Menorrhagia - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

MENORRHAGIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

ii

ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Menorrhagia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00714-2 1. Menorrhagia-Popular works. I. Title.

iii

Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

iv

Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on menorrhagia. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

v

About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

vi

About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

vii

Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MENORRHAGIA ........................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Menorrhagia.................................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MENORRHAGIA .............................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Finding Nutrition Studies on Menorrhagia ................................................................................ 53 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 54 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MENORRHAGIA ........................................................ 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 57 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 62 General References ....................................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON MENORRHAGIA ..................................................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Patents on Menorrhagia............................................................................................................... 65 Patent Applications on Menorrhagia........................................................................................... 68 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MENORRHAGIA ........................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 71 Academic Periodicals covering Menorrhagia............................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 75 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 159 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 163 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 163 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 163 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 165 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 167 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 169 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 169 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 169 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 171 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 173 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 173 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 173 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 173 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 173 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 179 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 181 MENORRHAGIA DICTIONARY .............................................................................................. 183 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 211

viii Contents

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with menorrhagia is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about menorrhagia, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to menorrhagia, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on menorrhagia. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to menorrhagia, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on menorrhagia. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MENORRHAGIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on menorrhagia.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and menorrhagia, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “menorrhagia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Anemia: A Risk Factor for Diabetic Retinopathy? Source: Practical Diabetology. 20(4): 32-34. December 2001. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (212) 989-0200 or (773) 777-6801. Summary: Diabetic retinopathy (eye disease associated with diabetes) continues to be a major problem in the United States. This article reviews the risk factors for diabetic retinopathy and then presents a case report that supports the idea that anemia needs to be added to the list of risk factors. Retinal hypoxia (reduced amounts of oxygen being delivered to the retina) has long been associated with the development of diabetic retinopathy; anemia is one of the conditions that can contribute to retinal hypoxia. The authors discuss the clinical features, mechanism of injury from anemia, and relationship

4

Menorrhagia

between retinopathy and hemoglobin level. The authors conclude by suggesting laboratory evaluation for anemia in patients with diabetes who may have an increased risk of developing anemia. This group includes pregnant women, women with menorrhagia (loss of large amounts of blood with their menstruation), postoperative patients, patients with renal (kidney) failure, patients with neoplastic processes (including cancer), patients with gastrointestinal bleeding, and patients with poor blood glucose control. Normalization of hemoglobin levels may stabilize progressive retinopathy. 9 references. •

Dental Care for the Pediatric von Willebrand Patient: A Case Report Source: Journal of the Greater Houston Dental Society. 72(8): 34-36. March-April 2001. Contact: Available from Greater Houston Dental Society. One Greenway Plaza, Suite 110, Houston, TX 77046. (713) 961-4337. Fax (713) 961-3617. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.ghds.com. Summary: This article uses a case report to review the recommended dental care for the pediatric patient with von Willebrand disease (vWD). This disease is considered the most common hereditary bleeding disorder and is present in 1 to 3 percent of the population, affecting men and women equally. Symptoms associated with this disorder include spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes, excessive bruising, prolonged bleeding from cuts, and menorrhagia (excessive menstrual bleeding). Many people with this disease have a mild form of Type 1 and are unaware of the disorder because their bleeding time will range from almost normal to slightly prolonged. Parents who have been diagnosed with vWD should inform the dentist when any of their children require dental treatment. Unexpected oral bleeding may be difficult to control in an afflicted, undiagnosed child with a prolonged bleeding time due to vWD. The case report features an adopted 3 year old boy who presented to the dental clinic for medical reasons, with the chief complaint of pain on the left side. The mother expressed concern over the child's recent diagnosis of Type 1 vWD. Oral examination revealed dental caries in all 8 primary molars. Following consultation with the child's hematologist, a toothbrush prophylaxis and topical fluoride application were rendered at the initial appointment and a plan for dental treatment under general anesthesia developed. Dental x rays were taken confirming the initial diagnosis, the decay removed and stainless steel crowns were placed on all primary molars. There were no complications following dental surgery and the child was discharged in good condition. Postoperative evaluation 5 days later revealed good oral hygiene, good occlusion, all intraoral tissues intact and healing well, and no discomfort. The authors list 13 strategies for the dental management of patients with bleeding disorders; they stress that the best and safest dental treatment is prevention of dental problems. 1 figure. 5 references.

Federally Funded Research on Menorrhagia The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to menorrhagia. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

5

database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to menorrhagia. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore menorrhagia. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for menorrhagia: •

Project Title: ESTROGEN DEPENDENCY OF UTERINE LEIOMYOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Al-Hendy, Ayman; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 24-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Uterine leiomyoma arise from the uterine smooth muscle compartment (myometrium) and are the most common gynecologic tumor in premenopausal women, occurring in up to 77% of all women. They are all significant cause of pelvic pain, menorrhagia, infertility, and pregnancy-related complications. These estrogen-dependent tumors are the leading indication for hysterectomy in reproductive age women. Currently, no medicinal therapy exists. Prolonged use of GnRH agonists, which can shrink tumors but induce a chemical menopause, is restricted due to serious side effects. The hormone-dependent phenotype of uterine leiomyoma suggests that interventions targeting the estrogen receptor (ER)-signaling pathway may have therapeutic efficacy. Proof-of-principal experiments have now established that treatment with anti-estrogen medications (e.g., tamoxifen and raloxifene) can significantly reduce tumor incidence, size, and proliferative index in the Eker rat, the only animal model known to acquire spontaneous uterine leiomyoma. Adenovirusmediated delivery of a mutated dominant-negative ER (Ad-ER-DN) inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in human and rat leiomyoma cell lines. In a pilot experiment, Ad-ER-DN injected directly intratumor in nude mice with pre- existing fibroids induced immediate arrest and regression of tumor growth due to extensive apoptosis. explants in nude In this project, we will (Specific Aim 1) determine if Ad-ERDN transduction inhibits endogenous ER signaling in estrogen-responsive rat and human leiomyoma cells, (Specific Aim 2) expand pilot results and evaluate the ability of Ad-ER-DN to ablate pre-established subcutaneous leiomyoma mice, and (Specific lira 3) conduct a pre-clinical trial to assess the ability of Ad-ER-DN to ablate uterine leiomyoma when delivered by direct intratumor injection in the immune-competent Eker rat. Tumor response will be correlated to proliferative and apoptotic indices, to markers of tumor angiogenesis, and to several estrogen-regulated genes. We will examine immune response and the safety of single vs. repeated recombinant adenovirus treatment alone or in combination with SERM (Raloxifene). Evident therapeutic potential aside, this project will add to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of estrogen-dependence in this common uterine tumor. It will also show, in a wellcharacterized natural rat model, the effects of specific perturbing of ER signaling on several cellular functions (i.e., angiogenesis, apoptosis, and cell cycle). This knowledge will impact many other estrogen-related conditions (e.g., breast and endometrial cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

6

•

Menorrhagia

Project Title: ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES /ENDOGENOUS SEX STEROIDS /LEIOMYOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Sweet, Stephanie; Meharry Medical College 1005-D B Todd Blvd Nashville, Tn 37208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 10-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: The presence of uterine leiomyomas, benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus, has long perplexed clinicians and the patients who develop them. Their enigmatic appearance is usually silent, but in some women they can precipitate substantial symptoms that do not consistently respond to medical therapy. Leiomyomas develop almost exclusively in women during their reproductive years and their growth, seems to be influenced by endogenous sex steroids. Our hypothesis is that the addition of exogenous hormones via oral contraceptives will accelerate the growth rate of leiomyomas. This supposition is important because, to date, a key component of various medical treatments for menorrhagia caused by leiomyomas are the use of oral contraceptives. Additionally, Black women, who are believed to produce higher levels of estrogens and progestins during the menstrual cycle, have a greater propensity for developing leiomyomas. The oral contraceptives could, therefore, have an additive affect. Studies to determine the influence of leiomyoma growth by oral contraceptives have been largely speculative, conflicting, and infrequently used a case control study design. Their impact on the growth of leiomyomas in Black women, who have the largest percentage of these symptomatic tumors (3 times greater), has never been investigated. In our two-center, case-control observational study, we will directly monitor the growth of uterine leiomyomas in women using oral contraceptives by using serial ultrasound evaluations (every 6 months for 36 months). In addition, all subjects will have serum and urine assays to establish if Black women produce higher levels of sex steroids. Our deliberate effort to recruit a large number of Black subjects provides an excellent opportunity to corroborate those findings. Women selected for this study will be premenopausal and have reproducible evidence of uterine leiomyomas. The case population (n=240) will consist of women using oral contraceptives and the controls (n=80) will be women who have never used hormonal therapy. The patient base in Meharry's urban center will be an abundant resource for the inclusion of Black case subjects sufficient to detect if there truly is a racial difference in this populations' leiomyoma growth rate. This collaborative effort will be a monumental step in ascertaining if oral contraceptive pills accelerate leiomyoma growth. Additionally, this will become a landmark study evaluating the seemingly exaggerated growth of leiomyomas in Black women and possibly correlating that growth difference with their increases in hormone levels. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age.

Studies

7

unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “menorrhagia” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for menorrhagia in the PubMed Central database: •

Management of menorrhagia: an audit of practices in the Anglia menorrhagia education study. by Fender GR, Prentice A, Nixon RM, Gorst T, Duffy SW, Day NE, Smith SK.; 2001 Mar 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26556

•

Randomised controlled trial of educational package on management of menorrhagia in primary care: the Anglia menorrhagia education study. by Fender GR, Prentice A, Gorst T, Nixon RM, Duffy SW, Day NE, Smith SK.; 1999 May 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27863

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with menorrhagia, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “menorrhagia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for menorrhagia (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of factor V deficiency presenting as menorrhagia. Author(s): Sapuri M, Amoa AB, Kariwiga G, White J. Source: P N G Med J. 1997 June; 40(2): 92-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10513230

•

A comparison of flurbiprofen, tranexamic acid, and a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device in the treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia. Author(s): Milsom I, Andersson K, Andersch B, Rybo G. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 March; 164(3): 879-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1900665

5

The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

8

Menorrhagia

•

A cost analysis of endometrial ablation, abdominal hysterectomy, vaginal hysterectomy, and laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy in the treatment of primary menorrhagia. Author(s): Ransom SB, McNeeley SG, White C, Diamond MP. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 1996 November; 4(1): 29-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9050708

•

A cost comparison of hysterectomy and hysteroscopic surgery for the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Cameron IM, Mollison J, Pinion SB, Atherton-Naji A, Buckingham K, Torgerson D. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1996 December; 70(1): 87-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9031926

•

A cost-utility analysis of abdominal hysterectomy versus transcervical endometrial resection for the surgical treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Sculpher M. Source: International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care. 1998 Spring; 14(2): 302-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9611905

•

A double blind study of the effect of tranexamic acid in essential menorrhagia. Author(s): Vermylen J, Verhaegen-Declercq ML, Verstraete M, Fierens F. Source: Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1968 December 31; 20(3): 583-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5710474

•

A double blind study of the effect of tranexamic acid in essential menorrhagia. Author(s): Vermylen J, Verhaegen-Declercq ML, Fierens F, Verstraete M. Source: Bull Soc R Belge Gynecol Obstet. 1968; 38(5): 385-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4890296

•

A double-blind trial of ethamsylate in the treatment of primary and intrauterinedevice menorrhagia. Author(s): Harrison RF, Cambell S. Source: Lancet. 1976 August 7; 2(7980): 283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=59855

Studies

9

•

A multicenter evaluation of endometrial ablation by Hydro ThermAblator and rollerball for treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Corson SL. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2001 August; 8(3): 359-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11509774

•

A multi-centre collaborative study into the treatment of menorrhagia by Nd-YAG laser ablation of the endometrium. Author(s): Garry R, Erian J, Grochmal SA. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991 April; 98(4): 357-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2031894

•

A multicentre randomised controlled trial assessing the costs and benefits of using structured information and analysis of women's preferences in the management of menorrhagia. Author(s): Kennedy AD, Sculpher MJ, Coulter A, Dwyer N, Rees M, Horsley S, Cowley D, Kidson C, Kirwin C, Naish C, Bidgood K, Cullimore J, Kerr-Wilson R, Abrams KR, Stirrat G. Source: Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England). 2003; 7(8): 1-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12633525

•

A patient with learning disability and menorrhagia. Author(s): Wishart K, Hart R, Outen P. Source: The Practitioner. 1998 January; 242(1582): 9, 15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10492935

•

A pragmatic randomised comparison of transcervical resection of the endometrium with endometrial laser ablation for the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Bhattacharya S, Cameron IM, Parkin DE, Abramovich DR, Mollison J, Pinion SB, Alexander DA, Grant A, Kitchener HC. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1997 May; 104(5): 601-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9166205

•

A preliminary investigation of what happens to women complaining of menorrhagia but whose complaint is not substantiated. Author(s): Higham J, Reid P. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1995 December; 16(4): 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8748996

10

Menorrhagia

•

A randomized controlled trial of levonorgestrel releasing IUD and thermal balloon ablation in the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Soysal M, Soysal S, Ozer S. Source: Zentralblatt Fur Gynakologie. 2002 April; 124(4): 213-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12080483

•

A randomized, multicenter trial of safety and efficacy of the NovaSure system in the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Cooper J, Gimpelson R, Laberge P, Galen D, Garza-Leal JG, Scott J, Leyland N, Martyn P, Liu J. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2002 November; 9(4): 418-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12386350

•

A simple visual assessment technique to discriminate between menorrhagia and normal menstrual blood loss. Author(s): Janssen CA. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1996 December; 70(1): 21-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9031914

•

A simple visual assessment technique to discriminate between menorrhagia and normal menstrual blood loss. Author(s): Janssen CA, Scholten PC, Heintz AP. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995 June; 85(6): 977-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7770270

•

A survey of gynecologists concerning menorrhagia: perceptions of bleeding disorders as a possible cause. Author(s): Dilley A, Drews C, Lally C, Austin H, Barnhart E, Evatt B. Source: Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 2002 January-February; 11(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11860723

•

Absence of menorrhagia in induced iron-deficiency anemia. Author(s): Pritchard JA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1966 April; 27(4): 541-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5907376

Studies

11

•

Absorption of irrigating fluid during laser photocoagulation of the endometrium in the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Morrison LM, Davis J, Sumner D. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1989 March; 96(3): 346-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2713293

•

Acquired von Willebrand's disease and hypothyroidism: report of a case presenting with menorrhagia. Author(s): Blesing NE, Hambley H, McDonald GA. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1990 June; 66(776): 474-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2217000

•

Acute adolescent menorrhagia. Author(s): Claessens EA, Cowell CA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1981 February 1; 139(3): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6970521

•

Adenomyosis must be considered in patients with menorrhagia and a normalappearing cavity on hysteroscopy or ultrasonography. Author(s): McCausland AM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995 August; 173(2): 675. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7645659

•

Adenomyosis: diagnosis by hysteroscopic endomyometrial biopsy, correlation of incidence and severity with menorrhagia. Author(s): Goswami A, Khemani M, Logani KB, Anand R. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 1998 August; 24(4): 281-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9798358

•

Alternatives to hysterectomy for menorrhagia. Author(s): Carlson KJ, Schiff I. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1996 July 18; 335(3): 198-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8657219

•

An approach to the analysis of menorrhagia. Author(s): Fairbrother PF. Source: Bristol Med Chir J. 1967 January; 82(303): 11-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6043119

12

Menorrhagia

•

An economic evaluation of transcervical endometrial resection versus abdominal hysterectomy for the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Sculpher MJ, Bryan S, Dwyer N, Hutton J, Stirrat GM. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1993 March; 100(3): 244-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8476830

•

An objective evaluation of flurbiprofen and tranexamic acid in the treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia. Author(s): Andersch B, Milsom I, Rybo G. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1988; 67(7): 645-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3073625

•

Antifibrinolytic control of menorrhagia after I.U.D. insertion. Author(s): MacMath IF. Source: The Practitioner. 1973 March; 210(257): 417-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4571360

•

Balloon endometrial thermoablation--an alternative management of adenomyosis with menorrhagia and dysmenorrhoea. Author(s): Chan CL, Annapoorna V, Roy AC, Ng SC. Source: Med J Malaysia. 2001 September; 56(3): 370-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11732085

•

Benefits and risks of pharmacological agents used for the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Roy SN, Bhattacharya S. Source: Drug Safety : an International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. 2004; 27(2): 75-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14717620

•

Bleeding disorders: A common cause of menorrhagia in adolescents. Author(s): Bevan JA, Maloney KW, Hillery CA, Gill JC, Montgomery RR, Scott JP. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 June; 138(6): 856-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11391329

•

Can nifedipine provoke menorrhagia? Author(s): Singh G, Kaul R, Khan W, Malaviya AN. Source: Lancet. 1983 October 29; 2(8357): 1022. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6138557

Studies

13

•

Can nifedipine provoke menorrhagia? Author(s): Rodger JC, Torrance TC. Source: Lancet. 1983 August 20; 2(8347): 460. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6135947

•

Can the levonorgestrel intrauterine system replace surgical treatment for the management of menorrhagia? Author(s): Nagrani R, Bowen-Simpkins P, Barrington JW. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 March; 109(3): 345-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11950191

•

Capillary haemangioma of the uterus: a rare cause of menorrhagia. Author(s): Ali SS, Muzaffar S, Kayani N, Setna F. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2003 February; 43(1): 85-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12755357

•

Case presentation: a patient with von Willebrand disease with menorrhagia. Author(s): Weiss RM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 September; 175(3 Pt 2): 763-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8828558

•

Case report: Endometrial carcinoma after endometrial resection for menorrhagia. Author(s): Archer DF. Source: Journal of Women's Health / the Official Publication of the Society for the Advancement of Women's Health Research. 1998 May; 7(4): 473-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9611708

•

Cavaterm thermal balloon ablation for the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Hawe JA, Phillips AG, Chien PF, Erian J, Garry R. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1999 November; 106(11): 1143-8. Erratum In: Bjog 2000 February; 107(2): 295. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10549958

•

Cerebral sinus thrombosis as a potential hazard of antifibrinolytic treatment in menorrhagia. Author(s): Achiron A, Gornish M, Melamed E. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 1990 May; 21(5): 817-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2339463

14

Menorrhagia

•

Cervical fibroid with menorrhagia. Author(s): Basu GK, Roy A, Chattopadhyay S, Saha S, Adhikary S. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1996 August; 94(8): 324. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8855590

•

Choice of treatment for menorrhagia. Author(s): Bolton-Maggs P. Source: Lancet. 1999 September 18; 354(9183): 1033. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10501392

•

Choice of treatment for menorrhagia. Author(s): McGurgan P, O'Donovan P. Source: Lancet. 1999 September 18; 354(9183): 1032-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10501391

•

Choice of treatment for menorrhagia. Author(s): Stirrat GM. Source: Lancet. 1999 June 26; 353(9171): 2175-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10392977

•

Cirsoid aneurysm of the uterus as a cause of menorrhagia. Author(s): Hibbard BM, Jones DP, Scarrow GD. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1972 September; 79(9): 855-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4651297

•

Clinical outcomes and costs with the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system or hysterectomy for treatment of menorrhagia: randomized trial 5-year follow-up. Author(s): Hurskainen R, Teperi J, Rissanen P, Aalto AM, Grenman S, Kivela A, Kujansuu E, Vuorma S, Yliskoski M, Paavonen J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004 March 24; 291(12): 1456-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15039412

•

Clinical trial of the efficacy of mefenamic acid in relief of menorrhagia and/or dysmenorrhoea. Author(s): Vairojanavong K, Limchitti D, Sasivimolkul V. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1983 February; 66(2): 99-105. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6343540

Studies

15

•

Clinical trial of the uterine thermal balloon for treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Vilos GA, Fortin CA, Sanders B, Pendley L, Stabinsky SA. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 1997 November; 4(5): 559-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9348362

•

Clinicopathological studies on menorrhagia. Author(s): Patra DC, Giri AK. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1985 October; 83(10): 344-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3833973

•

Comparative study of tranexamic acid and norethisterone in the treatment of ovulatory menorrhagia. Author(s): Preston JT, Cameron IT, Adams EJ, Smith SK. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1995 May; 102(5): 401-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7612535

•

Comparing treatments for menorrhagia. Author(s): Chamberlain G. Source: Nurs Times. 1992 March 11-17; 88(11): 46. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1297082

•

Comparison between mefenamic acid and danazol in the treatment of established menorrhagia. Author(s): Dockeray CJ, Sheppard BL, Bonnar J. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1989 July; 96(7): 840-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2765430

•

Comparison between the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and thermal balloon ablation in the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Barrington JW, Arunkalaivanan AS, Abdel-Fattah M. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2003 May 1; 108(1): 72-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12694974

•

Comparison of hysteroscopic endometrial resection and laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy for the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Tapper AM, Heinonen PK. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1998 January; 77(1): 78-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9492724

16

Menorrhagia

•

Complications of hysteroscopic treatments of menorrhagia. Author(s): Williamson KM, Mushambi MC. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1996 September; 77(3): 305-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8949799

•

Congenital nongoitrous hypothyroidism with menorrhagia as a primary complication of adolescence. Author(s): Santana JA, Gardner LI. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 January 15; 121(2): 289-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1115141

•

Control of menorrhagia by the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors naproxen sodium and mefenamic acid. Author(s): Hall P, Maclachlan N, Thorn N, Nudd MW, Taylor CG, Garrioch DB. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1987 June; 94(6): 554-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3304401

•

Corona stenting in a patient menorrhagia: use of a gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist to facilitate anticoagulation. Author(s): Khurana C, Taylor P, de Belder MA. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1998 January 5; 63(1): 89-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9482151

•

Cost-effectiveness of transvaginal sonography and saline infused sonography in the evaluation of menorrhagia. Author(s): Dijkhuizen FP, Mol BW, Bongers MY, Brolmann HA, Heintz AP. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2003 October; 83(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14511871

•

Cyclic changes in endometrial tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in women with normal menstruation and essential menorrhagia. Author(s): Gleeson NC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994 July; 171(1): 178-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8030696

•

Danazol in the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Cope E. Source: Drugs. 1980 May; 19(5): 342-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7389585

Studies

17

•

Danazol in the treatment of menorrhagia: the effect of a 1 month induction dose (200 mg) and 2 month's maintenance therapy (200 mg, 100 mg, 50 mg or placebo). Author(s): Need JA, Forbes KL, Milazzo L, McKenzie E. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1992 November; 32(4): 346-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1290434

•

DDAVP nasal spray for treatment of menorrhagia in women with inherited bleeding disorders: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. Author(s): Kadir RA, Lee CA, Sabin CA, Pollard D, Economides DL. Source: Haemophilia : the Official Journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia. 2002 November; 8(6): 787-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410648

•

Depot goserelin and danazol pre-treatment before rollerball endometrial ablation for menorrhagia. Author(s): Fraser IS, Healy DL, Torode H, Song JY, Mamers P, Wilde F. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 April; 87(4): 544-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8602306

•

Desmopressin in the treatment of menorrhagia in women with no common coagulation factor deficiency but with prolonged bleeding time. Author(s): Edlund M, Blomback M, Fried G. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 2002 April; 13(3): 225-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11943936

•

Development and validation of the Menorrhagia Outcomes Questionnaire. Author(s): Lamping DL, Rowe P, Clarke A, Black N, Lessof L. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1998 July; 105(7): 766-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9692419

•

Do women with menorrhagia need iron? Author(s): Presley AP. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1982 June 19; 284(6332): 1874. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6805741

•

Do women with menorrhagia need iron? Author(s): Lewis GJ. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1982 April 17; 284(6323): 1158. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6803875

18

Menorrhagia

•

Does transcervical resection of the endometrium for menorrhagia really avoid hysterectomy? Life table analysis of a large series. Author(s): Pooley AS, Ewen SP, Sutton CJ. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 1998 August; 5(3): 229-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9668142

•

Does tubal sterilization influence the subsequent risk of menorrhagia or dysmenorrhea? Author(s): Harlow BL, Missmer SA, Cramer DW, Barbieri RL. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 April; 77(4): 754-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11937129

•

Down-regulation of angiopoietin-1 expression in menorrhagia. Author(s): Hewett P, Nijjar S, Shams M, Morgan S, Gupta J, Ahmed A. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2002 March; 160(3): 773-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11891175

•

Dragging technique versus blanching technique for endometrial ablation with the Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of chronic menorrhagia. Author(s): Lomano JM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1988 July; 159(1): 152-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3394736

•

Dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, premenstrual syndrome, and immunologic screening in habitual abortion. Author(s): Cheng H. Source: Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1990 December; 2(6): 840-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2130988

•

Early hypothyroidism in patients with menorrhagia. Author(s): Blesing NE, Hambley H. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 August; 163(2): 697. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2386175

•

Early hypothyroidism in patients with menorrhagia. Author(s): Wilansky DL, Greisman B. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989 March; 160(3): 673-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2929691

Studies

19

•

Economic evaluation of hysteroscopic endometrial ablation versus vaginal hysterectomy for menorrhagia. Author(s): Vilos GA, Pispidikis JT, Botz CK. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 August; 88(2): 241-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8692509

•

Economic evaluation of three surgical interventions for menorrhagia. Author(s): Fernandez H, Kobelt G, Gervaise A. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2003 March; 18(3): 583-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12615829

•

Editor's Choice: menorrhagia and endometrial ablation. Author(s): Guillebaud J. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1998 July; 105(7): 809. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9692427

•

Effectiveness and mechanism of action of desmopressin in the treatment of copper intrauterine device-related menorrhagia: a pilot study. Author(s): Mercorio F, De Simone R, Di Carlo C, Bifulco G, Tessitore G, Di Spiezio Sardo A, Nappi C. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2003 November; 18(11): 2319-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14585881

•

Effects of decision aids for menorrhagia on treatment choices, health outcomes, and costs: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Kennedy AD, Sculpher MJ, Coulter A, Dwyer N, Rees M, Abrams KR, Horsley S, Cowley D, Kidson C, Kirwin C, Naish C, Stirrat G. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 December 4; 288(21): 2701-8. Erratum In: Jama. 2003 February 12; 289(6): 703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12460093

•

Efficacy of mefenamic acid in patients with a complaint of menorrhagia. Author(s): Fraser IS, Pearse C, Shearman RP, Elliott PM, McIlveen J, Markham R. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1981 November; 58(5): 543-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7029369

•

Efficacy of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system in treating menorrhagia: actualities and ambiguities. Author(s): Ikomi A, Pepra EF. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2002 April; 28(2): 99-100. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12396783

20

Menorrhagia

•

Embolotherapy for myoma-induced menorrhagia. Author(s): Hutchins FL Jr, Worthington-Kirsch R. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2000 June; 27(2): 397-405, Viii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10857129

•

Endometrial ablation for severe menorrhagia in a patient with hereditary hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. A case report. Author(s): Berry DL, DeLeon FD. Source: J Reprod Med. 1996 March; 41(3): 183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8778418

•

Endometrial ablation for the treatment of menorrhagia: a comparison of patients with normal, enlarged, and fibroid uteri. Author(s): Lomano J. Source: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 1991; 11(1): 8-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1825511

•

Endometrial ablation with a thermal balloon for the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Vilos GA, Vilos EC, Pendley L. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 1996 May; 3(3): 383-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9050660

•

Endometrial carcinoma after endometrial resection for menorrhagia. Author(s): Iqbal PK, Paterson ME. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1997 September; 104(9): 1097-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9307544

•

Endometrial changes after administration of gossypol for menorrhagia. Author(s): Cheng KF, Wu WY, Tang MY, Chu PT. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980 December 15; 138(8): 12279. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7446637

•

Endometrial destruction by hyperthermia--a possible treatment of menorrhagia. An experimental study. Author(s): Friberg B, Persson BR, Willen R, Ahlgren M. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1996 April; 75(4): 330-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8638450

Studies

21

•

Endometrial laser intrauterine thermo-therapy (ELITT): a revolutionary new approach to the elimination of menorrhagia. Author(s): Donnez J, Polet R, Squifflet J, Rabinovitz R, Levy U, Ak M, Nisolle M. Source: Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1999 August; 11(4): 363-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10498022

•

Endometrial prostaglandins and menorrhagia: influence of a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor in vivo. Author(s): Tsang BK, Domingo MT, Spence JE, Garner PR, Dudley DK, Oxorn H. Source: Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 1987 October; 65(10): 20814. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3123043

•

Endometrial resection and late reoperation in the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Steffensen AJ, Schuster M. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 1997 May; 4(3): 325-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9154781

•

Endometrial resection for the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): O'Connor H, Magos A. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1996 July 18; 335(3): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8657212

•

Endometrial resection versus hysterectomy in management of menorrhagia. Author(s): Sihota S, Pang N, Kulasekaram C, Cheesebrough B. Source: Lancet. 1997 June 14; 349(9067): 1772. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9193403

•

Endometrial resection versus vaginal hysterectomy for menorrhagia: long-term clinical and quality-of-life outcomes. Author(s): Crosignani PG, Vercellini P, Apolone G, De Giorgi O, Cortesi I, Meschia M. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 July; 177(1): 95-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9240590

•

Endometrial resection vs. abdominal hysterectomy for menorrhagia. Correlated sample analysis. Author(s): Goldenberg M, Sivan E, Bider D, Mashiach S, Seidman DS. Source: J Reprod Med. 1996 May; 41(5): 333-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8725758

22

Menorrhagia

•

Endometrial thermoablation for treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Belanger S, El Din A. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2003 December; 82(12): 1155; Author Reply 1156. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616264

•

Endometrial thermoablation for treatment of menorrhagia: comparison of two methods in outpatient setting. Author(s): Vihko KK, Raitala R, Taina E. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2003 March; 82(3): 269-74. Erratum In: Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2003 December; 82(12): 1156. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12694124

•

Endometrial vascular smooth muscle oestrogen and progesterone receptor distribution in women with and without menorrhagia. Author(s): Rogers PA, Lederman F, Kooy J, Taylor NH, Healy DL. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1996 September; 11(9): 2003-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8921080

•

Endothelial cell proliferation in the endometrium of women with menorrhagia and in women following endometrial ablation. Author(s): Kooy J, Taylor NH, Healy DL, Rogers PA. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1996 May; 11(5): 1067-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8671392

•

Endothelin and neutral endopeptidase in the endometrium of women with menorrhagia. Author(s): Marsh MM, Malakooti N, Taylor NH, Findlay JK, Salamonsen LA. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1997 September; 12(9): 2036-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9363725

•

Evaluation of Hydro ThermAblator for endometrial destruction in patients with menorrhagia. Author(s): das Dores GB, Richart RM, Nicolau SM, Focchi GR, Cordeiro VC. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 1999 August; 6(3): 275-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10459026

•

Experimental and clinical studies with radiofrequency-induced thermal endometrial ablation for functional menorrhagia. Author(s): Phipps JH, Lewis BV, Prior MV, Roberts T. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 November; 76(5 Pt 1): 876-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2216240

Studies

23

•

Factors predicting choice of treatment for menorrhagia in gynaecology outpatient clinics. Author(s): Vuorma S, Rissanen P, Aalto AM, Kujansuu E, Hurskainen R, Teperi J. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2003 April; 56(8): 1653-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12639582

•

Fibrin degradation products in sera of women with normal menstruation and menorrhagia. Author(s): Basu HK. Source: British Medical Journal. 1970 January 10; 1(688): 74-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5411448

•

Fibrinolysis in idiopathic menorrhagia. Author(s): Bisht D, Gupta SC, Kaushik S, Ganguli G, Mital VP. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1991 July; 34(3): 200-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1818856

•

Fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 is a critical component for endometrial remodeling: localization and expression of basic fibroblast growth factor and FGF-R1 in human endometrium during the menstrual cycle and decreased FGF-R1 expression in menorrhagia. Author(s): Sangha RK, Li XF, Shams M, Ahmed A. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 1997 October; 77(4): 389-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9354773

