Lymphadenopathy - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

LYMPHADENOPATHY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Lymphadenopathy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00687-1 1. Lymphadenopathy-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on lymphadenopathy. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LYMPHADENOPATHY ............................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Lymphadenopathy ......................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 14 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LYMPHADENOPATHY ..................................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Finding Nutrition Studies on Lymphadenopathy........................................................................ 61 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 63 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LYMPHADENOPATHY ............................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 65 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 65 General References ....................................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON LYMPHADENOPATHY................................................................................ 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 67 Chapters on Lymphadenopathy.................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON LYMPHADENOPATHY ..................................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 71 Audio Recordings......................................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LYMPHADENOPATHY .................................................. 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 73 Academic Periodicals covering Lymphadenopathy ...................................................................... 75 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 79 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 81 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 85 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 89 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 89 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 89 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 95 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 95 LYMPHADENOPATHY DICTIONARY ..................................................................................... 97 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 139

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with lymphadenopathy is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about lymphadenopathy, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to lymphadenopathy, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on lymphadenopathy. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to lymphadenopathy, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on lymphadenopathy. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LYMPHADENOPATHY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on lymphadenopathy.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and lymphadenopathy, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “lymphadenopathy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Metastatic Prostatic Carcinoma Presenting as Cervical Lymphadenopathy Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 59(5): 571-573. May 2001. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Department, P.O. Box 629239, Orlando, FL 32862-8239. (800) 654-2452. Website: www.harcourthealth.com. Summary: Cervical lympadenopathy is a common presentation in patients seen by the oral and maxillofacial surgeon. In addition to a full medical examination, fine needle aspiration cytology (cell study) is a valuable diagnostic test in assessing this condition. If metastatic (spreading) carcinoma (cancer) is diagnosed, the search for the primary site involves panendoscopy, biopsy, and computed tomography (CT). If no primary site is identified, a neck dissection can still be effective treatment. Prostatic carcinoma (prostate

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cancer) is common in the elderly and can spread to the neck. This article presents a case to remind clinicians of this possibility. The case features a 67 year old, nonsmoking man who was referred for left cervical lymphadenopathy of 2 months duration. He had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and he had a 9 year history of primary detrusor (the bladder opening) instability. He had received no active treatment for these conditions. After detailed diagnostic testing was completed, with mostly normal results, the patient underwent a left modified radical neck dissection, following which he made a good recovery. Microscopic analysis of the surgical specimen revealed the lymphadenopathy to be caused by metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma. He was referred to a urologic oncologist who diagnosed the prostate as the primary site and commenced treatment of it. The authors conclude that PSA assay should be part of the screening for cervical lymphadenopathy with an undiagnosed primary site in male patients. 2 figures. 15 references.

Federally Funded Research on Lymphadenopathy The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to lymphadenopathy. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to lymphadenopathy. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore lymphadenopathy. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for lymphadenopathy: •

Project Title: CELL CYCLE AND APOPTOSIS REGULATION BY NFAT Principal Investigator & Institution: Rao, Anjana; Senior Investigator; Cbr Institute for Biomedical Research 800 Huntington Ave Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-MAY-2004; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) The collaborative project proposed in this FIRCA application is an extension of the project funded by parent grant CA 42471 ("Role of bZIP proteins in lymphocyte function"). The long-term objectives of the parent grant are to define the functions of the NFAT family of transcription factors, and their transcription partners AP-1 (Fos/Jun), in lymphocytes and other cell types. There is strong evidence that NFAT proteins regulate lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation as well as cell cycle progression, apoptosis and oncogenesis in lymphocytes and other cell types. The objective of this collaborative FIRCA proposal is to investigate the involvement of NFAT proteins in lymphoproliferative disease and oncogenic transformation of lymphocytes and fibroblasts. As part of the parent grant, a

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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large number of reagents have been or are currently being generated, including constitutively-active NFAT proteins, gene-targeted mice lacking specific NFAT proteins, and gene-targeted mice conditionally expressing the constitutively-active NFAT proteins. In Aim 1, the lymphoproliferative phenotype of NFATI-/- mice will be analyzed, asking specifically whether the splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy of NFATI-/- mice are associated with any malignant transformation of lymphocytes and whether polyclonal stimulation of lymphocytes in these mice might trigger such malignant transformation. We will also ask whether lack of NFAT1 promotes cancer development upon exposure to chemical carcinogens, and whether lack of NFAT1 influences the rate and extent of cancer development in selected cancer-prone mouse strains. In Aim 2, the relationship between lymphocyte transformation and Thl/Th2 cytokine expression will be examined, by repeating the experiments of Aim 1 in mice lacking either IL-4, IFN-7 or the IFN-7-induced transcription factor STATI. In Aim 3, the oncogenic potential of NFAT1 and NFAT2 will be compared in lymphocytes, in fibroblasts, and in vivo, in light of evidence that these two closely-related transcription factors may have tumor suppressor and oncogenic potential respectively. The results should provide new insights into NFAT function and may have important therapeutic implications, particularly if we find that NFAT selectively modulates oncogenic or cell death programs in lymphocytes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHARACTERIZATION OF A NEW MOUSE MODEL FOR LUPUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lim, Bing; Associate Professor; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 19-SEP-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The central goal of this proposal is to exploit the use of a new mutant murine strain to advance the understanding of autoimmune disorders. A new line of mice has been derived in which animals develop a severe generalized lymphadenopathy together with autoimmune glomerulonephritis and hyperimmunoglobulinemia. Significantly, the animals produce auto antibodies against double-stranded DNA and Sm antigen, both of which are specific markers for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Immune function studies showed a combination of severe lymphoid dysfunction and developmental defect not seen in other murine autoimmune disease models. The disease is passed with a Mendelian frequency consistent with a recessive mutation of an autosomal gene. Therefore, the disease arose from a spontaneous mutation of a gene which we have named lag (lymphoproliferative autoimmune glomerulonephropathy). Using chromosomal satellite markers to scan the murine genome, preliminary data indicate that a putative locus for the lag gene is the telomeric end of chromosome 2. This is not a region that has been linked before to autoimmune disease. The goal of this proposal is to exploit this remarkable new murine model to learn about autoimmune disease. In Specific Aim 1, we will map the location of the gene and identify the lag gene by combining positional cloning with a candidate gene approach. In Aim 2 we will characterize the disease process for the lag phenotype and identify the cells causing the disease. In Aim 3 we will examine in detail the effect of the lag mutation on T cell development. In Aim 4 we will investigate how the lag mutation affects T cell function. To support these studies, various TCRxlag transgenic animals will be generated to help the study of lymphocyte development, function and signaling. We anticipate that our proposal to study this murine model carefully will contribute a significant amount of new information for understanding the diverse genetic and molecular bases of autoimmune diseases. The identification of new genes

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and new pathways may uncover new targets for the development of drugs to suppress the immune system in a specific way, instead of globally. The discovery of new disease genes may also be very useful in the management, care and diagnosis of the large number of patients with autoimmune diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DYNAMICS OF TCR REPERTOIRE FOLLOWING THYMUS TRANSPLANT Principal Investigator & Institution: Markert, M Louise.; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; Duke University Durham, Nc 27710 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-MAY-2004; Project End 30-APR-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long term objective of this proposal is to identify mechanisms regulating human T cell diversity. We propose to do so using a model system of infants with complete DiGeorge syndrome who receive thymic allografts. Infants with DiGeorge syndrome are born with defects in the thymus, heart, and parathyroid glands. Patients with "complete" DiGeorge syndrome have no evidence ofthymic function. Twenty four patients have been treated in a separate, wellestablished research protocol by transplantation with allogeneic cultured postnatal human thymus. Seventeen patients survive, all with good immune reconstitution and function. The mechanism of T cell development in these patients is host bone marrow stem cells going to the transplanted donor thymic epithelium and developing there into mature host T cells. In the first specific aim, we will examine the mechanisms underlying selection of T cell receptor (TCR) variable-beta gene segments (TCRBV) in newly formed T cells. We hypothesize that early TCRBV usage is biased toward those gene segments that are associated with highly efficient recombination signal sequences (RSS) and toward those that are most proximal to the TCRBJ cluster. We will compare the selection in the early oligoclonal T cell populations, which develop at 3-4 months after transplantation, to those present at 1 year. In aim 3, we will examine T cells in "atypical" complete DiGeorge patients who develop oligoclonal T cells prior to thymus transplantation. These T cells are associated with rash and lymphadenopathy. The same hypothesis will be tested regarding TCRBV selection - that it is based on RSS efficiency and TCRBJ proximity. These T cells develop without thymic input, so the effect of thymic selection on TCRBV usage will be ascertained. In aim 2, we will use mathematical modeling and multivariate statistical analysis of patient data to evaluate the relationship between T cell hemeostasis and TCRBV diversity with emphasis on distinguishing the roles of TCR-specific resources (e.g., MHC-peptide complexes) and TCR non-specific resources, such as IL-7. Thus, this unique model of thymus development will provide insights into development of T cell diversity in man. These findings will have application to thymus and bone marrow transplantation for immunodeficiency and cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENETIC INFLUENCES & GENE EXPRESSION IN KAWASAKI DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Burns, Jane L.; Professor of Pediatrics; Pediatrics; University of California San Diego La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Kawasaki disease (KD) is the most common cause of acquired cardiovascular disease in childhood in the United States. This acute vasculitis

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primarily affects children under the age of 5 yrs. who present with fever, rash, conjunctival injection, red mucosal membranes, cervical lymphadenopathy, and swollen extremities. The cause of KD remains unknown and there is no specific laboratory test to identify affected children. Nonetheless, high dose intravenous gamma globulin administered within the first 10 days of fever significantly reduces the risk of coronary artery damage by unknown mechanisms. Without treatment, one in four children will develop permanent damage to the coronary arteries that may lead to ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and death. KD thus presents a unique dilemma: the disease may be difficult to recognize, there is no diagnostic laboratory test, there is an extremely effective therapy, and there is a 25 percent chance of serious cardiovascular damage or death if the therapy is not administered. Recent advances in the field of functional genomics allow the analysis of gene expression in complex biologic events such as the response to infection or vascular injury. These advances coincide with the emerging recognition that the hosts innate immune system responds to pathogen-associated molecular patterns with stereotypic patterns of gene expression. Thus, a survey of the transcriptional response can yield clues about the nature of the stimulus. This proposal brings together clinicians with expertise in KD, molecular biologists skilled in the application of these new genomic tools, and a statistical genetics team expert in evaluating genetic influences on disease susceptibility and outcome. This interdisciplinary team will discover the pattern of gene expression in acute KD and in patients with similar appearing, non-KD illness using DNA microarray techniques and mRNA quantitation by kinetic reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Unique features of the transcriptional response in KD children will be used to develop a diagnostic test for KD. The role that genetic polymorphisms play in these gene expression patterns and their influence on disease susceptibility, response to therapy, and outcome will also be examined. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HEMOLYSIN AND IMMUNOBIOLOGY OF CHANCROID Principal Investigator & Institution: Totten, Patricia A.; Professor; Medicine; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): H. ducreyi is the causative agent of chancroid, a disease characterized by genital ulcers, and in 50 percent of the cases, inguinal lymphadenopathy. The occurrence of chancroid outbreaks in the United States coupled with its association with the heterosexual transmission of HIV in Africa makes understanding the pathogenesis of this disease imperative so that rational intervention strategies can be devised. We have developed a primate model for chancroid that measures the effect of disease progression from the pustular to the ulceral to the resolution stages of disease at a genital site in an animal closely related to humans. We now intend to use the primate model to study the local and systemic immune response induced by infection with H. ducreyi and the immunobiology of chancroidal disease. We hypothesize that a predominant Th1 response will be induced and will be correlated with clearance of the organism from genital tissues. H. ducreyi produces a toxin, which has been termed a hemolysin, based on its ability to lyse red blood cells, although its role in pathogenesis undoubtedly depends upon its ability to affect other cells important in chancroidal lesions. We have shown that immunization with hemolysin increases the clearance of a homologous strain of H. ducreyi from lesions in the temperaturedependent rabbit model and now intend to study the nature of immune response that enhances clearance of this organism from genital tissues in the primate model. Thus, we

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propose to study the ability of immunization with hemolysin (compared to immunization with H. ducreyi cell envelopes) to attenuate lesion development and enhance clearance of H. ducreyi from genital ulcers. We also propose to study the effect of immunization on the systemic and local immune response, localization of H. ducreyi in primate lesions, cellular and antibody response to individual antigens, and the possible mechanism of protection by antibodies from immunized primates. We have previously shown that the target cell range of hemolysin includes keratinocytes, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and macrophages and hypothesize that hemolysin enhances ulcer development, evasion of the immune response in chancroidal disease, and survival of H. ducreyi in genital lesions. Thus we will study the contribution of hemolysin to lesion progression and survival of H. ducreyi in primate genital ulcers and the effect of hemolysin expression on the local and systemic immune response. These studies will provide a better understanding of the role of the H. ducreyi hemolysin in the pathogenesis and immunobiology of chancroid and will provide a groundwork on which to base future strategies for vaccine development for chancroid. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMMUNOGENETICS OF SMALLPOX VACCINATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Stanley, Samuel L.; Professor; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: The goal of this project is to identify genes that are involved in susceptibility and resistance to human vaccinia infection, and, consequently, in some of the adverse effects seen with smallpox vaccination. We (R.B.B.) recently led a multi-center prospective study on the clinical response to vaccinia immunization in 680 naive individuals. Among the 665 individuals responding to the vaccine, 84 (13%) developed fever, muscle aches and lymphadenopathy giving rise to what we have called Acute Vaccinia Syndrome (AVS) in approximately 30% of vaccines. The timing of the onset of these symptoms matched the timing of the highest levels of viral shedding, indicating that fever, and the other components of AVS appear to be secondary to the virus. We hypothesize that individuals developing AVS (and especially fever) have diseasepredisposing alleles that are associated with abnormal innate immune or delayed adaptive immune responses to vaccinia. These individuals may be more susceptible to poxviruses in general, and could constitute a group at increased risk for mortality if exposed to smallpox. We propose to identify genes that are expressed in response to vaccinia infection at the site of inoculation and systemically using a transcriptional analysis. We will compare responses between individuals that develop AVS, and those individuals who develop no adverse reactions to immunization. These studies will provide us with a transcriptional profile of the host response to vaccinia infection, identify key molecules in the host response, and, establish parameters for protective immune responses that could be used to test the efficacy of new vaccines. We will also identify alleles associated with adverse effects to vaccinia immunization and abnormal innate immune responses to the virus through the analysis of haplotypes based on single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes. The identify of these alleles may provide clues to the critical elements of the host response to poxvirus, and could provide a method to identify individuals at increased risk for adverse effects to the vaccine, or more severe disease with poxvirus infection. The design of the study, with the inclusion of transcriptional profiling of individuals receiving vaccinia immunization coupled with a detailed virologic and immunologic profile, ensures that we will obtain valuable information on the host response to vaccinia immunization.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INHIBITORY RECEPTORS AND THEIR MODE OF ACTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Cambier, John C.; Professor and Chairman; National Jewish Medical & Res Ctr and Research Center Denver, Co 80206 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1993; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The growth, differentiation, and effector functions of many tissues are regulated by cell surface receptors that transduce signals via the activation of protein tyrosine kinases. It has become clear only in the past three years that a parallel receptor set exists which functions to attenuate or deviate responses transduced by many of these activating receptors. As a general rule, these receptors must associate physically or be coaggregated with their counterparts in order to function and utilize phosphatases as effectors. The best studied examples of these receptors, FcgammaRIIB1, KIR, and CTLA4, are found in the immune system where they function to modulate various immunologic functions. Functional deficiency in the receptors or their effectors appears to lead to autoimmunity and, in the case of CTLA4, to life-threatening lymphadenopathy. Hyperactivity presumably leads to immunodeficiency. This proposal is focused on defining the molecular mode of action of a prototypic member of this family, FcgammaRIIB1. FcgammaRIIB1 is a receptor for IgG constant regions that functions to modify signals transduced through coaggregated antigen receptors, most notably the B cell antigen receptor. It is hypothesized that the FcgammaRIIB1 cytoplasmic tail contains distinctly compartmentalized structural information for the activation of multiple distinct biochemical pathways that impinge on antigen receptor signaling. The proposed studies will utilize genetic, biochemical, and biologic approaches in an effort to achieve the long term goals of elucidating these pathways and their targets. Specific aims of this proposal are to: 1) identify previously unrecognized receptor tyrosil phosphorylation sites and define their effectors; 2 and 3) undertake mutational analysis to define the sites within the receptor that function in transduction of specific inhibitory signals; and 4) define the role of the adaptor p62Dok in FcgammaRIIB1 signaling. The proposed studies will advance our understanding of signal transduction by this family of regulatory receptors and may reveal new and attractive targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer, inflammation, autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MERCURY INDUCED AUTOIMMUNITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Pollard, Kenneth Michael.; Associate Professor; Scripps Research Institute Tpc7 La Jolla, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-MAY-2004; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Exposure to xenobiotics can produce aberrant immune reactions, including autoimmunity. Exposure of mice to the heavy metal mercury leads to systemic autoimmunity with characteristic lymphadenopathy, hypergammaglobulinemia, autoantibodies and immune complex disease. In both idiopathic and mercury-induced autoimmunity (mHglA) reductions in IFN-gamma levels are associated with reductions in both autoantibody levels and immune-complex mediated pathology. Prior studies have revealed that genes, which control IFN-gamma expression, such as IL-4, IL-12, STAT4 and ICE, do not significantly influence the development of mHglA. However absence of genes involved in IFN-gamma function (IFN-gamma, IFN-gamma receptor, IRF-1) suppresses development of mHglA,

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suggesting that specific defects in signaling pathways and gene expression subsequent to IFN-gamma/IFN-gamma receptor interaction control disease expression. These observations underlie the hypothesis that mHgIA is dependent upon IFN-gamma and that the severity of disease is regulated by molecular and cellular events downstream of IFN-gamma expression. This hypothesis will be addressed by four specific aims:- 1) Determination of the Site and Kinetics of IFN-gamma Production in mHglA, 2) Determination of the Cellular Requirements Leading to IFN-gamma Dependent mHglA, 3) Determination of the Genetic Requirements Leading to lFN-gamma Dependent mHglA, and 4) Examination of the Suppression of the IFN-gamma Response as a Therapy for IFN-gamma Dependent mHglA. Identification of the role that IFN-gamma plays in the development of induced murine systemic autoimmunity should prove applicable to murine models of idiopathic systemic autoimmunity and to human lupus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PATHOGENESIS OF MAIDS AND SPECIFIC T CELL RESPONSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Green, William R.; Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, Nh 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1990; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract) The murine model MAIDS is used to ask fundamental questions about the mechanisms of retroviral pathogenesis. MAIDS induces a immunosuppression of both B and T lymphocyte responses, polyclonal B cell activation and hypergammaglobulinemia, lymphadenopathy, increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and an increased incidence of non-Hodgkin's B cell lymphomas. The overall goals of this proposal are to examine: (1) CD40L mediated signaling o B cells leading to their activation, hypergammaglobulinemia and ultimately B cell tumors; (2) the specificity of cytotoxic T cells (CTL) responses of MAIDS-resistant mouse strains or to an immunodominant gag epitope; and (3) the potential contribution of open reading frame (ORF2) directed expression of this gag epitope. The experimental approach utilizes CD40 or CD40L knock out mice to examine the role of these molecules in the genesis of disease, and mutational analysis of ORF2 and CTL epitopes to examine immune resistance and susceptibility. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PILOT--IMPACT OF ALCOHOLISM ON AIDS ASOCIATED MUSCLE WASTING Principal Investigator & Institution: Molina, Patricia E.; Associate Professor; Louisiana State Univ Hsc New Orleans New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Alcohol consumption and HIV infection are frequently co-existent pathologies. Muscle wasting is a common feature of both conditions. The alterations in immune responses resulting from chronic alcohol consumption have been hypothesized to enhance the transmission and acquisition of HIV or the progression from HIV infection to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Based on available information, it is possible to speculate that these are either related to the direct effects of alcohol on the immune system, or are secondary to the impact of alcohol consumption on the nutritional state of the individual. Excess alcohol consumption is associated with a approximately 50% incidence of skeletal muscle myopathy. Alcohol consumption impairs the nutritional state of the individual either as a result of decreased food consumption or as a result of decreased absorption. affecting micronutrients which in

