LORDOSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Lordosis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00674-X 1. Lordosis-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on lordosis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LORDOSIS .................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Lordosis ......................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LORDOSIS ........................................................................................ 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 Finding Nutrition Studies on Lordosis........................................................................................ 29 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 33 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LORDOSIS .................................................................. 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 35 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 42 General References ....................................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON LORDOSIS .................................................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Dissertations on Lordosis............................................................................................................. 43 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON LORDOSIS ............................................................................................... 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Patents on Lordosis ...................................................................................................................... 45 Patent Applications on Lordosis .................................................................................................. 67 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 82 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON LORDOSIS .................................................................................................. 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 83 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 87 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 89 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 91 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 93 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 95 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 97 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 97 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 97 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 103 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 104 LORDOSIS DICTIONARY.......................................................................................................... 105 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 137
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with lordosis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about lordosis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to lordosis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on lordosis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to lordosis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on lordosis. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LORDOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on lordosis.
Federally Funded Research on Lordosis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to lordosis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to lordosis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore lordosis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for lordosis: •
Project Title: A NOVEL ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING AGENT AND BREAST CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Markaverich, Barry M.; Associate Professor; Molecular and Cellular Biology; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2008
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Summary: (provided by applicant): Endocrine disruptive (ED) agents in ground corncob bedding and foods block male and female sexual behavior and cyclicity in the rat and stimulate breast and prostate cancer cell proliferation. These agents separate into two components (Peak I-CM and Peak II-CM) during HPLC. The mitogenic agents in Peak ICM (THF-diols) were identified as an isomeric mixture of 9, (12)-oxy-10, 13dihydroxystearic acid and 10, (13)-oxy-9, 12-dihydroxystearic acids which block male and female sexual behavior and cyclicity. The mitogenic agents in Peak II-CM (LTXdiols) were identified as an isomeric mixture of leukotoxin-diol (LTX-diol) and isoleukotoxin-diol (iLTX-diol) that will be assessed as EDs in the proposed studies. The objectives of the proposed research are to identify the most biologically active synthetic THF-diol and LTX-diol isomers, define the nature of their interaction in modulating endocrine function and breast cancer cell proliferation and define specific biochemical sites regulated by these compounds in these systems. The most active THF-diol and LTX-diol isomer will be isolated and identified separately (Specific Aim 1) and whether they act additively or synergistically to stimulate breast cancer cell proliferation (cell cycle transition and apoptosis) and modify male and female sexual behavior and cyclicity will be determined (Specific Aim 2). The concentrations of THF-diol and/or LTX-diol isomers in tissues and blood from rats given "ED" doses of the compounds will be quantified by GC/MS and whether LTX-diols are precursors to THF-diols in rats will be studied (Specific Aim 3). The abilities of THF-diol and LTX-diol isomers to promote dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors in rats (Specific Aim 4), and to stimulate the proliferation (cell cycle transition and apoptosis) of estrogen receptor (ER) positive (MCF-7) or ER-negative (MDA-MB-231 cells) breast cancer cells in vitro or in vivo (in nude mice) by modulating phospholipase A2 (PoA), cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX) and aromatase will be evaluated (Specific Aim 5). Leukotoxins are known to affect NO release and it is possible that LTX-diol and THFdiol isomers inhibit female sexual behavior (Lordosis) by disrupting nitric oxide (NO) dependent pathways controlling LHRH release. This will be evaluated (Specific Aim 6). If THF-diols and LTX-diols impact endocrine and cell regulatory pathways by controlling LHRH release and lipogenic products that control cell proliferation, they likely have a major impact on behavioral and reproductive response profiles and cancer growth rates in experimental animals. Over the last decade, linoleic acid has replaced stearic acid in our diet. As metabolites of linoleic acid, increased intake of THF-diols and LTX-diols may influence human health and development. The proposed studies represent a critical step in defining target pathways for ultimately determining the mechanism of action of these compounds. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CONTRIBUTION DEVELOPMENT
OF
ESTRADIOL
TO
FEMALE
NEURAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Baum, Michael J.; Professor; Biology; Boston University Charles River Campus 881 Commonwealth Avenue Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 16-JUL-2003; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed research seeks to understand the mechanisms whereby estradiol induces female-typical aspects of neural differentiation in female mice. The classic dogma of sexual differentiation is that testosterone secreted by the testes promotes the development of a male brain whereas a female brain develops in the absence of any sex steroid action. However, in a recent study female aromatase knockout mice, which produce no estradiol due to a targeted mutation in the aromatase gene, showed little interest in approaching volatile odors derived from
Studies
5
conspecifics of either sex and showed low levels of sexual receptivity after adult treatment with ovarian hormones. The central hypothesis to be tested is that estradiol makes an essential contribution to the differentiation of the neuroendocrine mechanisms controlling mate recognition and sexual behavior in female mice. An initial study will determine how much estradiol is actually formed in the female's hypothalamus during perinatal development. Additional studies will determine whether estradiol contributes to the development of female-typical aspects of function in the main olfactory system. Experiments will be conducted to determine whether the discriminative capacity of the main olfactory system is impaired in female aromatase knockout mice. First, the capacity of the main olfactory system to respond to volatile urinary odors from male and female mice will be assessed by mapping the spatial distribution of c-fos glomerular activation in the main olfactory bulb. Second, the ability of the main olfactory system to detect volatile urinary odors and to discriminate male and female odors will be assessed using habituation/dishabituation tests as well as a thirst-motivated olfactometer task. The contribution of the main olfactory system to odor preferences and female sexual behavior will be assessed by determining whether destruction of the main olfactory epithelium by zinc sulfate in wild-type females mimicks the syndrome of reduced olfactory investigation and deficient lordosis responsiveness characteristic of ArKO female mice. A final study will determine whether observed deficits in sexual receptivity and olfactory investigation reflect deficits in the capacity of ArKO females to find contacts with conspecifics rewarding as opposed to deficits in olfactory function per se. The proposed studies should provide new information about the contribution of estradiol to the development of essential aspects of female-typical neural and behavioral functions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ESTROGEN INDUCED NEUROPLASTICITY IN THE LORDOSIS PATHWAY Principal Investigator & Institution: Flanagan-Cato, Loretta M.; Associate Professor; Psychology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (applicant's abstract): The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) is a sexually dimorphic region that controls sexual behavior in female rats, typified by the lordosis reflex. Females are sexually receptive only when estrogen is present, and estrogen receptors in the ventrolateral subdivision of the VMH (vlVMH) mediate the effects of estrogen on sexual behavior. Male rats, in contrast, do not exhibit the lordosis response, even when castrated and treated with estrogen. The general goal of this proposal is to investigate the local circuitry in the vlVMH that couples estrogen action with the pathways that execute the lordosis reflex. The specific aims are: 1) To test the hypothesis that the lordosis-relevant efferents are segregated from, and are innervated by, the estrogen receptor-containing neurons; 2) To test the hypothesis that estrogen induces dendritic spines in lordosis-relevant efferent neurons, but not estrogen receptorcontaining neurons, in the vlVMH; and 3) To test the hypothesis that sex differences in specific components of the VMH local circuitry mediate the sex-dependent effect of estrogen on spine density in the VMH. The methods will include quantification and localization of neurons visualized by transneuronal tracing, conventional anterograde and retrograde tracing, confocal microscopic analysis of dendritic spine density on Lucifer yellow-filled cells, and the combination of these techniques with immunocytochemistry. The results of these studies may illuminate the effects of estrogen on neural function.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENES CONTROLLING LORDOSIS BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Pfaff, Donald W.; Professor and Head; Lab/Neurobiology/Behavior; Rockefeller University New York, Ny 100216399 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1989; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (applicant's abstract): Reproductive behaviors, especially lordosis, have proven excellent subjects for brain/behavior analyses. Now, for discerning genetic influences on animal behavior, female mice will be ideal. Here we propose to study two genes: (a) for oxytocin (OT), and (b) for its receptor (OTR). This is an exciting system, involved not only in reproductive and parental behaviors but also in the more general process of affiliation. As an important integrative neuropeptide, OT coordinates certain natural behaviors with their corresponding autonomic preparations. OT neurons, important for lordosis, are strategically convenient, located in discrete magnocellular hypothalamic groups. How do these two genes influence reproductive behaviors? I. At the molecular/biochemical level, we will use G-protein analyses including newly available specific-G-protein knockout mice as well as antisense DNA techniques, OTR antagonists and OTR knockout mice to test the hypothesis that OT, operating through the OTR, activates specific G-proteins, thus to increase ventromedial hypothalamic neuronal electrical activity, thus to drive lordosis behavior. II. At the behavioral level, we will use OT knockout mice, newly available OTR antagonists and antisense DNA approaches together with assays not only of reproductive behaviors but also of responses to stress and anxiety, to explore the hypothesis that these two genes are not limited to direct effects on lordosis. They calm the female mouse and protect reproductive behaviors from disruption under mildly stressful conditions. Novel "mouse burrow systems" will be included in our assays. As part of the project we will address two "puzzles": (i) the astonishingly weak phenotype reported so far from OT knockouts: How could the OT knockout mouse have such a restricted phenotype in view of the peptide's strong physiological and behavioral roles? (ii) The impressive behavioral differences between OT and vasopressin in the face of their chemical similarities: Where can we dissociate OT mechanisms from vasopressin's in a manner to help explain their behavioral differences? Overall, this proposal continues a "multilevel" investigation which exploits the specificity of the genetic code in order to analyze natural behavioral mechanisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NERVOUS SYSTEM REGULATION OF GENITAL REFLEXES Principal Investigator & Institution: Marson, Lesley; Surgery; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) The long term goals of this research are to understand the CNS regulation of female sexual reflexes. The present proposal will identify the inhibitory and excitatory pathways that control genital reflexes in the female. The majority of research on female sexual function has focused on the lordosis reflex. However, this does not address the genital responses related to sexual function. The urethrogenital [UG] reflex model is a spinal sexual reflex comprising of an integrated sympathetic, parasympathetic and somatic response in which sexually relevant genital reflexes can be studied in females. The responses seen with the UG reflex in the female rat mimic those present during sexual climax in
Studies
7
humans. These studies are designed to examine the efferent neuronal pathways that control autonomic and somatic genital reflexes and to localize the spinal cord neurons that are activated during 'climactic' reflexes in the female. We hypothesize that male and female CNS control of genital reflexes are similar. A spinal pattern generator is thought to regulate genital reflexes but its location is unknown. We will use the activity sensitive marker, c-fos, to localize spinal neurons responsible for regulating genital reflexes. Genital reflexes are tonically inhibited by supraspinal neurons. We will identify the brainstem neurons responsible for mediating this inhibition and characterize the neurotransmitter involved. We hypothesize that serotonergic neurons in the nucleus paragigantocellularis [nPGi] inhibit the UG reflex. We will use a combination of neuroanatomical, physiological and pharmacological techniques to confirm this hypothesis and to elucidate the serotonergic receptors mediating the inhibition. We hypothesize that neurons in the medial preoptic area [MPOA] can initiate female genital reflexes. We will map the neurons and pathways that regulate the excitatory drive. The MPOA does not project directly to the spinal cord, therefore, excitatory pathways must relay in the brainstem. We will examine the hypothesis that MPOA descending pathways that drive genital reflexes relay in the periaqueductal gray. These studies will provide novel information on the organization, integration and control of CNS mechanisms involved in female sexual function. New information concerning the anatomical, functional and chemical specificity/heterogeneity of pathways modulating sexual reflexes in the female will be gained. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PROGESTINS NON-GENOMIC ACTIONS FOR SOCIO-SEXUAL BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Frye, Cheryl A.; Associate Professor; Psychology; State University of New York at Albany 1400 Washington Ave Albany, Ny 12222 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUL-2004; Project End 30-JUN-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Progestins mediate the onset and duration of the mating posture, lordosis, in female rodents through actions in the hypothalamus and ventral tegmental area (VTA). In the hypothalamus, progesterone (P) has traditional, "genomic" actions via intracellular progestin receptors (PRs). In the VTA, 3a-hydroxy5a-pregnan-20-one (3a,5a-THP) has "non-genomic" actions independent of PRs to facilitate lordosis that may involve GABA-Benzodiazepine receptors (GBRs) and/or NMDA type glutamate receptors (NMDARs). In addition to lordosis, 3a,5a-THP may influence other social behaviors, as well as exploration and anxiety. Levels of 3a,5a-THP can also change with behavioral and/or environmental stimuli. Thus, experiments will test the hypothesis that rapid biosynthesis of, or metabolism to, 3a,5a-THP and its nongenomic actions at GBRs and/or NMDARs influence social and sexual behaviors (sociosexual behaviors) and socio-sexual behaviors alter central 3a,5a-THP concentrations via similar mechanisms. Using classic behavioral endocrinology, pharmacology, and radioimmunoassay methods in a model of socio-sexual behaviors, experiments will investigate: 1) the causal effects of 3a,5a-THP in the midbrain VTA to facilitate sociosexual behaviors. 2) The effects of various socio-sexual behaviors on midbrain 3a,5aTHP levels. If midbrain 3a,5a-THP is altered in response to socio-sexual behaviors, then this will suggest 3a,5a-THP in the midbrain mediates, and can be reflexively altered by, socio-sexual stimuli. 3) 3a,5a-THP can be formed in the VTA from metabolism of progestins produced peripherally by endocrine glands or centrally via biosynthesis in glial cells. The relative importance of 3a,5a-THP in the VTA from central biosynthesis vs metabolism of peripheral progestins to effect, or be increased by, socio-sexual behaviors
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Lordosis
will be investigated. 4) 3a,5a-THP may have actions at non-genomic substrates, such as GBRs and/or NMDARs. Whether behavioral effects of 3a,5a-THP, or 3a,5a-THP formation in response to socio-sexual behaviors, are in part due to non-genomic actions at these receptors in the VTA will be examined. Together, these experiments will elucidate the function, source, and mechanisms of 3a,5a-THP's actions in the VTA for socio-sexual behaviors and reveal how 3a,5a-THP increases in response to these behaviors. This research, investigating novel behavioral functions of 3a,5a-THP, will extend knowledge of the neurobiology of progestins, relevant for socio-sexual behaviors, and their connections to systems that regulate emotions. 3a,5a-THP is implicated in stress and the pathophysiology and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, 3a,5a-THP's role and actions to enhance reproduction and social bonds, minimize aggression, influence affective aspects of social behaviors, and to mediate responses to behavioral and/or environmental stimuli needs to be understood. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REDUCED LORDOSIS BEHAVIOR AFTER INTRACEREBRAL 8-OHDPAT Principal Investigator & Institution: Uphouse, Lynda L.; Professor; Biology; Texas Woman's University 304 Administration Drive Denton, Tx 76201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1991; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Adapted From The Applicant's Abstract): The Proposed studies are designed to provide information about the mechanisms and physiological significance of interactions among serotonin (5-HT) receptors in the control of female rat lordosis behavior. Emphasis is placed on 5-HT's role in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), especially the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN). The specific aims of the present application are to identify mechanisms responsible for this interaction. Studies are also designed to test the hypothesis that 5-HT's dual function within the VMN enables the organism to modulate its behavioral repertoire in a manner conducive to both species and individual survival. The specific aims of the proposed studies are: To determine the relative distribution of 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors within the VMN of proestrous rats and of hormonally-primed, ovariectomized rats. To test intracellular mechanisms responsible for the effects of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A/2C receptors. Experiments are proposed to test the hypothesis that 5-HT1A receptormediated inhibition of cAMP accumulation is involved in the receptor's inhibitory effect on lordosis behavior and that inhibition of cAMP accumulation is involved in the receptor's inibitory effect on lordosis behavior and that 5-HT2 receptors attenuate this inhibition through actions involving protein kinase C. Experiments are proposed to test the hypothesis that 5-HT1A receptors reduce the release of norepinephrine (NE) and that 5-HT2 receptors enhance the release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA); and that these effects of 5-HT on NE and/or GABA contribute to 5-HT's ability to both inhibit and facilitate lordosis behavior. To test a model about the physiological significance of 5-HT's dual role in the control of lordosis behavior. Experiments are designed to evaluate the hypothesis that 5-HT2 receptors reduce inhibition of lordosis behavior (mediated via 5-HT1A receptors) that is initiated by environmental challenge. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: REDUCING LOW-BACK DISORDERS USING A NEW SITTING DESIGN Principal Investigator & Institution: Makhsous, Mohsen; Chief Scientist & Director; Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago Chicago, Il 60645
Studies
9
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: Work-related low back musculoskeletal disorders are common and affect a large portion of the workforce. Occupational risk factors for LBP include sustained static muscle load, and inappropriate curvature/position of the spine and pelvis. Sitting may cause backward rotation of the pelvis, reduction in lumbar lordosis, changes in muscle activities and disc pressure, excessive pressure over the ischium and coccyx, and certainly the associated LBP. A new seat design, of which the back part of seat (BPS) can be dynamically tilted downward and upward with respect to the front part of the seat (FPS) providing adjustment of thigh and ischial support and the back support is adjustable in height and volume, will be investigated. It was found in the pilot study that sitting with lowered BPS and adjustment of low back support resulted in more evenly distributed contact pressure, reduced peak pressure under the ischia, increased total and segmental lumbar lordosis, forwardly rotated the pelvis, and increased lumbar intervertebral heights. We believe that the functional relations of the seat and backrest need to be further investigated in order to not only prevent flattening of the lumbar spine but also reduce the ischial load in long term sitting, which are related to LBP. We propose to study the biomechanical and neuromuscular effects of the new sitting concept, and evaluate quantitatively the benefits in the LBP patients for using appropriate lumbar support that increases lordosis and decreases the sitting pressure and load carried by the ischial tuberosities. Hypothesis 1: When the BPS is tilted downward, load on the ischial tubercles and lumbar spine will be reduced and shifted to the thighs and the thoracic spine, respectively. Low back muscle activities will also be reduced. Specific aim 1: Contact pressure distributions between the buttock-thighs and seat, and between the back and backrest, load carried at the seat and back will be evaluated with and without ischial support, combined with flat or adjusted back support. The muscular activities involved in stabilizing the trunk under these conditions will be investigated. Hypothesis 2: Increase in lumbar lordosis, forward rotation of the pelvis, and larger intervertebral heights will be observed when the BPS is tilted down to reduce ischial support. Specific aim 2: The total and segmental lumbar lordosis, pelvis inclination, and intervertebral spaces of lumbar spine, will be measured using X-ray images and compared under the different sitting conditions. Hypothesis 3: Sitting alternately between the postures with the BPS at level and tilted down positions will reduce the discomfort/pain associated with sitting. As a result, patients with LBP will better tolerate prolonged sitting. Specific aim 3: The subjective evaluation and impressions gained from the use of such a sitting design for a period of four months will be evaluated using questionnaire in two groups of chronic LBP patients with pain history and symptoms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SEX STEROID ACTIVATION OF OPIOID CIRCUITS IN THE CNS Principal Investigator & Institution: Micevych, Paul; Professor; Neurobiology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (applicant's abstract): Our long term goal is to understand how gonadal (sex) steroids regulate G protein-coupled receptor mediated neurotransmission that underlies hormonal activation of behavior. Among the best studied steroid-responsive circuits are those in the hypothalamus that regulate the female reproductive behavior, lordosis. Preliminary results suggest that estrogen and progesterone have differential effects on mu-opioid receptors (MOR) and opioid receptor-like orphanin receptor (OFQR). The
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present proposal will examine mechanisms through which estrogen and progesterone shift the functional balance of a hypothalamic circuit from inhibition to facilitation of lordosis by sequentially activating MOR and then OFQR. Specifically, the proposed experiments will test a general hypothesis: estrogen increases transmission at MOR and progesterone attenuates the inhibitory MOR activation and increases transmission at OFQR resulting in lordosis. The proposal is divided into three specific aims. First, preliminary studies indicate estrogen acts at intracellular receptors to cause endogenous opioid release resulting in MOR activation. Because there are two estrogen receptors, ER-alpha and ER-beta, a fundamental question is which receptor mediates estrogeninduced effects. In the ER-alpha 'knock-out' (ERKO-alpha) mouse, immunocytochemistry will be used to monitor MOR activation. In situ hybridization will be used to monitor OFQR mRNA levels. These experiments will determine the role of specific estrogen receptors underlying MOR activation and OFQR expression and may provide clues about steroid regulation of opioid receptors in other circuits. Second, steroids may uncouple opioid receptors from intracellular signaling cascades altering the physiologic balance between MOR and OFQR. [35S]-GTPgS binding will be used to determine the temporal and site-specific sex steroid regulation of MOR and ORQR coupling to G proteins. This will provide a measure of functional coupling of the opioid receptors. Third, several endogenous opioid peptides activate MOR, including: enkephalins, beta-endorphin and endomorphins. Only one endogenous ligand has been described for OFQR, orphanin FQ/nociceptin, but OFQR may also have several ligands. To determine which endogenous opioids regulate lordosis, passive immunoneutralization and behavioral analysis will examine whether OFQR is only activated by orphanin FQ/nociceptin, and whether MOR is principally activated by endomorphins or other endogenous opioids. Such experiments will functionally define the interaction of steroids and opioids modulating lordosis, and demonstrate a category of analyses that compare patterns of receptor activation and behavioral output of specific circuits. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STEROID HORMONE EFFECTS ON THE RAT VOMERONASAL ORGAN Principal Investigator & Institution: Rogers, Matthew F.; Biological Sciences; Columbia Univ New York Morningside 1210 Amsterdam Ave, Mc 2205 New York, Ny 10027 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002 Summary: (applicant's abstract): It is well established that steroid hormones (e.g., estradiol) can regulate stereotypic reproductive behaviors (e.g., lordosis) in potentially hazardous pest species by regulating the sensitivity of their pheromone detection system to chemosensory stimuli. However, previous studies have focused mainly on the central components of the pheromone system, i.e., regions within the central nervous system. Although there is compelling indirect evidence that estradiol can modulate neuronal activity of the vomeronasal organ (VNO), which is the epithelial component of this system, there remains little biochemical support for this effect. The long-term objective of this study is to understand the genetic basis of estradiol-dependent activational effects on the mammalian VNO. Within this context, the proposed work will characterize several features of estradiol-mediated gene expression and physiological effects in female rat VNO sensory neurons. Its specific aims are: 1) To determine if estradiol can activate gene expression in VNO sensory neurons and influence sensory neuron response to male pheromones; 2) To determine if estradiol can influence signal transduction in VNO neurons by correlating patterns of estrogen receptor expression
