Antiallergic, 94, 102 Antibacterial, 94, 100, 131 Antibiotic, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 30, 36, 51, 93, 94, 97, 100, 106, 114, 115, 122, 131 Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 7, 94 Antibodies, 14, 18, 94, 116, 124 Antibody, 11, 13, 18, 92, 94, 101, 110, 112, 114, 118, 127, 138 Antigen, 11, 92, 94, 101, 103, 110, 111, 112 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 94, 101 Antigen-presenting cell, 94, 103 Anti-inflammatory, 94, 102, 103, 108, 125 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 94, 102 Antimicrobial, 6, 94 Antineoplastic, 94, 102, 111 Antipsychotic, 95, 100, 120 Anus, 95, 97, 100, 122, 128 Aorta, 95, 98 Aortic Aneurysm, 43, 95 Apoptosis, 12, 53, 95 Appendectomy, 5, 95 Appendicitis, 4, 25, 32, 37, 95 Arsenic trioxide, 35, 95 Arterial, 13, 42, 95, 111, 126, 133 Arteries, 95, 97, 102, 118, 119 Arterioles, 95, 97 Artery, 95, 102, 105, 107, 119, 128 Articular, 31, 95 Ascites, 24, 95 Ascitic Fluid, 42, 95 Asymptomatic, 4, 19, 30, 43, 93, 95 Atrium, 95, 98 Atrophy, 95, 106 Atypical, 96, 100, 112 Autologous, 27, 96 B Bacillus, 49, 96, 97 Bacteria, 3, 94, 96, 104, 105, 107, 109, 112, 118, 119, 130, 131, 132, 135, 136

140

Leukocytosis

Bacteriophage, 96, 135 Bacteriostatic, 96, 106 Bacterium, 96, 110 Barium, 7, 96 Basophils, 96, 109, 115 Benign, 6, 96, 119, 127 Benzene, 25, 96 Beta-pleated, 93, 96 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 96, 113 Bilateral, 36, 96, 106 Bile, 96, 107, 111, 114, 116, 132 Bilirubin, 92, 96, 111 Biopsy, 7, 96 Biotechnology, 15, 16, 64, 68, 75, 96 Bladder, 36, 97, 125, 126, 128, 136 Blast Crisis, 14, 26, 97 Blast phase, 97, 100 Blood Cell Count, 6, 97, 123 Blood Glucose, 97, 110 Blood Platelets, 97, 124, 130, 134 Blood pressure, 97, 111, 118, 120, 130 Blood transfusion, 9, 19, 97 Blood vessel, 10, 97, 105, 110, 114, 116, 117, 130, 132, 134, 137 Blood Volume, 9, 97, 124 Bone Marrow, 10, 29, 50, 91, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 107, 108, 109, 116, 119, 124, 125, 131, 132 Bone Marrow Cells, 97, 101, 109 Bowel, 7, 97, 105, 113, 122, 132 Bowel Movement, 97, 132 Brachytherapy, 97, 113, 114, 127, 138 Broad-spectrum, 93, 97, 98, 99 Bronchiseptica, 97, 123 C Cachexia, 15, 25, 42, 53, 97 Cadmium, 56, 97 Cadmium Poisoning, 97 Calcium, 98, 101, 111, 119, 120, 121, 122, 133 Carbohydrate, 98, 102, 124 Carcinogen, 98, 117 Carcinogenic, 96, 98, 113, 132 Carcinoma, 18, 29, 43, 45, 48, 53, 98 Cardiac, 18, 39, 54, 98, 106, 107, 119, 127, 128, 132 Cardiac Output, 39, 98 Cardiopulmonary, 29, 98 Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 29, 98 Case report, 5, 98, 100 Case series, 98, 100 Catecholamines, 39, 98, 104