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turn have been shown to modulate circulating and tissue levels of growth factors. Hence the effects of alcohol consumption on muscle wasting appear to be multifactorial. Alcohol-induced myopathy appears to be predominantly the result of decreases in muscle protein synthesis, and is characterized by decreased weight, protein, RNA and DNA contents in skeletal muscle. The general hypothesis of the present proposal is that alcohol consumption accelerates and worsens the muscle wasting associated with HIV infection, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Infection of Rhesus monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has been established as an excellent model system for studying the pathogenesis of HIV-like infection. The disease is characterized by diarrhea, weight loss, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and lymphadenopathy/lymphoid hyperplasia progressing to immunosuppression with marked reduction in CD4+ cells and in the CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio, and opportunistic infections. The aim of the present proposal is to characterize the time-course and relative contribution of alterations in muscle protein synthesis and proteolysis to the progression of muscle wasting associated with chronic alcohol consumption and SIV infection individually and combined. These studies will allow for the longitudinal investigation of the progression of the alterations in muscle metabolism beginning with a healthy, non-infected animal, throughout the acute infectious period and throughout progression to full blown AIDS. These will provide the preliminary data for a more mechanistic approach to the study of the etiology of alcohol-induced muscle wasting and its impact on a chronic infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROX1 IN MAMMALIAN LYMPHANGIOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Oliver, Guillermo C.; Associate Member; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, Tn 381052794 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The lymphatic system is crucial for the maintainance of good health and for the prevention and cure of disease. Congenital hypoplasia and failed regeneration of lymphatic tissue result in lymphedema. Primary lymphedema appears at birth (Milroy disease) or, more commonly, after puberty (Meige disease). Although lymphedema was first described more than a century ago, little progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms that cause it. Furthermore, little progress has been made in identifying the players that participate in the normal development of the lymphatic vasculature. Investigation of the normal development of the lymphatic system has been hindered by the lack of known lymphatic-specific markers. Consequently, hypotheses about the origin of the lymphatic vessels are still controversial. The most widely accepted view, which was proposed by F. Sabin in 1902, is that isolated primitive lymph sacs bud from the endothelium of veins during early development; from these primary lymph sacs, the peripheral lymphatic system spreads by endothelial sprouting into tissues where local capillaries form. This grant proposal is based in our identification of the homeobox gene Proxl as the first specific marker of lymphatic endothelial cells. Functional inactivation of Proxl in mice leads to phenotypic alterations in lymphatic vasculature and, ultimately, to embryo death. Detailed analyses of Proxl-null and Proxl heterozygous mice have indicated that lymphangiogenesis requires activity of Proxl in a subpopulation of endothelial cells in embryonic veins. Proxl-null mice are devoid of lymphatic vasculature. Proxl activity also determines the final lymphatic fate of budding endothelial cells. The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms by which Proxl participates in the formation of the lymphatic vasculature and the identification of other novel molecules that participates in this process will

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increase our understanding of normal lymphangiogenesis, and therefore, advance the treatment and prevention of disorders of the lymphatic system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RHESUS HHV8 HOMOLOGUE IN AIDS RELATED MALIGNANCIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Wong, Scott W.; Associate Scientist; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Despite the growing body of evidence to support Kaposi=s sarcomaassociated herpesvirus (KSHV) as the etiological agent in many AIDS and non-AIDSrelated malignancies, understanding how KSHV is involved in these malignancies is important for the generation of therapies against the spectrum of KSHV-associated diseases. Last year we reported that SIV-infected rhesus macaques experimentally infected with the rhesus HHV8 homologue, now referred to as rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV), developed B cell hyperplasia and persistent lymphadenopathy that resembled multicentric Castleman=s disease. This past year, we made the following observations from in vitro and in vivo experiments. 1) Sequence and genomic analysis of the RRV genome reveals that it is closely related to KSHV/HHV8, as it is essentially co-linear with and encodes several of the unique cellular homologues that are found in the KSHV genome. 2) Experimental inoculation of SIV-infected rhesus macaques with RRV strai n 17577 confirms our pilot studies, that RRV-infection of SIV-infected macaques results in the induction of B cell hyperplasia and persistent lymphadenopathy. 3) Expression of the RRV IL-6-like cytokine gene, in either COS-1-transfected cells or as a Glutathione Stransferase fusion protein in E. coli, possesses IL-6-like activity when measured by bioassay using IL-6-dependent cell lines. Combined, these studies support our initial hypothesis that this virus can cause disease manifestations in SIV-infected rhesus macaques that resemble some of those manifested in AIDS patients with Kaposi=s sarcoma. FUNDING NIH CA75922 PUBLICATIONS Kaleeba JAR, Bergquam E, Swanson R, Searles RP, Wong SW. Characterization of gene expression by a rhesus gamma-2 herpesvirus related to Kaposi=s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. In Kaposi=s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) and Related Agents Program & Abstracts 1st Annual Meeting (held in Santa Cruz, CA, July 25-28, 1998) (abstract 31). Kaleeba JAR, Bergquam EP, Wong SW. A strain of rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV 17577) related to Kaposi=s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes a functional homologue of cellular interleukin 6. In 16th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (held in Atlanta, GA, October 7-10, 1998) (abstract 32). Searles, RP, Bergquam EP, Axthelm MK, Wong SW. Characterization of a rhesus macaque gamma-2 herpesvirus with homology to Kaposi=s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). In Kaposi=s SarcomaAssociated Herpesvirus and Related Agents Program & Abstracts 1st Annual Meeting (held in Santa Cruz, CA, July 25-28, 1998) (abstract 29). Wong SW, Bergquam EP, Swanson R, Shiigi S, Axthelm MK. A rhesus gamma-2 herpesvirus related to Kaposi=s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is associated with B cell abnormalities in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. In Kaposi=s Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus and Related Agents Program & Abstracts 1st Annual Meeting (held in Santa Cruz, CA, July 25-28, 1998) (abstract 30). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ROLE OF ORF K13 IN AIDS RELATED MALIGNANCIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Chaudhary, Preet M.; Associate Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Infection with the human herpes virus 8 (HHV8) has been linked to the occurrence of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and several lymphoproliferative disorders, such as primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), multi-centric Castleman's disease, angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia, and multiple myeloma. However, the exact mechanism of action of HHV8 in the pathogenesis of these disorders is still unclear. Although HHV8 has been found to encode homologs of several cellular oncogenes and growth factors, almost all of them lack expression in latently infected KS and PEL cells, thereby arguing against their casual role in the pathogenesis of these disorders. We have discovered that orf-K13, an HHV8-encoded vFLIP (viral FLICE inhibitory protein), is capable of blocking apoptosis induced by death receptors belonging to the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) family. More importantly, orfK13 is capable of activating the NF-kappaB pathway, which has been previously implicated in the pathogenesis of EBV (Epstein Barr virus)- and HTLV1 (Human T cell Leukemia virus 1)- associated lymphoproliferative disorders. As orf-K13 is one of the few HHV8 encoded proteins which are expressed in latently infected KS and PEL cells, the above results make it an ideal candidate for causing the cellular transformation associated with infection by HHV8. The overall objective of this proposal is to test the above hypothesis using in vitro and in vivo models. In aim 1, biochemical and molecular characterization of the mechanisms underlying the NF-kappaB activating ability of orfK13 will be carried out with the hope of identifying the interactions critical for this activity. In aim 2, biological consequences of orf-K13 mediated NF-kappaB will be studied and its effect on cellular activation, proliferation and transformation characterized. Aim 3 will focus on further characterization of the anti-apoptotic properties of orf-K13 and its biological consequences. In aim 4, transgenic approach will be used to study the in vivo role of orf-K13 in the pathogenesis of AIDS- related malignancies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STUDY OF MONKEYPOX VIRUS IN RODENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Buller, Robert M.; Professor; Molecular Microbiol and Immun; St. Louis University St. Louis, Mo 63103 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUL-2004; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Monkeypox, orf, and molluscum contagiosum viruses cause the most frequent poxvirus infections worldwide. Of these, monkeypox virus has the greatest potential to cause significant disease in human populations either as a natural infection or through a criminal event. Unlike smallpox, person-to-person transmission of monkeypox virus is very inefficient, and there is rarely more than three generations of transmission from an index case. With cessation of the smallpox vaccination program in the Sub-Saharan region of Africa in 1982, and the increased encroachment of humans into habitat maintaining animal reservoirs of monkeypox virus, this virus is reemerging as a human pathogen. Increased frequency of human infections provides the opportunity for selection of genotypes that can be maintained in human populations without the necessity of periodic reintroductions from animal reservoirs. Thus monkeypox virus has the potential to become more than a nuisance zoonosis. The 2003 outbreak of human monkeypox in the Midwest indicated how little we know concerning the natural biology of this virus, and its potential to cause human disease. African rodents imported from Ghana into the U.S. showed none of the expected signs of a lethal infection with monkeypox virus (e.g. conjunctivitis, lymphadenopathy and skin lesions) yet were able to efficiently transmit the disease to

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prairie dogs that were responsible for 71 cases of human monkeypox. Although much research has been done on simian monkeypox, the monkey like the human is thought to be an incidental host. There is a lack of information on monkeypox virus biology in rodent species that in Africa may act as natural reservoirs. This proposal is aimed at studying the biology of monkeypox virus in susceptible rodent species that will permit the evaluation of monkeypox virus transmissibility, virulence, and host range. This information will contribute to our understanding of epizootic outbreaks of disease. Furthermore, since human monkeypox is indistinguishable from smallpox, a small animal monkeypox model that recapitulates natural disease may provide us with insights into human monkeypox and smallpox. And finally, a small animal model that yields a fulminant lethal infection at low doses of virus (<102 PFU) could provide an intermediate step between current mouse and monkey models for evaluation of the efficacy of vaccines and antivirals against smallpox. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “lymphadenopathy” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for lymphadenopathy in the PubMed Central database: •

Clonality of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and implications for its evolution to malignant lymphoma. by Lipford EH, Smith HR, Pittaluga S, Jaffe ES, Steinberg AD, Cossman J.; 1987 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=424152

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Immunoglobulin G Avidity in Diagnosis of Toxoplasmic Lymphadenopathy and Ocular Toxoplasmosis. by Paul M.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95718

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text

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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with lymphadenopathy, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “lymphadenopathy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for lymphadenopathy (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 76 year-old man with anemia, lymphadenopathy and pericarditis. Author(s): Auethavekiat P, Wong B, Fong J. Source: Hawaii Med J. 2003 April; 62(4): 80-1, 89. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12774675

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A case of migratory lymphadenopathy and cutaneous anergy in an Asian woman. Author(s): Al Attia HM, Al Ahmed YH, El Hag A, El Abassi RN. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2000 October; 76(900): 660, 663. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11009586

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A case of tick-transmitted lymphadenopathy in Bulgaria associated with Rickettsia slovaca. Author(s): Komitova R, Lakos A, Aleksandrov A, Christova I, Murdjeva M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(3): 213. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12751725

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A clinicopathologic study of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy mimicking an optic nerve tumor. Author(s): Krishnakumar S, Babu K, Das D, Biswas J. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2003 May-June; 40(3): 1725. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12795441

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A descriptive analysis of EUS-FNA for mediastinal lymphadenopathy: an emphasis on clinical impact and false negative results. Author(s): Hernandez LV, Mishra G, George S, Bhutani MS. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2004 February; 99(2): 249-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15046212

journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A sarcoid-like reaction in a patient with hemangiopericytoma--mediastinal lymphadenopathy resulting in confusion about therapy. Author(s): van Hoesel AQ, Hoekstra HJ, de Boer NK, Jager PL, van der Graaf WT. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2003; 42(7): 790-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14690168

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A tattoo and localized lymphadenopathy: a case report. Author(s): Zirkin HJ, Avinoach I, Edelwitz P. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 June; 67(6): 471-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11419018

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A thyroid tubercular abscess and bilateral symmetrical hilar lymphadenopathy: a rare association. Author(s): Gupta R, Sircar M, Jaiswal A, Arora VK, Gupta K, Visalakshi P, Myneedu VP. Source: Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2004 April-June; 46(2): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15072328

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A young woman with fever, headache, and lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Chemaly RF, Rehm SJ. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2001 July; 68(7): 584, 586-7, 591-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11453074

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Abdominal tuberculous lymphadenopathy: MR imaging findings. Author(s): Kim SY, Kim MJ, Chung JJ, Lee JT, Yoo HS. Source: Abdominal Imaging. 2000 November-December; 25(6): 627-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11029097

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Abnormal behaviour in a man with massive, generalised, peripheral lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Samaga BL, Nagaraj MV. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2001 July; 77(909): 474, 485-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11423606

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Actinomyces and actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans-Actinomyces-associated lymphadenopathy mimicking lymphoma. Author(s): Amrikachi M, Krishnan B, Finch CJ, Shahab I. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2000 October; 124(10): 1502-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11035583

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Alleviation of renal disease and lymphadenopathy in MRL-Fasp(lrcg)/Fas(lprcg) (MRlpr(cg)) mice neonatally infected with mouse mammary tumor virus encoding superantigen strongly reactive with TCR Vbeta8.2 element. Author(s): Matsuzawa A, Yasuda T, Zhang Y, Nagase H, Yoshimoto T, Kimura M, Tsubura A. Source: Viral Immunology. 2000; 13(3): 297-311. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11016595

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An unusual case of mediastinal lymphadenopathy caused by amyloidosis. Author(s): Takeshita K, Yamada S, Sato N, Kuwabara K, Kobayashi K, Asano K, Yamaguchi K. Source: Intern Med. 2000 October; 39(10): 839-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11030211

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An unusual case of pyrexia of unknown origin with cervical lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Wurm P, Townson G, Lauder I, Wicks AC. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2000 October; 76(900): 655-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11009583

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Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia following doxycycline administration. Author(s): Batinac T, Zamolo G, Jonjic N, Gruber F, Nacinovic A, Seili-Bekafigo I, Coklo M. Source: Tumori. 2003 January-February; 89(1): 91-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12729371

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Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia: thoracic involvement. Author(s): Singh MK, Solanki RN, Shah NJ, Tanna D, Patel DR, Desai IM. Source: Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2004 April-June; 46(2): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15072329

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Application of a prediction rule to select which patients presenting with lymphadenopathy should undergo a lymph node biopsy. Author(s): Vassilakopoulos TP, Pangalis GA. Source: Medicine; Analytical Reviews of General Medicine, Neurology, Psychiatry, Dermatology, and Pediatrics. 2000 September; 79(5): 338-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11039082

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Autoimmune disease-associated lymphadenopathy from dermatomyositis. A case report. Author(s): Kojima M, Nakamura S, Yamane Y, Tanaka H, Masawa N. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 2003; 199(10): 691-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14666972

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Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome: a cause of chronic splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and cytopenias in children-report on diagnosis and management of five patients. Author(s): Alvarado CS, Straus SE, Li S, Dale JK, Mann K, Le A, Lauer SJ. Source: Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 2004 August; 43(2): 164-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15236285

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Bacterial endocarditis and lymphadenopathy mimicking Kawasaki disease. Author(s): Cullen S, Ward OC, Denham B. Source: Ir Med J. 1989 February; 82(1): 32-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2753674

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Bancroftian lymphadenopathy: a histopathologic study of fifty-eight cases from northeastern Brazil. Author(s): Jungmann P, Figueredo-Silva J, Dreyer G. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1991 September; 45(3): 325-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1928566

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Bancroftian lymphadenopathy: absence of eosinophils in tissues despite peripheral blood hypereosinophilia. Author(s): Figueredo-Silva J, Dreyer G, Guimaraes K, Brandt C, Medeiros Z. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1994 February; 97(1): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8107175

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Bartonella clarridgeiae, a newly recognized zoonotic pathogen causing inoculation papules, fever, and lymphadenopathy (cat scratch disease). Author(s): Kordick DL, Hilyard EJ, Hadfield TL, Wilson KH, Steigerwalt AG, Brenner DJ, Breitschwerdt EB. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 July; 35(7): 1813-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9196200

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B-cell lymphoma after angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy: a case with oligoclonal gene rearrangements associated with Epstein-Barr virus. Author(s): Abruzzo LV, Schmidt K, Weiss LM, Jaffe ES, Medeiros LJ, Sander CA, Raffeld M. Source: Blood. 1993 July 1; 82(1): 241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8391875

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B-cell reactivity in homosexuals with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL). Author(s): Kekow J, Kern P, Schmitz H, Gross WL. Source: Cancer Detect Prev Suppl. 1987; 1: 543-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3500784

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Benign mediastinal lymphadenopathy in congestive heart failure. Author(s): Ngom A, Dumont P, Diot P, Lemarie E. Source: Chest. 2001 February; 119(2): 653-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11171755

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Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy associated with Yersinia enterocolitica infection. Author(s): Baert F, Knockaert D, Bobbaers H. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 July; 19(1): 197-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7948528

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B-immunoblastic lymphoma arising in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Pirker R, Schwarzmeier JD, Radaszkiewicz T, Lenzhofer R, Konrad K, Bettelheim P, Bauer K, Prischl F. Source: Acta Haematologica. 1986; 75(2): 105-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3090816

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B-mode sonographic criteria for differential diagnosis of cervicofacial lymphadenopathy in cat-scratch disease and toxoplasmosis. Author(s): Ridder GJ, Boedeker CC, Lee TK, Sander A. Source: Head & Neck. 2003 April; 25(4): 306-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12658735

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Bone marrow biopsy findings in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Ghani AM, Krause JR. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1985 October; 61(2): 203-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4041367

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BOOP presenting as pseudo-lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Gupta PR, Joshi N, Khangarot S. Source: Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 1999 October-December; 41(4): 235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10661013

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Breast conservation treatment for patients presenting with axillary lymphadenopathy from presumed primary breast cancer: the role of breast magnetic resonance imaging for staging. Author(s): Chen C, Orel SG, Schnall MD, Harris E, Solin LJ. Source: Clinical Breast Cancer. 2002 August; 3(3): 219-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12196282

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Breast imaging case of the day. Dermatopathic lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Murphy TJ, Mowad CM, Feig SA, Nussbaum SA, Hyland JC. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 1998 March-April; 18(2): 536-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9536499

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Breast MR imaging in a patient with unilateral axillary lymphadenopathy and unknown primary malignancy. Author(s): Schelfout K, Kersschot E, Van Goethem M, Thienpont L, Van den Haute J, Roelstraete A, De Schepper A. Source: European Radiology. 2003 September; 13(9): 2128-32. Epub 2002 November 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12928964