•

Fibroid-related menorrhagia: treatment with superselective embolization of the uterine arteries and midterm follow-up. Author(s): Pelage JP, Le Dref O, Soyer P, Kardache M, Dahan H, Abitbol M, Merland JJ, Ravina JH, Rymer R. Source: Radiology. 2000 May; 215(2): 428-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10796920

•

Fibroids and menorrhagia. Author(s): West CP, Lumsden MA. Source: Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1989 June; 3(2): 357-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2692925

24

Menorrhagia

•

First-line management of menorrhagia: findings from a survey of general practitioners in Forth Valley. Author(s): Turner E, Bowie P, McMullen KW, Kellock C. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 October; 26(4): 227-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11053882

•

Five-year follow-up of patients participating in a randomized trial of uterine balloon therapy versus rollerball ablation for treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Loffer FD, Grainger D. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2002 November; 9(4): 429-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12386351

•

Fluid absorption during laser ablation of the endometrium in the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Hasham F, Garry R, Kokri MS, Mooney P. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1992 February; 68(2): 151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1540456

•

Follow up of hysteroscopic surgery for menorrhagia. Author(s): Mints M, Radestad A, Rylander E. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1998 April; 77(4): 435-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9598954

•

Fortnightly review. Medical management of menorrhagia. Author(s): Prentice A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 November 20; 319(7221): 1343-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10567142

•

Frequency of inherited bleeding disorders in women with menorrhagia. Author(s): Kadir RA, Economides DL, Sabin CA, Owens D, Lee CA. Source: Lancet. 1998 February 14; 351(9101): 485-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9482440

•

General practitioners' perceptions of the illness behaviour and health needs of South Asian women with menorrhagia. Author(s): Chapple A, Ling M, May C. Source: Ethnicity & Health. 1998 February-May; 3(1-2): 81-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9673466

Studies

25

•

Gestrinone in the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Turnbull AC, Rees MC. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1990 August; 97(8): 713-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2205289

•

Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist treatment before hysterectomy for menorrhagia and uterine leiomyomas. Author(s): Vercellini P, Bocciolone L, Colombo A, Vendola N, Meschia M, Bolis G. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1993 July; 72(5): 369-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8392268

•

Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist treatment for severe menorrhagia in patients with contraindications to surgery. Author(s): Vercellini P, Ferrari A, D'Alberton A, Motta T, Maggi R, Molteni P. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1992 June 16; 45(1): 70-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1535604

•

Gray platelet syndrome presenting as menorrhagia. Author(s): Tyagi S, Saxena R. Source: International Journal of Hematology. 2003 February; 77(2): 201-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12627861

•

Group A streptococcus septicaemia after thermal ablation of the endometrium for menorrhagia. Author(s): Kessler J, Sviggum O, Bakke A. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 April; 110(4): 439-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12699810

•

Guidelines in gynaecology: evaluation in menorrhagia and in urinary incontinence. Author(s): Chadha Y, Mollison J, Howie F, Grimshaw J, Hall M, Russell I. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2000 April; 107(4): 535-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10759275

•

Guidelines in gynaecology: in menorrhagia and in urinary incontinence. Author(s): Duckett J, Connell R. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 January; 108(1): 129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11212993

26

Menorrhagia

•

Hematological abnormalities in adolescent menorrhagia. Author(s): Oral E, Cagdas A, Gezer A, Kaleli S, Aydin Y, Ocer F. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2002 April; 266(2): 72-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12049298

•

Hereditary thrombopathy associated with menorrhagia and gastrointestinal bleeding: report of three cases. Author(s): Harris S, Babcock DC. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1967 March; 165(3): 377-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5297547

•

How do New Zealand gynaecologists treat menorrhagia? Author(s): Farquhar CM, Kimble RM. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1996 November; 36(4): 444-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9006831

•

Hysterectomy and menorrhagia. Author(s): Studd JW. Source: Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1989 June; 3(2): 415-24. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2692929

•

Hysteroscopic endometrial ablation is an effective alternative to hysterectomy in women with menorrhagia and large uteri. Author(s): Eskandar MA, Vilos GA, Aletebi FA, Tummon IS. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2000 August; 7(3): 339-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10924627

•

Hysteroscopic endometrial ablation using free heated saline for the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Weisberg M, Goldrath MH, Berman J, Greenstein A, Krotec JW, Fronio L. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2000 August; 7(3): 311-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10924623

•

Hysteroscopic endometrial resection versus laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy for menorrhagia: a prospective randomized trial. Author(s): Zupi E, Zullo F, Marconi D, Sbracia M, Pellicano M, Solima E, Sorrenti G. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 January; 188(1): 7-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12548189

Studies

27

•

Hysteroscopic endomyometrial resection for the treatment of menorrhagia--follow-up of 86 cases. Author(s): Tapper AM, Heinonen PK. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1995 September; 62(1): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7493714

•

Hysteroscopic endomyometrial resection: a new technique for the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Wortman M, Daggett A. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994 February; 83(2): 295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8290198

•

Hysteroscopic findings in women with IUD-induced menorrhagia. Author(s): Lei ZW, Xie L. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1993 August; 42(2): 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7901068

•

Hysteroscopic management of menorrhagia. Author(s): Loffer DF. Source: Acta Eur Fertil. 1986 November-December; 17(6): 463-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3630557

•

Hysteroscopic transcervical endometrial resection versus thermal destruction for menorrhagia: a prospective randomized trial on satisfaction rate. Author(s): Loffer FD. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 June; 188(6): 1664; Author Reply 1664. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12825017

•

Hysteroscopic transcervical endometrial resection versus thermal destruction for menorrhagia: a prospective randomized trial on satisfaction rate. Author(s): Pellicano M, Guida M, Acunzo G, Cirillo D, Bifulco G, Nappi C. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 September; 187(3): 545-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12237625

•

Hysteroscopic treatment of menorrhagia associated with uterine leiomyomas. Author(s): Indman PD. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993 May; 81(5 ( Pt 1)): 716-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8469459

28

Menorrhagia

•

Hysteroscopy and laparoscopy in women with menorrhagia. Author(s): Fraser IS. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 May; 162(5): 1264-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2140239

•

Induction of endometrial plasminogen activator-inhibitor 1: a possible mechanism contributing to the effect of intrauterine levonorgestrel in the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Rutanen E, Hurskainen R, Finne P, Nokelainen K. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2000 May; 73(5): 1020-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10785231

•

Influence of sex of general practitioner on management of menorrhagia. Author(s): Coulter A, Peto V, Doll H. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1995 September; 45(398): 471-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7546870

•

Inherited bleeding disorders in Indian women with menorrhagia. Author(s): Saxena R, Gupta M, Gupta PK, Kashyap R, Choudhry VP, Bhargava M. Source: Haemophilia : the Official Journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia. 2003 March; 9(2): 193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12614371

•

Inherited haemostatic disorders in idiopathic menorrhagia: do the special interest of a hemostatic laboratory make a difference? Author(s): Ghosh K, Nair S, Kulkarni B, Khare A, Trasi S, Shetty S, Mohanty D. Source: Haemophilia : the Official Journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia. 2003 September; 9(5): 660-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14511314

•

Iron prophylaxis in menorrhagia. Author(s): Arvidsson B, Ekenved G, Rybo G, Solvell L. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1981; 60(2): 157-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7246080

•

Is balloon ablation as effective as endometrial electroresection in the treatment of menorrhagia? Author(s): Bongers MY, Mol BW, Dijkhuizen FP, Brolmann HA. Source: Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 2000 April; 10(2): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10794212

Studies

29

•

Is medical management of menorrhagia obsolete? Author(s): Duckitt K, Shaw RW. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1998 June; 105(6): 569-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9647144

•

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome--a rare cause of severe menorrhagia. Case report. Author(s): Markos AR. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1987 November; 94(11): 1105-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2827723

•

Laser photovaporisation and menorrhagia. Author(s): Sutton C. Source: Lancet. 1987 October 31; 2(8566): 1032. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2889945

•

Laser photovaporization of endometrium for the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Goldrath MH, Fuller TA, Segal S. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1981 May 1; 140(1): 14-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7223809

•

Letter: Alleviation of IUD menorrhagia with ethamsylate. Author(s): Harrison RF, Campbell S. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 March 13; 1(6010): 649-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=766907

•

Leukotriene release by endometrium and myometrium throughout the menstrual cycle in dysmenorrhoea and menorrhagia. Author(s): Rees MC, DiMarzo V, Tippins JR, Morris HR, Turnbull AC. Source: The Journal of Endocrinology. 1987 May; 113(2): 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3035052

•

Levonorgestrel intrauterine device in the treatment of menorrhagia in Chinese women: efficacy versus acceptability. Author(s): Tang GW, Lo SS. Source: Contraception. 1995 April; 51(4): 231-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7796588

•

Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device in the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Andersson JK, Rybo G. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1990 August; 97(8): 690-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2119218

30

Menorrhagia

•

Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system or hysterectomy in the treatment of essential menorrhagia: predictors of outcome. Author(s): Hurskainen R, Teperi J, Aalto AM, Grenman S, Kivela A, Kujansuu E, Vuorma S, Yliskoski M, Rissanen P, Paavonen J. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2004 April; 83(4): 401-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15005790

•

Life-table analysis of the success of thermal balloon endometrial ablation in the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Lok IH, Leung PL, Ng PS, Yuen PM. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 November; 80(5): 1255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14607584

•

Long term follow-up of patients with menorrhagia treated by irradiation. Author(s): Alderson MR, Jackson SM. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1971 April; 44(520): 295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4994676

•

Long-term economic evaluation of resectoscopic endometrial ablation versus hysterectomy for the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Hidlebaugh DA, Orr RK. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 1998 November; 5(4): 351-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9782137

•

Long-term results in the treatment of menorrhagia and hypermenorrhea with a thermal balloon endometrial ablation technique. Author(s): Mettler L. Source: Jsls. 2002 October-December; 6(4): 305-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12500827

•

Long-term treatment of menorrhagia with mefenamic acid. Author(s): Fraser IS, McCarron G, Markham R, Robinson M, Smyth E. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 January; 61(1): 109-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6337354

•

Low dose danazol in menorrhagia; four case reports. Author(s): Ledward RS. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1984 June; 38(6): 237-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6743504

Studies

31

•

Management of menorrhagia in primary care-impact on referral and hysterectomy: data from the Somerset Morbidity Project. Author(s): Grant C, Gallier L, Fahey T, Pearson N, Sarangi J. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2000 September; 54(9): 709-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10942454

•

Management of menorrhagia: an audit of practices in the Anglia menorrhagia education study. Author(s): Fender GR, Prentice A, Nixon RM, Gorst T, Duffy SW, Day NE, Smith SK. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 March 3; 322(7285): 523-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11230066

•

Management of menorrhagia--SMART study (Satisfaction with Mirena and Ablation: a Randomised Trial). Author(s): Rogerson L, Duffy S, Crocombe W, Stead M, Dassu D. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2000 October; 107(10): 1325-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11028596

•

Medium-term clinical outcome of women with menorrhagia treated by rollerball endometrial ablation versus abdominal hysterectomy with conservation of at least one ovary. Author(s): Mousa HA, Abou El Senoun GM, Mahmood TA. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2001 May; 80(5): 442-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11328222

•

Medium-term follow-up of women with menorrhagia treated by rollerball endometrial ablation. Author(s): el Senoun GS, Mousa HA, Mahmood TA. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2000 October; 79(10): 879-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11304973

•

Menorrhagia and 3-keto-desogestrel-copper medicated intrauterine device. Author(s): Janssen CA. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1999 August; 85(2): 135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10610326

32

Menorrhagia

•

Menorrhagia and adenomyosis in a patient with hyperhomocysteinemia, recurrent pelvic vein thromboses and extensive uterine collateral circulation treatment by supracervical hysterectomy. Author(s): Nawroth F, Schmidt T, Foth D, Landwehr P, Romer T. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2001 October; 98(2): 240-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11574139

•

Menorrhagia and hypothyroidism. Evidence supports association between hypothyroidism and menorrhagia. Author(s): Weeks AD. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 March 4; 320(7235): 649. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10698899

•

Menorrhagia and hysterectomy. Author(s): Curry H. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 2002 January; 102(1): 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11839900

•

Menorrhagia at menarche: a case report. Author(s): Kanbur NO, Derman O, Aksu T, Ozsari M, Kutluk T. Source: Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2003 April-June; 15(2): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12955818

•

Menorrhagia caused by dengue fever. Author(s): McGready R, Paw E, Nosten F. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2000 August; 40(3): 354-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11065050

•

Menorrhagia caused by severe hereditary factor VII deficiency. Case 1. Author(s): Aegerter Ch, Friess D, Alberio L. Source: Hamostaseologie. 2003 August; 23(3): 99-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12923576

•

Menorrhagia due to Bernard-Soulier syndrome and its successful treatment by thermal balloon endometrial ablation. Author(s): Bhatt A, Chenoy R. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 June; 108(6): 667-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11426909

Studies

33

•

Menorrhagia from a haematologist's point of view. Part I: initial evaluation. Author(s): Kouides PA. Source: Haemophilia : the Official Journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia. 2002 May; 8(3): 330-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12010430

•

Menorrhagia from a haematologist's point of view. Part II: management. Author(s): Siegel JE, Kouides PA. Source: Haemophilia : the Official Journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia. 2002 May; 8(3): 339-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12010431

•

Menorrhagia in adolescents. Author(s): Kadir RA, Lee CA. Source: Pediatric Annals. 2001 September; 30(9): 541-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11554263

•

Menorrhagia in general practice--disease or illness. Author(s): O'Flynn N, Britten N. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2000 March; 50(5): 651-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10658846

•

Menorrhagia in the menopause. Author(s): Ingamells S, Cameron IT. Source: The Journal of the British Menopause Society. 2003 March; 9(1): 39-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12804313

•

Menorrhagia. Author(s): Duckitt K. Source: Clin Evid. 2002 December; (8): 1934-50. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12603977

•

Menorrhagia. Author(s): Duckitt K. Source: Clin Evid. 2002 June; (7): 1716-32. Review. No Abstract Available. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12230783

•

Menorrhagia. Sexual history needs to be taken. Author(s): Clarke J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 March 24; 322(7288): 732. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11264221

34

Menorrhagia

•

Menorrhagia. Ten minutes may not be enough. Author(s): Wynne-Jones M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 March 24; 322(7288): 732. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11264223

•

Menorrhagia. Underlying bleeding disorders need to be ruled out. Author(s): Robinson K, Giangrande P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 March 24; 322(7288): 732. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11264220

•

Menorrhagia: an update. Author(s): Oehler MK, Rees MC. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2003 May; 82(5): 405-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12752071

•

Menorrhagia: endometrial ablation or hysterectomy? Author(s): Paddison K. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 2003 September 17-23; 18(1): 33-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14533249

•

Menorrhagia: the treatment options. Author(s): Clarke A. Source: Nurs Times. 1999 October 20-26; 95(42): 44-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10788886

•

Microwave endometrial ablation in the management of menorrhagia: current status. Author(s): Downes E, O'Donovan P. Source: Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2000 August; 12(4): 293-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10954149

•

Minimally invasive surgery for menorrhagia and intractable uterine bleeding: time to set standards. Author(s): Wortman M. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 1999 November; 6(4): 369-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10548695

•

Modern approaches to management of menorrhagia. Author(s): Rogerson L, Hawe J, Duffy S. Source: Hosp Med. 2000 February; 61(2): 90-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10748784

Studies

35

•

Multiple uterine angioleiomyomas in a woman presenting with severe menorrhagia. Author(s): Hsieh CH, Lui CC, Huang SC, Ou YC, ChangChien CC, Lan KC, Huang KH. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2003 August; 90(2): 348-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12893198

•

Naproxen in menorrhagia. Author(s): Rybo G, Nilsson S, Sikstrom B, Nygren KG. Source: Lancet. 1981 March 14; 1(8220 Pt 1): 608-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6110836

•

Naproxen reduces idiopathic but not fibromyoma-induced menorrhagia. Author(s): Ylikorkala O, Pekonen F. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1986 July; 68(1): 10-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3523328

•

New surgical options for menorrhagia. Author(s): Odejinmi F, Cutner A. Source: The Practitioner. 2001 April; 245(1621): 302-4, 306, 309 Passim. Review. Erratum In: Practitioner 2001 May; 245(1622): 458. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11332004

•

New surgical treatments for menorrhagia. Author(s): Sowter MC. Source: Lancet. 2003 April 26; 361(9367): 1456-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12727413

•

Nitric oxide synthase expression and steroid regulation in the uterus of women with menorrhagia. Author(s): Zervou S, Klentzeris LD, Old RW. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 1999 November; 5(11): 1048-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10541567

•

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in menorrhagia. Author(s): Duncan KM, Hart LL. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1993 November; 27(11): 1353-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8286809

•

Non-surgical management options for menorrhagia. Author(s): Baxter N. Source: Nurs Times. 2003 November 11-17; 99(45): 24-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14649179

36

Menorrhagia

•

OB/GYN virtual consult--menorrhagia for 6 months in a 31-year-old. Author(s): Griffiths M. Source: Medscape Women's Health [electronic Resource]. 1999 January-February; 4(1): 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10089556

•

On the value of menorrhagia as a predictor for coagulation disorders. Author(s): Edlund M, Blomback M, von Schoultz B, Andersson O. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1996 December; 53(4): 234-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8948660

•

Operative hysteroscopy: minimally invasive surgery to control of menorrhagia. Author(s): Bacsko G, Major T, Csiszar P, Borsos A. Source: Acta Chir Hung. 1997; 36(1-4): 7-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9408267

•

Oral contraceptives are drug of choice for menorrhagia in the Netherlands. Author(s): Zwart S, Meijer LJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 January 4; 314(7073): 75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9001504

•

Outcomes after rollerball endometrial ablation for menorrhagia. Author(s): McCausland VM, McCausland AM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 November; 98(5 Pt 1): 874-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11704187

•

Outcomes after rollerball endometrial ablation for menorrhagia. Author(s): Dutton C, Ackerson L, Phelps-Sandall B. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 July; 98(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11430953

•

Partial rollerball endometrial ablation: a modification of total ablation to treat menorrhagia without causing complications from intrauterine adhesions. Author(s): McCausland AM, McCausland VM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 June; 180(6 Pt 1): 1512-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10368499

•

Perceptions of women on the impact of menorrhagia on their health using multiattribute utility assessment. Author(s): Shaw RW, Brickley MR, Evans L, Edwards MJ. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1998 November; 105(11): 1155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9853763

Studies

37

•

Perimenstrual complaints in women complaining of PMS, menorrhagia, and dysmenorrhea: toward a dismantling of the premenstrual syndrome. Author(s): Bancroft J, Williamson L, Warner P, Rennie D, Smith SK. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1993 March-April; 55(2): 133-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8475227

•

Persistent menorrhagia despite total absence of endometrium. Author(s): Ewen SP, Sutton CJ. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1993 September; 100(9): 866. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8218014

•

Phospholipase activity in the endometrium of women with normal menstrual blood loss and women with proven ovulatory menorrhagia. Author(s): Bonney RC, Higham JM, Watson H, Beesley JS, Shaw RW, Franks S. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991 April; 98(4): 363-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2031895

•

Photocoagulation of the endometrium with the Nd:YAG laser for the treatment of menorrhagia. A report of ten cases. Author(s): Lomano JM. Source: J Reprod Med. 1986 February; 31(2): 148-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3754283

•

Pituitary and ovarian hormone levels in unexplained menorrhagia. Author(s): Eldred JM, Thomas EJ. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994 November; 84(5): 775-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7936511

•

Platelet functional defects in women with unexplained menorrhagia. Author(s): Philipp CS, Dilley A, Miller CH, Evatt B, Baranwal A, Schwartz R, Bachmann G, Saidi P. Source: Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : Jth. 2003 March; 1(3): 477-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12871453

•

Post tubal ligation menorrhagia and pelvic pain. Author(s): Ringrose CA. Source: Int J Fertil. 1974; 19(3): 168-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4375128

38

Menorrhagia

•

Precise measurements of intrauterine vascular structures at hysteroscopy in menorrhagia and during Norplant use. Author(s): Hickey M, Dwarte D, Fraser IS. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1998 November; 13(11): 3190-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9853879

•

Prediction of successful menorrhagia treatment after thermal balloon endometrial ablation. Author(s): Shaamash AH, Sayed EH. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2004 June; 30(3): 210-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15210045

•

Preliminary clinical experience with a thermal balloon endometrial ablation method to treat menorrhagia. Author(s): Singer A, Almanza R, Gutierrez A, Haber G, Bolduc LR, Neuwirth R. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994 May; 83(5 Pt 1): 732-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8164933

•

Preliminary results in the treatment of menorrhagia with danazol. Author(s): Chimbira TH, Cope E, Anderson AB, Bolton FG. Source: J Int Med Res. 1977; 5 Suppl 3: 98-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=913887

•

Preliminary results on clinical and endocrine studies in the treatment of menorrhagia with danazol. Author(s): Chimbira TH, Anderson AB, Cope E, Turnbull AC. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1979; 55 Suppl 5: 90-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=395527

•

Premenstrual syndrome improvement after laser ablation of the endometrium for menorrhagia. Author(s): Lefler HT Jr. Source: J Reprod Med. 1989 November; 34(11): 905-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2585393

•

Premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhea, and menorrhagia. Author(s): Vaughn BM, Ronner W. Source: Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1989 December; 1(2): 212-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2491123

Studies

39

•

Prevalence of inherited bleeding disorders in cases of idiopathic menorrhagia: a case of five blind men describing an elephant. Author(s): Ghosh K, Trasi S, Nair S, Shetty S, Mohanty D. Source: Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : Jth. 2003 October; 1(10): 2242-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14521612

•

Primary and myoma-associated menorrhagia: role of prostaglandins and effects of ibuprofen. Author(s): Makarainen L, Ylikorkala O. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1986 September; 93(9): 974-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3533137

•

Prognostic factors for the success of thermal balloon ablation in the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Bongers MY, Mol BW, Brolmann HA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 June; 99(6): 1060-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12052600

•

Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors in menorrhagia, intrauterine contraceptive deviceinduced side effects and endometriosis. Author(s): Ylikorkala O. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 1994; 75 Suppl 2: 86-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7816792

•

Prostaglandins and menorrhagia. Author(s): Nygren KG, Rybo G. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. Supplement. 1983; 113: 101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6344539

•

Prostaglandins in menstrual fluid in menorrhagia and dysmenorrhoea. Author(s): Rees MC, Anderson AB, Demers LM, Turnbull AC. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1984 July; 91(7): 673-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6589016

•

Psychiatric morbidity following endometrial ablation and its association with genuine menorrhagia. Author(s): Wright B, Gannon MJ, Greenberg M, House A, Rutherford T. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 April; 110(4): 358-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12699796

40

Menorrhagia

•

Psychogenic menorrhagia. Author(s): Ballinger CB. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1983; 27(4): 328-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6620211

•

Psychosocial and other characteristics of women complaining of menorrhagia, with and without actual increased menstrual blood loss. Author(s): Hurskainen R, Aalto AM, Teperi J, Grenman S, Kivela A, Kujansuu E, Vuorma S, Yliskoski M, Paavonen J. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 March; 108(3): 281-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11281469

•

Puberty menorrhagia due to Bernard Soulier syndrome and its successful treatment by 'Ovral' hormonal tablets. Author(s): Sharma JB, Buckshee K, Sharma S. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1991 November; 31(4): 369-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1799356

•

Quality of life and cost-effectiveness of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system versus hysterectomy for treatment of menorrhagia: a randomised trial. Author(s): Hurskainen R, Teperi J, Rissanen P, Aalto AM, Grenman S, Kivela A, Kujansuu E, Vuorma S, Yliskoski M, Paavonen J. Source: Lancet. 2001 January 27; 357(9252): 273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11214131

•

Quality of life and patient satisfaction following treatment for menorrhagia. Author(s): Coulter A, Peto V, Jenkinson C. Source: Family Practice. 1994 December; 11(4): 394-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7895967

•

Quality of life instruments in studies of menorrhagia: a systematic review. Author(s): Clin Evid. 2002 Dec;(8):1934-50 Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2002 September 10; 104(2): 96-104. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12603977

•

Quality of medical information about menorrhagia on the worldwide web. Author(s): Latthe PM, Latthe M, Khan KS. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2000 January; 107(1): 39-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10645860

Studies

41

•

Randomised comparative trial of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and norethisterone for treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia. Author(s): Paul AC, Choy CC. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1999 May; 106(5): 512. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10430209

•

Randomised comparative trial of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and norethisterone for treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia. Author(s): Irvine GA, Campbell-Brown MB, Lumsden MA, Heikkila A, Walker JJ, Cameron IT. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1998 June; 105(6): 592-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9647148

•

Randomised controlled trial comparing endometrial resection with abdominal hysterectomy for the surgical treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Dwyer N, Hutton J, Stirrat GM. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1993 March; 100(3): 237-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8476829

•

Randomised controlled trial exists of levonorgestrel intrauterine system for menorrhagia. Author(s): Ikomi A, Gupta N. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 October 31; 317(7167): 1250. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9794876

•

Randomised controlled trial of educational package on management of menorrhagia in primary care: the Anglia menorrhagia education study. Author(s): Fender GR, Prentice A, Gorst T, Nixon RM, Duffy SW, Day NE, Smith SK. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 May 8; 318(7193): 1246-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10231255

•

Randomized trial of 2 hormonal and 2 prostaglandin-inhibiting agents in women with a complaint of menorrhagia. Author(s): Fraser IS, McCarron G. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1991 February; 31(1): 66-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1872778

42

Menorrhagia

•

Reconsidering menorrhagia in gynecological practice. Is a 30-year-old definition still valid? Author(s): Janssen CA, Scholten PC, Heintz AP. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1998 May; 78(1): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9605452

•

Reduction of menstrual blood loss by danazol in unexplained menorrhagia: lack of effect of placebo. Author(s): Chimbira TH, Anderson AB, Naish C, Cope E, Turnbull AC. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1980 December; 87(12): 1152-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7002206

•

Reduction of menstrual blood loss in women suffering from idiopathic menorrhagia with a novel antifibrinolytic drug (Kabi 2161). Author(s): Edlund M, Andersson K, Rybo G, Lindoff C, Astedt B, von Schoultz B. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1995 November; 102(11): 913-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8534629

•

Roaccutane and menorrhagia. Author(s): Christmas T. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1988 March; 18(3): 576-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2965167

•

Safety and efficacy of hysteroscopic endomyometrial resection-ablation for menorrhagia. Author(s): Ravi B, Schiavello H, Chandra P, Takeshige T. Source: J Reprod Med. 2001 August; 46(8): 717-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11547645

•

Schistosomiasis of the uterus in a patient with dysmenorrhoea and menorrhagia. Author(s): Boers KE, Sastrowijoto PH, Elzakker van EP, Hermans MP. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2003 May 1; 108(1): 106-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12694982

•

Schmidt's syndrome: a rare cause of puberty menorrhagia. Author(s): Sharma JB, Tiwari S, Gulati N, Sharma S. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1990 December; 33(4): 373-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1979293

Studies

43

•

Severe menorrhagia due to factor VII deficiency successfully treated by thermal balloon endometrial ablation. Author(s): Fasouliotis SJ, Shushan A. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2003 February; 10(1): 116-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12555005

•

Severe menorrhagia due to Glanzmann thrombasthenia treated with hydrothermal ablation. Author(s): Jimenez JS, Martin I, de La Fuente L, Mu-Oz JL, Vaquero G, Ramirez M, Perez C, de La Fuente P. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2000 May; 7(2): 265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10806276

•

Short and medium term outcomes after rollerball endometrial ablation for menorrhagia. Author(s): Fraser IS, Angsuwathana S, Mahmoud F, Yezerski S. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1993 April 5; 158(7): 454-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8469193

•

Short-term and long-term outcome of management of menorrhagia with a balloon thermo-ablation system. Author(s): Baruah S, Etherington IJ. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 July; 23(4): 431-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12881089

•

Studies in menorrhagia: (a) mefenamic acid, (b) endometrial prostaglandin concentrations. Author(s): Haynes PJ, Flint AP, Hodgson H, Anderson AB, Dray F, Turnbull AC. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1980 May-June; 17(6): 567-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6106574

•

Studies in patients with functional menorrhagia. The antihemorrhagic effect of the adequate repletion of iron stores. Author(s): Samuels AJ. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1965 July; 1(4): 851-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5856130

44

Menorrhagia

•

Studies on IUD-induced menorrhagia and increased synthesis of prostacyclin in endometrium. Author(s): Zheng XL, Lo LL. Source: J Tongji Med Univ. 1988; 8(4): 232-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3150468

•

Successful use of recombinant VIIa (Novoseven) and endometrial ablation in a patient with intractable menorrhagia secondary to FVII deficiency. Author(s): White B, O'Connor H, Smith OP. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 2000 March; 11(2): 155-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10759008

•

Surface vascularization and endometrial appearance in women with menorrhagia or using levonorgestrel contraceptive implants. Implications for the mechanisms of breakthrough bleeding. Author(s): Hickey M, Fraser IS. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 September; 17(9): 2428-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12202436

•

Surgical alternatives to hysterectomy for intractable menorrhagia. Author(s): Boto TC, Fowler CG. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1990 August; 44(2): 93-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2207491

•

The cost-effectiveness of preference-based treatment allocation: the case of hysterectomy versus endometrial resection in the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Sculpher M. Source: Health Economics. 1998 March; 7(2): 129-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9565169

•

The effect of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device in the treatment of myoma-related menorrhagia. Author(s): Mercorio F, De Simone R, Di Spiezio Sardo A, Cerrota G, Bifulco G, Vanacore F, Nappi C. Source: Contraception. 2003 April; 67(4): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12684148

Studies

45

•

The effectiveness of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in menorrhagia: a systematic review. Author(s): Hurskainen R, Paavonen J, Teperi J. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 January; 110(1): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12504952

•

The effectiveness of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in menorrhagia: a systematic review. Author(s): Stewart A, Cummins C, Gold L, Jordan R, Phillips W. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 January; 108(1): 74-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11213008

•

The levonorgestrel intrauterine system in the management of menorrhagia. Author(s): Barrington JW, Bowen-Simpkins P. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1997 May; 104(5): 614-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9166207

•

The levonorgestrel intrauterine system: a simple and effective alternative for the management of menorrhagia? Author(s): Farquhar CM. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2002 October 21; 177(8): 444-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12381255

•

The management of menorrhagia--SMART study (Satisfaction with Mirena and Ablation: a Randomised Trial). Author(s): Johnson N, Busfield R, Sadler L, Lethaby A, Farquhar C. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 July; 108(7): 773-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11467716

•

The role of transvaginal ultrasonography and outpatient diagnostic hysteroscopy in the evaluation of patients with menorrhagia. Author(s): Vercellini P, Cortesi I, Oldani S, Moschetta M, De Giorgi O, Crosignani PG. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1997 August; 12(8): 1768-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9308809

•

The surgical management of menorrhagia. Author(s): Abbott JA, Garry R. Source: Human Reproduction Update. 2002 January-February; 8(1): 68-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11866242

46

Menorrhagia

•

The use of uterine thermal balloon for treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): McNutt JR. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 1998 February; 5(1): 86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9546872

•

Therapeutic effects of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in the treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia. Author(s): Xiao B, Wu SC, Chong J, Zeng T, Han LH, Luukkainen T. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 April; 79(4): 963-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12749438

•

Therapeutic use of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in women with menorrhagia: a pilot study(1). Author(s): Monteiro I, Bahamondes L, Diaz J, Perrotti M, Petta C. Source: Contraception. 2002 May; 65(5): 325-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12057782

•

Thermal balloon ablation in myoma-induced menorrhagia under local anesthesia. Author(s): Soysal ME, Soysal SK, Vicdan K. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2001; 51(2): 128-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11223708

•

Thermal balloon and rollerball ablation to treat menorrhagia: a multicenter comparison. Author(s): Wortman M. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 December; 92(6): 1057-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9840576

