MYOSITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Myositis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00742-8 1. Myositis-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on myositis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MYOSITIS ................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Myositis ........................................................................................ 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 16 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 17 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MYOSITIS ......................................................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Finding Nutrition Studies on Myositis ....................................................................................... 61 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 62 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MYOSITIS................................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 65 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 73 General References ....................................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON MYOSITIS ............................................................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Patent Applications on Myositis.................................................................................................. 75 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON MYOSITIS ................................................................................................... 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 79 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 79 Chapters on Myositis ................................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MYOSITIS ..................................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 85 Academic Periodicals covering Myositis...................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 89 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 90 Researching Orphan Drugs ......................................................................................................... 91 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 95 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 97 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 99 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 101 Associations and Myositis ......................................................................................................... 105 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 105 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 107 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 107 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 107
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 113 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 113 MYOSITIS DICTIONARY........................................................................................................... 115 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 167
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with myositis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about myositis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to myositis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on myositis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to myositis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on myositis. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MYOSITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on myositis.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and myositis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “myositis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Myositis Ossificans Traumatica of the Masticatory Muscles: Review of the Literature and Report of a Case Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 60(9): 1083-1088. September 2002. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Department, P.O. Box 629239, Orlando, FL 32862-8239. (800) 654-2452. Website: www.harcourthealth.com. Summary: Myositis ossificans (MO) is a rare disease in which ossification develops in the muscle or soft tissue. MO is divided broadly into myositis ossificans progressiva (MOP), a genetic disease, and myositis ossificans traumatica (MOT), in which the muscles are ossified after trauma or inflammation. This article presents a case of a patient with MOT in the bilateral masticatory (chewing) muscles after a blow to the face. The authors also review the survey of literature since 1980 on 23 cases of MOT in the
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head and neck. The authors note that MOT is often remitted through surgical treatment, including excision of the ossification, but some patients have repeated relapses and are refractory to treatment. The authors conclude by calling for better understanding of the pathogenesis of MOT and development of new methods of treatment for this condition. 5 figures. 2 tables. 30 references. •
Myositis Ossificans Traumatica of Masticatory Musculature: A Case Report and Literature Review Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 60(9): 1072-1076. September 2002. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Department, P.O. Box 629239, Orlando, FL 32862-8239. (800) 654-2452. Website: www.harcourthealth.com. Summary: Myositis ossificans traumatica (MOT) is known mostly in the orthopedic literature as non-neoplastic (not cancerous), heterotopic bone formation within muscle or fascia, presumably due to acute trauma, burns, surgical manipulation, or repeated injury. It is not common in the head and neck literature; only 29 cases involving the muscles of mastication have been reported, mostly involving the masseter muscle. This article presents a case that is the first document presentation of bilateral MOT involvement of the lateral pterygoid muscles. The authors report the case and then discuss the relevant literature. The authors note that when MOT presents in the maxillofacial region, particularly involving the lateral pterygoid muscles with its relative surgical inaccessibility, the disease may be more debilitating and problematic in management than in other anatomic regions. Although conservative therapies may not be adequate in treating MOT, surgical intervention may be fraught with morbidity and recurrence. 3 figures. 38 references.
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Use of Intraosseous Anesthesia in a Patient with Myositis Ossificans Progressiva Source: SCD. Special Care in Dentistry. 16(1): 29-32. January-February 1996. Summary: This article presents the case of a pediatric patient with myositis ossificans progressiva, for whom it became increasingly difficult to provide local anesthesia. Intraosseous anesthesia was successful in allowing pain-free dental treatment, including restorative dentistry and extractions. The authors conclude that this approach should be considered in other patients who have limited mouth-opening ability due to injury or disease. The authors also present a brief review of the literature. 5 figures. 14 references. (AA-M).
Federally Funded Research on Myositis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to myositis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions.