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with the expression patterns of critical components of the pheromone transduction pathway; and 3) To isolate and characterize a repertoire of putative estradiol-inducible genes expressed in the VNO neuroepithelium, Thus, this work will provide significant insight into the effects of steroid hormones on pheromone-mediated reproductive behaviors by providing the first direct evidence that estradiol can influence pheromonal processing at the level of the VNO. Furthermore, by clarifying the mechanisms underlying endocrine control of reproductive behaviors in a rodent pest species, this work will be particularly relevant to issues of public health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STEROID HORMONES REGULATORY MECHANISMS AND BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Mani, Shailaja K.; Assistant Professor; Molecular and Cellular Biology; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The ovarian steroid hormones, estradiol and progesterone, regulate cellular functions in the central nervous system resulting in changes in physiology and reproductive behavior in a variety of species. Progesterone effects on sexual behavior are mediated not only through the "classical" genomic mechanism of action involving the intracellular nuclear receptors, but also via rapid "non-classical" pathways involving extra-nuclear signal transduction cascades. While the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the convergence of these two mechanisms are not well understood, it could involve "cross-talk" between protein kinase-dependent signal transduction cascades initiated at the membrane and the nuclear transcription factors. Pronounced signal amplification achieved by the protein kinase cascades could alter phosphorylation dynamics within the neuronal cells to achieve additive, synergistic or redundant effects producing a multi-component, but coordinated molecular response, culminating in an unified behavioral outcome. This proposal focuses on the determination of the mechanisms of progesterone action that extend beyond the classical intracellular steroid receptor-mediated pathways. In particular, we propose to determine the biochemical and molecular events underlying the rapid progesterone-initiated signal transduction pathway(s). Specific aim 1 will determine the mechanism underlying the rapid, progesterone-initiated signaling in areas associated with lordosis. We will test the hypothesis that the progesteroneinitiated increases in cAMP activate mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in the hypothalamus and preoptic area (POA), the regions known to be associated with lordosis circuitry. We will determine whether activation of MAPK pathway results in the phosphorylation of downstream nuclear transcriptional targets like Ca+2/cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). Specific aim 2 will determine the intracellular localization of the activated MAPK cascade by examining the distribution of p-MAPK and its down-stream effectors at the cellular level. Specific aim 3 will test the hypothesis that the progesterone-activated MAPK-mediated cascade and its transcriptional targets mediate sexual behavior in vivo. Identification of such cross-talk signaling mechanisms will contribute to our understanding of the environmental and internal determinants of hormone-brain-behavior mechanisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STEROID HORMONES--BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Etgen, Anne M.; Professor; Neuroscience; Yeshiva University 500 W 185Th St New York, Ny 10033
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1985; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: The long-term objective of this research is to understand how brain cells produce specific behavioral responses. Because lordosis, a component of female reproductive behavior, is strictly dependent on the ovarian steroid hormones estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P), examination of mechanisms that control lordosis allow us to ask how hormonal signals are recognized by brain cells and translated into specific changes in behavior. The research proposed in this application combines behavioral, biochemical, and pharmacological approaches to address specific questions raised by our prior work regarding the neural mechanisms of E2 regulation of lordosis behavior in female rats. Specific Aim 1 uses in vivo microdialysis to test the hypotheses: (1) that somatosensory (flank/perineal and/or vaginocervical) rather than olfactory stimuli associated with copulation are responsible for norepinephrine (NE) release from the hypothalamus of hormone-treated, sexually receptive female rats, and (2) that steroid priming potentiates somatosensory stimulus-evoked NE release. Specific Aim 2 uses biochemical pharmacological approaches to test the hypothesis that E2 modifies opioid receptor signaling in the hypothalamus such that pathways inhibitory to lordosis (e.g., mu receptor-linked) are attenuated while pathways that facilitate lordosis (e.g., kappa and delta receptor-linked) are enhanced. Specific Aim 3 tests the hypothesis that the second messenger cGMP and its cellular effectors are hormone-regulated mediators of the facilitatory actions of E2 and P on lordosis behavior in female rats. Neuropharmacological studies will examine whether inhibition of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) reduces lordosis, and microdialysis studies will evaluate whether there is efflux of cGMP in the hypothalamus during mating tests in hormone- primed female rats. Immunological, biochemical and molecular biological methods will determine whether hormones regulate the expression of guanylyl cyclase, of PKGs, and/or of a specific PKG substrate in brain areas that regulate reproduction. These studies will provide novel insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which ovarian sterioids act in the brain and to produce predictable behavioral changes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with lordosis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “lordosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for lordosis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A comparison of actual and apparent lumbar lordosis in black and white adult females. Author(s): Mosner EA, Bryan JM, Stull MA, Shippee R. Source: Spine. 1989 March; 14(3): 310-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2711246
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A method for dynamic measurement of lumbar lordosis. Author(s): McGorry RW, Hsiang SM. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 2000 April; 13(2): 118-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10780686
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A noninvasive anthropometric technique for measuring kyphosis and lordosis: an application for idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Leroux MA, Zabjek K, Simard G, Badeaux J, Coillard C, Rivard CH. Source: Spine. 2000 July 1; 25(13): 1689-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10870144
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Age changes in kyphosis and lordosis of Jat-Sikh and Bania females of Punjab (India) from 20 to 80 years. Author(s): Sidhu LS, Singal P. Source: Anthropol Anz. 1983; 41(1): 59-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6847160
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Age effects in kyphosis and lordosis in adults. Author(s): Milne JS, Lauder IJ. Source: Annals of Human Biology. 1974 July; 1(3): 327-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4419577
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Anaesthetic management of a parturient with severe muscular dystrophy, lumbar lordosis and a difficult airway. Author(s): Pash MP, Balaton J, Eagle C. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1996 September; 43(9): 959-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8874915
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Analysis of lumbar lordosis in posterior spine fusions for idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Thomson JD, Renshaw TS. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1989 June; 2(2): 93-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2520068
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Anterior cervical plate used in degenerative disease can maintain cervical lordosis. Author(s): Katsuura A, Hukuda S, Imanaka T, Miyamoto K, Kanemoto M. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1996 December; 9(6): 470-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8976486
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Bilateral implantation of low-profile interbody fusion cages: subsidence, lordosis, and fusion analysis. Author(s): Schiffman M, Brau SA, Henderson R, Gimmestad G. Source: The Spine Journal : Official Journal of the North American Spine Society. 2003 September-October; 3(5): 377-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14588950
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Cervical and lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis in 8, 11 and 15-year-old children. Author(s): Hellsing E, Reigo T, McWilliam J, Spangfort E. Source: European Journal of Orthodontics. 1987 May; 9(2): 129-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3472891
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Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study. Author(s): D'Attilio M, Epifania E, Ciuffolo F, Salini V, Filippi MR, Dolci M, Festa F, Tecco S. Source: Cranio. 2004 January; 22(1): 27-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14964336
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Changes in lumbar lordosis in young patients with low back pain during a 10-year period. Author(s): Murata Y, Utsumi T, Hanaoka E, Takahashi K, Yamagata M, Moriya H. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 2002; 7(6): 618-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12486463
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Changes in lumbar lordosis modify the role of the extensor muscles. Author(s): McGill SM, Hughson RL, Parks K. Source: Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon). 2000 December; 15(10): 777-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11050362
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Comparison of axial and flexural stresses in lordosis and three buckled configurations of the cervical spine. Author(s): Harrison DE, Harrison DD, Janik TJ, William Jones E, Cailliet R, Normand M. Source: Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon). 2001 May; 16(4): 276-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11358614
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Comparison of lumbar range of movement and lumbar lordosis in back pain patients and matched controls. Author(s): Ng JK, Richardson CA, Kippers V, Parnianpour M. Source: Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine : Official Journal of the Uems European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2002 May; 34(3): 109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12395937
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Compensatory spinopelvic balance over the hip axis and better reliability in measuring lordosis to the pelvic radius on standing lateral radiographs of adult volunteers and patients. Author(s): Jackson RP, Peterson MD, McManus AC, Hales C. Source: Spine. 1998 August 15; 23(16): 1750-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9728376
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Congenital spine deformities: scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis. Author(s): Lonstein JE. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1999 July; 30(3): 387-405, Viii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10393763
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Congenital thoracic lordosis. Author(s): Winter RB, Moe JH, Bradford DS. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1978 September; 60(6): 806-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=701315
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Correlation of back extensor strength with thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis in estrogen-deficient women. Author(s): Sinaki M, Itoi E, Rogers JW, Bergstralh EJ, Wahner HW. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 1996 September-October; 75(5): 370-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8873705
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Does anterior plating maintain cervical lordosis versus conventional fusion techniques? A retrospective analysis of patients receiving single-level fusions. Author(s): Troyanovich SJ, Stroink AR, Kattner KA, Dornan WA, Gubina I. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques. 2002 February; 15(1): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11891456
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Effect of changes in lordosis on mechanics of the lumbar spine-lumbar curvature in lifting. Author(s): Shirazi-Adl A, Parnianpour M. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1999 October; 12(5): 436-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10549710
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Effect of lordosis on the position of the nucleus pulposus in supine subjects. A study using magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Beattie PF, Brooks WM, Rothstein JM, Sibbitt WL Jr, Robergs RA, MacLean T, Hart BL. Source: Spine. 1994 September 15; 19(18): 2096-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7825052
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Effects of kyphosis and lordosis on the remaining lumbar vertebral levels within a thoracolumbar fusion: an experimental study of the multisegmental human spine. Author(s): Molz FJ, Kirkpatrick JS, Reza Moeini SM, Partin JI, Bidez MW. Source: J South Orthop Assoc. 1999 Winter; 8(4): 261-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12132799
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Effects of lifestyle and work-related physical activity on the degree of lumbar lordosis and chronic low back pain in a Middle East population. Author(s): Harrison DE, Betz J. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques. 2002 June; 15(3): 186. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131416
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Effects of lifestyle and work-related physical activity on the degree of lumbar lordosis and chronic low back pain in a Middle East population. Author(s): Nourbakhsh MR, Moussavi SJ, Salavati M. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 2001 August; 14(4): 283-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11481549
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Elliptical modeling of the sagittal lumbar lordosis and segmental rotation angles as a method to discriminate between normal and low back pain subjects. Author(s): Harrison DD, Cailliet R, Janik TJ, Troyanovich SJ, Harrison DE, Holland B. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1998 October; 11(5): 430-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9811104
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Epidemiology of low back pain in the elderly: correlation with lumbar lordosis. Author(s): Tsuji T, Matsuyama Y, Sato K, Hasegawa Y, Yimin Y, Iwata H. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 2001; 6(4): 307-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11479757
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Estimated kyphosis and lordosis changes at follow-up in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Leroux MA, Zabjek K, Simard G, Coillard C, Rivard CH. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2002 January-February; 22(1): 73-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11744858
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Evaluation of a flexible ruler technique for measuring lumbar lordosis in the clinical assessment of low back pain. Author(s): Simpson SR. Source: J Soc Occup Med. 1989 Spring; 39(1): 25-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2523986
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Evaluation of lumbar lordosis. A prospective and retrospective study. Author(s): Fernand R, Fox DE. Source: Spine. 1985 November; 10(9): 799-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4089653
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Excessive lumbar lordosis in ambulatory spastic children. Iliopsoas tenotomy. Author(s): Keats S, Morgese AN. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1969 July-August; 65: 130-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5802518
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Excessive thoracic lordosis and loss of pulmonary function in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Winter RB, Lovell WW, Moe JH. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1975 October; 57(7): 972-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1184646
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Gait abnormalities arising from latrogenic loss of lumbar lordosis secondary to Harrington instrumentation in lumbar fractures. Author(s): Hasday CA, Passoff TL, Perry J. Source: Spine. 1983 July-August; 8(5): 501-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6648700
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Growth of the cervical spine with special reference to its lordosis and mobility. Author(s): Kasai T, Ikata T, Katoh S, Miyake R, Tsubo M. Source: Spine. 1996 September 15; 21(18): 2067-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8893429
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Harrington instrumentation into the lumbar spine. Technique for preservation of normal lumbar lordosis. Author(s): Winter RB. Source: Spine. 1986 July-August; 11(6): 633-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3787331
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Increasing lordosis of the occipitocervical junction after arthrodesis in young children: the occipitocervical crankshaft phenomenon. Author(s): Rodgers WB, Coran DL, Kharrazi FD, Hall JE, Emans JB. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1997 November-December; 17(6): 762-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9591978
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Induction of lordosis, ovulation and pregnancy by a single injection of HCG in the hamster. Author(s): Yang WH. Source: Endocrinology. 1971 July; 89(1): 287-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5089661
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Lordosis of lumbar vertebrae in omphalocele: an important factor in regulating abdominal cavity capacity. Author(s): Nagaya M, Kato J, Niimi N, Tanaka S. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2000 December; 35(12): 1782-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11101736
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Loss of lumbar lordosis. A complication of spinal fusion for scoliosis. Author(s): La Grone MO. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1988 April; 19(2): 383-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3282206
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Lumbar lordosis and pelvic inclination in adults with chronic low back pain. Author(s): Youdas JW, Garrett TR, Egan KS, Therneau TM. Source: Physical Therapy. 2000 March; 80(3): 261-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10696153
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Lumbar lordosis and pelvic inclination of asymptomatic adults. Author(s): Youdas JW, Garrett TR, Harmsen S, Suman VJ, Carey JR. Source: Physical Therapy. 1996 October; 76(10): 1066-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8863760
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Lumbar lordosis and pelvic inclination. Author(s): Lombardo G. Source: Physical Therapy. 1997 April; 77(4): 439-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9105346
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Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. Author(s): van Bogaert LJ. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2000 October; 71(1): 65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11044545
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Lumbar lordosis in acute and chronic low back pain patients. Author(s): Evcik D, Yucel A. Source: Rheumatology International. 2003 July; 23(4): 163-5. Epub 2003 January 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12856140
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Lumbar lordosis in spinal fusion. A comparison of intraoperative results of patient positioning on two different operative table frame types. Author(s): Guanciale AF, Dinsay JM, Watkins RG. Source: Spine. 1996 April 15; 21(8): 964-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8726201
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Lumbar lordosis measurement. A new method versus Cobb technique. Author(s): Chernukha KV, Daffner RH, Reigel DH. Source: Spine. 1998 January 1; 23(1): 74-9; Discussion 79-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9460156
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Lumbar lordosis. Effects of sitting and standing. Author(s): Lord MJ, Small JM, Dinsay JM, Watkins RG. Source: Spine. 1997 November 1; 22(21): 2571-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9383867
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Lumbar lordosis: effects of sitting and standing. Author(s): Epstein JA. Source: Spine. 1998 September 1; 23(17): 1923. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9762753
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Lumbar lordosis: normal adults. Author(s): Lin RM, Jou IM, Yu CY. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1992 March; 91(3): 329-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1354697
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Lumbar lordosis: study of patients with and without low back pain. Author(s): Murrie VL, Dixon AK, Hollingworth W, Wilson H, Doyle TA. Source: Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.). 2003 March; 16(2): 144-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12589669
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Lumbopelvic lordosis and pelvic balance on repeated standing lateral radiographs of adult volunteers and untreated patients with constant low back pain. Author(s): Jackson RP, Kanemura T, Kawakami N, Hales C. Source: Spine. 2000 March 1; 25(5): 575-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10749634
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Maintaining lumbar lordosis with anterior single solid-rod instrumentation in thoracolumbar and lumbar adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Sweet FA, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, Blanke KM. Source: Spine. 1999 August 15; 24(16): 1655-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10472099
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Measurement of lumbar lordosis. Evaluation of intraobserver, interobserver, and technique variability. Author(s): Polly DW Jr, Kilkelly FX, McHale KA, Asplund LM, Mulligan M, Chang AS. Source: Spine. 1996 July 1; 21(13): 1530-5; Discussion 1535-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8817780
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Measurements of lumbopelvic lordosis using the pelvic radius technique as it correlates with sagittal spinal balance and sacral translation. Author(s): Gardocki RJ, Watkins RG, Williams LA. Source: The Spine Journal : Official Journal of the North American Spine Society. 2002 November-December; 2(6): 421-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14589266
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Measurements of vertebral shape by radiographic morphometry: sex differences and relationships with vertebral level and lumbar lordosis. Author(s): Cheng XG, Sun Y, Boonen S, Nicholson PH, Brys P, Dequeker J, Felsenberg D. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1998 July; 27(7): 380-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9730329
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Mechanics of anatomic reduction of thoracolumbar burst fractures. Comparison of distraction versus distraction plus lordosis, in the anatomic reduction of the thoracolumbar burst fracture. Author(s): Zou D, Yoo JU, Edwards WT, Donovan DM, Chang KW, Bayley JC, Fredrickson BE, Yuan HA. Source: Spine. 1993 February; 18(2): 195-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8441934
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Neonatal hormone experience and adult lordosis and fighting in the golden hamster. Author(s): Carter CS, Landauer MR. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1975 January; 14(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1171471
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One-stage surgical correction of congenital thoracic lordosis--report of 2 cases. Author(s): Gogus A, Talu U, Hamzaoglu A. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 2001 August; 72(4): 413-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11580132
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Paralytic thoracic lordosis and lumbar kyphosis. A case report. Author(s): Louw JA. Source: S Afr J Surg. 1991 June; 29(2): 57-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1882317
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Pelvic lordosis and alignment in spondylolisthesis. Author(s): Jackson RP, Phipps T, Hales C, Surber J. Source: Spine. 2003 January 15; 28(2): 151-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544932
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Photo-elastic study on the relation between the lumbar lordosis and the load. Author(s): Yoshizawa H. Source: Nippon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi. 1969 August; 43(8): 645-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5390127
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Positioning of separated conjoined twins with scoliosis/lordosis. Author(s): Belcher MA. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1987 May; 41(5): 329-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3688147
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Posterior pelvic tilt in patients with decreased lumbar lordosis decreases acetabular femoral head covering. Author(s): Watanabe W, Sato K, Itoi E, Yang K, Watanabe H. Source: Orthopedics. 2002 March; 25(3): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11918038
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Progressive spinal lordosis after laminoplasty in a child with thoracic neuroblastoma. Author(s): Hosalkar HS, Pill SG, Sun PP, Drummond DS. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques. 2002 February; 15(1): 79-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11891459
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Radiographic analysis of lumbar lordosis: centroid, Cobb, TRALL, and Harrison posterior tangent methods. Author(s): Harrison DE, Harrison DD, Cailliet R, Janik TJ, Holland B. Source: Spine. 2001 June 1; 26(11): E235-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11389407
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Radiographic determination of lordosis and kyphosis in normal and scoliotic children. Author(s): Propst-Proctor SL, Bleck EE. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1983 July; 3(3): 344-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6874932
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Radiographic mensuration characteristics of the sagittal lumbar spine from a normal population with a method to synthesize prior studies of lordosis. Author(s): Troyanovich SJ, Cailliet R, Janik TJ, Harrison DD, Harrison DE. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1997 October; 10(5): 380-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9355053
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Range of motion and lordosis of the lumbar spine: reliability of measurement and normative values. Author(s): Ng JK, Kippers V, Richardson CA, Parnianpour M. Source: Spine. 2001 January 1; 26(1): 53-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11148646
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Reciprocal angulation of vertebral bodies in a sagittal plane: approach to references for the evaluation of kyphosis and lordosis. Author(s): Stagnara P, De Mauroy JC, Dran G, Gonon GP, Costanzo G, Dimnet J, Pasquet A. Source: Spine. 1982 July-August; 7(4): 335-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7135066
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Relationship between cervical lordosis and facial morphology in Caucasian women with a skeletal class II malocclusion: a cross-sectional study. Author(s): Festa F, Tecco S, Dolci M, Ciufolo F, Di Meo S, Filippi MR, Ferritto AL, D'Attillio M. Source: Cranio. 2003 April; 21(2): 121-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12723858
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Relationship between lordosis and the position of the centre of reaction of the spinal disc. Author(s): Gracovetsky SA, Zeman V, Carbone AR. Source: J Biomed Eng. 1987 July; 9(3): 237-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3613547
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Relationships between lumbar lordosis, pelvic tilt, and abdominal muscle performance. Author(s): Walker ML, Rothstein JM, Finucane SD, Lamb RL. Source: Physical Therapy. 1987 April; 67(4): 512-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2951745
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Reliability of clinical measurements of lumbar lordosis taken with a flexible rule. Author(s): Lovell FW, Rothstein JM, Personius WJ. Source: Physical Therapy. 1989 February; 69(2): 96-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2521531
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Reliability of the visual assessment of cervical and lumbar lordosis: how good are we? Author(s): Fedorak C, Ashworth N, Marshall J, Paull H. Source: Spine. 2003 August 15; 28(16): 1857-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12923476
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Role of vertical larynx movement and cervical lordosis in F0 control. Author(s): Honda K, Hirai H, Masaki S, Shimada Y. Source: Language and Speech. 1999 October-December; 42 ( Pt 4): 401-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10845244
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Severe lumbar lordosis after dorsal rhizotomy. Author(s): Crawford K, Karol LA, Herring JA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1996 May-June; 16(3): 336-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8728633
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Spinal anesthesia and lumbar lordosis. Author(s): Logan MR, Drummond GB. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1988 April; 67(4): 338-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3354867
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Spinal lordosis with marked opisthotonus secondary to dystonia musculorum deformans: case report with surgical management. Author(s): Fricka KB, Kim C, Newton PO. Source: Spine. 2001 October 15; 26(20): 2283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11598522
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Spinal pantograph - a non-invasive technique for describing kyphosis and lordosis in the thoraco-lumbar spine. Author(s): Willner S. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1981 October; 52(5): 525-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7331788
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Spinal screening for scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis. Author(s): Rapp GF. Source: J Indiana State Med Assoc. 1978 January; 71(1): 33-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=627732
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Subproestrus estrogen levels facilitate lordosis following septal or cingulate lesions. Author(s): Lisk RD, MacGregor L. Source: Neuroendocrinology. 1982 November; 35(5): 313-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6890633
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Supportive cushions produce no practical reduction in lumbar lordosis. Author(s): Murrie VL, Wilson H, Hollingworth W, Antoun NM, Dixon AK. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 2002 June; 75(894): 536-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12124242
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Surgical correction of congenital thoracic lordosis. Author(s): Winter RB, Leonard AS. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1990 November-December; 10(6): 805-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2250071