•

Thermal balloon and rollerball ablation to treat menorrhagia: a multicenter comparison. Author(s): Meyer WR, Walsh BW, Grainger DA, Peacock LM, Loffer FD, Steege JF. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 July; 92(1): 98-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9649102

•

Thermal balloon and rollerball ablation to treat menorrhagia: two-year results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Author(s): Grainger DA, Tjaden BL, Rowland C, Meyer WR. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2000 May; 7(2): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10806258

Studies

47

•

Thermal balloon endometrial ablation to treat menorrhagia in high-risk surgical candidates. Author(s): Aletebi FA, Vilos GA, Eskandar MA. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 1999 November; 6(4): 435-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10548701

•

Thermoablation of the endometrium for menorrhagia in a patient who had a small bowel transplantation. Author(s): Braun M, Schoenfeld A, Niv Y. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2002 October; 35(4): 360-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352305

•

Three-year comparison of thermal balloon and rollerball ablation in treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Loffer FD. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2001 February; 8(1): 48-54. Erratum In: J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2001 May; 8(2): 330. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11172114

•

Three-year follow-up of uterine thermal balloon therapy for treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Fernandez H, Gervaise A, de Tayrac R. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2001 May; 8(2): 327-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11342746

•

Tranexamic acid: a review of its use in the management of menorrhagia. Author(s): Wellington K, Wagstaff AJ. Source: Drugs. 2003; 63(13): 1417-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12825966

•

Treatment of adenomyosis-associated menorrhagia with a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device. Author(s): Fedele L, Bianchi S, Raffaelli R, Portuese A, Dorta M. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1997 September; 68(3): 426-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9314908

•

Treatment of menorrhagia during menstruation: randomised controlled trial of ethamsylate, mefenamic acid, and tranexamic acid. Author(s): Bonnar J, Sheppard BL. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 September 7; 313(7057): 579-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8806245

48

Menorrhagia

•

Treatment of menorrhagia in von Willebrand's disease. Author(s): Onundarson PT. Source: Haemophilia : the Official Journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia. 1999 January; 5(1): 76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10215952

•

Treatment of menorrhagia with a novel 'frameless' intrauterine levonorgestrelreleasing drug delivery system: a pilot study. Author(s): Wildemeersch D, Schacht E. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 2001 June; 6(2): 93-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11518454

•

Treatment of menorrhagia with the levonorgestrel intrauterine system versus endometrial resection. Author(s): Istre O, Trolle B. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 August; 76(2): 304-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11476777

•

Treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Mol BW, Bongers MY, Brolmann HA. Source: Lancet. 2001 June 9; 357(9271): 1886-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11417584

•

Unexplained menorrhagia and hematuria: a case report of Munchausen's syndrome by proxy. Author(s): Souid AK, Korins K, Keith D, Dubansky S, Sadowitz PD. Source: Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 1993 July-September; 10(3): 245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8217540

•

Unexplained menorrhagia: problems with management. Author(s): Oronsaye AU, Orhue AE, Unuigbe JA. Source: Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol. 1985 June; 11(2): 177-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4038170

•

Use of a superactive luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist in the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Shaw RW, Fraser HM. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1984 September; 91(9): 913-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6433966

Studies

49

•

Use of danazol in hysteroscopic surgery for menorrhagia. Author(s): Goldrath MH. Source: J Reprod Med. 1990 January; 35(1 Suppl): 91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2136915

•

Use of goserelin depot, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, for the treatment of menorrhagia and severe anemia in women with leiomyomata uteri. Author(s): Candiani GB, Vercellini P, Fedele L, Arcaini L, Bianchi S, Candiani M. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1990; 69(5): 413-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2148663

•

Uterine balloon therapy to treat menorrhagia. Author(s): Buckshee K, Banerjee K, Bhatla H. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1998 November; 63(2): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9856319

•

Uterine endometrial thermal balloon therapy for the treatment of menorrhagia: longterm multicentre follow-up study. Author(s): Amso NN, Fernandez H, Vilos G, Fortin C, McFaul P, Schaffer M, Van der Heijden PF, Bongers MY, Sanders B, Blanc B. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2003 May; 18(5): 1082-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12721188

•

Uterine thermal balloon therapy for the treatment of menorrhagia: the first 300 patients from a multi-centre study. International Collaborative Uterine Thermal Balloon Working Group. Author(s): Amso NN, Stabinsky SA, McFaul P, Blanc B, Pendley L, Neuwirth R. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1998 May; 105(5): 517-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9637121

•

Uterine thermal balloon therapy under local anaesthesia for the treatment of menorrhagia: a pilot study. Author(s): Fernandez H, Capella S, Audibert F. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1997 November; 12(11): 2511-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9436696

•

Validation of a method of treating menorrhagia by endometrial ablation. Author(s): Phipps JH, Smith T, Dymek P, Hesp R, Lewis BV. Source: Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement : an Official Journal of the Hospital Physicists' Association, Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Medizinische Physik and the European Federation of Organisations for Medical Physics. 1992 August; 13(3): 273-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1424477

50

Menorrhagia

•

Vascular smooth muscle alpha-actin distribution around endometrial arterioles during the menstrual cycle: increased expression during the perimenopause and lack of correlation with menorrhagia. Author(s): Abberton KM, Taylor NH, Healy DL, Rogers PA. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1996 January; 11(1): 204-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8671187

•

Venous stasis retinopathy after long-standing menorrhagia. Author(s): Kurzel RB, Angerman NS. Source: J Reprod Med. 1978 April; 20(4): 239-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=671394

•

Vitamin A in the treatment of menorrhagia. Author(s): Lithgow DM, Politzer WM. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1977 February 12; 51(7): 191-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=847567

•

Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol) in the management of menorrhagia associated with the use of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD). Author(s): Dasgupta PR, Dutta S, Banerjee P, Majumdar S. Source: Int J Fertil. 1983; 28(1): 55-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6134690

•

von Willebrand disease and other inherited bleeding disorders in women with diagnosed menorrhagia. Author(s): Dilley A, Drews C, Miller C, Lally C, Austin H, Ramaswamy D, Lurye D, Evatt B. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 April; 97(4): 630-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11275041

•

von Willebrand disease in women with menorrhagia: a systematic review. Author(s): Shankar M, Lee CA, Sabin CA, Economides DL, Kadir RA. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2004 July; 111(7): 734-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15198765

•

von Willebrand disease: a rare cause of puberty menorrhagia. Author(s): Ahuja R, Kriplani A, Choudhary VP, Takkar D. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1995 August; 35(3): 337-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8546661

Studies

51

53

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MENORRHAGIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and menorrhagia.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Menorrhagia The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “menorrhagia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

54

Menorrhagia

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “menorrhagia” (or a synonym): •

50 cases of dysfunctional uterine bleeding treated by puncturing the effective points-a new system of acupuncture. Author(s): Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing. Source: Zhang, Y Wang, X J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1994 December; 14(4): 287-91 0254-6272

•

Management of IUD-associated menorrhagia in female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Author(s): Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India. Source: Barthwal, M Srivastava, K Adv-Contracept. 1991 March; 7(1): 67-76 0267-4874

•

The possible relationship between menorrhagia and occult hypothyroidism in IUDwearing women. Author(s): Family Planning Clinic, Mishmar Hayarden, Kupat Holim, Dan District, Ghivataym, Israel. Source: Blum, M Blum, G Adv-Contracept. 1992 December; 8(4): 313-7 0267-4874

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Nutrition

55

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to menorrhagia; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin A Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin A Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin E Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin K Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

•

Minerals Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iron Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

56

•

Menorrhagia

Food and Diet Cinnamon Alternative names: Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

57

CHAPTER 3. MENORRHAGIA

ALTERNATIVE

MEDICINE

AND

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to menorrhagia. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to menorrhagia and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “menorrhagia” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to menorrhagia: •

50 cases of dysfunctional uterine bleeding treated by puncturing the effective points-a new system of acupuncture. Author(s): Zhang Y, Wang X. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1994 December; 14(4): 287-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7877341

•

A comparative study of the usefulness of toki-shakuyaku-san and an oral iron preparation in the treatment of hypochromic anemia in cases of uterine myoma. Author(s): Akase T, Akase T, Onodera S, Jobo T, Matsushita R, Kaneko M, Tashiro S. Source: Yakugaku Zasshi. Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan. 2003 September; 123(9): 817-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14513774

58

Menorrhagia

•

A review of controlled trials of acupuncture for women's reproductive health care. Author(s): White AR. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2003 October; 29(4): 233-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14662058

•

Anaesthesia and radiofrequency endometrial ablation. Author(s): Page VJ. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1993 January; 10(1): 25-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8432271

•

Audit of currently available endometrial ablative techniques. Author(s): Overton C, Maresh MJ. Source: Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1995 June; 9(2): 357-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7554618

•

Blood and neoplastic diseases. Thrombocytopenia. Author(s): Barkhan P. Source: British Medical Journal. 1974 May 11; 2(914): 324-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4857083

•

Clinico-haematological profile of isolated PF3 availability defect: therapeutic potential of soya bean--a pilot study. Author(s): Saxena R, Choudhry VP, Mishra DK, Kashyap R, Mohanty S, Mahapatra M, Dwivedi SN. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 1999 May; 62(5): 327-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10359061

•

Differential TCM treatment of anovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Author(s): Wang Z. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1995 December; 15(4): 270-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8709607

•

Drug-induced anaemias. Author(s): Girdwood RH. Source: Drugs. 1976; 11(5): 394-404. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=782836

•

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding with concomitant low back and lower extremity pain. Author(s): Stude DE.

Alternative Medicine 59

Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1991 October; 14(8): 472-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1834755 •

Effects of Tripterygium wilfordii on the menstruation of 50 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis--with a summary of its therapeutic effects in 12 cases of menorrhagia. Author(s): Shu HY, Liu PL, Huang GY. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1984 September; 4(3): 237-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6570157

•

Emergency contraception: a review. Author(s): Haspels AA. Source: Contraception. 1994 August; 50(2): 101-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7956209

•

Endometrial balloon ablation as a therapy for intractable uterine bleeding in an adolescent. Author(s): Zurawin RK, Pramanik S. Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2001 August; 14(3): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11675228

•

Ethnobotanical literature survey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used for women's health conditions. Author(s): Ososki AL, Lohr P, Reiff M, Balick MJ, Kronenberg F, Fugh-Berman A, O'Connor B. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 March; 79(3): 285-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11849831

•

Evaluation of Asoka Aristha, an indigenous medicine in Sri Lanka. Author(s): Middelkoop TB, Labadie RP. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1983 September; 8(3): 313-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6417419

•

Fibrinogen St. Gallen I (gamma 292 Gly--> Val): evidence for structural alterations causing defective polymerization and fibrinogenolysis. Author(s): Stucki B, Schmutz P, Schmid L, Haeberli A, Lammle B, Furlan M. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1999 February; 81(2): 268-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10064005

•

Folk herbal medicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals of southern Rajasthan, India. Author(s): Jain A, Katewa SS, Chaudhary BL, Galav P.

60

Menorrhagia

Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004 January; 90(1): 171-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14698527 •

Functional gynaecological disorders. Author(s): Adam GS. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1966 July 9; 2(2): 82-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5945873

•

Functional menorrhagia: treatment with bioflavonoids and vitamin C. Author(s): COHEN JD, RUBIN HW. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1960 November; 2: 539-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13694387

•

Further gynecological conditions treated by hypnotherapy. Author(s): LECKIE FH. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1965 January; 13: 11-25. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14255619

•

Gynecology: select topics. Author(s): Sidani M, Campbell J. Source: Primary Care. 2002 June; 29(2): 297-321, Vi. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12391713

•

High dose of tranexamic acid for treatment of severe menorrhagia in patients with von Willebrand disease. Author(s): Mohri H. Source: Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis. 2002 December; 14(3): 255-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12913407

•

Iron deficiency anaemia in women of South Asian descent: a qualitative study. Author(s): Chapple A. Source: Ethnicity & Health. 1998 August; 3(3): 199-212. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9798118

•

Key developments in women's health. Author(s): Hope S. Source: The Practitioner. 1999 June; 243(1599): 455-6, 459-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10476564

•

Menorrhagia; psychosomatic considerations; report of a case. Author(s): STEINER SA.

Alternative Medicine 61

Source: Med Ann Dist Columbia. 1951 September; 20(9): 483-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14862548 •

Mitotic arrest of endometrial epithelium after paclitaxel therapy for breast cancer. Author(s): Irving JA, McFarland DF, Stuart DS, Gilks CB. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Pathology : Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 2000 October; 19(4): 395-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11109173

•

Plants used for reproductive health in Oaxaca, Mexico. Author(s): Browner CH. Source: Econ Bot. 1985 October-December; 39(4): 482-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12342712

•

Sarcomatoid variant of B-cell lymphoma of the uterine cervix. Author(s): Kahlifa M, Buckstein R, Perez-Ordonez B. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Pathology : Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 2003 July; 22(3): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12819398

•

Some herbal remedies from Manzini region of Swaziland. Author(s): Amusan OO, Dlamini PS, Msonthi JD, Makhubu LP. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 January; 79(1): 109-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11744303

•

TCM treatment of adolescent functional uterine hemorrhage--a clinical report of 105 cases. Author(s): Gao J. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1990 June; 10(2): 118-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2391993

•

The action of Saraca asoca Roxb. de Wilde bark on the PGH2 synthetase enzyme complex of the sheep vesicular gland. Author(s): Middelkoop TB, Labadie RP. Source: Z Naturforsch [c]. 1985 July-August; 40(7-8): 523-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3931371

•

Treatment of functional menorrhagia by radiofrequency-induced thermal endometrial ablation. Author(s): Phipps JH, Lewis BV, Roberts T, Prior MV, Hand JW, Elder M, Field SB.

62

Menorrhagia

Source: Lancet. 1990 February 17; 335(8686): 374-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1968117 •

Treatment of menorrhagia by radiofrequency heating. Author(s): Prior MV, Phipps JH, Roberts T, Lewis BV, Hand JW, Field SB. Source: International Journal of Hyperthermia : the Official Journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group. 1991 March-April; 7(2): 213-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1880453

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to menorrhagia; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Hypothyroidism Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iron-Deficiency Anemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 63

Menorrhagia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •

Chinese Medicine Yimucao Liujingao Alternative names: Liquid Extract of Motherwort Herb; Yimucao Liujingao Extractum Leonuri Liquidum Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

•

Herbs and Supplements Cranesbill Alternative names: Geranium maculatum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Flavonoids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oak Alternative names: Quercus spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Periwinkle Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Progesterone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Red Raspberry Alternative names: Rubus idaeus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Shephard's Purse Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Vitex Alternative names: Vitex agnus-castus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

64

Menorrhagia

Witch Hazel Alternative names: Hamamelis virginiana Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

65

CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON MENORRHAGIA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “menorrhagia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on menorrhagia, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Menorrhagia By performing a patent search focusing on menorrhagia, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

66

Menorrhagia

example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on menorrhagia: •

Method and apparatus for creating intrauterine adhesions Inventor(s): Duchon; Douglas J. (Chanhassen, MN), Presthus; James (Edina, MN) Assignee(s): Impres Medical, Inc. (Edina, MN) Patent Number: 6,708,056 Date filed: April 24, 2001 Abstract: An apparatus and method of use or treatment are disclosed for creating intrauterine adhesions resulting in amenorrhea. In particular, the apparatus relates to an easily deployed intrauterine implant that readily and consistently reduces or eliminates abnormal intrauterine bleeding. In addition, the apparatus is also used as a uterine marker device for visualizing endometrial tissue thickness and potential changes. The method of the present invention serves as a supplement to or a replacement for conventional hysterectomy or ablation/resection procedures used to treat menorrhagia. Excerpt(s): Menstrual bleeding is a part of normal life for women. The onset of menstruation, termed menarche, usually occurs at the age of 12 or 13. The length of a woman's monthly cycle may be irregular during the first one to two years. Once the menstrual cycle stabilizes, a normal cycle may range from 20 to 40 days, with 28 days commonly being an average. Age, weight, athletic activity and alcohol consumption are several factors that affect menstrual cycles. For example, younger women (under the age of 21) and older women (over the age of 49) tend to have longer cycle times, generally averaging 31 days and over. Similarly, women who are very thin or athletic also have longer cycles. In contrast, women who consume alcohol on a regular basis tend to have shorter cycle times. Nearly all women, at some time during their reproductive life, experience some type of menstrual disorder. These disorders range from mild to severe, often resulting in numerous lost work hours and the disruption of personal/family life each month. In general, physical symptoms such as bloating, breast tenderness, severe cramping (dysmenorrhea) and slight, temporary weight gain frequently occur during most menstrual cycles. In addition to physical symptoms, emotional hypersensitivity is also very common. Women report a wide range of emotional symptoms, including depression, anxiety, anger, tension and irritability. These symptoms are worse a week or so before a woman's menstrual period, generally resolving afterward. Many women also suffer from a condition called menorrhagia (heavy bleeding). Menorrhagia is a clinical problem characterized by extremely heavy flow/bleeding and major discomfort characterized by blood loss exceeding 80 cc/month. It is estimated that 1 in 5 women between the ages of 35 and 50, or approximately 6.4 million women in the United States alone, are affected by menorrhagia. Fibroids, hormonal imbalance and certain drugs, such as anticoagulants and anti-inflammatory medications, are common causes of heavy bleeding. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06708056__

Patents 67

•

Method for diagnosis of menorrhagia menstrual cycle disorders and their causes Inventor(s): Botton; Ronnie (8 Tabenkin Street, Herzlia, IL), Navot; Nir (1 Hapaamon Street, Rosh Haayin, IL) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,063,042 Date filed: October 30, 1998 Abstract: A system for diagnosis of menorrhagia, menstrual cycle disorders and their causes comprising (a) a device including (i) a menses-collecting article, e.g., insertable into a vagina; (ii) at least one sensor for sensing a presence of menses in one or more distinct locations of the menses-collecting article; and (iii) a reporter being in data communication with the at least one sensor for reporting the presence of menses in the one or more distinct locations of the menses-collecting article, the reporter serving for recording information relating to the presence of menses in the one or more distinct locations of the menses-collecting article in a time related manner; and (b) an analyzing unit for receiving the information from the reporter and for analyzing the information. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates, in general, to the diagnosis of menorrhagia, menstrual cycle disorders and their causes, and more particularly to a device, method and system for diagnosis of menorrhagia, menstrual cycle disorders and their causes. In most women menses occurs every 21 to 35 days, has a duration of 4 to 6 days and a volume of 30 to 80 ml. Excessive uterine bleeding (menorrhagia) is a common and distressing symptom. Its effect on the patient herself and her surroundings is great. Menorrhagia affects 15% to 20% of otherwise healthy women and can be indicative of cancer, endocrinological disorders or gynecological diseases. Menorrhagia is technically defined as menses lasting longer than 7 days or a blood loss volume in excess of 60 to 80 ml. With volumes greater than 80 ml, the risk of sever anemia becomes rather high. In theory, menorrhagia can be precisely defined by the duration and volume of uterine bleeding; in fact, a woman's report of excessive bleeding, whether she describes it as "large amounts", "clotting, "flooding", or "heavy use of tampons", has little correlation with the actual amount of blood lost. Fewer than half of women who complained of excessive bleeding actually had menstrual blood loss of more than 80 ml per menstrual period [Treatment decisions in the management of Menorrhagia, Jo Ann Rosenfeld, Medscape Women's Health 2(1), 1997]. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06063042__

•

Progesterone antagonists for the production of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding Inventor(s): Chwalsz; Kristof (Berlin, DE), Stockemann; Klaus (Berlin, DE) Assignee(s): Schering Aktiengesellschaft (Berlin, DE) Patent Number: 6,451,780 Date filed: July 12, 2000 Abstract: Competitive progesterone antagonists (antigestagens) are suitable for the production of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of forms of dysfunctional uterine bleeding (metrorrhagias, menorrhagias, hypermenorrhea). Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of at least one compound with a progesterone-antagonistic (PA) action for the production of pharmaceutical agents for

68

Menorrhagia

the treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Forms of dysfunctional uterine bleeding (dysfunctional or abnormal uterine bleeding, metrorrhagias and menorrhagias, hypermenorrhea) are forms of pathological bleeding that are not attributable to organic changes in the uterus (such as, e.g., endometrial carcinoma, myomas, polyps, etc.), systemic coagulation disorders, or a pathological pregnancy (e.g., ectopic pregnancy, impending abortion) (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 1982). The average blood loss during normal menstruation is about 30 ml, whereby the period lasts for an average of 5 days. If the blood loss exceeds 80 ml, it is classified as pathological (Zahradnik HP, (1992) Menstruation. In Kaser O et al. (editors) Gynakologie und Geburtshilfe [Gynecology and Obstetrics], Vol. 1/2, Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, New York: 7.31-7.51). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06451780__ •

Treatment of menorrhagia, hypermenorrhea, dysmenorrhea and menstrual migraines by the administration of an antibacterial milk product Inventor(s): Henn; Dale R. (Minneapolis, MN) Assignee(s): Humanetics Corporation (Chauhassen, MN) Patent Number: 6,770,280 Date filed: November 15, 2001 Abstract: Treatment of menorrhagia, hypermenorrhea and dysmenorrhea by the administration of a therapeutic amount of an antibacterial milk product. Excerpt(s): Many women suffer from menorrhagia, hypermenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menstrual migraines and combinations thereof. Menorrhagia is defined as excessive menstrual bleeding in the absence of organic pathology. Hypermenorrhea is defined as excessive duration of menstruation in the absence of organic pathology. Menorrhagia and hypermenorrhea have no known etiology. It has, however, been postulated that menorrhagia and hypermenorrhea are the result of an inappropriate exposure of the endometrium to hormones. Menorrhagia is an exceedingly common problem, typically comprising approximately one in five outpatient referrals to gynecological departments. Women suffering severe menorrhagia are at risk for chronic anemia. Hypermenorrhea is also an exceedingly common problem. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06770280__

Patent Applications on Menorrhagia As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to menorrhagia:

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 69

•

Partial ablation procedure and device therefor Inventor(s): McCausland, Arthur M.; (Sacramento, CA), McCausland, Vance; (Los Angeles, CA), VanDusseldorp, Gregg A.; (Crown Point, IN) Correspondence: Hartman & Hartman, P.C.; 552 East 700 North; Valparaiso; IN; 46383; US Patent Application Number: 20030032953 Date filed: September 10, 2002 Abstract: A device and procedure for performing resections and ablations, and more particularly for performing a partial ablation of the endometrium to treat uterine bleeding (menorrhagia), by which complications caused by "total" endometrial ablation or resection are avoided. The device includes a support member, a first conductor member supported with the support member and reciprocable relative to the support member, the first conductor member having an end that extends beyond the support member, a nonconducting member interconnecting the end of the first conductor member with the support member, and at least one flexible conductor member supported with the support member and interconnected with the end of the first conductor member. Retraction of the first conductor member relative to the support member causes the nonconducting member and the flexible conductor member to expand outward from the first conductor member in substantially opposite directions. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part patent application of co-pending United States patent application Ser. No. 09/792,403, filed Feb. 23, 2001, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/185,172, filed Feb. 24, 2000. The present invention generally relates to procedures and equipment for performing resections and ablations, particularly of the endometrium to control uterine bleeding (menorrhagia). More particularly, this invention relates to a device and procedure for performing a partial ablation, e.g., of the endometrium, by which complications caused by total/global ablation or resection are minimized or avoided. Electrosurgical resection is a procedure in which damaged, diseased or enlarged tissue is removed with an electrocautery probe. An example is endometrial ablation, which is an electrosurgical alternative treatment to hysterectomy in women with menorrhagia (abnormal uterine bleeding). Another example of electrosurgical resection is transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), in which prostate tissue is removed by means of an electrocautery probe (e.g., a cutting loop) that is passed through the urethra by means of a resectoscope. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with menorrhagia, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “menorrhagia” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on menorrhagia.

70

Menorrhagia

You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning menorrhagia. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

71

CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MENORRHAGIA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover menorrhagia.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on menorrhagia is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “menorrhagia” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to menorrhagia. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “menorrhagia” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for menorrhagia: •

Lumenis menorrhagia treatment fails in study Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 04, 2002

•

Novacept wins FDA approval for menorrhagia treatment device Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 09, 2001

72

Menorrhagia

•

Endometrial ablation for menorrhagia produces excellent long-term results Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 22, 2000

•

Assessment tool effectively gauges effect of menorrhagia on quality of life Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 24, 1998 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “menorrhagia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “menorrhagia” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to menorrhagia, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

Periodicals and News

73

BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “menorrhagia” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Menorrhagia Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to menorrhagia. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering menorrhagia that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

75

CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for menorrhagia. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with menorrhagia. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

76

Menorrhagia

following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to menorrhagia: Abacavir •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ziagen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203732.html

Acarbose •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Precose http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203498.html

Acetaminophen •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aceta Elixir; Aceta Tablets; Acetaminophen Uniserts; Actamin; Actamin Extra; Actamin Super; Aminofen; Aminofen Max; Apacet Capsules; Apacet Elixir; Apacet Extra Strength Caplets; Apacet Extra Strength Tablets; Apacet Regular Strength Tablets; Apacet, Infants'; Aspirin Free Anacin Maximum Strength Caplets; Aspirin Free Anacin Maximum Strength Gel Caplets; Aspirin Free Anacin Maximum Strength Tablets; Aspirin-Free Excedrin Caplets; Banesin; Bayer Select Maximum Strength Headache Pain Relief Formula; Dapa; Dapa X-S; Datril Extra-Strength; Feverall Junior Strength; Feverall Sprinkle Caps Junior Strength; Feverall Sprinkle Caps, Children's; Feverall, Children's; Feverall, Infants'; Genapap Children's Elixir; Genapap Children's Tablets; Genapap Extra Strength Caplets; Genapap Extra Strength Tablets; Genapap Regular Strength Tablets; Genapap, Infants'; Genebs Extra Strength Caplets; Genebs Regular Strength Tablets; Genebs X-Tra; Liquiprin Children's Elixir; Liquiprin Infants' Drops; Neopap; Oraphen-PD; Panadol Junior Strength Caplets; Panadol Maximum Strength Caplets; Panadol Maximum Strength Tablets; Panadol, Children's; Panadol, Infants'; Phenaphen Caplets; Redutemp; SnapletsFR; St. Joseph Aspirin-Free Fever Reducer for Children; Suppap-120; Suppap-325; Suppap-650; Tapanol Extra Strength Caplets; Tapanol Extra Strength Tablets; Tempra; Tempra D.S; Tempra Syrup; Tempra, Infants'; Tylenol Arthritis Extended Relief; Tylenol Children's Chewable Tablets; Tylenol Children's Elixir; Tylenol Children's Suspension Liquid; Tylenol Extra Strength Caplets; Tylenol Extra Strength Gelcaps; Tylenol Extra Strength Tablets; Tylenol Extra-Strength Adult Liquid Pain Reliever; Tylenol Infants' Drops; Tylenol Infants' Suspension Drops; Tylenol Junior Strength Caplets; Tylenol Junior Strength Chewable Tablets; Tylenol Regular Strength Caplets; Tylenol Regular Strength Tablets; Valorin; Valorin Extra http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202001.html

Acetaminophen and Salicylates •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Excedrin Extra-Strength Caplets; Excedrin ExtraStrength Tablets; Excedrin Migraine; Gelpirin; Goody's Fast Pain Relief; Goody's Headache Powders; Rid-A-Pain Compound; Saleto; Supac; Vanquish Caplets http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203003.html

Acetaminophen, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Citric Acid •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Bromo-Seltzer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202005.html

Researching Medications

Acitretin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Soriatane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203365.html

Acyclovir •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zovirax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202008.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Zovirax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202009.html

Adapalene •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Differin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/209425.html

Albendazole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Albenza http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202668.html

Albumin Microspheres Sonicated •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Optison http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203714.html

Alcohol and Acetone •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Seba-Nil Liquid Cleanser; Tyrosum Liquid; Tyrosum Packets http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202019.html

Alcohol and Sulfur •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Acne Lotion 10; Liquimat Light; Liquimat Medium http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202020.html

Aldesleukin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Proleukin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202669.html

Alemtuzumab •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Campath http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500303.html

Alendronate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fosamax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202794.html

Alglucerase •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ceredase http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202625.html

77

78

Menorrhagia

Alitretinoin •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Panretin Gel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500024.html

Allopurinol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aloprim; Zyloprim http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202021.html

Alosetron •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lotronex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500107.html

Alprostadil •

Local - U.S. Brands: Caverject; Edex; Muse; Prostin VR Pediatric http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202023.html

Altretamine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hexalen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202634.html

Amantadine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Symmetrel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202024.html

Amifostine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ethyol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203557.html

Aminobenzoate Potassium •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Potaba; Potaba Envules; Potaba Powder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202025.html

Aminoglutethimide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cytadren http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202026.html

Aminoglycosides •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amikin; Garamycin; G-Mycin; Jenamicin; Kantrex; Nebcin; Netromycin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202027.html

Aminolevulinic Acid •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Levulan Kerastick http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500080.html

Aminosalicylate Sodium •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Tubasal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202028.html

Researching Medications

79

Amiodarone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cordarone; Cordarone I.V. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202029.html

Amlexanox •

Mucosal-Local - U.S. Brands: Aphthasol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203361.html

Amlodipine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Norvasc http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202670.html

Amlodipine and Benazepril •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lotrel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203634.html

Amphetamines •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Adderall; Desoxyn; Desoxyn Gradumet; Dexedrine; Dexedrine Spansule; DextroStat http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202031.html

Amphotericin B •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amphocin; Fungizone Intravenous http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202032.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Not commercially available http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202033.html

Amphotericin B Cholesteryl Complex •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amphotec http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203505.html

Amphotericin B Lipid Complex •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Abelcet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203506.html

Amphotericin B Liposomal Complex •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: AmBisome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203507.html

Amprenavir •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Agenerase http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203778.html

Anabolic Steroids •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anadrol-50; Deca-Durabolin; Durabolin; Durabolin-50; Hybolin Decanoate; Hybolin-Improved; Kabolin; Oxandrin; Winstrol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202035.html

80

Menorrhagia

Anagrelide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Agrylin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203493.html

Anastrozole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Arimidex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203659.html

Androgens •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Andro L.A. 200; Androderm; AndroGel 1%; Android; Android-F; Andronate 100; Andronate 200; Andropository 200; Andryl 200; Delatest; Delatestryl; Depotest; Depo-Testosterone; Everone 200; Halotestin; ORETON Methyl; T-Cypionate; Testamone 100; Testaqua; Testex; Testoderm; Testoderm TTS; Testoderm with Adhesives; Testopel Pellets; Testred; Testred Cypionate 200; Testrin-P.A.; Virilon; Virilon IM http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202036.html

Androgens and Estrogens •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Depo-Testadiol; Estratest; Estratest H.S.; Valertest No. 1 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202037.html

Anesthetics •

Dental - U.S. Brands: Anbesol Maximum Strength Gel; Anbesol Maximum Strength Liquid; Anbesol Regular Strength Gel; Anbesol Regular Strength Liquid; Anbesol, Baby; Benzodent; Chloraseptic Lozenges; Chloraseptic Lozenges, Children's; Dentapaine; Dent-Zel-Ite; Hurricaine; Numzident; NumZit Gel; Num-Zit Lotion; Orabase, Baby; Orabase-B with Benzocaine; Orajel Maximum Strength; Orajel Nighttime Formula, Baby; Orajel, Baby; Oratect Gel; Rid-A-Pain; SensoGARD Canker Sore Relief; Spec-T Sore Throat Anesthetic; Sucrets Maximum Strength; Sucrets Regular Strength; Sucrets, Children's; Xylocaine; Xylocaine Viscous; Zilactin-L http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202038.html

•

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: AKBeta; Betagan; Betaxon; Betimol; Betoptic; Betoptic S; Ocupress; OptiPranolol; Timoptic; Timoptic in Ocudose; Timoptic-XE http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202654.html