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to myositis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore myositis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for myositis: •
Project Title: MYOPATHY
ALZHEIMER-LIKE
PATHOLOGY
IN
INCLUSION
BODY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Askanas, Valerie; Professor and Co-Director; Neurology; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1999; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: Sporadic inclusion-body myositis (s-IBM) is a progressive, highly debilitating, and the most common muscle disease of older persons (over age 60). An intriguing aspect of s-IBM is that its muscle fiber phenotype has features remarkably similar to those of Alzheimer Disease (AD) brain ("IBM-AD phenotype"), including abnormal accumulations of: beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP) and of several other proteins accumulated in AD brain. Another similarity to AD is the presence of hereditary forms, termed "hereditary inclusion-body myopathies (h-IBM)", which clinically are manifest earlier than s-IBM, but have a muscle- fiber phenotype identical to, though apparently somewhat less advanced than, that of s-IBM. Similarly to AD brain, abnormal muscle fibers of s- and h-IBM have evidence of oxidative stress. Abnormal accumulation of betaAPP epitopes appears to precede other abnormalities in s- and h-IBM muscle, in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, we propose that betaAPP overexpression (whole molecule and/or Abeta fragment) in the milieu of aged (s-IBM) or genetically-abnormal adult (h-IBM)muscle fibers causes molecular disturbances leading to oxidative stress, which then causes the IBM-specific vacuolar muscle-fiber degeneration and expression of the IBM-AD phenotype. This proposal addresses the schedule, and therefore possible mechanisms, of early steps in the pathogenic cascade. It involves: 1) three long-term culture models, namely, a) a spontaneous model utilizing cultures of biopsied muscle of h-IBM; b) a spontaneous model of utilizing cultures of sIBM muscle; and c) an induced model utilizing matured cultured normal human muscle fibers into which is transferred the betaAPP gene; and 2) an induced in vivo aged-rat model based on transfer of the betaAPP gene into aged-rat gastrocnemius muscle. Antioxidant treatments, including estrogens, will be done on abnormal cultures. We postulate that in vivo aging of the involved tissues may be a predisposing factor(s) in both the IBM's and the AD group, especially in the sporadic, more common, forms of each. Because our type of cultured spontaneous and induced models of the human tissue actually affected in the patient are not available to study brain involvement in the AD's, possibly our results may provide important information relevant to the pathogenesis and treatment of the AD's. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANTI-JO-1 IMMUNE RESPONSES IN AUTOIMMUNE MYOSITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Levine, Stuart; Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 27-AUG-2004; Project End 31-JUL-2009
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Summary: (provided by applicant): The primary objective of this mentored clinical scientist development award is to acquire the skills and expertise needed to become an independent investigator in the rheumatic diseases. This will occur through a period of intensive didactic and research training in the Division of Rheumatology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. The scientific objective of this proposal is to define the mechanisms underlying the specific immune response to histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HRS, Jo-1) in patients with autoimmune myositis and interstitial lung disease. It is known that the majority of myositis-specific autoantigens are unified by their susceptibility to cleavage by the cytotoxic lymphocyte protease granzyme B (GrB). However, the relevance of this unique property of autoantigens remains unknown. We propose that (i) the T cell response to HRS is directed at the GrB cleavage site, and (ii) that conformation and cleavability of HRS by GrB is altered in the tissue in which the autoimmune response is initiated and propagated. This proposal will address these hypotheses in Jo-1-positive patients with autoimmune myositis and interstitial lung disease, through the following specific aims: 1. To study the role of the HRS grB cleavage site in defining its immunodominant CD4+ T cell epitope. T cells from myositis patients will be probed for anti-HRS responses in-vitro using purified protein and peptides that span the GrB cleavage site. 2. To identify whether the CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in myositis patients are HRS-specific. A predictive approach will be used to identify a set of HLA-restricted HRS peptides that react with specific cytotoxic lymphocytes in myositis patients, and CD8+ T cell lines will be assessed for their ability to lyse specific target cells. 