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Surgical management of severe thoracic lordosis. A new technique to restore normal kyphosis. Author(s): Bradford DS, Blatt JM, Rasp FL. Source: Spine. 1983 May-June; 8(4): 420-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6635792
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The biomechanical advantage of lordosis and hip extension for upright activity. Man as compared with other anthropoids. Author(s): Farfan HF. Source: Spine. 1978 December; 3(4): 336-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=741240
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The correlation of idiopathic lumbar scoliosis and lumbar lordosis. Author(s): Pelker RP, Gage JR. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1982 March; (163): 199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7067253
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The development of the lumbar lordosis. A post mortem study on excised lumbar spines. Author(s): Reichmann S, Lewin T. Source: Arch Orthop Unfallchir. 1971; 69(3): 275-85. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5099881
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The effect of Harrington rod contouring on lumbar lordosis. Author(s): Casey MP, Asher MA, Jacobs RR, Orrick JM. Source: Spine. 1987 October; 12(8): 750-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3686231
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The effect of intraoperative hip position on maintenance of lumbar lordosis: a radiographic study of anesthetized patients and unanesthetized volunteers on the Wilson frame. Author(s): Benfanti PL, Geissele AE. Source: Spine. 1997 October 1; 22(19): 2299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9346152
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The effect of Luque-rod instrumentation on the sagittal contour of the lumbosacral spine in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and the preservation of a physiologic lumbar lordosis. Author(s): Davies AG, McMaster MJ. Source: Spine. 1992 January; 17(1): 112-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1536011
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The effect of operative position on lumbar lordosis. A radiographic study of patients under anesthesia in the prone and 90-90 positions. Author(s): Peterson MD, Nelson LM, McManus AC, Jackson RP. Source: Spine. 1995 June 15; 20(12): 1419-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7676342
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The effects of pelvic movement on lumbar lordosis in the standing position. Author(s): Levine D, Whittle MW. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1996 September; 24(3): 130-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8866271
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The importance of 'lumbar lordosis measurement device' application during pregnancy, and post-partum isometric exercise. Author(s): Otman AS, Beksac MS, Bagoze O. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1989 May; 31(2): 155-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2759322
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The influence of backrest inclination and lumbar support on lumbar lordosis. Author(s): Andersson GB, Murphy RW, Ortengren R, Nachemson AL. Source: Spine. 1979 January-February; 4(1): 52-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=432716
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The influence of lordosis on axial trunk torque and trunk muscle myoelectric activity. Author(s): McGill SM. Source: Spine. 1992 October; 17(10): 1187-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1440008
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The influence of lumbar lordosis on spinal fusion and functional outcome after posterolateral spinal fusion with and without pedicle screw instrumentation. Author(s): Korsgaard M, Christensen FB, Thomsen K, Hansen ES, Bunger C. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques. 2002 June; 15(3): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131417
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The knee-spine syndrome. Association between lumbar lordosis and extension of the knee. Author(s): Murata Y, Takahashi K, Yamagata M, Hanaoka E, Moriya H. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2003 January; 85(1): 95-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12585585
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The lumbar lordosis below Harrington instrumentation for scoliosis. Author(s): Swank SM, Mauri TM, Brown JC. Source: Spine. 1990 March; 15(3): 181-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2353253
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The lumbar lordosis in acute and chronic low-back pain. Author(s): Hansson T, Bigos S, Beecher P, Wortley M. Source: Spine. 1985 March; 10(2): 154-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3159104
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The possibility of creating lordosis and correcting scoliosis simultaneously after partial disc removal. Balance lines of lumbar motion segments. Author(s): Ogon M, Haid C, Krismer M, Jesenko R, Wimmer C. Source: Spine. 1996 November 1; 21(21): 2458-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8923631
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The progression of untreated lumbar kyphosis and the compensatory thoracic lordosis in myelomeningocele. Author(s): Doers T, Walker JL, van den Brink K, Stevens DB, Heavilon J. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1997 May; 39(5): 326-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9236699
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The relationship between lumbar lordosis and radiologic variables and lumbar lordosis and clinical variables in elderly, African-American women. Author(s): George SZ, Hicks GE, Nevitt MA, Cauley JA, Vogt MT. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques. 2003 April; 16(2): 200-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12679677
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The role of lordosis. Author(s): Beckers L, Bekaert J. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 1991; 57 Suppl 1: 198-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1833945
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The role of lumbar lordosis, vertebral end-plate inclination, disc height, and facet orientation in degenerative spondylolisthesis. Author(s): Berlemann U, Jeszenszky DJ, Buhler DW, Harms J. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1999 February; 12(1): 68-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10078953
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Thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis during the growth period in children. Author(s): Willner S, Johnson B. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1983 November; 72(6): 873-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6673489
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Thoracic lordosis in idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Raso VJ, Russell GG, Hill DL, Moreau M, McIvor J. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1991 September-October; 11(5): 599-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1918345
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Treatment of congenital lumbar lordosis in adults with a one-stage single-level anterior closing-wedge osteotomy. A report of two cases. Author(s): Graziano GP, Hensinger RN. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1995 July; 77(7): 10959. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7608235
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Upper esophageal dysphagia due to marked cervical lordosis. Author(s): Mann NS, Brewer H, Sheth B. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1984 February; 6(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6699394
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Ventromedial hypothalamic neurons in the mediation of long-lasting effects of estrogen on lordosis behavior. Author(s): Cohen RS, Pfaff DW. Source: Progress in Neurobiology. 1992; 38(5): 423-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1589577
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Vertebral centroid measurement of lumbar lordosis compared with the Cobb technique. Author(s): Chen YL. Source: Spine. 1999 September 1; 24(17): 1786-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10488508
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LORDOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and lordosis.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Lordosis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “lordosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “lordosis” (or a synonym): •
Activation of mu-opioid receptors inhibits lordosis behavior in estrogen and progesterone-primed female rats. Author(s): Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Forchheimer 113, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
[email protected] Source: Acosta Martinez, Maricedes Etgen, Anne M Horm-Behavolume 2002 February; 41(1): 88-100 0018-506X
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Blockade of LHRH-induced lordosis by alpha- and beta-adrenergic antagonists in ovariectomized, estrogen primed rats. Author(s): Centro de Investigacion en Reproduccion Animal CINVESTAV-UAT, Tlaxcala, Mexico. Source: Gonzalez Mariscal, G Beyer, C Pharmacol-Biochem-Behavolume 1988 November; 31(3): 573-7 0091-3057
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Cyclic GMP may potentiate lordosis behaviour by progesterone receptor activation. Author(s): Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. Source: Chu, H P Morales, J C Etgen, A M J-Neuroendocrinol. 1999 February; 11(2): 10713 0953-8194
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Effect of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and flutamide on the facilitation of lordosis by LHRH and naloxone in estrogen-primed female rats. Author(s): Department of Biology, Boston University, MA 02215. Source: Erskine, M S Physiol-Behavolume 1989 April; 45(4): 753-9 0031-9384
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Effect of direct application of estrogen aimed at lateral septum or dorsal raphe nucleus on lordosis behavior: regional and sexual differences in rats. Author(s): Department of Basic Human Sciences, School of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan. Source: Satou, M Yamanouchi, K Neuroendocrinology. 1999 June; 69(6): 446-52 00283835
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Effects of pregnancy hormones on maternal responsiveness, responsiveness to estrogen stimulation of maternal behavior, and the lordosis response to estrogen stimulation. Author(s): Psychology Department, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA. Source: Rosenblatt, J S Olufowobi, A Siegel, H I Horm-Behavolume 1998 April; 33(2): 104-14 0018-506X
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Evidence for the involvement of central 5-HT1A receptors in the mediation of lordosis behavior in the female rat. Author(s): Department of Psychology, University of Goteborg, Sweden. Source: Ahlenius, S Larsson, K Fernandez Guasti, A Psychopharmacology-(Berl). 1989; 98(4): 440-4 0033-3158
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Excitatory amino acid modulation of lordosis in the rat. Author(s): Institute of Animal Behavior, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07012. Source: McCarthy, M M Curran, G H Feder, H H Neurosci-Lett. 1991 May 13; 126(1): 947 0304-3940
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Facilitation of lordosis in female rats by CNS-site specific infusions of an LH-RH fragment, Ac-LH-RH-(5-10). Author(s): Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Dallas 75235. Source: Dudley, C A Moss, R L Brain-Res. 1988 February 16; 441(1-2): 161-7 0006-8993
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Facilitatory and inhibitory effects of beta-endorphin on lordosis in female rats: relation to time of administration. Author(s): Department of Human Sciences, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, 804, Japan. Source: Torii, M Kubo, K Sasaki, T Horm-Behavolume 1999 June; 35(3): 271-8 0018-506X
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Factors elevating cAMP attenuate the effects of 8-OH-DPAT on lordosis behavior. Author(s): Department of Biology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX 76204, USA. Source: Uphouse, L Maswood, S Jackson, A Pharmacol-Biochem-Behavolume 2000 June; 66(2): 383-8 0091-3057
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Functional relationships between mesencephalic central gray and septum in regulating lordosis in female rats: effect of dual lesions. Author(s): Department of Basic Human Sciences, School of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan. Source: Kondo, Y Koizumi, T Arai, Y Kakeyama, M Yamanouchi, K Brain-Res-Bull. 1993; 32(6): 635-8 0361-9230
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GABAergic drugs and lordosis behavior in the female rat. Author(s): Department of Psychology, Universidad Anahuac, Mexico. Source: Agmo, A Soria, P Paredes, R Horm-Behavolume 1989 September; 23(3): 368-80 0018-506X
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Increased GABAergic transmission in medial hypothalamus facilitates lordosis but has the opposite effect in preoptic area. Author(s): Institute of Animal Behavior, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, Newark 07102. Source: McCarthy, M M Malik, K F Feder, H H Brain-Res. 1990 January 15; 507(1): 40-4 0006-8993
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Inhibition of lordosis behavior by intrahypothalamic infusion of a protein kinase G antagonist. Author(s): Department of Neuroscience, F113, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. Source: Jackson, A Etgen, A M Brain-Res. 2001 November 16; 919(1): 175-8 0006-8993
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Intrahypothalamic injection of RU486 antagonizes the lordosis induced by ring Areduced progestins. Author(s): Centro de Investigacion en Reproduccion Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autonoma de Tlaxcala Apdo, Mexico. Source: Gonzalez Mariscal, G Gonzalez Flores, O Beyer, C Physiol-Behavolume 1989 September; 46(3): 435-8 0031-9384
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Intraventricular administration of l-kynurenine and kynuramine facilitates lordosis in the female rat. Author(s): Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Source: Mendelson, S D Lee, N Gorzalka, B B Eur-J-Pharmacol. 1987 October 27; 142(3): 447-51 0014-2999
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Low concentrations of oxytocin suppress lordosis when infused into the lateral ventricle of female rats. Author(s): Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Source: Schulze, H G Gorzalka, B B Endocr-Regul. 1992 March; 26(1): 23-7 1210-0668
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Microinjection of cholecystokinin into the medial preoptic nucleus facilitates lordosis behavior in the female rat. Author(s): Department of Anatomy, U.C.L.A. School of Medicine 90024. Source: Dornan, W A Bloch, G J Priest, C A Micevych, P E Physiol-Behavolume 1989 May; 45(5): 969-74 0031-9384
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Morphine suppresses the ovarian steroid hormone-dependent lordosis response of female guinea pigs: reversal by naloxone but not clonidine. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110. Source: Nock, B Cicero, T J Horm-Behavolume 1991 March; 25(1): 29-37 0018-506X
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Oxytocin effects on lordosis frequency and lordosis duration following infusion into the medial pre-optic area and ventromedial hypothalamus of female rats. Author(s): Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Source: Schulze, H G Gorzalka, B B Neuropeptides. 1991 February; 18(2): 99-106 01434179
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Oxytocin-induced facilitation of lordosis behaviour in rats is progesteronedependent. Author(s): Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Source: Gorzalka, B B Lester, G L Neuropeptides. 1987 July; 10(1): 55-65 0143-4179
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Physostigmine facilitation of lordosis in naturally cycling female rats. Author(s): Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118. Source: Menard, C S Dohanich, G P Pharmacol-Biochem-Behavolume 1990 August; 36(4): 853-8 0091-3057
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Possible role of inhibitory glycinergic neurons in the regulation of lordosis behavior in the rat. Author(s): Centro de Investigacion en Reproduccion Animal, CINVESTAV-UAT, Tlaxcala, Mexico. Source: Sandoval, Y Komisaruk, B Beyer, C Pharmacol-Biochem-Behavolume 1988 February; 29(2): 303-7 0091-3057
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Progesterone receptor participates in the stimulatory effect of LHRH, prostaglandin E2, and cyclic AMP on lordosis and proceptive behaviours in rats. Author(s): Centro de Investigacion en Reproduccion Animal, CINVESTAVUniversidadAutonoma de Tlaxcala, Mexico. Source: Beyer, C Gonzalez Flores, O Gonzalez Mariscal, G J-Neuroendocrinol. 1997 August; 9(8): 609-14 0953-8194
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Progestins' rapid facilitation of lordosis when applied to the ventral tegmentum corresponds to efficacy at enhancing GABA(A)receptor activity. Author(s): Neuroscience Program, Connecticut College, New London, CT, USA.
[email protected]
Nutrition
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Source: Frye, C A Vongher, J M J-Neuroendocrinol. 1999 November; 11(11): 829-37 09538194 •
Role of striatal dopamine in the lordosis behaviour. Author(s): Department of Physiology, Goa Medical College, Bambolim. Source: Pednekar, J R Mascarenhas, J F Indian-J-Physiol-Pharmacol. 1993 October; 37(4): 333-6 0019-5499
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Scopolamine inhibition of lordosis in naturally cycling female rats. Author(s): Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118. Source: Menard, C S Dohanich, G P Physiol-Behavolume 1989 April; 45(4): 819-23 00319384
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Separation of dopaminergic and serotonergic inhibitory mechanisms in the mediation of estrogen-induced lordosis behaviour in the rat. Source: Fernandez Guasti, A Ahlenius, S Hjorth, S Larsson, K Pharmacol-BiochemBehavolume 1987 May; 27(1): 93-8 0091-3057
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Stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors inhibits lordosis behavior in the female rat. Author(s): Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Source: Mendelson, S D Gorzalka, B B Pharmacol-Biochem-Behavolume 1988 April; 29(4): 717-23 0091-3057
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The role of delta-opioid receptors in estrogen facilitation of lordosis behavior. Author(s): Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Forchheimer 113, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
[email protected] Source: Acosta Martinez, M Etgen, A M Behav-Brain-Res. 2002 October 17; 136(1): 93-102 0166-4328
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LORDOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to lordosis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to lordosis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “lordosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to lordosis: •
A comparative analysis of the interpretations of lumbar spinal radiographs by chiropractors and medical doctors. Author(s): Frymoyer JW, Phillips RB, Newberg AH, MacPherson BV. Source: Spine. 1986 December; 11(10): 1020-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2953076
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A new 3-point bending traction method for restoring cervical lordosis and cervical manipulation: a nonrandomized clinical controlled trial. Author(s): Harrison DE, Cailliet R, Harrison DD, Janik TJ, Holland B. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002 April; 83(4): 447-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11932844
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A normal sagittal spinal configuration: a desirable clinical outcome. Author(s): Cooperstein R.
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Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1997 February; 20(2): 136-7; Author Reply 137-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9046464 •
A normal sagittal spinal configuration: a desirable clinical outcome. Author(s): Owens EF Jr. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1997 February; 20(2): 133-4; Author Reply 134-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9046463
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A normal sagittal spinal configuration: a desirable clinical outcome. Author(s): Morgan L. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1997 February; 20(2): 130-1; Author Reply 131-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9046462
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A normal sagittal spinal configuration: a desirable clinical outcome. Author(s): Harrison DD, Troyanovich SJ, Harrison DE, Janik TJ, Murphy DJ. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1996 July-August; 19(6): 398-405. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8864971
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A normal spinal position: It's time to accept the evidence. Author(s): Harrison DE, Harrison DD, Troyanovich SJ, Harmon S. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2000 NovemberDecember; 23(9): 623-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11145804
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A retrospective consecutive case analysis of pretreatment and comparative static radiological parameters following chiropractic adjustments. Author(s): Plaugher G, Cremata EE, Phillips RB. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1990 NovemberDecember; 13(9): 498-506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2273331
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A review of biomechanics of the central nervous system--Part III: spinal cord stresses from postural loads and their neurologic effects. Author(s): Harrison DE, Cailliet R, Harrison DD, Troyanovich SJ, Harrison SO. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1999 July-August; 22(6): 399-410. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10478773
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A soy supplement and tamoxifen inhibit sexual behavior in female rats. Author(s): Patisaul HB, Luskin JR, Wilson ME. Source: Hormones and Behavior. 2004 April; 45(4): 270-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15053943
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Abdominoplasty and abdominal wall rehabilitation: a comprehensive approach. Author(s): Ramirez OM. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 January; 105(1): 425-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10627012
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Addiction to plaster? Author(s): LETTIN AW. Source: Lancet. 1964 April 11; 15: 795. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14108006
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An evaluation of the effect of chiropractic manipulative therapy on hypolordosis of the cervical spine. Author(s): Leach RA. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1983 March; 6(1): 17-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6854156
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Anatomical leg length inequality, scoliosis and lordotic curve in unselected clinic patients. Author(s): Specht DL, De Boer KF. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1991 July-August; 14(6): 368-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1919374
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Anthropometrical and mechanical considerations in determining normal parameters for the sagittal lumbar spine. Author(s): Dulhunty JA. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1997 February; 20(2): 92-102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9046457
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Cervicogenic dysfunction in muscle contraction headache and migraine: a descriptive study. Author(s): Vernon H, Steiman I, Hagino C. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1992 September; 15(7): 418-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1342581
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Changes in sagittal lumbar configuration with a new method of extension traction: nonrandomized clinical controlled trial. Author(s): Harrison DE, Cailliet R, Harrison DD, Janik TJ, Holland B. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002 November; 83(11): 158591. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12422330
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Effect of anterior wedging of L1 on the measurement of lumbar lordosis: comparison of two roentgenological methods. Author(s): Worrill NA, Peterson CK. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1997 September; 20(7): 459-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9310901
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Effect of single neonatal treatment with the soy bean phytosteroid, genistein on the sexual behavior of adult rats. Author(s): Csaba G, Karabelyos C. Source: Acta Physiol Hung. 2002; 89(4): 463-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12489755
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Effects of alkaloids of Veratrum californicum on chick embryos. Author(s): Bryden MM, Perry C, Keeler RF. Source: Teratology. 1973 August; 8(1): 19-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4737489
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Effects of Methoxychlor Exposure during Perinatal Period on Reproductive Function after Maturation in Rats. Author(s): Suzuki M, Lee HC, Chiba S, Yonezawa T, Nishihara M. Source: J Reprod Dev. 2004 August; 50(4): 455-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15329477
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Effects of neonatal treatment with phytoestrogens, genistein and daidzein, on sex difference in female rat brain function: estrous cycle and lordosis. Author(s): Kouki T, Kishitake M, Okamoto M, Oosuka I, Takebe M, Yamanouchi K. Source: Hormones and Behavior. 2003 August; 44(2): 140-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13129486
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Essential fatty acid requirements in carp. Author(s): Takeuchi T. Source: Archiv Fur Tierernahrung. 1996; 49(1): 23-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8766970
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Evaluation of axial and flexural stresses in the vertebral body cortex and trabecular bone in lordosis and two sagittal cervical translation configurations with an elliptical shell model. Author(s): Dulhunty J. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2003 NovemberDecember; 26(9): 608; Author Reply 608-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14673410
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Evaluation of axial and flexural stresses in the vertebral body cortex and trabecular bone in lordosis and two sagittal cervical translation configurations with an elliptical shell model. Author(s): Harrison DE, Jones EW, Janik TJ, Harrison DD. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2002 July-August; 25(6): 391-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12183697
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Evaluation of the assumptions used to derive an ideal normal cervical spine model. Author(s): Harrison DD, Janik TJ, Troyanovich SJ, Harrison DE, Colloca CJ. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1997 May; 20(4): 246-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9168409
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Facilitation of tonic immobility by stimulation of the vaginal cervix in the rat. Author(s): Naggar AN, Komisaruk BR. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1977 September; 19(3): 441-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=605168
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Footwear and posture. Compensatory strategies for heel height. Author(s): de Lateur BJ, Giaconi RM, Questad K, Ko M, Lehmann JF. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 1991 October; 70(5): 246-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1910649
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Further analysis of the reliability of the posterior tangent lateral lumbar radiographic mensuration procedure: concurrent validity of computer-aided X-ray digitization. Author(s): Troyanovich SJ, Harrison DE, Harrison DD, Holland B, Janik TJ. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1998 September; 21(7): 460-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9777546
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Genistein affects ER beta- but not ER alpha-dependent gene expression in the hypothalamus. Author(s): Patisaul HB, Melby M, Whitten PL, Young LJ.
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Source: Endocrinology. 2002 June; 143(6): 2189-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12021182 •
Impairment in the cervical flexors: a comparison of whiplash and insidious onset neck pain patients. Author(s): Jull G, Kristjansson E, Dall'Alba P. Source: Manual Therapy. 2004 May; 9(2): 89-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15040968
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Increasing the cervical lordosis with chiropractic biophysics seated combined extension-compression and transverse load cervical traction with cervical manipulation: nonrandomized clinical control trial. Author(s): Harrison DE, Harrison DD, Betz JJ, Janik TJ, Holland B, Colloca CJ, Haas JW. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2003 March-April; 26(3): 139-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12704306
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Is the sagittal configuration of the cervical spine changed in women with chronic whiplash syndrome? A comparative computer-assisted radiographic assessment. Author(s): Kristjansson E, Jonsson H Jr. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2002 NovemberDecember; 25(9): 550-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12466772
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Lateral cervical curve changes in patients receiving chiropractic care after a motor vehicle collision: a retrospective case series. Author(s): Harrison DE, Ferrantelli J, Oakley PA. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2004 February; 27(2): 133-4; Author Reply 134-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14970815
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Lateral cervical curve changes in patients receiving chiropractic care after a motor vehicle collision: a retrospective case series. Author(s): Coleman RR, Hagen JO, Troyanovich SJ, Plaugher G. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2003 July-August; 26(6): 352-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12902963
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Measuring the sacral inclination angle in clinical practice: is there an alternative to radiographs? Author(s): Winterstein JF.