Catheter, 4, 98 Cecum, 98, 115 Cefotaxime, 6, 98 Cell, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 25, 26, 33, 34, 35, 36, 41, 44, 53, 65, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 127, 128, 135, 137 Cell Cycle, 10, 98, 103 Cell Death, 95, 98, 119 Cell Division, 96, 98, 99, 118, 124 Cell proliferation, 14, 15, 99 Cell Transplantation, 99 Cellular adhesion, 46, 99 Central Nervous System, 91, 96, 99, 100, 116, 130 Cephalosporins, 4, 99 Cerebral, 35, 99, 102, 106 Cerebrospinal, 23, 52, 99, 116, 131 Cerebrospinal fluid, 23, 52, 99, 116, 131 Cerebrum, 99 Cervix, 48, 99 Chemokines, 12, 41, 99 Chemotactic Factors, 99, 101 Chemotaxis, 32, 99 Chemotherapy, 14, 24, 99 Chest Pain, 6, 99 Cholecystitis, 27, 45, 67, 99 Cholera, 44, 99, 137 Cholesterol, 44, 96, 99, 111, 132 Chromatin, 95, 99, 131 Chromosomal, 99, 129 Chronic Disease, 97, 99, 115 Chronic granulocytic leukemia, 50, 99, 100 Chronic leukemia, 65, 100, 109 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 22, 47, 100 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 21, 22, 40, 50, 97, 99, 100 Chronic phase, 14, 100 Chronic renal, 47, 100 Clindamycin, 4, 100 Clinical Medicine, 47, 100, 125 Clinical study, 11, 100 Clinical trial, 8, 75, 100, 119, 127 Cloning, 96, 100 Clostridium, 6, 21, 22, 34, 35, 100 Clostridium difficile, 6, 21, 22, 34, 35, 100 Clozapine, 20, 21, 100 Cofactor, 100, 126 Colitis, 6, 7, 100, 113 Colon, 5, 6, 100, 101, 104, 113, 114, 115, 117, 125, 130

141

Colony-Stimulating Factors, 46, 100, 109 Colostomy, 7, 101 Complement, 18, 93, 101 Complementary and alternative medicine, 59, 62, 101 Complementary medicine, 59, 101 Computational Biology, 75, 101 Conception, 101, 107, 132 Concomitant, 12, 42, 60, 101 Confounding, 4, 101 Confusion, 102, 120, 136 Congestion, 95, 102, 106 Connective Tissue, 97, 102, 107, 108, 116, 117, 122, 129 Consciousness, 102, 103, 128 Constipation, 95, 102, 123 Constitutional, 22, 102, 119 Constriction, 102, 114, 137 Contraindications, ii, 102 Convulsions, 102, 104, 125 Cornea, 102, 132 Coronary, 102, 118, 119 Coronary Thrombosis, 102, 118, 119 Cortex, 102, 120 Cortical, 102, 110, 129 Corticosteroid, 31, 102, 125, 132 Cortisone, 102, 103, 125 Creatinine, 6, 102 Cryoglobulinemia, 47, 60, 102 Curative, 102, 134 Cyclic, 22, 31, 40, 50, 103 Cyclin, 10, 15, 103 Cysteine, 99, 103 Cytokine, 23, 103, 113 Cytoplasm, 95, 96, 103, 105, 106 Cytotoxic, 11, 103, 112, 127 D Degenerative, 103, 110 Dehydration, 17, 99, 103 Deletion, 95, 103 Dementia, 95, 103, 120 Dendrites, 103 Dendritic, 11, 103, 117 Dendritic cell, 11, 103 Depressive Disorder, 103, 116 Desensitization, 103, 112 Dexamethasone, 41, 103 Diabetes Mellitus, 38, 103, 109, 110 Diagnostic procedure, 68, 103 Diarrhea, 5, 6, 7, 30, 34, 35, 93, 103, 112, 114 Diarrhoea, 103, 108

Diastolic, 103, 111 Diffusion, 103, 113 Digestion, 96, 97, 103, 113, 116, 122, 132 Digestive tract, 104, 130, 132 Dimethyl, 104, 116 Direct, iii, 100, 104, 108, 123, 127, 128, 133 Diverticula, 104 Diverticulitis, 4, 5, 104 Diverticulum, 5, 104 Dopamine, 95, 100, 104, 120, 123 Drug Interactions, 104 Drug Tolerance, 104, 134 Duodenal Ulcer, 42, 104 Duodenum, 96, 104, 122, 132 Dura mater, 104, 117, 121 Dyes, 93, 96, 104 Dysentery, 49, 93, 104 Dysuria, 4, 104 E Eclampsia, 96, 104, 125 Edema, 104, 114, 119, 125 Effector, 91, 101, 104 Efficacy, 9, 104 Ejaculation, 104, 130 Electrolyte, 102, 105, 118, 125, 130 Electrons, 105, 121, 127 Embolism, 9, 105, 126 Embolus, 105, 112 Embryo, 105, 112 Empiric, 24, 42, 105 Empirical, 7, 105 Encephalitis, 29, 105 Encephalitis, Viral, 105 Endemic, 99, 105 Endogenous, 14, 104, 105, 126, 135 Endothelial cell, 9, 105, 113 Endotoxins, 101, 105 End-stage renal, 5, 100, 105 Energy balance, 105, 115 Enteritis, 37, 105 Enterocolitis, 100, 105 Environmental Health, 35, 74, 76, 105 Enzymatic, 93, 98, 101, 106, 107, 110 Enzyme, 92, 104, 106, 108, 119, 126, 129, 135, 137 Eosinophil, 106, 109 Eosinophilia, 46, 54, 60, 106 Eosinophilic, 22, 106 Epidermis, 106, 114, 127 Epidermoid carcinoma, 106, 132 Epiglottis, 106 Epiglottitis, 50, 106