3. To determine whether an immunogenic (grB- cleavable) conformation of HRS is differentially expressed in muscle and lung tissue in patients with myositis/ILD. Lung and muscle tissue samples from patients with myositis/ILD will be probed using novel antibody reagents that recognize the GrB cleavage site. These studies will provide important information on the role of the GrB cleavage site and/or its cleavage in the immune response to HRS, as well as on tissue-specific changes in autoantigen structure that might account for its targeting in myositis/interstitial lung disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BETA INTERFERON ALPHA IN INCLUSION BODY MYOSITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Jackson, Carlayne E.; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This is a multicenter, randomized trial of $ interferon 1a, a lymphocyte migration inhibitor, for the treatment of inclusion body myositis. Patients will receive $INF1a or a placebo for six months and muscle mass and muscle strength will be outcome measures along with self-reported functional status and depressive symptoms Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BETA-AMYLOID & CELL DEATH MECHANISMS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE Principal Investigator & Institution: Querfurth, Henry W.; St. Elizabeth's Medical Center of Boston 736 Cambridge St Boston, Ma 02135 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Inclusion Body Myositis (IBM) is the most common muscle disorder in patients over 50 years of age. IBM shares several features with another age-related degenerative disorder, Alzheimer's disease (AD): 1)
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there are both sporadic and autosomal inherited forms, 2) local inflammatory collections are characteristic but immunosuppressive therapies are only marginally effective, and 3) accumulations of AD-related proteins are a histopathological hallmark. Congo redreactive deposits consisting of the beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) are the most notable feature. In contrast with the extra-cellular amyloid plaques of AD, the amyloid deposits of IBM are intracellular. Several other proteins accumulate intracellularly in the vacuolated myofibers of IBM including other epitopes of beta-amyloid precursor protein, hyperphosphorylated filaments comprised of the microtubule-associated protein tau, ubiquitin, the cellular prion protein, and cyclin dependent kinase 5 (cdk5). The mechanism of muscle cell loss in IBM remains a mystery. Abeta is known to induce programmed cell death (apoptosis) of neurons in culture and in some transgenic mouse models for Alzheimer's disease. In Aim 1, the applicants hypothesize that intracellular accumulation of Abeta in cultured skeletal muscle myotubes will induce apoptosis. Abeta deposition is provoked using an inducible promoter, a heterologous viral gene transfer system, or by direct injection. They will examine the role of the proteasome and the parkin gene in the genesis of protein accumulations. In Aim 2, Abeta is established as a myotoxins by a thorough examination of human IBM biopsy specimens, for a correlation between Abeta accumulation and several markers of apoptosis. Mouse muscle is similarly analyzed after direct injection of an Abeta-encoding adenoviral gene construct. Their 2nd hypothesis is that deposition of intracellular Abeta adversely affects Akt kinase-dependent muscle cell survival pathways and in Aim 3 we will determine if Abeta inhibits Akt activity. Furthermore, the applicants will seek evidence that Abeta induces deleterious attempts by cells to re-enter the developmental or even the cell cycle, related to Akt, p21 Cip1/Wafl or cyclin D dysfunction. Evidence for tau hyperphosphorylation from unhindered GSK-3beta activity will be sought. In Aim 4 the functional significance of Akt inhibition by Abeta is examined by asking whether Akt activation will protect muscle cells forced to overexpress Abeta from cell death. While some of the findings may be relevant to neuronal systems, they will provide insight into a novel mechanism of Abeta injury and the complex regulation of cell survival, replication and apoptosis from a key survival signal control point. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--CLINICAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Henderson, Victor W.; Professor; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF ANTI-NRNP AUTOANTIBODIES Principal Investigator & Institution: James, Judith A.; Associate Professor; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City, Ok 731045005 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Autoantibodies are universally found in patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus. The presence of these antibodies has led investigators to conclude that SLE is an autoimmune disease. In some clinical settings powerful evidence supports the conclusion that specific autoantibodies induce tissue injury and are responsible for clinical manifestations. Anti-Sm and anti-nRNP autoantibodies are commonly found at extraordinary concentrations in the sera of lupus