Alternative Medicine 41
Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2002 February; 25(2): 139-40; Author Reply 140. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11896387 •
Neck support pillows: a comparative study. Author(s): Persson L, Moritz U. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1998 May; 21(4): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9608378
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Prevalence of hyperplastic articular pillars in the cervical spine and relationship with cervical lordosis. Author(s): Harrison DD, Harrison DE, Troyanovich SJ, Harrison SO. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2000 June; 23(5): 366-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10863262
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Prevalence of hyperplastic articular pillars in the cervical spine and relationship with cervical lordosis. Author(s): Peterson CK, Kirk RJ, Isdahl M, Humphrey BK. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1999 July-August; 22(6): 390-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10478771
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Segmental organization of rat lateral longissimus, a muscle involved in lordosis behavior: EMG and muscle nerve recordings. Author(s): Schwartz-Giblin S, Halpern M, Pfaff DW. Source: Brain Research. 1984 May 14; 299(2): 247-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6329419
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The efficacy of cervical extension-compression traction combined with diversified manipulation and drop table adjustments in the rehabilitation of cervical lordosis: a pilot study. Author(s): Hariman DG. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1995 June; 18(5): 323-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7673802
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The efficacy of cervical extension-compression traction combined with diversified manipulation and drop table adjustments in the rehabilitation of cervical lordosis: a pilot study. Author(s): Hariman DG. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1995 January; 18(1): 424. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7706961
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The efficacy of cervical extension-compression traction combined with diversified manipulation and drop table adjustments in the rehabilitation of cervical lordosis: a pilot study. Author(s): Harrison DD, Jackson BL, Troyanovich S, Robertson G, de George D, Barker WF. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1994 September; 17(7): 454-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7989879
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON LORDOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to lordosis. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “lordosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on lordosis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Lordosis ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to lordosis. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
The incidence of scoliosis, lateral pelvic tilt, and lordosis among male fifth to eleventh-graders in Sao Paulo City, Brazil by Zanandrea, Hermes Luiz, PhD from Brigham Young University, 1989, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8915230
•
The use of somatic training to improve pelvic tilt and lumbar lordosis alignment during quiet stance and dynamic dance movement by Gamboian, Nancy, PhD from University of Oregon, 1997, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9738707
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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON LORDOSIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “lordosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on lordosis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Lordosis By performing a patent search focusing on lordosis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
5Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on lordosis: •
Abdominal exercise device and method Inventor(s): Ellis; John S. (Rancho Santa Margarita, CA) Assignee(s): Endurance Plus, Inc. (Rancho Santa Margarita, CA) Patent Number: 5,916,073 Date filed: February 29, 1996 Abstract: The exercise device of the present invention has an elongated member that extends from a user's head to the user's upper back for providing back support during abdominal crunches. The member is curved to conform to the user's cervical lordosis and kyphotic curve formed by the user's thoracic vertebrae and has a tapered lower portion to provide freedom of movement. Excerpt(s): The present invention is generally directed to exercise devices and more specifically to devices for exercising abdominal muscles. A primary technique for strengthening and toning abdominal muscles, such as the rectus abdominous, is the abdominal crunch or sit-up. To perform a crunch, a person lies on his back and bends his knees by drawing his heels in towards his buttocks. He then curls his upper body into a concave position so the head, neck and shoulders are slightly elevated off the floor and the elbows are contacting the knees. In this position, the rectus abdominous is contracted. He returns to the starting position, thereby relaxing the muscle, and repeats the sequence of steps for a desired number of repetitions. Abdominal crunches can cause many physical ailments. As the number of repetitions increases, not only the rectus abdominous but also the neck muscles weaken (because the neck muscles must support the head). A person can attempt to compensate for the weakened rectus abdominous by jerking his head and upper back to help complete the repetitions. The jerking motion can further weaken the neck muscles and possibly lead to neck and/or back injuries. Although he can place his hands behind his neck to support the neck, he will have a tendency to pull up on his arms to help complete repetitions, which neutralizes the benefits of supporting the neck with the hands. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05916073__
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Adjustable height fusion device Inventor(s): Guyer; Richard D. (Dallas, TX), Hochshuler; Stephen H. (Dallas, TX), Rashbaum; Ralph F. (Dallas, TX), Wagner; Erik J. (Allen, TX) Assignee(s): Spinal Concepts, Inc. (Austin, TX) Patent Number: 6,045,579 Date filed: May 1, 1997 Abstract: Method and apparatus for promoting a spinal fusion between neighboring vertebrae. Apparatus may be located within the intervertebral disc space and preferably includes a pair of engaging plates for contacting the vertebrae. An alignment device may be used to alter the vertical distance between the engaging plates to customize the apparatus to fit a given patient. In one embodiment, the alignment device includes a pair of struts having a predetermined height and extending between the engaging plates from an anterior end to a posterior end of the apparatus. In another embodiment, the
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alignment device includes a rotatable connector and cam pins for adjusting the distance between the engaging plates. The alignment device is preferably adapted to vary the distance between the engaging plates such that the height of the apparatus proximate the anterior end is greater than that proximate the posterior end whereby the natural lordosis of the spine is maintained after the apparatus is installed. The apparatus may further include a load-sharing member to allow stress to be imparted to bone in the vicinity of the apparatus to promote bone growth in accordance with Wolff's law. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to methods and apparatus for promoting an intervertebral fusion, and more particularly to an apparatus for insertion into a space between adjacent vertebrae to facilitate an intervertebral fusion while maintaining a substantially natural lordosis of the human spine. Intervertebral discs that become degenerated due to various factors such as trauma or aging typically have to be partially or fully removed. Removal of an intervertebral disc can destabilize the spine, making it necessary to replace the vertebral disc to maintain the height of the spine and to fuse the spine. Spinal implants are often used to prevent collapse of the spine. U.S. Ser. No. 08/740,123 filed Oct. 24, 1996 relates to methods and apparatus for facilitating a spinal fusion and is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. After an intervertebral disc is removed, an implant device is typically inserted between neighboring vertebrae to maintain normal disc spacing and restore spinal stability, thereby facilitating an intervertebral fusion. A conventional implant device disposed between neighboring vertebrae is depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2. The implant device contains a pair of engaging elements 20 that typically contain threading 10 to engage the vertebrae. Prior to inserting the engaging elements, a vertebral drill is typically inserted within the surgical wound to drill into the cortical endplate and remove fibrous and nuclear material. A vertebral tap may then be used to cut threads into the ends of the neighboring vertebrae. The engaging elements tend to be relatively inflexible and substantially undeflectable. The engaging elements are typically packed with bone graft to facilitate a spinal fusion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06045579__ •
Adjustment device in a seat for a pelvis and/or lordosis support in a back support connectable to the seat, with a bowden-cable arrangement connected thereto Inventor(s): Klingler; Knud (Nurnberg, DE) Assignee(s): AMEU Management Corp. (Panama, PA) Patent Number: 5,638,722 Date filed: June 29, 1995 Abstract: An adjustment device is provided for use with a pelvis and/or lordosis support arranged in a back support connectable with a seat. The adjustment device contains an axially movable, threaded spindle (2) guided in a housing (1), a threaded ring (4), and an adjustment handle (3), and the housing (1) and the threaded spindle (2) each have an axial, central bore (6, 7) for passing through the cable line (9) of a Bowdencable arrangement (10). The bores (6, 7) are aligned with each other, whereby the central bore (6) in the threaded spindle (2) has ha hollow space directed at the adjustment handle (3) for inserting and holding a nipple (14) of the one end of the cable line. Provision is made in the side wall of the housing (1) for a radial opening (11), and in the side wall of the threaded spindle (2) for a cross bore (12) ending within the zone of the holding of the nipple (14). The radial opening (11) and the cross bore (12) are aligned with each other in a mutual position of the housing (1) and the threaded spindle (2),
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forming a passage with a diameter permitting the nipple (14) to pass through, whereby the opening (11) and the cross bore (12) are each connected with the central bores (6 and 7, respectively) by a slot (15 and 16, respectively) permitting the passage of the cable line (9). Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an adjustment device in a seat for a pelvis and/or lordosis support arranged in a back support connectable with the seat, with a Bowdencable arrangement connecting the pelvis and/or lordosis support, whereby the adjustment device contains an axially movable, threaded spindle guided in a housing, a threaded ring, and an adjustment handle, and the housing and the threaded spindle each have a central bore for passing through the cable line of the bowden-cable arrangement, said bores being aligned with each other, whereby the central bore in the threaded spindle ends in an interior space for receiving a nipple of one end of the cable line, the interior space being directed at the adjustment handle. An adjustment device is known from GB-A-2,013,487 and is used in connection with back supports of seats in connection with which the operating handle is arranged also in the back support. However, in many cases, no space is available within the zone of the back support for such manually adjustable operating handles, which for their operation also require free space, so that the operating handle has to be placed in the seat. Since the back support and the seat are, in a modern production, manufactured in different locations, there are problems during the assembly of the back support and seat with passing the one end of the cable line through the operating handle and then locking it, which often has to be accomplished under difficult spatial conditions, which means it requires expenditure in terms of time and cost. The object of the present invention is to improve an adjustment device of the type specified above in a way such that the insertion and the end of the cable line and its anchoring in the axially movable, threaded spindle is possible without much assembly expenditure with a completely prefabricated Bowden-cable arrangement. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05638722__ •
Anatomical support with moisture absorbing clay discs Inventor(s): Tonino; Sanna (2400 Leiria, Lisbon, PT) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,884,351 Date filed: November 7, 1997 Abstract: This invention relates to a pillow (1) and a mattress (6) the anatomical shape and rigidity of which help to combat pathological lordosis of the forward convex curvature particular to the cervical region and spondylitis in the dorsal region of the vertical column. The pillow (1) consists of two rounded lobes (2) and (3) with an anatomical shape for resting the head when the body is lying down in an anteroposterior position. The mattress is rectangular in shape and its anatomical shape and rigidity allow for perfect posture of the vertebral column in a dorsal or lateral recumbent position, thus guaranteeing decompression of the vertebral discs, which is an essential factor for combating spondylitis. Both are essentially made of a latex-type polyurethane foam the rigidity of which is designed not to affect or alter the pressure of mainly the cervical and dorsal blood vessels, and inside they contain a suitable number of clay discs (4) in pre-defined positions, which are connected to the outside by means of three vertical holes (5). These discs create absorbent and healing conditions owing to the properties of the clay.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an anatomically-shaped pillow which helps to combat pathological lordosis of the forward convex curvature particular to the cervical region, and a mattress whose anatomical shape and rigidity allow for perfect posture of the vertebral column in a dorsal or lateral recumbent position, thus guaranteeing decompression of the vertebral discs, which is an essential factor for combating spondylitis. The pillow consists of two rounded lobes with an anatomical shape for resting the head when the body is lying down in an antero-posterior position. The mattress is rectangular in shape. Both are essentially made of a latex-type polyurethane foam the rigidity of which is designed not to affect or alter the pressure of mainly the cervical and dorsal blood vessels, and inside they contain clay discs in pre-defined positions (three for the pillow and sixty-five or forty-five for the single and double mattress respectively), which are connected to the outside by means of three vertical holes. These discs create absorbent and healing conditions owing to the properties of the clay. Various pillows are already known with shapes that are adapted to the cervical curvature and thus in principle allow for a more correct position for sleeping. However, the pillows belonging to prior art either become deformed as time goes by or are not rigid enough and therefore do not totally resolve the inconveniences caused by incorrect anatomical positioning during sleep. Furthermore, the known pillows are not waterproof or absorbent and they certainly do not have any healing properties. Thus, one of the objectives of this invention is to design a pillow with a rigid, anatomical shape which is designed not to lose its shape with time and is simultaneously waterproof and can absorb sweat, as well as having healing properties. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05884351__ •
Anatomically deformable support Inventor(s): Klingler; Knud (Engerwitzdorf/Schweinbach, AT) Assignee(s): Schukra Berndorf Ges. m.b.H. (Berndorf, AT) Patent Number: 6,746,081 Date filed: January 31, 2002 Abstract: An anatomically deformable support and, in particular, a lordosis support, is provided for use with seats, couches or the like. The anatomically deformable support includes a frame, and an anatomically deformable supporting part connected to the frame and that can be arched in the reversible manner. The supporting part is connected to the frame by a connection arrangement including elongates cylindrical members, for example, wires, secured to the frame and first and second mounting arrangements provided at first and second end portions of the supporting part for securing the elongate cylindrical members to the supporting part. At least one of the mounting arrangements includes a first common rigid web member, and a pair of elastically flexible web members arranged on opposing sides of the rigid web member to form first mountings in which the elongate cylindrical members are received. The mounting arrangements are especially designed to prevent the elongate cylindrical members from gradually sliding out of the mountings. Excerpt(s): The subject matter of the invention is an anatomically deformable support, in particular a lordosis support, for seats, couches or the like with a frame that is connected to anatomic supporting part that can be arched in a reversible manner. Supports that can be deformed corresponding to anatomic specifications, are being used in increasingly greater numbers. Apart from supports allowing a posture of the thigh that essentially avoids maximum pressure, the so called lordosis supports are of
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particular significance. Due to the preferred forward bent posture of the sitting person, the naturally intended forward concave curvature of the spinal column is displaced by an essentially convex outward curvature, leading, in addition to faster fatigue, also to pain and an undesirable deformation of the intervertebral discs. However, to hinder such undesirable yet partly involuntarily occurring curving of the spinal column, lordosis supports are provided both on couches and seats. To achieve the desired purpose, these lordosis supports must, however, suit the natural original curvature of the spinal column. Such lordosis supports can have a height adjustable construction so as to be able to suit the various spine lengths and consequently the lordosises of various heights. Such a height adjustment may be neglected, since, as a rule, geographic regions have a relatively sharp maximum of the possible heights. Of particular significance is, however, the convex formation of the lordosis, since for one height there are several curvatures and the support should be provided not only at one or two vertebrae of the spinal column, but an as large as possible number of vertebrae of the spinal column should be supported to achieve the desired purpose, namely to reduce fatigue and prevent pain. Such lordosis supports can have also asymmetric curvatures which are achieved, for example, by forming a support member from materials having different thicknesses in the direction parallel to the spinal column for the curvature of the support member. Lordosis supports having various technical constructions are known. One of the most simple forms is by providing an inflatable cylinder in the possible region of the lordosis. Apart from the technical difficulty that a pump unit has to be provided to increase the lordosis support, due to the identical deforming forces along the arching the lordosis support will adapt itself to suit the already existing incorrect curvature of the spinal column. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06746081__ •
Backrest for vehicle seats Inventor(s): Eksin; Harum (Gaeufelden, DE), Kohfink; Hermann (Laichingen, DE), Pfahler; Karl (Stuttgart, DE), Schwarz; Rolf (Wildberg, DE) Assignee(s): DaimlerChrysler AG (Stuttgart, DE) Patent Number: 6,145,925 Date filed: November 19, 1999 Abstract: A backrest for vehicle seats, has a backrest frame, a backrest cushion which is fastened thereto and consists of a cushion layer and of a ventilation layer which covers the cushion layer and through which air can flow. A fan is provided for the active ventilation of the backrest cushion. For the purpose of improving the sitting comfort, the vehicle seat is equipped with a lordosis support, the fan being fastened largely centrally in the cushion area on the lordosis support at low vibrations. The fan is situated inside an air duct constructed in the cushion layer, the clear cross-section of the air duct being dimensioned such that the fan remains inside the air duct during its movement going along with the lordosis adjustment. Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority of German application 198 51 209.0, filed in Germany on Dec. 9, 1998, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein. The invention relates to a backrest for vehicle seats comprising a backrest frame, a backrest cushion which is fastened to the backrest frame, a foamed cushion layer, a ventilation layer which covers the cushion layer formed as a coarsemesh spaced knit through which air flows, and a ventilator fan for the active ventilation of the backrest cushion. In the case of a known backrest of this type (German Patent
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Document DE 196 28 688C1), the backrest cushion is normally constructed with a backrest surface and two lateral edge elevations. Between the backrest cushion and an air-tight backrest rear wall, a hollow space is constructed which is open at the lower end of the backrest. In the hollow space, specifically close to the lower end of the backrest, a fan, which has an intake opening pointing to the open end of the hollow space, is arranged laterally in the area of an edge elevation. The blow-out opening of the fan is connected with a flexible duct which, in the surface area at the lower end of the backrest cushion, leads into its ventilation layer. The air delivered by the fan flows in the backrest surface area through the ventilation layer in order to ventilate the seat surface by way of the breathing cushion covering and to de humidify corresponding body regions of the seat user. The two edge elevations are ventilated separately by means of one miniature fan respectively, which are inserted into air ducts cut into the cushion layer and also take in air from the hollow space. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06145925__ •
Back-rest with adjustable lordosis support for seats Inventor(s): Klingler; Knud (Nurnberg, DE), Schuster, Sr.; Wilhelm (Linz, AT) Assignee(s): Wilhelm Schuster, Senior (Linz, AT) Patent Number: 6,079,783 Date filed: October 17, 1996 Abstract: A back rest for a seat wherein the back rest includes a support member having first and second edge surfaces, a central plate between the edge surfaces, a first side member coupling the central plate to the first edge surface, and a second side member coupling the central plate to the second edge surface. The central plate of the support member is recessed from the first and second end surfaces to define a cavity. The back rest further includes a plurality of protrusions extending from the central plate and into the cavity. Additionally, the back rest includes a lordosis support having first and second ends coupled to the plurality of protrusions, at least one of the first and second lordosis support ends being coupled to the plurality of protrusions for movement relative to the support member. The lordosis support is adapted to bow upon displacement of one of the first end and the second end thereof toward one another thereby forming a curvature. In another embodiment a back rest includes a support member defining an opening and a separately formed bulge member defining side surfaces and a central plate recessed from and integral with the side surfaces to define a cavity. The back rest according to this embodiment also includes connectors for coupling the bulge member to the support member. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns a back-rest for seats of all kinds, especially for car seats, office chairs and armchairs, with an essentially flat support piece and an adjustable lordosis support, where the flat support piece is constructed, at least in the area where the lordosis support is located, as a tub-like bulge, which contains protrusions as holding devices and/or guides for attaching and guiding the lordosis support. From the EP-A1-0 011 396, the U.S. Pat. No. 4,182,533 and the DE-A-23 46 125, back-rests for seats in accordance with the characterizing portion of claim 1 are known. In these cases, the flat support piece is always of a large size and thus it is difficult to handle during the mounting of the adjustable lordosis support. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06079783__
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Conically shaped anterior fusion cage and method of implantation Inventor(s): Jayne; Kirk (Alameda, CA), Klyce; Henry A. (Piedmont, CA), Pavlov; Paul W. (Nijmegen, NL), Winslow; Charles J. (Walnut Creek, CA) Assignee(s): Surgical Dynamics, Inc. (Norwalk, CT) Patent Number: 5,906,616 Date filed: January 15, 1997 Abstract: A fusion cage for vertebral body fusion is conically-shaped. A thread is formed as part of the external conical surface of the fusion cage. Apertures are defined through the fusion cage in order to provide for contact between the engaged vertebral bone structures and bone growth inducing substances packed within the fusion cage. The fusion cage is introduced and maintains or increases the lordosis between adjacent vertebral bone structures. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to devices and methods for facilitating the fusing of bone structures and more particularly the fusing together of adjacent vertebral bodies or bone structures. Technical literature and patent documents disclose a number of devices and methods for fusing bones together. One such device which has proven to be successful is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,961,740, entitled "V-THREAD FUSION CAGE AND METHOD OF FUSING A BONE JOINT," which patent has been assigned the present assignee and which patent is incorporated herein by reference. The referenced patent discloses a fusion cage which is preferably cylindrical and has a thread formed as part of the external cylindrical surface. The fusion cage defines an internal cavity and apertures through the wall of the cage which communicate the external cylindrical surface with the internal cavity. The apertures are formed in the valleys of the thread. Normally two such cages are used to stabilized and fuse together adjacent vertebral bodies or bone structures. In practice, using a posterior approach, a patient's vertebral bone structures are exposed and degenerate disk material located between the vertebral bone structures is removed. A threaded tap is used to tap a complementary thread in the upper and lower vertebral bone structures preparatory to the insertion of the above fusion cage. Once such tapping has been accomplished, using an introduction tool, the fusion cage is screwed into the space between the adjacent vertebral bone structures. The thread bites into the bone of the upper and lower vertebral bone structures, stabilizing the bone structures, and preventing the fusion cage from working out of this position due to patient movement. Generally two such fusion cages are applied using this technique. Once the two implants have been positioned, then bone growth inducing substances, such as bone chips, are packed into the internal cavity of the fusion cages. These bone growth inducing substances come into immediate contact with the bone from the vertebral bone structures which project into the internal cavity through the apertures. Such projection of bone is due to the fact that the apertures are formed in the valleys of the external thread of the fusion cage. Such immediate bone to bone contact between the vertebral bone structures and the bone pack within the fusion cages results in more rapid propagation of bone cells between the adjacent vertebral bone structures and thus a more rapid fusion of the adjacent vertebral bone structures. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05906616__
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Contour adjustable vehicle seat Inventor(s): Orizaris; Vasilios (Renningen, DE), Schrader; Jurgen (Weil im Schonbuch, DE), Schroder; Wolfram (Wildberg, DE) Assignee(s): DaimlerChrysler AG (Stuttgart, DE) Patent Number: 6,299,250 Date filed: July 25, 2000 Abstract: A vehicle seat with a contour adjustment mechanism and control for the lordosis region of the seatback portion including at least two air cushions arranged one above another, the control including an operating unit and switching assembly for changing air pressure in the two air cushions. Specifically, two sets of operative switches are provided, one set to signal the operating unit to produce a change of the air pressure ratio between the two air cushions and the other set to simultaneously change the air pressure in the two cushions without changing the current pressure ratio. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a contour-adjustable seat, in particular a vehicle seat. A known vehicle seat of this general type is disclosed in German DE 195 34 660 C1 in which three air cushions in the seat's lordosis region of the backrest are arranged one above another. The three air cushions are activated separately by an operating control device in order to provide a desired seat contour in the backrest region. The operating control device has: a first button for increasing air pressure; a second button for decreasing air pressure; and a switch for selecting a region or one of the air cushions to be adjusted. Also, a pair of air cushions in the shoulder region of the backrest can be selected in addition to one of the three air cushions in the backrest. In order to produce a desired seat contour in the lordosis region, the pressure in the air cushions is changed cyclically, in a time-shifting process, in accordance with a specified pressure characteristic running periodically between a maximum pressure and a minimum pressure. In other words, pressure activation of the next adjacent air cushion begins at or before the minimum pressure is reached in the adjacent preceding air cushion. Another known vehicle seat of this general type is disclosed in German DE 43 31 663 C1 in which the operating control device utilizes a pressure-selecting rocker switch and a continuous-flow type switch. The continuous-flow type switch is used to select that seat region in which a contour adjustment is desired. By pressing the rocker switch into one of two directions, the air pressure in the selected cushion is increased or decreased. Accordingly, the seat cushion is altered so the seatback contour and the seat support is changed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06299250__
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Cutting jig and guide for tome apparatus for spinal implant Inventor(s): Nicholson; James E. (Lincoln, MA), Tromanhauser; Scott G. (Marblehead, MA), Whipple; Dale E. (Taunton, MA) Assignee(s): Cortek, Inc. (Dedham, MA) Patent Number: 6,261,295 Date filed: October 4, 1999 Abstract: A guide comprising a tube having a first end and a second end, the tube:A) being configured for insertable acceptance therethrough of a shaft of a tool designed to make cuts in a first vertebra and in a second vertebra simultaneously;B) having tangs
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extending from the first end thereof, wherein the tangs are tapered to conform to natural lordosis; andC) having a depth stop located on the second end thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the treatment of injured, degenerated, or diseased tissue in the human spine, for example, intervertebral discs and vertebrae themselves. It further relates to the removal of damaged tissue and to the stabilization of the remaining spine by fusion to one another of at least two vertebrae adjacent or nearly adjacent to the space left by the surgical removal of tissue. More particularly, this invention relates to the implantation of devices which can be inserted to take the structural place of removed discs and vertebrae during healing while simultaneously sharing compressive load to facilitate bony fusion by bone growth between adjacent vertebrae to replace permanently the structural contribution of the removed tissue. This invention further relates to the implantation of devices which do not interfere with the natural lordosis of the spinal column. This invention further relates to implants which are radiolucent to permit more accurate diagnostic imaging follow up. For many years a treatment, often a treatment of last resort, for serious back problems has been spinal fusion surgery. Disc surgery, for example, typically requires removal of a portion or all of an intervertebral disc. Such removal, of course, necessitates replacement of the structural contribution of the removed disc. The most common sites for such surgery, namely those locations where body weight most concentrates its load, are the lumbar discs in the L1-2, L2-3, L3-4, L4-5, and L5-S1 intervertebral spaces. In addition, other injuries and conditions, such as tumor of the spine, may require removal not only of the disc but of all or part of one or more vertebrae, creating an even greater need to replace the structural contribution of the removed tissue. Also, a number of degenerative diseases and other conditions such as scoliosis require correction of the relative orientation of vertebrae by surgery and fusion. In current day practice, a surgeon will use one or more procedures currently known in the art to fuse remaining adjacent spinal vertebrae together in order to replace the structural contribution of the affected segment of the disc-vertebrae system. In general for spinal fusions a significant portion of the intervertebral disk is removed, and if necessary portions of vertebrae, and a stabilizing element, frequently including bone graft material, is packed in the intervertebral space. In parallel with the bone graft material, typically additional external stabilizing instrumentation and devices are applied, in one method a series of pedicle screws and conformable metal rods. The purpose of these devices, among other things, is to prevent shifting and impingement of the vertebrae on the spinal nerve column. These bone graft implants and pedicle screws and rods, however, often do not provide enough stability to restrict relative motion between the two vertebrae while the bone grows together to fuse the adjacent vertebrae. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06261295__ •