•

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ak-Taine; Ak-T-Caine; Alcaine; Ocu-Caine; Ophthaine; Ophthetic; Opticaine; Pontocaine; Spectro-Caine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202039.html

•

Parenteral-Local - U.S. Brands: Carbocaine; Carbocaine with Neo-Cobefrin; Chirocaine; Citanest Forte; Citanest Plain; Dalcaine; Dilocaine; Duranest; Duranest-MPF; Isocaine; L-Caine; Lidoject-1; Lidoject-2; Marcaine; Marcaine Spinal; Nesacaine; Nesacaine-MPF; Novocain; Octocaine; Polocaine; PolocaineMPF; Pontocaine; Sensorcaine; Sensorcaine-MPF; Sensorcaine-MPF Spinal; Septocaine; Xylocaine; Xylocaine-MPF; Xylocaine-MPF with Glucose http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202040.html

•

Rectal - U.S. Brands: Americaine Hemorrhoidal; Fleet Relief; Nupercainal; Pontocaine Cream â€; Pontocaine Ointment; ProctoFoam/non-steroid; Tronolane; Tronothane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202041.html

Researching Medications

81

•

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Akineton; Artane; Artane Sequels; Cogentin; Kemadrin; Parsidol; Trihexane; Trihexy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202057.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: A/T/S; Akne-Mycin; Emgel; Erycette; EryDerm; Erygel; Erymax; Ery-Sol; Erythra-Derm; ETS; Staticin; Theramycin Z; T-Stat http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202221.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Almay Anti-itch Lotion; Americaine Topical Anesthetic First Aid Ointment; Americaine Topical Anesthetic Spray; Butesin Picrate; DermaFlex; Dermoplast; Lagol; Nupercainal Cream; Nupercainal Ointment; Pontocaine Cream; Pontocaine Ointment; Pramegel; Prax; Tronothane; Xylocaine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202042.html

Anesthetics, General •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amidate; Brevital; Diprivan; E¯thrane; Fluothane; Forane; Ketalar; Penthrane; Pentothal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203043.html

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (Ace) Inhibitors •

ACE - U.S. Brands: Accupril; Aceon; Altace; Capoten; Lotensin; Mavik; Monopril; Prinivil; Univasc; Vasotec; Zestril http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202044.html

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (Ace) Inhibitors and Hydrochlorothiazide •

ACE - U.S. Brands: Accuretic; Capozide; Lotensin HCT; Prinzide; Uniretic; Vaseretic; Zestoretic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202045.html

Antacids •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Advanced Formula Di-Gel; Alamag; Alamag Plus; Alenic Alka; Alenic Alka Extra Strength; Alka-Mints; Alkets; Alkets Extra Strength; Almacone; Almacone II; AlternaGEL; Alu-Cap; Aludrox; Alu-Tab; Amitone; Amphojel; Antacid Gelcaps; Antacid Liquid; Antacid Liquid Double Strength; Basaljel; Calglycine; Chooz; Dicarbosil; Di-Gel; Equilet; Foamicon; Gaviscon; Gaviscon Extra Strength Relief Formula; Gaviscon-2; Gelusil; Genaton; Genaton Extra Strength; Kudrox Double Strength; Losopan; Losopan Plus; Lowsium Plus; Maalox; Maalox Antacid Caplets; Maalox Heartburn Relief Formula; Maalox Plus; Maalox Plus, Extra Strength; Maalox TC; Magnalox; Magnalox Plus; MagOx 400; Mallamint; Maox 420; Marblen; Mi-Acid; Mi-Acid Double Strength; Mintox; Mintox Extra Strength; Mygel; Mygel II; Mylanta; Mylanta Double Strength; Mylanta Gelcaps; Nephrox; Phillips'; Phillips' Chewable; Phillips' Concentrated Double Strength; Riopan; Riopan Plus; Riopan Plus Double Strength; Rolaids; Rulox; Rulox No. 1; Rulox No. 2; Rulox Plus; Simaal 2 Gel; Simaal Gel; Tempo; Titralac; Titralac Extra Strength; Titralac Plus; Tums; Tums Anti-gas/Antacid; Tums E-X; Tums Ultra; Uro-Mag http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202047.html

Anthralin •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Drithocreme; Drithocreme HP; Dritho-Scalp; Micanol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202048.html

82

Menorrhagia

Antiandrogens, Nonsteroidal •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Casodex; Eulexin; Nilandron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203418.html

Anticholinergics/Antispasmodics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anaspaz; A-Spas S/L; Banthine; Bentyl; Cantil; Cystospaz; Cystospaz-M; Donnamar; ED-SPAZ; Gastrosed; Homapin; Levbid; Levsin; Levsin/SL; Levsinex Timecaps; Pro-Banthine; Quarzan; Robinul; Robinul Forte; Symax SL; Transderm-Sco¯p http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202049.html

Anticoagulants •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Coumadin; Miradon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202050.html

Anticonvulsants, Hydantoin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cerebyx; Dilantin; Dilantin Infatabs; Dilantin Kapseals; Dilantin-125; Mesantoin; Peganone; Phenytek http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202052.html

Anticonvulsants, Succinimide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Celontin; Zarontin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202053.html

Antidepressants, Monoamine Oxidase (Mao) Inhibitor •

MAO - U.S. Brands: Marplan; Nardil; Parnate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202054.html

Antidepressants, Tricyclic •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anafranil; Asendin; Aventyl; Elavil; Endep; Norfranil; Norpramin; Pamelor; Sinequan; Surmontil; Tipramine; Tofranil; Tofranil-PM; Vivactil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202055.html

Antidiabetic Agents, Sulfonylurea •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amaryl; DiaBeta; Diabinese; Dymelor; Glucotrol; Glucotrol XL; Glynase PresTab; Micronase; Orinase; Tolinase http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202742.html

Antifibrinolytic Agents •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amicar; Cyklokapron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202058.html

Antifungals, Azole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Diflucan; Nizoral; Sporanox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202697.html

Researching Medications

•

83

Vaginal - U.S. Brands: FemCare; Femizol-M; Femstat 3; Gyne-Lotrimin; GyneLotrimin Combination Pack; Gyne-Lotrimin3; Gyne-Lotrimin3 Combination Pack; Miconazole-7; Monistat 1; Monistat 3; Monistat 3 Combination Pack; Monistat 5 Tampon; Monistat 7; Monistat 7 Combination Pack; Mycelex Twin Pack; Mycelex-7; Mycelex-G; Terazol 3; Terazol 7; Vagistat-1 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202294.html

Antiglaucoma Agents, Cholinergic, Long-Acting •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Humorsol; Phospholine Iodide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202059.html

Antihemophilic Factor •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alphanate; Bioclate; Helixate; Helixate FS; Hemofil M; Humate-P; Hyate:C; Koate-HP; Kogenate; Kogenate FS; Monarc-M; Monoclate-P; Recombinate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202671.html

Antihistamines •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alavert; Allegra; Aller-Chlor; AllerMax Caplets; Allermed; Atarax; Banophen; Banophen Caplets; Benadryl; Benadryl Allergy; Bromphen; Calm X; Chlo-Amine; Chlorate; Chlor-Trimeton; Chlor-Trimeton Allergy; Chlor-Trimeton Repetabs; Clarinex; Claritin; Claritin Reditabs; Compoz; Contac 12 Hour Allergy; Cophene-B; Dexchlor; Dimetapp Allergy Liqui-Gels; Dinate; Diphen Cough; Diphenhist; Diphenhist Captabs; Dormarex 2; Dramamine; Dramanate; Genahist; Gen-Allerate; Hydrate; Hyrexin; Hyzine-50; Nasahist B; Nervine Nighttime Sleep-Aid; Nolahist; Nytol QuickCaps; Nytol QuickGels; Optimine; PediaCare Allergy Formula; Periactin; Phenetron; Polaramine; Polaramine Repetabs; Siladryl; Sleep-Eze D; Sleep-Eze D Extra Strength; Sominex; Tavist; Tavist-1; Telachlor; Teldrin; Triptone Caplets; Twilite Caplets; Unisom Nighttime Sleep Aid; Unisom SleepGels Maximum Strength; Vistaril; Zyrtec http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202060.html

Antihistamines and Decongestants •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Allerest Maximum Strength; Allerphed; Atrohist Pediatric; Atrohist Pediatric Suspension Dye Free; Benadryl Allergy Decongestant Liquid Medication; Brofed Liquid; Bromadrine TR; Bromfed; Bromfed-PD; Bromfenex; Bromfenex PD; Chlordrine S.R.; Chlorfed A; ChlorTrimeton 12 Hour Relief; Chlor-Trimeton 4 Hour Relief; Chlor-Trimeton AllergyD 12 Hour; Claritin-D 12 Hour; Claritin-D 24 Hour; Colfed-A; Comhist; CP Oral; Dallergy Jr; Deconamine; Deconamine SR; Deconomed SR; Dexaphen SA; Disobrom; Disophrol Chronotabs; Drixomed; Drixoral Cold and Allergy; Ed AHist; Hayfebrol; Histatab Plus; Iofed; Iofed PD; Kronofed-A Jr. Kronocaps; Kronofed-A Kronocaps; Lodrane LD; Lodrane Liquid; Mooredec; Nalex-A; ND Clear T.D.; Novafed A; PediaCare Cold Formula; Poly Hist Forte; Prometh VC Plain; Promethazine VC; Pseudo-Chlor; Rescon; Rescon JR; Rescon-ED; Respahist; Rhinosyn; Rhinosyn-PD; Rinade B.I.D.; Rondamine; Rondec; Rondec Chewable; Rondec Drops; Rondec-TR; R-Tannamine; R-Tannamine Pediatric; RTannate; Semprex-D; Silafed; Tanafed; Trinalin Repetabs; Triotann; Triotann Pediatric; Triotann-S Pediatric; Tri-Tannate; ULTRAbrom; ULTRAbrom PD http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202061.html

84

Menorrhagia

Antihistamines, Decongestants, and Analgesics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actifed Cold & Sinus Caplets; Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold Medicine Liqui-Gels; Benadryl Allergy/Sinus Headache Caplets; Children's Tylenol Cold Multi-Symptom; Comtrex Allergy-Sinus; Comtrex Allergy-Sinus Caplets; Contac Allergy/Sinus Night Caplets; Dimetapp Cold & Fever Suspension; Dristan Cold Multi-Symptom Formula; Drixoral Allergy-Sinus; Drixoral Cold and Flu; Kolephrin Caplets; ND-Gesic; Scot-Tussin Original 5Action Cold Formula; Sinarest; Sine-Off Sinus Medicine Caplets; Singlet for Adults; TheraFlu/Flu and Cold Medicine; TheraFlu/Flu and Cold Medicine for Sore Throat; Tylenol Allergy Sinus Medication Maximum Strength Caplets; Tylenol Allergy Sinus Medication Maximum Strength Gelcaps; Tylenol Allergy Sinus Medication Maximum Strength Geltabs; Tylenol Allergy Sinus Night Time Medicine Maximum Strength Caplets; Tylenol Flu NightTime Hot Medication Maximum Strength; Tylenol Flu NightTime Medication Maximum Strength Gelcaps http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202062.html

Antihistamines, Decongestants, and Anticholinergics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: AH-chew; D.A. Chewable; Dallergy; Dura-Vent/DA; Extendryl; Extendryl JR; Extendryl SR; Mescolor; OMNIhist L.A.; Stahist http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202653.html

Antihistamines, Phenothiazine-Derivative •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anergan 25; Anergan 50; Antinaus 50; Pentazine; Phenazine 25; Phenazine 50; Phencen-50; Phenergan; Phenergan Fortis; Phenergan Plain; Phenerzine; Phenoject-50; Pro-50; Promacot; Pro-Med 50; Promet; Prorex-25; Prorex-50; Prothazine; Prothazine Plain; Shogan; Tacaryl; Temaril; V-Gan-25; V-Gan-50 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202063.html

Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, Nonsteroidal •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ocufen; Profenal; Voltaren Ophthalmic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202647.html

•

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actron; Advil; Advil Caplets; Advil, Children's; Aleve; Anaprox; Anaprox DS; Ansaid; Bayer Select Ibuprofen Pain Relief Formula Caplets; Cataflam; Clinoril; Cotylbutazone; Cramp End; Daypro; Dolgesic; Dolobid; EC-Naprosyn; Excedrin IB; Excedrin IB Caplets; Feldene; Genpril; Genpril Caplets; Haltran; Ibifon 600 Caplets; Ibren; Ibu; Ibu-200; Ibu-4; Ibu-6; Ibu8; Ibuprin; Ibuprohm; Ibuprohm Caplets; Ibu-Tab; Indocin; Indocin SR; Lodine; Lodine XL; Meclomen; Medipren; Medipren Caplets; Midol IB; Mobic; Motrin; Motrin Chewables; Motrin, Children's; Motrin, Children's Oral Drops; Motrin, Junior Strength Caplets; Motrin-IB; Motrin-IB Caplets; Nalfon; Nalfon 200; Naprelan; Naprosyn; Nuprin; Nuprin Caplets; Orudis; Orudis KT; Oruvail; Pamprin-IB; Ponstel; Q-Profen; Relafen; Rufen; Tolectin 200; Tolectin 600; Tolectin DS; Trendar; Voltaren http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202743.html

Antimyasthenics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mestinon; Mestinon Timespans; Mytelase Caplets; Prostigmin; Regonol

Researching Medications

85

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202065.html Antipyrine and Benzocaine •

Otic - U.S. Brands: A/B Otic; Allergen; Analgesic Otic; Antiben; Auralgan; Aurodex; Auroto; Dolotic; Ear Drops; Otocalm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202066.html

Anti-Thymocyte Globulin (Rabbit) •

Rabbit - U.S. Brands: Thymoglobulin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500099.html

Antithyroid Agents •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Tapazole http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202067.html

Appetite Suppressants, Sympathomimetic •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Adipex-P; Adipost; Bontril PDM; Bontril Slow-Release; Didrex; Fastin; Ionamin; Mazanor; Melfiat; Obenix; Obezine; Phendiet; Phendiet105; Phentercot; Phentride; Plegine; Prelu-2; Pro-Fast; PT 105; Sanorex; Tenuate; Tenuate Dospan; Tepanil Ten-Tab; Teramine; Zantryl http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202069.html

Apraclonidine •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Iopidine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202070.html

Ardeparin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Normiflo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203494.html

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) •

Vitamin C - U.S. Brands: Ascorbicap; Cebid Timecelles; Cecon; Cecore 500; Cee500; Cemill; Cenolate; Cetane; Cevi-Bid; Flavorcee; Mega-C/A Plus; Ortho/CS; Sunkist http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202071.html

Asparaginase •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Elspar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202072.html

Aspirin, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Citric Acid •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alka-Seltzer Effervescent Pain Reliever and Antacid; Flavored Alka-Seltzer Effervescent Pain Reliever and Antacid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202073.html

Atorvastatin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lipitor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203635.html

86

Menorrhagia

Atovaquone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mepron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202648.html

Atovaquone and Proguanil •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Malarone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500229.html

Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Methenamine, Methylene Blue, Phenyl Salicylate, and Benzoic Acid •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Atrosept; Dolsed; Hexalol; Prosed/DS; Trac Tabs 2X; UAA; Uridon Modified; Urimed; Urinary Antiseptic No. 2; Urised; Uriseptic; Uritab; Uritin; Uro-Ves http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202075.html

Atropine/Homatropine/Scopolamine •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: AK-Homatropine; Atropair; Atropine Care; Atropine Sulfate S.O.P.; Atropisol; Atrosulf; I-Homatrine; Isopto Atropine; Isopto Homatropine; Isopto Hyoscine; I-Tropine; Ocu-Tropine; Spectro-Homatropine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202074.html

Attapulgite •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Diar-Aid; Diarrest; Diasorb; Diatrol; Donnagel; Kaopectate; Kaopectate Advanced Formula; Kaopectate Maximum Strength; Kaopek; K-Pek; Parepectolin; Rheaban http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202076.html

Azathioprine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Imuran http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202077.html

Azelaic Acid •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Azelex; Finevin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202783.html

Azelastine •

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Astelin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203484.html

•

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Optivar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500223.html

Azithromycin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zithromax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202642.html

Aztreonam •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Azactam http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202078.html

Researching Medications

87

Bacillus Calmette-Guйrin (Bcg) Live •

BCG - U.S. Brands: TICE BCG http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202747.html

Bacillus Calmette-Guйrin (Bcg) Live for Cancer •

BCG - U.S. Brands: Pacis; TheraCys; TICE BCG http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202079.html

Baclofen •

Intrathecal-Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lioresal Intrathecal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202999.html

•

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lioresal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202080.html

Balsalazide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Colazal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500233.html

Barbiturates •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alurate; Amytal; Barbita; Busodium; Butalan; Butisol; Luminal; Mebaral; Nembutal; Sarisol No. 2; Seconal; Solfoton; Tuinal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202081.html

Barbiturates, Aspirin, and Codeine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ascomp with Codeine No.3; Butalbital Compound with Codeine; Butinal with Codeine No.3; Fiorinal with Codeine No.3; Idenal with Codeine; Isollyl with Codeine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202104.html

Basiliximab •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Simulect http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203592.html

Becaplermin •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Regranex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203460.html

Belladonna Alkaloids and Barbiturates •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Antrocol; Barbidonna; Barbidonna No. 2; Barophen; Bellalphen; Butibel; Donnamor; Donnapine; Donnatal; Donnatal Extentabs; Donnatal No. 2; Donphen; Hyosophen; Kinesed; Malatal; Relaxadon; Spaslin; Spasmolin; Spasmophen; Spasquid; Susano http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202082.html

Bentoquatam •

Topical - U.S. Brands: IvyBlock http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202901.html

88

Menorrhagia

Benzodiazepines •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alprazolam Intensol; Ativan; Dalmane; Diastat; Diazepam Intensol; Dizac; Doral; Halcion; Klonopin; Librium; Lorazepam Intensol; Paxipam; ProSom; Restoril; Serax; Tranxene T-Tab; Tranxene-SD; Tranxene-SD Half Strength; Valium; Xanax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202084.html

Benzonatate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Tessalon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202085.html

Benzoyl Peroxide •

Topical - U.S. Brands: 10 Benzagel; 5 Benzagel; Acne-Aid Aqua Gel; Acne-Aid Vanishing Cream; Ambi 10 Acne Medication; Benoxyl 10 Lotion; Benoxyl 5 Lotion; Benzac 10 Gel; Benzac 5 Gel; Benzac AC 10 Gel; Benzac AC 2½ Gel; Benzac AC 5 Gel; Benzac AC Wash 10; Benzac AC Wash 2½; Benzac AC Wash 5; Benzac W 10 Gel; Benzac W 2½ Gel; Benzac W 5 Gel; Benzac W Wash 10; Benzac W Wash 5; BenzaShave 10 Cream; BenzaShave 5 Cream; Brevoxyl-4 Cleansing Lotion; Brevoxyl-4 Gel; Brevoxyl-8 Cleansing Lotion; Brevoxyl-8 Gel; Clean & Clear Persagel 10; Clean & Clear Persagel 5; Clear By Design 2.5 Gel; Clearasil Maximum Strength Medicated Anti-Acne 10 Tinted Cream; Clearasil Maximum Strength Medicated Anti-Acne 10 Vanishing Cream; Clearasil Maximum Strength Medicated Anti-Acne 10 Vanishing Lotion; Clearplex 10; Clearplex 5; Cuticura Acne 5 Cream; Del-Aqua-10 Gel; Del-Aqua-5 Gel; Desquam-E 10 Gel; Desquam-E 2.5 Gel; Desquam-E 5 Gel; Desquam-X 10 Bar; Desquam-X 10 Gel; Desquam-X 10 Wash; Desquam-X 2.5 Gel; Desquam-X 5 Gel; Desquam-X 5 Wash; Exact 5 Tinted Cream; Exact 5 Vanishing Cream; Fostex 10 Bar; Fostex 10 BPO Gel; Fostex 10 Cream; Fostex 10 Wash; Fostex 5 Gel; Loroxide 5.5 Lotion; Neutrogena Acne Mask 5; Noxzema Clear-ups Maximum Strength 10 Lotion; Noxzema Clear-ups On-The-Spot 10 Lotion; Oxy 10 Balance Emergency Spot Treatment Cover-Up Formula Gel; Oxy 10 Balance Emergency Spot Treatment Invisible Formula Gel; Oxy 10 Balance Maximum Medicated Face Wash; Oxy Balance Deep Action Night Formula Lotion; Oxy Balance Emergency Spot Treatment Invisible Formula Gel; PanOxyl 10 Bar; PanOxyl 10 Gel; PanOxyl 5 Bar; PanOxyl 5 Gel; PanOxyl AQ 10 Gel; PanOxyl AQ 2½ Gel; PanOxyl AQ 5 Gel; Student's Choice Acne Medication; Triaz; Triaz Cleanser http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202086.html

Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Betapace; Blocadren; Cartrol; Corgard; Inderal; Inderal LA; Kerlone; Levatol; Lopressor; Normodyne; Sectral; Tenormin; Toprol-XL; Trandate; Visken; Zebeta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202087.html

Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents and Thiazide Diuretics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Corzide 40/5; Corzide 80/5; Inderide; Inderide LA; Lopressor HCT; Tenoretic 100; Tenoretic 50; Timolide 10-25; Ziac http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202088.html

Researching Medications

Beta-Carotene •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lumitene; Max-Caro http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202623.html

Betaine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cystadane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203077.html

Bethanechol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Duvoid; Urabeth; Urecholine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202090.html

Bexarotene •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Targretin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500095.html

Bismuth Subsalicylate •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Bismatrol; Bismatrol Extra Strength; Pepto-Bismol; PeptoBismol Easy-to-Swallow Caplets; Pepto-Bismol Maximum Strength http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202092.html

Bismuth Subsalicylate, Metronidazole, and Tetracycline--for H. Pylori •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Helidac http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203633.html

Bleomycin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Blenoxane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202093.html

Botulinum Toxin Type A •

Parenteral-Local - U.S. Brands: Botox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202608.html

Botulinum Toxin Type B •

Parenteral-Local - U.S. Brands: Myobloc http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500271.html

Brimonidine •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Alphagan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203130.html

Brinzolamide •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Azopt http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203544.html Bromocriptine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Parlodel; Parlodel SnapTabs http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202094.html

89

90

Menorrhagia

Bronchodilators, Adrenergic •

Inhalation - U.S. Brands: Adrenalin Chloride; Airet; Alupent; Arm-a-Med Isoetharine; Arm-a-Med Metaproterenol; Asthmahaler Mist; AsthmaNefrin; Beta2; Brethaire; Bronkaid Mist; Bronkaid Suspension Mist; Bronkometer; Bronkosol; Dey-Lute Isoetharine; Dey-Lute Metaproterenol; Foradil; Isuprel; Isuprel Mistometer; Maxair; Maxair Autohaler; Medihaler-Iso; microNefrin; Nephron; Primatene Mist; Proventil; Proventil HFA; S-2; Serevent Diskus; Vaponefrin; Ventolin; Ventolin HFA; Ventolin Nebules; Ventolin Rotacaps http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202095.html

•

Oral/Injection - U.S. Brands: Adrenalin; Alupent; Ana-Guard; Brethine; Bricanyl; EpiPen Auto-Injector; EpiPen Jr. Auto-Injector; Isuprel; Proventil; Proventil Repetabs; Ventolin; Volmax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202096.html

Bronchodilators, Theophylline •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aerolate Sr; Asmalix; Choledyl; Choledyl SA; Elixophyllin; Lanophyllin; Phyllocontin; Quibron-T Dividose; Quibron-T/SR Dividose; Respbid; Slo-Bid Gyrocaps; Slo-Phyllin; Theo-24; Theobid Duracaps; Theochron; Theo-Dur; Theolair; Theolair-SR; Theo-Time; Theovent Long-Acting; Theo-X; T-Phyl; Truphylline; Truxophyllin; Uni-Dur; Uniphyl http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/201945.html

Bupropion •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Wellbutrin; Wellbutrin SR; Zyban http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202098.html

Buspirone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: BuSpar; BuSpar DIVIDOSE http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202100.html

Busulfan •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Busulfex; Myleran http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202101.html

Butalbital and Acetaminophen •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amaphen; Anolor-300; Anoquan; Arcet; Bancap; Bucet; Butace; Conten; Dolmar; Endolor; Esgic; Esgic-Plus; Ezol; Femcet; Fioricet; Isocet; Medigesic; Pacaps; Pharmagesic; Phrenilin; Phrenilin Forte; Repan; Sedapap; Tencet; Tencon; Triad; Triaprin; Two-Dyne http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202102.html

Butalbital and Aspirin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Axotal; Butalgen; Fiorgen; Fiorinal; Fiormor; Fortabs; Isobutal; Isobutyl; Isolin; Isollyl; Laniroif; Lanorinal; Marnal; Vibutal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202103.html Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fioricet with Codeine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203373.html

Researching Medications

91

Butenafine •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Mentax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203496.html

Butorphanol •

Nasal-Systemic - U.S. Brands: Stadol NS http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202796.html

Cabergoline •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Dostinex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203584.html

Caffeine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cafcit; Caffedrine Caplets; Dexitac Stay Alert Stimulant; Enerjets; Keep Alert; Maximum Strength SnapBack Stimulant Powders; NoDoz Maximum Strength Caplets; Pep-Back; Quick Pep; Ultra Pep-Back; Vivarin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202105.html

Calamine •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Calamox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202748.html

Calcipotriene •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Dovonex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202730.html

Calcitonin •

Nasal-Systemic - U.S. Brands: Miacalcin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203482.html

•

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Calcimar; Cibacalcin; Miacalcin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202106.html

Calcium Acetate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: PhosLo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203481.html

Calcium Channel Blocking Agents •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Adalat; Adalat CC; Calan; Calan SR; Cardene; Cardizem; Cardizem CD; Cardizem SR; Dilacor-XR; DynaCirc; Isoptin; Isoptin SR; Nimotop; Norvasc; Plendil; Procardia; Procardia XL; Vascor; Verelan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202107.html

92

Menorrhagia

Calcium Supplements •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alka-Mints; Amitone; Calcarb 600; Calci-Chew; Calciday 667; Calcilac; Calci-Mix; Calcionate; Calcium 600; Calglycine; Calphosan; CalPlus; Caltrate 600; Caltrate Jr; Chooz; Citracal; Citracal Liquitabs; Dicarbosil; Gencalc 600; Liquid Cal-600; Liquid-Cal; Maalox Antacid Caplets; Mallamint; Neo-Calglucon; Nephro-Calci; Os-Cal 500; Os-Cal 500 Chewable; Oysco; Oysco 500 Chewable; Oyst-Cal 500; Oystercal 500; Posture; Rolaids Calcium Rich; Titralac; Tums; Tums 500; Tums E-X http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202108.html

Candesartan •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Atacand http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203598.html

Candesartan and Hydrochlorothiazide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Atacand HCT http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500239.html

Capecitabine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Xeloda http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203548.html

Capsaicin •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Zostrix; Zostrix-HP http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202626.html

Carbachol •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Carbastat; Carboptic; Isopto Carbachol; Miostat http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202110.html

Carbamazepine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Atretol; Carbatrol; Epitol; Tegretol; Tegretol-XR http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202111.html

Carbohydrates and Electrolytes •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Infalyte; Kao Lectrolyte; Naturalyte; Oralyte; Pedialyte; Pedialyte Freezer Pops; Rehydralyte; Resol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202112.html

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ak-Zol; Daranide; Dazamide; Diamox; Diamox Sequels; MZM; Neptazane; Storzolamide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202114.html

Carboplatin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Paraplatin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202115.html

Researching Medications

93

Carboprost •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hemabate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202116.html

Carmustine •

Implantation-Local - U.S. Brands: Gliadel Wafer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203660.html

•

Systemic - U.S. Brands: BiCNU http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202117.html

Carvedilol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Coreg http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203636.html

Cephalosporins •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ancef; Ceclor; Ceclor CD; Cedax; Cefadyl; Cefditoren; Cefizox; Cefobid; Cefotan; Ceftin; Cefzil; Ceptaz; Claforan; Duricef; Fortaz; Keflex; Keftab; Kefurox; Kefzol; Mandol; Maxipime; Mefoxin; Monocid; Omnicef; Rocephin; Tazicef; Tazidime; Vantin; Velosef; Zinacef http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202119.html

Cerivastatin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Not commercially available http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203060.html

Charcoal, Activated •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Actidose with Sorbitol; Actidose-Aqua; CharcoAid; CharcoAid 2000; CharcoAid G; Insta-Char in an Aqueous Base; Insta-Char in an Aqueous Base with Cherry Flavor; Insta-Char Pediatric in an Aqueous Base with Cherry Flavor; Insta-Char Pediatric with Cherry Flavor in a Sorbitol Base; InstaChar with Cherry Flavor in a Sorbitol Base; Liqui-Char; Liqui-Char with Sorbitol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202120.html

Chloral Hydrate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aquachloral Supprettes http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202123.html

Chlorambucil •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Leukeran http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202124.html

94

Menorrhagia

Chloramphenicol •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ak-Chlor Ophthalmic Ointment; Ak-Chlor Ophthalmic Solution; Chloracol Ophthalmic Solution; Chlorofair Ophthalmic Ointment; Chlorofair Ophthalmic Solution; Chloromycetin for Ophthalmic Solution; Chloromycetin Ophthalmic Ointment; Chloroptic Ophthalmic Solution; Chloroptic S.O.P.; Econochlor Ophthalmic Ointment; Econochlor Ophthalmic Solution; I-Chlor Ophthalmic Solution; Ocu-Chlor Ophthalmic Ointment; OcuChlor Ophthalmic Solution; Ophthochlor Ophthalmic Solution; Spectro-Chlor Ophthalmic Ointment; Spectro-Chlor Ophthalmic Solution http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202125.html

•

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Chloromycetin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202127.html

Chlordiazepoxide and Amitriptyline •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Limbitrol; Limbitrol DS http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202129.html

Chlordiazepoxide and Clidinium •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Clindex; Clinoxide; Clipoxide; Librax; Lidox; Lidoxide; Zebrax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202130.html

Chlorhexidine •

Dental - U.S. Brands: Peridex; PerioGard http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202131.html

•

Implantation-Dental - U.S. Brands: PerioChip http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203651.html

Chloroquine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aralen; Aralen HCl http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202133.html

Cholecystographic Agents, Oral •

Diagnostic - U.S. Brands: Bilivist; Bilopaque; Cholebrine; Oragrafin Calcium; Oragrafin Sodium; Telepaque http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202136.html

Cholestyramine •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Questran; Questran Light http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202137.html

Choriogonadotropin Alfa •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ovidrel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500249.html

Chorionic Gonadotropin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Chorex; Novarel; Pregnyl; Profasi http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202266.html

Researching Medications

Chromic Phosphate P 32 •

Therapeutic - U.S. Brands: Phosphocol P 32 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202138.html

Ciclopirox •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Loprox; Penlac Nail Lacquer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202140.html

Cidofovir •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Vistide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203520.html

Cilostazol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Pletal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500026.html

Cinoxacin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cinobac http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202141.html

Ciprofloxacin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ciloxan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202655.html

Cisapride •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Propulsid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202672.html

Cisplatin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Platinol; Platinol-AQ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202143.html

Citalopram •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Celexa http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203653.html

Citrates •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Bicitra; Citrolith; Oracit; Polycitra Syrup; Polycitra-K; Polycitra-K Crystals; Polycitra-LC; Urocit-K http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202144.html

Cladribine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Leustatin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202699.html

Clarithromycin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Biaxin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202667.html

95

96

Menorrhagia

Clindamycin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cleocin; Cleocin Pediatric http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202145.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Cleocin T Gel; Cleocin T Lotion; Cleocin T Topical Solution; Clinda-Derm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202146.html

•

Vaginal - U.S. Brands: Cleocin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202700.html

Clioquinol and Hydrocortisone •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Vioform-Hydrocortisone Cream; Vioform-Hydrocortisone Lotion; Vioform-Hydrocortisone Mild Cream; Vioform-Hydrocortisone Mild Ointment; Vioform-Hydrocortisone Ointment http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202148.html