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patients. When these autoantibodies are found concomitantly they are associated with renal disease and a poor disease prognosis. Anti-nRNP autoantibodies in the absence of Sin are associated with a more limited form of lupus. Anti-nRNP is also associated with other autoimmune diseases, such as mixed connective tissue disease, Raynaud's phenomenon, scleroderma and myositis. This proposal sets forth to explain the development of anti-spliceosomal autoimmunity. Through our previous work studying the fine specificity of autoantibodies binding to the spliceosome, we have identified over 150 peptide epitopes, 40 of which tend to be shared among patients. We have found that the fine specificity progresses from a small number to as many as 86 different antigenic regions for an individual patient over time. Patients with anti-Sm antibodies appear to initially bind the structure defined by PPPGMRPP. This response evolves by epitope spreading to other structures of the antigen. Immunization with this peptide has led to a novel model of lupus complete with spliceosomal autoimmunity, anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies, renal disease, thrombocytopenia, and seizures. Immunization with the closely related PPPGRRP sequence, which is found in a virus and which crossreacts with Sm, also induces anti-spliceosomal autoimmunity. We request the resources to identify the initial target epitopes of anti-nRNP autoantibodies in SLE sera. We will confirm that PPPGMRPP, as well as the first epitopes of anti-nRNP, are indeed the first epitope(s) of the anti-spliceosomal response. We will utilize a largely untapped resource allowing analysis of humoral events prior to SLE diagnosis (see Project 1). We will find peptides from the environment (especially from microorganisms) which are similar to the initial target epitopes and will determine if the initial target peptide epitopes from the spliceosome (and their structurally similar peptides from the environment) are cross-reacting antigens. We will also determine whether the peptides from the spliceosome or environment induce lupus autoimmunity after peptide immunization. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FAMILIAL INCLUSION BODY MYOSITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Whaley, Lance; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: No research subjects are admitted to the GCRC under this protocol. It utilizes the Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory only. The Lab Supervisor transforms and stores immortal Epstein-Barr virus lymphoblast cell lines from patient samples sent directly to the Lab. The cell lines then serve as a permanent DNA/RNA resource, as well as an in vitro model system for the molecular genetics investigations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: GENE EXPRESSION IN INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Greenberg, Steven A.; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goals of Gene Expression in Inflammatory Myopathies are: (1) to characterize patterns of muscle gene expression through the use of DNA microarrays among adult patients with distinct subtypes of inflammatory myopathies and correlate these patterns with clinical phenotypes, and (2) to formulate hypotheses relevant to the pathogenesis of the inflammatory myopathies. High-density oligonucleotide microarrays will be used to assay gene expression in muscle biopsy specimens from patients with inflammatory myopathies. These patients will be
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phenotypically well described and known to the clinical investigators of this proposal. Data analysis of gene expression profiles will be linked to clinical data to refine disease classification and understand distinctions among and within the major subtypes of inflammatory myopathy. Analysis of differential gene expression will also provide clues to pathogenesis of these disorders. This work may provide further diagnostic approaches to these disorders and contribute to the understanding of their pathogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENETIC LINKAGE ANALYSIS BY MITOTIC RECOMBINATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaplan, Frederick S.; Orthopaedic Surgery; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 28-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Great advancements in developing therapeutics and cures for inherited disorders will result from identification of the gene mutations that cause these disorders. For rare genetic disorders, family pedigrees are scarce and genetic linkage and positional cloning is difficult, inefficient and/or impossible. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), the most disabling form of heterotopic ossification known to mankind, is a very rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder with low reproductive fitness and its inheritance from parent to child in families is rarely seen. FOP is characterized by skeletal malformations of the great toes and by progressive induction of bone formation at ectopic sites. BMP4 mRNA and protein are over-expressed in lymphocytes and lesional cells from patients who have FOP and BMP4 over-expression serves as a reliable molecular marker for the condition. The BMP4 gene is not mutated in FOP, and the BMP4 locus has been excluded from linkage to the condition. Although FOP has been linked to chromosome locus 4q27-31 by genetic linkage analysis in four small families, the reliability of these data