Device and method for reducing lumbar lordosis while supine and supporting the lumbar curve when seated Inventor(s): Serola; Richard J. (6600 Kalanianaole Hwy., Suite 208, Honolulu, HI 96825) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,201,761 Date filed: November 12, 1991 Abstract: A dual purpose pillow for reversing the lordotic curve of a patient by acting on the base of the spine and comprises two wedges that act complimentary to each other. A larger wedge of the pillow is higher at the foot end and lower at the head end
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of the patient and acts to place the pelvis into posterior tilt. The sacrum is carried along with the pelvis into posterior pelvic tilt. The smaller wedge of the pillow is also higher at the foot end and lower at the head end of the patient and further increases the posterior tilt of the sacrum, thus acting to reduce the disc wedge angle above the sacrum. This pillow may be used to support the lumbar spine and musculature while the patient is sitting. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a device and method for reducing lumbar lordosis while supine and supporting the lumbar curve when seated. Backaches in the lumbar region of the spine are common in today's society and are usually attributed to bad posture or excess weight in the stomach area. The normal curvature of the lumbar spine is lordotic. By lordotic it is meant that, when observing the human body from the side, the lumbar curve has a convexity toward the anterior of the body. Increased lumbar lordosis, i. e., hyperlordosis, may be described as a lordotic curve that is increased beyond normal physiological homeostasis and results in an imbalance of the structure. Joint irritation, ligamentous stress, muscle spasm, and pain may all be associated with hyperlordosis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05201761__ •
Expandable interbody fusion cage and method for insertion Inventor(s): Josse; Loic (Montargis, FR), Liu; Mingyan (Bourg-la-Reine, FR) Assignee(s): Sofamor S.N.C. (Roissy CDG Cedex, FR) Patent Number: 6,436,140 Date filed: May 16, 2001 Abstract: An expandable interbody fusion device in one embodiment includes a cylindrical body (10) defining a hollow interior (17) for receiving bone graft or bone substitute material. The body (10) is divided into a number of branches (24, 26, 40 and 41) connected to one another at a fixed end (20) and separated at an expandable end (18). The expandable cage may be inserted in its substantially cylindrical form and may be expanded by movement of an expansion member (50) to establish lordosis of the spine. The present invention provides an expansion member (50) that interacts with the interior surfaces of the device to maintain the cage in the expanded condition and provide a large internal chamber (17) for receiving bone in-growth material. Methods for insertion of the fusion device are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present Application claims foreign priority benefits of International Patent Application Number PCT/IB99/01478, filed Aug. 26, 1999, and French Patent Application Number FR98/10832, filed on Aug. 28, 1998, the contents of each application hereby being incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to an implantable device for promoting fusion between two adjacent bony structures and a method of inserting the same. More particularly, the invention relates to an expandable fusion cage that may be inserted, in a reduced size configuration, into an intervertebral space and expanded after insertion to provide a desired size. While the device according to the present invention may have application in other areas of the body, the present invention is preferably utilized for vertebral interbody fusion. There have been an extensive number of attempts to develop an exceptional intradiscal implant that could be used to replace a damaged disc and yet maintain the stability of the disc interspace between adjacent vertebra, at least until complete arthrodesis is achieved. These "interbody fusion devices" have taken many forms. For example, one of the more
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prevalent designs takes the form of a cylindrical implant. These types of implants are presented by the patents to Bagby, U.S. Pat. No. 4,501,269; Brantigan, U.S. Pat. No. 4,878,915; Ray, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,961,740 and 5,055,104; and Michelson, U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,247. In the cylindrical implants, the exterior portion of the cylinder can be threaded to facilitate insertion of the interbody fusion device, as represented by the Ray, Brantigan and Michelson patents. In the alternative, some of the fusion implants are designed to be pounded into the intradiscal space. This type of device is represented by the patent to Brantigan. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06436140__ •
Individually adaptable headrest for seats with backs Inventor(s): Bonke; Christoph (Wendelsteinstrasse 15, D-83126 Flintsbach, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,158,812 Date filed: February 11, 1998 Abstract: A head restraint for seats with a seat back with an upper support body (1) which is provided in the extension of the seat back (3) above the upper edge (2) of the seat back (3) at head height, and with the longitudinal axis (6) aligned horizontally and parallel to the longitudinal axis (7) of the seat back (3), whereby the underside of the upper support body (1) is in contact with, or spaced apart from, the upper edge (2) of the seat back (3). At least two horizontally spaced apart structures (5) for lateral support of the head are provided at the front (9) of the upper support body (1) and/or integrated into it. At the height of the cervical lordosis of a seated person a lower, essentially cylindrical support body (4) for supporting the cervical spine is attached; when viewed from the side, the cross-section of the said support body (4) is essentially round, oval, elongated or semicircular in shape, and the longitudinal axis (13) of the said support body (4) is aligned horizontally and parallel to the longitudinal axis (6) of the upper support body (1). Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns an individually adaptable head restraint for seats with a seat back with the characteristics stated in the precharacterising part of claim 1. From prior art, a head restraint for a seat in a motor vehicle is known which comprises an essentially cylindrical support body. The longitudinal axis of the support body is aligned horizontally and is arranged parallel to the upper edge of the seat back. The support body is kept in position in respect of the seat back by means of one or two guide rods protruding vertically from the upper edge of the seat back; the said guide rods engage the lower side of the support body. Anchoring of the upper ends of the guide rods in the cylindrical support body is designed in such a way as to allow inclination of the support body in, or opposed to, the direction of travel. The guide rods can be lowered into the seat back or they can be partly pulled out from the seat back, thereby providing height adjustability of the support body. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06158812__
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Interbody fusion device and method for restoration of normal spinal anatomy Inventor(s): Boyd; Lawrence M. (Memphis, TN), Ray, III; Eddie (Cordova, TN), Zdeblick; Thomas (Madison, WI) Assignee(s): SDGI Holdings, Inc. (Memphis, TN) Patent Number: 5,782,919 Date filed: March 27, 1995 Abstract: An interbody fusion device includes a tapered body defining a hollow interior for receiving bone graft or bone substitute material. The body defines exterior threads which are interrupted over portions of the outer surface of the device. The fusion device defines truncated side walls so that on end view the body takes on a cylindrical form. The side walls are provided with vascularization openings, and the body wall device includes opposite bone ingrowth slots extending through the interrupted thread portion of the body. An implant driver is provided which engages the truncated side walls to complete the cylindrical form of the implant at the root diameter of the interrupted threads. The driver facilitates threaded insertion of the implant to the intra-discal space between adjacent vertebrae. The implant is tapered at a predetermined angle generally corresponding to a desired lordotic angle of the spine. The implant is inserted to a determinant depth into the intra-discal space to restore the normal lordosis of the particular vertebral level. The lordotic angle is restored not only by way of the taper of the implant itself, but also as a function of the depth of insertion of the implant into the space. The implant is readily adapted for insertion from either an anterior or a posterior approach. In the anterior approach, the implant is screw threaded into position, while in the posterior approach the implant operates as a cam to spread the vertebral bodies apart to an appropriate lordotic angle. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an artificial implant to be placed into the intervertebral space left after the removal of a damaged spinal disc. Specifically, the invention concerns an implant that facilitates arthrodesis or fusion between adjacent vertebrae while also maintaining or restoring the normal spinal anatomy at the particular vertebral level. The number of spinal surgeries to correct the causes of low back pain has steadily increased over the last several years. Most often, low back pain originates from damage or defects in the spinal disc between adjacent vertebrae. The disc can be herniated or can be suffering from a variety of degenerative conditions, so that in either case the anatomical function of the spinal disc is disrupted. The most prevalent surgical treatment for these types of conditions has been to fuse the two vertebrae surrounding the affected disc. In most cases, the entire disc will be removed, except for the annulus, by way of a discectomy procedure. Since the damaged disc material has been removed, something must be positioned within the intra-discal space, otherwise the space may collapse resulting in damage to the nerves extending along the spinal column. In order to prevent this disc space collapse, the intra-discal space is filled with bone or a bone substitute in order to fuse the two adjacent vertebrae together. In early techniques, bone material was simply disposed between the adjacent vertebrae, typically at the posterior aspect of the vertebrae, and the spinal column was stabilized by way of a plate or a rod spanning the affected vertebrae. With this technique once fusion occurred the hardware used to maintain the stability of the segment became superfluous. Moreover, the surgical procedures necessary to implant a rod or plate to stabilize the level during fusion were frequently lengthy and involved. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05782919__
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Intersomatic vertebral cage Inventor(s): Cottin; Philippe (Saint Remy Les Chevreuse, FR), Lahille; Michel (Vauhallan, FR) Assignee(s): Biomat (Igny, FR) Patent Number: 5,554,191 Date filed: January 23, 1995 Abstract: An intersomatic cage to be inserted from the posterior approach between two vertebrae comprises two substantially parallel branches for contact with the vertebral bodies, a linking portion linking the posterior ends of the branches, and a movable spreader member for angularly spreading the two branches after insertion of the cage between the two vertebrae. The cage allows adjustment of the lordosis angle between the two vertebrae during surgery. Ancillary equipment for insertion of the cage includes a rasp for forming a housing for the cage between the two vertebrae, a cage-holder for inserting the cage into the housing, a screwdriver for turning a screw screwed into the spreader member to spread the two branches of the cage, and a guide for successively guiding the rasp, the cage-holder with the cage, and subsequently the screwdriver. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns an intersomatic cage adapted to be inserted from the posterior approach between the vertebral bodies of two vertebrae, in particular lumbar vertebrae, and ancillary equipment for installing the cage. A cage of this kind is used to fuse the vertebral bodies after surgical removal of the disc, preserving the intervertebral distance. A prior art intersomatic lumbar cage has a hollow cylindrical body provided with a hemispherical anterior end and closed by a posterior screw plug. Elongate openings or slots are formed in the cylindrical body and/or the cylindrical body has a knurled roughened peripheral surface for facilitating bone ingrowth. The body may be prefilled with bone graft material, called as "allograft", and the plug is screwed and locked to the body. At least one such cage is inserted between two vertebral bodies using appropriate ancillary equipment. Cages of this type are described in International Patent Applications Nos. WO89/12431 and WO92/14423 and European Patent Application No. 0,307,241. The installed cage has top and bottom bearing surfaces in contact with the vertebral bodies. These bearing surfaces are narrow portions of the cylindrical surface of the cage body. The dimensions of the cage are usually selected from a range of a few sizes to suit the anatomy of the patient. Once chosen, the cage has fixed dimensions, however. It is usually desirable during surgery to adjust the relative position of the two vertebrae which are to be "joined" by fusing their vertebral bodies via the graft material, in particular their angular position in the anterior-posterior plane, which is known as the lordosis angle. Adjustment during surgery of this kind is not possible with an intersomatic cage of the above prior art type. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05554191__
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Intervertebral body fusion device Inventor(s): Vaccaro; Alex (925 Chestnut St., 2nd Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,102,950 Date filed: January 19, 1999
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Abstract: An intervertebral body fusion device has a wedge body, a cage component with a plurality of deployable spines having end plate penetrating teeth, and a contraction mechanism for drawing the wedge body into the cage component. The device is surgically placed intervertebrally into the spine from an anterior surgical approach. In its final surgically-implanted position, the wedge body is substantially fully drawn within the cage component, resulting in a full deployment of teeth and associated spines into the adjacent end plates of the vertebral bodies, while simultaneously restoring the angle of lordosis to the spine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an intervertebral body device for restoring a proper angle of lordosis to the spine, and, adapted to be inserted from an anterior approach between the vertebral bodies of two vertebrae, particularly during lumbar fusion surgery. A plethora of endoprostheses exist for replacing intervertebral disks after diskectomy or to implement surgical fusion of vertebral bodies. Each such endoprosthesis attempts to restore one or more qualities inherent to the disk or spine by simulating the natural properties of the disk, often by simulating its anatomical structure. Thus, attempts by a single device to restore a plurality of spinal qualities (such as rotation, cushioning, and lordosis) often results in compromise among the several structural features of such device. However, the critical function of such endoprosthesis is to restore the lordosis angle between corresponding vertebrae, particularly for the purpose of vertebral fusion surgery wherein the device preserves lordosis while a bone graft fuses adjacent vertebrae. The greatest angles of lordosis are typically associated with the lumbar spine, where vertebral bodies have broad, thick, and relatively flat end plates. However unfortunately, the typical related-art endoprosthesis (often referred to as a cage) must be provided in a range of dimensional sizes to suit the anatomy of a patient, which cage then has a fixed dimension. Hence, a practical and simple endoprosthesis is desired which, first, restores lordosis, next, takes particular advantage of the inherent structural integrity and support area of the lumbar vertebral body end plates by providing a broad bearing surface, and further, provides an adjustable angle to that bearing surface. Such device is particularly desirable where lumbo-sacral fusion is indicated, wherein consequent spinal rotation loss results in a relatively lesser postsurgical inconvenience for the patient than that consequent to fusion of other vertebral bodies. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06102950__ •
Orthopedic chair Inventor(s): Greenwald; Louis A. (3895 Creston St., Dubuque, IA 52002) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,123,390 Date filed: March 9, 1998 Abstract: An orthopedic chair designed to place the lumbar spine in a position of lordosis and to assist the user to sit more erect and not slouch. This takes stress off the cervical spine as well as the lumbar spine. The back of the chair has a lumbar roll positioned at the user's belt line and a seat contoured to support the user's thighs so that the knee joints are positioned below the hip joints. A pommel between the thigh supports keeps the user from sliding forwardly and presses the lumbar spine into the lumbar roll.
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Excerpt(s): It is estimated that neck and back pain afflict as many as 90% of the population of the United States at some time during their lives. Back and neck pain are conditions very frequently seen on a regular basis by many physicians and other medical practitioners. Due to the sedentary nature of many individuals, sitting in a poor position is one of the causative or aggravating factors for individuals with low back and neck pain. Moreover, poor posture and poor sitting have been identified by many spine experts as an aggravating factor for individuals with cervical and lumbar spine problems. There have been many recent attempts to design chairs to prevent low back and neck pain. However, none of these attempts have been completely successful because they attempt to maintain the lordosis using only a lumbar roll in the back of the chair. The chair of the invention is designed to place the lumbar spine in a position of lordosis and to assist the user to sit more erect and not slouch. This takes stress off the cervical spine as well as the lumbar spine. The chair has a back containing a lumbar roll positioned at the user's belt line and a seat contoured to support the user's thighs so that the knee joints are positioned below the hip joints. The seat also has a pommel positioned between the thigh supports to keep the user from sliding forwardly. The seat contour also comfortably presses the lumbar spine into the lumbar roll to maintain an anterior pelvic tilt. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06123390__ •
Pelvic retroverter Inventor(s): Caruana; Patrick (5, rue de l'Hotel de Ville, 26400 Crest, FR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,772,686 Date filed: May 14, 1997 Abstract: The pelvis retroverter of the invention for straightening lumbar lordosis by retroverting the pelvis simultaneously with synergetic exercising of the abdominal, pelvis-trochanter, gluteal, ischio-tibialis, and lumbar muscles while reclining on the front, presents in succession in a direction specified by an axis of symmetry (3):an ergonomic top face (1a) having a middle and recessed abdominal zone (4) between two ilium support zones (5), with a middle pubic support zone (6) behind, and an intermediate zone (7) in front; anda functional base (1b) separated from the face (1a) by a height (h) and coming into contact with the ground (2), comprising two plane zones (8 and 10) that are at an angle (c) to each other and interconnected by an arc (9). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the general technical field of devices and appliances designed for developing and rebuilding the musculation of a person and making it possible, in particular, to perform specific sports training or reeducation of certain muscles of a person in a correct posture. More particularly, the invention provides an appliance that is adapted to straightening lumbar lordosis by retroversion of the pelvis, while simultaneously working the abdominal, the pelvis-trochanter, and the gluteal muscles and also the muscles of the lumbar region while reclining on the front. The state of the art provides various appliances for strengthening or reeducating the muscles of the abdominal wall, of the pelvis-trochanter, gluteal muscles, and muscles of the lumbar region. Thus, it is well known to use stall bars or other accessories for holding the feet in place while performing movements that exercise the abdominal, gluteal, and lumbar muscles. It is also well known to use a conventional abdominal plank, a lumbar chair, a foam roller, a cushion, or a floor mat, for the purpose of
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performing various exercises often undertaken on the advice of a specialist. Another solution consists in using a special-purpose variable-load muscle-building machine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05772686__ •
Prone support apparatus for spinal procedures Inventor(s): Hernandez; Arthur S. (8418 Northview Pass, Fair Oaks Ranch, TX 78015), Herrera; Maria Christina G. (8418 Northview Pass, Fair Oaks Ranch, TX 78015) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,324,710 Date filed: April 14, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to a patient support device specifically designed to facilitate punctures and injections into the cervical (neck) or lumbar spine (lower back). The cushion support device provided by this invention has a raised V-shaped support cushion surface and a raised and rounded transverse cushion at one end for supporting a patient reposing therein in a facedown (prone) position and resisting lateral movement or rotation by that patient and reducing the lordosis (natural inward curve) of the lumbar spine or alternatively maximizing the flexion of the cervical spine. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to apparatuses and techniques designed and used to hold a person in a face-down or prone position and eliminate the inward curve or lordosis of the lumbar spine or allow maximum flexion of the cervical spine, and more particularly for the purpose of providing optimum conditions for a practitioner such as a surgeon or pain specialist to perform an injection into the neck or lower back. This invention is concerned with improving the support systems currently available to physicians such as practicing pain management specialists wishing to perform a spinal or epidural tap, puncture or injection into the cervical or lumbar portions of the spine of a human being. In particular, this invention is concerned with minimizing lumbar lordosis, or alternatively, maximizing cervical flexion, to facilitate spinal and epidural taps, punctures, and injections. The spinal column of a human being includes 33 bony segments called vertebrae, 24 of which are flexible. The flexible part of the spinal column includes 7 cervical vertebrae in the neck, 12 thoracic vertebrae at the back of the chest, and 5 lumbar vertebrae in the lower back. Each vertebra has a roughly cylindrical ventral part called the body, connected to which is a dorsal portion called the vertebral arch having multiple wing-like projections called spinous processes. The body and vertebral arch define a space through which the spinal cord passes. Between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae lie soft, round intervertebral disks of fibrocartilage. Numerous ligaments also connect the arches of adjacent vertebrae. The cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions of the spine are each associated with a characteristic curve of the spine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06324710__
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Resilient curve element of plastics material with longitudinal and transverse struts for a lordosis support with adjustable curvature Inventor(s): Klingler; Knud (Nurnberg, DE) Assignee(s): Ameu Management Corp. (Panama, PA) Patent Number: 5,934,752 Date filed: November 17, 1997 Abstract: An elastic contouring assembly for a lumbar support system includes an adjustable contouring element having a central longitudinal strut and an integral shoulder for attachent of an adjustment device. A tensioning cable having one end attached to the contouring element and an opposite end attached to the adjustment adjusts the curvature of the contouring element. Guide elements extend from the central longitudinal strut and include aperatures to receive the tensioning cable. Each of the apertures define an individual clearance height from the central longitudinal strut, and as the clearence heights differ, the radius of the contouring element can be adjusted by extending or retracting the tensioning cable. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns an elastic contouring element made of plastic with longitudinal and transverse struts for a lumbar support system having an adjustable curvature including a tensioning device, one end of which is connected to a contouring element by means of a fastening element and the other end of which is connected to a cam device for adjusting the curvature of the contouring element. Such a contouring element is known from the DE-C1-43 20 105. The contouring element known from it requires additional parts with regard to its connection to the adjustment device and a considerable amount of assembly time. It is the object of the invention to improve a contouring element for lumbar support in such a manner that it can be simply manufactured in a cost-effective way and that it can be assembled at low cost. It is a further object of the invention to attach a contouring element simply and quickly to a frame or a part of a frame of a back-rest without tools. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05934752__
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Seat Inventor(s): Meiller; Hermann (Wernberg-Koblitz, DE), Wilke; Hans-Joachim (Dornstadt-Bollingen, DE) Assignee(s): Grammer AG (Amberg, DE) Patent Number: 6,554,360 Date filed: May 1, 2001 Abstract: Described is a seat (10) comprising a seat squab (12) and a backrest (14) which is displaceable in respect of its inclination. In order to achieve a load relief for the intervertebral disc of a user of the seat and thus optimum seating comfort, the seat (10) provides that the backrest (14) is displaceable between convex lordosis positions and concave kyphosis positions in dependence on the respective backrest inclination. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns a seat comprising a seat squab and a backrest which is adjustable in respect of its inclination. Such a seat involves for example a vehicle seat for a land vehicle, aircraft or marine craft, or a chair such as an office chair or the like. Hitherto it was assumed that, when a person is sitting, the person should adopt an upright position with a hollow back (lordosis). A large number of proposals have been
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put forward in that respect. By way of example WO 95/22307 describes a seat having a backrest, wherein lordosis can be adjusted and displaced as desired. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06554360__ •
Seat with adjustable support elements Inventor(s): Schwarzbich; Jorg (Wertherstr. 15, D-33615 Bielefeld, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,769,491 Date filed: December 2, 1996 Abstract: A vehicle seat includes a back rest with lordosis support comprised of a bendable supporting element mounted on a wire grating by means of clamps carried by the supporting element. Each clamp forms a slot having a central tongue dividing the slot into first and second compartments for receiving first and second wires, respectively, of the grating. The combined widths of mouths of the two compartments is less than the combined diameters of the two wires so that the two wires cannot be inserted or removed simultaneously. The tongue is flexible to enable the two wires to be inserted or removed sequentially. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a seat, such as a vehicle seat having an adjustable lumbar support, and particularly to a device for fastening a supporting element onto a wire grating of the seat back. Seats, in particular motor vehicle seats, frequently have a supporting element in the shape of a so-called lordosis support inside the seat back, below the upholstery, which can be curved more or less with the aid of a fastening device in order to provide the user a better hold in the seat, in the area of the lumbar vertebra. The supporting element for the most part is shaped like an elongated plate made of plastic, which can be stressed to compress in a vertical direction with the aid of a conventional Bowden pull (i.e., a cable assembly having relatively movable telescoping cables), so that it curves (bends) and forms a forwardly facing convex surface. This plate is clamped to a wire grating, which itself is suspended flexibly by springs from the frame of the seat back. A simple lock-in connection of the supporting element can easily disengage itself from the wire grating as a result of mechanical stresses, for example during assembling of the seat or as a result of the pulling forces that occur during the bending. If, on the other hand, the clamping force is increased to secure the supporting elements better to the wire grating, then it becomes increasingly more difficult to lock the wires to the supporting element, resulting in increased operational expenditure during the assembly of the lordosis support. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05769491__
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Spinal implant Inventor(s): Bouquet; Philippe (Lamorlaye, FR), Chopin; Daniel (Grofflieres, FR), Liu; Mingyan (Bourg-la-Reine, FR), Meisel; Hans-Jorg (Berlin, DE) Assignee(s): Society de Fabrication de Materiel de Orthopedique, S.A. (FR) Patent Number: 6,746,484 Date filed: September 29, 2000
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Abstract: A spinal cage implant (1) is adapted to be inserted in a damaged intervertebral disc for restoring the discal height and permitting an arthoesis. Implant (1) comprises a central part (3c) with walls (4) and terminal parts (5, 6) for bearing against the cortical bone (14) of the vertebral end plates (15, 16). Central part (3c) is adapted to penetrate the vertebral end plates (15, 16) and transversely projects from the terminal bearing parts (5, 6). Implant (1) bears against the vertebral end plates (15, 16) with terminal parts (5, 6) and contains bone graft material between walls (4) which penetrate the openings (19, 21) in the end plates (15, 16) and permit bone fusion between the two vertebrae (V1, V2). Implant (1) permits restoring the physiological lordosis and the intervertebral height Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to spinal implant devices and associated techniques for promoting fusion of two or more vertebrae. It is known that when an intervertebral disc degenerates or is damaged, there is often a compression of the disc and a reduction in the normal intervertebral height. Typically, this condition results in abnormal motions that become a source of pain. In order to treat a pathology of this type, the disc is often stabilized to eliminate the abnormal motions caused by disc disorders or injuries. Generally, one approach is to prevent articulation between the two vertebrae situated on each side of the damaged disc by bone fusion. This fusion fixes the vertebrae to each other, eliminating the relative mobility causing the pain. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06746484__ •
Spinal support for reclining persons Inventor(s): Cooker; John T. (220 S. Nashville Ave., Tucson, AZ 85747) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,338,289 Date filed: March 29, 1993 Abstract: A spinal support pad for use by persons reclining or sleeping provides support for the lumbar area and side regions of the waist. The normally concave areas of the body tend to sag when a person is lying on a firm or semi-resilient surface, such as a standard mattress, resulting in abnormal spinal curvature, e.g., lordosis and/or scoliosis and resulting muscular pain and distress. The support pad of the present invention provides support for the body in these areas, preventing undue curvature of the spine and the problems associated with such undue curvature. The support pad comprises a support portion and belt portion, with the two portions combining to encircle the waist area of the user; the support portion forms the majority of the total circumference of the device. The belt portion may be joined to each end of the support portion, or may pass through a pocket within the support portion to divide the support portion into two pockets, each containing a pad. The pads may be formed of a variety of materials, such as natural or synthetic fiber, resilient foam, gel, or may be pneumatically inflated. The pad(s) is/are removable from the rest of the device to provide for the washing or other cleaning of the device. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to supports and the like for the body, and more specifically to a padded belt which may be worn around the waist, to support the normal body concavities of the waist and lumbar region when a person is reclining or sleeping. Some authorities have held that lower and other back problems began to bother people when humans first evolved into bipedal beings. Complaints of back problems, particularly in the lower back or lumbar region, are nearly universal among people, and as a result a multitude of remedies have been developed. Many of these