142

Leukocytosis

Epinephrine, 24, 91, 104, 106, 120, 136 Epithelial, 10, 106, 110, 113 Epithelial Cells, 10, 106, 110, 113 Erythema, 7, 106, 136 Erythema Nodosum, 7, 106 Erythrocyte Volume, 97, 106 Erythrocytes, 93, 94, 97, 106, 128 Erythromycin, 4, 106 Esophageal, 106, 129 Esophageal Varices, 106, 129 Etiocholanolone, 15, 21, 106 Eukaryotic Cells, 107, 136 Excitability, 107, 127 Exogenous, 38, 105, 107, 126 Expiration, 107, 128 Expiratory, 5, 107 Extensor, 107, 126 External-beam radiation, 107, 114, 127, 138 Extracellular, 93, 102, 107, 130, 133 F Family Planning, 75, 107 Fat, 9, 27, 91, 97, 102, 105, 107, 115, 129, 130, 133 Fatigue, 7, 35, 107 Febrile, 5, 19, 24, 42, 43, 52, 107, 127 Feces, 102, 107, 132 Femoral, 98, 107 Femoral Artery, 98, 107 Fetus, 19, 107, 125, 136 Fibrinolytic, 28, 34, 107 Fibroblasts, 107, 113 Fibrosis, 107, 129 Flank Pain, 4, 107 Flatus, 107, 108 Fungus, 99, 107 G Gallbladder, 16, 91, 99, 107 Gamma Rays, 108, 127 Gas, 13, 29, 103, 107, 108, 111, 137 Gasoline, 96, 108 Gastric, 108, 110, 111, 122, 129 Gastroenteritis, 27, 108 Gastrointestinal, 5, 52, 98, 106, 108, 130, 131, 133, 137 Gastrointestinal tract, 108, 130, 131 Gelatin, 108, 133 Gene, 10, 11, 13, 14, 30, 64, 96, 108 Gene Expression, 10, 11, 13, 108 Gene Therapy, 11, 108 Genotype, 108, 123 Giardiasis, 108, 117

Gland, 91, 102, 108, 116, 121, 122, 124, 125, 129, 132, 134 Glottis, 108, 123 Glucocorticoid, 103, 108, 125 Glucose, 44, 65, 97, 103, 108, 109, 110, 129 Glucose Intolerance, 103, 109 Glycoprotein, 109, 117, 135 Gonadal, 109, 132 Governing Board, 109, 125 Grade, 4, 6, 11, 109 Gram-negative, 97, 109, 119, 137 Gram-positive, 100, 109, 132 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 100, 109 Granulocyte, 16, 19, 21, 25, 31, 41, 43, 45, 46, 51, 52, 53, 63, 101, 109 Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, 16, 25, 43, 51, 52, 53, 101, 109 Granulocyte-Macrophage ColonyStimulating Factor, 46, 101, 109 Granuloma, 60, 109 Gravis, 22, 109 H Hairy cell leukemia, 23, 33, 109 Heartbeat, 7, 109 Hematopoietic Stem Cells, 10, 109 Heme, 5, 96, 109 Hemoglobin, 7, 29, 94, 97, 106, 109, 110, 133 Hemoglobinopathies, 108, 110 Hemolytic, 30, 37, 38, 49, 110, 133 Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, 37, 110 Hemorrhage, 7, 35, 48, 110, 119, 132 Hemorrhoids, 6, 110, 129 Hepatic, 13, 92, 110 Hepatitis, 31, 110, 112 Hepatocytes, 110 Hepatomegaly, 110, 112 Hereditary, 110, 133 Heredity, 108, 110 Histamine, 93, 95, 110, 116 Histiocytosis, 11, 60, 110 Homeostasis, 12, 110 Homologous, 108, 110 Homotypic, 12, 110 Hormonal, 96, 102, 110 Hormone, 102, 106, 110, 115, 125, 129, 131, 134 Humoral, 47, 111 Humour, 111 Hydrochloric Acid, 13, 111 Hydrogen, 91, 98, 111, 115, 118, 120, 121, 126