in predicting the genetic locus and the identification of the mutated gene within the linked locus is uncertain. The paucity of multi -generational families also renders doubt about the fidelity of the localization, as genetic heterogeneity may exist. Our FOP research group coordinates an integrated global network of physicians who are responsible for the care of FOP patients worldwide. Even with this resource, it is unlikely that additional multigenerational families will be identified for use in further linkage analyses (meiotic recombination). We therefore have devised a novel and innovative alternate approach using mitotic recombination in somatic cells. By enhancing the production of mitotic ally-generated recombinant progeny cells, this method will create a large cellular pseudo-family from a single BMP4 over-expressing "parent" FOP cell line. Somatic cell recombination will create a loss of the mutant chromosomal locus in a subset of the cellular "progeny", which will be identified by the loss of BMP4 over-expression (the marker for the FOP phenotype). The chromosomal site of recombination will be identified by the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosomal microsatellite markers within these "progeny" cells, and will facilitate a highly focused and targeted positional cloning approach to L identify the mutated gene locus in FOP patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: IMMUNOPATHIC MYOSITIS INDUCED BY PERSISTENT VIRUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Messner, Ronald P.; Professor; Medicine; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1993; Project End 31-JUL-2004
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Summary: Prior enterovirus infection has been implicated in pathogenesis of certain human autoimmune diseases including the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, juvenile-onset diabetes, and cardiomyopathy, as well as noninflammatory diseases like chronic fatigue syndrome. How the elements of enteroviral infection are linked to development of post-viral disease is unclear, but the process is probably driven by factors inherent in viral and host genomes and possibly by interaction of these factors with other environmental stimuli. This proposal is focused on identifying the specific viral gene or genes that are crucial to disease induction in a well-characterized mouse model of chronic inflammatory myopathy (CIM). CIM is induced in susceptible mouse strains by neonatal infection with coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1). A panel of CVB1 variants has been produced that are myopathic (MP) or amyopathic (AMP) with respect to CIM induction and which will be used to identify the viral components that mediate CIM development. First, infectious cDNA clones from both a prototypic MP and an AMP variant will be produced. Pathogenic phenotypes of the cloned viruses will be tested in vivo to confirm that they are equivalent to the parental viruses. The two prototypic viral clones will then be sequenced to identify specific genomic differences and construct a map of putative myopathogenicity-inducing regions. Next, the functional significance of these differences will be tested by creating MP/AMP chimeras from the clones and evaluating CIM induction using a panel of five pathologic indicators. In vivo infection with reciprocal chimeras will confirm which genomic regions are coupled to CIM development. The effect of specific genetic differences will then be verified at the single nucleotide level. Myopathic regions in the remaining variants will be examined to determine if amyopathic changes in the AMP prototype are conserved or if different mutations have occurred which have the same functional effect. This will also reveal whether the dominant disease determinants have been mapped or if additional viral genes are involved. MP3, a unique variant that induces weakness in the absence of inflammation, will be examined more extensively to answer questions regarding the interrelatedness of viral genes that induce weakness and inflammation. This study will identify which determinants of the virus interact with the host to precipitate the development of chronic immunopathic disease. Focused, mechanistic hypotheses can then be developed to explore these interactions in future studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INCLUSION BODY MYOSITIS: PILOT STUDY OF B-INTERFERON 1A Principal Investigator & Institution: Tawil, Rabi; Neurology; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 23-SEP-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: Inclusion body myositis (IBM), is the most common acquired disease of muscle in adults over the age of 50. IBM has a typical clinical presentation but requires muscle biopsy for definitive diagnosis. Although, there is compelling evidence for the importance of immunologic abnormalities in it pathogenesis, the cause of the disease is not known and it is generally considered to be resistant to treatment with conventional immunosuppressive agents. Beta interferon-1a (betaINF1a) (AVONEX), an immunomodulatory cytokine, is a candidate therapeutic agent for IBM. The proposed pilot study is a six-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group study of 30 mcg of betaINF1a, administered intramuscularly once a week in 30 patients with IBM. The primary goals of the study are to examine the safety and tolerability of betaINF1a in patients with IBM, refine outcome measures of muscle function in IBM, and extend previous data on the natural history of IBM. A secondary goal is to obtain preliminary