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remedies are in the form of braces or supports, intended to relieve muscle strain and pain in the lower back for erect or seated persons. In addition, many authorities have expressed concern over the support (or lack thereof) provided by the standard mattress. The relatively wide hips and buttocks of a person, in contrast with a relatively narrow waist, results in concentrations of pressure at the hips and buttocks when a person is reclining or sleeping and a corresponding lack of pressure or support at the small of the back (for persons lying on their back) and at the waist (for persons lying on their side). Many people hold that this results in a sagging of the spine and central body in the area of the waist, and abnormal curvature of the spine (lordosis and/or scoliosis) and consequent muscular strain and resultant pain. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05338289__ •
Static spinal alignment device Inventor(s): Dumas; Armen (Oxnard, CA), Plone; Irving H. (Playa del Rey, CA), Zacuto; Bradley J. (Van Nuys, CA) Assignee(s): Pacific Medical Products (Encino, CA) Patent Number: 5,224,956 Date filed: May 9, 1991 Abstract: According to the present invention, a static or passive spinal alignment device includes a first elongated section and a second elongated section spaced therefrom. The first section and the second section are each dimensioned to buttress a respective side of a patient lying supine on a generally flat surface. The side buttressing straightens the alignment of the spine and maintains the spine of the patient in a spaced relationship to the surface between the thoracic vertebra and a sacrum of the spine. Body weight then urges the spine downwardly to reduce lumbar lordosis. Means are provided for attaching the first section to the second section and for supporting each of the first section and the second section on the surface. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to orthopedic devices, and more particularly to a novel back alignment device which utilizes static side buttressing to straighten the alignment of the spine and further to reduce lumbar lordosis. In the treatment of back pain, it is necessary to straighten the alignment of the spine while reducing lumbar lordosis. Traction devices have been used for many years in such treatment. A traction device typically flattens the lumbar spine to overcome the anatomical lordosis. In one known traction device, the buttocks of a patient are cradled and lifted so that the patient's own weight provides a traction force to overcome the lumbar lordosis. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,362,151. A significant disadvantage and limitation of such a traction device is that it requires the patient to be confined to a bed so that the cradle can be supported by ropes and pulleys with the appropriate counter-balances. Ambulatory traction devices are also known. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,889,664, a surgical brace device for ambulatory treatment of the lower back is disclosed. The device disclosed therein includes a pair of spaced apart torso belt members joined together with jack screw connecting means for applying traction to the user between the pair of belts. The device further includes a pair of adjustably spaced lordosis pads mounted on the lower belt. These pads apply forward pressure on spaced apart back vertebra. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05224956__
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Support belt with corrective angle of lordosis Inventor(s): Miller; James R. (Milton, MA) Assignee(s): Boston Brace International Inc. (Avon, MA) Patent Number: 5,782,782 Date filed: May 24, 1996 Abstract: A support belt to be worn around the waist of a person includes an elongated strip of rigid material constructed of a low density material such as polyethylene. The elongated strip of rigid material includes a center portion and a pair of ends. The elongated strip of rigid material is sized and shaped so as to encircle the waist of the person with the center portion positioned against the back of the person and the pair of ends positioned against the front of the person, the pair of ends being releasably fastenable together to secure the support belt around the waist of the person. The center portion of the elongated strip of rigid material is shaped to define an angle of lordosis of approximately 15 degrees in the lumbar spinal region. The elongated strip of rigid material includes a plurality of inwardly curved sections sized and shaped so as to urge against the iliac crests of the person. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to support belts and more particularly to a support belt which is designed specifically to conform to the shape and desired angular orientation of the lower back of the wearer. Back disorders and the pain associated therewith are frequently encountered as a result of lifting, holding, and/or transporting heavy objects. Back disorders and the pain associated therewith are also frequently experienced as a result of placing continuous, high levels of stress on a person's back. Continuous, high levels of stress can occur from, among other things, repeatedly bending over or sitting for a prolonged period of time. Back injuries resulting from heavy lifting and/or repetitive stress generally occur in the curved spinal areas of the lower back, particularly the lumbar or arch spinal region of the back. The lumbar region of the spine corresponds to the five vertebrae which lie directly above the sacrum in the human body. Support belts, also commonly referred to as lifting belts and weight belts, are well known in the art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05782782__
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System for maintaining a desired spinal curvature of a user suffering from improper alignment of the vertebrae of the spine Inventor(s): D'Ambrosia; Robert (2 Lakewood Estates Dr., New Orleans, LA 70131), Solomonow; Moshe (4916 Green Acres Ct., Metairie, LA 70003) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,643,329 Date filed: October 20, 1995 Abstract: A system for maintaining a desired spinal curvature of a user suffering from improper alignment of the vertebrae of the spine. In it's broad aspects, it comprises a sensor feedback system and electrodes. The sensor feedback system measures spinal curvature, determines whether selected conditions have been met warranting the application of electrical stimulation and provides information regarding the determination to an electronic stimulator. The electrodes are spaceably mounted on selected portions of the user's back. They are in electrical communication with the
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electronic stimulator for causing contraction of the back muscles at selected levels, thus providing alignment of the spinal vertebrae. The sensor feedback system includes a sensor assembly which comprises an upper elongated rigid segment, a lower elongated rigid segment and a sensor. The upper elongated rigid segment is positionable adjacent the user's upper spine. The lower elongated rigid segment is positionable adjacent the posterior pelvic region. The sensor is mounted on a flexible middle segment between the upper segment and the lower segment. The sensor is so positioned as to measure lordosis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to low back pain management systems, and more particularly, to the use of electric stimulation to alleviate suffering of a person having chronic lower back pain. A large number of individuals suffer from chronic lower back pain. Many of these individuals acquire this problem due to prolonged exposure to incorrect posture associated with occupational activities. Typical examples include: bus and truck drivers who spend long hours seated in an improper chair; secretaries and computer operators; check-out clerks in stores; factory workers; etc. The paraspinal muscles of the back, particularly the erector spinae muscles, fatigue after maintaining prolonged improper posture (Andersson, Seminars in Spine Surgery, 5,1:3-9, 1993; Cooper et al., Annals of Rheumatic Diseases, 52:413-415, 1993; also Cooper et al., Spine 18,5:610-616, 1993). The chronic fatigue of the paraspinal muscles reduces their activity level (Cassisi et al., Spine, 18,2:245-251, 1993) and causes them to be smaller and weaker (Parkkola et al., Spine, 18,7:830-836, 1993 and Hides et al., Spine, 19,2:165172, 1994). The degeneration of the spinal muscles increases the intramuscular pressure (Styf, Spine, 12,7:675-679, 1987) and thereby reduces the circulation of blood to the neighboring structures such as muscles, vertebrae and discs (Konno et al., Spine, 19,19:2186-2189, 1994). The changes of paraspinal muscle function and blood supply causes changes in the alignment of the spine. There are discrete changes of the lower spine from Lordosis to Kyphosis (Konno et al., Spine, 19,19:2186-2189, 1994) and muscle activity which is different from their original activity during movement (Grabiner et al., Spine, 17,10:1219-1223, 1992; Sihvonen et at., Spine, 18,5:575-581, 1993). The misalignment of the spine, reduced blood circulation, and degeneration of the anatomical structures produces the low back pain which afflicts these individuals who are engaged in occupational activities which overtax the spinal muscles (Andersson, Seminars in Spine Surgery, 5,1:3-9, 1993). Exercise and physical activity are well-known therapeutic measures for combating lower back pain, especially in the early stages of development. (Lahad et al., JAMA, 272,16: 1286-1291, 1994; Hansen et at., Spine, 18,1:98107, 1993; Risch et al., Spine, 18,2:232-238, 1993; Frost et al., British Med Journal, 310:151154, 1995). Unfortunately, most individuals, especially overworked drivers, factory and office personnel, fail to subscribe to daily exercise due to time or motivational constraints. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05643329__
Patent Applications on Lordosis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to lordosis: 6
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Apparatus and method for continuous passive motion of the lumbar region Inventor(s): Hazard, Rowland G.; (Burlington, VT) Correspondence: Choate, Hall & Stewart; A Partnership Including Professional Corporations; Exchange Place; 53 State Street; Boston; MA; 02109-2891; US Patent Application Number: 20020091345 Date filed: January 10, 2001 Abstract: Apparatus and method for continuous passive motion back support for a person comprising a fluid-inflatable bag disposed between a static structure and the back of a person, the fluid-inflatable bag including a back-engaging surface cyclically moveable to increase and decrease the distance between the static structure and the back-engaging surface thereby to cycle the lower back through a substantial range of lordosis, a conduit adapted to conduct the fluid between the reservoir or the atmosphere and the fluid-inflatable bag, and programmable circuitry for adjusting a voltage supplied to an electrically-powered pump, whereby fluid flow in the conduit is effected by adjustably operating the electrically-powered pump. Various multiple bag embodiments are disclosed. Also disclosed is an apparatus and method for providing a baseline support pressure during continuous passive motion for the lower back of a person. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for providing continuous passive motion support to the back of a person for preventing or treating lower back pain. More particularly, the invention provides pneumatic fluid pressure means for cycling the lumbar region through a substantial range of lordosis. One or more fluid inflatable bags are cyclically inflated and deflated by means of an electrically powered pump. Programmable circuitry controls the operation of the pump by adjusting the pump supply voltage. In another embodiment, one or more of the fluid inflatable bags provide static baseline support pressure while the same or other bags provide continuous passive motion support to the back of a person. This invention relates generally to a method and apparatus for providing continuous passive motion to the lumbar region of the spine. The inventor herein has been issued three patents related to continuous passive motion (CPM), the teachings of which are herein incorporated by reference. U.S. Pat. No. 4,981,131 (hereinafter "the '131 patent") disclosed apparatus for cycling the lumbar region of the spine through a substantial range of lordosis (forward spinal curvature) for the purpose of preventing and relieving low back pain. In that patent, an inflatable bladder in contact with the back is pressurized and depressurized to effect the substantial range of lordosis. U.S. Pat. No. 5,624,383 (hereinafter "the '383 patent") disclosed an apparatus and method for providing force feedback in continuous passive motion (CPM) systems, whereby a force measuring apparatus is provided for continuously measuring the force exerted by a force-applying mechanism on a person's lumbar area and a system controls the force exerted by the mechanism in order to build up to a predetermined upper force range, which is maintained during an `on cycle` to provide force on the lumbar area of the user. U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,076 (hereinafter "the '076 patent") disclosed the ability to measure and control the force applied to the person's back throughout the inflate and deflate cycles to accommodate variations in a person's spinal compliance, posture and position during the spinal mobilization. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Appliance for lordosis adjustment for treating discomfort in, or originating in, the cervical spine region Inventor(s): Bernardoni, Gene P.; (Chicago, IL), Heffez, Dan S.; (Evanston, IL) Correspondence: Schiff Hardin, Llp; Patent Department; 6600 Sears Tower; Chicago; IL; 60606-6473; US Patent Application Number: 20040167449 Date filed: February 26, 2003 Abstract: A body-worn appliance for lordosis adjustment of a patient to alleviate pain or discomfort in or originating in the cervical spine region of the patient has an anterior portion and a posterior portion connected together by adjustable straps. The anterior portion has a rigid frame with a central opening, and the posterior portion has a relatively short height so that, when worn by a patient, the appliance has minimal bracing or supporting effect. One or more pads is/are releasably attachable to the posterior portion to set a thickness of the combination of the posterior portion and the pad or pads. Setting of this thickness is undertaken to effect a desired lordosis adjustment of the patient when the appliance is worn by the patient, so as to produce a neutral cervical spine orientation, thereby alleviating discomfort in or originating in the cervical spinal region without the necessity of wearing a neck brace or support. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to an appliance, of the type to be worn by a person, for effecting lordosis adjustment in order to treat discomfort suffered by the person IN or originating in the cervical region. Various types of body-worn braces or support are known for providing mechanical assistance to aid weak or ineffectual muscles or the treatment of the various types of back disorders and discomfort. Examples of such known orthotic braces are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,911,697; 5,718,670; 5,690,609; 5,547,462; 5,433,697; 5,295,947; 5,259,831; 4,285,336 and 2,813,526. These devices, and others of their type, have in common a design and structure that are specifically adapted to provide some type of mechanical support, primarily in the lumbar region, which would normally be provided by a healthy muscular or skeletal system, but which in certain occasions, due to disease or injury, is lacking or in need of augmentation. In general, these types of known devices can be considered as "stiffening" the lumbar region for the purpose of achieving this result. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Artificial disc spinal surgical prosthesis Inventor(s): Biro, Ladislau; (Middlesex, NJ), Cohen, Howard; (New York, NY), Cohen, Matthew S.; (New York, NY) Correspondence: Howard C. Miskin; C/o Stoll, Miskin, & Badie; The Empire State Building; 350 Fifth Avenue Suite 4710; New York; NY; 10118; US Patent Application Number: 20040153156 Date filed: January 21, 2004 Abstract: A spinal surgical prosthesis such as an artificial disc having a pair of opposed plate members, a flexible support interposes therebetween and temporary stabilizer made of a bio-compatible and bio-resorbable material surrounding the flexible support between the opposed plate members. Prior to the resorption of the temporary stabilizer, the prosthesis serves as an inter-body fusion device for enhancing osteo-integration of
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the prosthesis with adjacent vertebrae during the healing phase following surgery. Subsequent to the resorption of the temporary stabilizer, the flexible support provides flexibility and compressibility while maintaining the proper inter disc space and lordosis or kyphosis between adjacent vertebrae. Excerpt(s): This is a division of pending application Ser. No. 10/072,163, filed Feb. 7, 2002, which is a continuation of pending application Ser. No. 09/360,796, filed Jul. 26, 1999, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to an improved artificial spinal surgical prosthesis and more particularly to apparatus and methods for achieving stability and functionality of adjacent vertebrae while preserving the inter-disc space following disectomy by internal fixation or fusion of the engaging and bearing endplates. Fusion commonly performed for adjacent bone structures and those not adjacent provides for long term replacement as a result of degenerative or deteriorated disorders in bone. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Cage-type intervertebral implant Inventor(s): Moret, Olivier; (Sion, CH) Correspondence: Burns Doane Swecker & Mathis L L P; Post Office Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030100950 Date filed: March 4, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a cage-type intervertebral implant that is made up of a dished side wall (1), a cambered side wall (2), a front part (3), a rear part (4) and at least one intermediate wall (5, 6), thus comprising at least two cavities (7, 8, 9). An upper and a lower cage surface (10, 11) include a first lordosis angle (.alpha.1) in the direction front part-rear part and a second lordosis angle (.alpha.2) perpendicular thereto, said cage surfaces (10, 11) intersecting outside the cage. The cage structure is characterized by a doubler-wedge geometry (double-wedge-shaped cage) that is defined by the two lordosis angles (.alpha.1) and (.alpha.2) and that advantageously adapts itself to the anatomical conditions in the intervertebral area. The cage is further characterized by a high moment of tilt that effectively counteracts a tipping of the cage. The method used for producing the cage structure is essentially characterized by working the cage material by means of a high-pressure water jet, said cold-cutting technique having proved to be the most economical. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a cage-type intervertebral implant, and also to a method for its production, according to patent claims 1 and 23 respectively. It relates to a vertebral column implant and its method of production, the implant being used for insertion between two vertebrae of the vertebral column. It serves as a means of fusion (arthrodesis) of the two vertebrae, and conse-quently the original intervertebral disk height is again reached by means of it, and also the nerve root foramen returns to its original size. The individual vertebrae of the vertebral column have a vertebral body, a vertebral arch, a spinous process, two transverse processes, and two upper and two lower articular processes. The vertebrae are connected to the abutting intervertebral disks (disci intervertebralis) and give rise to the vertebral body (corpus vertebrae). The intervertebral disk consists of liquid-rich fibrous cartilage, and connects the individual vertebral bodies together. The size of the intervertebral disks increases from top to
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bottom, corresponding to the loads arising in the human body. The intervertebral disks serve as elastic buffers, and resiliently damp impacts. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Cervical spine rehabilitation system Inventor(s): Wilson, Allan S.; (Mission Viejo, CA) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 2040 Main Street; Fourteenth Floor; Irvine; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20040068799 Date filed: October 11, 2002 Abstract: A system for restoring the natural lordosis of the cervical spine is provided. The system comprises at least a base pillow having areas of varying thickness, and including a protuberance. A central portion of the base pillow preferably includes a depression for receiving a patient's head. A thicker edge portion provides support for the patient's neck, while the protuberance provides support for the patients thoracic vertebrae. A second pillow is positionable adjacent the base pillow to provide further elevation for the patient's head. The system may include yet another pillow having a size greater than the second pillow to provide still further elevation for the patient's head. The system may also include additional pillows having shapes smaller than, larger than, or in between the size of the other pillows. A method of using the pillows to treat a cervical spinal disorder is also provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to devices for treating spinal injuries. More specifically, the present invention provides an apparatus for rehabilitation of cervical acceleration/deceleration syndrome. The neck, or cervical spinal region, of the human body has a natural curvature or lordosis. This curvature is generally concave toward the posterior side of the body. A number of injuries, such as cervical acceleration/deceleration syndrome, or "whiplash," may cause this curvature to flatten out, or to curve in the opposite direction. Such a cervical spine curvature disorder can be quite painful for the patient, especially where it causes a blockage of the spinal cord opening, resulting in pinched nerves. If the disorder is not corrected, it can result in spinal degeneration, further adding to the patient's discomfort. This condition can also cause moderate to severe distortion of nerve function. Such distortion may cause limbs, particularly arms and hands, to swell, and may degrade the patient's ability to use such limbs. A number of rehabilitation methods are commonly used to treat cervical spine curvature disorders. One such method employs a specially shaped pillow that the patient uses each night when he or she retires. The pillow supports the head and neck in such a way that normal cervical curvature is gradually restored. Often, the pillow is used in combination with other rehabilitation methods. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Ergonomic seating cushion Inventor(s): Loomos, Melanie; (Miami, FL) Correspondence: Michael C. Cesarano; Suntrust International Center, 28th Floor; 1 S.E. 3rd Avenue; Miami; FL; 33131-1714; US Patent Application Number: 20020124318 Date filed: March 9, 2001 Abstract: An ergonomic seating cushion has a central cavity whose interior boundaries form an oscillating waveform. This feature reduces the pressure gradient on skin pressing against the cushion, promoting blood flow to the region while maintaining a central area of little or no pressure upon the perineum area. The cushion may have a dimpled surface to further lower pressure gradients, and may be tilted forward to assist in increasing lordosis and reducing lower back pain, or rearward when used by pregnant women to assist in compensating for the weight of an unborn child during pregnancy. Excerpt(s): Modern society tends to promote sedentary lifestyles, in which office workers and others must perform their daily work while seated. Long periods of sitting are increasingly being identified as a major cause of lower back pain. Studies directed to that phenomenon have concluded that changes in the curvature of the spine that occur when a person sits down and remains seated for long lengths of time, are one cause of lower back pain. One such study is entitled Ergonomics in the Design of Office Furniture, by Kroemer, Ing, and Robinette, and published in Industrial Medicine, Vol. 38, No. 4 (Apr., 1969). Additional studies have been conducted to determine the extent of changes to spinal curvature that result from moving from a standing position to a seated position, and the effect upon the spine of seating posture and angle of recline when seated. Two typical studies are Posture of the Trunk When Sitting on Forward Reclining Seats, by Bendix and Biering-Sorensen, published in Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitative Medicine, Vol 15 (1983); and The Influence of Different Sitting Positions on Cervical and Lumbar Posture, by Black, McClure and Polansky, published in SPINE, Vol. 21, No. 1 (1996). Lumbar lordosis is the term commonly used to refer to the forward curve of the lumbar spine. In one study (Lumbar Lordosis--Effects of Sitting and Standing, by Lord, Small, Dinsay and Watkins, published in SPINE, Vol. 22, No. 21 (1997)), lordosis was measured as an angle between various identifiable points within the spine, with "total lordosis" being measured from the cephalad endplate of L1 to the cephalad endplate of S1. Other measurements from L2 and S1, from L4 to S1, and from L5 to S 1 were also taken to determine the amount of curvature at each of the L1 locations, and the difference in curvature from standing to sitting. The results from that study are that lordosis increases by almost 50 percent when the patient moves from a sitting to a standing position, representing an angular change in total lordosis from 34.+-.15 degrees when sitting to 49.+-.15 degrees when standing. Since lower back pain and increased intradiscal pressure are associated with sitting over long periods of time, there has been an interest in alleviating or mitigating the problem by increasing lordosis when a subject is seated. Various attempts to do this have been proposed, and have led to ergonomically designed chairs having backs that provide lower back support for the lumbar spine. Another proposal has been that seats should be sloped forward to increase the forward tilt of the pelvis when seated. The Kroemer study, however, indicates that, while tilting the seat may increase forward pelvic tilt, also increasing lordosis, it also causes the body to slide forward. Such forward thrust must then be counterbalanced by action of the leg muscles, which ultimately becomes uncomfortable and fatiguing. Other problems associated with sitting for long periods of time are
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documented in Sitting Posture and Prevention of Pressure Ulcers, by Defloor and Grypdonck, published in Applied Nursing Research, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Aug., 1999), Shear vs Pressure as Causative Factors in Skin Blood Flow Occlusion by Bennett, Kavner, Lee and Trainor, published in Arch Physical Medical Rehabilitation, Vol 60 (Jul., 1979), and Hemorrhoids by Nussain, published in Primary Care, Vol. 26, No. 1 (Mar., 1999), and include pressure ulcers, decreased blood flow, and aggravation of pre-existing hemorrhoids. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Expandable interbody fusion cage Inventor(s): Josse, Loic; (Montargis, FR), Liu, Mingyan; (Bourg-la-Reine, FR) Correspondence: Brad A. Schepers; Woodard, Emhardt, Naughton, Moriarty And Mcnett; Bank One Center/tower; 111 Monument Circle, Suite 3700; Indianapolis; IN; 46204-5137; US Patent Application Number: 20020045945 Date filed: September 7, 2001 Abstract: An expandable interbody fusion device in one embodiment includes a cylindrical body (10) defining a hollow interior (17) for receiving bone graft or bone substitute material. The body (10) is divided into a number of branches (24, 26, 40 and 41) connected to one another at a fixed end (20) and separated at an expandable end (18). The expandable cage may be inserted in its substantially cylindrical form and may be expanded by movement of an expansion member (50) to establish lordosis of the spine. The present invention provides an expansion member (50) that interacts with the interior surfaces of the device to maintain the cage in the expanded condition and provide a large internal chamber (17) for receiving bone in-growth material. Methods for insertion of the fusion device are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an implantable device for promoting fusion between two adjacent bony structures and a method of inserting the same. More particularly, the invention relates to an expandable fusion cage that may be inserted, in a reduced size configuration, into an intervertebral space and expanded after insertion to provide a desired size. While the device according to the present invention may have application in other areas of the body, the present invention is preferably utilized for vertebral interbody fusion. There have been an extensive number of attempts to develop an exceptional intradiscal implant that could be used to replace a damaged disc and yet maintain the stability of the disc interspace between adjacent vertebra, at least until complete arthrodesis is achieved. These "interbody fusion devices" have taken many forms. For example, one of the more prevalent designs takes the form of a cylindrical implant. These types of implants are presented by the patents to Bagby, U.S. Pat. No. 4,501,269; Brantigan, U.S. Pat. No. 4,878,915; Ray, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,961,740 and 5,055,104; and Michelson, U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,247. In the cylindrical implants, the exterior portion of the cylinder can be threaded to facilitate insertion of the interbody fusion device, as represented by the Ray, Brantigan and Michelson patents. In the alternative, some of the fusion implants are designed to be pounded into the intradiscal space. This type of device is represented by the patent to Brantigan. Interbody fusion devices can be generally divided into two basic categories, namely solid implants and implants that are designed to permit bone in-growth. Solid implants are represented by U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,879,915; 4,743,256; 4,349,921; and 4,714,469. The remaining patents discussed above include some aspect that allows bone to grow across the implant. It has been found that
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the devices that promote natural bone in-growth achieve a more rapid and stable arthrodesis. The device depicted in the Michelson patent is representative of this type of hollow implant which is typically filled with a bone growth inducing substance to promote bone growth into and through the device. This implant includes a plurality of circular apertures which communicate with the hollow interior of the implant, thereby providing a path for tissue growth between the vertebral end plates and the bone growth material within the implant. In preparing the intradiscal space, the end plates are preferably reduced to bleeding bone to facilitate the tissue in-growth. During fusion, the metal structure provided by the Michelson implant helps maintain the patency and stability of the motion segment to be fused. In addition, once arthrodesis occurs, the implant itself serves as a sort of anchor for the solid bony mass. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Garment Inventor(s): Fujii, Takako; (Kyoto, JP), Murakami, Toshiko; (Kyoto, JP), Saka, Risa; (Kyoto, JP) Correspondence: Darby & Darby P.C.; P. O. Box 5257; New York; NY; 10150-5257; US Patent Application Number: 20030028952 Date filed: June 19, 2002 Abstract: A garment 10e comprising a stretch fabric wherein the garment covers at least a part of the lower body of a wearer, has a crotch part, and is worn by being fitted to the wearer's body, wherein the garment 10e in part has a portion 1 with a strong straining force; the portion 1 with a strong straining force is a strong straining portion (A); right and left parts of the portion (A) are connected at a position 2 on the back side of the garment corresponding to any region from os sacrum to vertebrae lumbalis of the wearer's body; and the portion (A) covers a region extending from the position 2 through tops of bulges of the buttocks or vicinities thereof approximately in the direction of muscle fibers of musculus gluteus maximus at right and left to at least the vicinity of trochanter major.The above garment is useful as having the functions of increasing the stability of the hip joint, reducing lumbar lordosis, making youthful figure and posture, contributing to alleviating pains such as lumbar pains, and for an elderly person preventing falling down. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a garment having functions of assisting the stability of the hip joint and reducing lumbar lordosis. Aging, lack of exercises, or excessive use of muscles by exercises may cause disorder in posture or excess load to some muscles. As a result, generation of pains or limitations in movements may be caused. Particularly in lumbar region, this may lead to limitations in movements and inconveniences as follows: due to weakened abdominal muscles for supporting musculus erector spinae, lumbar lordosis is increased; due to weakened musculus gluteus maximus and musculus gluteus medius that play important roles as muscles for stabilizing the tilt of the pelvis and allowing the hip joint to function with stability, and further due to weakened musculus biceps femoris, musculus semitendinosus, musculus semimembranosus, etc. that are called hamstrings, the pelvis is liable to incline backward and lumbar pains are generated; and due to weakened hamstrings, the function of musculus obliquus externus abdominis does not work well, and the upper body cannot be supported adequately, so that the supporting point when rotating the hips is not fixed, and the hips are not rotated (twisted) smoothly.