143

Hydrogen Peroxide, 111, 115 Hydroxyurea, 11, 111 Hyperbilirubinemia, 50, 111, 114 Hypercalcemia, 15, 16, 25, 28, 29, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 53, 111 Hypercholesterolemia, 50, 111 Hyperglycemia, 39, 111 Hyperkalaemia, 50, 111 Hypersensitivity, 103, 106, 111, 129 Hypertension, 4, 111, 125, 134 Hypoglycemia, 33, 40, 111 Hypothalamic, 6, 111 Hypothalamus, 111, 124, 131 Hypothermia, 6, 111 Hypoxemia, 26, 111 Hypoxia, 111 Hypoxic, 111, 117 I Idiopathic, 6, 17, 20, 43, 111 Immune response, 94, 102, 111, 112, 133, 136, 137 Immune system, 94, 111, 112, 116, 117, 137 Immunodeficiency, 23, 112 Immunoglobulin, 49, 94, 112, 118 Immunosuppression, 12, 30, 112, 116 Immunosuppressive, 108, 112 Immunosuppressive Agents, 112 Impairment, 60, 112 Implant radiation, 112, 113, 114, 127, 138 In vitro, 12, 46, 50, 108, 112 In vivo, 11, 12, 32, 46, 108, 112, 116 Incision, 112, 115, 126 Incubation, 112, 123 Incubation period, 112, 123 Induction, 41, 94, 95, 112 Infarction, 9, 112, 128 Infectious Diarrhea, 5, 112 Infectious Mononucleosis, 14, 65, 112, 118 Infertility, 30, 112 Infiltration, 13, 113 Inflammatory bowel disease, 6, 7, 113 Infusion, 13, 113, 119, 129, 135 Ingestion, 97, 113, 124, 133 Initiation, 113, 135 Inotropic, 7, 104, 113 Insight, 9, 113 Interferon, 14, 31, 63, 113, 116 Interferon-alpha, 113 Interleukin-3, 101, 113 Interleukin-8, 23, 113 Internal radiation, 113, 114, 127, 138 Interstitial, 97, 113, 114, 138

Intestinal, 34, 100, 105, 113 Intestine, 97, 105, 113, 115, 132 Intracellular, 51, 112, 113, 125 Intravascular, 9, 113 Intravenous, 13, 37, 56, 113 Intrinsic, 15, 92, 113 Irradiation, 22, 114, 138 Irritants, 104, 114 Ischemia, 7, 95, 114, 119, 128 Ischemic Colitis, 6, 114 Isoelectric, 20, 114 Isoelectric Focusing, 20, 114 Isoelectric Point, 114 J Jaundice, 32, 111, 114 K Kanamycin, 93, 114 Kb, 74, 114 Keratinocytes, 113, 114 Kidney Disease, 39, 74, 114 Kidney Failure, 105, 114 Kidney Pelvis, 114, 136 L Labile, 101, 114 Laparotomy, 7, 115 Large Intestine, 4, 98, 104, 113, 115, 128, 130 Latent, 41, 115 Leprosy, 49, 115 Leptin, 29, 115 Lesion, 7, 109, 115, 116, 118, 136 Lethal, 11, 115 Leucocyte, 106, 115, 116 Leukaemia, 44, 49, 59, 115 Leukemia, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 31, 40, 41, 42, 44, 50, 59, 65, 91, 100, 108, 115 Leukocyte Count, 4, 24, 115 Leukocytes, 9, 41, 53, 96, 97, 99, 113, 115, 135 Leukopenia, 28, 40, 64, 65, 115 Ligament, 115, 125 Ligands, 11, 115 Ligation, 7, 13, 115 Lincomycin, 100, 115 Linkages, 110, 115 Lipid, 18, 51, 115, 116 Lipid Peroxidation, 18, 115 Lipopolysaccharide, 18, 109, 116 Lithium, 31, 32, 36, 37, 40, 95, 116 Liver, 3, 17, 20, 32, 45, 47, 91, 92, 93, 96, 106, 107, 109, 110, 116, 119, 124, 125, 136 Localization, 12, 116