Clofazimine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lamprene http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202149.html

Clofibrate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Abitrate; Atromid-S http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202150.html

Clomiphene •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Clomid; Milophene; Serophene http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202151.html

Clonidine •

Parenteral-Local - U.S. Brands: Duraclon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203089.html

•

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Catapres; Catapres-TTS-1; Catapres-TTS-2; CatapresTTS-3 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202152.html

Clonidine and Chlorthalidone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Combipres http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202153.html

Clopidogrel •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Plavix http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203403.html

Clotrimazole •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Mycelex Troches http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202154.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Lotrimin AF Cream; Lotrimin AF Lotion; Lotrimin AF Solution; Lotrimin Cream; Lotrimin Lotion; Lotrimin Solution; Mycelex Cream; Mycelex Solution

Researching Medications

97

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202155.html Clotrimazole and Betamethasone •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Lotrisone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202156.html

Clozapine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Clozaril http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202157.html

Coal Tar •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Alphosyl; Aquatar; Balnetar Therapeutic Tar Bath; Cutar Water Dispersible Emollient Tar; Denorex Extra Strength Medicated Shampoo; Denorex Extra Strength Medicated Shampoo with Conditioners; Denorex Medicated Shampoo; Denorex Medicated Shampoo and Conditioner; Denorex Mountain Fresh Herbal Scent Medicated Shampoo; DHS Tar Gel Shampoo; DHS Tar Shampoo; Doak Oil Forte Therapeutic Bath Treatment; Doak Oil Therapeutic Bath Treatment For All-Over Body Care; Doak Tar Lotion; Doak Tar Shampoo; Doctar Hair & Scalp Shampoo and Conditioner; Doctar Shampoo; Estar; Fototar; Ionil T Plus; Lavatar; Medotar; Pentrax Anti-Dandruff Tar Shampoo; Psorigel; PsoriNail Topical Solution; T/Derm Tar Emollient; T/Gel Therapeutic Conditioner; T/Gel Therapeutic Shampoo; Taraphilic; Tarbonis; Tarpaste `Doak'; Tegrin Lotion for Psoriasis; Tegrin Medicated Cream Shampoo; Tegrin Medicated Shampoo Concentrated Gel; Tegrin Medicated Shampoo Extra Conditioning Formula; Tegrin Medicated Shampoo Herbal Formula; Tegrin Medicated Shampoo Original Formula; Tegrin Medicated Soap for Psoriasis; Tegrin Skin Cream for Psoriasis; Tersa-Tar Soapless Tar Shampoo; Theraplex T Shampoo; Zetar Emulsion; Zetar Medicated Antiseborrheic Shampoo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202158.html

Colesevelam •

Oral-Local - U.S. Brands: Welchol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500157.html

Colestipol •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Colestid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202161.html

Colistin, Neomycin, and Hydrocortisone •

Otic - U.S. Brands: Coly-Mycin S Otic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202162.html

Colony Stimulating Factors •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Leukine; Neupogen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202628.html

Conjugated Estrogens and Medroxyprogesterone for Ovarian Hormone Therapy (Oht) •

OHT - U.S. Brands: Premphase; Prempro http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/209441.html

98

Menorrhagia

Copper Supplements •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cupri-Pak http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202164.html

Corticosteroids •

Dental - U.S. Brands: Kenalog in Orabase; Orabase-HCA; Oracort; Oralone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202010.html

•

Inhalation - U.S. Brands: AeroBid; AeroBid-M; Azmacort; Beclovent; Pulmicort Respules; Pulmicort Turbuhaler; Qvar; Vanceril; Vanceril 84 mcg Double Strength http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202011.html

•

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Beconase; Beconase AQ; Dexacort Turbinaire; Flonase; Nasacort; Nasacort AQ; Nasalide; Nasarel; Nasonex; Rhinocort; Vancenase; Vancenase AQ 84 mcg; Vancenase pockethaler http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202012.html

•

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: AK-Dex; AK-Pred; AK-Tate; Baldex; Decadron; Dexair; Dexotic; Econopred; Econopred Plus; Eflone; Flarex; Fluor-Op; FML Forte; FML Liquifilm; FML S.O.P.; HMS Liquifilm; Inflamase Forte; Inflamase Mild; I-Pred; Lite Pred; Maxidex; Ocu-Dex; Ocu-Pred; Ocu-Pred Forte; Ocu-PredA; Pred Forte; Pred Mild; Predair; Predair A; Predair Forte; Storz-Dexa; Ultra Pred http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202013.html

•

Otic - U.S. Brands: Decadron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202014.html

•

Rectal - U.S. Brands: Anucort-HC; Anu-Med HC; Anuprep HC; Anusol-HC; Anutone-HC; Anuzone-HC; Cort-Dome; Cortenema; Cortifoam; Hemorrhoidal HC; Hemril-HC Uniserts; Proctocort; Proctosol-HC; Rectasol-HC http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203366.html

Corticosteroids and Acetic Acid •

Otic - U.S. Brands: VoSol HC http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202017.html

Corticosteroids Glucocorticoid Effects •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Acetocot; A-hydroCort; Amcort; A-MethaPred; Aristocort; Aristocort Forte; Aristopak; Aristospan; Articulose-50; ArticuloseL.A.; Celestone; Celestone Phosphate; Celestone Soluspan; Cinalone 40; Cinonide 40; Clinacort; Clinalog; Cordrol; Cortastat; Cortastat 10; Cortastat LA; Cortef; Cortone Acetate; Cotolone; Dalalone; Dalalone D.P.; Dalalone L.A.; Decadrol; Decadron; Decadron Elixir; Decadron Phosphate; Decadron-LA; Decaject; Decaject-LA; Delta-Cortef; Deltasone; DepMedalone 40; DepMedalone 80; Depoject-40; Depoject-80; Depo-Medrol; Depopred; Depo-Predate; Dexacorten; Dexacorten-LA; Dexamethasone Intensol; Dexasone; Dexasone L.A.; Dexone; Dexone 0.75; Dexone 1.5; Dexone 4; Dexone LA; Duralone-40; Duralone-80; Hexadrol; Hexadrol Phosphate; Hydrocortone; Hydrocortone Acetate; Hydrocortone Phosphate; Kenacort; Kenacort Diacetate; Kenaject-40; Kenalog-10; Kenalog-40; Ken-Jec 40; Key-Pred; Key-Pred SP; Liquid Pred; Med-Jec-40; Medralone 80; Medrol; Meprolone; Methacort 40; Methacort 80; Methylcotolone; Meticorten; Mymethasone; Nor-Pred T.B.A.; Orasone 1; Orasone 10; Orasone 20;

Researching Medications

99

Orasone 5; Orasone 50; Pediapred; Predacort 50; Predacorten; Predacorten 80; Predalone 50; Predalone T.B.A.; Predate S; Predate TBA; Predate-50; Predcor-25; Predcor-50; Predcor-TBA; Predicort-RP; Pred-Ject-50; Prednicot; Prednisone Intensol; Pred-Pak 45; Pred-Pak 79; Prelone; Primethasone; Robalog; Selestoject; Solu-Cortef; Solu-Medrol; Solurex; Solurex LA; Sterapred; Sterapred DS; Tac-3; Tramacort-D; Triam-A; Triam-Forte; Triamolone 40; Triamonide 40; Tri-Kort; Trilog; Trilone; Tristoject http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202018.html Corticosteroids Low Potency •

Topical - U.S. Brands: 9-1-1; Aclovate; Acticort 100; Aeroseb-Dex; Aeroseb-HC; Ala-Cort; Ala-Scalp HP; Allercort; Alphaderm; Bactine; Beta-HC; CaldeCORT Anti-Itch; CaldeCORT Light; Carmol-HC; Cetacort; Cloderm; Cortaid; CortDome; Cortef Feminine Itch; Corticaine; Cortifair; Cortril; Decaderm; Decadron; Decaspray; Delacort; Dermacort; Dermarest DriCort; DermiCort; Dermtex HC; DesOwen; Epifoam; FoilleCort; Gly-Cort; Gynecort; Gynecort 10; Hi-Cor 1.0; HiCor 2.5; Hydro-Tex; Hytone; LactiCare-HC; Lanacort; Lanacort 10; Lemoderm; Maximum Strength Cortaid; MyCort; Nutracort; Penecort; Pentacort; PharmaCort; Rederm; Rhulicort; S-T Cort; Synacort; Texacort; Tridesilon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202907.html

Corticosteroids Medium to Very High Potency •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Alphatrex; Aristocort; Aristocort A; Betatrex; Beta-Val; Bio-Syn; Cordran; Cordran SP; Cormax; Cutivate; Cyclocort; Delta-Tritex; Dermabet; Dermatop; Diprolene; Diprolene AF; Diprosone; Elocon; Florone; Florone E; Fluocet; Fluocin; Fluonid; Flurosyn; Flutex; Halog; Halog-E; Kenac; Kenalog; Kenalog-H; Kenonel; Licon; Lidex; Lidex-E; Locoid; Luxiq; Maxiflor; Maxivate; Olux; Pandel; Psorcon; Synalar; Synalar-HP; Synemol; Teladar; Temovate; Temovate E; Temovate Scalp Application; Topicort; Topicort LP; Triacet; Triderm; Ultravate; Uticort; Valisone; Valisone Reduced Strength; Valnac; Westcort http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202016.html

Cromolyn •

Inhalation - U.S. Brands: Intal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202166.html

•

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Children's Nasalcrom; Nasalcrom http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202167.html

•

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Crolom http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202168.html

•

Oral - U.S. Brands: Gastrocrom http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202169.html

Crotamiton •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Eurax Cream; Eurax Lotion http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202170.html

Cyclobenzaprine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Flexeril http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202172.html

100

Menorrhagia

Cyclopentolate •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ak-Pentolate; Cyclogyl; Cylate; Ocu-Pentolate; Pentolair http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202173.html

Cyclophosphamide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cytoxan; Neosar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202174.html

Cycloserine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Seromycin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202175.html

Cyclosporine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Neoral; Sandimmune; SangCya http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202176.html

Cysteamine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cystagon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202772.html

Cytarabine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cytosar-U http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202177.html

Cytarabine, Liposomal •

Intrathecal - U.S. Brands: DepoCyt http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500008.html

Dacarbazine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: DTIC-Dome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202178.html

Daclizumab •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zenapax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203435.html

Dactinomycin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cosmegen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202179.html

Dalteparin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fragmin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202910.html

Danaparoid •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Orgaran http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203583.html

Researching Medications

101

Danazol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Danocrine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202180.html

Dantrolene •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Dantrium; Dantrium Intravenous http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202181.html

Dapiprazole •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Rev-Eyes http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202640.html

Daunorubicin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cerubidine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202183.html

Daunorubicin, Liposomal •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: DaunoXome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203539.html

Decongestants and Analgesics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actifed Sinus Daytime; Actifed Sinus Daytime Caplets; Advil Cold and Sinus; Advil Cold and Sinus Caplets; Allerest No-Drowsiness Caplets; Coldrine; Contac Allergy/Sinus Day Caplets; Dristan Cold Caplets; Dristan Sinus Caplets; Motrin IB Sinus; Motrin IB Sinus Caplets; Ornex Maximum Strength Caplets; PhenAPAP Without Drowsiness; Sinarest NoDrowsiness Caplets; Sine-Aid Maximum Strength; Sine-Aid Maximum Strength Caplets; Sine-Off Maximum Strength No Drowsiness Formula Caplets; SinusRelief; Sinutab Sinus Maximum Strength Without Drowsiness; Sudafed Sinus Maximum Strength Without Drowsiness; Sudafed Sinus Maximum Strength Without Drowsiness Caplets; Tylenol Sinus Maximum Strength; Tylenol Sinus Maximum Strength Caplets; Tylenol Sinus Maximum Strength Gelcaps; Tylenol Sinus Maximum Strength Geltabs http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202184.html

Deferoxamine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Desferal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203185.html

Delavirdine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Rescriptor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203521.html

Denileukin Diftitox •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ontak http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500010.html

102

Menorrhagia

Desflurane •

Inhalation-Systemic - U.S. Brands: Suprane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202685.html

Desmopressin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: DDAVP Injection; DDAVP Nasal Spray; DDAVP Rhinal Tube; DDAVP Tablets; Stimate Nasal Spray http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202186.html

Dexrazoxane •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zinecard http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203662.html

Dextromethorphan •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Benylin Adult Formula Cough Syrup; Benylin Pediatric Cough Suppressant; Cough-X; Creo-Terpin; Delsym Cough Formula; DiabeTUSS DM Syrup; Hold DM; Pertussin DM Extra Strength; Pertussin CS Children's Strength; Robitussin Maximum Strength Cough Suppressant; Robitussin Pediatric Cough Suppressant; Sucrets 4 Hour Cough Suppressant; Trocal; Vicks 44 Cough Relief http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202187.html

Dezocine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Dalgan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202189.html

Diazoxide •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Proglycem http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202191.html

Diclofenac •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Solaraze http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500247.html

Diclofenac and Misoprostol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Arthrotec 50; Arthrotec 75 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203377.html

Didanosine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Videx http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202616.html

Diethylcarbamazine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hetrazan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202192.html

Researching Medications

103

Diethyltoluamide •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Backwoods Cutter; Cutter Pleasant Protection; Deep Woods OFF!; Deep Woods OFF! For Sportsmen; Muskol; OFF!; OFF! For Maximum Protection; OFF! Skintastic; OFF! Skintastic For Children; OFF! Skintastic For Kids; Ultra Muskol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202749.html

Difenoxin and Atropine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Motofen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202193.html

Digitalis Medicines •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lanoxicaps; Lanoxin; Lanoxin Elixir Pediatric; Lanoxin Injection; Lanoxin Injection Pediatric http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202194.html

Dihydroergotamine •

Nasal-Systemic - U.S. Brands: Migranal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203569.html

Dimethyl Sulfoxide •

Mucosal - U.S. Brands: Rimso-50 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202196.html

Dinoprostone •

Cervical/Vaginal - U.S. Brands: Cervidil; Prepidil; Prostin E http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202198.html

Diphenoxylate and Atropine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lofene; Logen; Lomocot; Lomotil; Lonox; Vi-Atro http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202200.html

Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Acel-Imune; Certiva; Infanrix; Tripedia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202201.html

Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed and Haemophilus B Conjugate Vaccine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Tetramune http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202911.html

Dipivefrin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: AKPro; Propine C Cap B.I.D. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202202.html

Dipyridamole and Aspirin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aggrenox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500072.html

104

Menorrhagia

Dipyridamole Diagnostic •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Persantine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202731.html

Dipyridamole Therapeutic •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Persantine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202624.html

Dirithromycin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Dynabac http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202785.html

Disopyramide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Norpace; Norpace CR http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202204.html

Disulfiram •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Antabuse http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202603.html

Diuretics, Loop •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Bumex; Edecrin; Lasix; Myrosemide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202205.html

Diuretics, Potassium-Sparing •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aldactone; Dyrenium; Midamor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202206.html

Diuretics, Potassium-Sparing, and Hydrochlorothiazide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aldactazide; Dyazide; Maxzide; Moduretic; Spirozide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202207.html

Diuretics, Thiazide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aquatensen; Diucardin; Diulo; Diuril; Enduron; Esidrix; Hydro-chlor; Hydro-D; HydroDIURIL; Hydromox; Hygroton; Metahydrin; Microzide; Mykrox; Naqua; Naturetin; Oretic; Renese; Saluron; Thalitone; Trichlorex; Zaroxolyn http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202208.html

Docetaxel •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Taxotere http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202920.html

Docosanol •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Abreva http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500219.html

Dofetilide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Tikosyn

Researching Medications

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500068.html Dolasetron •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anzemet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203375.html

Donepezil •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aricept http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203748.html

Dornase Alfa •

Inhalation - U.S. Brands: Pulmozyme http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202710.html

Dorzolamide •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Trusopt http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202773.html

Dorzolamide and Timolol •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Cosopt http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203550.html

Doxazosin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cardura http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202629.html

Doxepin •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Zonalon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202751.html

Doxorubicin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Adriamycin PFS; Adriamycin RDF; Rubex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202209.html

Doxorubicin, Liposomal •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Doxil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203540.html

Doxycycline •

Dental - U.S. Brands: Atridox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203716.html

Doxycycline for Dental Use •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Periostat http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203724.html

Dronabinol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Marinol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202210.html

105

106

Menorrhagia

Droperidol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Inapsine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203411.html

Dyphylline •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Dilor; Dilor-400; Lufyllin; Lufyllin-400 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202752.html

Econazole •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Spectazole http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202211.html

Efavirenz •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Sustiva http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203687.html

Eflornithine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ornidyl http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202609.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Vaniqa http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500227.html

Enalapril and Felodipine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lexxel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203638.html

Enoxaparin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lovenox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202686.html

Entacapone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Comtan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500103.html

Researching Medications

107

Enteral Nutrition Formulas •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: 206 Shake; Accupep HPF; Advera; Alitraq; Amin-Aid; Attain; Carnation Instant Breakfast; Carnation Instant Breakfast No Sugar Added; Casec; CitriSource; Citrotein; Compleat Modified; Compleat Regular; Comply; Criticare HN; Crucial; Deliver 2.0; DiabetiSource; Elementra; Ensure; Ensure High Protein; Ensure HN; Ensure Plus; Ensure Plus HN; Ensure with Fiber; Entrition Half-Strength; Entrition HN; Fiberlan; Fibersource; Fibersource HN; Glucerna; Glytrol; Great Shake; Great Shake Jr; Hepatic-Aid II; Immun-Aid; Impact; Impact with Fiber; Introlan; Introlite; Isocal; Isocal HN; Isolan; Isosource; Isosource HN; IsoSource VHN; Isotein HN; Jevity; Kindercal; Lipisorb; Magnacal; MCT Oil; Menu Magic Instant Breakfast; Menu Magic Milk Shake; Meritene; Microlipid; Moducal; Nepro; NuBasics; NuBasics Plus; NuBasics VHP; NuBasics with Fiber; Nutren 1.0; Nutren 1.0 with Fiber; Nutren 1.5; Nutren 2.0; NutriHep; Nutrilan; NutriVent; Osmolite; Osmolite HN; Pediasure; Pediasure with Fiber; Peptamen; Peptamen Junior; Peptamen VHP; Perative; Polycose; PreAttain; ProBalance; Profiber; ProMod; Promote; Promote with Fiber; Propac Plus; Protain XL; Pulmocare; Reabilan; Reabilan HN; Replete; Replete with Fiber; Resource; Resource Plus; Respalor; SandoSource Peptide; Sumacal; Suplena; Sustacal; Sustacal Basic; Sustacal Plus; Sustacal with Fiber; Sustagen; Tasty Shake; Tolerex; TraumaCal; Traum-Aid HBC; Travasorb HN; Travasorb Renal Diet; Travasorb STD; TwoCal HN; Ultracal; Ultralan; Vital High Nitrogen; Vitaneed; Vivonex Pediatric; Vivonex Plus; Vivonex T.E.N. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202673.html

Epinephrine •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Epifrin; Epinal; Eppy/N; Glaucon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202213.html

Epirubicin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ellence http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500038.html

Epoetin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Epogen; Procrit http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202214.html Epoprostenol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Flolan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203429.html

Eprosartan •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Teveten http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500044.html

Ergoloid Mesylates •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Gerimal; Hydergine; Hydergine LC http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202215.html

Ergotamine, Belladonna Alkaloids, and Phenobarbital •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Bellergal-S http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202217.html

108

Menorrhagia

Erythromycin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ilotycin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202220.html

Erythromycin and Benzoyl Peroxide •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Benzamycin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202222.html

Erythromycin and Sulfisoxazole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Eryzole; Pediazole http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202224.html

Erythromycins •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: E.E.S.; E-Base; E-Mycin; ERYC; EryPed; Ery-Tab; Erythro; Erythrocin; Erythrocot; Ilosone; Ilotycin; My-E; PCE; Wintrocin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202223.html

Estrogens •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alora; Aquest; Climara; Delestrogen; depGynogen; Depo-Estradiol; Depogen; Dioval 40; Dioval XX; Dura-Estrin; Duragen-20; ECypionate; Estinyl; Estrace; Estraderm; Estragyn 5; Estragyn LA 5; Estra-L 40; Estrasorb; Estratab; Estro-Cyp; Estrofem; Estro-L.A.; Estrone 5; FemPatch; Gynogen L.A. 20; Gynogen L.A. 40; Kestrone-5; Menaval-20; Menest; Ogen.625; Ogen 1.25; Ogen 2.5; Ortho-Est.625; Ortho-Est 1.25; Premarin; Premarin Intravenous; Stilphostrol; Valergen-10; Valergen-20; Valergen-40; Vivelle; Vivelle-Dot; Wehgen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202226.html

•

Vaginal - U.S. Brands: Estrace; Estring; Ogen; Ortho Dienestrol; Premarin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202227.html

Estrogens and Progestins (Ovarian Hormone Therapy) •

Ovarian Hormone Therapy - U.S. Brands: Activella; femhrt; Ortho-Prefest http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500070.html Estrogens and Progestins Oral Contraceptives •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alesse; Brevicon; Demulen 1/35; Demulen 1/50; Desogen; Estrostep; Estrostep Fe; Genora 0.5/35; Genora 1/35; Genora 1/50; Intercon 0.5/35; Intercon 1/35; Intercon 1/50; Jenest; Levlen; Levlite; Levora 0.15/30; Lo/Ovral; Loestrin 1.5/30; Loestrin 1/20; Loestrin Fe 1.5/30; Loestrin Fe 1/20; Mircette; ModiCon; N.E.E. 1/35; N.E.E. 1/50; Necon 0.5/35; Necon 1/35; Necon 1/50; Necon 10/11; Nelova 0.5/35E; Nelova 1/35E; Nelova 1/50M; Nelova 10/11; Nordette; Norethin 1/35E; Norethin 1/50M; Norinyl 1+35; Norinyl 1+50; Ortho Tri-Cyclen; Ortho-Cept; Ortho-Cyclen; Ortho-Novum 1/35; Ortho-Novum 1/50; Ortho-Novum 10/11; Ortho-Novum 7/7/7; Ovcon-35; Ovcon-50; Ovral; Tri-Levlen; Tri-Norinyl; Triphasil; Trivora; Zovia 1/35E; Zovia 1/50E http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202228.html

Researching Medications

Ethambutol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Myambutol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202229.html

Ethchlorvynol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Placidyl http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202230.html

Etidronate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Didronel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202233.html

Etoposide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Etopophos; Toposar; VePesid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202234.html

Exemestane •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aromasin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500082.html

Factor IX •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: AlphaNine SD; Bebulin VH; BeneFix; Konyne 80; Mononine; Profilnine SD; Proplex T http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202674.html

Factor VIIA •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: NovoSeven http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500113.html

Famciclovir •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Famvir http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202723.html

Fat Emulsions •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Intralipid; Liposyn II; Liposyn III http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202236.html

Felbamate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Felbatol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202711.html

Fenofibrate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lofibra; Tricor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203516.html

Fentanyl •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actiq http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203780.html

109

110

Menorrhagia

•

Transdermal-Systemic - U.S. Brands: Duragesic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202702.html

Fexofenadine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Allegra http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203616.html

Fexofenadine and Pseudoephedrine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Allegra-D http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203579.html

Finasteride •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Propecia; Proscar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202649.html

Flavoxate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Urispas http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202239.html

Flecainide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Tambocor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202240.html

Floxuridine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: FUDR http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202241.html

Flucytosine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ancobon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202243.html

Fludarabine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fludara http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202630.html

Fludrocortisone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Florinef http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202244.html

Fluoroquinolones •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Avelox; Cipro; Cipro I.V.; Floxin; Floxin I.V.; Levaquin; Maxaquin; Noroxin; Penetrex; Tequin; Zagam http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202656.html

Fluorouracil •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Adrucil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202245.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Efudex; Fluoroplex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202246.html

Researching Medications

Fluoxetine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Prozac; Prozac Weekly; Sarafem http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202247.html

Fluticasone •

Inhalation-Local - U.S. Brands: Flovent; Flovent Rotadisk http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203649.html

•

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Flonase http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203588.html

Fluticasone and Salmeterol •

Inhalation-Local - U.S. Brands: Advair Diskus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500235.html

Fluvoxamine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Luvox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202919.html

Folic Acid (Vitamin B 9 ) •

Vitamin B 9 - U.S. Brands: Folvite http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202250.html

Follitropin Alfa •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Gonal-F http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203454.html

Follitropin Beta •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Follistim http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203453.html Fomivirsen •

Parenteral-Local - U.S. Brands: Vitravene http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203675.html

Formoterol •

Inhalation-Local - U.S. Brands: Foradil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500269.html

Foscarnet •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Foscavir http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202617.html

Fosfomycin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Monurol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203522.html

Framycetin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Not commercially available

111

112

Menorrhagia

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500177.html Fructose, Dextrose, and Phosphoric Acid •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Emetrol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202251.html

Furazolidone •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Furoxone; Furoxone Liquid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202252.html

Gabapentin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Neurontin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202732.html

Galantamine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Reminyl http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500281.html

Gallium Nitrate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ganite†http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202254.html

Ganciclovir •

Implantation-Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Vitrasert http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203488.html

•

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cytovene; Cytovene-IV http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202255.html

Ganirelix •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Antagon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500052.html

Gemcitabine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Gemzar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203038.html

Gemfibrozil •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lopid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202256.html

Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mylotarg http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500153.html

Gentamicin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Garamycin; Genoptic Liquifilm; Genoptic S.O.P.; Gentacidin; Gentafair; Gentak; Ocu-Mycin; Spectro-Genta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202604.html

Researching Medications

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Garamycin; Gentamar; G-Myticin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202258.html

Glatiramer Acetate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Copaxone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203473.html

Glucagon •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Glucagon Diagnostic Kit; Glucagon Emergency Kit; Glucagon Emergency Kit for Low Blood Sugar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202261.html

Glyburide and Metformin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Glucovance http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500237.html

Glycerin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Glyrol; Osmoglyn http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202263.html

Gold Compounds •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Myochrysine; Ridaura; Solganal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202264.html

Gonadorelin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Factrel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202265.html

Goserelin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zoladex; Zoladex 3-Month http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202267.html

Granisetron •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Kytril http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202724.html

Griseofulvin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fulvicin P/G; Fulvicin-U/F; Grifulvin V; Grisactin; Grisactin Ultra; Gris-PEG http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202268.html

Growth Hormone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Genotropin; Genotropin Miniquick; Humatrope; Norditropin; Nutropin; Nutropin AQ; Protropin; Saizen; Serostim http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202269.html

113

114

Menorrhagia

Guaifenesin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anti-Tuss; Breonesin; Diabetic Tussin EX; Fenesin; GeeGee; Genatuss; Glycotuss; Glytuss; Guiatuss; Halotussin; Humibid L.A.; Humibid Sprinkle; Hytuss; Hytuss-2X; Naldecon Senior EX; Organidin NR; Pneumomist; Robitussin; Scot-tussin Expectorant; Sinumist-SR; Touro EX; Unitussin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202270.html

Guanabenz •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Wytensin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202271.html

Guanadrel •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hylorel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202272.html

Guanethidine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ismelin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202273.html

Guanfacine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Tenex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202275.html

Haemophilus B Conjugate Vaccine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Act-Hib; Hibtiter; Pedvaxhib; Prohibit http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202276.html

•

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold and Cough; Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold and Cough Medicine Liqui-Gels; Alka-Seltzer Plus Night-Time Cold LiquiGels; Ami-Tex LA; Anatuss LA; Benylin Expectorant; Bromfed-DM; Broncholate; Carbinoxamine Compound-Drops; Cardec DM; Children's Tylenol Cold Plus Cough Multi Symptom; Co-Apap; Comtrex Daytime Maximum Strength Cold and Flu Relief; Comtrex Daytime Maximum Strength Cold, Cough, and Flu Relief; Comtrex Multi-Symptom Maximum Strength Non-Drowsy Caplets; Comtrex Nighttime Maximum Strength Cold and Flu Relief; Congestac Caplets; Contac Cold/Flu Day Caplets; Contac Severe Cold and Flu Caplets; Co-Tuss V; Deconsal II; Despec; Despec-SR Caplets; Donatussin; Donatussin DC; Duratuss; Duratuss HD; ED Tuss HC; ED-TLC; Endagen-HD; Endal Expectorant; Entex LA; Father John's Medicine Plus; Genatuss DM; GP-500; Guaifed; Guaifenex PSE 120; Guaifenex PSE 60; GuaiMAX-D; Guai-Vent/PSE; Guiatuss A.C.; Guiatuss CF; Guiatuss DAC; Guiatuss PE; Histinex HC; Histinex PV; Hycodan; Hycomine Compound; Hydropane; Iobid DM; Iodal HD; Iosal II; Iotussin HC; Kolephrin GG/DM; Kolephrin/DM Cough and Cold Medication; Kwelcof Liquid; Mapap Cold Formula; Marcof Expectorant; Nalex DH; Novahistine DH Liquid; Nucofed Expectorant; Nucofed Pediatric Expectorant; Nucotuss Expectorant; Nucotuss Pediatric Expectorant; Nytcold Medicine; Nytime Cold Medicine Liquid; Ornex Severe Cold No Drowsiness Caplets; PanMist-JR; PediaCare Cough-Cold; PediaCare Night Rest Cough-Cold Liquid; Pediacof Cough; Phanatuss; Phenameth VC; Phenergan VC with Codeine; Phenergan with Codeine; Phenergan with Dextromethorphan; Pneumotussin HC; Poly-Histine; Primatuss

Researching Medications

115

Cough Mixture 4; Primatuss Cough Mixture 4D; Profen II; Prometh VC with Codeine; Promethazine DM; Promethazine VC w/Codeine; Protuss-D; PseudoCar DM; P-V-Tussin; Quelidrine Cough; Rentamine Pediatric; Rescon-DM; Rescon-GG; Respa-1st; Respa-DM; Respaire-120 SR; Respaire-60 SR; RhinosynDM; Rhinosyn-DMX Expectorant; Rhinosyn-X; Robafen AC Cough; Robafen DAC; Robafen DM; Robitussin A-C; Robitussin Cold and Cough Liqui-Gels; Robitussin Cold, Cough and Flu Liqui-Gels; Robitussin Night Relief; Robitussin Night-Time Cold Formula; Robitussin Pediatric Cough and Cold; Robitussin Severe Congestion Liqui-Gels; Robitussin-DAC; Robitussin-DM; Robitussin-PE; Rondamine-DM Drops; Rondec-DM; Rondec-DM Drops; Ru-Tuss DE; Ru-Tuss Expectorant; Ryna-C Liquid; Ryna-CX Liquid; Rynatuss; Rynatuss Pediatric; Safe Tussin 30; Scot-Tussin DM; Scot-Tussin Senior Clear; Sildec-DM; Silexin Cough; Siltussin DM; Sinufed Timecelles; Sinutab Non-Drying No Drowsiness Liquid Caps; S-T Forte 2; Stamoist E; Statuss Green; Sudafed Children's Cold and Cough; Sudafed Children's Non-Drowsy Cold and Cough; Sudafed Cold and Cough Liquid Caps; Sudal 60/500; Syracol CF; TheraFlu Flu, Cold and Cough Medicine; TheraFlu Maximum Strength Non-Drowsy Formula Flu, Cold and Cough Medicine; TheraFlu Maximum Strength Non-Drowsy Formula Flu, Cold and Cough Medicine Caplets; TheraFlu Nighttime Maximum Strength Flu, Cold and Cough; Tolu-Sed DM; Touro DM; Touro LA Caplets; Triacin C Cough; Triafed w/Codeine; Triaminic AM Non-Drowsy Cough and Decongestant; Triaminic Night Time; Triaminic Sore Throat Formula; Tri-Tannate Plus Pediatric; Tussafed; Tussafed Drops; Tussar DM; Tussigon; Tussionex Pennkinetic; Tussi-Organidin DM NR Liquid; Tussi-Organidin DM-S NR Liquid; Tussi-Organidin NR Liquid; Tussi-Organidin-S NR Liquid; Tussirex; Tuss-LA; Tusso-DM; Tylenol Cold and Flu No Drowsiness Powder; Tylenol Cold Medication; Tylenol Cold Medication Caplets; Tylenol Cold Medication, NonDrowsy Caplets; Tylenol Cold Medication, Non-Drowsy Gelcaps; Tylenol Cold Multi-Symptom; Tylenol Maximum Strength Flu Gelcaps; Tylenol MultiSymptom Cough; Uni-tussin DM; Vanex-HD; V-Dec-M; Versacaps; Vicks 44 Cough and Cold Relief Non-Drowsy LiquiCaps; Vicks 44D Cough and Head Congestion; Vicks 44E Cough and Chest Congestion; Vicks 44M Cough, Cold and Flu Relief; Vicks Children's Cough Syrup; Vicks Children's NyQuil Cold/Cough Relief; Vicks DayQuil Multi-Symptom Cold/Flu LiquiCaps; Vicks DayQuil Multi-Symptom Cold/Flu Relief; Vicks NyQuil Hot Therapy; Vicks NyQuil Multi-Symptom Cold/Flu LiquiCaps; Vicks NyQuil Multi-Symptom Cold/Flu Relief; Vicks Pediatric 44D Cough and Head Decongestion; Vicks Pediatric 44M Multi-Symptom Cough and Cold; Vicodin Tuss; Zephrex; Zephrex-LA http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202165.html Halofantrine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Halfan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202677.html