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Instrument system for preparing a disc space between adjacent vertebral bodies to receive a repair device Inventor(s): Blouin, Felix; (Sterling Forest, NY), Robie, Bruce; (Glen Rock, NJ), Wilhelmy, John; (Danville, CA), Zubok, Rafael; (Midland Park, NJ) Correspondence: Duane Morris Llp; 100 College Road West, Suite 100; Princeton; NJ; 08540-6604; US Patent Application Number: 20020161366 Date filed: December 31, 2001 Abstract: An instrument system for preparing a disc space between adjacent vertebral bodies to receive a repair device includes a series of distractors for distracting the vertebral bodies in a manner that restores natural lordosis of the lumbar and cervical spine, a vertebrae immobilizing template to fix the positions of the bodies, a handle for employing the distractor and the template, and a reamer for cutting tissue from endplates of the vertebral bodies. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/259,262 filed Dec. 29, 2000. The present invention relates to instruments and instrument systems for preparing a disc space between adjacent vertebral bodies in a manner that restores the natural lordosis of the lumbar and cervical spine, so that a repair device can be inserted therein. A large segment of the population have chronic back problems which cause pain and disability. The cause of back pain is often the result of diseased disc material between opposing vertebrae. The diseased disc material usually causes pain because the disc material inadequately supports the opposing vertebrae, thereby allowing the space between the vertebrae to collapse and irritate or damage spinal nerves. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Lordotic interbody spinal fusion implants Inventor(s): Michelson, Gary Karlin; (Venice, CA) Correspondence: Martin & Ferraro; 14500 Avion Parkway; Suite 300; Chantilly; VA; 201511101 Patent Application Number: 20030040798 Date filed: September 9, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is directed to interbody spinal fusion implants having a structural configuration that provides for the maintaining and creating of the normal anatomic angular relationship of two adjacent vertebrae of the spine to maintain and create spinal lordosis. The spinal fusion implants of the present invention are sized to fit within the disc space created by the removal of disc material between two adjacent vertebrae and conform wholly or in part to the disc space created. The spinal fusion implants of the present invention have upper and lower surfaces that form a support structure for bearing against the end plates of the adjacent vertebrae. The upper and lower surfaces are disposed in a converging angular relationship to each other such that the implants of the present invention have an overall "wedged-shape" in an elevational
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side view. The angular relationship of the upper and lower surfaces places and maintains the vertebrae adjacent to those surfaces in an angular relationship to each other, creating and maintaining the desired lordosis. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation in part of copending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/263,952 filed on Jun. 22, 1994, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/052,211 filed on Apr. 22, 1993, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/546,849, filed on Jul. 2, 1990, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/212,480 filed on Jun. 28, 1988. Both the cervical and lumbar areas of the human spine are, in a healthy state, lordotic such that they are curved convex forward. It is not uncommon that in degenerative conditions of the spine that lordosis is lost. This effectively shortens the spinal canal which decreases its capacity. Further, the absence of lordosis moves the spinal cord anteriorly where it may be compressed against the posterior portions of the vertebral bodies and discs. Finally, such a loss of lordosis disturbs the overall mechanics of the spine which may cause cascading degenerative changes throughout the adjacent spinal segments. The surgical treatment of those degenerative conditions of the spine in which the spinal discs are in various states of collapse, and out of lordosis, commonly involves spinal fusion. That is the joining together of adjacent vertebrae through an area of shared bone. When the shared bone is in the area previously occupied by the intervertebral disc that is referred to as an interbody fusion. Further history in this regard is provided in application Ser. No. 08/263,952 entitled Artificial Spinal Fusion Implants ("Parent Application") incorporated herein by reference. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Lordotic spinal implant Inventor(s): Kohrs, Douglas W.; (Edina, MN), Sand, Paul M.; (Roseville, MN) Correspondence: David G. Schmaltz; Merchant & Gould P.C.; P.O. Box 2903; Minneapolis; MN; 55402-0903; US Patent Application Number: 20030045938 Date filed: October 16, 2002 Abstract: A lordotic implant has a frusto-conical shape with external threads. Prior to placement of the implant, vertebrae are distracted in a manner to provide a desired lordosis between the vertebrae. The pre-distracted vertebrae are then tapped to provide a tapped bore having a geometry matching the conical geometry of the implant. The threaded implant is then placed within the pre-tapped conical bore. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/812,791, filed Mar. 6, 1997, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. This invention pertains to spinal implants and surgical procedures for use in spinal stabilization. More particularly, this invention pertains to an apparatus and method for implanting a tapered implant between two vertebrae. Chronic back problems can cause pain and disability for a large segment of the population. In many cases, the chronic back problems are attributed to relative movement between vertebrae in the spine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method and apparatus for providing an expandable spinal fusion cage Inventor(s): Kiester, P. Douglas; (Irvine, CA) Correspondence: Daniel L. Dawes; Myers, Dawes & Andras Llp; 19900 Macarthur Blvd, Ste 1150; Irvine; CA; 92612; US Patent Application Number: 20030171813 Date filed: March 5, 2002 Abstract: The spinal fusion cage of the invention comprises two opposing end plates, and three opposing collapsible legs. The two opposing end plates and three opposing collapsible legs are adapted to be configured into an expanded cage from a collapsed configuration. The expanded cage assumes a predetermined rigid shape and volume for disposition between two adjacent vertebrae. The collapsed configuration of the cage is adapted for posterior insertion into the disk space. The apparatus further comprises locking means for at least temporarily locking the legs and maintaining the cage in an expanded configuration. One of the legs is medially disposed on a first side of the cage and the other two are laterally disposed with respect to the end plates on a second side. The three legs have differing lengths so that the cage assumes a wedge-shaped envelope in the expanded configuration. The wedge-shaped envelope reestablishes a predetermined lordosis between fused vertebrae. The invention includes an inserter comprised of a tubular member and holding clamp disposed on the distal end of the tubular member. The holding clamp holds the cage in the collapsed configuration for insertion into a confined surgical theater. The cage is then reconfigured to the expanded configuration using the inserter. Further activation of the inserter causes the cage to be temporarily locked into the expanded configuration. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the field of implantable fusion cages for use in the spinal column. Fusion cages provide a space for inserting a bone graft between adjacent portions of bone. In time, the bone and bone graft grow together through or around the fusion cage to fuse the graft and the bone solidly together. One current use of fusion cages is to treat a variety of spinal disorders, including degenerative disc diseases, Grade I or II spondylolistheses, adult coliosis and other disorders of the lumbar spine. Spinal fusion cages (included in the general term, "fusion cages") are inserted into the intervertebral disc space between two vertebrae for fusing them together. They distract (or expand) a collapsed disc space between two vertebrae to stabilize the vertebrae by preventing them from moving relative to each other. The typical fusion cage is cylindrical, hollow, and threaded. Alternatively, some known fusion cages are unthreaded or made in tapered, elliptical, or rectangular shapes. Known fusion cages are constructed from a variety of materials including titanium alloys, porous tantalum, other metals, allograft bone, carbon fiber or ceramic material. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method of producing a lordosis support Inventor(s): Rutsch, Hermann W.; (Delbruck, DE) Correspondence: Richard M. Goldberg; 25 East Salem Sreeet; Suite 419; Hackensack; NJ; 07601; US Patent Application Number: 20020140124 Date filed: March 1, 2002
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Abstract: A method of producing a lordosis support (12) with a supporting element (22) of plastic of adjustable curvature at rods (18) of a lattice mat (10), formed by longitudinal and transverse rods (14, 16, 18), wherein the rods (14, 16, 18) are introduced into an injection mold (42, 44) for the supporting element (22) and, during the injection molding of the supporting element (22), are embedded in the latter. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method of producing a lordosis support with a supporting element of plastic of adjustable curvature at rods of a lattice mat, formed by longitudinal and transverse rods. A lordosis support is frequently incorporated in the backrest of seats, especially of motor vehicle seats. By adjusting the curvature, the lordosis support enables the contour of the backrest to be adapted to the anatomy of the user and to give a better support to the spine of the user. The supporting element of such a lordosis support is formed by a plastic plate, which is perforated variously and the upper and lower edges of which can be pulled together with the help of a Bowden cable, so that the plate is deflected and, by these means, its curvature is changed. The supporting element is fastened in the region of its upper and lower edges at transverse rods of a lattice mat, the function of which is to reinforce the backrest in the area. This lattice mat usually is formed by a wire lattice, which is suspended with compression or tension springs in the frame of the backrest, so that the longitudinal rods extend essentially vertically in the plane of the backrest. The transverse rods, consisting of thinner wires, are bent at the ends into eyelets, which embrace the longitudinal rods tightly and thus fasten the transverse rods to the longitudinal rods. An example of a unit consisting of a lattice mat and a lordosis support of this type is described in the EP-A-0 780 262. For the production, the lattice mat and the supporting element initially are produced as separate components. The supporting element, formed by a plastic injection-molded part, is then fastened in a special step by locking it to the transverse rods of the lattice mat. For this purpose, the locking organs at the supporting element must be constructed so that, on the one hand, sufficiently stable fastening is assured and, on the other, the transverse rods can be locked in so that they can move easily so that, when produced on an industrial scale, the locking can be brought about in a short time and with a high degree of functional reliability. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Posterior lumbar lordosis orthotic device Inventor(s): Bremer, Ross L.; (Atlantic Beach, FL), Coleman, Richard W.; (Ponte Vedra, FL), Hill, Nolan; (Jacksonville, FL), Wullenweber, Kurt; (Yulee, FL) Correspondence: Nixon & Vanderhye P.C.; 1100 North Glebe RD., 8th Floor; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20030181839 Date filed: March 21, 2002 Abstract: A posterior lumbar lordosis orthotic device includes front and back panels and sides. The back panel is shaped to simulate the lordosis of an individual and has upper and lower regions angularly related to one another. Screws accessible from the inside of the back panel are rotatable to adjust the angle between the upper and lower regions to more closely accommodate the specific lordosis of an individual. The front panel is secured to the sides, using modified pop rivets, enabling the front panel and sides to be adjustably secured to one another to adjust the overall girth of the device and to differentially adjust the girth along upper and lower portions of the device to accommodate individuals of different waist and hip sizes.
Patents 79
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an orthotic device for treatment of spinal disorders and particularly relates to a posterior lumbar lordosis orthotic device for adjustably bracing the back of an individual. Orthotic devices for supporting and bracing an individual's back are numerous, well known and effective for maintaining the stability of the spine and particularly the lumbar region. However, difficulties are encountered in fitting such orthotic devices to various individuals. For example, individuals have varying degrees of lordosis, as well as a wide variety of girths about their torsos. Also, orthotic devices are typically sized differently for male and female individuals. Even within one gender, however, there are varying degrees of lordosis and girths about the upper torso, waist and hip areas. A common problem has been to fit the orthotic device to the particular individual and the individual's spinal curvature, as well as to accommodate the different sizes of individuals, i.e., girths about the torso including waists and hips. It is possible to customize an orthotic device to an individual's anatomy. This, however, involves significant expense. A variety of orthotic devices have been proposed and constructed for adjusting the girth about an individual's torso but have not afforded differential growth adjustment to accommodate individuals of different upper torso, waist and hip sizes, keeping in mind that each individual has a unique girth and a unique lordosis. Consequently, there has developed a need for an orthotic device which is adjustable to accommodate an individual's posterior lumbar lordosis, as well as differences in sizing between individuals of each gender and the unique anatomy of each individual. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Spinal fusion cage with lordosis correction Inventor(s): Ferree, Bret; (Cincinnati, OH) Correspondence: Gifford, Krass, Groh, Sprinkle,; Anderson & Citkowski, PC; Suite 400; 280 N. Old Woodward AVE.; Birmingham; MI; 48009; US Patent Application Number: 20020128713 Date filed: May 15, 2002 Abstract: Intervertebral cages, and methods of introducing the same, require few, if any, structural components within the cage itself, thereby providing a maximum volume for bone-graft filler. Cages according to the invention may passively expand to fill a volume within the disk space, or active expansion means may be provided. In terms of a passive expansion, at least a portion of the frame may be composed of a shape-memory material, causing the cage to naturally expand from the compressed to the expanded state once the cage is positioned within the intervertebral space. In either case, locking means are provided to maintain the shape of the cage once in position. An alternative embodiment includes first and second components, each having a compressed state which consumes a compressed volume associated with insertion of the component into an intervertebral space, and an expanded state which consumes a greater volume when the component is positioned within the intervertebral space. In terms of an active expansion, an externally accessible mechanism may be used to increase the anterior height once the cage is positioned within the intervertebral space. In all embodiments, connection means may be provided for interconnecting a plurality of cages together within the same intervertebral space. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/148,913, filed Aug. 13, 1999, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. This invention relates generally to spinal surgery and, in particular, to spinal
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cages of the type used in fusing adjacent vertebrae. Eighty-five percent of the population will experience low back pain at some point. Fortunately, the majority of people recover from their back pain with a combination of benign neglect, rest, exercise, medication, physical therapy, or chiropractic care. A small percent of the population will suffer chronic low back pain. The cost of treatment of patients with spinal disorders plus the patient's lost productivity is estimated at 25 to 100 billion dollars annually. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Spinal implant insertion adjustment instrument and implants for use therewith Inventor(s): Lin, Jo-Wen; (Tinton Falls, NJ) Correspondence: William Squire, ESQ.; C/o Carella, Byme, Bain, Gilfillan,; Cecchi, Stewart & Olstein; 5 Becker Farm Road; Roseland; NJ; 07068; US Patent Application Number: 20040098129 Date filed: November 3, 2003 Abstract: A spinal implant of cortical bone for insertion in the anterior to antereolateral approaches has a smooth surfaced cylindrical bore along a plane between inferior and superior vertebral engagement surfaces which may be roughened and which may be inclined to match the lordosis of the vertebrae. The bore may extend from the anterior surface through the implant into a central chamber or may be blind. The instrument has a straight shaft which is bent at a proximal end opposite a handle at the distal end. The bend is formed into an implant engaging member which has a circular cylindrical smooth surface and closely mates with and is complementary to the implant bore. The instrument is used to rotate or otherwise finely manipulate the implant in the plane of the disc space to a desired orientation from the initial improper insertion orientation. Impact forces on the handle torques the instrument and implant in the desired direction with minimum stress concentration on the implant in the bore to minimize damage to the bone that might otherwise occur in the presence of such stress concentration. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of provisional application Ser. No. 60/425,941 filed Nov. 13, 2002 which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. This invention relates to spinal intervertebral fusion implants and insertion instruments for insertion of the implant into the intervertebral disc space, and more particularly, to anterior approach implants and instruments. Of interest are commonly owned copending provisional applications Ser. No. 60/340,734 filed Oct. 30, 2001 and Ser. No. 60/372,972 filed Apr. 16, 2002, both in the name of John Winterbottom et al., both applications corresponding to US utility application Ser. No. 10/282552 filed Oct. 29, 2002 (attorney docket 525400-284) and PCT application Ser. No. PCT/U.S. 02134466 filed Oct. 28, 2002 (attorney docket 525400-283), Ser. No. 10/086041 entitled Spinal Intervertebral Implant Insertion Tool filed Oct. 25, 2001 in the name of Erik Martz et al. and Ser. No. 10/046866 entitled Implant Insertion Tool filed Jan. 15, 2002 in the name of John M. Winterbottom et al., and U.S. application Ser. No. 09/705,377 entitled Spinal intervertebral Implant filed Nov. 3, 2000 in the name of Lawrence A. Shimp et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 6,277,149, all incorporated by reference herein. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Wedge plate inserter/impactor and related methods for use in implanting an artificial intervertebral disc Inventor(s): Dudasik, Michael W.; (Nutley, NJ), Errico, Joseph P.; (Green Brook, NJ), Zubok, Rafail; (Midland Park, NJ) Correspondence: Spinecore, INC.; 447 Springfield Avenue; Suites W2-W3; Summit; NJ; 07901; US Patent Application Number: 20030229358 Date filed: April 29, 2003 Abstract: A wedge plate inserter/impactor instrument is provided primarily for holding, inserting, repositioning, removing, impacting, extracting, and otherwise manipulating an artificial intervertebral disc having features suitable for being manipulated thereby. A spring-loaded holding pin of the instrument can be used to engage a corresponding hole on the disc and confront the angled surfaces of the disc to enable the holding and manipulation of the disc. A forward wedge extension of the inserter/impactor has upper and lower surfaces that engage inwardly facing surfaces of the disc to hold the baseplates of the disc at a preferred lordosis angle with respect to one another. The instrument can engage the disc from a variety of surgical approach angles. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuing application of U.S. patent application 10/282,356 (filed Oct. 29, 2002) entitled "Instrumentation and Methods For Use In Implanting an Artificial Intervertebral Disc", which is a continuing application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/256,160 (filed Sep. 26, 2002) entitled "Artificial Intervertebral Disc Having Limited Rotation Using a Captured Ball and Socket Joint With a Solid Ball and Compression Locking Post", which is a continuing application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/175,417 (filed Jun. 19, 2002) entitled "Artificial Intervertebral Disc Utilizing a Ball Joint Coupling", which is a continuing application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/151,280 (filed May 20, 2002) entitled "Tension Bearing Artificial Disc Providing a Centroid of Motion Centrally Located Within an Intervertebral Space", which is a continuing application of both U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/970,479 (filed Oct. 4, 2001) entitled "Intervertebral Spacer Device Utilizing a Spirally Slotted Belleville Washer Having Radially Extending Grooves" as well as U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/140,153 (filed May 7, 2002) entitled "Artificial Intervertebral Disc Having a Flexible Wire Mesh Vertebral Body Contact Element", the former being a continuing application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/968,046 (filed Oct. 1, 2001) entitled "Intervertebral Spacer Device Utilizing a Belleville Washer Having Radially Extending Grooves" and the latter being a continuing application of both U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/970,479 (detailed above) as well as U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/128,619 (filed Apr. 23, 2002) entitled "Intervertebral Spacer Having a Flexible Wire Mesh Vertebral Body Contact Element", which is a continuing application of both U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/906,119 (filed Jul. 16, 2001) and entitled "Trial Intervertebral Distraction Spacers" as well as U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/982,148 (filed Oct. 18, 2001) and entitled "Intervertebral Spacer Device Having Arch Shaped Spring Elements". All of the above mentioned applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their respective entireties. This invention relates generally to systems and methods for use in spine arthroplasty, and more specifically to instruments for inserting and impacting artificial intervertebral discs, and methods of use thereof. The bones and connective tissue of an adult human spinal column consists of more than twenty discrete bones coupled sequentially to one another by a tri-joint complex that consists of an anterior disc and the two posterior facet joints, the anterior
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discs of adjacent bones being cushioned by cartilage spacers referred to as intervertebral discs. These more than twenty bones are anatomically categorized as being members of one of four classifications: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, or sacral. The cervical portion of the spine, which comprises the top of the spine, up to the base of the skull, includes the first seven vertebrae. The intermediate twelve bones are the thoracic vertebrae, and connect to the lower spine comprising the five lumbar vertebrae. The base of the spine is the sacral bones (including the coccyx). The component bones of the cervical spine are generally smaller than those of the thoracic spine, which are in turn smaller than those of the lumbar region. The sacral region connects laterally to the pelvis. While the sacral region is an integral part of the spine, for the purposes of fusion surgeries and for this disclosure, the word spine shall refer only to the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with lordosis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “lordosis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on lordosis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning lordosis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON LORDOSIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to lordosis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on lordosis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “lordosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:7
7
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Effects of p-chlorophenylalanine on mounting behavior and lordosis behavior in ovariectomized female rats. Author: Eva Bäckman, Maud Eriksson & Stefan de Fine Licht; Year: 1976
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
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These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
9
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “lordosis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 2959 18 11 0 69 3057
HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “lordosis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
11
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
12
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
16 Adapted 17
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on lordosis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to lordosis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to lordosis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “lordosis”:
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Autoimmune Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/autoimmunediseases.html Dwarfism http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dwarfism.html Neuromuscular Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neuromusculardisorders.html Scoliosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/scoliosis.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to lordosis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to lordosis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with lordosis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about lordosis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “lordosis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “lordosis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “lordosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “lordosis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
19
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
20
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on lordosis: •
Basic Guidelines for Lordosis Lordosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003278.htm
•
Diagnostics and Tests for Lordosis Lumbosacral spine X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003807.htm Spine X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003806.htm
•
Background Topics for Lordosis Benign Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002236.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm
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Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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LORDOSIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate adrenergic receptors. Adrenergic antagonists block the actions of the endogenous adrenergic transmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine. [NIH] Aggravation: An increasing in seriousness or severity; an act or circumstance that intensifies, or makes worse. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Air Pressure: The force per unit area that the air exerts on any surface in contact with it. Primarily used for articles pertaining to air pressure within a closed environment. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Alloys: A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments.