144

Leukocytosis

Localized, 7, 11, 36, 91, 93, 112, 116, 118, 120, 124, 129, 136 Loperamide, 5, 116 Lumbar, 13, 116, 131 Lumbar puncture, 13, 116, 131 Lymph, 11, 60, 105, 111, 112, 116 Lymph node, 11, 60, 116 Lymphadenopathy, 112, 116 Lymphatic, 112, 116, 117, 131 Lymphatic system, 116, 131 Lymphoblasts, 91, 116 Lymphocyte, 9, 23, 94, 112, 116 Lymphocyte Depletion, 112, 116 Lymphocytic, 116 Lymphoid, 15, 94, 115, 116 Lymphoma, 32, 41, 44, 60, 65, 116 Lymphoproliferative, 14, 116 M Macrophage, 21, 46, 63, 101, 109, 117 Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, 101, 117 Malignancy, 11, 26, 41, 47, 53, 117 Malignant, 21, 25, 30, 36, 60, 95, 110, 117, 119, 127 Malignant tumor, 21, 30, 117, 119 Malnutrition, 92, 95, 97, 117 Manic, 95, 116, 117 Maximum Tolerated Dose, 63, 104, 117 MEDLINE, 75, 117 Megacolon, 7, 117 Melanin, 117, 123, 136 Melanocytes, 117 Melanoma, 36, 117 Membrane, 101, 106, 107, 109, 117, 119, 122, 123, 127, 133 Meninges, 99, 104, 117 Meningitis, 23, 52, 117 Mental, iv, 8, 74, 76, 102, 103, 107, 117, 126, 136 Mesenchymal, 109, 117 Metastasis, 18, 117 Metastatic, 36, 53, 117, 129 Metronidazole, 4, 6, 117 MI, 26, 28, 33, 89, 118 Microbe, 118, 135 Microorganism, 100, 118, 137 Migration, 10, 118 Milliliter, 4, 118 Mineralocorticoids, 91, 102, 118 Mitosis, 95, 118 Mobilization, 11, 41, 118 Modification, 12, 93, 118

Molecular, 8, 10, 52, 75, 77, 93, 96, 101, 118, 124, 129, 133, 135 Molecule, 14, 15, 46, 94, 101, 103, 104, 110, 118, 121, 124, 127, 135, 137 Monitor, 102, 118 Monoclonal, 114, 118, 127, 138 Monocyte, 9, 32, 117, 118 Mononuclear, 14, 109, 112, 117, 118, 135 Mononucleosis, 31, 118 Morphology, 20, 118 Motion Sickness, 118, 119 Mouth Ulcer, 7, 118 Mucocutaneous, 11, 119 Mucus, 104, 119 Multicenter study, 8, 119 Multiple Myeloma, 65, 119 Multiple Organ Failure, 9, 119 Myasthenia, 22, 119 Mycoplasma, 49, 119 Myelogenous, 14, 91, 119 Myocardial infarction, 6, 33, 39, 59, 96, 102, 118, 119 Myocardial Reperfusion, 119, 128 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 119, 128 Myocardium, 118, 119 N Nausea, 4, 95, 108, 119, 136 Necrosis, 95, 110, 112, 118, 119, 128 Neoplasia, 119 Neoplasm, 119, 136 Neoplastic, 5, 107, 116, 119 Nephropathy, 114, 120 Nerve, 91, 103, 120, 121, 132, 134 Neural, 92, 93, 111, 120 Neuroleptic, 95, 100, 120 Neurosyphilis, 12, 120 Neurotransmitter, 91, 93, 104, 110, 120, 131, 133 Neutrons, 92, 114, 120, 127 Neutropenia, 64, 120 Neutrophil, 9, 12, 32, 41, 63, 120 Nifedipine, 17, 120 Norepinephrine, 91, 104, 120, 123 Nosocomial, 4, 9, 120 Nuclei, 92, 105, 108, 118, 120, 126 Nucleus, 95, 96, 99, 103, 107, 108, 118, 120, 126 O Organ Transplantation, 30, 120 Osteomyelitis, 38, 120 Otitis, 33, 121 Otitis Media, 33, 121