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data on the efficacy of betaINF1a by measuring changes in muscle strength and mass. The study will include only patients that meet rigid criteria for IBM and who do not have complicating illness. The testing methods have been validated by the investigators in other studies of muscle disease. The information obtained in this study will be essential for the effective design and conduct of pivotal trials in IBM. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MODULATING IBM PATHOLOGY IN TRANSGENIC MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Laferla, Frank M.; Assistant Professor; Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The investigator proposes to develop and characterize novel transgenic mouse models to study the molecular pathogenesis of inclusion body myositis (IBM). Although the primary cause of this disease remains unknown, surprisingly many of the pathobiological features that occur in IBM are known to be long-standing alterations that occur in the brains of those afflicted with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Histochemical and immunological reagents have conclusively demonstrated that Abeta deposits accumulate in muscle fibers in IBM. Notably, Abeta accumulation does not occur in other muscle disorders. These findings are significant and point to Abeta and its precursor molecule, beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP), as playing a critical role in the pathogenesis of this common, age-related myopathy. By targeting betaAPP and Abeta over expression to muscle, the potential effects of these molecules in the pathogenesis of IBM can be evaluated. The investigator has derived transgenic mice in which the muscle creatine kinase (MCK) promoter drives betaAPP expression in skeletal muscle. Transgenic over expression of betaAPP in skeletal muscle induces an IBM-like phenotype, including intracellular Abeta deposits, centric nuclei, cellular inflammation, and an age-related deficit in motor function. The Aims of this application focus on determining factors that can modulate the IBM phenotype in these transgenic mice. In Aim 1, the MCK-betaAPPtransgenic mice will be crossed to mutant presenilin-l knock-in mice. Since mutations in presenilins augment Abeta formation in every tissue that has been analyzed, these double transgenic mice are expected to develop muscle pathology at an earlier age or exhibit an exacerbated pathology. In Aim 2, attempts will be made to attenuate the IBM-like pathology either through the use of an Abeta vaccine or through the use of pharmacological inhibitors (gamma-secretase inhibitors) that can prevent Abeta production. Aim 3 will focus on characterizing a novel transgenic mouse model that over expresses only the Abeta peptide; this will indicate if Abeta is sufficient to act as the molecular trigger that induces IBM or whether another derivative product of betaAPP is the trigger. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MOLECULAR BASIS OF ALPHAVIRUS ASSEMBLY Principal Investigator & Institution: Kuhn, Richard J.; Professor; Biological Sciences; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, in 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1997; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Virus assembly is the final step in the life cycle of a virus prior to its release from the infected cell. Detailed information concerning this process is fundamental for the development of more effective antiviral strategies and will be useful in developing viral vectors that can be used in genetic engineering and medicine. The proposed project will investigate the assembly of alphaviruses. The
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aiphaviruses are a group of arthropod-borne, plus-strand RNA viruses, many of which cause encephalitis, arthritis, myositis and fever in humans. They represent one of the simplest types of enveloped animal viruses and are model systems for assembly, in part, due to the well-defined structural organization of the virion. We propose three aims: 1) to investigate the process by which these viruses interact with their genome RNA to specifically package it inside the nucleocapsid core, 2) to describe the process by which the core assembles into spherical particles, and 3) to examine how the outer glycoproteins organize into an icosahedral lattice and impose this symmetry on the inner nucleocapsid core. A multi-disciplinary approach will use molecular genetics, biochemistry and structural techniques to probe the mechanism of virus assembly and to ultimately describe the process in atomic detail. Using cryo-electron microscopy image reconstructions of the whole virus, and the atomic structure of the nucleocapsid protein and possibly the El and E2 glycoproteins as a guide, site-directed mutagenesis will be carried out to probe structure-function