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Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveolar Process: The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angulation: Deviation from the normal long axis, as in a fractured bone healed out of line. [NIH]
Anterograde: Moving or extending forward; called also antegrade. [EU] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU]
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Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatase: An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogenproducing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording
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entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Back Injuries: General or unspecified injuries to the posterior part of the trunk. It includes injuries to the muscles of the back. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Base Sequence: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Beta-Endorphin: A peptide consisting of amino acid sequence 61-91 of the endogenous pituitary hormone beta-lipotropin. The first four amino acids show a common tetrapeptide sequence with methionine- and leucine enkephalin. The compound shows opiate-like activity. Injection of beta-endorphin induces a profound analgesia of the whole body for several hours. This action is reversed after administration of naloxone. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biomechanics: The study of the application of mechanical laws and the action of forces to living structures. [NIH] Biophysics: The science of physical phenomena and processes in living organisms. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example,
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in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Brace: Any form of splint or appliance used to support the limbs or trunk. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell
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division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Aqueduct: Narrow channel in the mesencephalon that connects the third and fourth ventricles. [NIH] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cesarean Section: Extraction of the fetus by means of abdominal hysterotomy. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all
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codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Coitus: Sexual intercourse. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH]
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Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Copulation: Sexual contact of a male with a receptive female usually followed by emission of sperm. Limited to non-human species. For humans use coitus. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cribriform: Pierced with small holes as in a sieve. Refers to the appearance of a tumor when viewed under a microscope. The tumor appears to have open spaces or small holes inside. [NIH]
Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which
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contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Diagnostic Imaging: Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Diskectomy: Excision, in part or whole, of an intervertebral disk. The most common indication is disk displacement or herniation. In addition to standard surgical removal, it can be performed by percutaneous diskectomy or by laparoscopic diskectomy, the former being the more common. [NIH] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used
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to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dwarfism: The condition of being undersized as a result of premature arrest of skeletal growth. It may be caused by insufficient secretion of growth hormone (pituitary dwarfism). [NIH]
Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dystonia Musculorum Deformans: A neurological disorder characterized by alterations in muscle tone. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with
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malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
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Ethmoid: An unpaired cranial bone which helps form the medial walls of the orbits and contains the themoidal air cells which drain into the nose. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU]
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Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid
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(glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]
Habituation: Decline in response of an organism to environmental or other stimuli with repeated or maintained exposure. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herniated: Protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disc into the intervertebral foramen compressing the nerve root. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to
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remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hysterotomy: An incision in the uterus, performed through either the abdomen or the vagina. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU]
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Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischial: A pointed projection on the posterior margin of the ischium. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kyphosis: A deformity of the spine characterized by extensive flexion. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Leg Length Inequality: A condition in which one of a pair of legs fails to grow as long as the other, which could result from injury or surgery. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lordotic: An investigation of the chest for which the body is arched backwards from the waist and the useful beam enters from behind. [NIH]
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Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Maternal Behavior: The behavior patterns associated with or characteristic of a mother. [NIH]
Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesencephalic: Ipsilateral oculomotor paralysis and contralateral tremor, spasm. or choreic movements of the face and limbs. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH]
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Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Musculature: The muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Septum: The partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane, composed of cartilaginous, membranous and bony parts. [NIH] Neck
Muscles:
The
neck
muscles
consist
of
the
platysma,
splenius
cervicis,
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sternocleidomastoid(eus), longus colli, the anterior, medius, and posterior scalenes, digastric(us), stylohyoid(eus), mylohyoid(eus), geniohyoid(eus), sternohyoid(eus), omohyoid(eus), sternothyroid(eus), and thyrohyoid(eus). [NIH] Neck Pain: Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH]
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Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus Accumbens: Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the so-called ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia. [NIH] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Olfactory Bulb: Ovoid body resting on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone where the olfactory nerve terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose dendrites the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the vomeronasal organ via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here. [NIH] Olfactory Nerve: The 1st cranial nerve. The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. It is formed by the axons of olfactory receptor neurons which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the olfactory bulb. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opioid Peptides: The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the enkephalins, the dynorphins, and the endorphins. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and proopiomelanocortin, respectively. There are also at least three classes of opioid receptors, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Optic cup: The white, cup-like area in the center of the optic disc. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the
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optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Orthotic Devices: Apparatus used to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities or to improve the function of movable parts of the body. [NIH] Osteotomy: The surgical cutting of a bone. [EU] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxytocin: A nonapeptide posterior pituitary hormone that causes uterine contractions and stimulates lactation. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pedicle: Embryonic link between the optic vesicle or optic cup and the forebrain or diencephalon, which becomes the optic nerve. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Periaqueductal Gray: Central gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct in the mesencephalon. Physiologically it is probably involved in rage reactions, the lordosis reflex, feeding responses, bladder tonus, and pain. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU]
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Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Pheromone: A substance secreted externally by certain animal species, especially insects, to affect the behavior or development of other members of the species. [NIH] Phorbol: Class of chemicals that promotes the development of tumors. [NIH] Phorbol Esters: Tumor-promoting compounds obtained from croton oil (Croton tiglium). Some of these are used in cell biological experiments as activators of protein kinase C. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylates: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]
Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of
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organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Preoptic Area: Region of hypothalamus between the anterior commissure and optic chiasm. [NIH]
Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prone Position: The posture of an individual lying face down. [NIH] Pro-Opiomelanocortin: A precursor protein, MW 30,000, synthesized mainly in the anterior pituitary gland but also found in the hypothalamus, brain, and several peripheral tissues. It
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incorporates the amino acid sequences of ACTH and beta-lipotropin. These two hormones, in turn, contain the biologically active peptides MSH, corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide, alpha-lipotropin, endorphins, and methionine enkephalin. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein Kinase C: An enzyme that phosphorylates proteins on serine or threonine residues in the presence of physiological concentrations of calcium and membrane phospholipids. The additional presence of diacylglycerols markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by phorbol esters and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters. EC 2.7.1.-. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulposus: Prolapse of the nucleus pulposus into the body of the vertebra; necrobacillosis of rabbits. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Punctures: Incision of tissues for injection of medication or for other diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Punctures of the skin, for example may be used for diagnostic drainage; of blood vessels for diagnostic imaging procedures. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-
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immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiolucent: Partly or wholly permeable to X-rays or other forms of radiation contrasted with radiopaque. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Rage: Fury; violent, intense anger. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptivity: The condition of the reproductive organs of a female flower that permits effective pollination. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic
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nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Sagittal: The line of direction passing through the body from back to front, or any vertical plane parallel to the medial plane of the body and inclusive of that plane; often restricted to the medial plane, the plane of the sagittal suture. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Scoliosis: A lateral curvature of the spine. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH]
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Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Behavior: Sexual activities of humans. [NIH] Sex Behavior, Animal: Sexual activities of animals. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Social Behavior: Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the
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axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Injuries: Injuries involving the vertebral column. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Splint: A rigid appliance used for the immobilization of a part or for the correction of deformity. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Spondylolisthesis: Forward displacement of one vertebra over another. [NIH] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU]
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Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Supine: Having the front portion of the body upwards. [NIH] Supraspinal: Above the spinal column or any spine. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Tenotomy: The cutting of a tendon. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less
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comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tome: A zone produced by a number of irregular spaces contained in the outermost layer of denture of the root of a tooth. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of
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Parkinson disease. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventral Tegmental Area: A region in the mesencephalon which is dorsomedial to the substantia nigra and ventral to the red nucleus. The mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems originate here, including an important projection to the nucleus accumbens. Overactivity of the cells in this area has been suspected to contribute to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH]
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Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vomeronasal Organ: A specialized part of the olfactory system located anteriorly in the nasal cavity within the nasal septum. Chemosensitive cells of the vomeronasal organ project via the vomeronasal nerve to the accessory olfactory bulb. The primary function of this organ appears to be in sensing pheromones which regulate reproductive and other social behaviors. While the structure has been thought absent in higher primate adults, data now suggests it may be present in adult humans. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abdominal, 18, 23, 37, 46, 60, 74, 105, 110, 125 Abscess, 105, 130 Acetylcholine, 105, 123 Actin, 105, 122 Adjustment, 9, 47, 48, 50, 53, 58, 62, 69, 79, 80, 105 Adrenal Cortex, 105, 115, 127 Adrenal Medulla, 105, 109, 115, 124 Adrenergic, 30, 105, 114, 115, 133 Adrenergic Antagonists, 30, 105 Aggravation, 73, 105 Agonist, 105, 114, 133 Air Pressure, 53, 105 Airway, 13, 105 Algorithms, 105, 108 Allograft, 58, 77, 105 Alloys, 77, 105 Alternative medicine, 105 Alveolar Process, 106, 129 Alveoli, 106, 135 Amino acid, 30, 106, 107, 108, 110, 117, 118, 120, 121, 123, 125, 127, 128, 130, 131, 134, 135 Amino Acid Sequence, 106, 108, 117, 128 Ammonia, 106, 133, 135 Amplification, 11, 106 Anal, 106, 116 Anatomical, 7, 37, 48, 49, 57, 59, 65, 67, 70, 106, 107, 109 Androgens, 105, 106, 107 Anesthesia, 23, 25, 105, 106 Angulation, 22, 106 Anterograde, 5, 106 Antibody, 106, 111, 118, 121, 128, 132 Antigen, 106, 111, 121, 128 Antineoplastic, 106, 117 Anus, 106, 107, 120, 126 Anxiety, 6, 7, 107 Aorta, 107, 135 Apoptosis, 4, 107 Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 107, 120 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 107, 120 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 107, 120 Arginine, 107, 123 Aromatase, 4, 107 Arterial, 107, 119, 128
Arteries, 107, 108, 109, 112, 121 Arterioles, 107, 109 Arthroplasty, 81, 107 Articular, 41, 70, 107 Articulation, 64, 107 Assay, 107, 128 Asymptomatic, 18, 107 Atmospheric Pressure, 107, 119 ATP, 107, 114, 117, 126, 128 Atrium, 107, 135 Attenuated, 12, 108 Autonomic, 6, 7, 105, 108, 124, 126 B Back Injuries, 46, 108 Back Pain, 15, 26, 57, 60, 65, 67, 68, 72, 75, 80, 108 Bacteria, 106, 108, 134 Bacteriophage, 108, 134 Base Sequence, 108, 117 Benign, 80, 103, 108, 118 Beta-Endorphin, 10, 31, 108 Bile, 108, 117, 120, 132 Biochemical, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 108, 131 Biomechanics, 14, 36, 108 Biophysics, 40, 108 Biosynthesis, 7, 108, 131 Biotechnology, 12, 83, 89, 108 Bladder, 68, 108, 111, 125, 128, 135 Blood Platelets, 108, 131 Blood pressure, 108, 119, 122, 131 Blood vessel, 48, 49, 108, 109, 115, 117, 128, 131, 134, 135 Body Fluids, 109, 114, 131 Body Regions, 51, 109 Brace, 65, 66, 69, 109 Bradykinin, 109, 123 Buffers, 71, 109 Bupivacaine, 19, 109 C Calcium, 109, 111, 128 Capsules, 109, 116 Carbon Dioxide, 109, 116, 117, 126, 129 Carcinogenic, 109, 119, 132 Cardiac, 109, 115, 122, 132 Cardiovascular, 109, 131 Carrier Proteins, 109, 129 Case report, 21, 23, 109 Case series, 40, 109
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Catecholamine, 109, 114 Caudal, 109, 113, 119, 124, 127 Causal, 7, 109 Cell Cycle, 4, 109 Cell Death, 107, 110, 123 Cell Division, 108, 110, 122, 126 Cell proliferation, 4, 110 Central Nervous System, 10, 11, 36, 105, 110, 114, 118, 125, 131 Central Nervous System Infections, 110, 118 Cerebral, 110, 115, 116, 125, 132 Cerebral Aqueduct, 110, 125 Cerebral Palsy, 110, 132 Cervical, 14, 15, 17, 22, 23, 28, 35, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 46, 48, 49, 56, 59, 60, 61, 69, 71, 72, 75, 76, 82, 110, 123 Cervix, 39, 110 Cesarean Section, 19, 110 Character, 110, 113 Chiropractic, 36, 37, 40, 80, 110 Cholesterol, 108, 110, 132, 133 Chromatin, 107, 110 Chromosomal, 106, 110 Chronic, 9, 16, 18, 19, 26, 40, 67, 75, 76, 80, 108, 110, 121 Clamp, 63, 77, 110 Clinical trial, 3, 89, 110, 129 Cloning, 108, 110 Codon, 110, 117 Cofactor, 111, 128 Coitus, 111, 112 Collagen, 106, 111, 127 Collapse, 47, 57, 75, 76, 111 Complement, 111 Complementary and alternative medicine, 35, 42, 111 Complementary medicine, 35, 111 Compliance, 68, 111 Compress, 63, 111 Computational Biology, 89, 112 Connective Tissue, 81, 111, 112, 121, 126, 133 Connective Tissue Cells, 112 Contraindications, ii, 112 Contralateral, 112, 121, 124, 129 Copulation, 12, 112 Coronary, 112, 121 Coronary Thrombosis, 112, 121 Corpus, 70, 112, 127, 131 Corpus Luteum, 112, 127 Cortex, 39, 112, 116, 129
Cortical, 47, 64, 80, 112, 116 Cranial, 112, 116, 118, 124, 126 Craniocerebral Trauma, 112, 118 Cribriform, 112, 124 Cyclic, 30, 32, 112, 118, 123 Cyproterone, 112, 117 Cytochrome, 107, 112 Cytoplasm, 107, 113, 130 D Decompression, 48, 49, 113 Decompression Sickness, 113 Degenerative, 14, 27, 54, 57, 70, 76, 77, 113 Deletion, 107, 113 Dendrites, 113, 123, 124 Dendritic, 5, 113 Density, 5, 66, 113, 124, 127 Diagnostic Imaging, 54, 113, 128 Diagnostic procedure, 45, 113 Diencephalon, 113, 119, 125 Digestion, 108, 113, 120, 133 Dihydrotestosterone, 30, 113, 129 Direct, iii, 6, 11, 30, 113, 114, 129, 133 Discrete, 6, 67, 81, 113, 133 Diskectomy, 59, 113 Disposition, 77, 113 Distal, 77, 80, 113 DNA Topoisomerase, 114, 117 Domesticated, 114, 118 Dopamine, 33, 114, 123 Dorsal, 23, 30, 48, 49, 61, 114, 127, 132 Dorsum, 114 Drive, ii, vi, 6, 7, 8, 29, 114 Duct, 50, 51, 114, 133 Duodenum, 108, 114, 133 Dwarfism, 94, 114 Dysphagia, 28, 114 Dystonia Musculorum Deformans, 23, 114 Dystrophy, 13, 114 E Efferent, 5, 7, 114 Efficacy, 32, 41, 42, 114 Elastic, 21, 62, 71, 114 Emulsion, 114, 116 Endocrine Glands, 7, 115 Endocrine System, 115, 123 Endocrinology, 7, 18, 40, 115 Endogenous, 10, 105, 108, 114, 115, 124, 134 Endorphins, 115, 123, 124, 128 Endothelium, 115, 123 Endothelium-derived, 115, 123 Enkephalin, 108, 115, 128
139
Environmental Health, 88, 90, 115 Enzymatic, 106, 109, 111, 115 Enzyme, 107, 114, 115, 118, 120, 128, 129, 133, 136 Epidural, 61, 115 Epinephrine, 105, 114, 115, 123, 124, 135 Epithelial, 10, 115 Epithelial Cells, 115 Epithelium, 5, 115, 124 Esophageal, 28, 115 Esophagus, 115, 133 Estradiol, 4, 10, 11, 12, 115 Estrogen, 4, 5, 9, 10, 15, 24, 28, 30, 33, 107, 112, 115, 130, 133 Estrogen receptor, 4, 5, 10, 115 Ethmoid, 116, 124 Evoke, 116, 133 Excitation, 116, 123 Excitatory, 6, 30, 116, 117, 118 Exogenous, 115, 116 Extensor, 14, 15, 116 Extracellular, 112, 116, 122, 131 Extracellular Matrix, 112, 116 Extracellular Space, 116, 122 Extrapyramidal, 114, 116 F Facial, 22, 116 Family Planning, 89, 116 Fatigue, 50, 67, 116 Femoral, 21, 116 Femur, 116 Fetus, 110, 116, 126, 135 Filler, 79, 116 Fixation, 70, 116 Flexor, 40, 116, 117 Flutamide, 30, 117 Foramen, 70, 117, 118 Fovea, 116, 117 G Gallbladder, 105, 117 Gas, 106, 109, 113, 117, 119, 123, 135 Gas exchange, 117, 135 Gastrin, 117, 119 Gastrointestinal, 109, 115, 117, 131 Gastrointestinal tract, 117, 131 Gene, 4, 10, 39, 69, 83, 107, 108, 117 Gene Expression, 10, 39, 117 Generator, 7, 117 Genetic Code, 6, 117, 124 Genistein, 38, 39, 117 Genital, 6, 117 Genotype, 117, 126
Gestation, 117, 125, 126 Gland, 105, 117, 121, 125, 127, 128, 130, 133 Glomerular, 5, 117 Glomeruli, 117, 124 Glomerulus, 117 Glutamate, 7, 117, 118 Glutamic Acid, 117, 123 Glycine, 106, 118, 123, 131 Gonad, 118 Gonadal, 9, 118, 132 Governing Board, 118, 127 Graft, 47, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 64, 73, 77, 79, 118 Grafting, 118, 119 Guanylate Cyclase, 118, 123 Guinea Pigs, 32, 118 H Habituation, 5, 118 Haptens, 118, 129 Headache, 37, 118 Headache Disorders, 118 Hemorrhage, 112, 118 Hemorrhoids, 73, 118 Hemostasis, 118, 131 Heredity, 117, 118 Herniated, 57, 118 Heterogeneity, 7, 118 Homeostasis, 55, 118 Hormonal, 9, 12, 119 Hormone, 11, 12, 21, 32, 108, 114, 115, 117, 119, 125, 127, 133 Hydrogen, 109, 119, 122 Hydroxyproline, 106, 111, 119 Hyperbaric, 19, 119 Hyperbaric oxygen, 119 Hypertension, 118, 119 Hypothalamic, 6, 10, 28, 119 Hypothalamus, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 31, 32, 39, 113, 115, 119, 127 Hysterotomy, 110, 119 I Idiopathic, 13, 16, 17, 20, 24, 25, 27, 119 Immunogenic, 119, 129 Implantation, 14, 52, 54, 119 In vitro, 4, 119 In vivo, 4, 11, 12, 119, 122 Incision, 119, 120, 128 Infarction, 112, 119, 121 Infusion, 31, 32, 119 Initiation, 119, 134 Inotropic, 114, 119
140
Lordosis
Insight, 11, 119 Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 120, 121 Intestines, 105, 117, 120, 130 Intracellular, 7, 8, 10, 11, 120, 123, 129 Intramuscular, 67, 120 Intravenous, 119, 120 Invasive, 24, 120, 121 Involuntary, 120, 122, 129, 132 Ions, 109, 119, 120 Ischial, 9, 120 K Kb, 88, 120 Kyphosis, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 22, 24, 27, 62, 67, 70, 120 L Lactation, 120, 125 Larynx, 23, 120, 134 Leg Length Inequality, 37, 120 Lesion, 120 Leucine, 108, 120 Ligament, 120, 128, 132 Ligands, 10, 120 Lipoxygenase, 4, 107, 120 Liver, 105, 108, 114, 117, 120, 135 Localization, 5, 11, 120 Localized, 105, 116, 120, 123, 126 Lordotic, 37, 54, 55, 57, 75, 76, 120 Low Back Pain, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 57, 67, 68, 80, 121 Lymph, 110, 115, 121 Lymph node, 110, 121 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 16, 121 Mammary, 4, 121, 133 Mandible, 106, 121, 129 Maternal Behavior, 30, 121 Medial, 7, 31, 32, 116, 121, 124, 130 Mediate, 5, 7, 11, 114, 121 Mediator, 121, 131 Medical Records, 121, 130 MEDLINE, 89, 121 Membrane, 11, 111, 116, 120, 121, 122, 126, 128, 129, 131 Memory, 79, 121 Meninges, 110, 112, 121 Mental, iv, 3, 88, 90, 113, 116, 121, 128, 130 Mental Health, iv, 3, 88, 90, 121, 128 Mesencephalic, 31, 121, 129 Mesolimbic, 121, 135 Methionine, 108, 121, 128 MI, 104, 121
Microdialysis, 12, 122 Mitosis, 107, 122 Mobility, 17, 64, 122 Mobilization, 68, 122 Modeling, 16, 122 Modification, 106, 122 Molecular, 3, 6, 11, 12, 89, 91, 108, 112, 122, 129 Molecule, 106, 111, 115, 116, 122, 129, 135 Monitor, 10, 122, 124 Morphology, 22, 122 Motility, 122, 131 Muscle Contraction, 37, 122 Muscle Fibers, 74, 122 Muscular Dystrophies, 114, 122 Musculature, 55, 122, 132 Myocardium, 121, 122 Myosin, 122 N Nasal Cavity, 122, 136 Nasal Septum, 122, 136 Neck Muscles, 46, 122 Neck Pain, 40, 60, 123 Necrosis, 107, 119, 121, 123 Neonatal, 21, 38, 123 Nerve, 41, 54, 70, 71, 105, 106, 110, 113, 114, 118, 121, 123, 124, 132, 133, 134, 136 Nervous System, 110, 121, 123, 126, 133 Neural, 4, 5, 12, 123 Neuroblastoma, 21, 123 Neuroendocrine, 5, 123 Neurologic, 36, 123 Neuromuscular, 9, 94, 105, 123 Neuronal, 6, 7, 10, 11, 123, 126 Neurons, 5, 6, 7, 10, 28, 32, 113, 116, 123, 124, 133 Neuropeptide, 6, 123 Neurotransmitter, 7, 105, 106, 109, 114, 117, 118, 123, 124 Nitric Oxide, 4, 123 Nitrogen, 106, 113, 116, 123, 135 Norepinephrine, 8, 12, 105, 114, 123, 124 Nuclear, 11, 47, 123, 124 Nuclei, 121, 122, 124, 125 Nucleic acid, 108, 117, 123, 124 Nucleus, 5, 7, 8, 16, 30, 32, 107, 110, 112, 113, 120, 124, 128, 135 Nucleus Accumbens, 124, 135 O Oculomotor, 121, 124 Olfactory Bulb, 5, 124, 136 Olfactory Nerve, 124
141
Opacity, 113, 124 Ophthalmology, 116, 124 Opiate, 108, 115, 124 Opioid Peptides, 10, 115, 124 Optic Chiasm, 119, 124, 125, 127 Optic cup, 124, 125 Optic Nerve, 124, 125, 130 Orthotic Devices, 79, 125 Osteotomy, 28, 125 Ovaries, 107, 125, 131 Ovary, 112, 115, 118, 125 Ovulation, 18, 125 Ovum, 112, 117, 125, 127 Oxytocin, 6, 32, 125 P Pancreas, 105, 125 Paralysis, 121, 125, 132 Particle, 125, 134 Pathologic, 107, 112, 125, 129 Pathologic Processes, 107, 125 Pathophysiology, 8, 125 Pedicle, 26, 54, 125 Pelvic, 15, 18, 20, 21, 23, 25, 43, 55, 60, 67, 72, 125, 128 Pelvis, 9, 47, 48, 55, 60, 72, 74, 82, 121, 125, 135 Peptide, 6, 106, 108, 124, 125, 127, 128 Percutaneous, 113, 125 Perforation, 117, 125 Periaqueductal Gray, 7, 125 Perinatal, 5, 38, 125 Perineal, 12, 125 Perineum, 72, 125, 126 Peripheral Nerves, 126, 132 Peripheral Nervous System, 123, 126 Phallic, 116, 126 Pharmacologic, 106, 126, 134 Phenotype, 6, 126 Pheromone, 10, 126 Phorbol, 126, 128 Phorbol Esters, 126, 128 Phospholipids, 126, 128 Phosphorus, 109, 126 Phosphorylates, 126, 128 Phosphorylation, 11, 126, 128 Physical Therapy, 18, 23, 25, 80, 126 Physiologic, 10, 25, 105, 108, 113, 126, 129, 134 Physiology, 11, 21, 31, 33, 39, 115, 126 Pilot study, 9, 41, 42, 126 Placenta, 107, 115, 126, 127 Plants, 109, 122, 124, 126, 130
Platelet Aggregation, 123, 127 Platelets, 107, 123, 127 Pneumonia, 112, 127 Polyethylene, 66, 127 Polypeptide, 106, 111, 127 Postural, 36, 127 Potentiate, 30, 127 Practice Guidelines, 90, 127 Precursor, 114, 115, 124, 127, 135 Preoptic Area, 7, 11, 31, 127 Presynaptic, 123, 127 Probe, 122, 127 Progesterone, 7, 9, 11, 12, 30, 32, 127, 132 Progression, 27, 127 Projection, 52, 120, 124, 125, 127, 129, 135 Prone, 25, 61, 127 Prone Position, 61, 127 Pro-Opiomelanocortin, 115, 124, 127 Prostate, 4, 128 Prosthesis, 69, 70, 128 Protein Kinase C, 11, 128 Protein S, 83, 108, 117, 128, 130 Proteins, 6, 10, 106, 109, 110, 111, 122, 123, 125, 128, 129, 131, 134 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 117, 128 Psychiatry, 32, 116, 128, 135 Public Health, 11, 90, 128 Public Policy, 89, 128 Pulmonary, 17, 108, 128, 135 Pulmonary Artery, 108, 128, 135 Pulposus, 16, 120, 128 Pulse, 122, 128 Punctures, 61, 128 R Radiation, 119, 128, 129, 136 Radioactive, 119, 124, 128, 129 Radioimmunoassay, 7, 128 Radiological, 36, 125, 129 Radiology, 20, 24, 129 Radiolucent, 54, 129 Radiopharmaceutical, 117, 129 Rage, 125, 129 Randomized, 114, 129 Receptivity, 5, 129 Receptor, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 30, 32, 106, 114, 124, 128, 129, 131 Receptors, Serotonin, 129, 131 Rectum, 107, 117, 128, 129 Red Nucleus, 129, 135 Reductase, 107, 129 Refer, 1, 72, 82, 111, 115, 116, 120, 129, 131 Reflex, 5, 6, 125, 129
142
Lordosis
Regimen, 114, 129 Reliability, 15, 22, 23, 39, 78, 129 Resorption, 69, 129 Respiration, 109, 122, 129 Respiratory Physiology, 129, 135 Retina, 124, 129, 130 Retrograde, 5, 130 Retrospective, 15, 17, 36, 40, 130 Retrospective study, 17, 130 Ribosome, 130, 134 Risk factor, 9, 130 Rod, 20, 25, 57, 110, 130 S Sagittal, 16, 20, 22, 25, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 130 Saponins, 130, 132 Schizophrenia, 130, 135 Scoliosis, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 37, 43, 54, 64, 65, 94, 130 Screening, 24, 110, 130 Secretion, 114, 120, 130 Sedentary, 60, 72, 130 Segmental, 9, 16, 41, 130 Segmentation, 130 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 130, 133 Semen, 128, 130 Sensor, 66, 130 Septal, 24, 130, 131 Septum, 30, 31, 131 Septum Pellucidum, 131 Serine, 128, 131 Serotonin, 8, 123, 129, 131, 135 Serum, 111, 129, 131 Serum Albumin, 129, 131 Sex Behavior, 131 Sex Behavior, Animal, 131 Sex Characteristics, 106, 131, 133 Shock, 131, 134 Skeletal, 14, 20, 22, 69, 106, 110, 114, 122, 131, 132 Skeleton, 105, 116, 131 Skull, 82, 112, 131, 133 Small intestine, 114, 119, 120, 131 Smooth muscle, 112, 131, 132 Social Behavior, 7, 131, 136 Sodium, 131, 133 Soma, 131, 132 Somatic, 6, 43, 122, 126, 132 Spasm, 55, 121, 132 Spastic, 17, 132 Specialist, 61, 95, 132
Species, 8, 10, 11, 112, 114, 115, 117, 118, 122, 126, 131, 132, 133, 136 Specificity, 6, 7, 107, 132 Sperm, 106, 112, 132 Sphincter, 120, 132 Spinal cord, 7, 36, 61, 71, 76, 110, 115, 121, 123, 126, 129, 132 Spinal Injuries, 71, 132 Spinal Nerves, 75, 126, 132 Spinous, 61, 70, 132 Splint, 109, 132 Spondylitis, 48, 49, 132 Spondylolisthesis, 21, 27, 132 Sprains and Strains, 121, 132 Stabilization, 54, 76, 132 Stabilizer, 69, 132 Steel, 110, 132 Steroid, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 32, 107, 130, 132 Stimulus, 12, 114, 116, 129, 133 Stomach, 55, 105, 115, 117, 119, 120, 131, 133 Stress, 6, 8, 47, 55, 59, 60, 66, 80, 109, 133 Subarachnoid, 19, 118, 133 Subspecies, 132, 133 Substrate, 12, 133 Supine, 16, 54, 55, 65, 133 Supraspinal, 7, 133 Sweat, 49, 133 Sweat Glands, 133 Sympathomimetic, 114, 115, 124, 133 Symphysis, 128, 133 Synapse, 105, 127, 133, 134 Synaptic, 123, 133 Synergistic, 11, 133 T Tamoxifen, 37, 130, 133 Temporal, 10, 118, 133 Tendon, 133 Tenotomy, 17, 133 Testicular, 107, 133 Testis, 115, 133 Testosterone, 4, 129, 133 Thigh, 9, 49, 59, 60, 116, 133 Thoracic, 9, 14, 15, 17, 21, 24, 27, 46, 61, 65, 71, 82, 108, 134 Thorax, 121, 134 Threonine, 128, 131, 134 Thrombosis, 128, 134 Tome, 53, 134 Tone, 114, 134 Tonic, 39, 134 Tonus, 125, 134
143
Toxic, iv, 134 Toxicology, 90, 134 Trachea, 120, 134 Traction, 35, 38, 40, 41, 42, 65, 110, 134 Transcription Factors, 11, 134 Transduction, 10, 11, 134 Transfection, 108, 134 Translation, 20, 39, 106, 134 Transmitter, 105, 114, 121, 124, 134 Trauma, 47, 123, 134 Tremor, 121, 134 Tryptophan, 111, 131, 135 Tyrosine, 114, 128, 135 U Urea, 133, 135 Urethra, 128, 135 Urinary, 5, 135 Urine, 108, 135 Uterine Contraction, 125, 135 Uterus, 110, 112, 119, 125, 127, 135 V Vagina, 110, 119, 135 Vaginal, 39, 135 Vascular, 115, 118, 119, 123, 126, 135 Vasodilator, 109, 114, 135
Vector, 134, 135 Vein, 120, 124, 135 Venous, 118, 128, 135 Venter, 135 Ventilation, 50, 135 Ventral, 7, 32, 61, 119, 124, 132, 135 Ventral Tegmental Area, 7, 135 Ventricle, 32, 119, 124, 128, 135 Venules, 109, 135 Vertebrae, 18, 46, 47, 50, 54, 57, 58, 59, 61, 64, 66, 67, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 82, 119, 132, 136 Veterinary Medicine, 89, 136 Viral, 134, 136 Virulence, 108, 136 Virus, 108, 110, 134, 136 Viscera, 132, 136 Vitro, 136 Vivo, 136 Vomeronasal Organ, 10, 124, 136 X X-ray, 9, 39, 103, 124, 129, 132, 136 Y Yeasts, 126, 136
144
Lordosis