145

Ototoxic, 93, 121 Outpatient, 6, 121 Overdose, 39, 121 Overexpress, 11, 121 Oxidation, 91, 115, 121 Oxygen Consumption, 26, 121, 128 Oxygenation, 111, 121 Oxygenator, 98, 121 P Pachymeningitis, 117, 121 Palliative, 121, 134 Pallor, 7, 121 Palpation, 5, 121 Pancreas, 91, 121, 131 Paraneoplastic syndrome, 15, 16, 25, 42, 43, 48, 53, 121 Parasite, 7, 121, 135 Parasitic, 104, 121 Parathyroid, 25, 43, 45, 121, 122, 133 Parathyroid Glands, 121 Parathyroid hormone, 25, 43, 45, 121, 122 Paroxysmal, 122, 123, 137 Partial remission, 122, 128 Particle, 122, 131, 135 Pathogenesis, 12, 14, 22, 122 Pathologic, 11, 95, 96, 102, 111, 122, 126 Pathologic Processes, 95, 122 Pathophysiology, 5, 6, 65, 122 Pelvic, 6, 122, 125 Pelvis, 91, 116, 122, 136 Penicillin, 93, 94, 122 Peptic, 122, 129 Peptic Ulcer, 122, 129 Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage, 122, 129 Peptide, 14, 93, 115, 122, 124, 126 Perforation, 7, 122 Perineum, 5, 122 Peripheral blood, 44, 48, 113, 122, 134 Peripheral Nerves, 115, 122 Peripheral Nervous System, 120, 122, 131, 133 Peritoneal, 95, 122 Peritoneal Cavity, 95, 122 Peritoneum, 122, 123, 128 Peritonitis, 5, 123 Pernicious anemia, 65, 123 Pertussis, 31, 123, 137 Pharmacologic, 123, 135, 136 Pharyngitis, 38, 123 Phenotype, 10, 13, 123 Phenylalanine, 123, 136 Phenylpropanolamine, 37, 123

Phospholipids, 107, 123 Phosphorus, 98, 122, 123 Phosphorylated, 10, 123 Phosphorylation, 10, 123 Physical Examination, 7, 123 Physiologic, 30, 33, 92, 123, 127 Physiology, 23, 39, 46, 65, 123 Pigment, 96, 117, 123 Pituitary Gland, 102, 124 Plants, 92, 109, 118, 120, 124, 129, 135 Plasma, 38, 44, 53, 92, 94, 96, 97, 101, 108, 109, 110, 114, 118, 119, 124, 130 Plasma cells, 94, 119, 124 Plasma Volume, 97, 118, 124 Platelet Factor 4, 113, 124 Platelets, 50, 96, 124, 134 Pneumonia, 19, 21, 49, 102, 124 Poisoning, 97, 108, 119, 124 Polycythemia Vera, 47, 124 Polyethylene, 124, 133 Polyethylene Glycols, 124, 133 Polypeptide, 93, 124, 131, 133 Polysaccharide, 94, 124 Postnatal, 124, 132 Postoperative, 7, 44, 119, 125 Potassium, 111, 118, 125, 127 Practice Guidelines, 76, 125 Precursor, 49, 104, 106, 109, 120, 123, 125, 136 Prednisolone, 125 Prednisone, 15, 21, 45, 125 Preeclampsia, 39, 125 Prenatal, 19, 41, 105, 125 Preoperative, 54, 125 Prevalence, 52, 125 Proctosigmoidoscopy, 7, 125 Progesterone, 125, 132 Progression, 5, 125 Progressive, 100, 103, 104, 119, 125, 136 Promyelocytic leukemia, 20, 24, 31, 35, 52, 125 Prophylaxis, 125, 136 Prospective study, 4, 125 Prostate, 7, 125, 126, 135 Prostatectomy, 19, 126 Prostatitis, 8, 47, 126 Protein Binding, 18, 126 Protein S, 64, 97, 106, 126 Proteins, 13, 14, 20, 93, 94, 99, 101, 106, 114, 118, 122, 124, 126, 130, 135, 136 Proteinuria, 119, 125, 126 Proteolytic, 101, 126