Haloperidol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Haldol; Haldol Decanoate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202278.html

116

Menorrhagia

Headache Medicines, Ergot Derivative-Containing •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cafergot; Cafertine; Cafetrate; D.H.E. 45; Ercaf; ErgoCaff; Ergomar; Ergostat; Gotamine; Migergot; Wigraine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202216.html

Heparin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Calciparine; Liquaemin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202280.html

Hepatitis A Vaccine Inactivated •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Havrix; Vaqta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202902.html

Hepatitis B Vaccine Recombinant •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Engerix-B; Recombivax HB; Recombivax HB Dialysis Formulation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202281.html

Histamine H 2 -Receptor Antagonists •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Axid; Axid AR; Mylanta AR Acid Reducer; Pepcid; Pepcid AC Acid Controller; Pepcid I.V.; Pepcid RPD; Tagamet; Tagamet HB; Zantac; Zantac EFFERdose Granules; Zantac EFFERdose Tablets http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202283.html

Histrelin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Supprelin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203510.html

Hmg-Coa Reductase Inhibitors •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Baycol; Lescol; Lipitor; Mevacor; Pravachol; Zocor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202284.html

Hyaluronate Sodium •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hyalgan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203531.html

Hyaluronate Sodium Derivative •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Synvisc http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203582.html

Hydralazine and Hydrochlorothiazide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Apresazide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202286.html

Hydrocodone and Ibuprofen •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Vicoprofen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203600.html

Researching Medications

117

Hydroxychloroquine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Plaquenil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202288.html

Hydroxypropyl Cellulose •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Lacrisert http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202289.html

Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Artificial Tears; Bion Tears; Gonak; Goniosoft; Goniosol; Isopto Alkaline; Isopto Plain; Isopto Tears; Just Tears; Lacril; Moisture Drops; Nature's Tears; Ocucoat; Ocucoat PF; Tearisol; Tears Naturale; Tears Naturale Free; Tears Naturale II; Tears Renewed; Ultra Tears http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202290.html

•

Parenteral-Local - U.S. Brands: Ocucoat http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203682.html

Hydroxyurea •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Droxia; Hydrea http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202291.html

Idarubicin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Idamycin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202611.html

Ifosfamide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: IFEX http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202293.html

Imatinib •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Gleevec http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500297.html

Imiglucerase •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cerezyme http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202753.html

Imipenem and Cilastatin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Primaxin IM; Primaxin IV http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202295.html

Imiquimod •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Aldara http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203585.html

118

Menorrhagia

Immune Globulin Intravenous (Human) •

Human - U.S. Brands: Gamimune N 10%; Gamimune N 10% S/D; Gamimune N 5%; Gamimune N 5% S/D; Gammagard S/D; Gammagard S/D 0.5 g; Gammar-P IV; Iveegam; Panglobulin; Polygam S/D; Sandoglobulin; Venoglobulin–I; Venoglobulin-S http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202641.html

Indapamide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lozol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202296.html

Indinavir •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Crixivan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203523.html

Infant Formulas •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alimentum; Alsoy; Carnation Follow-Up Formula; Carnation Good Start; Enfamil; Enfamil Human Milk Fortifier; Enfamil Premature Formula; Enfamil Premature Formula with Iron; Enfamil with Iron; Gerber Baby Formula with Iron; Gerber Soy Formula; Isomil; Isomil SF; Lactofree; Nursoy; Nutramigen; Preemie SMA 20; Preemie SMA 24; Pregestimil; ProSobee; RCF; Similac 13; Similac 20; Similac 24; Similac 27; Similac Natural Care Human Milk Fortifier; Similac PM 60/40; Similac Special Care 20; Similac Special Care 24; Similac Special Care with Iron 24; Similac with Iron 20; Similac with Iron 24; SMA 13; SMA 20; SMA 24; SMA 27; SMA Lo-Iron 13; SMA Lo-Iron 20; SMA Lo-Iron 24; Soyalac http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202678.html

Infliximab •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Remicade http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203667.html

Influenza Virus Vaccine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: FluMist; FluShield; Fluvirin; Fluzone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202297.html

Insulin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Humulin 50/50; Humulin 70/30; Humulin 70/30 Pen; Humulin L; Humulin N; Humulin N Pen; Humulin R; Humulin R, Regular U500 (Concentrated); Humulin U; Lente; Lente Iletin II; Novolin 70/30; Novolin 70/30 PenFill; Novolin 70/30 Prefilled; Novolin L; Novolin N; Novolin N PenFill; Novolin N Prefilled; Novolin R; Novolin R PenFill; Novolin R Prefilled; NPH Iletin II; NPH Purified Insulin; Regular (Concentrated) Iletin II, U-500; Regular Iletin II; Regular Insulin; Velosulin BR http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203298.html

Insulin Aspart •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: NovoLog http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500253.html

Researching Medications

Insulin Glargine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lantus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500147.html

Insulin Lispro •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Humalog http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203622.html

Interferon Alfacon-1 •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Infergen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203504.html

Interferon, Beta-1A •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Avonex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203537.html

Interferon, Beta-1B •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Betaseron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203538.html

Interferon, Gamma •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actimmune http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202631.html

Interferons, Alpha •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alferon N; Intron A; Roferon-A http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202299.html

Iodoquinol •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Diquinol; Yodoquinol; Yodoxin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202303.html

Ipratropium •

Inhalation - U.S. Brands: Atrovent http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202304.html

•

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Atrovent http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202713.html

Ipratropium and Albuterol •

Inhalation-Local - U.S. Brands: Combivent; DuoNeb http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203487.html

Irbesartan •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Avapro http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203379.html

Irinotecan •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Camptosar

119

120

Menorrhagia

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203051.html Iron Supplements •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: DexFerrum; Femiron; Feosol Caplets; Feosol Tablets; Feostat; Feostat Drops; Feratab; Fer-gen-sol; Fergon; Fer-In-Sol Drops; Fer-In-Sol Syrup; Fer-Iron Drops; Fero-Gradumet; Ferospace; Ferralet; Ferralet Slow Release; Ferralyn Lanacaps; Ferra-TD; Ferretts; Ferrlecit; Fumasorb; Fumerin; Hemocyte; Hytinic; InFeD; Ircon; Mol-Iron; Nephro-Fer; Niferex; Niferex-150; Nu-Iron; Nu-Iron 150; Simron; Slow Fe; Span-FF; Venofer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202305.html

Isometheptene, Dichloralphenazone, and Acetaminophen •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amidrine; Duradrin; I.D.A; Iso-Acetazone; Isocom; Midchlor; Midrin; Migquin; Migrapap; Migratine; Migrazone; Migrend; Migrex; Mitride http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202306.html

Isoniazid •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Laniazid; Nydrazid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202307.html

Isotretinoin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Accutane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202309.html

Isoxsuprine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Vasodilan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202310.html

Ivermectin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Stromectol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202311.html

Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Je-Vax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202659.html

Kanamycin •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Kantrex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202312.html

Kaolin and Pectin •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Kao-Spen; Kapectolin; K-P http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202313.html

Ketoconazole •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Nizoral A-D Shampoo; Nizoral Cream; Nizoral Shampoo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202317.html

Researching Medications

121

Ketorolac •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Acular http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202714.html

•

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Toradol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202318.html

Ketotifen •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Zaditor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500012.html

Lamivudine •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Herplex Liquifilm; Stoxil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202292.html

•

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Epivir; Epivir-HBV http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202791.html

•

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Herceptin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203689.html

Lamivudine and Zidovudine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Combivir http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203386.html

Lamotrigine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lamictal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202786.html

Lansoprazole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Prevacid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202787.html

Latanoprost •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Xalatan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203607.html

Laxatives •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Agoral; Alophen; Alphamul; Alramucil Orange; Alramucil Regular; Bisac-Evac; Black-Draught; Black-Draught Lax-Senna; Carter's Little Pills; Cholac; Citroma; Citrucel Orange Flavor; Citrucel Sugar-Free Orange Flavor; Colace; Constilac; Constulose; Correctol; Correctol Caplets; Correctol Herbal Tea; Correctol Stool Softener Soft Gels; D.O.S. Softgels; DC Softgels; Diocto; Diocto-C; Dioeze; Diosuccin; Docu-K Plus; DOK; DOK Softgels; Dr. Caldwell Senna Laxative; D-S-S; D-S-S plus; Dulcolax; Emulsoil; Enulose; Epsom salts; Equalactin; Evac-U-Gen; Ex-Lax; Ex-Lax Chocolate; FemiLax; Fiberall; Fibercon Caplets; Fiber-Lax; FiberNorm; Fleet Laxative; Fleet Mineral Oil; Fleet Phospho-Soda; Fleet Soflax Gelcaps; Fleet Soflax Overnight Gelcaps; Fletcher's Castoria; Genasoft Plus Softgels; Gentle Laxative; Haley's M-O; Herbal Laxative; Hydrocil Instant; Kondremul Plain; Konsyl; Konsyl Easy Mix; Konsyl-D; KonsylOrange; Konsyl-Orange Sugar Free; Laxinate 100; Liqui-Doss; Mag-Ox 400; Maltsupex; Metamucil; Metamucil Apple Crisp Fiber Wafers; Metamucil

122

Menorrhagia

Cinnamon Spice Fiber Wafers; Metamucil Orange Flavor; Metamucil Smooth Sugar-Free, Citrus Flavor; Metamucil Smooth Sugar-Free, Orange Flavor; Metamucil Smooth Sugar-Free, Regular Flavor; Metamucil Smooth, Citrus Flavor; Metamucil Smooth, Orange Flavor; Metamucil Sugar-Free, Lemon-Lime Flavor; Metamucil Sugar-Free, Orange Flavor; MiraLax; Modane; Modane Bulk; Mylanta Natural Fiber Supplement; Mylanta Sugar Free Natural Fiber Supplement; Nature's Remedy; Neoloid; Perdiem; Perdiem Fiber; Peri-Colace; Peri-Dos Softgels; Phillips' Chewable; Phillips' Concentrated; Phillips' Milk of Magnesia; Phillips' Stool Softner Laxative Softgels; Prompt; Purge; Reguloid Natural; Reguloid Natural Sugar Free; Reguloid Orange; Reguloid Orange Sugar Free; Senexon; Senna-Gen; Senokot; Senokot Children's Syrup; Senokot-S; SenokotXTRA; Senolax; Serutan; Serutan Toasted Granules; Silace; Silace-C; Sulfolax; Surfak; Syllact; Veracolate; V-Lax; X-Prep Liquid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202319.html •

Rectal - U.S. Brands: Bisco-Lax; Ceo-Two; Dacodyl; Deficol; Dulcolax; Fleet Babylax; Fleet Bisacodyl; Fleet Enema; Fleet Enema for Children; Fleet Enema Mineral Oil; Fleet Glycerin Laxative; Fleet Laxative; Sani-Supp; Senokot; Theralax; Therevac Plus; Therevac-SB http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202320.html

Leflunomide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Arava http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203680.html

Letrozole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Femara http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203133.html

Leucovorin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Wellcovorin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202321.html Leuprolide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lupron; Lupron Depot; Lupron Depot-3 Month 11.25 mg; Lupron Depot-3 Month 22.5 mg; Lupron Depot-4 Month 30 mg; Lupron Depot-Ped; Viadur http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202322.html

Levalbuterol •

Inhalation-Local - U.S. Brands: Xopenex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203784.html

Levetiracetam •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Keppra http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500101.html

Levobetaxolol •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Betaxon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500125.html

Researching Medications

Levocabastine •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Livostin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202715.html

Levocarnitine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Carnitor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202325.html

Levodopa •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Atamet; Larodopa; Sinemet; Sinemet CR http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202326.html

Levofloxacin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Quixin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500189.html

Levomethadyl •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Orlaam http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202766.html

Lidocaine •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Lidoderm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500058.html

Lidocaine and Prilocaine •

Topical - U.S. Brands: EMLA http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203679.html

Lincomycin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lincocin; Lincorex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202328.html Lindane •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Kwell; Thionex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202329.html

Linezolid •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zyvox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500165.html

Lithium •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cibalith-S; Eskalith; Eskalith CR; Lithane; Lithobid; Lithonate; Lithotabs http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202330.html

Lodoxamide •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Alomide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202695.html

123

124

Menorrhagia

Lomustine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: CeeNU http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202331.html

Loperamide •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Imodium; Imodium A-D; Imodium A-D Caplets; Kaopectate II; Maalox Anti-Diarrheal; Pepto Diarrhea Control http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202332.html

Lopinavir and Ritonavir •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Kaletra http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500251.html

Loracarbef •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lorabid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202680.html

Losartan •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cozaar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202767.html

Losartan and Hydrochlorothiazide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hyzaar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203639.html

Loteprednol •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Alrex; Lotemax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203541.html

Loxapine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Loxitane; Loxitane C; Loxitane IM http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202333.html Lypressin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Diapid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202334.html

Mafenide •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Sulfamylon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202335.html

Magnesium Supplements •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Almora; Chloromag; Citroma; Concentrated Phillips' Milk of Magnesia; Mag-200; Mag-L-100; Magonate; Mag-Ox 400; Mag-Tab SR; Magtrate; Maox; MGP; Phillips' Chewable Tablets; Phillips' Milk of Magnesia; Slow-Mag; Uro-Mag http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202644.html

Malathion •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Ovide

Researching Medications

125

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202336.html Mangafodipir •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Teslascan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203456.html

Maprotiline •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ludiomil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202337.html

Measles Virus Vaccine Live •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Attenuvax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202338.html

Mebendazole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Vermox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202339.html

Mecamylamine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Inversine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202340.html

Mechlorethamine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mustargen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202341.html

Meclizine/Buclizine/Cyclizine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Antivert; Antivert/25; Antivert/50; Bonine; Dramamine II; Marezine; Meclicot; Medivert http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202343.html

Medroxyprogesterone and Estradiol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lunelle http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500255.html

Mefloquine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lariam http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202344.html

Meloxicam •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mobic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500131.html

Melphalan •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alkeran http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202345.html

Menotropins •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Humegon; Pergonal

126

Menorrhagia

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202347.html Meprobamate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Equanil; Meprospan 200; Meprospan 400; Miltown-200; Miltown-400; Miltown-600; Probate; Trancot http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202348.html

Meprobamate and Aspirin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Epromate-M; Equagesic; Heptogesic; Meprogesic; Meprogesic Q; Micrainin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202349.html

Mequinol and Tretinoin •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Solagé http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500074.html

Mercaptopurine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Purinethol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202350.html

Mesalamine •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Asacol; Pentasa http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202734.html

•

Rectal - U.S. Brands: Canasa; Rowasa http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202351.html

Mesna •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: MESNEX http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202352.html

Metformin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Glucophage; Glucophage XR http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202756.html

Methenamine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hiprex; Mandelamine; Urex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202354.html

Methotrexate for Noncancerous Conditions •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Folex; Folex PFS; Methotrexate LPF; Rheumatrex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202356.html

Methoxsalen •

Extracorporeal-Systemic - U.S. Brands: Uvadex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500002.html

•

Systemic - U.S. Brands: 8-MOP; Oxsoralen-Ultra http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202357.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Oxsoralen Lotion

Researching Medications

127

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202358.html Methyldopa •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aldomet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202359.html

Methyldopa and Thiazide Diuretics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aldoclor; Aldoril http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202360.html

Methylene Blue •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Urolene Blue http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202703.html

Methylphenidate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Concerta; Metadate CD; Ritalin; Ritalin-SR http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202361.html

Methysergide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Sansert http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202363.html

Metoclopramide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Metoclopramide Intensol; Octamide; Reglan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202364.html

Metronidazole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Flagyl; Flagyl 375; Flagyl ER; Flagyl I.V.; Flagyl I.V. RTU; Metric 21; Metro I.V.; Protostat http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202365.html

•

Vaginal - U.S. Brands: MetroGel-Vaginal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202704.html

Metyrosine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Demser http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202368.html

Miconazole •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Micatin; Monistat-Derm; Zeasorb-AF http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202371.html

Midazolam •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Versed http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202372.html

Midodrine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: ProAmatine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203640.html

128

Menorrhagia

Mifepristone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mifeprex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500217.html

Miglitol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Glyset http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500231.html

Minoxidil •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Loniten http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202373.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Rogaine Extra Strength For Men; Rogaine For Men; Rogaine For Women http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202374.html

Mirtazapine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Remeron; Remeron SolTab http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203490.html

Misoprostol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cytotec http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202375.html

Mitomycin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mutamycin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202376.html

Mitotane •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lysodren http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202377.html Mitoxantrone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Novantrone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202378.html

Modafinil •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Provigil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203466.html

Molindone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Moban; Moban Concentrate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202379.html

Molybdenum Supplements •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Molypen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202619.html

Mometasone •

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Nasonex

Researching Medications

129

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203589.html Monoctanoin •

Local - U.S. Brands: Moctanin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202380.html

Montelukast •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Singulair http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203613.html

Moricizine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ethmozine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202381.html

Mumps Virus Vaccine Live •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mumpsvax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202382.html

Mupirocin •

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Bactroban Nasal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203489.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Bactroban http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202383.html

Muromonab-Cd3 •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Orthoclone OKT3 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202384.html

Mycophenolate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: CellCept http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203436.html

Nafarelin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Synarel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202646.html

Naltrexone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: ReVia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202388.html

Naphazoline •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ak-Con; Albalon; Allerest; Allergy Drops; Clear Eyes Lubricating Eye Redness Reliever; Comfort Eye Drops; Degest 2; Estivin II; INaphline; Muro's Opcon; Nafazair; Naphcon; Naphcon Forte; Ocu-Zoline Sterile Ophthalmic Solution; VasoClear; VasoClear A; Vasocon Regular http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202389.html

Naratriptan •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amerge

130

Menorrhagia

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203513.html Narcotic Analgesics and Acetaminophen •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Allay; Anexsia 5/500; Anexsia 7.5/650; Anolor DH 5; Bancap-HC; Capital with Codeine; Co-Gesic; Darvocet-N 100; Darvocet-N 50; DHCplus; Dolacet; Dolagesic; Duocet; E-Lor; Endocet; EZ III; Hycomed; HycoPap; Hydrocet; Hydrogesic; HY-PHEN; Lorcet 10/650; Lorcet Plus; Lorcet-HD; Lortab; Lortab 10/500; Lortab 2.5/500; Lortab 5/500; Lortab 7.5/500; Margesic #3; Margesic-H; Oncet; Panacet 5/500; Panlor; Percocet 10/650; Percocet 2.5/325; Percocet 5/325; Percocet 7.5/500; Phenaphen with Codeine No.3; Phenaphen with Codeine No.4; Polygesic; Propacet 100; Pyregesic-C; Roxicet; Roxicet 5/500; Roxilox; Stagesic; Talacen; T-Gesic; Tylenol with Codeine Elixir; Tylenol with Codeine No.2; Tylenol with Codeine No.3; Tylenol with Codeine No.4; Tylox; Ugesic; Vanacet; Vendone; Vicodin; Vicodin ES; Wygesic; Zydone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202392.html

Narcotic Analgesics and Aspirin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Damason-P; Darvon Compound-65; Empirin with Codeine No.3; Empirin with Codeine No.4; Endodan; Lortab ASA; Panasal 5/500; PC-Cap; Percodan; Percodan-Demi; Propoxyphene Compound-65; Roxiprin; Synalgos-DC; Talwin Compound http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202393.html

Narcotic Analgesics for Pain Relief •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Astramorph PF; Buprenex; Cotanal-65; Darvon; DarvonN; Demerol; Dilaudid; Dilaudid-5; Dilaudid-HP; Dolophine; Duramorph; Hydrostat IR; Kadian; Levo-Dromoran; M S Contin; Methadose; MS/L; MS/L Concentrate; MS/S; MSIR; Nubain; Numorphan; OMS Concentrate; Oramorph SR; OxyContin; PP-Cap; Rescudose; RMS Uniserts; Roxanol; Roxanol 100; Roxanol UD; Roxicodone; Roxicodone Intensol; Stadol; Talwin; Talwin-Nx http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202390.html

Narcotic Analgesics for Surgery and Obstetrics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alfenta; Astramorph; Astramorph PF; Buprenex; Demerol; Duramorph; Nubain; Stadol; Sublimaze; Sufenta; Ultiva http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202391.html

Natamycin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Natacyn http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202394.html

Nateglinide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Starlix http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500277.html

Nedocromil •

Inhalation - U.S. Brands: Tilade http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202681.html

•

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Alocril http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500105.html

Researching Medications

131

Nefazodone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Serzone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203491.html

Nelfinavir •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Viracept http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203526.html

Neomycin •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Mycifradin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202396.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Myciguent http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202397.html

Neomycin, Polymyxin B, and Bacitracin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ak-Spore Ophthalmic Ointment; Neocidin Ophthalmic Ointment; Neosporin Ophthalmic Ointment; Neotal; Ocu-Spor-B; Ocusporin; Ocutricin Ophthalmic Ointment; Ophthalmic; Spectro-Sporin; Triple Antibiotic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202399.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Bactine First Aid Antibiotic; Foille; Mycitracin; Neosporin Maximum Strength Ointment; Neosporin Ointment; Topisporin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202400.html

Neomycin, Polymyxin B, and Gramicidin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ak-Spore Ophthalmic Solution; Neocidin Ophthalmic Solution; Neosporin Ophthalmic Solution; Ocu-Spor-G; Ocutricin Ophthalmic Solution; P.N. Ophthalmic; Tribiotic; Tri-Ophthalmic; Triple Antibiotic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202401.html

Neomycin, Polymyxin B, and Hydrocortisone •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ak-Spore H.C. Ophthalmic Suspension; Cortisporin Ophthalmic Suspension http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202402.html

•

Otic - U.S. Brands: AK-Spore HC Otic; Antibiotic Ear; Cortatrigen Ear; Cortatrigen Modified Ear Drops; Cort-Biotic; Cortisporin; Cortomycin; Drotic; Ear-Eze; LazerSporin-C; Masporin Otic; Octicair; Octigen; Otic-Care; Otic-Care Ear; Otimar; Otisan; Otocidin; Otocort; Pediotic; UAD Otic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202403.html

Nevirapine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Viramune http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203527.html

Niacin (Vitamin B 3 ) •

Vitamin B 3 - U.S. Brands: Niacor; Nicolar; Nicotinex Elixir; Slo-Niacin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202405.html

132

Menorrhagia

Niacin for High Cholesterol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Niacor; Niaspan; Nicolar; Nicotinex Elixir; Slo-Niacin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202404.html

Niclosamide •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Niclocide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202406.html

Nicotine •

Inhalation-Systemic - U.S. Brands: Nicotrol Inhaler http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203567.html

•

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Nicotrol NS http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203594.html

•

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Commit; NicoDerm CQ; Nicorette; Nicotrol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202407.html

Nisoldipine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Sular http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203431.html

Nitrates Lingual Aerosol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Nitrolingual http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202410.html

Nitrates Oral •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Dilatrate-SR; IMDUR; ISDN; ISMO; Isordil Tembids; Isordil Titradose; Monoket; Nitrocot; Nitroglyn E-R; Nitrong; Nitro-par; Nitrotime; Sorbitrate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202411.html

Nitrates Sublingual, Chewable, or Buccal •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Isordil; Nitrogard; Nitrostat; Sorbitrate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202412.html

Nitrates Topical •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Deponit; Minitran; Nitro-Bid; Nitrodisc; Nitro-Dur; Nitrol; Transderm-Nitro http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202413.html

Nitrofurantoin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Furadantin; Macrobid; Macrodantin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202414.html

Nitrofurazone •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Furacin Cream; Furacin Soluble Dressing; Furacin Topical Solution http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203497.html

Researching Medications

133

Norfloxacin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Chibroxin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202635.html

Nystatin •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Mycostatin; Nilstat; Nystex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202417.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Mycostatin; Nilstat; Nystex; Nystop; Pedi-Dri http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202418.html

Nystatin and Triamcinolone •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Dermacomb; Myco II; Mycobiotic II; Mycogen II; Mycolog II; Myco-Triacet II; Mykacet; Mykacet II; Mytrex; Tristatin II http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202420.html

Octreotide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Sandostatin; Sandostatin LAR Depot http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202421.html

Ofloxacin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ocuflox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202687.html

•

Otic - U.S. Brands: Floxin Otic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203447.html

Olanzapine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zyprexa http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203492.html

Olopatadine •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Patanol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203483.html

Olsalazine •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Dipentum http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202422.html

Omeprazole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Prilosec http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202423.html

Ondansetron •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zofran; Zofran ODT http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202424.html

Oprelvekin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Neumega http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203420.html

134

Menorrhagia

Orlistat •

Oral and Local - U.S. Brands: Xenical http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500006.html

Orphenadrine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Antiflex; Banflex; Flexoject; Mio-Rel; Myolin; Myotrol; Norflex; Orfro; Orphenate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202426.html

Orphenadrine and Aspirin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: N3 Gesic; N3 Gesic Forte; Norgesic; Norgesic Forte; Norphadrine; Norphadrine Forte; Orphenagesic; Orphenagesic Forte http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202427.html

Oseltamivir •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Tamiflu http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500062.html

Oxcarbazepine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Trileptal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500111.html

Oxiconazole •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Oxistat http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202661.html

Oxtriphylline and Guaifenesin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Brondelate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202430.html

Oxybutynin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ditropan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202431.html

Oxymetazoline •

Nasal - U.S. Brands: 4-Way 12-Hour Nasal Spray; Afrin Cherry 12 Hour Nasal Spray; Afrin Extra Moisturizing 12 Hour Nasal Spray; Afrin Original 12 Hour Nasal Spray; Afrin Original 12 Hour Nose Drops; Afrin Original 12 Hour Pump Mist; Afrin Sinus 12 Hour Nasal Spray; Dristan 12-Hr Nasal Spray; Duramist Plus Up To 12 Hour Nasal Decongestant Spray; Duration 12 Hour Nasal Spray; Genasal Nasal Spray Up to 12 Hour Relief; Nasal Relief 12 Hour Nasal Spray; Neo-Synephrine 12 Hour Extra Moisturizing Spray; Neo-Synephrine 12 Hour Spray; Nostrilla 12 Hour Nasal Decongestant; Twice-A-Day Extra Moisturizing 12 Hour Nasal Spray; Twice-A-Day Soothing 12 Hour Nasal Spray; Vicks Sinex 12-Hour Nasal Spray; Vicks Sinex 12-Hour Ultra Fine Mist for Sinus Relief http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202432.html

•

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Visine L.R. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202433.html

Researching Medications

135

Oxytocin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Pitocin; Syntocinon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202434.html

Paclitaxel •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Taxol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202682.html

Palivizumab •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Synagis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203646.html

Pamidronate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aredia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202662.html

Pancrelipase •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cotazym; Cotazym-S; Creon 10; Creon 20; Creon 5; Enzymase-16; Ilozyme; Ku-Zyme HP; Pancoate; Pancrease; Pancrease MT 10; Pancrease MT 16; Pancrease MT 20; Pancrease MT 4; Panokase; Protilase; Ultrase MT 12; Ultrase MT 20; Viokase; Zymase http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202436.html

Pantoprazole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Protonix http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500064.html

Papaverine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cerespan; Genabid; Pavabid; Pavabid HP; Pavacels; Pavacot; Pavagen; Pavarine; Pavased; Pavatine; Pavatym; Paverolan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202439.html

Paraldehyde •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Paral http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202440.html

Paroxetine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Paxil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202717.html

Pegademase •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Adagen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202443.html

Pegaspargase •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Oncaspar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203543.html

136

Menorrhagia

Peginterferon Alfa-2B •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: PEG-Intron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500287.html

Pemirolast •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Alamast http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500115.html

Pemoline •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cylert; Cylert Chewable http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202444.html

Penciclovir •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Denavir http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203495.html

Penicillamine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cuprimine; Depen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202445.html

Penicillins •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amoxil; Bactocill; Beepen-VK; Betapen-VK; Bicillin L-A; Cloxapen; Crysticillin 300 A.S.; Dycill; Dynapen; Geocillin; Geopen; Ledercillin VK; Mezlin; Nafcil; Nallpen; Omnipen; Omnipen-N; Pathocil; Pen Vee K; Pentids; Permapen; Pfizerpen; Pfizerpen-AS; Pipracil; Polycillin; Polycillin-N; Polymox; Principen; Prostaphlin; Spectrobid; Staphcillin; Tegopen; Ticar; Totacillin; Totacillin-N; Trimox; Unipen; V-Cillin K; Veetids; Wycillin; Wymox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202446.html

Penicillins and Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Augmentin; Timentin; Unasyn; Zosyn http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202705.html

Pentagastrin •

Diagnostic - U.S. Brands: Peptavlon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202447.html

Pentamidine •

Inhalation - U.S. Brands: NebuPent http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202448.html

•

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Pentam 300 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202449.html

Pentosan •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Elmiron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203359.html

Pentostatin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Nipent

Researching Medications

137

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202650.html Pentoxifylline •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Trental http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202450.html

Perflubron •

Diagnostic - U.S. Brands: Imagent GI http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202688.html

Pergolide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Permax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202451.html

Permethrin •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Acticin Cream; Elimite Cream; Nix Cream Rinse http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202452.html

Perphenazine and Amitriptyline •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Etrafon; Etrafon-A; Etrafon-Forte; Triavil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202453.html

Phenazopyridine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Azo-Standard; Baridium; Eridium; Geridium; Phenazodine; Pyridiate; Pyridium; Urodine; Urogesic; Viridium http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202455.html

Phenothiazines •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride Intensol; Compazine; Compazine Spansule; Mellaril; Mellaril Concentrate; Mellaril-S; Permitil; Permitil Concentrate; Prolixin; Prolixin Concentrate; Prolixin Decanoate; Prolixin Enanthate; Serentil; Serentil Concentrate; Stelazine; Stelazine Concentrate; Thorazine; Thorazine Spansule; Trilafon; Trilafon Concentrate; Vesprin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202457.html

Phenoxybenzamine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Dibenzyline http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202458.html

Phenylephrine •

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Alconefrin Nasal Drops 12; Alconefrin Nasal Drops 25; Alconefrin Nasal Drops 50; Alconefrin Nasal Spray 25; Doktors; Duration; NeoSynephrine Nasal Drops; Neo-Synephrine Nasal Jelly; Neo-Synephrine Nasal Spray; Neo-Synephrine Pediatric Nasal Drops; Nostril Spray Pump; Nostril Spray Pump Mild; Rhinall; Rhinall-10 Children's Flavored Nose Drops; Vicks Sinex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202460.html