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Bronchocentric granulomatosis associated with pure red cell aplasia and lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Martinez-Lopez MA, Pena JM, Quiralte J, Fernandez MC, Gonzalez JJ, Patron M, Vazquez JJ. Source: Thorax. 1992 February; 47(2): 131-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1549821

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Brucellosis and sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Yao JD, McCullough AE, Walker RC, Banks PM. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1989 January; 86(1): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2910082

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Bulky lymphadenopathy in acute myeloid leukemia. Author(s): Sica S, Salutari P, d'Onofrio G, Zini G, Laurenti L, Sora' F, Leone G. Source: Annals of Hematology. 1998 July-August; 77(1-2): 65-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9760156

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Burned-out tumor of the testis presenting as supraclavicular lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Kebapci M, Can C, Isiksoy S, Aslan O, Oner U. Source: European Radiology. 2002 February; 12(2): 371-3. Epub 2001 December 18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11870436

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Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 18-2003. A 15-year-old girl with pain in the left leg and back, pruritus, and thoracic lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Lehmann LE, Anupindi S, Harris NL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 June 12; 348(24): 2443-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12802031

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Cat scratch disease presenting with abdominal pain and retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Losanoff JE, Sauter ER, Rider KD. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2004 March; 38(3): 300-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15128085

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CD138-positive and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-negative B-cell lymphoma with serosal spreading of the body cavity and lymphadenopathy: an autopsy case. Author(s): Kuwabara H, Nagai M, Shibanushi T, Ohmori M, Kawakami K, Asakura H. Source: Human Pathology. 2000 September; 31(9): 1171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11014588

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Cervical lymphadenopathy and urinary tract infection. Author(s): Hitt CL. Source: Urology. 1976 March; 7(3): 341. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11394418

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Cervical lymphadenopathy caused by Kikuchi disease: positron emission tomographic appearance. Author(s): Liao AC, Chen YK. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2003 April; 28(4): 320-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12642715

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Cervical lymphadenopathy due to mycobacterial infection: a diagnostic protocol. Author(s): Davis JP, Prinsley PR, Robinson PJ. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1993 July; 107(7): 614-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15125280

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Cervical lymphadenopathy in children. Author(s): Umapathy N, De R, Donaldson I. Source: Hosp Med. 2003 February; 64(2): 104-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12619339

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Cervico-mediastinal lymphadenopathy as a paradoxical response to chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis. A case report. Author(s): Janmeja AK, Das SK. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2003 March-April; 70(2): 219-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12740523

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Childhood cervical lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Leung AK, Robson WL. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 2004 January-February; 18(1): 3-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14722499

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Clinical and radiographic predictors of the etiology of computed tomographydiagnosed intrathoracic lymphadenopathy in HIV-infected patients. Author(s): Jasmer RM, Gotway MB, Creasman JM, Webb WR, Edinburgh KJ, Huang L. Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999). 2002 November 1; 31(3): 291-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12439204

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Clinico-pathologic conference: a 7-year-old girl with fever and lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Dumois J, Jara A, Pomerance HH, Ahmed A, Gilbert-Barness E. Source: Pediatric Pathology & Molecular Medicine. 2003 July-August; 22(4): 285-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14692225

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Clinico-pathological profile of pediatric lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Reddy MP, Moorchung N, Chaudhary A. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2002 December; 69(12): 1047-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12557957

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Co-existence of peri-ampullary carcinoma with peripancreatic tuberculous lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Desai CS, Lala M, Joshi A, Abraham P, Desai D, Deshpande RB, Shah SR. Source: Jop [electronic Resource] : Journal of the Pancreas. 2004 May; 5(3): 145-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15138336

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Comments on Castelijns and van den Brekel: Imaging of lymphadenopathy in the neck. Author(s): Ferreira T. Source: European Radiology. 2003 September; 13(9): 2236; Author Reply 2237. Epub 2003 March 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12928972

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Complete DiGeorge syndrome: development of rash, lymphadenopathy, and oligoclonal T cells in 5 cases. Author(s): Markert ML, Alexieff MJ, Li J, Sarzotti M, Ozaki DA, Devlin BH, Sempowski GD, Rhein ME, Szabolcs P, Hale LP, Buckley RH, Coyne KE, Rice HE, Mahaffey SM, Skinner MA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2004 April; 113(4): 734-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15100681

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Congenital Rosai-Dorfman disease without lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Iwabuchi H, Kakihara T, Tanaka A, Uchiyama M, Shibuya H, Umezu H. Source: Pediatric Pathology & Molecular Medicine. 2003 September-October; 22(5): 399403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14692191

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CT scanning for the detection of tuberculous mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy in children. Author(s): Andronikou S, Joseph E, Lucas S, Brachmeyer S, Du Toit G, Zar H, Swingler G. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2004 March; 34(3): 232-6. Epub 2004 January 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14710313

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Cutaneous (papulo-nodular) sarcoidosis following hilar lymphadenopathy: an intriguing manifestation. Author(s): Sehgal V, Bhattacharya S, Sardana K, Bajaj P, Sehgal R, Jain S. Source: Skinmed. 2003 March-April; 2(2): 131-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14673316

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Cutaneous relapse of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy-type peripheral T-cell lymphoma mimicking an exanthematous drug eruption. Author(s): Yoon GS, Chang SE, Kim HH, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2003 October; 42(10): 816-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14521698

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Cytology of leukemic lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Kumar PV, Karimi M, Monabati A, Sadeghipour AR, Tavangar SM, Moosavi A, Nourani H, Haghkshanas M, Bedayat GR. Source: Acta Cytol. 2002 September-October; 46(5): 801-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12365210

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Death of bystander cells by a novel pathway involving early mitochondrial damage in human immunodeficiency virus-related lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Carbonari M, Pesce AM, Cibati M, Modica A, Dell'Anna L, D'Offizi G, Angelici A, Uccini S, Modesti A, Fiorilli M. Source: Blood. 1997 July 1; 90(1): 209-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9207455

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Dermacentor-borne necrosis erythema and lymphadenopathy: clinical and epidemiological features of a new tick-borne disease. Author(s): Oteo JA, Ibarra V, Blanco JR, Martinez de Artola V, Marquez FJ, Portillo A, Raoult D, Anda P. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2004 April; 10(4): 327-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15059122

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Detection of mycobacterial DNA in cervical granulomatous lymphadenopathy from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue by PCR. Author(s): Kwon KS, Oh CK, Jang HS, Lee CW, Jun ES. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2000 June; 27(6): 355-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10920580

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Development of Epstein-Barr virus-associated B cell lymphoma after intensive treatment of patients with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia. Author(s): Matsue K, Itoh M, Tsukuda K, Kokubo T, Hirose Y. Source: International Journal of Hematology. 1998 April; 67(3): 319-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9650454

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Diagnosis and treatment of isolated tuberculous mediastinal lymphadenopathy in adults. Author(s): Ayed AK, Behbehani NA. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 2001 May; 167(5): 334-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11419546

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Diagnostic accuracy of sonographic criteria for evaluation of cervical lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Ying M, Ahuja A, Metreweli C. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1998 July; 17(7): 437-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9669302

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Diagnostic aspects of cervical lymphadenopathy in children in the developing world: a study of 1,877 surgical specimens. Author(s): Moore SW, Schneider JW, Schaaf HS. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2003 June; 19(4): 240-4. Epub 2003 April 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12700919

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Diagnostic utility of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in HIV-infected patients with lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Reid AJ, Miller RF, Kocjan GI. Source: Cytopathology : Official Journal of the British Society for Clinical Cytology. 1998 August; 9(4): 230-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9710693

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Diagnostic value of different PCR assays for the detection of mycobacterial DNA in granulomatous lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Totsch M, Bocker W, Brommelkamp E, Fille M, Kreczy A, Ofner D, Schmid KW, Dockhorn-Dworniczak B. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1996 February; 178(2): 221-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8683393

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Diagnostic value of fine-needle aspiration in supraclavicular lymphadenopathy: a study of 106 patients and review of literature. Author(s): Nasuti JF, Mehrotra R, Gupta PK. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2001 December; 25(6): 351-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11747230

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Diagnostic value of transbronchial needle aspiration by Wang 22-gauge cytology needle in intrathoracic lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Cetinkaya E, Yildiz P, Altin S, Yilmaz V. Source: Chest. 2004 February; 125(2): 527-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14769734

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Differential diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy with intranodal color Doppler flow signals in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Author(s): Sato N, Kawabe R, Fujita K, Omura S. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1998 October; 86(4): 482-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9798237

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Differential diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy: usefulness of color Doppler sonography. Author(s): Na DG, Lim HK, Byun HS, Kim HD, Ko YH, Baek JH. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1997 May; 168(5): 1311-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9129432

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Differential diagnosis of lymphadenopathy: power Doppler vs color Doppler sonography. Author(s): Tschammler A, Beer M, Hahn D. Source: European Radiology. 2002 July; 12(7): 1794-9. Epub 2002 April 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12111071

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Differentiation of lymphadenopathy in different forms of carcinoma with Doppler sonography. Author(s): Ho SS, Ahuja AT, Kew J, Metreweli C. Source: Clinical Radiology. 2000 August; 55(8): 627-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10964735

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Disseminated infection due to rapidly growing mycobacteria in immunocompetent hosts presenting with chronic lymphadenopathy: a previously unrecognized clinical entity. Author(s): Chetchotisakd P, Mootsikapun P, Anunnatsiri S, Jirarattanapochai K, Choonhakarn C, Chaiprasert A, Ubol PN, Wheat LJ, Davis TE. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 January; 30(1): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10619729

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Distribution of thoracic lymphadenopathy in sarcoidosis using computed tomography. Author(s): Patil SN, Levin DL. Source: Journal of Thoracic Imaging. 1999 April; 14(2): 114-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10210484

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Does your home healthcare client have lymphadenopathy? Author(s): Georges L, Rothman D. Source: Home Healthcare Nurse. 1998 July; 16(7): 457-63; Quiz 463-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9726206

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Donovanosis causing cervical lymphadenopathy in a five-month-old boy. Author(s): Bowden FJ, Bright A, Rode JW, Brewster D. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2000 February; 19(2): 167-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10694010

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Dual infection with atypical mycobacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis causing cervical lymphadenopathy in a child. Author(s): Ganesan S, Thirlwall A, Brewis C, Grant HR, Novelli VM. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2000 August; 114(8): 649-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11027063

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Efficacy of fine-needle capillary biopsy in the assessment of patients with superficial lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Akhtar SS, Imran-Ul-Huq, Faiz-U-Din M, Reyes LM. Source: Cancer. 1997 October 25; 81(5): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9349514

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Egg shell nodal calcification in a patient with sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy treated with interferon. Author(s): Silvers AR, Som PM, Meyer RJ. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1996 February; 17(2): 361-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8938311

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Elevated serum CA19-9 level and regional lymphadenopathy in a young man with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Hachiya T, Koyama S, Kubo K, Sekiguchi M, Honda T. Source: Intern Med. 1998 January; 37(1): 91-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9510409

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Emerging challenges in cervical lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Karthik SV. Source: Hosp Med. 2003 June; 64(6): 376. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12833839

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Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration is superior to lymph node echofeatures: a prospective evaluation of mediastinal and peri-intestinal lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Chen VK, Eloubeidi MA. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2004 April; 99(4): 628-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15089893

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Enzyme and immunohistochemistry of follicular hyperplasia in AIDS-related lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Carbone A, Poletti A, Manconi R, Cozzi M, Sulfaro S, Volpe R. Source: Int J Biol Markers. 1987 May-August; 2(2): 87-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3451932

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Epitrochlear lymphadenopathy in rheumatoid arthritis caused by silicone particles. Author(s): Balint PV, McEntegart A, Jackson R, Forrester AW, Simpson RG. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 May; 29(5): 1097-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12022330

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Ethosuximide induced lymphadenopathy--a case report. Author(s): Ojinnaka NC, Iloeje SO. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 2001 January; 47(1): 18-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11961853

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Etiology of lymphadenopathy in patients with AIDS in Taiwan. Author(s): Hung CC, Chen MY, Chen CL, Chen YC, Chuang CY. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1996 February; 95(2): 119-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9063999

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EUS-guided fine needle aspiration in mediastinal lymphadenopathy of unknown etiology. Author(s): Catalano MF, Nayar R, Gress F, Scheiman J, Wassef W, Rosenblatt ML, Kochman M. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2002 June; 55(7): 863-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12024142

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Evaluating lymphadenopathy using lymph node FNA. Author(s): Schafernak KT. Source: American Family Physician. 2004 July 15; 70(2): 258. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15291085

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Evaluation by ultrasound of abdominal lymphadenopathy in chronic hepatitis C. Author(s): Soresi M, Carroccio A, Agate V, Bonfissuto GD, Magliarisi C, Fulco M, Aragona F, Montalto G. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 February; 94(2): 497-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10022653

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Evaluation of abdominal lymphadenopathy in children by ultrasonography. Author(s): Watanabe M, Ishii E, Hirowatari Y, Hayashida Y, Koga T, Akazawa K, Miyazaki S. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1997 November; 27(11): 860-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9361045

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Evaluation of mediastinal lymphadenopathy with endoscopic US-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Author(s): Kefalides PT, Savides TJ. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2002 February; 55(2): 294-6; Discussion 296-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11845792

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Evidence of active herpesvirus 6 (variant-A) infection in patients with lymphadenopathy in Belem, Para, Brazil. Author(s): Freitas RB, Freitas MR, Linhares AC. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 2003 SeptemberOctober; 45(5): 283-8. Epub 2003 November 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14743669

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Extensive cervical lymphadenopathy in a healthy child--an unusual manifestation of cryptococcosis. Author(s): Yoon DY, Bae SH, Kim KN. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1999 February; 54(2): 133-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10050744

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Extensive lymphadenopathy as the first clinical manifestation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Kitsanou M, Andreopoulou E, Bai MK, Elisaf M, Drosos AA. Source: Lupus. 2000; 9(2): 140-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10787012

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Extensive mediastinal lymphadenopathy in an adult immunocompetent woman caused by Mycobacterium avium complex. Author(s): Greinert U, Rusch-Gerdes S, Vollmer E, Schlaak M. Source: Chest. 1999 December; 116(6): 1814-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10593812

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Extensive pigmented villonodular synovitis with markedly pigmented lymphadenopathy and its implication for differential diagnosis with malignant melanoma. Author(s): Wang S, Stewart JM, Ross MI, Prieto VG. Source: Annals of Diagnostic Pathology. 2003 April; 7(2): 95-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12715334

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Extranodal sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy presenting as an intramedullary spinal cord tumor: a case report. Author(s): Jones MP, Rueda-Pedraza ME. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1997 March; 54(3): 253-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9067506

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Facial lymphadenopathy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Author(s): Chong VF, Fan YF. Source: Clinical Radiology. 2000 May; 55(5): 363-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10816402

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Fever, lymphadenopathy, eosinophilia, lymphocytosis, hepatitis, and dermatitis. Author(s): Shapiro LE, Knowles SR, Shear NH. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 January; 38(1): 132-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9448227

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Fever, lymphadenopathy, eosinophilia, lymphocytosis, hepatitis, and dermatitis: a severe adverse reaction to minocycline. Author(s): MacNeil M, Haase DA, Tremaine R, Marrie TJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 February; 36(2 Pt 2): 347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9039216

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Fever, skin rash, jaundice and lymphadenopathy after trichloroethylene exposure: a case report. Author(s): Chittasobhaktra T, Wannanukul W, Wattanakrai P, Pramoolsinsap C, Sohonslitdsuk A, Nitiyanant P. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1997 September; 80 Suppl 1: S144-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9347662

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Fine needle aspiration biopsy for definitive diagnosis of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Ng WK, Cheung FM. Source: Acta Cytol. 2002 September-October; 46(5): 1025-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12365207

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Fine needle aspiration cytologic findings in a case of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman syndrome). Author(s): Layfield LJ. Source: Acta Cytol. 1990 November-December; 34(6): 767-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2256412

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Fine needle aspiration cytology and immunocytochemical characterization of the histiocytes in sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman syndrome). Author(s): Pettinato G, Manivel JC, d'Amore ES, Petrella G. Source: Acta Cytol. 1990 November-December; 34(6): 771-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2256413

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Fine needle aspiration cytology in lymphadenopathy of HIV-positive cases. Author(s): Saikia UN, Dey P, Jindal B, Saikia B. Source: Acta Cytol. 2001 July-August; 45(4): 589-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11480723

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Fine needle aspiration cytology in systemic lupus erythematosus lymphadenopathy. A case report. Author(s): Pai MR, Adhikari P, Coimbatore RV, Ahmed S. Source: Acta Cytol. 2000 January-February; 44(1): 67-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10667163

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Fine needle aspiration diagnosis in HIV-related lymphadenopathy in Mangalore, India. Author(s): Shenoy R, Kapadi SN, Pai KP, Kini H, Mallya S, Khadilkar UN, Prabha A. Source: Acta Cytol. 2002 January-February; 46(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11843556

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Fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the evaluation of lymphadenopathy associated with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome). Author(s): Galindo LM, Garcia FU, Hanau CA, Lessin SR, Jhala N, Bigler RD, Vonderheid EC. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2000 June; 113(6): 865-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10874888

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Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Dey P, Radhika S, Das A. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1996 December; 15(5): 412-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8989545

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Fine-needle aspiration cytology in lymphadenopathy of HIV-positive patients. Author(s): Nayak S, Mani R, Kavatkar AN, Puranik SC, Holla VV. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2003 September; 29(3): 146-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12951682

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Fine-needle aspiration in the management of peripheral lymphadenopathy in a developing country. Author(s): Thomas JO, Adeyi D, Amanguno H. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1999 September; 21(3): 159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10450098

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Flow-cytometric algorithm on fine-needle aspirates for the clinical workup of patients with lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Zardawi IM, Jain S, Bennett G. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1998 October; 19(4): 274-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9784991

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Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose and carbon-11-methionine evaluation of lymphadenopathy in sarcoidosis. Author(s): Yamada Y, Uchida Y, Tatsumi K, Yamaguchi T, Kimura H, Kitahara H, Kuriyama T. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1998 July; 39(7): 1160-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9669387

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Focal lymphadenopathy and intermittent fever in a 17-year-old girl. Author(s): Whelan M, Regezi J. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1997 June; 83(6): 642-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9195615

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Frequency of lymphadenopathy in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Calguneri M, Ozturk MA, Ozbalkan Z, Akdogan A, Ureten K, Kiraz S, Ertenli I. Source: J Int Med Res. 2003 July-August; 31(4): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12964513

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Frequent T and B cell oligoclones in histologically and immunophenotypically characterized angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Smith JL, Hodges E, Quin CT, McCarthy KP, Wright DH. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2000 February; 156(2): 661-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10666395

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From persistent generalised lymphadenopathy to AIDS: who will progress? Author(s): Carne CA, Weller IV, Loveday C, Adler MW. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 April 4; 294(6576): 868-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3105780

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Generalized lymphadenopathy as a marker of ongoing inflammation in prolonged cholestatic hepatitis A. Author(s): Mukhopadhya A, Chandy GM. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2002 August; 14(8): 877-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12172409

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Generalized lymphadenopathy as initial presentation of toxocariasis in a seven-yearold boy. Author(s): Szczepanski T, Sonta-Jakimczyk D, Janik-Moszant A, Olejnik I. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1996 August; 15(8): 717-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8858683

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Generalized lymphadenopathy caused by Trichosporon asahii in a patient with Job's syndrome. Author(s): Chakrabarti A, Marhawa RK, Mondal R, Trehan A, Gupta S, Rao Raman DS, Sethi S, Padhyet AA. Source: Medical Mycology : Official Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 2002 February; 40(1): 83-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11862981