146

Leukocytosis

Protons, 92, 111, 126, 127 Protozoa, 104, 118, 126, 136 Psoriasis, 30, 126 Psychiatric, 39, 126, 130 Psychic, 117, 126, 130 Psychogenic, 126, 136 Public Policy, 75, 126 Publishing, 5, 7, 15, 126 Pulmonary, 9, 15, 18, 37, 97, 106, 114, 126 Pulmonary Artery, 97, 126 Pulmonary Embolism, 37, 126 Pustular, 30, 48, 126 Pyogenic, 3, 120, 127 Pyrexia, 29, 127 Q Quinidine, 34, 127 Quinine, 127 R Race, 118, 127 Radiation, 7, 36, 107, 108, 112, 113, 114, 117, 127, 137, 138 Radiation therapy, 36, 107, 113, 114, 127, 138 Radioactive, 111, 112, 113, 114, 127, 138 Radiography, 7, 127 Radiolabeled, 114, 127, 138 Radiotherapy, 97, 114, 127, 138 Randomized, 104, 127 Reagent, 111, 127 Receptor, 10, 11, 14, 94, 100, 104, 117, 127, 130 Recombinant, 48, 63, 127, 137 Recombination, 108, 128 Rectal, 7, 128, 133 Rectum, 6, 95, 97, 100, 104, 107, 108, 113, 115, 125, 126, 128, 130, 135 Recurrence, 5, 128 Red blood cells, 25, 65, 106, 110, 128, 129 Refer, 1, 101, 116, 118, 120, 128, 135 Refraction, 128, 131 Regeneration, 11, 128 Regimen, 64, 104, 128 Relapse, 50, 128 Remission, 11, 14, 50, 128 Renal pelvis, 48, 128 Reperfusion, 18, 119, 128 Reperfusion Injury, 18, 128 Resection, 5, 128, 135 Respiration, 118, 128 Resuscitation, 9, 128 Reticuloendotheliosis, 33, 128 Retroperitoneal, 6, 91, 128

Retropubic, 126, 128 Retrospective, 4, 129 Retroviral vector, 108, 129 Retrovirus, 14, 129 Rheumatism, 27, 129 Rheumatoid, 32, 51, 129 Rheumatoid arthritis, 32, 51, 129 Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase, 111, 129 Risk factor, 35, 125, 129 Rod, 96, 129 Rubber, 7, 91, 129 S Saponins, 129, 132 Sclerotherapy, 6, 129 Screening, 65, 100, 129 Secondary tumor, 117, 129 Secretion, 102, 110, 111, 118, 119, 129, 130 Sediment, 129 Sedimentation, 7, 28, 129 Seizures, 43, 52, 122, 129 Semen, 8, 104, 125, 130 Semisynthetic, 98, 100, 130 Sepsis, 6, 13, 30, 33, 36, 53, 130 Septic, 28, 41, 130 Serotonin, 95, 100, 120, 130 Serous, 95, 130 Serum, 12, 17, 18, 35, 36, 44, 49, 52, 92, 93, 101, 116, 118, 123, 130, 135 Shock, 41, 130, 135 Side effect, 40, 92, 95, 130, 134 Sigmoid, 7, 130 Sigmoid Colon, 130 Sigmoidoscope, 125, 130 Sigmoidoscopy, 7, 130 Signs and Symptoms, 3, 65, 128, 130 Skeletal, 94, 119, 127, 130 Sleep Deprivation, 35, 130 Small intestine, 98, 104, 105, 108, 110, 113, 130 Sneezing, 123, 130 Sodium, 118, 127, 130 Soft tissue, 97, 130 Solid tumor, 16, 131 Solvent, 96, 131 Somatic, 111, 118, 122, 131 Somatostatin, 33, 131 Sonogram, 131, 135 Sound wave, 131, 135 Spasmodic, 123, 131 Specialist, 81, 131

147

Species, 4, 92, 96, 99, 100, 106, 108, 118, 120, 121, 127, 131, 133, 135, 137 Spectrum, 5, 6, 131 Spermatozoa, 130, 131 Spinal cord, 99, 104, 117, 121, 122, 131 Spinal tap, 23, 116, 131 Spirochete, 131, 133 Spleen, 32, 45, 93, 116, 124, 131 Splenectomy, 33, 131 Splenomegaly, 112, 124, 131 Squamous, 16, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 53, 106, 131, 132 Squamous cell carcinoma, 16, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 106, 131, 132 Squamous cells, 131, 132 Statistically significant, 64, 132 Stem cell transplantation, 10, 132 Stem Cells, 11, 132 Sterile, 121, 132 Sterility, 19, 112, 132 Steroid, 37, 102, 129, 132 Steroid therapy, 37, 132 Stimulus, 113, 132, 134 Stomach, 91, 104, 106, 108, 110, 119, 122, 130, 131, 132 Stool, 5, 6, 7, 100, 115, 132, 133 Streptococci, 3, 132 Stress, 4, 20, 29, 46, 108, 119, 129, 132, 136 Stroke, 74, 98, 132 Stroma, 12, 132 Styrene, 129, 132 Subacute, 112, 132 Subarachnoid, 35, 48, 132 Subclinical, 112, 129, 132 Subspecies, 131, 133 Substance P, 106, 129, 133 Suppository, 27, 124, 133 Suppression, 14, 102, 133 Sympathomimetic, 104, 106, 120, 123, 133 Symphysis, 125, 133 Symptomatic, 4, 6, 133 Synapse, 92, 133 Synovial, 17, 27, 51, 133 Synovial Fluid, 17, 27, 133 Synovial Membrane, 133 Syphilis, 12, 120, 133 Systemic, 12, 13, 32, 93, 95, 97, 106, 112, 114, 125, 127, 133, 138 Systolic, 111, 133 T Tachycardia, 7, 133 Tenesmus, 7, 104, 133