138

Menorrhagia

•

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ak-Dilate; Ak-Nefrin; Dilatair; I-Phrine; Isopto Frin; Mydfrin; Neofrin; Neo-Synephrine; Ocugestrin; Ocu-Phrin Sterile Eye Drops; Ocu-Phrin Sterile Ophthalmic Solution; Phenoptic; Prefrin Liquifilm; Relief Eye Drops for Red Eyes http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202461.html

Phosphates •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: K-Phos M. F.; K-Phos Neutral; K-Phos No. 2; K-Phos Original; Neutra-Phos; Neutra-Phos-K; Uro-KP-Neutral http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202463.html

Physostigmine •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Eserine Salicylate; Eserine Sulfate; Isopto Eserine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202464.html

Pilocarpine •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Adsorbocarpine; Akarpine; Isopto Carpine; OcuCarpine; Ocusert Pilo-20; Ocusert Pilo-40; Pilagan; Pilocar; Pilopine HS; Piloptic1; Piloptic-2; Piloptic-3; Piloptic-4; Piloptic-6; Piloptic-½; Pilostat http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202465.html

•

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Salagen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202726.html

Pimozide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Orap http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202466.html

Pioglitazone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actos http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500036.html

Plicamycin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mithracin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202467.html

Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Prevnar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500121.html

Pneumococcal Vaccine Polyvalent •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Pneumovax 23; Pnu-Imune 23 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202468.html

Podofilox •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Condylox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203519.html

Podophyllum •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Podocon-25; Podofin

Researching Medications

139

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202469.html Poliovirus Vaccine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ipol; Orimune http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202470.html

Poliovirus Vaccine Live Oral •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Orimune http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203606.html

Polyethylene Glycol and Electrolytes •

Local - U.S. Brands: Co-Lav; Colovage; Colyte; Colyte with Flavor Packs; Colyteflavored; Go-Evac; GoLYTELY; NuLYTELY; NuLYTELY, Cherry Flavor; OCL http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202636.html

Porfimer •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Photofrin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203593.html

Potassium Iodide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Pima http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202472.html

Potassium Supplements •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cena-K; Effer-K; Gen-K; Glu-K; K+ 10; K+ Care; K+ Care ET; K-8; Kaochlor 10%; Kaochlor S-F 10%; Kaon; Kaon-Cl; Kaon-Cl 20% Liquid; Kaon-Cl-10; Kato; Kay Ciel; Kaylixir; K-Dur; K-Electrolyte; K-G Elixir; K-Ide; KLease; K-Lor; Klor-Con 10; Klor-Con 8; Klor-Con Powder; Klor-Con/25 Powder; Klor-Con/EF; Klorvess; Klorvess 10% Liquid; Klorvess Effervescent Granules; Klotrix; K-Lyte; K-Lyte DS; K-Lyte/Cl; K-Lyte/Cl 50; K-Lyte/Cl Powder; KNorm; Kolyum; K-Sol; K-Tab; K-Vescent; Micro-K; Micro-K 10; Micro-K LS; Potasalan; Rum-K; Slow-K; Ten-K; Tri-K; Twin-K http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202473.html

Pralidoxime •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Protopam Chloride http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202779.html

Pramipexole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mirapex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203739.html

Praziquantel •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Biltricide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202474.html

Prazosin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Minipress http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202475.html

140

Menorrhagia

Prazosin and Polythiazide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Minizide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202476.html

Primidone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Myidone; Mysoline http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202479.html

Probenecid •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Benemid; Probalan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202480.html

Probenecid and Colchicine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: ColBenemid; Col-Probenecid; Proben-C http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202481.html

Procainamide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Procan SR; Promine; Pronestyl; Pronestyl-SR http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202483.html

Procarbazine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Matulane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202484.html

Progesterone Intrauterine Device •

IUD - U.S. Brands: Progestasert http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202774.html

Progestins for Contraceptive Use •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Depo-Provera Contraceptive Injection; Micronor; NORPLANT System; Nor-QD; Ovrette; Plan B http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202757.html

Progestins For Noncontraceptive Use •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amen; Aygestin; Crinone; Curretab; Cycrin; DepoProvera; Gesterol 50; Gesterol LA 250; Hy/Gestrone; Hylutin; Megace; Prodrox; Prometrium; Pro-Span; Provera http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202758.html

Propafenone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Rythmol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202486.html

Propiomazine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Largon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202487.html

Researching Medications

141

Protirelin •

Diagnostic - U.S. Brands: Relefact TRH http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202488.html

Pseudoephedrine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cenafed; Chlor-Trimeton Non-Drowsy Decongestant 4 Hour; Decofed; Dimetapp Decongestant; Dimetapp Decongestant Pediatric Drops; Drixoral Nasal Decongestant; Efidac/24; Genaphed; Myfedrine; PediaCare Infants' Oral Decongestant Drops; Pseudo 60's; Sudafed; Sudafed 12 Hour; Sudafed Children's Nasal Decongestant Liquid Medication; Triaminic AM Decongestant Formula; Triaminic Infant Oral Decongestant Drops http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202489.html

Pyrantel •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Pin-X; Reese's Pinworm Caplets; Reese's Pinworm Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202490.html

Pyrethrins and Piperonyl Butoxide •

Topical - U.S. Brands: A-200 Gel Concentrate; A-200 Shampoo Concentrate; Barc; Blue; Licetrol; Pronto Lice Killing Shampoo Kit; Pyrinyl; R & C; Rid; Tisit; Tisit Blue; Tisit Shampoo; Triple X http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202492.html

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B 6 ) •

Vitamin B 6 - U.S. Brands: Beesix; Doxine; Nestrex; Pyri; Rodex; Vitabee 6 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202493.html

Pyrimethamine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Daraprim http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202494.html

Pyrithione •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Denorex Advanced Formula; DermaZinc Baby; DermaZinc Cream; DermaZinc Scalp; DermaZinc Shampoo; DermaZinc Soap; DermaZinc Spray; DHS Zinc; Head & Shoulders Dandruff Shampoo (Fine or Oily Hair); Head & Shoulders Dandruff Shampoo (Normal Hair); Head & Shoulders Dandruff Shampoo Plus Conditioner 2 in 1 (Fine or Oily Hair; Head & Shoulders Dry Scalp (Normal or Dry Hair); Pert Plus Dandruff Control (Complete Dandruff Shampoo Plus Conditioner In One) (Extra Body for Fine or Oily Hair); Pert Plus Dandruff Control (Complete Dandruff Shampoo Plus Conditioner in One) (Normal or Dry Hair); Sebulon; Theraplex Z; XSeb; XSeb Plus; Zincon; ZNP Bar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202495.html

Quetiapine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Seroquel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203124.html

142

Menorrhagia

Quinidine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cardioquin; Quinaglute Dura-tabs; Quinidex Extentabs; Quin-Release http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202498.html

Quinupristin and Dalfopristin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Synercid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500048.html

Rabeprazole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: AcipHex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500054.html

Rabies Immune Globulin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: BayRab; Hyperab; Imogam; Imogam Rabies-HT http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202718.html

Rabies Vaccine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Imovax; Imovax I.D. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202719.html

Racemethionine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: M-Caps; Pedameth; Uracid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202727.html

Raloxifene •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Evista http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203396.html

Rauwolfia Alkaloids •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Harmonyl; Raudixin; Rauval; Rauverid; Serpalan; Wolfina http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202503.html

Rauwolfia Alkaloids and Thiazide Diuretics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Demi-Regroton; Diupres; Diurigen with Reserpine; Diutensen-R; Enduronyl; Enduronyl Forte; Oreticyl; Oreticyl Forte; Rauzide; Regroton http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202504.html

Repaglinide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Prandin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203463.html

Reserpine, Hydralazine, and Hydrochlorothiazide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cam-Ap-Es; Cherapas; Ser-A-Gen; Seralazide; Ser-ApEs; Serpazide; Tri-Hydroserpine; Unipres http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202506.html

Researching Medications

143

Resorcinol •

Topical - U.S. Brands: RA http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202507.html

Resorcinol and Sulfur •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Acnomel Acne Cream; Bensulfoid Cream; Clearasil Adult Care Medicated Blemish Cream; Clearasil Adult Care Medicated Blemish Stick; Night Cast Special Formula Mask-lotion; Rezamid Acne Treatment; Sulforcin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202508.html

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Immune Globulin Intravenous •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: RespiGam http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203069.html Rh O (D) Immune Globulin •

D - U.S. Brands: BayRho-D Full Dose; BayRho-D Mini-Dose; MICRhoGAM; RhoGAM; WinRho SDF http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202720.html

Ribavirin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Copegus; Rebetol; Virazole http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202509.html

Ribavirin and Interferon Alfa-2B, Recombinant •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Rebetron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500032.html

Rifabutin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mycobutin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202683.html

Rifampin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Rifadin; Rifadin IV; Rimactane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202511.html

Rifampin and Isoniazid •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Rifamate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202512.html

Rifampin, Isoniazid, and Pyrazinamide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Rifater http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202775.html

Rifapentine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Priftin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203609.html

Riluzole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Rilutek http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202792.html

144

Menorrhagia

Rimantadine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Flumadine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202771.html

Rimexolone •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Vexol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203590.html

Risedronate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actonel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203554.html

Risperidone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Risperdal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202769.html

Ritodrine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Yutopar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202513.html

Ritonavir •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Norvir http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203528.html

Rituximab •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Rituxan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203423.html

Rivastigmine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Exelon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500151.html

Rizatriptan •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Maxalt; Maxalt-MLT http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203620.html

Rofecoxib •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Vioxx http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203782.html

Ropinirole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Requip http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203364.html

Ropivacaine •

Parenteral-Local - U.S. Brands: Naropin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202913.html

Researching Medications

145

Rosiglitazone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Avandia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500022.html

Rubella and Mumps Virus Vaccine Live •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: BIAVAX II http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202912.html

Rubella Virus Vaccine Live •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Meruvax II http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202514.html

Sacrosidase •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Sucraid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203409.html

Salicylates •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Acuprin 81; Amigesic; Anacin Caplets; Anacin Maximum Strength; Anacin Tablets; Anaflex 750; Arthritis Pain Ascriptin; Arthritis Pain Formula; Arthritis Strength Bufferin; Arthropan; Aspergum; Aspirin Regimen Bayer Adult Low Dose; Aspirin Regimen Bayer Regular Strength Caplets; Aspir-Low; Aspirtab; Aspirtab-Max; Backache Caplets; Bayer Children's Aspirin; Bayer Select Maximum Strength Backache Pain Relief Formula; Bufferin Caplets; Bufferin Tablets; Buffex; Buffinol; Buffinol Extra; Cama Arthritis Pain Reliever; CMT; Cope; Disalcid; Doan's Regular Strength Tablets; Easprin; Ecotrin Caplets; Ecotrin Tablets; Empirin; Extended-release Bayer 8-Hour; Extra Strength Bayer Arthritis Pain Formula Caplets; Extra Strength Bayer Aspirin Caplets; Extra Strength Bayer Aspirin Tablets; Extra Strength Bayer Plus Caplets; Gensan; Genuine Bayer Aspirin Caplets; Genuine Bayer Aspirin Tablets; Halfprin; Healthprin Adult Low Strength; Healthprin Full Strength; Healthprin Half-Dose; Magan; Magnaprin; Marthritic; Maximum Strength Arthritis Foundation Safety Coated Aspirin; Maximum Strength Ascriptin; Maximum Strength Doan's Analgesic Caplets; Mobidin; Mono-Gesic; Norwich Aspirin; P-A-C Revised Formula; Regular Strength Ascriptin; Salflex; Salsitab; Sloprin; St. Joseph Adult Chewable Aspirin; Tricosal; Trilisate; ZORprin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202515.html

Salicylic Acid •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Antinea; Buf-Puf Acne Cleansing Bar with Vitamin E; Calicylic Creme; Clear Away; Clear by Design Medicated Cleansing Pads; Clearasil Clearstick Maximum Strength Topical Solution; Clearasil Clearstick Regular Strength Topical Solution; Clearasil Double Textured Pads Maximum Strength; Clearasil Double Textured Pads Regular Strength; Clearasil Medicated Deep Cleanser Topical Solution; Compound W Gel; Compound W Liquid; Duofilm; Duoplant Topical Solution; Freezone; Gordofilm; Hydrisalic; Ionax Astringent Skin Cleanser Topical Solution; Ionil Plus Shampoo; Ionil Shampoo; Keralyt; Keratex Gel; Lactisol; Listerex Golden Scrub Lotion; Listerex Herbal Scrub Lotion; Mediplast; Noxzema Anti-Acne Gel; Noxzema Anti-Acne Pads Maximum Strength; Noxzema Anti-Acne Pads Regular Strength; Occlusal Topical Solution; Occlusal-HP Topical Solution; Off-Ezy Topical Solution Corn &

146

Menorrhagia

Callus Remover Kit; Off-Ezy Topical Solution Wart Removal Kit; Oxy Clean Medicated Cleanser; Oxy Clean Medicated Pads Maximum Strength; Oxy Clean Medicated Pads Regular Strength; Oxy Clean Medicated Pads Sensitive Skin; Oxy Night Watch Maximum Strength Lotion; Oxy Night Watch Sensitive Skin Lotion; P&S; Paplex; Paplex Ultra; Propa pH Medicated Acne Cream Maximum Strength; Propa pH Medicated Cleansing Pads Maximum Strength; Propa pH Medicated Cleansing Pads Sensitive Skin; Propa pH Perfectly Clear Skin Cleanser Topical Solution Normal/Combination Skin; Propa pH Perfectly Clear Skin Cleanser Topical Solution Oily Skin; Propa pH Perfectly Clear Skin Cleanser Topical Solution Sensitive Skin Formula; Salac; Salacid; Sal-Acid Plaster; Salactic Film Topical Solution; Sal-Clens Plus Shampoo; Sal-Clens Shampoo; Saligel; Salonil; Sal-Plant Gel Topical Solution; Sebucare; Stri-Dex Dual Textured Pads Maximum Strength; Stri-Dex Dual Textured Pads Regular Strength; Stri-Dex Dual Textured Pads Sensitive Skin; Stri-Dex Maximum Strength Pads; Stri-Dex Regular Strength Pads; Stri-Dex Super Scrub Pads; Trans-Plantar; Trans-Ver-Sal; Verukan Topical Solution; Verukan-HP Topical Solution; Viranol; Viranol Ultra; Wart-Off Topical Solution; X-Seb http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202516.html Salicylic Acid and Sulfur •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Essential Care Creamy Dandruff Shampoo; Essential Care Maximum Strength Dandruff Shampoo; Essential Care Medicated Dandruff Wash; Meted; Pernox (Lemon); Pernox (Regular); Pernox Lathering Abradant Scrub Cleanser (Fresh Scent); Sebex; Sebulex (Regular); Sebulex (with Conditioners) http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202517.html

Salicylic Acid, Sulfur, and Coal Tar •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Sebex-T Tar Shampoo; Sebutone; Vanseb-T http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202518.html

Samarium Sm 153 Lexidronam •

Therapeutic - U.S. Brands: Quadramet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203683.html

Saquinavir •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fortovase; Invirase http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203529.html

Selegiline •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Carbex; Eldepryl http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202519.html

Selenium Sulfide •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Exsel Lotion Shampoo; Glo-Sel; Head & Shoulders Intensive Treatment 2 in 1 (Persistent Dandruff Shampoo plus Conditioner in One) Formula Dandruff Lotion Shampoo; Head & Shoulders Intensive Treatment Conditioning Formula Dandruff Lotion Shampoo; Head & Shoulders Intensive Treatment Regular Formula Dandruff Lotion Shampoo; Selsun; Selsun Blue Dry

Researching Medications

147

Formula; Selsun Blue Extra Conditioning Formula; Selsun Blue Extra Medicated Formula; Selsun Blue Oily Formula; Selsun Blue Regular Formula http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202520.html Selenium Supplements •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Sele-Pak; Selepen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202633.html

Sermorelin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Geref http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203508.html

Sertraline •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zoloft http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202651.html

Sevelamer •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Renagel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203741.html

Sevoflurane •

Inhalation-Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ultane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202793.html

Sibutramine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Meridia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203725.html

Sildenafil •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Viagra http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203533.html

Silicone Oil 5000 Centistokes •

Parenteral-Local - U.S. Brands: AdatoSil 5000 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202780.html Silver Sulfadiazine •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Silvadene; SSD; SSD AF; Thermazene http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202521.html

Simethicone •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Extra Strength Maalox Anti-Gas; Flatulex; Gas Relief; Gas-X; Gas-X Extra Strength; Genasyme; Maalox Anti-Gas; Maximum Strength Gas Relief; Maximum Strength Mylanta Gas Relief; Maximum Strength Phazyme; My Baby Gas Relief Drops; Mylanta Gas; Mylanta Gas Relief; Mylicon Drops; Phazyme; Phazyme-95 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202522.html

Sincalide •

Diagnostic - U.S. Brands: Kinevac

148

Menorrhagia

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202739.html Sirolimus •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Rapamune http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500028.html

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Carbacot; EZE-DS; Maolate; Paraflex; Parafon Forte DSC; Relaxazone; Remular; Remular-S; Robaxin; Robaxin-750; Skelaxin; Skelex; Soma; Strifon Forte DSC; Vanadom http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202523.html

Sodium Benzoate and Sodium Phenylacetate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ucephan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202524.html

Sodium Bicarbonate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Arm and Hammer; Bell/ans; Citrocarbonate; Pure Baking Soda; Soda Mint http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202525.html

Sodium Fluoride •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fluoritab; Fluorodex; Flura; Flura-Drops; Flura-Loz; Karidium; Luride; Luride Lozi-Tabs; Luride-SF Lozi-Tabs; Pediaflor; Pharmaflur; Pharmaflur 1.1; Pharmaflur df; Phos-Flur http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202527.html

Sodium Iodide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Iodopen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202621.html

Sodium Phenylbutyrate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Buphenyl http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202916.html

Sodium Thiosulfate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cyanide Antidote Package http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202690.html

Sparfloxacin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zagam http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203530.html

Spectinomycin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Trobicin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202530.html

Researching Medications

149

Spermicides •

Vaginal - U.S. Brands: Advantage 24; Because; Conceptrol Contraceptive Inserts; Conceptrol Gel; Delfen; Emko; Emko Pre-Fil; Encare; Gynol II Extra Strength Contraceptive Jelly; Gynol II Original Formula Contraceptive Jelly; Koromex Cream; Koromex Crystal Clear Gel; Koromex Foam; Koromex Jelly; K-Y Plus; Ortho-Creme; Ortho-Gynol; Ramses Crystal Clear Gel; Semicid; Shur-Seal; VCF http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202531.html

Stavudine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zerit http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202728.html

Streptozocin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zanosar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202532.html

Strontium Chloride Sr 89 •

Therapeutic - U.S. Brands: Metastron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202706.html

Succimer •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Chemet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202664.html

Sucralfate •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Carafate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202533.html

Sulconazole •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Exelderm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202691.html

Sulfadoxine and Pyrimethamine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fansidar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202534.html

Sulfasalazine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Azulfidine; Azulfidine EN-Tabs http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202537.html

Sulfinpyrazone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anturane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202538.html

Sulfonamides •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ak-Sulf; Bleph-10; Cetamide; Gantrisin; IsoptoCetamide; I-Sulfacet; Ocu-Sul-10; Ocu-Sul-15; Ocu-Sul-30; Ocusulf-10; Ophthacet; Sodium Sulamyd; Spectro-Sulf; Steri-Units Sulfacetamide; Sulf-10; Sulfair; Sulfair 10; Sulfair 15; Sulfair Forte; Sulfamide; Sulten-10

150

Menorrhagia

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202539.html •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Gantanol; Gantrisin; Thiosulfil Forte; Urobak http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202540.html

•

Vaginal - U.S. Brands: AVC; Sultrin; Trysul http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202541.html

Sulfonamides and Phenazopyridine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Azo Gantanol; Azo Gantrisin; Azo-Sulfamethoxazole; Azo-Sulfisoxazole; Azo-Truxazole; Sul-Azo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202542.html

Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Bactrim; Bactrim DS; Bactrim I.V.; Bactrim Pediatric; Cofatrim Forte; Cotrim; Cotrim DS; Cotrim Pediatric; Septra; Septra DS; Septra Grape Suspension; Septra I.V.; Septra Suspension; Sulfatrim; Sulfatrim Pediatric; Sulfatrim S/S; Sulfatrim Suspension; Sulfatrim-DS http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202781.html

Sulfur •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Cuticura Ointment; Finac; Fostex Regular Strength Medicated Cover-Up; Fostril Lotion; Lotio Alsulfa; Sulpho-Lac http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202543.html

Sumatriptan •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Imitrex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202665.html

Sunscreen Agents •

Topical - U.S. Brands: A-Fil; Aquaderm Sunscreen Moisturizer; Aquaray Sunscreen; Bain de Soleil All Day For Kids; Bain de Soleil All Day Sunfilter; Bain de Soleil Mega Tan; Bain de Soleil Orange Gelee; Bain de Soleil Sand Buster; Bain de Soleil SPF + Color; Bain de Soleil Tropical Deluxe; Banana Boat Active Kids Sunblock; Banana Boat Baby Sunblock; Banana Boat Dark Tanning; Banana Boat Faces Sensitive Skin Sunblock; Banana Boat Protective Tanning; Banana Boat Sport Sunblock; Banana Boat Sunblock; Banana Boat Sunscreen; Blistex Daily Conditioning Treatment for Lips; Blistex Medicated Lip Conditioner; Blistex Regular; Blistex Ultraprotection; Bullfrog Body; Bullfrog Extra Moisturizing; Bullfrog For Kids; Bullfrog Original Concentrated; Bullfrog Sport; Bullfrog Sunblock; Catrix Correction; Catrix Lip Saver; Chap Stick; Chap Stick Sunblock; Chap Stick Sunblock Petroleum Jelly Plus; Chap-et Sun Ban Lip Conditioner; Coppertone All Day Protection; Coppertone Kids Sunblock; Coppertone Lipkote Lip Balm; Coppertone Moisturizing Sunscreen; Coppertone Moisturizing Suntan; Coppertone Sport; Coppertone Sport Ultra Sweatproof; Coppertone Tan Magnifier Gel; Coppertone Waterbabies Sunblock; Curel Everyday Sun Protection; Dermsol; DML Facial Moisturizer Cream; Durascreen; Eclipse Lip & Face Protectant; Eclipse Original Sunscreen; Eucerin Dry Skin Care Daily Facial; Formula 405 Solar; Hawaiian Baby Faces Sunblock; Hawaiian Tropic Baby Faces; Hawaiian Tropic Baby Faces Sunblock; Hawaiian Tropic Dark Tanning; Hawaiian Tropic Dark Tanning with Sunscreen; Hawaiian Tropic Just For Kids; Hawaiian Tropic Land Sport; Hawaiian Tropic Plus; Hawaiian Tropic Plus

Researching Medications

151

Sunblock; Hawaiian Tropic Protective Tanning; Hawaiian Tropic Protective Tanning Dry; Hawaiian Tropic Self-tanning Sunblock; Hawaiian Tropic Sport Sunblock; Hawaiian Tropic Sunblock; Hawaiian Tropic Water Sport; Herpecin-L Cold Sore; Johnson's Baby Sunblock; Johnson's Baby Sunblock Extra Protection; Johnson's No More Tears Baby Sunblock; Maxafil Cream; Mentholatum Lip Balm; Neutrogena Chemical-Free Sunblocker; Neutrogena Deep Glow; Neutrogena Intensified Day Moisture; Neutrogena Light Glow; Neutrogena Lip Moisturizer; Neutrogena Moisture Untinted & with Sheer Tint; Neutrogena No Stick Sunscreen; Neutrogena Sunblock; Nivea Sun; Noxzema Moisturizer; Oil of Olay Daily UV Protectant; Oil of Olay Daily UV Protectant Beauty Fluid; Oil of Olay Moisture Replenishment; PreSun Active Clear; PreSun For Kids; PreSun Lip Protector; PreSun Moisturizing; PreSun Moisturizing Sunscreen with Keri; PreSun Sensitive Skin; PreSun Spray Mist; Presun Spray Mist for Kids; Q.T. Quick Tanning; Ray Block; Shade Oil-Free Gel; Shade Sunblock; Shade Sunblock Oil-Free; Shade UVA Guard; Shade Waterproof Sunblock; Softsense Skin Essential Everyday UV Protectant; Solbar PF; Solbar PF Liquid; Solbar PF Ultra; Solbar Plus; Solex A15 Clear; Stay Moist Moisturizing Lip Conditioner; Sundown Sport Sunblock; Sundown Sunblock; Sundown Sunscreen; TI Screen; TI Screen Baby Natural; Total Eclipse Moisturizing Skin Lotion; Total Eclipse Oily and Acne Prone Skin Sunscreen; Tropical Blend Dark Tanning; Tropical Blend Dry Oil; Vaseline Extra Defense for Hand and Body; Vaseline Intensive Care Active Sport; Vaseline Intensive Care Baby Moisturizing Sunblock; Vaseline Intensive Care Blockout Moisturizing; Vaseline Intensive Care Lip Therapy; Vaseline Intensive Care Moisturizing Sunblock; Vaseline Intensive Care Moisturizing Sunscreen; Vaseline Moisturizing Sunscreen; Vaseline Ultraviolet Daily Defense for Hand and Body; Waterbabies Little Licks; Waterbabies Sunblock http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202782.html Tacrine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cognex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202722.html

Tacrolimus •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Prograf http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202914.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Protopic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500279.html

Talc •

Intrapleural-Local - U.S. Brands: Sclerosol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203587.html

Tamoxifen •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Nolvadex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202545.html

Tamsulosin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Flomax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203479.html

152

Menorrhagia

Tazarotene •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Tazorac http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203118.html

Telmisartan •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Micardis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203710.html

Temozolomide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Temodar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500076.html

Tenecteplase •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: TNKase http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500145.html

Teniposide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Vumon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203661.html

Terazosin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hytrin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202546.html

Terbinafine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lamisil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202760.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Lamisil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202666.html

Testolactone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Teslac http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202549.html

Tetanus Immune Globulin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: BayTet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202908.html

Tetracycline Periodontal Fibers •

Dental - U.S. Brands: Actisite http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202729.html

Tetracyclines •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Achromycin V; Declomycin; Doryx; Dynacin; Minocin; Monodox; Terramycin; Vibramycin; Vibra-Tabs http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202552.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Achromycin; Aureomycin; Meclan; Topicycline http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202553.html

Researching Medications

153

Thalidomide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: THALOMID http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202692.html

Theophylline and Guaifenesin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Bronchial; Broncomar GG; Ed-Bron G; Elixophyllin-GG; Equibron G; Glyceryl-T; Quibron; Quibron-300; Slo-Phyllin GG; Theocon; Theolate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202557.html

Theophylline, Ephedrine, and Hydroxyzine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Marax; Marax-DF http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202555.html

Thiabendazole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mintezol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202558.html

Thiamine (Vitamin B 1 ) •

Vitamin B 1 - U.S. Brands: Biamine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202560.html

Thiethylperazine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Thiola http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202569.html

•

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Torecan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202561.html

Thioxanthenes •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Navane; Taractan; Thiothixene HCl Intensol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202564.html

Thrombolytic Agents •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Abbokinase; Abbokinase Open-Cath; Activase; Eminase; Retavase; Streptase http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202565.html

Thyroid Hormones •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Armour Thyroid; Cytomel; Levo-T; Levothroid; Levoxyl; Synthroid; Thyrar; Thyroid Strong; Thyrolar; Triostat; Westhroid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202566.html

Tiagabine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Gabitril http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203392.html

Ticlopidine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ticlid

154

Menorrhagia

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202637.html Tiludronate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Skelid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203480.html

Tinzaparin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Innohep http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500175.html

Tizanidine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zanaflex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/207060.html

Tobramycin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: AKTob; Tobrex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202570.html

Tobramycin and Dexamethasone •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Tobradex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203776.html

Tocainide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Not commercially available http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202571.html

Tolcapone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Tasmar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203115.html

Tolnaftate •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Aftate for Athlete's Foot Aerosol Spray Liquid; Aftate for Athlete's Foot Aerosol Spray Powder; Aftate for Athlete's Foot Gel; Aftate for Athlete's Foot Sprinkle Powder; Aftate for Jock Itch Aerosol Spray Powder; Aftate for Jock Itch Gel; Aftate for Jock Itch Sprinkle Powder; Genaspore Cream; NP-27 Cream; NP-27 Powder; NP-27 Solution; NP-27 Spray Powder; Tinactin Aerosol Liquid; Tinactin Aerosol Powder; Tinactin Antifungal Deodorant Powder Aerosol; Tinactin Cream; Tinactin Jock Itch Cream; Tinactin Jock Itch Spray Powder; Tinactin Powder; Tinactin Solution; Ting Antifungal Cream; Ting Antifungal Powder; Ting Antifungal Spray Liquid; Ting Antifungal Spray Powder; Zeasorb-AF Powder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202572.html

Tolterodine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Detrol; Detrol LA http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203475.html

Topiramate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Topamax

Researching Medications

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203085.html Topotecan •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hycamtin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203049.html

Toremifene •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fareston http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203072.html

Torsemide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Demadex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202740.html

Tramadol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ultram http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202789.html

Trandolapril and Verapamil •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Tarka http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203641.html

Trazodone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Desyrel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202573.html

Tretinoin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Vesanoid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203663.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Avita; Renova; Retin-A; Retin-A MICRO http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202574.html

Trientine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Syprine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202575.html

Trifluridine •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Viroptic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202576.html

Trimethobenzamide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Benzacot; Stemetic; Tebamide; Tigan; Tribenzagan; Trimazide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202578.html

Trimethoprim •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Proloprim; Trimpex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202579.html

155

156

Menorrhagia

Tropicamide •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: I-Picamide; Mydriacyl; Mydriafair; Ocu-Tropic; Opticyl; Spectro-Cyl; Tropicacyl http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202581.html

Tuberculin, Purified Protein Derivative (Ppd) •

PPD - U.S. Brands: Aplisol; Aplitest; Tuberculin PPD TINE TEST; Tubersol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202761.html

Typhoid Vaccine Live Oral •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Vivotif Berna http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202638.html

Undecylenic Acid, Compound •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Caldesene Medicated Powder; Cruex Antifungal Cream; Cruex Antifungal Powder; Cruex Antifungal Spray Powder; Decylenes Powder; Desenex Antifungal Cream; Desenex Antifungal Liquid; Desenex Antifungal Ointment; Desenex Antifungal Penetrating Foam; Desenex Antifungal Powder; Desenex Antifungal Spray Powder; Gordochom Solution http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202582.html

Unoprostone •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Rescula http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500199.html

Urea •

Intra-amniotic - U.S. Brands: Ureaphil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202584.html

Urea C 14 •

Diagnostic - U.S. Brands: PYtest http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203517.html

Urofollitropin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fertinex; Metrodin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202586.html

Ursodiol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actigall; URSO 250 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202587.html

Valacyclovir •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Valtrex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202790.html

Valganciclovir •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Valcyte http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500289.html

Researching Medications

Valproic Acid •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Depacon; Depakene; Depakote; Depakote Sprinkle http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202588.html

Valrubicin •

Mucosal-Local - U.S. Brands: Valstar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203706.html

Valsartan •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Diovan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203478.html

Valsartan and Hydrochlorothiazide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Diovan HCT http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203577.html

Vancomycin •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Vancocin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202589.html

•

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Vancocin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202590.html

Varicella Virus Vaccine Live •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Varivax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202998.html

Vasopressin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Pitressin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202591.html

Venlafaxine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Effexor; Effexor XR http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202764.html

Verteporfin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Visudyne http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500139.html

Vidarabine •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Vira-A http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202592.html

Vinblastine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Velban http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202593.html

Vincristine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Oncovin; Vincasar PFS; Vincrex

157

158

Menorrhagia

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202594.html Vinorelbine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Navelbine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203542.html

Vitamin A •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aquasol A http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202595.html

Vitamin D and Related Compounds •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Calciferol; Calciferol Drops; Calcijex; Calderol; DHT; DHT Intensol; Drisdol; Drisdol Drops; Hectorol; Hytakerol; Rocaltrol; Zemplar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202597.html

Vitamin E •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amino-Opti-E; Aquasol E; E-1000 I.U. Softgels; E-200 I.U. Softgels; E-400 I.U. in a Water Soluble Base; E-Complex-600; E-Vitamin Succinate; Liqui-E; Pheryl-E; Vita Plus E http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202598.html Vitamin K •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: AquaMEPHYTON; Mephyton http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202599.html

Vitamins and Fluoride •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Adeflor; Cari-Tab; Mulvidren-F; Poly-Vi-Flor; Tri-ViFlor; Vi-Daylin/F http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202600.html

Xylometazoline •

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Otrivin Nasal Drops; Otrivin Nasal Spray; Otrivin Pediatric Nasal Drops http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202601.html

Yellow Fever Vaccine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: YF-Vax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202689.html

Yohimbine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actibine; Aphrodyne; Baron-X; Dayto Himbin; Prohim; Thybine; Yocon; Yohimar; Yohimex; Yoman; Yovital http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202639.html

Zafirlukast •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Accolate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202917.html

Zalcitabine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: HIVID

Researching Medications

159

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202652.html Zanamivir •

Inhalation—Systemic - U.S. Brands: Relenza http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500004.html

Zidovudine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Retrovir http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202602.html

Zileuton •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zyflo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203040.html

Zinc Supplements •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Orazinc; Verazinc; Zinc 15; Zinc-220; Zinca-Pak; Zincate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202622.html

Ziprasidone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Geodon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500283.html

Zolmitriptan •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zomig http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203426.html

Zolpidem •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ambien http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202707.html

Zonisamide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zonegran http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500137.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

160

Menorrhagia

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

161

APPENDICES

163

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

164

Menorrhagia

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

165

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

166

Menorrhagia

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “menorrhagia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3342 192 337 18 37 3926

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “menorrhagia” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

167

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

169

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on menorrhagia can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to menorrhagia. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to menorrhagia. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “menorrhagia”:

170

Menorrhagia

Bleeding Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bleedingdisorders.html Erectile Dysfunction http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/erectiledysfunction.html Hepatitis C http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitisc.html Hormone Replacement Therapy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hormonereplacementtherapy.html Menopause http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/menopause.html Premenstrual Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/premenstrualsyndrome.html Uterine Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/uterinecancer.html Uterine Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/uterinediseases.html Vaginal Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vaginaldiseases.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “menorrhagia” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

The management of menorrhagia in secondary care Source: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 July; 77 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2556&nbr=1782&a mp;string=menorrhagia The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate

Patient Resources

171

in some way to menorrhagia. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to menorrhagia. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with menorrhagia. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about menorrhagia. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine.