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Generalized lymphadenopathy due to herpes simplex virus type I. Author(s): Howat AJ, Campbell AR, Stewart DJ. Source: Histopathology. 1991 December; 19(6): 563-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1786940

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Generalized lymphadenopathy in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients associated with Staphylococcus epidermidis infection. Author(s): Pollock CA, Ibels LS. Source: Nephron. 1989; 52(1): 81-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2710271

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Generalized lymphadenopathy with morphologic features of Castleman's disease in an HIV-positive man. Author(s): Lowenthal DA, Filippa DA, Richardson ME, Bertoni M, Straus DJ. Source: Cancer. 1987 November 15; 60(10): 2454-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3478119

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Generalized lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Libman H. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 1987 January-February; 2(1): 48-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3543267

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Generalized lymphadenopathy: a rare presentation of disseminated prostate cancer. Author(s): Oyan B, Engin H, Yalcin S. Source: Medical Oncology (Northwood, London, England). 2002; 19(3): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12482129

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Genetic changes in atypical hyperplasia and lymphoma with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and dysproteinaemia in the same patients. Author(s): Ohshima K, Kikuchi M, Hashimoto M, Kozuru M, Uike N, Kobari S, Masuda Y, Sumiyoshi Y, Yoneda S, Takeshita M, et al. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 1994; 425(1): 25-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7921409

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Gold-associated lymphadenopathy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Spark RP. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1991 September; 115(9): 861-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1929780

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Gold-associated lymphadenopathy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Histologic and scanning electron microscopic features. Author(s): Rollins SD, Craig JP. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1991 February; 115(2): 175-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1899556

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Granulocytic sarcoma presenting as pulmonary nodules and lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Callahan M, Wall S, Askin F, Delaney D, Koller C, Orringer EP. Source: Cancer. 1987 October 15; 60(8): 1902-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2958129

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Granulomatous inguinal lymphadenopathy after bilateral metatarsophalangeal joint silicone arthroplasty. Author(s): Shiel WC Jr, Jason M. Source: Foot Ankle. 1986 April; 6(5): 216-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3519391

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Granulomatous pneumonitis and mediastinal lymphadenopathy due to photocopier toner dust. Author(s): Armbruster C, Dekan G, Hovorka A. Source: Lancet. 1996 September 7; 348(9028): 690. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8782783

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Gray-scale sonographic evaluation of cervical lymphadenopathy in cat-scratch disease. Author(s): Ridder GJ, Richter B, Disko U, Sander A. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 2001 March-April; 29(3): 140-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11329156

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Grey-scale sonography in assessment of cervical lymphadenopathy: review of sonographic appearances and features that may help a beginner. Author(s): Ahuja A, Ying M. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 2000 October; 38(5): 451-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11010773

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Gross abdominal lymphadenopathy in sarcoidosis. Author(s): Ostor AJ, Moran H, Wicks IP. Source: Internal Medicine Journal. 2002 August; 32(8): 422-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12162402

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Gross hematuria in a young child with axillary lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Cramm KJ, Silverstein DM. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2002 June; 41(5): 357-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12086202

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Gummatous penile ulceration and generalised lymphadenopathy in homosexual man: case report. Author(s): Kitchen VS, Cook T, Doble A, Harris JR. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1988 August; 64(4): 276-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3169760

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HAART-associated lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Ball SC, Chadburn A. Source: Aids Read. 1999 January-February; 9(1): 11-2, 17. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12728876

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Head and neck lymphadenopathy: evaluation with US-guided cutting-needle biopsy. Author(s): Screaton NJ, Berman LH, Grant JW. Source: Radiology. 2002 July; 224(1): 75-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12091664

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Headache and painful lymphadenopathy in extracranial or systemic infection: etiology of new daily persistent headaches. Author(s): Santoni JR, Santoni-Williams CJ. Source: Intern Med. 1993 July; 32(7): 530-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8286828

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Hemorrhagic lymphadenopathy as a presenting feature of primary al amyloidosis. Author(s): Hanley JP, MacLean FR, Evans JL, Colls BM, Robinson BA, Patton WN, Heaton DC. Source: Pathology. 2000 February; 32(1): 21-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10740800

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Hepatitis C virus infection and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Ozyilkan O, Ozyilkan E, Karagoz F, Ozdamar S, Kandemir B. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995 June; 90(6): 1029-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7771410

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Hepatocellular carcinoma presenting as right supraclavicular lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Thorburn D, Sanai FM, Ghent CN. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 2003 October; 17(10): 605-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14571294

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Heterogeneity of Epstein-Barr virus infection in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy type T-cell lymphoma. Author(s): Ohshima K, Takeo H, Kikuchi M, Kozuru M, Uike N, Masuda Y, Yoneda S, Takeshita M, Shibata T, Akamatsu M. Source: Histopathology. 1994 December; 25(6): 569-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7698734

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High attenuation lymphadenopathy caused by amyloidosis. Author(s): Fukuda T, Takao M, Uchida T, Iwanaga S, Hayashi K, Okimoto T. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1997 February; 70: 213-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9135452

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High-resolution and color Doppler ultrasonography of cervical lymphadenopathy in children. Author(s): Papakonstantinou O, Bakantaki A, Paspalaki P, Charoulakis N, Gourtsoyiannis N. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 2001 September; 42(5): 470-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11552884

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Hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy after resection of mucoepidermoid carcinoma in a 47-year-old woman. Author(s): Kvale PA. Source: Chest. 1994 April; 105(4): 1251-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8162757

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Histiocytic, necrotizing lymphadenitis as rare cause of cervical lymphadenopathy and fever of unknown origin--a case of biopsy proven recurrence over 19 years. Author(s): Kosch M, Hausberg M, Barenbrock M, Rahn KH, Kisters K. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 1999 October; 63(4): 282-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10530423

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Histopathologic diagnoses of lymphadenopathy in children in Jos, Nigeria. Author(s): Okolo SN, Nwana EJ, Mohammed AZ. Source: Niger Postgrad Med J. 2003 September; 10(3): 165-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14692059

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Histopathology of lymphadenopathy in a tropical country. Author(s): Thomas JO, Ladipo JK, Yawe T. Source: East Afr Med J. 1995 November; 72(11): 703-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8904059

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HIV lymphadenopathy--a histopathological and immunomorphological study of 65 cases. Author(s): Walewska-Zielecka B, Nowoslawski A. Source: Pol J Pathol. 1995; 46(4): 211-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8713287

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Human herpesvirus 6 in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals: association with early histologic phases of lymphadenopathy syndrome but not with malignant lymphoproliferative disorders. Author(s): Dolcetti R, Di Luca D, Carbone A, Mirandola P, De Vita S, Vaccher E, Sighinolfi L, Gloghini A, Tirelli U, Cassai E, Boiocchi M. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1996 April; 48(4): 344-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8699167

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Human herpesvirus-8 DNA sequences in human immunodeficiency virus-negative angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and benign lymphadenopathy with giant germinal center hyperplasia and increased vascularity. Author(s): Luppi M, Barozzi P, Maiorana A, Artusi T, Trovato R, Marasca R, Savarino M, Ceccherini-Nelli L, Torelli G. Source: Blood. 1996 May 1; 87(9): 3903-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8611719

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the regular sexual partners of homosexual men with AIDS and persistent generalised lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Weller IV, Carne CA, Sattentau Q, Smith A, Tedder RS, Clapham P, Dalgleish A, Weber J, Adler MW. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1987 May; 22(1): 91-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3108451

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Hyper-IgE multicentric Castleman's disease: eosinophilic skin eruption, generalized lymphadenopathy, and polyclonal hyperimmunoglobulinaemia with an extremely high serum IgE level. Author(s): Ujihara M, Hamanaka S, Tominaga T, Gondo T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 August; 135(2): 339-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8881698

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Hypocomplementemia and hematological abnormalities in immunoblastic lymphadenopathy and immunoblastic lymphadenopathy-like T cell lymphoma. Author(s): Higuchi T, Mori H, Niikura H, Omine M. Source: Acta Haematologica. 1996; 96(2): 68-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8701703

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Hypoglossal nerve palsy associated with deep cervical lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Stricker T, Steinlin M, Willi UV, Nadal D. Source: Neurology. 1998 June; 50(6): 1926-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9633773

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Imaging of lymphadenopathy in the neck. Author(s): Castelijns JA, van den Brekel MW. Source: European Radiology. 2002 April; 12(4): 727-38. Epub 2001 December 08. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11960218

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Imaging of malignant cervical lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Connor SE, Olliff JF. Source: Dento Maxillo Facial Radiology. 2000 May; 29(3): 133-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10849539

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Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy presenting as an acute abdomen and mixed bacteremia with Eikenella corrodens and group C streptococci. Author(s): Monkemuller KE, Bronze MS. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1998 April; 93(4): 652-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9576467

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Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy-like T cell lymphoma evolving into a massive plasma cell proliferation with biclonal paraproteinemia. Author(s): Higuchi T, Tada J, Mori H, Niikura H, Omine M, Kishimoto K, Tate G, Mitsuya T. Source: Acta Haematologica. 1998 December; 100(3): 151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9858793

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Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy-like T-cell lymphoma complicated by multiple gastrointestinal involvement. Author(s): Kaneki T, Kawashima A, Akamatsu T, Tanaka N, Kubo K, Koizumi T, Sekiguchi M, Hosaka N, Honda T, Koike S, Adachi W. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 April; 34(2): 253-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10213128

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Immunoglobulin G avidity in diagnosis of toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy and ocular toxoplasmosis. Author(s): Paul M. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1999 July; 6(4): 514-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10391853

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Improved differentiation of benign and malignant lymphadenopathy in patients with cutaneous melanoma by contrast-enhanced color Doppler sonography. Author(s): Schmid-Wendtner MH, Partscht K, Korting HC, Volkenandt M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 April; 138(4): 491-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11939811

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Inactivation of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus by formaldehyde-based reagents. Author(s): Martin LS, Loskoski SL, McDougal JS. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1987 April; 53(4): 708-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3646869

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Increased survival of patients with massive lymphadenopathy and prostate cancer: evidence of heterogeneous tumour behaviour. Author(s): Sandhu DP, Mayor PE, Sambrook P, George NJ. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1990 October; 66(4): 415-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2224436

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Induction chemotherapy followed by concomitant chemoradiation-induced regression of advanced cervical lymphadenopathy in head and neck cancer as a predictor of outcome. Author(s): Ampil FL, Mills GM, Caldito G, Burton GV, Nathan CA, Aarstad RF, Lian TF, Stucker FJ, Hardin JC Jr. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 June; 126(6): 602-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12087325

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Infection of rabbits with R29 strain of bovine immunodeficiency virus: virulence, immunosuppression, and progressive mesenteric lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Kalvatchev Z, Walder R, Perez F, Garzaro D, Barrios M. Source: Viral Immunology. 1998; 11(3): 159-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9918407

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Infectious disease causes of lymphadenopathy: localized versus diffuse. Author(s): Heitman B, Irizarry A. Source: Lippincott's Primary Care Practice. 1999 January-February; 3(1): 19-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10214200

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Infectious mononucleosis complicated by mediastinal lymphadenopathy causing transient pulmonary artery stenosis. Author(s): Archibald N, Dalzell KG, Fernando CC, Jardine DL. Source: Internal Medicine Journal. 2003 July; 33(7): 324-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12823683

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Inhibition of replication of the etiologic agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (human T-lymphotropic retrovirus/lymphadenopathy-associated virus) by avarol and avarone. Author(s): Sarin PS, Sun D, Thornton A, Muller WE. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1987 April; 78(4): 663-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2435942

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Internal mammary lymphadenopathy: imaging of a vital lymphatic pathway in breast cancer. Author(s): Scatarige JC, Boxen I, Smathers RL. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 1990 September; 10(5): 857-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2217975

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Intrathoracic lymphadenopathy in patients with empyema. Author(s): Haramati LB, Alterman DD, White CS, Kerr AS. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1997 July-August; 21(4): 608-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9216767

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Investigating lymphadenopathy--report on the first 12 months of the lymph node diagnostic clinic at the Royal Marsden Hospital. Author(s): Gregory RK, Cunningham D, Fisher TA, Rhys-Evans P, Middleton GW, Bishop L, Wotherspoon A, Trott PA, Nash AG. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2000 September; 76(899): 566-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10964122

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Is there a role for positron emission tomography scanning in HIV-positive patients with Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphadenopathy: two case reports. Author(s): Kulasegaram R, Saunders K, Bradbeer CS, O'Doherty M. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1997 November; 8(11): 709-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9363548

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Isolated cervical lymphadenopathy as unique manifestation of Brucellosis. Author(s): Varona JF, Guerra JM, Guillen V, Guillen S, Menassa A, Palenque E. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(7): 538-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12195883

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Isolated intracranial Rosai-Dorfman disease (sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy). Author(s): Konishi E, Ibayashi N, Yamamoto S, Scheithauer BW. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 March; 24(3): 515-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12637307

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Jaundice and massive abdominal lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Mankarious R, Zaafran S, McDonald G, Moody FG. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1995 June 15; 30(6): 31-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7782396

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Joint endoprosthesis lymphadenopathy mimicking lymph node involvement in a patient with endometrial carcinoma. Author(s): Reich O, Tamussino K, Lang PF. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 May; 93(5 Pt 2): 843. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10912419

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Kaposi's sarcoma presenting as lymphadenopathy in two HIV-negative elderly patients. Author(s): Wang JC, Rosen Y, Goel PC, Teplitz H, Goldberg M, Friedman-Kien AE, Huang YQ. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1993 March; 94(3): 342-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8452160

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Kaposi's sarcoma, angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy, and antibody to HIV-1 p24 antigen in a patient nonreactive for HIV-1 with use of ELISA. Author(s): Helm TN, Steck WD, Proffitt MR, Bergfeld WF, Tubbs RR, Lo J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1990 August; 23(2 Pt 1): 3178. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2120291

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Ki-1 (CD30)-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma, sarcomatoid variant accompanied by spontaneously regressing lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Kashiwabara K, Nakamura H, Kusama H, Kishi K, Yagyu H, Takagi S, Matsuoka T. Source: Intern Med. 1999 January; 38(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10052743

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Kikuchi disease presenting as a flu-like illness with rash and lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Mugnaini EN, Watson T, Guccion J, Benator D. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2003 January; 325(1): 34-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544083

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Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease: a benign cause of fever and lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Norris AH, Krasinskas AM, Salhany KE, Gluckman SJ. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1996 October; 101(4): 401-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8873511

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Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease: a rare but important cause of lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Payne JH, Evans M, Gerrard MP. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2003; 92(2): 261-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12710659

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Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease: benign cause of fever and lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Yoo JH, Choi JH, Kim YR, Shin WS, Kang MW. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1997 October; 103(4): 332-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9382129

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Kikuchi's disease as a cause of fever and cervical lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Bowness P, Dutoit SH. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1988 May; 16(3): 310-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3397583

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Kikuchi's disease causing cervical lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Hoyt DJ, Fisher SR. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1990 June; 102(6): 755-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2115665

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Kikuchi's disease presenting as bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Abba AA, Afzal M, Almoharab FI, Baez-Giangreco A. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1995 November; 89(10): 701-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8570886

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Kikuchi's disease: a benign cause of pyrexia of unknown origin with lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Murali NS, Danda D, Thomas K. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1998 March; 96(3): 90-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9828553

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Kikuchi's disease--a recognised cause for benign lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Wijesundere A, Siribaddana S, Joseph M. Source: Ceylon Med J. 1995 March; 40(1): 46. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7781099

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Lack of retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy predicts survival of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Author(s): Vasselli JR, Yang JC, Linehan WM, White DE, Rosenberg SA, Walther MM. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 July; 166(1): 68-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11435825

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Leakage and silicone lymphadenopathy with cohesive breast implant. Author(s): Shaaban H, Jmor S, Alvi R. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2003 July; 56(5): 518-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12890469

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Lymphadenopathy after joint replacement for osteoclastoma. Author(s): Stewart AJ, Southcott BM, Raweily E. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2003 August; 96(8): 404-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12893861

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Lymphadenopathy and lymph node infarction as a result of gold injections. Author(s): Roberts C, Batstone PJ, Goodlad JR. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2001 July; 54(7): 562-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11429432

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Lymphadenopathy and proteinuria. Author(s): Karie S, Izzedine H, Beaufils H, Charlotte F, Launay-Vacher V, Deray G. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2004 March; 19(3): 739-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14767037

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Lymphadenopathy at the medial epitrochlear region in cat-scratch disease. Author(s): Gielen J, Wang XL, Vanhoenacker F, De Schepper H, De Beuckeleer L, Vandevenne J, De Schepper A. Source: European Radiology. 2003 June; 13(6): 1363-9. Epub 2002 October 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12764654

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Lymphadenopathy in a pregnant woman from Brazil. Author(s): Slevogt H, Tintelnot K, Seybold J, Suttorp N. Source: Lancet. 2004 April 17; 363(9417): 1282. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15094273

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Lymphadenopathy in children: when and how to evaluate. Author(s): Nield LS, Kamat D. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2004 January-February; 43(1): 25-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14968890

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Lymphadenopathy of sinus histiocytosis mimicking metastatic bladder cancer: a case report. Author(s): Asano T, Ohtsuka Y, Takagi K, Aida J, Okada Y, Ito Y. Source: International Journal of Clinical Oncology / Japan Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 June; 8(3): 184-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12884874

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Management strategies for peripheral tuberculous lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Al-Hadrani AM, Aulaqi SM, Al-Salami SF, Al-Kabsi AM, Al-Zabedi AK, AlGamrah AH. Source: Saudi Med J. 2000 March; 21(3): 266-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11533795

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Mediastinal and abdominal lymphadenopathy imitating lymphoma in an adolescent with autoimmune hepatitis. Author(s): Linnell GJ, Applegate KE. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2001 June; 31(6): 458-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11436900

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Mediastinal lymphadenopathy in patients with or without previous malignancy: EUS-FNA-based differential cytodiagnosis in 153 patients. Author(s): Fritscher-Ravens A, Sriram PV, Bobrowski C, Pforte A, Topalidis T, Krause C, Jaeckle S, Thonke F, Soehendra N. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 September; 95(9): 2278-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11007229

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Mesenteric lymphadenopathy as a cause of abdominal pain in children with lobar or segmental pneumonia. Author(s): Moustaki M, Zeis PM, Katsikari M, Fretzayas A, Grafakou O, Stabouli S, Tsolia M, Nicolaidou P, Karpathios T. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2003 April; 35(4): 269-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12629623

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Mesenteric lymphadenopathy in children examined by US for chronic and/or recurrent abdominal pain. Author(s): Vayner N, Coret A, Polliack G, Weiss B, Hertz M. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2003 December; 33(12): 864-7. Epub 2003 September 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13679999

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Metastatic basal cell carcinoma presenting as unilateral axillary lymphadenopathy: report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Berlin JM, Warner MR, Bailin PL. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2002 November; 28(11): 1082-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12460309

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Minimal change nephrotic syndrome, lymphadenopathy and hyperimmunoglobulinemia after immunization with a pneumococcal vaccine. Author(s): Kikuchi Y, Imakiire T, Hyodo T, Higashi K, Henmi N, Suzuki S, Miura S. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2002 July; 58(1): 68-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12141410

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Multifocal lymphadenopathy associated with severe Kawasaki disease: a difficult diagnosis. Author(s): Falcini F, Simonini G, Calabri GB, Cimaz R. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003 July; 62(7): 688-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12810443