Tetany, 121, 133 Thalassemia, 11, 133 Therapeutics, 19, 40, 134 Thermal, 5, 120, 134 Thigh, 28, 107, 134 Thorax, 91, 116, 134 Threshold, 107, 111, 134 Thrombocytes, 124, 134 Thrombocytopenia, 16, 50, 56, 110, 134 Thrombocytosis, 17, 22, 25, 32, 43, 47, 48, 50, 134 Thrombosis, 96, 126, 129, 132, 134 Thrombus, 102, 112, 119, 134 Thyroid, 18, 45, 46, 121, 134, 136 Thyroid Gland, 121, 134 Tinnitus, 121, 134 Tolerance, 63, 109, 134 Tomography, 7, 134 Torsion, 112, 134 Toxaemia, 125, 134 Toxic, iv, 5, 7, 96, 132, 134, 135 Toxicity, 11, 31, 104, 117, 134 Toxicology, 56, 76, 135 Toxin, 100, 134, 135 Trachea, 134, 135 Transcriptase, 129, 135 Transcription Factors, 10, 135 Transduction, 11, 135 Transfection, 96, 108, 135 Transfusion, 9, 26, 53, 56, 61, 135 Translation, 93, 106, 135 Translocation, 106, 135 Transplantation, 11, 20, 30, 100, 116, 135 Transrectal ultrasound, 7, 135 Transurethral, 19, 126, 135 Transurethral resection, 126, 135 Transurethral Resection of Prostate, 126, 135 Trauma, 9, 17, 24, 34, 119, 134, 135 Trees, 129, 135 Trichomoniasis, 117, 135 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 15, 25, 31, 44, 135 Tumour, 19, 136 Tyrosine, 14, 98, 104, 136 U Ubiquitin, 10, 136 Ulcer, 104, 122, 136 Ulceration, 65, 122, 136 Urea, 136 Uremia, 6, 114, 136 Ureter, 51, 114, 128, 136 Urethra, 125, 135, 136

148

Leukocytosis

Urinary, 4, 7, 48, 126, 128, 136 Urinary Retention, 7, 136 Urinary tract, 4, 7, 136 Urinary tract infection, 4, 7, 136 Urinate, 136 Urine, 4, 7, 8, 28, 41, 97, 101, 102, 126, 128, 136 Urticaria, 27, 136 Uterus, 99, 125, 136 V Vaccination, 18, 136 Vaccines, 136, 137 Vagina, 99, 136 Vaginal, 27, 133, 136 Varicose, 129, 136 Varicose vein, 129, 136 Vascular, 112, 134, 136, 137 Vasodilator, 104, 110, 119, 120, 137 Vector, 11, 135, 137 Vein, 113, 137 Venereal, 133, 137

Venous, 96, 97, 110, 115, 126, 137 Venous blood, 97, 115, 137 Ventricles, 99, 137 Venules, 97, 137 Vertigo, 121, 137 Veterinary Medicine, 75, 137 Vibrio, 99, 137 Viral, 41, 105, 129, 135, 137 Virulence, 134, 137 Virus, 14, 23, 96, 112, 113, 129, 135, 137 Vitro, 12, 137 Vivo, 11, 116, 137 W Wheezing, 5, 137 Whooping Cough, 18, 123, 137 Windpipe, 134, 137 X X-ray, 39, 108, 114, 127, 137, 138 X-ray therapy, 114, 138 Y Yeasts, 107, 123, 138