relationships. The resulting mutants will be studied by a variety of in vivo and in vitro biochemical assays that will examine protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions involved in nucleocapsid core formation and interactions of the nucleocapsid core with the icosahedral-organized glycoproteins. Biophysical techniques such as x-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and cryo-electron microscopy together with image reconstruction will examine wild type and mutant proteins involved in the assembly process. The proposed research will advance our knowledge of virus assembly, macromolecular interactions, and serve as a paradigm for the molecular mechanism of virus and cellular budding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MYOPATHY IN IMMUNOGENETICS AND THERAPY
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Principal Investigator & Institution: Reveille, John D.; Professor; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NIAMS MULTIDICIPLINARY CLINICAL RESEARCH CENTER IN CINC* Principal Investigator & Institution: Glass, David N.; Professor of Pediatrics and Director; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 452293039 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: OF THE OVERALL PROGRAM: (Taken from the application) This proposal from the Children's Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati has the goal of impacting a clinical practice as it is applied to the most common rheumatic diseases of childhood. This proposal also represents in part the competing renewal for the Centers existing P60 MAMDC and is complimentary to the P30 Cincinnati Rheumatic Diseases Core Center submitted earlier this year. It is estimated that 140,000-200,000 children within the United States have rheumatic disease, many, but not all, of which are autoimmune. The major diseases are juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and juvenile dermatomyositis. Of increasing impact are illnesses with regional and generalized musculoskeletal pain syndromes of which fibromyalgia is particularly common and appears to be increasing in frequency and can present a major
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management problem. The five components of the Center are: A methods core interacting with all projects; A trial of etanercept in juvenile dermatomyositis; A study of psychological status in juvenile onset fibromyalgia; An imaging study using quantitative T2 mapping JRA; Methotrexate pharmacogenomics in JRA. In addition, there is an administrative unit which will exercise operational control and administrative oversight of all the projects through an executive committee, two Advisory Boards and a Community-Based Board of Directors. The short- and long-term goals are to improve the health of children with these conditions and to better ensure a smooth transition from childhood and adolescence through to young adulthood for the child with a chronic rheumatic disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: OXANDRIN (OXANDROLONE) IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MUSCLE DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Rutkove, Seward B.; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: RHEUMATIC DISEASE SERA: PROBES OF DISEASE MECHANISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Casciola-Rosen, Livia A.; Dermatology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1997; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The broad, long-term objectives of this proposal are to define pathogenic mechanisms in human autoimmune myopathies, with a view to defining pathways of therapeutic relevance in this group of diseases. Several recent studies have identified the cytotoxic lymphocyte granule pathway as a pathway of potential importance in autoimmune myositis. In polymyositis, cytotoxic lymphocyte granules are frequently polarized towards muscle cells, indicating that these lymphocytes are in the active process of degranulation. Furthermore, all autoantigens targeted in polymyositis and dermatomyositis are unified by their susceptibility to efficient cleavage by granzyme B (GrB), generating unique fragments not generated during other forms of cell death. We hypothesize that the cytotoxic lymphocyte granule pathway plays a dual role in inducing muscle cell death and in generating the unique forms of autoantigens, which drive the autoimmune response in autoimmune myositis. The specific aims of the proposal are to (1) Define the mechanisms whereby cytotoxic lymphocytes induce muscle cell dysfunction and death in muscle cells in vitro. This will be accomplished by elucidating the effector pathways downstream of GrB in muscle cells in vitro, and by defining the mechanisms responsible for the prominent inhibition of caspases observed in myoblasts; (2) Define the pathways of muscle cell damage in vivo in affected tissues from patients with autoimmune myositis. The activity of the pathways downstream of GrB demonstrated to be of functional relevance in Aim 1 will be directly interrogated using a set of novel reagents that specifically report on the state and activity of GrB, caspases, calpains, nNOS, and muscle structural and regulatory proteins; (3) Elucidate the role of GrB-mediated cleavage and muscle cell differentiation state on the immunogenicity of muscle antigens in an animal model. These studies will address the role of cleavage by GrB in generating the specific immune response to the myositis-specific autoantigen EF-1alpha and define whether the myoblast is the