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Multiple myeloma in a patient with hoarseness, dysphagia, aspiration, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Fortson JK, Nuriddin A, McCarter F, Henderson VJ, Patel V. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2004 April; 83(4): 274, 276-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15147100

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Myalgia with lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Haq I, Moss K, Morris VH. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2001 October; 94(10): 521-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11581347

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Nasopharyngeal tuberculosis with massive cervical lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Unal M, Dusmez D, Gorur K, Aydin O, Talas DU. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2002 June; 31(3): 186-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12121028

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Necrotizing cervical lymphadenopathy caused by Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease. Author(s): Bennie MJ, Bowles KM, Rankin SC. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 2003 September; 76(909): 656-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14500282

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Necrotizing herpes zoster mimicking relapse of vasculitis in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinaemia. Author(s): Boni R, Dummer R, Dommann-Scherrer C, Dommann S, Zimmermann DR, Joller-Jemelka H, Burg G. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 December; 133(6): 978-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8547055

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Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy for locally advanced esophageal carcinoma with bulky upper abdominal lymphadenopathy. Case report. Author(s): Sueyama H, Sakai K, Sugita T, Ito T, Uemastu T, Nishimaki T, Kaizu M. Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 1997 December; 20(6): 580-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9391545

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Neuropathy associated with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy-like T-cell lymphoma. Author(s): Sonobe M, Yasuda H, Okabe H, Terada M, Maeda K, Kawabata T, Kikkawa R. Source: Intern Med. 1998 July; 37(7): 631-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9711895

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Nodal shape (S/L) and its combination with size for assessment of cervical lymphadenopathy: which cut-off should be used? Author(s): Ying M, Ahuja A, Brook F, Brown B, Metreweli C. Source: Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. 1999 October; 25(8): 1169-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10576259

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Non malignant peripheral lymphadenopathy in Nigerians. Author(s): Adelusola KA. Source: West Afr J Med. 2002 October-December; 21(4): 319-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12665276

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Nonmalignant diagnoses in patients. Case 1. Mediastinal lymphadenopathy associated with congestive heart failure. Author(s): Partridge A, Nasser S, Dzik S. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2000 July; 18(13): 2635-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10893297

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Nonmalignant diagnoses in patients. Case 2. Lung cancer with mediastinal lymphadenopathy due to amyloidosis. Author(s): Partridge A, McMenamin M, Sugarbaker D. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2000 July; 18(13): 2636-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10893298

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Non-tuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Clark JE, Magee JG, Cant AJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1995 February; 72(2): 165-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7702386

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Observer variation in detecting lymphadenopathy on chest radiography. Author(s): Du Toit G, Swingler G, Iloni K. Source: The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease : the Official Journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2002 September; 6(9): 814-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12234137

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Ocular involvement in sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Karcioglu ZA, Allam B, Insler MS. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1988 October; 72(10): 793-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3191084

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Open study of AL-721 treatment of HIV-infected subjects with generalized lymphadenopathy syndrome: an eight week open trial and follow-up. Author(s): Grieco MH, Lange M, Buimovici-Klein E, Reddy MM, Englard A, McKinley GF, Ong K, Metroka C. Source: Antiviral Research. 1988 April; 9(3): 177-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2456739

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Optimal detection and identification of Mycobacterium haemophilum in specimens from pediatric patients with cervical lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Samra Z, Kaufmann L, Zeharia A, Ashkenazi S, Amir J, Bahar J, Reischl U, Naumann L. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 March; 37(3): 832-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9986869

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Organ limited amyloidosis with lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Dalton HR, Featherstone T, Athanasou N. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1992 January; 68(795): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1561191

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Orofacial disease: update for the dental clinical team: 11. Cervical lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Scully C, Porter S. Source: Dent Update. 2000 January-February; 27(1): 44-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11218266

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Osseous manifestation of Rosai-Dorfman disease (sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy). A case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Grote HJ, Moesenthin M, Foss HD, Kekow J, Roessner A. Source: Gen Diagn Pathol. 1998 April; 143(5-6): 341-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9653919

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Outcome after treatment of patients with mammographically occult, magnetic resonance imaging-detected breast cancer presenting with axillary lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Chen C, Orel SG, Harris E, Schnall MD, Czerniecki BJ, Solin LJ. Source: Clinical Breast Cancer. 2004 April; 5(1): 72-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15140289

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Ovarian carcinoma initially presenting as metastatic axillary lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Hockstein S, Keh P, Lurain JR, Fishman DA. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1997 June; 65(3): 543-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9190992

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Ovarian carcinoma presenting with inguinal metastatic lymphadenopathy 33 months prior to intraabdominal disease. Author(s): Kehoe S, Luesley D, Rollason T. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1993 July; 50(1): 128-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8349155

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Pathologic quiz case: a 17-year-old renal transplant patient with persistent fever, pancytopenia, and axillary lymphadenopathy. Bacillary angiomatosis of the lymph node in the renal transplant recipient. Author(s): Juskevicius R, Vnencak-Jones C. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2004 January; 128(1): E12-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14692837

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Pathologic quiz case: an 11-year-old boy with cervical lymphadenopathy. Metastatic malignant extrarenal rhabdoid tumor. Author(s): Mahmood MN, Salama ME, Shah VV. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 August; 127(8): E361-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12873208

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Patterns of lymphadenopathy in thoracic malignancies. Author(s): Sharma A, Fidias P, Hayman LA, Loomis SL, Taber KH, Aquino SL. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 2004 March-April; 24(2): 419-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15026591

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Percutaneous ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of abdominal lymphadenopathy in AIDS patients. Author(s): Veerapand P, Chotimanvijit R, Laohasrisakul N, Muennooch W. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2004 April; 87(4): 400-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15217178

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Postarthroplasty histiocytic lymphadenopathy in a patient with uterine carcinoma. Author(s): Reinecke P, Gerharz CD. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2004 March; 269(3): 217-8. Epub 2003 August 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12937919

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Predictors of survival for esophageal cancer patients with and without celiac axis lymphadenopathy: impact of staging endosonography. Author(s): Eloubeidi MA, Wallace MB, Hoffman BJ, Leveen MB, Van Velse A, Hawes RH, Reed CE. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2001 July; 72(1): 212-9; Discussion 219-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11465182

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Primary Rosai-Dorfman disease of bone without lymphadenopathy diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology. A case report. Author(s): Goel MM, Agarwal PK, Agarwal S. Source: Acta Cytol. 2003 November-December; 47(6): 1119-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14674094

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Propolis-induced granulomatous contact dermatitis accompanied by marked lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Teraki Y, Shiohara T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 June; 144(6): 1277-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422066

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Psoas abscess secondary to tuberculous lymphadenopathy: case report. Author(s): Fitoz S, Atasoy C, Yagmurlu A, Akyar S. Source: Abdominal Imaging. 2001 May-June; 26(3): 323-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11429964

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Pyrexia and lymphadenopathy in a south Asian woman. Author(s): Chung TT, Chowdhury N, Piper K, Chowdhury TA. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2004 July; 97(7): 336-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15229264

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Quantitative measurement of telomerase activity in lymphadenopathy: correlation with histologic features and human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Author(s): Strovel JW, Abruzzo LV, Highsmith WE, Stamberg J. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 1998 October; 11(10): 957-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9796722

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Quinidine-induced reactive lymphadenopathy. Author(s): McGrath H Jr. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 August; 83(2): 369. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3618642

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Quinidine-induced reactive lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Gay RG, Fielder KL, Grogan TM. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 January; 82(1): 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3799673

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Quiz case 2. Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML). Author(s): Behar PM, Todd NW, Muller S. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1999 December; 125(12): 1399, 1401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10604425

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Rash with regional lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Bradley VR, Liu V, Haynes HA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 August; 139(8): 1075-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12925398

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Rearranged Epstein-Barr virus genome in Hodgkin's disease and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy: Swiss results. Author(s): Knecht H, Odermatt BF. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2003 July; 163(1): 369-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12819043

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Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis resulting from a metastatic lymphadenopathy caused by a right-sided lung cancer. Author(s): Kara M, Dikmen E, Kursat Arikan O, Altan Kara S. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2004 April; 25(4): 651. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15037291

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Regional lymphadenopathy in cat-scratch disease: ultrasonographic findings. Author(s): Garcia CJ, Varela C, Abarca K, Ferres M, Prado P, Vial PA. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2000 September; 30(9): 640-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11009305

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Response to low-dose oral methotrexate and prednisone in two patients with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy-type T-cell lymphoma. Author(s): Quintini G, Iannitto E, Barbera V, Turri D, Franco V, Florena AM, Mariani G. Source: The Hematology Journal : the Official Journal of the European Haematology Association / Eha. 2001; 2(6): 393-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11920279

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Retroperitoneal fibrosis mimicking retrocrural lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Warakaulle DR, Prematilleke I, Moore NR. Source: Clinical Radiology. 2004 March; 59(3): 292-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15037144

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Role of cat-scratch disease in lymphadenopathy in the head and neck. Author(s): Ridder GJ, Boedeker CC, Technau-Ihling K, Grunow R, Sander A. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 September 15; 35(6): 643-9. Epub 2002 August 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12203159

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Role of fine needle aspiration cytology in evaluation of paediatric lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Handa U, Mohan H, Bal A. Source: Cytopathology : Official Journal of the British Society for Clinical Cytology. 2003 April; 14(2): 66-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12713477

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Rosai Dorfman disease or sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy of the orbit. Author(s): Khan R, Moriarty P, Kennedy S. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 August; 87(8): 1054. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12881364

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Rosai-Dorfman disease of the triquetrum without lymphadenopathy. A case report. Author(s): Loh SY, Tan KB, Wong YS, Lee YS. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2004 March; 86-A(3): 595-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996889

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Sclerosing cholangitis and systemic lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Kazumori H, Hashimoto T, Akagi S, Adachi K, Watanabe M, Kinoshita Y. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001; 36(6): 429-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11428591

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Sinus histiocytosis of the thyroid with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease). Author(s): Deshmukh RR, Kumar V, Kumbhani D. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2003 October; 101(10): 597-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15168977

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Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease) in a girl previously affected by acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Author(s): Allen MR, Ninfo V, Viglio A, D'Angelo P, Paulli M, Arico M. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 2001 August; 37(2): 150-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11496358

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Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy and giant cell hepatitis. An unreported association. Author(s): Suarez-Vilela D, Izquierdo-Garcia FM, Olcoz-Goni JL. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 2004 January; 444(1): 90-1. Epub 2003 November 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14624361

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Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy Rosai-Dorfman: three unusual manifestations. Author(s): Ratzinger G, Zelger B, Hobling W, Mikuz G, Zelger BW. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 2003 December; 443(6): 797-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14756147

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Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy: complicated by autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Author(s): Kiran PS, Sowdi VP, Shetty SB, Venugopal U, Parameshwariah S, Dias E, Kamala CS. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2003 September; 70(9): 759-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14620195

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Sinus histocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease) in a patient with primary Sjogren's syndrome. Author(s): Drosos AA, Georgiadis AN, Metafratzi ZM, Voulgari PV, Efremidis SC, Bai M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2004; 33(2): 119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15163114

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Small bowel obstruction caused by metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin without lymphadenopathy in a renal transplant recipient. Author(s): Katz DA, Martinez-Mier G, Rayhill SC, Mitros FA, Kanchustambam SR, Wu YM. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2003 September; 48(9): 1685-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14560983

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Small-cell carcinoma manifesting systemic lymphadenopathy combined with adenocarcinoma in the gallbladder: aggressiveness and sensitivity to chemotherapy. Author(s): Okamoto H, Miura K, Ogawara T, Fujii H, Matsumoto Y. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003; 38(8): 801-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14505138

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Successful treatment of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemiatype T-cell lymphoma with fludarabine. Author(s): Tsatalas C, Margaritis D, Kaloutsi V, Martinis G, Kotsianidis I, Bourikas G. Source: Acta Haematologica. 2001; 105(2): 106-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11408715

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The use of fine needle aspiration biopsy in the evaluation of lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Saboorian MH, Ashfaq R. Source: Semin Diagn Pathol. 2001 May; 18(2): 110-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11403255

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The usefulness of fluorine 18-labelled deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the investigation of patients with cervical lymphadenopathy from an unknown primary tumor. Author(s): Fogarty GB, Peters LJ, Stewart J, Scott C, Rischin D, Hicks RJ. Source: Head & Neck. 2003 February; 25(2): 138-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12509797

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Tick-borne lymphadenopathy (TIBOLA). Author(s): Lakos A. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2002 July 31; 114(13-14): 648-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12422619

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Toxic intrathoracic goiter and mediastinal lymphadenopathy: an unusual presentation of systemic primary AL amyloidosis. Author(s): de Saedeleer B, Poppe K, Lacor P, de Mey J, Vincken W, Bourgain C, Velkeniers B. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 2003 January-February; 58(1): 46-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12723261

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Transbronchial needle aspiration in the diagnosis of intrathoracic lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Cetinkaya E, Yildiz P, Kadakal F, Tekin A, Soysal F, Elibol S, Yilmaz V. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2002; 69(4): 335-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12169747

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Treatment of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia-type Tcell lymphoma with fludarabine. Author(s): Tsatalas C, Margaritis D, Pantelidou D, Spanudakis E, Kaloutsi V, Bourikas G. Source: Acta Haematologica. 2003; 109(2): 110. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12624498

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Tubercular mediastinal lymphadenopathy presenting as superior vena cava syndrome. Author(s): Bandyopadhyay SK, Sarkar N, Ghosh S, Dasgupta S. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 September; 50: 1194-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12516711

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Tuberculous epididymitis associated with abdominal lymphadenopathy (2004:1b). Author(s): De Backer AI, Mortele KJ, De Roeck J, Ros PR, De Keulenaer BL, Vanschoubroeck IJ, Bomans P. Source: European Radiology. 2004 April; 14(4): 748-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15085800

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Tumour vaccine associated lymphadenopathy and false positive positron emission tomography scan changes. Author(s): Jones RL, Cunningham D, Cook G, Ell PJ. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 2004 January; 77(913): 74-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14988145

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Two cases of lymphadenopathy with liver dysfunction due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection with mycoplasmal bacteraemia without pneumonia. Author(s): Narita M, Yamada S, Nakayama T, Sawada H, Nakajima M, Sageshima S. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2001 February; 42(2): 154-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11531323

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Ulceroglandular lymphadenopathy due to Rickettsia conorii in Italy. Author(s): Castagnola E, Viscoli C, Di Ponzio A, Cacciabue E, Giacchino R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1996 September; 15(9): 766-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8922584

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Ultrasound-detected abdominal lymphadenopathy in chronic hepatitis C: high frequency and relationship with viremia. Author(s): Cassani F, Valentini P, Cataleta M, Manotti P, Francesconi R, Giostra F, Ballardini G, Lenzi M, Zauli D, Bianchi FB. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1997 March; 26(3): 479-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9075652

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Ultrastructural characteristics of the interdigitating dendritic cell in dermatopathic lymphadenopathy of mycosis fungoides patients. Author(s): Poblete MT, Figueroa CD, Caorsi I. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1987 April; 151(4): 263-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3035155

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Uncommon syndromes of reactive lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Chan JK, Tsang WY. Source: Seminars in Oncology. 1993 December; 20(6): 648-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8296201

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Unicentric Castleman's lymphadenopathy presenting with Behcet's syndrome: a case report. Author(s): Pacor ML, Peroli P, Givanni S, Ambrosetti A, Biasi D, Bambara LM, Frigo A, Urbani G, Lunardi C. Source: Haematologica. 1990 September-October; 75(5): 470-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2097265

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Unilateral hilar lymphadenopathy of sarcoidosis or sarcoid reaction compressing the trunk of the right pulmonary artery. Author(s): Honda T, Hayasaka M, Hachiya T, Kubo K, Ohashi M. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2000; 67(3): 330-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10867606

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Unusual miliary tuberculosis presenting with generalized lymphadenopathy and abdominal involvement. Author(s): Koylu R, Tozkoparan E, Pabuscu Y, Ciftci F, Bilgic H, Seber O. Source: The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease : the Official Journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 1997 October; 1(5): 474-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9441104

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Use of fine needle aspiration cytology for investigating lymphadenopathy in HIV positive patients. Author(s): Martin-Bates E, Tanner A, Suvarna SK, Glazer G, Coleman DV. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1993 June; 46(6): 564-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8331183

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Use of murine subinoculation for the diagnosis and isolation of toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients with persistent lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Diego JA, Vazquez JJ, Penin P, Fernandez J, Sanchez S, Gamallo C. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1993 April; 87(2): 179-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8561525

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Usefulness of Doppler waveform analysis in differential diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Brnic Z, Hebrang A. Source: European Radiology. 2003 January; 13(1): 175-80. Epub 2002 April 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12541127

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Variations in Western blot banding patterns of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus. Author(s): Burke DS, Redfield RR, Putman P, Alexander SS. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1987 January; 25(1): 81-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3540002

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Vascular pathology of malignant cervical lymphadenopathy: qualitative and quantitative assessment with power Doppler ultrasound. Author(s): Wu CH, Hsu MM, Chang YL, Hsieh FJ. Source: Cancer. 1998 September 15; 83(6): 1189-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9740085

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Vascular patterns in reactive and malignant lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Tschammler A, Wirkner H, Ott G, Hahn D. Source: European Radiology. 1996; 6(4): 473-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8798027

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Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for diagnosis, staging, and management of lung cancer with suspected mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Brega Massone PP, Conti B, Magnani B, Lequaglie C, Cataldo I. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 2002 April; 12(2): 104-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11948296

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Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for the diagnosis of patients with hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Chen JS, Chang YL, Cheng HL, Chang YC, Lee YC. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2001 March; 100(3): 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11393119

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Viral particles in persistent generalised lymphadenopathy (PGL). Author(s): Kapur S, Jain N, Jain AK, Chandra M. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1992 July; 35(3): 201-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1344155

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Visceral leishmaniasis presenting as generalized lymphadenopathy in Nepal. Author(s): Sah SP, Raj GA, Kalra OP, Ansari JA. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1999 March; 30(1): 36-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10695785

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Volume of cervical lymph nodes using 3D ultrasonography. Differentiation of metastatic from reactive lymphadenopathy in primary head and neck malignancy. Author(s): Kim HC, Han MH, Do KH, Kim KH, Choi HJ, Kim AY, Sung MW, Chang KH. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 2002 November; 43(6): 571-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12485253

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Wear particles and lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Schmalzried TP. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1993 November; 75(6): 980-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8245100

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Whipple's disease presenting as chronic wastage and abdominal lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Friedman HD, Hadfield TL, Lamy Y, Fritzinger D, Bonaventura M, Cynamon MT. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1995 November; 23(3): 111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8849655

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Whipple's disease with destructive arthritis, abdominal lymphadenopathy, and central nervous system involvement. Author(s): Dearment MC, Woodward TA, Menke DM, Brazis PW, Bancroft LW, Persellin ST. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 June; 30(6): 1347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12784414

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Whipple's syndrome (uveitis, B27-negative spondylarthropathy, meningitis, and lymphadenopathy) associated with Arthrobacter sp. infection. Author(s): Bodaghi B, Dauga C, Cassoux N, Wechsler B, Merle-Beral H, Poveda JD, Piette JC, LeHoang P. Source: Ophthalmology. 1998 October; 105(10): 1891-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9787360

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Wide needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of lymphadenopathy in Zambia. Author(s): Patil PS, Bem C. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1993 September; 46(9): 806-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8227428

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Widespread cutaneous vascular papules associated with peripheral blood eosinophilia and prominent inguinal lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Blauvelt A, Cobb MW, Turner ML. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 October; 43(4): 698-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11004630

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Work-up of lymphadenopathy in children. Author(s): Perkins SL, Segal GH, Kjeldsberg CR. Source: Semin Diagn Pathol. 1995 November; 12(4): 284-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8578023

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LYMPHADENOPATHY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and lymphadenopathy.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Lymphadenopathy The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “lymphadenopathy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “lymphadenopathy” (or a synonym): •

Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia in Thailand. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. Source: Jootar, S Nitiyanant, P Ratanaprakarn, S Asian-Pac-J-Allergy-Immunol. 1987 December; 5(2): 119-23 0125-877X

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Chromosomal abnormalities in lymphogranulomatosis X (LgrX)/angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AILD). Source: Godde Salz, E Feller, A C Lennert, K Leuk-Res. 1987; 11(2): 181-90 0145-2126

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Clinics in diagnostic imaging (44). Testicular tumour with retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy and inferior vena cava thrombosis. Author(s): Department of Urology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore. Source: Choy, D K Yip, S K Cheng, W S Tan, B S Singapore-Med-J. 1999 December; 40(12): 756-9 0037-5675

•

CNS complications in a girl with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia (AILD). Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, University of Dusseldorf, Germany. Source: Horneff, G Althaus, C Engelbrecht, V Wahn, V Neuropediatrics. 1996 August; 27(4): 219-22 0174-304X

•

CpG-DNA-mediated transient lymphadenopathy is associated with a state of Th1 predisposition to antigen-driven responses. Author(s): Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. [email protected] Source: Lipford, G B Sparwasser, T Zimmermann, S Heeg, K Wagner, H J-Immunol. 2000 August 1; 165(3): 1228-35 0022-1767

•

High-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation in relapsing angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia (AILD). Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany. Source: Schmitz, N Prange, E Haferlach, T Griesser, H Sonnen, R Schlegelberger, B Claus, S Loffler, H Bone-Marrow-Transplant. 1991 December; 8(6): 503-6 0268-3369

•

Immunologic effects of long-term thymopentin treatment in patients with HIVinduced lymphadenopathy syndrome. Author(s): Istituto di Patologia Medica, University of Bari School of Medicine, Italy. Source: Silvestris, F Gernone, A Frassanito, M A Dammacco, F J-Lab-Clin-Med. 1989 February; 113(2): 139-44 0022-2143

•

Malnutrition interferes with the unique lymphadenopathy induced in Lewis rats by metallic tin. Source: Levine, S. Saltzman, A. Biol-trace-elem-res. Totowa, N.J. : Humana Press. January 2002. volume 85 (1) page 71-76. 0163-4984

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Massive macrophage lipid accumulation presenting as hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy associated with long-term total parenteral nutrition therapy for short bowel syndrome. Author(s): Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104-4283, USA.