172

Menorrhagia

To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “menorrhagia” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “menorrhagia”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “menorrhagia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type following Web site: “menorrhagia” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

173

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

174

Menorrhagia

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

175

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

176

Menorrhagia

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

177

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

178

Menorrhagia

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

179

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on menorrhagia: •

Basic Guidelines for Menorrhagia Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000903.htm PID Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000888.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Menorrhagia Abnormal uterine bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003156.htm Abnormal vaginal bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003156.htm Anemia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000560.htm

180

Menorrhagia

Dysmenorrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003150.htm Heavy menstrual bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003263.htm Menstrual periods, abnormal Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003263.htm Mood changes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm Vaginal bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003156.htm Vaginal bleeding between periods Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003156.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Menorrhagia Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Bleeding time Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003656.htm BUN Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003474.htm CBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm Endometrial biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003917.htm Follicle stimulating hormone Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003710.htm FSH Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003710.htm Hyperplasia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003441.htm LH Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003708.htm Luteinizing hormone Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003708.htm Pap smear Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003911.htm

Online Glossaries 181

Partial thromboplastin time Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003653.htm Pregnancy test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003432.htm Prothrombin time Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003652.htm Serum HCG Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003509.htm Thyroid function tests Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003444.htm •

Surgery and Procedures for Menorrhagia Dand C Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002914.htm Dilatation and curettage Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002914.htm Hysterectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002915.htm

•

Background Topics for Menorrhagia Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Blood loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Systemic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002294.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

182

•

Menorrhagia

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

183

MENORRHAGIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Ablate: In surgery, is to remove. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adhesions: Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Allium: A genus of liliaceous herbs containing onions (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), and others; many produce pungent, often bacteriostatic and physiologically active

184

Menorrhagia

compounds and are used as food, condiment, and medicament, the latter in traditional medicine. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier

Dictionary 185

for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulants: Agents that prevent blood clotting. Naturally occurring agents in the blood are included only when they are used as drugs. [NIH] Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antifibrinolytic: Inhibiting fibrinolysis. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Argipressin: Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2, cyclic 1-6 disulfide. The usual mammalian antidiuretic hormone, it is a cyclic nonapeptide with arginine in position 8 of the chain. Argipressin is used to treat diabetes insipidus and as hemostatic because of its vasoconstrictor action. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body.

186

Menorrhagia

[NIH]

Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bleeding Time: Duration of blood flow after skin puncture. This test is used as a measure of capillary and platelet function. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Dictionary 187

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chondrocytes: Polymorphic cells that form cartilage. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other

188

Menorrhagia

interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clot Retraction: Retraction of a clot resulting from contraction of platelet pseudopods attached to fibrin strands that is dependent on the contractile protein thrombosthenin. Used as a measure of platelet function. [NIH] Codons: Any triplet of nucleotides (coding unit) in DNA or RNA (if RNA is the carrier of primary genetic information as in some viruses) that codes for particular amino acid or signals the beginning or end of the message. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collateral Circulation: Maintenance of blood flow to an organ despite obstruction of a principal vessel. Blood flow is maintained through small vessels. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make

Dictionary 189

biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraceptive Agents: Chemical substances that prevent or reduce the probability of conception. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Crowns: A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curettage: Removal of tissue with a curette, a spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH]

Curette: A spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH] Cystathionine beta-Synthase: A multifunctional pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. In the second stage of cysteine biosynthesis it catalyzes the reaction of homocysteine with serine to form cystathionine with the elimination of water. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to hyperhomocysteinemia and homocystinuria. EC 4.2.1.22. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as

190

Menorrhagia

an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Desmopressin: A synthetic analog of the natural hormone 8-arginine vasopressin (argipressin). Its action is mediated by the vasopressin receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating factor VIII and von Willebrand factor. [NIH] Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dysmenorrhoea: Painful menstruation. [EU] Ectopic Pregnancy: The pregnancy occurring elsewhere than in the cavity of the uterus. [NIH]

Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service

Dictionary 191

produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]

Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Ethamsylate: Benzenesulfonate derivative used as a systemic hemostatic. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU]

192

Menorrhagia

Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of the broad ligament. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolysis: The natural enzymatic dissolution of fibrin. [NIH] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Fibroid: A benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. Also called leiomyoma. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch

Dictionary 193

of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadorelin: A decapeptide hormone released by the hypothalamus. It stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland. [NIH] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Goserelin: 6-(O-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-D-serine)-10-deglycinamideluteinizing hormonereleasing factor (pig) 2-(aminocarbonyl)hydrazide. A long-acting gonadorelin agonist. It is used in the treatment of malignant neoplasms of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer. [NIH] Gossypol: Poisonous pigment found in cottonseed and potentially irritating to gastrointestinal tract. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gynaecological: Pertaining to gynaecology. [EU] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haematological: Relating to haematology, that is that branch of medical science which treats of the morphology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [EU] Haematology: The science of the blood, its nature, functions, and diseases. [NIH] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or

194

Menorrhagia

as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hematologist: A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the blood. [NIH] Hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormonal therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called hormone therapy or endocrine therapy. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Hyperhomocysteinemia: An inborn error of methionone metabolism which produces an excess of homocysteine in the blood. It is often caused by a deficiency of cystathionine betasynthase and is a risk factor for coronary vascular disease. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypnotherapy: Sleeping-cure. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are

Dictionary 195

intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Hysterectomy, Vaginal: Removal of the uterus through the vagina. [NIH] Hysteroscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the uterus. [NIH]

Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues

196

Menorrhagia

caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Introns: Non-coding, intervening sequences of DNA that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger RNA. Most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain introns, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Leiomyoma: A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the uterus and the gastrointestinal tract but can occur in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Levonorgestrel: A progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (norgestrel). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of

Dictionary 197

independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Menarche: The establishment or beginning of the menstrual function. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired

198

Menorrhagia

from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myometrium: The smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ. [NIH] Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Neoplastic Processes: The pathological mechanisms and forms taken by tissue during degeneration into a neoplasm and its subsequent activity. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Norgestrel: (+-)-13-Ethyl-17-hydroxy-18,19-dinorpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A progestational agent with actions similar to those of progesterone. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (levonorgestrel). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive and ovulation inhibitor and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis. [NIH]

Dictionary 199

Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Oestrogen: A generic term for oestrus-producing steroid compounds; the female sex hormones. In humans, oestrogen is formed in the ovary, possibly the adrenal cortex, the testis, and the foetoplacental unit; it has various functions in both sexes. It is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics, and during the menstrual cycle it acts on the female genitalia to produce an environment suitable for the fertilization, implantation, and nutrition of the early embryo. Oestrogen is used in oral contraceptives and as a palliative in cancer of the breast after menopause and cancer of the prostate; other uses include the relief of the discomforts of menopause, inhibition of lactation, and treatment of osteoporosis, threatened abortion, and various functional ovarian disorders. [EU]

Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxygenase: Enzyme which breaks down heme, the iron-containing oxygen-carrying constituent of the red blood cells. [NIH] Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH]

200

Menorrhagia

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Satisfaction: The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized

Dictionary 201

regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Premenopausal: Refers to the time before menopause. Menopause is the time of life when a women's menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH]

202

Menorrhagia

Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins D: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Proxy: A person authorized to decide or act for another person, for example, a person having durable power of attorney. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychosomatic: Pertaining to the mind-body relationship; having bodily symptoms of psychic, emotional, or mental origin; called also psychophysiologic. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and

Dictionary 203

editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Raloxifene: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU]

204

Menorrhagia

Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Reoperation: A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient. It includes reoperation for reexamination, reoperation for disease progression or recurrence, or reoperation following operative failure. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide

Dictionary 205

side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH]

206

Menorrhagia

Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Smooth Muscle Tumor: A tumor composed of smooth muscle tissue, as opposed to leiomyoma, a tumor derived from smooth muscle. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulants: Any drug or agent which causes stimulation. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH]

Dictionary 207

Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thermal ablation: A procedure using heat to remove tissue or a part of the body, or destroy its function. For example, to remove the lining of the uterus, a catheter is inserted through the cervix into the uterus, a balloon at the end of the catheter is inflated, and fluid inside the balloon is heated to destroy the lining of the uterus. [NIH] Thrombasthenia: A congenital bleeding disorder with prolonged bleeding time, absence of aggregation of platelets in response to most agents, especially ADP, and impaired or absent clot retraction. Platelet membranes are deficient in or have a defect in the glycoprotein IIbIIIa complex (platelet glycoprotein GPIIB-IIIA complex). [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. [NIH] Thromboses: The formation or presence of a blood clot within a blood vessel during life. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Plasminogen Activator: A proteolytic enzyme in the serine protease family found in many tissues which converts plasminogen to plasmin. It has fibrin-binding activity and is immunologically different from urinary plasminogen activator. The primary sequence, composed of 527 amino acids, is identical in both the naturally occurring and synthetic proteases. EC 3.4.21.68. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU]

208

Menorrhagia

Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Transurethral resection: Surgery performed with a special instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called TUR. [NIH] Tubal ligation: An operation to tie the fallopian tubes closed. This procedure prevents pregnancy by blocking the passage of eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Plasminogen Activator: A proteolytic enzyme that converts plasminogen to plasmin where the preferential cleavage is between arginine and valine. It was isolated originally from human urine, but is found in most tissues of most vertebrates. EC 3.4.21.73. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterine Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage from vessels in the uterus, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH]

Dictionary 209

Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

211

INDEX A Abdomen, 183, 186, 196, 197, 200, 206 Abdominal, 8, 12, 21, 31, 41, 183, 200, 201 Ablate, 5, 183 Abortion, 18, 68, 183, 199 Actin, 50, 183 Adenovirus, 5, 183 Adhesions, 36, 66, 183 Adolescence, 16, 183 Adrenal Cortex, 183, 199, 201 Adverse Effect, 183, 205 Affinity, 183, 206 Agonist, 16, 25, 48, 49, 183, 193, 203, 207 Algorithms, 183, 186 Allium, 112, 183 Alternative medicine, 72, 184 Amenorrhea, 66, 184 Amino acid, 184, 188, 200, 202, 205, 207 Anaemia, 60, 184 Anaesthesia, 16, 24, 49, 58, 184, 195 Analgesic, 85, 145, 184, 192, 195, 197, 198 Analog, 184, 190 Androgenic, 184, 190 Anemia, 3, 10, 49, 57, 62, 67, 68, 179, 184 Anesthesia, 4, 46, 184 Aneurysm, 14, 184 Anginal, 184, 198 Angiogenesis, 5, 184 Animal model, 5, 184 Antibacterial, 68, 184 Antibody, 183, 184, 185, 188, 195, 196, 198, 203, 209 Anticoagulants, 66, 82, 185 Antidiuretic, 185, 190 Antifibrinolytic, 12, 13, 42, 82, 185, 208 Antigen, 183, 184, 185, 188, 194, 195 Anti-inflammatory, 66, 185, 192, 195, 197, 198 Antipyretic, 185, 192, 197, 198 Anxiety, 66, 185 Apoptosis, 5, 185 Arachidonic Acid, 185, 202 Argipressin, 185, 190 Arteries, 23, 185, 186, 189, 197 Arterioles, 50, 185, 186 Artery, 184, 185, 186, 189, 191, 203

B Bacteria, 184, 185, 190, 191, 192, 193, 197, 206, 208 Bacteriophage, 185, 208 Bacteriostatic, 183, 185 Benign, 6, 185, 186, 190, 192, 193, 196, 198, 203 Benign tumor, 186, 196 Bile, 186, 192, 197, 206 Biopsy, 11, 180, 186 Biotechnology, 6, 7, 72, 165, 186 Bladder, 186, 195, 202, 208 Bleeding Time, 4, 17, 186, 207 Bloating, 66, 186 Blood Coagulation, 17, 44, 186, 207 Blood Glucose, 4, 186, 194 Blood pressure, 186, 187, 194, 198, 206 Blood vessel, 184, 186, 187, 191, 196, 200, 206, 207, 208 Body Fluids, 186, 206 Bowel, 47, 186, 196, 206 Brachytherapy, 186, 196, 203, 209 C Calcium, 91, 92, 94, 186, 188, 198 Capillary, 13, 186 Carcinogenic, 186, 206 Carcinoma, 13, 20, 68, 186 Cardiac, 187, 198, 206 Cardiovascular, 5, 187 Cardiovascular disease, 5, 187 Carotene, 89, 187, 204 Case report, 3, 4, 13, 20, 29, 30, 32, 48, 187 Catheter, 187, 207 Causal, 187, 205 Cell, 5, 61, 183, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 197, 198, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, 208 Cell Cycle, 5, 187, 202 Cell Death, 185, 187, 198 Cell Division, 185, 187, 197, 201 Cell proliferation, 5, 187 Cellulose, 117, 187, 201 Cerebrovascular, 187 Cervix, 61, 183, 187, 207 Cholesterol, 132, 186, 187, 189, 203, 206, 207 Chondrocytes, 187, 192 Choroid, 187, 204

212

Menorrhagia

Chromatin, 185, 187 Chronic, 18, 68, 187, 195 CIS, 187, 204 Clinical trial, 5, 14, 15, 46, 165, 187, 190, 203 Cloning, 186, 188 Clot Retraction, 188, 201, 207 Codons, 188 Cofactor, 188, 202, 207 Collateral Circulation, 32, 188 Complement, 188 Complementary and alternative medicine, 57, 64, 188 Complementary medicine, 57, 188 Computational Biology, 165, 188 Conception, 183, 189, 192, 206 Concomitant, 58, 189 Cones, 189, 204 Consultation, 4, 189 Contraception, 29, 44, 46, 48, 59, 189, 196 Contraceptive, 6, 7, 39, 44, 50, 140, 149, 189, 190, 198 Contraceptive Agents, 189, 190 Contraindications, ii, 25, 189 Coronary, 187, 189, 194, 197 Coronary heart disease, 187, 189 Coronary Thrombosis, 189, 197 Corpus, 189, 201, 209 Corpus Luteum, 189, 201 Crowns, 4, 189 Curative, 189, 207 Curettage, 181, 189 Curette, 189 Cystathionine beta-Synthase, 189, 194 Cytoplasm, 185, 189, 191 D Danazol, 15, 16, 17, 30, 38, 42, 49, 101, 189 Degenerative, 190, 204 Deletion, 185, 190 Dental Care, 4, 190 Dental Caries, 4, 190 Desmopressin, 17, 19, 102, 190 Desogestrel, 31, 190 Diabetes Mellitus, 190, 194 Diabetic Retinopathy, 3, 190, 200 Diagnostic procedure, 65, 72, 190 Digestion, 186, 190, 196, 197, 206 Diploid, 190, 201 Direct, iii, 5, 75, 190, 203 Double-blind, 8, 190 Drug Interactions, 159, 160, 190

Dysmenorrhea, 18, 37, 38, 66, 68, 180, 190, 198 Dysmenorrhoea, 12, 14, 29, 39, 42, 190 E Ectopic Pregnancy, 68, 190 Edema, 190 Efficacy, 5, 10, 14, 19, 29, 42, 190 Electrolyte, 139, 191, 206 Emboli, 23, 191 Embolization, 23, 191 Embryo, 183, 191, 195, 199 Enamel, 190, 191 Endogenous, 5, 6, 191 Endometrium, 9, 11, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 29, 37, 38, 44, 47, 68, 69, 191 Endothelial cell, 22, 191, 192 Endotoxins, 188, 191, 196 Environmental Health, 164, 166, 191 Enzymatic, 184, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 204 Enzyme, 61, 81, 189, 191, 192, 199, 201, 202, 207, 208 Epithelial, 191 Epithelial Cells, 191 Epithelium, 61, 191 Erythrocytes, 184, 191, 203 Estrogen, 5, 191, 203, 205, 207 Estrogen receptor, 5, 191 Ethamsylate, 8, 29, 47, 191 Exogenous, 6, 191 External-beam radiation, 191, 196, 203, 209 Extracellular, 191, 206 Extremity, 58, 191 Eye Infections, 183, 192 F Fallopian tube, 192, 208 Family Planning, 19, 54, 58, 165, 192 Fat, 109, 185, 187, 189, 191, 192, 197, 204 Fetus, 183, 192, 200, 208 Fibrinogen, 59, 192, 201 Fibrinolysis, 17, 23, 44, 185, 192 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 23, 192 Fibroid, 14, 20, 23, 192, 196 Flatus, 192 Flurbiprofen, 7, 12, 192 G Gallbladder, 183, 192 Gas, 81, 147, 192 Gastrin, 192, 194 Gastrointestinal, 4, 26, 192, 193, 196 Gastrointestinal tract, 192, 193, 196

213

Gene, 183, 186, 192, 196 Gene Therapy, 183, 192 General practitioner, 24, 28, 192 Genotype, 193, 200 Germ Cells, 193, 199, 207 Ginseng, 63, 193 Gland, 61, 183, 193, 200, 202, 203, 205, 207 Glucose, 80, 186, 187, 190, 193, 194, 205 Glycoprotein, 192, 193, 207 Gonadal, 193, 206 Gonadorelin, 113, 193 Gonadotropin, 25, 49, 94, 193 Goserelin, 17, 49, 113, 193 Gossypol, 20, 193 Gout, 193, 198 Governing Board, 193, 201 Gram-positive, 193, 206 Gynaecological, 60, 193 H Habitual, 18, 193 Haematological, 58, 193 Haematology, 58, 193 Haemorrhage, 183, 193 Haploid, 193, 201 Headache, 76, 84, 116, 193, 201 Heart attack, 187, 194 Hematologist, 4, 194 Hematuria, 48, 194 Heme, 194, 199 Hemoglobin, 4, 184, 191, 194 Hemorrhage, 194, 207, 208, 209 Hereditary, 4, 20, 26, 32, 193, 194 Heredity, 192, 194 Hormonal, 6, 40, 41, 66, 194 Hormonal therapy, 6, 194 Hormone therapy, 194 Hyperhomocysteinemia, 32, 189, 194 Hypersensitivity, 66, 194, 204 Hypertension, 187, 194 Hyperthermia, 20, 62, 194 Hypnotherapy, 60, 194 Hypothyroidism, 11, 16, 18, 32, 54, 62, 194 Hypoxia, 3, 195 Hysterectomy, 5, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 34, 40, 41, 44, 66, 69, 181, 195 Hysterectomy, Vaginal, 8, 195 Hysteroscopy, 11, 28, 36, 38, 45, 195 I Ibuprofen, 39, 84, 116, 195 Idiopathic, 7, 12, 23, 28, 35, 39, 41, 42, 46, 195

Immune response, 5, 185, 195, 209 Immune system, 195 Immunologic, 18, 195, 203 Implant radiation, 195, 196, 203, 209 Implantation, 93, 94, 112, 189, 195, 199 In vitro, 192, 195 In vivo, 21, 192, 195 Incision, 195, 196 Incontinence, 25, 195 Induction, 17, 28, 195 Infarction, 189, 195, 197 Infection, 192, 195, 204, 205 Infertility, 5, 195 Inflammation, 185, 192, 195, 201, 202, 203, 204 Insomnia, 196, 201 Internal radiation, 196, 203, 209 Interstitial, 186, 196, 209 Intestine, 186, 196, 203, 205 Introns, 196 Invasive, 34, 36, 196 Irradiation, 30, 196, 209 K Kb, 164, 196 Keratolytic, 190, 196 Keto, 31, 196 L Lactation, 196, 199 Laparoscopy, 28, 196 Leiomyoma, 5, 6, 192, 196, 206 Lesion, 196, 197 Lethargy, 194, 196 Levonorgestrel, 7, 10, 13, 14, 15, 19, 28, 29, 30, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 196, 198 Ligament, 192, 196, 202 Ligation, 196 Linkages, 194, 196 Lipid, 79, 196, 197 Liver, 183, 185, 186, 192, 197 Localization, 23, 197 Localized, 190, 195, 197, 200 Locomotion, 197, 201 Loop, 69, 104, 197 Lymphoid, 197 Lymphoma, 61, 197 M Maintenance therapy, 17, 197 Malignant, 193, 197, 198, 203 Mammary, 197, 203, 207 Medicament, 184, 197 MEDLINE, 165, 197

214

Menorrhagia

Mefenamic Acid, 14, 15, 16, 19, 30, 43, 47, 197 Membrane, 187, 188, 197, 204, 209 Menarche, 32, 66, 197 Menopause, 5, 33, 170, 197, 199, 201 Menstruation, 4, 16, 23, 47, 59, 66, 68, 184, 190, 197 Mental, iv, 4, 164, 166, 195, 197, 202 Metastatic, 193, 197 MI, 90, 181, 197 Micro-organism, 190, 197, 205 Microtubules, 197, 199 Mitosis, 185, 197 Modification, 36, 184, 197, 203 Molecular, 5, 35, 165, 167, 186, 189, 192, 198, 201 Molecule, 185, 188, 198, 203, 209 Monitor, 6, 198 Monoclonal, 196, 198, 203, 209 Morphology, 193, 198 Myocardium, 197, 198 Myometrium, 5, 29, 198 N Naproxen, 16, 35, 198 Nausea, 198, 201 Necrosis, 185, 195, 197, 198 Neoplasia, 198 Neoplasm, 198 Neoplastic, 4, 58, 197, 198 Neoplastic Processes, 4, 198 Nerve, 184, 198, 199, 204 Neutrons, 196, 198, 203 Nifedipine, 12, 13, 198 Norgestrel, 196, 198 Nucleus, 185, 187, 189, 198, 199 O Observational study, 6, 199 Occult, 54, 199 Oestrogen, 22, 199 Opsin, 199, 204 Optic Nerve, 199, 204 Oral Health, 199 Oral Hygiene, 4, 199 Osteoporosis, 5, 199, 203 Outpatient, 22, 23, 45, 68, 199 Ovaries, 199, 205, 208 Ovary, 31, 189, 199 Ovum, 189, 199, 201, 209 Oxygenase, 16, 199 P Paclitaxel, 61, 135, 199 Palliative, 199, 200, 207

Pancreas, 183, 200 Particle, 200, 208 Pathologic, 185, 186, 189, 194, 200, 204 Pathologic Processes, 185, 200 Patient Satisfaction, 40, 200 Pelvic, 5, 32, 37, 200, 202 Pelvis, 183, 199, 200, 208 Peptide, 107, 184, 192, 200, 202, 207 Perfusion, 195, 200 Periodontal disease, 192, 200 Pharmacologic, 184, 200, 208 Phenotype, 5, 200 Photocoagulation, 11, 37, 200 Physiologic, 183, 197, 200, 203, 204 Pigment, 193, 200 Pilot study, 19, 46, 48, 49, 58, 200 Pituitary Gland, 192, 193, 200 Placenta, 200, 201 Plants, 59, 61, 193, 198, 200, 205 Plasma, 192, 194, 201, 205 Plasmin, 201, 207, 208 Plasminogen, 16, 28, 201, 207, 208 Plasminogen Activators, 201 Platelets, 201, 207 Platinum, 197, 201 Pneumonia, 189, 201 Postmenopausal, 199, 201, 203 Postoperative, 4, 201 Practice Guidelines, 166, 170, 201 Premenopausal, 5, 6, 201 Premenstrual Syndrome, 18, 37, 63, 170, 201 Probe, 69, 201 Progesterone, 22, 63, 67, 140, 196, 198, 201, 206 Progression, 184, 201, 204 Progressive, 4, 198, 202 Prophylaxis, 4, 28, 202 Prostaglandins, 21, 39, 185, 202 Prostaglandins A, 21, 39, 202 Prostaglandins D, 202 Prostate, 69, 193, 199, 202 Protease, 202, 207 Protein S, 186, 202 Proteins, 184, 185, 187, 188, 198, 200, 201, 202, 205 Proteolytic, 188, 192, 201, 202, 207, 208 Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 199, 202 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 199, 202 Proxy, 48, 202 Psychic, 197, 202 Psychosomatic, 9, 37, 40, 60, 202

215

Puberty, 40, 42, 50, 202 Public Policy, 165, 202 Publishing, 3, 7, 202 Pulse, 198, 203 Pyogenic, 203, 205 Q Quality of Life, 72, 203 R Race, 196, 198, 203 Racemic, 196, 198, 203 Radiation, 191, 194, 196, 203, 209 Radiation therapy, 191, 196, 203, 209 Radioactive, 195, 196, 203, 209 Radiolabeled, 196, 203, 209 Radiotherapy, 186, 196, 203, 209 Raloxifene, 5, 142, 203, 205 Randomized, 10, 14, 17, 19, 24, 26, 27, 41, 46, 191, 203 Receptor, 22, 23, 116, 185, 190, 203 Recombinant, 5, 44, 116, 143, 203, 209 Rectum, 192, 195, 202, 203 Recurrence, 203, 204 Red blood cells, 191, 199, 203, 205 Refer, 1, 188, 197, 198, 203 Regeneration, 192, 203 Regimen, 145, 190, 204 Remission, 197, 203, 204 Reoperation, 21, 204 Resection, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 18, 20, 21, 26, 27, 41, 42, 44, 48, 66, 69, 204 Resorption, 192, 204 Respiration, 198, 204 Retina, 3, 187, 189, 190, 199, 204, 209 Retinal, 3, 190, 199, 204 Retinol, 204 Retinopathy, 3, 50, 190, 204 Rheumatism, 195, 204 Rheumatoid, 59, 198, 204 Rheumatoid arthritis, 59, 198, 204 Rhodopsin, 199, 204 Risk factor, 3, 194, 204 Rods, 204 S Saline, 16, 26, 205 Saponins, 205, 206 Screening, 18, 188, 205 Secretion, 193, 195, 196, 205 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 203, 205, 207 Semen, 202, 205 Senile, 199, 205 Sensibility, 184, 205

Sensor, 67, 205 Septicaemia, 25, 205 Serine, 189, 193, 202, 205, 207 Serum, 6, 181, 188, 193, 205 Sex Characteristics, 183, 199, 202, 205 Side effect, 5, 39, 75, 183, 205, 208 Skeleton, 183, 205 Small intestine, 194, 196, 205 Smooth muscle, 5, 6, 22, 50, 192, 196, 198, 206 Smooth Muscle Tumor, 6, 192, 206 Social Environment, 203, 206 Sodium, 16, 76, 78, 85, 94, 116, 148, 149, 193, 198, 206 Solid tumor, 184, 206 Somatic, 183, 197, 206 Specialist, 171, 206 Species, 197, 198, 203, 206, 208, 209 Stasis, 50, 206 Steel, 4, 206 Sterility, 18, 28, 30, 46, 47, 48, 195, 206 Sterilization, 18, 206 Steroid, 35, 80, 189, 199, 205, 206 Stimulants, 193, 206 Stomach, 183, 192, 194, 198, 205, 206 Stool, 121, 195, 206 Streptococcus, 25, 206 Stress, 4, 198, 204, 206 Stroke, 13, 164, 187, 207 Subcutaneous, 5, 190, 196, 207 Symphysis, 202, 207 Symptomatic, 6, 207 T Tamoxifen, 5, 151, 205, 207 Testis, 199, 207 Therapeutics, 59, 160, 207 Thermal, 10, 13, 15, 20, 22, 25, 27, 30, 32, 38, 39, 43, 46, 47, 49, 61, 198, 207 Thermal ablation, 25, 207 Thrombasthenia, 43, 207 Thrombolytic, 153, 201, 207 Thromboplastin, 181, 207 Thromboses, 32, 207 Thrombosis, 13, 17, 37, 39, 44, 59, 60, 202, 207 Thyroid, 153, 181, 194, 207 Thyrotropin, 195, 207 Tissue Plasminogen Activator, 16, 207 Tone, 199, 207 Toxic, iv, 208 Toxicity, 190, 208 Toxicology, 12, 39, 166, 208

216

Menorrhagia

Tranexamic Acid, 7, 8, 12, 15, 47, 60, 208 Transduction, 5, 208 Transfection, 186, 192, 208 Transplantation, 47, 208 Transurethral, 69, 208 Transurethral resection, 69, 208 Tubal ligation, 37, 208 U Ultrasonography, 11, 45, 208 Urethra, 69, 202, 208 Urinary, 25, 86, 195, 207, 208 Urinary Plasminogen Activator, 207, 208 Urine, 6, 185, 186, 194, 195, 208 Uterine Contraction, 183, 208 Uterine Hemorrhage, 61, 208 Uterus, 6, 13, 14, 35, 42, 68, 183, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 207, 208 V Vagina, 67, 187, 195, 197, 208 Vaginal, 8, 15, 19, 21, 83, 96, 103, 108, 127, 149, 150, 170, 179, 180, 208

Vascular, 22, 38, 50, 187, 194, 195, 200, 201, 208 Vasodilator, 198, 208 Vector, 208, 209 Vein, 32, 184, 209 Vesicular, 61, 209 Veterinary Medicine, 165, 209 Viral, 208, 209 Virus, 118, 120, 125, 129, 143, 145, 157, 185, 208, 209 Vitreous, 190, 204, 209 Vitreous Body, 204, 209 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 190, 209 Vivo, 209 W Womb, 208, 209 Wound Healing, 192, 209 X Xenograft, 184, 209 X-ray, 196, 203, 209 X-ray therapy, 196, 209 Y Yeasts, 200, 209