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Source: Perez Jaffe, L A Furth, E E Minda, J M Unger, L D Lawton, T J Hum-Pathol. 1998 June; 29(6): 651-5 0046-8177 •

Recurrent cervical lymphadenopathy due to Ki-1 lymphoma in an elderly female. Author(s): Department of Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Source: Ragbeer, M Ultrastruct-Pathol. 1995 Sep-October; 19(5): 383-7 0191-3123

•

Regression of lymphadenopathy in patient with prostatic carcinoma after hormonal manipulation. Author(s): Department of Urology, Laiko Hospital, Athens, Greece. Source: Constantinides, C Alivizatos, G Mitropoulos, D Dimopoulos, C Br-J-Urol. 1992 August; 70(2): 203-4 0007-1331

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Sarcoid-like hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy in a patient with metastatic testicular cancer. Source: Heffner, J E Milam, M G Cancer. 1987 October 1; 60(7): 1545-7 0008-543X

•

The treatment of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease). Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Source: Komp, D M Semin-Diagn-Pathol. 1990 February; 7(1): 83-6 0740-2570

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Treatment of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AILD)-type T-cell lymphoma using prednisone with or without the COPBLAM/IMVP-16 regimen. A multicenter study. Kiel Lymphoma Study Group. Author(s): Klinikum Rudolf Virchow, Freie Universitat Berlin, Germany. Source: Siegert, W Agthe, A Griesser, H Schwerdtfeger, R Brittinger, G Engelhard, M Kuse, R Tiemann, M Lennert, K Huhn, D Ann-Intern-Med. 1992 September 1; 117(5): 364-70 0003-4819

•

Use of corticosteroids for treating dogs with airway obstruction secondary to hilar lymphadenopathy caused by chronic histoplasmosis: 16 cases (1979-1997). Author(s): Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802, USA. Source: Schulman, R L McKiernan, B C Schaeffer, D J J-Am-Vet-Med-Assoc. 1999 May 1; 214(9): 1345-8 0003-1488

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LYMPHADENOPATHY Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to lymphadenopathy. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to lymphadenopathy and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “lymphadenopathy” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to lymphadenopathy: •

Lymphadenopathy in adult-onset Still's disease mimicking peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Author(s): Soy M, Ergin M, Paydas S. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2004 February; 23(1): 81-2. Epub 2003 December 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14749993

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to lymphadenopathy; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Lymphadenopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Tract Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON LYMPHADENOPATHY Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to lymphadenopathy. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on lymphadenopathy include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “lymphadenopathy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on lymphadenopathy: •

Clinical Features of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Source: AIDS. Contact: American Association of Blood Banks, 8101 Glenbrook Rd, Bethesda, MD, 20814-2749, (301) 907-6977, http://www.aabb.org. Summary: Clinical features of AIDS are described, including epidemiologic features, beginning with those noted in the first published reports in the summer of 1981. The etiologic agent, or retroviruses discovered to be common in populations detected with AIDS are covered, as are the immunologic abnormalities of both T and B lymphocytes, and, more notably the defects in cell-mediated immunity caused by alterations in Tlymphocyte subjects. The broad spectrum of disease caused by infection with the AIDS virus is considered, including asymptomatic infection, acute viral syndrome, the ARC complex, and, finally AIDS. Conduct of physical examinations of AIDS patients and

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laboratory studies of their blood are considered. A review of the specific disorders associated with AIDS, such as fever, dyspnea, lymphadenopathy, diarrhea, perirectal pain, dysphagia, cutaneous lesions, and central nervous system symptoms and visual disturbances is presented. Prognosis and treatment are discussed; 33 references are included. •

AIDS and Related Conditions Source: Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient. Contact: Mosby - Year Book, 11830 Westline Industrial Dr, St. Louis, MO, 63146. Summary: This book chapter describes AIDS and related conditions, the dental implications of these conditions, and management concerns applicable to patients and dental personnel. The general description of the disease includes the following topics: incidence and prevalence, etiology, pathophysiology and complications, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and medical managment. The main focus is on the management of patients with HIV/AIDS during dental procedures, including medical consideration, prevention of medical complications, patient evaluation, and treatment planning considerations. A discussion of oral complications associated with HIV infection concentrates on the most prevalent: candidiasis, Kaposi's sarcoma, hairy leukoplakia, aphthous lesions, HIV periodontal disease, salivary gland disease, and lymphadenopathy. Charts provide information on the stages of HIV infection in which the lesions occur, antifungal medications for oral candidiasis, and a summary of treatments of oral manifestations of HIV infection. Black-and=white photos illustrate oral lesions and other oral conditions associated with HIV infection.

•

Sounding the First Alarm Source: Medical Disorders and Their Treatment; AIDS. Contact: Chelsea House Publishers, 1974 Sproul Rd Ste 400, Bropmall, PA, 19008-0914, (610) 353-5166. Summary: This book chapter relates the beginning of the Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic with diagnosis at the University of California Los Angeles of the first three cases in homosexuals, to the spread of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to Intravenous drug users (IVDU's). It describes the work of epidemiologists from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in tracking the disease outbreak, and identifying symptoms of lymphadenopathy syndrome and opportunistic infections. It also presents two case control studies linking sexual practices of homosexuals to AIDS.

•

HIV Disease and AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; General Information for Doctors, Dentists, Nurses & Paramedical Personnel Contact: National Advisory Committee on AIDS, Ministry of Health, Jemmotts Lane, St. Michael, (809) 426-5080. Summary: This booklet presents general information for health professionals and paramedical personnel. Topics include a definition of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); an explanation of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease; risk factors and risk groups; opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), Kaposi's sarcoma, histoplasmosis, lymphomas, and lymphadenopathy. Also covered are laboratory procedures such as blood and fluid

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collection; tests for HIV antibody, for lymphocyte subsets, and for antigens; control measures to protect health care workers; and methods of counseling patients. •

Characteristics of HIV Infections (AIDS) Source: Understanding and Preventing AIDS: A Book for Everyone. 2nd Edition. Contact: Health Alert Press, PO Box 2060, Cambridge, MA, 02238-2060, (617) 497-4190. Summary: This chapter elaborates on the characteristics of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; in particular, the four forms of classification: the healthy carrier state, lymphadenopathy syndrome, AIDS-related complex, and AIDS. Diseases of AIDS are also discussed, such as, protozoan, fungal, viral, bacterial, and cancers. Other symptoms may be weight loss and neurological disorders. Children differ from adults in that AIDS results in fewer opportunistic infections, but progresses more rapidly.

•

Radiology of AIDS Contact: Raven Press, 1185 Ave of the Americas, New York, NY, 10036, (212) 930-9500. Summary: This monograph is an extensive interchange of experience and ideas between members of the Department of Radiology at the San Francisco General Hospital, and the New York University-Bellevue Hospital Centers. It attempts to integrate important radiologic findings and appropriate imaging strategies as they apply in day-to-day clinical practice. An introductory chapter details basic virology, epidemiology, and therapeutics. The following chapters describe the most important radiologic findings utilizing an organ system approach. Included are the central nervous system (CNS), the thorax, and the gastrointestinal tract. Separate chapters are devoted to imaging in neoplastic disease, including a discussion of lymphadenopathy and pediatric manifestations. A final chapter is devoted to the handling of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients specifically within Departments of Radiology.

Chapters on Lymphadenopathy In order to find chapters that specifically relate to lymphadenopathy, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and lymphadenopathy using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “lymphadenopathy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on lymphadenopathy: •

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Source: in Wood, N.K. and Goaz, P.W., eds. Differential Diagnosis of Oral and Maxillofacial Lesions. 5th ed. 1997. p. 596-610. Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. PRICE: $78.00. ISBN: 0815194323. Summary: This chapter on AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is from a textbook on the differential diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial lesions. Topics include

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the presence of HIV in tissues and fluids, modes of transmission and high risk factors, viral types, demography and epidemiology, surveillance classification, course of the disease, oral manifestations of AIDS, treatment of HIV infection and prognosis, and risk of HIV transmission to and from the dental community. The authors note that characteristic oral infections represent some of the earliest manifestations of HIV infection, and some of these may be of prognostic significance in the development of AIDS. Oral manifestations discussed include cervical lymphadenopathy, candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, AIDS-associated gingival and periodontal disease, and Kaposi's sarcoma. 17 figures. 2 tables. 121 references. •

Transabdominal Bowel Sonography in Clinical Decision-Making Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 55-62. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: This chapter on sonography (ultrasound) is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), together known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The author describes transabdominal bowel sonography (TABS), which is different from regular abdominal ultrasound, although the devices are the same and the investigation is also done through the abdominal wall. TABS targets primarily the bowel, and no attention is usually paid to other organs. The average duration of a single TABS examination is about 15 minutes (including evaluation of the images and dictating the report). TABS is safe, inexpensive, noninvasive, and radiation free; plus, it does not require special preparation and is not associated with additional pain. Sonography not only visualizes intestinal lesions but also identifies peri intestinal changes such as the creeping mesentery or local lymphadenopathy. Although it is not recommended for making an initial diagnoses, the value of TABS is greatest for the longitudinal management of IBD patients. Most of the TABS applications focus on the management of patients with CD. 5 figures. 6 references.

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CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON LYMPHADENOPATHY Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on lymphadenopathy. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on lymphadenopathy is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “lymphadenopathy” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “lymphadenopathy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on lymphadenopathy: •

CT Angiography of the Liver Source: Atlanta, GA: Emory University Office of Medical Television. 1993. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Robert W. Woodruff Health Sciences Center, Emory University. Office of Medical Television, 1364 Clifton Road, Box M-16, Atlanta, GA 30322. (404) 7279797. Fax (404) 727-9798. PRICE: $75.00 (as of 1996). Also available for rental; contact producer for current fee. Item Number 93-13. Summary: This continuing education videotape familiarizes physicians with CT angiography of the liver, an important imaging tool especially for identifying patients with metastatic liver disease who are being considered for resection therapy. Two types of CT angiography, CT during arterial portography (CTAP) and CT during hepatic arteriography (CTAH), are described in detail; the narrator compares the sensitivity of each with other liver imaging techniques. The indications for resection of porta hepatis

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lymphadenopathy lesions, surgical criteria, and contraindications are discussed. Dr. Rendon Nelson concludes the tape by presenting several illustrative cases of these new imaging modalities. (AA-M).

Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “lymphadenopathy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on lymphadenopathy: •

AIDS Update. Building an Economic Framework, Prevention '91: Baltimore, MD, March 16-19, 1991 Contact: Chesapeake Audio/Video Communications, 6330 Howard Ave, Elkridge, MD, 21227, (410) 796-0040. Summary: This sound recording of proceedings, from Building an Economic Framework: Prevention '91, held March 16-19, 1991, in Baltimore, MD, updates three areas of the Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. The first speaker, Dr. Richard Kaslow, chief of epidemiology for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), updates epidemiology with respect to surveillance, pregnancy, and the natural progression of the disease. He gives estimates of 8.5 million persons worldwide infected with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and points out that Africa is hardest hit with 700,000 AIDS cases. He projects 20 million HIV-infected persons by 2000, and uses statistics to show the curve of death will increase in the United States and worldwide. Kaslow discusses how rates are slowing, increasing, or holding steady in different population groups. Switching to pregnancy, Kaslow presents statistics that show the transmission rate from mother to child ranges from 30-35 percent. He says HIV appears to have a correlation with miscarriages, but not necessarily with low birth weight. Kaslow concludes by describing the stages of infection, starting with lymphadenopathy, then a mononucleosis-like syndrome, an asymptomatic period which may last for years, and finally AIDS. He considers various co-factors which may affect the progression to AIDS. Dr. Richard Cheson, assistant professor of medicine and epidemiology at Johns Hopkins University, speaks on the connection between HIV and tuberculosis (TB). He says that TB rates are rising due to HIV infection, and cities studies that show many HIV-infected persons develop TB. He says the treatment is relatively straightforward and standard, and discusses prophylaxis for those at risk. The final speaker, Dr. Mary Lou Clemens, director of the Center for Immunization and Research at Johns Hopkins, talks on research into potential vaccines. She says that the first work on vaccines in human beings began in 1987, and since then, that great progress has been made in humans and in animal models. She discusses which surface proteins and antigens are being targeted, and explains how promising vaccines are tested on chimpanzees and macaque monkeys. The correlation between Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and HIV-2 is outlined.

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LYMPHADENOPATHY Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover lymphadenopathy.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on lymphadenopathy is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “lymphadenopathy” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to lymphadenopathy. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “lymphadenopathy” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for lymphadenopathy: •

In Cancer Patients With Artificial Joints, Lymphadenopathy May Be Benign Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 26, 1996

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “lymphadenopathy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “lymphadenopathy” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to lymphadenopathy, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “lymphadenopathy” (or synonyms).

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Academic Periodicals covering Lymphadenopathy Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to lymphadenopathy. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering lymphadenopathy that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “lymphadenopathy” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 241457 206 957 518 101 243239

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “lymphadenopathy” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on lymphadenopathy can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to lymphadenopathy. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to lymphadenopathy. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “lymphadenopathy”:

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Anatomy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anatomy.html Head and Brain Malformations http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandbrainmalformations.html Hodgkin's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hodgkinsdisease.html Lymphatic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lymphaticdiseases.html Spleen Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spleendiseases.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to lymphadenopathy. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to lymphadenopathy. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with lymphadenopathy. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about lymphadenopathy. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “lymphadenopathy” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “lymphadenopathy”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “lymphadenopathy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “lymphadenopathy” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

95

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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LYMPHADENOPATHY DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Actinobacillus: A genus of Pasteurellaceae described as gram-negative, nonsporeforming, nonmotile, facultative anaerobes. Most members are found both as pathogens and commensal organisms in the respiratory, alimentary, and genital tracts of animals. [NIH] Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic spherical or rod-shaped bacteria that associates with species of actinomyces in actinomycotic lesions. [NIH] Actinomyces: A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms are nonmotile. Filaments that may be present in certain species are either straight or wavy and may have swollen or clubbed heads. [NIH] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH]

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Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aggressiveness: The quality of being aggressive (= characterized by aggression; militant; enterprising; spreading with vigour; chemically active; variable and adaptable). [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Allografts: A graft of tissue obtained from the body of another animal of the same species but with genotype differing from that of the recipient; tissue graft from a donor of one genotype to a host of another genotype with host and donor being members of the same species. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal

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glands. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaplastic: A term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly and bear little or no resemblance to normal cells. [NIH] Anaplastic large cell lymphoma: A rare agressive form of lymphoma (cancer that begins in cells of the lymphatic system) that is usually of T-cell origin. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the

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immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriography: A procedure to x-ray arteries. The arteries can be seen because of an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriosus: Circle composed of anastomosing arteries derived from two long posterior ciliary and seven anterior ciliary arteries, located in the ciliary body about the root of the iris. [NIH]

Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion. [NIH] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to

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strains of unusual type. [EU] Atypical hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which cells have abnormal features and are increased in number. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmune Hepatitis: A liver disease caused when the body's immune system destroys liver cells for no known reason. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autologous bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person after intensive treatment. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Avidity: The strength of the interaction of an antiserum with a multivalent antigen. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteraemia: The presence of bacteria in the blood. [EU] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its

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composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Bioassay: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachiocephalic Veins: Large veins on either side of the root of the neck formed by the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. They drain blood from the head, neck, and upper extremities, and unite to form the superior vena cava. [NIH]

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Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchopulmonary: Pertaining to the lungs and their air passages; both bronchial and pulmonary. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carrier State: The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissable to another susceptible host. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual

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patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cat-Scratch Disease: A self-limiting bacterial infection of the regional lymph nodes caused by Afipia felis, a gram-negative bacterium recently identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and by Bartonella henselae. It usually arises one or more weeks following a feline scratch, with raised inflammatory nodules at the site of the scratch being the primary symptom. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chancroid: Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholangitis: Inflammation of a bile duct. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH]

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Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Clavicle: A long bone of the shoulder girdle. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Commensal: 1. Living on or within another organism, and deriving benefit without injuring or benefiting the other individual. 2. An organism living on or within another, but not causing injury to the host. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement

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activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

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Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Conus: A large, circular, white patch around the optic disk due to the exposing of the sclera as a result of degenerative change or congenital abnormality in the choroid and retina. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cryptococcosis: Infection with a fungus of the species Cryptococcus neoformans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanosis: A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU]

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Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Demography: Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Diagnostic Imaging: Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Susceptibility: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to

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meet their needs. [NIH] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Empyema: Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]

Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH]

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Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endosonography: Ultrasonography of internal organs using an ultrasound transducer sometimes mounted on a fiberoptic endoscope. In endosonography the transducer converts electronic signals into acoustic pulses or continuous waves and acts also as a receiver to detect reflected pulses from within the organ. An audiovisual-electronic interface converts the detected or processed echo signals, which pass through the electronics of the instrument, into a form that the technologist can evaluate. The procedure should not be confused with endoscopy which employs a special instrument called an endoscope. The "endo-" of endosonography refers to the examination of tissue within hollow organs, with reference to the usual ultrasonography procedure which is performed externally or transcutaneously. [NIH]

Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU]

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Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Epizootic: A disease of high morbidity which is only occasionally present in an animal community: it affects a great number of animals in a large area of land at the same time and spreads with great rapidity over a wide territory. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extrarenal: Outside of the kidney. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Fever of Unknown Origin: Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH]

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Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. [NIH] Fludarabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH]

Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Rearrangement: The ordered rearrangement of gene regions by DNA recombination such as that which occurs normally during development. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]

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Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Germinal Center: The activated center of a lymphoid follicle in secondary lymphoid tissue where B-lymphocytes are stimulated by antigens and helper T cells (T-lymphocytes, helperinducer) are stimulated to generate memory cells. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of

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allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemangiopericytoma: A type of cancer involving blood vessels and soft tissue. [NIH] Hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH]

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Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homeobox: Distinctive sequence of DNA bases. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoblastic Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH]

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Immunomodulator: New type of drugs mainly using biotechnological methods. Treatment of cancer. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incidental: 1. Small and relatively unimportant, minor; 2. Accompanying, but not a major part of something; 3. (To something) Liable to occur because of something or in connection with something (said of risks, responsibilities, .) [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Inferior vena cava: A large vein that empties into the heart. It carries blood from the legs and feet, and from organs in the abdomen and pelvis. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH]

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Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated

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sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Lag: The time elapsing between application of a stimulus and the resulting reaction. [NIH] Larva Migrans: Infections caused by nematode larvae which never develop into the adult stage and migrate through various body tissues. They commonly infect the skin, eyes, and viscera in man. Ancylostoma brasiliensis causes cutaneous larva migrans. Toxocara causes visceral larva migrans. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH]

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Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenitis: Inflammation of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphedema: Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes. [NIH]

Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocyte Depletion: Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation. [NIH] Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte Transformation: Morphologic alteration of small lymphocytes in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by interleukins, mitogens such as phytohemagglutinins, and by specific antigens. It may also occur in vivo, as in graft rejection and chronic myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Lymphocytosis: Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphopenia: Reduction in the number of lymphocytes. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative Disorders: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined

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(LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH]

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Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Metatarsophalangeal Joint: The articulation between a metatarsal bone and a phalanx. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Minocycline: A semisynthetic staphylococcus infections. [NIH]

antibiotic

effective

against

tetracycline-resistant

Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monkeypox Virus: A species of orthopoxvirus causing an epidemic disease among captive primates. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mononucleosis: The presence of an abnormally large number of mononuclear leucocytes (monocytes) in the blood. The term is often used alone to refer to infectious mononucleosis. [EU]

Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH]

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Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Multivalent: Pertaining to a group of 5 or more homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphasis in meiosis. [NIH] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycosis Fungoides: A chronic malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages the lymph nodes and viscera are affected. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Neck dissection: Surgery to remove lymph nodes and other tissues in the neck. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier

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nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncogenes: Genes which can potentially induce neoplastic transformation. They include genes for growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. When these genes are constitutively expressed after structural and/or regulatory changes, uncontrolled cell proliferation may result. Viral oncogenes have prefix "v-" before the gene symbol; cellular oncogenes (protooncogenes) have the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Oncologist: A doctor who specializes in treating cancer. Some oncologists specialize in a particular type of cancer treatment. For example, a radiation oncologist specializes in treating cancer with radiation. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Oral Manifestations: Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury. [NIH]

Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orf: A specific disease of sheep and goats caused by a pox-virus that is transmissible to man and characterized by vesiculation and ulceration of the lips. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU]

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Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancytopenia: Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. [NIH] Paradoxical: Occurring at variance with the normal rule. [EU] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH]

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Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium. [EU] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Phytohemagglutinins: Mucoproteins isolated from the kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris);

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some of them are mitogenic to lymphocytes, others agglutinate all or certain types of erythrocytes or lymphocytes. They are used mainly in the study of immune mechanisms and in cell culture. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Portography: Examination of the portal circulation by the use of X-ray films after injection of radiopaque material. [NIH] Positron emission tomography scan: PET scan. A computerized image of the metabolic activity of body tissues used to determine the presence of disease. [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or

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symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Primary tumor: The original tumor. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH]

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Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Protooncogenes have names of the form c-onc. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyrexia: A fever, or a febrile condition; abnormal elevation of the body temperature. [EU] Rabies: A highly fatal viral infection of the nervous system which affects all warm-blooded animal species. It is one of the most important of the zoonoses because of the inevitably fatal outcome for the infected human. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays,

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gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regional lymph node: In oncology, a lymph node that drains lymph from the region around a tumor. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal cell carcinoma: A type of kidney cancer. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU]

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Retinal Ganglion Cells: Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH] Rhabdoid tumor: A malignant tumor of either the central nervous system (CNS) or the kidney. Malignant rhabdoid tumors of the CNS often have an abnormality of chromosome 22. These tumors usually occur in children younger than 2 years. [NIH] Rhadinovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae, infecting New World primates. Herpesvirus 2, Ateline is the type species. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Sarcoid: A cutaneus lesion occurring as a manifestation of sarcoidosis. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH]

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Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sexual Partners: Married or single individuals who share sexual relations. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Short Bowel Syndrome: A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of small bowel. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In

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taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are

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coiled together. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Superior vena cava: Vein which returns blood from the head and neck, upper limbs, and thorax. It is formed by the union of the two brachiocephalic veins. [NIH] Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: Obstruction of the superior vena cava caused by neoplasm, thrombosis, aneurysm, or external compression and causing suffusion and/or cyanosis of the face, neck, and upper arms. [NIH] Supraclavicular: The depression above the clavicle and lateral to the sternomastoid muscle. [NIH]

Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Synovitis: Inflammation of a synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly on motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac. Synovitis is qualified as fibrinous, gonorrhoeal, hyperplastic, lipomatous, metritic, puerperal, rheumatic, scarlatinal, syphilitic, tuberculous, urethral, etc. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH]

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Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Telomerase: Essential ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that adds telomeric DNA to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomerase appears to be repressed in normal human somatic tissues but reactivated in cancer, and thus may be necessary for malignant transformation. EC 2.7.7.-. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thymopentin: N-(N-(N-(N2-L-Arginyl-L-lysyl)-L-alpha-aspartyl)-L-valyl)-L-tyrosine. Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen

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plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxocariasis: Infection by round worms of the genus Toxocara, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment. [NIH] Tubercular: Of, pertaining to, or resembling tubercles or nodules. [EU] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A

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new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urologic oncologist: A doctor who specializes in treating cancers of the urinary system. [NIH]

Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Variola: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU]

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Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Vena: A vessel conducting blood from the capillary bed to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viremia: The presence of viruses in the blood. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xenobiotics: Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc. [NIH]

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

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Zoonosis: Disease of animals, e. g. rabies, that can be transmitted to humans. A risk in major disasters; any disease and/or infection which is likely to be naturally transmitted from animals to man; disease caused by animal parasites. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdomen, 38, 97, 102, 113, 116, 117, 118, 125, 130, 132, 134, 137 Abdominal, 16, 21, 28, 35, 41, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 55, 56, 58, 70, 97, 120, 124, 125, 130, 136 Abdominal Pain, 21, 45, 97, 136 Aberrant, 9, 97 Abscess, 16, 50, 97 Acoustic, 97, 110 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 10, 69, 97 Actinobacillus, 16, 97 Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, 16, 97 Actinomyces, 16, 97 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 52, 97 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 97 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 97 Acute myeloid leukemia, 20, 97 Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 97 Acute renal, 97, 114 Adaptability, 98, 104 Adenocarcinoma, 4, 53, 98 Adrenal Glands, 98, 99 Adverse Effect, 8, 98, 131 Aggressiveness, 53, 98 Airway, 63, 98 Algorithms, 98, 102 Alimentary, 97, 98, 124 Alleles, 8, 98 Allogeneic, 6, 98, 113 Allografts, 6, 98 Alpha Particles, 98, 128 Alternative medicine, 74, 98 Amino acid, 98, 99, 121, 125, 127, 133, 134, 136 Amino Acid Sequence, 98, 99 Ampulla, 98, 110 Amyloidosis, 17, 36, 47, 48, 54, 98 Anaerobic, 97, 99, 132 Anaesthesia, 99, 116 Anaplastic, 42, 99 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, 42, 99 Anemia, 15, 53, 99, 122 Anergy, 15, 99 Anesthesia, 98, 99, 135 Aneurysm, 99, 133

Angiography, 71, 99 Animal model, 14, 72, 99 Annealing, 99, 126 Antibacterial, 99, 132 Antibiotic, 99, 121, 132, 134 Antibodies, 5, 8, 99, 100, 101, 115, 119, 126, 128 Antibody, 8, 42, 69, 99, 105, 111, 115, 116, 128, 129, 132 Antifungal, 68, 99 Antigen, 5, 9, 42, 62, 99, 100, 101, 105, 108, 113, 115, 116 Antigen-presenting cell, 99, 108 Anti-inflammatory, 100, 113, 124, 127 Antimetabolite, 100, 108, 121 Antimicrobial, 100, 109 Antineoplastic, 100, 121 Antiserum, 100, 101 Antiviral, 48, 100, 108, 117 Aplasia, 20, 100 Apoptosis, 4, 13, 100 Arterial, 71, 100, 115, 127 Arteries, 7, 100, 102, 107, 121, 122 Arteriography, 71, 100 Arterioles, 100, 102, 103 Arteriosus, 100, 128 Artery, 7, 99, 100, 107, 109, 124, 130 Arthroplasty, 34, 100 Articulation, 100, 121 Aspergillosis, 27, 100 Aspiration, 3, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 46, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 100 Assay, 4, 100 Astringents, 100, 120 Asymptomatic, 67, 72, 100 Attenuated, 100, 136 Attenuation, 36, 100 Atypical, 6, 27, 34, 100, 101, 116 Atypical hyperplasia, 34, 101 Autoantibodies, 9, 101 Autoantigens, 101 Autoimmune disease, 5, 17, 101 Autoimmune Hepatitis, 44, 101 Autoimmunity, 9, 101 Autologous, 62, 101 Autologous bone marrow transplantation, 62, 101 Autopsy, 21, 101

140

Lymphadenopathy

Avidity, 14, 39, 101 Axillary, 20, 35, 45, 48, 49, 101 Axons, 101, 123, 130 B Bacteraemia, 55, 101 Bacteremia, 38, 101 Bacteria, 97, 99, 101, 108, 109, 110, 113, 121, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136 Bacteriophage, 101, 135 Bacterium, 101, 104, 114 Basal cell carcinoma, 45, 101 Basal cells, 101 Benign, 19, 37, 39, 42, 43, 73, 101, 114, 122, 128 Bewilderment, 101, 106 Bilateral, 16, 19, 34, 43, 101 Bile, 101, 102, 104, 112, 117, 118 Bile duct, 102, 104 Bile Pigments, 102, 117 Bioassay, 12, 102 Biochemical, 9, 13, 98, 100, 102 Biological therapy, 102, 113 Biopsy, 3, 17, 19, 27, 29, 30, 31, 37, 54, 102 Biotechnology, 14, 74, 81, 102 Bladder, 4, 44, 102, 127, 136 Blood Platelets, 102, 134 Blood pressure, 102, 103, 115 Blood vessel, 99, 102, 103, 104, 110, 114, 119, 120, 131, 133, 134, 136, 137 Blot, 57, 102 Bone Marrow, 6, 97, 101, 102, 105, 115, 119, 121, 122 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 6, 102 Bowel, 53, 70, 102, 117, 125, 131, 136 Brachiocephalic Veins, 102, 133 Bronchial, 103 Bronchitis, 103, 105 Bronchopulmonary, 27, 103 Buccal, 103, 118 C Calcification, 27, 103 Calcium, 103, 105, 121, 124, 134 Candidiasis, 68, 70, 103 Candidosis, 103 Capillary, 27, 103, 137 Carcinogenic, 103, 117, 123 Carcinogens, 5, 103, 137 Carcinoma, 3, 22, 26, 30, 36, 41, 46, 48, 49, 53, 63, 103 Cardiac, 103, 109, 111, 122 Cardiovascular, 6, 103 Cardiovascular disease, 6, 103

Carrier State, 69, 103 Case report, 16, 17, 22, 28, 29, 30, 31, 35, 41, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 56, 103 Cat-Scratch Disease, 19, 34, 44, 51, 52, 104 Cell Cycle, 4, 104, 128 Cell Death, 5, 100, 104, 113, 122 Cell Division, 101, 104, 107, 113, 121, 126, 131 Cell proliferation, 39, 104, 117, 123 Cell Survival, 104, 113 Central Nervous System, 58, 68, 69, 104, 114, 123, 130 Central Nervous System Infections, 104, 114 Cerebrovascular, 103, 104 Cervix, 104 Chancroid, 7, 104 Chemotherapy, 22, 40, 46, 53, 62, 104 Cholangitis, 52, 104 Chromatin, 100, 104, 110 Chromosomal, 5, 62, 104, 130 Chromosome, 5, 104, 130, 131 Chronic, 4, 10, 18, 26, 28, 45, 55, 58, 63, 104, 105, 116, 119, 122, 133, 136 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 105, 119 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 4, 105 Clavicle, 105, 133 Clinical trial, 4, 81, 105, 122, 127, 129 Cloning, 5, 102, 105 Cofactor, 105, 127 Colitis, 105 Collagen, 98, 105, 111 Colon, 105, 117, 136 Commensal, 97, 105 Complement, 105, 106, 112, 120 Complementary and alternative medicine, 65, 66, 106 Complementary medicine, 65, 106 Computational Biology, 81, 106 Computed tomography, 3, 22, 26, 106 Computerized axial tomography, 106 Computerized tomography, 106 Concomitant, 40, 106 Confusion, 16, 106, 108 Congestion, 106, 111 Congestive heart failure, 19, 47, 106 Conjunctiva, 106 Conjunctivitis, 13, 106 Connective Tissue, 102, 105, 106, 112, 119, 130, 133 Constriction, 106, 130

141

Contact dermatitis, 50, 106 Contraindications, ii, 72, 107 Contrast medium, 99, 107 Conus, 107, 128 Cornea, 107, 130, 136 Coronary, 7, 103, 107, 121, 122 Coronary heart disease, 103, 107 Coronary Thrombosis, 107, 121, 122 Cortisone, 107, 127 Cranial, 107, 114, 123, 125 Craniocerebral Trauma, 107, 114 Crossing-over, 107, 129 Cryptococcosis, 29, 107 Curative, 107, 134 Cutaneous, 15, 16, 23, 31, 39, 59, 68, 103, 106, 107, 118, 136 Cyanosis, 107, 133 Cytogenetics, 107, 130 Cytokine, 5, 12, 107 Cytoplasm, 100, 107, 110, 121 Cytotoxic, 10, 107, 116, 128, 129 D Degenerative, 107, 114 Deletion, 100, 108 Dementia, 97, 108 Demography, 70, 108 Denaturation, 108, 126 Dendrites, 108 Dendritic, 55, 108, 120, 130 Dendritic cell, 55, 108 Dental Caries, 108, 112 Deoxyglucose, 54, 108 Dermatitis, 30, 108 Desensitization, 108, 116 Diagnostic Imaging, 62, 108 Diagnostic procedure, 74, 108 Diarrhea, 11, 68, 108 Digestion, 98, 102, 108, 117, 118, 132 Digestive tract, 108, 132 Direct, iii, 10, 108, 129 Disease Susceptibility, 7, 108 Disorientation, 106, 108 Dissection, 4, 108 Domesticated, 108, 135 Doxycycline, 17, 109 Drug Interactions, 109 Duct, 98, 109, 119, 130, 132 Duodenum, 101, 109, 110, 132 Dura mater, 109, 120, 123 Dysphagia, 46, 68, 109 Dyspnea, 68, 109

E Edema, 106, 109, 119, 122 Effector, 9, 105, 109 Efficacy, 8, 14, 27, 109 Effusion, 13, 109, 119, 133 Electrons, 109, 117, 128, 129 Emaciation, 97, 109 Embolus, 109, 116 Embryo, 11, 109, 116 Emphysema, 105, 109 Empyema, 40, 109 Endocarditis, 18, 103, 109 Endocardium, 109 Endocrine Glands, 109, 124 Endometrial, 41, 109 Endometrium, 109 Endoscope, 110 Endoscopic, 27, 29, 110 Endoscopy, 28, 29, 57, 110 Endosonography, 49, 110 Endothelial cell, 11, 109, 110 Endothelium, 11, 110 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 110 Endothelium, Vascular, 110 Endotoxic, 110, 118 Environmental Health, 80, 82, 110 Enzymatic, 98, 103, 105, 108, 110, 126, 129 Enzyme, 27, 109, 110, 126, 129, 135, 137 Eosinophilia, 30, 59, 110 Eosinophilic, 38, 110 Eosinophils, 18, 110, 118 Epidemic, 68, 72, 110, 121 Epidemiological, 24, 110 Epidermal, 110, 118, 120 Epidermis, 101, 110, 111, 117, 118, 127, 128 Epidermoid carcinoma, 111, 132 Epinephrine, 111, 136 Epithelial, 98, 111, 114 Epithelial Cells, 111, 114 Epithelium, 6, 110, 111 Epitope, 10, 111 Epizootic, 14, 111 Erythema, 24, 106, 111 Erythrocytes, 99, 102, 111, 124, 126, 129 Esophageal, 46, 49, 111 Esophagus, 108, 111, 132 Evoke, 111, 132 Extracellular, 106, 111, 134 Extracellular Matrix, 106, 111 Extrarenal, 49, 111 F Family Planning, 81, 111

142

Lymphadenopathy

Fat, 102, 107, 109, 111, 118, 130, 131 Febrile, 111, 128 Fever of Unknown Origin, 37, 111 Fibroblasts, 4, 8, 111 Fibrosis, 51, 112, 130 Fine-needle aspiration, 25, 29, 31, 112, 122 Fludarabine, 54, 112 Fluorine, 32, 54, 112 Fold, 112, 120 Fungi, 99, 100, 112, 121, 134, 136, 137 Fungus, 103, 107, 112, 122 G Gallbladder, 53, 97, 112 Gamma Rays, 112, 129 Gas, 112 Gastrointestinal, 28, 29, 39, 69, 111, 112, 133 Gastrointestinal tract, 69, 112 Gene, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 18, 98, 102, 112, 123, 131 Gene Expression, 7, 10, 12, 112 Gene Rearrangement, 18, 112 Genetic Engineering, 102, 105, 112 Genetic testing, 112, 126 Genetics, 7, 107, 112 Genital, 7, 97, 112 Genomics, 7, 112 Genotype, 98, 113, 125 Germ Cells, 113, 134 Germinal Center, 37, 113 Giant Cells, 113, 130 Gland, 68, 107, 113, 119, 124, 127, 132, 134 Glomerular, 113 Glomeruli, 113 Glomerulonephritis, 5, 113 Glucocorticoid, 113, 127 Glucose, 108, 113, 114 Goats, 113, 123 Goiter, 54, 113 Governing Board, 113, 126 Graft, 98, 113, 119 Graft Rejection, 113, 119 Gram-negative, 97, 104, 110, 113 Groin, 113, 117 Growth factors, 11, 13, 113, 123 H Habitat, 13, 113 Haplotypes, 8, 113 Headache, 16, 35, 114 Headache Disorders, 114 Heart attack, 103, 114 Heart failure, 114

Hemangiopericytoma, 16, 114 Hematuria, 35, 114 Hemoglobin, 99, 107, 111, 114 Hemolytic, 53, 114 Hemorrhage, 107, 114, 133 Hepatic, 71, 114 Hepatitis, 28, 30, 32, 36, 53, 55, 114, 116 Hepatocytes, 114 Heredity, 112, 114 Herpes, 13, 33, 46, 114 Herpes virus, 13, 114 Herpes Zoster, 46, 114 Histiocytosis, 15, 20, 27, 29, 30, 41, 44, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 63, 114 Histology, 115, 124 Hoarseness, 46, 115 Homeobox, 11, 115 Homologous, 7, 98, 107, 115, 122, 128, 131 Hormonal, 63, 115 Hormone, 102, 107, 111, 115, 130, 134 Hyperaemia, 106, 115 Hyperbilirubinemia, 115, 117 Hyperplasia, 11, 12, 27, 37, 115 Hypersensitivity, 108, 115, 130 Hypertension, 103, 114, 115 Hypertrophy, 115 Hypoplasia, 11, 115 I Idiopathic, 9, 115, 130 Immune response, 7, 8, 10, 99, 100, 101, 107, 113, 115, 116, 120, 133, 136, 137 Immune Sera, 115 Immune system, 6, 7, 9, 10, 100, 101, 102, 115, 116, 119, 137 Immunization, 7, 8, 45, 72, 115 Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy, 13, 31, 38, 51 Immunodeficiency, 6, 9, 11, 24, 37, 38, 40, 50, 68, 69, 72, 97, 115 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 68, 69, 72, 115 Immunogenic, 115, 118 Immunohistochemistry, 27, 115 Immunologic, 8, 9, 62, 67, 115, 129 Immunomodulator, 116, 134 Immunosuppressant, 116, 121 Immunosuppression, 10, 11, 40, 116, 119, 123 Immunosuppressive, 113, 116 Immunosuppressive Agents, 116 Impairment, 101, 116, 135 In vitro, 12, 13, 116, 126

143

In vivo, 5, 12, 13, 116, 119 Incidental, 14, 116 Induction, 12, 40, 116 Infarction, 43, 116 Infectious Mononucleosis, 116, 121 Inferior vena cava, 62, 116 Infiltration, 113, 116 Inflammatory bowel disease, 70, 117 Inguinal, 7, 34, 49, 59, 117 Inhalation, 117, 126, 135 Initiation, 117, 135 Insecticides, 117, 137 Interferon, 27, 117, 119 Interferon-alpha, 117 Interleukins, 116, 117, 119 Intermittent, 32, 117, 125 Interstitial, 117 Intestinal, 27, 70, 117, 120 Intestine, 102, 109, 115, 117, 129, 133 Intracellular, 116, 117, 130 Intramuscular, 117, 124 Intravenous, 7, 68, 117, 124 Invasive, 117, 119 Ionizing, 98, 117, 128 J Jaundice, 30, 41, 115, 117 K Kb, 80, 117 Keratin, 117, 118 Keratinocytes, 8, 118 Kinetic, 7, 117, 118 L Lag, 5, 118 Larva Migrans, 118, 135 Laryngeal, 51, 118 Larynx, 118, 135 Latent, 118, 127 Leishmaniasis, 58, 118 Lesion, 8, 118, 130, 131, 136 Lethal, 13, 118 Leukemia, 13, 105, 118 Leukocytes, 102, 110, 117, 118, 121, 124 Leukoplakia, 68, 70, 118 Ligament, 118, 127 Lipid, 62, 118 Lipid A, 62, 118 Lipopolysaccharides, 118 Liver, 55, 71, 97, 98, 101, 102, 112, 114, 118, 127, 130 Localization, 8, 115, 118 Localized, 16, 40, 97, 98, 104, 108, 116, 118, 126, 136

Lupus, 5, 10, 29, 118, 133 Lymph node, 17, 27, 28, 41, 43, 49, 58, 101, 104, 119, 122, 129, 130 Lymphadenitis, 37, 119 Lymphatic, 11, 40, 86, 99, 110, 116, 118, 119, 132, 134 Lymphatic system, 11, 99, 118, 119, 132, 134 Lymphedema, 11, 119 Lymphoblasts, 97, 119 Lymphocyte, 4, 5, 10, 67, 69, 97, 99, 116, 119 Lymphocyte Count, 97, 119 Lymphocyte Depletion, 116, 119 Lymphocyte Subsets, 69, 119 Lymphocyte Transformation, 5, 119 Lymphocytosis, 30, 119 Lymphoid, 5, 11, 99, 113, 119 Lymphoma, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 31, 34, 36, 38, 39, 44, 46, 51, 54, 63, 65, 99, 119, 122 Lymphopenia, 11, 119 Lymphoproliferative, 4, 5, 13, 18, 37, 119 Lymphoproliferative Disorders, 13, 37, 119 M Macrophage, 62, 119 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 20, 48, 119 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 114, 119 Malabsorption, 120, 131 Malignancy, 20, 45, 58, 120 Malignant, 5, 14, 29, 37, 38, 39, 47, 49, 57, 97, 98, 100, 114, 120, 122, 128, 130, 134 Malignant tumor, 120, 122, 130 Mammary, 17, 40, 120 Mammogram, 103, 120, 121 Medial, 44, 120, 123 MEDLINE, 81, 120 Melanin, 120, 125, 136 Melanocytes, 120 Melanoma, 29, 39, 120 Membranes, 7, 103, 107, 109, 110, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 125, 131, 132 Memory, 108, 113, 120 Meninges, 104, 107, 109, 120 Meningitis, 58, 120 Mental, iv, 4, 80, 82, 106, 108, 120 Mercury, 9, 120 Mesenteric, 40, 45, 120 Mesentery, 70, 120, 125 Metastasis, 120, 121

144

Lymphadenopathy

Metastatic, 3, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 51, 53, 58, 63, 71, 121 Metatarsophalangeal Joint, 34, 121 Methionine, 32, 121, 133 Methotrexate, 51, 121 MI, 29, 72, 95, 121 Microbiology, 10, 18, 24, 39, 48, 55, 57, 58, 62, 100, 121 Microcalcifications, 103, 121 Micronutrients, 10, 121 Microorganism, 105, 121, 124, 137 Minocycline, 30, 121 Mitochondrial Swelling, 121, 122 Mitosis, 100, 121 Modeling, 6, 121 Molecular, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 22, 23, 81, 83, 99, 102, 106, 107, 121, 135 Molecule, 99, 105, 107, 109, 111, 121, 129, 135, 137 Monkeypox Virus, 13, 121 Monocytes, 118, 121 Mononuclear, 116, 121 Mononucleosis, 40, 72, 121 Morphological, 109, 112, 120, 121 Mucocutaneous, 118, 122 Mucosa, 118, 122 Mucus, 122, 136 Multicenter study, 63, 122 Multiple Myeloma, 13, 122 Multivalent, 101, 122 Mycosis, 31, 55, 122 Mycosis Fungoides, 31, 55, 122 Myeloma, 46, 122 Myocardial infarction, 7, 107, 121, 122 Myocardium, 121, 122 Myopathy, 10, 122 N Neck dissection, 3, 122 Necrosis, 13, 24, 100, 116, 121, 122, 130 Needle biopsy, 35, 112, 122 Neoplasia, 122 Neoplasm, 122, 130, 133, 136 Neoplastic, 69, 119, 122, 123 Nephrosis, 122 Nephrotic, 45, 122 Nephrotic Syndrome, 45, 122 Nerve, 38, 51, 99, 101, 108, 122, 123, 124, 132 Nervous System, 104, 122, 125, 128 Neutrons, 98, 122, 128 Nuclear, 21, 32, 109, 112, 122, 123, 130 Nuclei, 98, 109, 112, 119, 121, 122, 123, 127

Nucleus, 100, 104, 107, 110, 112, 121, 122, 123, 127, 132 O Occult, 48, 123 Ocular, 14, 39, 47, 123, 135 Ointments, 123, 124 Oncogenes, 13, 123, 128 Oncogenic, 4, 123 Oncologist, 123 Opportunistic Infections, 10, 11, 68, 69, 97, 123 Optic Chiasm, 123 Optic Nerve, 15, 123, 129, 130 Oral Manifestations, 68, 70, 123 Orbit, 52, 123 Orf, 13, 123 P Pachymeningitis, 120, 123 Paediatric, 52, 123 Palliative, 124, 134 Palsy, 38, 124 Pancreas, 22, 97, 124 Pancytopenia, 49, 124 Paradoxical, 22, 124 Paraffin, 24, 124 Paralysis, 51, 124 Parathyroid, 6, 124, 134 Parathyroid Glands, 6, 124 Parathyroid hormone, 124 Parenteral, 62, 124 Parenteral Nutrition, 62, 124 Parotid, 124, 130 Particle, 124, 135 Patch, 107, 118, 124 Pathogen, 7, 13, 18, 124 Pathogenesis, 7, 10, 11, 13, 124 Pathologic, 22, 49, 100, 102, 103, 107, 115, 124 Pathologic Processes, 100, 124 Pathologies, 10, 124 Pathophysiology, 68, 124 Pelvic, 125, 127 Pelvis, 97, 116, 125, 136 Peptide, 6, 98, 117, 125, 127 Pericarditis, 15, 125 Periodontal disease, 68, 70, 125 Peripheral blood, 18, 59, 117, 125 Peripheral Nervous System, 124, 125, 133 Peritoneal, 33, 125 Peritoneal Cavity, 125 Peritoneal Dialysis, 33, 125 Peritoneum, 120, 125, 130

145

Petroleum, 124, 125 Pharmacologic, 99, 125, 135 Phenotype, 5, 125 Phenylalanine, 125, 136 Phosphorus, 103, 124, 125 Phosphorylation, 9, 125 Physical Examination, 67, 125 Physiologic, 108, 121, 125, 129 Phytohemagglutinins, 119, 125 Pigment, 120, 126 Plants, 113, 126, 135 Plasma, 39, 99, 110, 114, 122, 126, 129, 131 Plasma cells, 99, 122, 126 Platelets, 124, 126, 134 Pneumonia, 45, 55, 68, 107, 126 Pneumonitis, 34, 126 Poisoning, 120, 126 Polymerase, 7, 126 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 7, 126 Polysaccharide, 99, 126 Portography, 71, 126 Positron emission tomography scan, 41, 55, 126 Postnatal, 6, 126, 132 Practice Guidelines, 82, 126 Precursor, 109, 110, 125, 126, 136 Predisposition, 62, 127 Prednisolone, 127 Prednisone, 51, 63, 127 Prenatal, 109, 127 Prevalence, 68, 127 Prickle, 118, 127 Primary tumor, 54, 127 Progression, 4, 7, 10, 72, 99, 127 Progressive, 40, 108, 122, 127, 136 Projection, 123, 127 Prone, 5, 127 Prophylaxis, 72, 127, 136 Prospective study, 8, 127 Prostate, 3, 33, 39, 127 Protein Kinases, 123, 127 Protein S, 11, 102, 127, 134 Proteins, 4, 13, 72, 98, 99, 102, 104, 105, 110, 117, 121, 125, 126, 127, 131, 135, 136 Proteinuria, 44, 122, 127 Protocol, 6, 21, 127 Protons, 98, 117, 127, 128 Proto-Oncogenes, 123, 128 Protozoa, 118, 121, 128, 136 Protozoal, 128 Protozoan, 69, 104, 128 Pruritus, 21, 128

Puberty, 11, 128 Public Policy, 81, 128 Publishing, 14, 128 Pulmonary, 22, 34, 40, 56, 102, 103, 110, 128, 137 Pulmonary Artery, 40, 56, 102, 128, 137 Pustular, 7, 128 Pyrexia, 17, 43, 50, 128 R Rabies, 128, 138 Radiation, 70, 112, 116, 117, 123, 128, 137 Radioactive, 123, 128 Radiography, 47, 99, 128 Radioimmunotherapy, 128, 129 Radiotherapy, 46, 128 Randomized, 109, 129 Receptor, 6, 9, 13, 99, 129 Recombination, 6, 112, 129 Reconstitution, 6, 129 Rectum, 105, 108, 112, 117, 127, 129 Recurrence, 37, 129 Red blood cells, 7, 111, 114, 129 Reductase, 121, 129 Refer, 1, 103, 105, 112, 114, 118, 121, 122, 128, 129, 135 Refraction, 129, 132 Regeneration, 11, 129 Regimen, 63, 109, 129 Regional lymph node, 104, 129 Relapse, 23, 46, 129 Remission, 129 Renal cell carcinoma, 43, 129 Resection, 36, 71, 129, 131 Retina, 107, 123, 129, 130, 136 Retinal, 123, 129, 130 Retinal Ganglion Cells, 123, 130 Retroperitoneal, 21, 43, 51, 62, 98, 130 Retrovirus, 40, 130 Rhabdoid tumor, 49, 130 Rhadinovirus, 12, 130 Rheumatism, 130 Rheumatoid, 28, 32, 34, 130, 134 Rheumatoid arthritis, 28, 32, 34, 130, 134 Rickettsiae, 130, 136 Risk factor, 68, 70, 127, 130 Rod, 97, 101, 130 S Saliva, 130 Salivary, 68, 130 Sarcoid, 16, 56, 63, 130 Sarcoidosis, 23, 26, 32, 35, 56, 130 Sarcoma, 12, 13, 21, 34, 41, 42, 68, 70, 130

146

Lymphadenopathy

Satellite, 5, 130 Sclera, 106, 107, 130, 136 Screening, 4, 105, 130 Segmental, 45, 130 Segmentation, 130, 131 Segregation, 129, 131 Semen, 127, 131 Semisynthetic, 121, 131 Sequencing, 126, 131 Serous, 110, 131 Serum, 27, 38, 100, 105, 115, 119, 129, 131 Sex Characteristics, 128, 131 Sexual Partners, 38, 131 Shedding, 8, 131 Short Bowel Syndrome, 62, 131 Side effect, 98, 102, 131, 135 Signs and Symptoms, 129, 131 Skeletal, 10, 122, 131 Skeleton, 131 Skull, 107, 123, 131 Smallpox, 8, 13, 131, 136 Sneezing, 131 Soft tissue, 102, 114, 131 Solvent, 131, 135 Somatic, 121, 125, 131, 134 Specialist, 87, 131 Species, 14, 97, 98, 107, 108, 109, 111, 118, 121, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137 Specificity, 10, 132 Spectrum, 12, 67, 132 Sperm, 104, 132 Spinal cord, 29, 104, 109, 120, 122, 123, 125, 132 Spinous, 111, 118, 132 Spleen, 86, 98, 119, 130, 132 Splenomegaly, 5, 18, 116, 132 Squamous, 25, 53, 111, 132 Squamous cell carcinoma, 25, 53, 111, 132 Squamous cells, 132 Staging, 20, 49, 57, 132 Staphylococcus, 33, 121, 132 Stem Cells, 6, 132 Stenosis, 40, 132, 133 Sterile, 124, 132 Stimulus, 7, 118, 132 Stomach, 97, 108, 111, 112, 115, 125, 132 Strand, 126, 132 Streptococci, 38, 133 Stress, 127, 130, 133 Stricture, 132, 133 Stroke, 80, 103, 133 Subacute, 116, 133

Subarachnoid, 114, 133 Subclinical, 116, 133 Subcutaneous, 109, 124, 133 Subspecies, 131, 133 Substance P, 129, 133 Sulfur, 121, 133 Superior vena cava, 55, 102, 133 Superior Vena Cava Syndrome, 55, 133 Supraclavicular, 20, 25, 36, 133 Symphysis, 127, 133 Synovial, 133 Synovial Membrane, 133 Synovitis, 29, 133 Systemic, 5, 7, 9, 29, 31, 32, 35, 52, 53, 54, 98, 102, 103, 111, 116, 127, 130, 133, 135, 136 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 29, 31, 32, 133 T Tachycardia, 101, 134 Tachypnea, 101, 134 Telomerase, 50, 134 Testicular, 62, 63, 134 Testis, 20, 134 Tetany, 124, 134 Tetracycline, 109, 121, 134 Therapeutics, 69, 134 Thermal, 122, 126, 134 Thoracic, 17, 21, 22, 26, 49, 51, 54, 56, 119, 134, 137 Thorax, 20, 69, 97, 133, 134 Thrombocytopenia, 11, 134 Thrombosis, 62, 127, 133, 134 Thrombus, 107, 116, 134 Thrush, 103, 134 Thymopentin, 62, 134 Thymus, 6, 115, 119, 134 Thyroid, 16, 52, 113, 124, 134, 136 Thyroid Gland, 113, 124, 134 Tomography, 40, 54, 134 Topical, 100, 124, 135 Torsion, 116, 135 Toxic, iv, 54, 135 Toxicity, 109, 120, 135 Toxicology, 82, 135 Toxin, 7, 110, 135 Toxocariasis, 33, 135 Trace element, 112, 135 Trachea, 118, 134, 135 Transcriptase, 7, 130, 134, 135 Transcription Factors, 4, 123, 135 Transduction, 9, 135

147

Transfection, 102, 135 Transfer Factor, 115, 135 Transplantation, 6, 44, 115, 119, 120, 135 Trauma, 122, 135 Trichloroethylene, 30, 135 Tubercular, 16, 55, 135 Tuberculosis, 22, 27, 46, 47, 56, 72, 118, 135 Tumour, 39, 55, 62, 135 Tyrosine, 9, 134, 136 U Ulcer, 8, 136 Ulceration, 35, 123, 136 Ulcerative colitis, 70, 117, 136 Ultrasonography, 28, 36, 58, 110, 136 Ureters, 136 Urethra, 127, 136 Urinary, 21, 66, 136 Urinary tract, 21, 136 Urinary tract infection, 21, 136 Urine, 102, 114, 127, 136 Urologic oncologist, 4, 136 Uterus, 104, 109, 136 Uvea, 136 Uveitis, 58, 136 V Vaccination, 8, 13, 136 Vaccines, 8, 14, 72, 136, 137 Vaccinia, 8, 136 Vagina, 103, 104, 136 Vaginitis, 103, 136 Variola, 136 Vascular, 7, 57, 59, 110, 114, 116, 134, 136

Vasculitis, 6, 46, 137 Vector, 135, 137 Vein, 99, 116, 117, 123, 124, 130, 133, 137 Vena, 137 Venous, 127, 137 Ventricle, 128, 137 Venules, 102, 103, 110, 137 Vertebrae, 132, 137 Vesicular, 114, 131, 136, 137 Veterinary Medicine, 63, 81, 137 Viral, 8, 13, 17, 40, 57, 67, 69, 70, 113, 123, 128, 130, 135, 137 Viremia, 55, 137 Virulence, 14, 40, 100, 135, 137 Viscera, 118, 120, 122, 131, 137 Visceral, 58, 118, 125, 135, 137 Vitro, 137 Vivo, 13, 119, 137 W White blood cell, 97, 99, 105, 116, 118, 119, 122, 126, 137 Windpipe, 134, 137 X Xenobiotics, 9, 137 Xenograft, 99, 137 X-ray, 100, 106, 107, 112, 120, 123, 126, 128, 137 Y Yeasts, 103, 112, 125, 137 Z Zoonosis, 13, 138

148

Lymphadenopathy