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preferential initiator of autoantibody responses to muscle-specific autoantigens. Taken together, these studies will enhance our understanding of the effector mechanisms that participate in the pathogenesis of autoimmune myositis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RNA POLYMERASE SIGMA FACTORS IN STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES Principal Investigator & Institution: Moran, Charles P.; Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: Streptococcus pyogenes (the group A streptococcus or GAS) is an important and common human pathogen. The diseases it causes range from self-limiting skin and throat infections, with, however, the potential for serious sequelae including rheumatic heart disease, acute glomerulonephritis, and possibly pediatric neuropsychological disorders, to severe invasive diseases like myositis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Since single strains of the GAS seem to be able to cause most or all of these diseases, regulation of the expression of GAS genes in response to specific environmental differences within the host is probably key in determining the course of the infectious process. We propose here a new approach to learn more about control of gene expression in the GAS by the characterization of a new RNA polymerase (RNAP) secondary sigma factor needed to transcribe genes under different conditions and the characterization of the genes it regulates. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ROLE OF IL-1 IN ADAPTATION TO EXERCISE IN AGING MUSCLE Principal Investigator & Institution: Peterson, Charlotte A.; Associate Professor; University of Arkansas Med Scis Ltl Rock Little Rock, Ar 72205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1995; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: IL-1 in the periphery plays a beneficial role in the skeletal muscle response to damaging exercise. With age, muscle adaptation to exercise become less robust and highly variable. We hypothesize that in some elderly individuals, impaired IL-1 induction may be responsible for the relatively weak hypertrophic response to exercise. On the other hand, although IL-1 and the inflammatory response appear to be required to initiate recovery from damaging exercise, this response must be limited or further muscle damage will ensue. We hypothesize that chronic over-expressing of IL-1 may lead to muscle wasting and even to an Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in muscle, analogous to including body myositis (IBM), where betaAPP is over-expressed and Abeta is deposited. Thus, relationships among IL-1 expression and genotype, betaAPP, and repair processes in muscle may parallel those observed in the brain. To test these hypotheses, in Specific Aim 1, we will determine whether there is a correlation among the muscle inflammatory response after an acute bout of resistant exercise, IL-1 abundance, and IL-1 genotype in the elderly. In Specific Aim 2, we will determine whether IL-1 expression and the inflammatory response after an acute exercise bout are predictive of the hypertrophic response of muscle from elderly individuals to chronic resistance training. Muscle fiber size and muscle mass will be quantitated, as well as the accumulation of IL-1, TNF-alpha, betaAPP, Abeta, and hyperphosphorylated tau (characteristic of IBM). This analysis will be combined with gene expression using cDNA microarrays to determine whether different IL-1 gene expression levels are associated with specific phenotypes in exercised muscle that may potentially contribute
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to frailty. In Specific Aim 2, we will study the interaction of IL-1 and betaAPP in muscle and myoblasts in vitro, using genetically modified animals. IL-1 levels will be manipulated in vivo and in muscle satellite cells in vitro to test the hypothesis that IL-1 over-expressing promotes a cascade of degenerative changes in muscle initiated by betaAPP. Identification of underlying molecular mechanisms regulating muscle adaptation to exercise and potentially contributing to muscle wasting during aging is vital to the development of effective interventive strategies to promote functional independence in the elderly. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SKIN-PATCH VACCINATION AGAINST ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Fukuchi, Ken-Ichiro; Vaxin Inc. 500 Beacon Pky W Birmingham, Al 352093144 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Alzheimer's disease (AD) and inclusion body myositis (IBM) share a number of common pathologies such as deposits of amyloid beta-protein (AB) and paired helical filaments, although such pathologies are mostly restricted to brain for AD and to muscle for IBM. Transgenic mice (Tg 13592) that express the 99-amino acid carboxyl-terminal fragment (C99) of AB precursor in the brain and skeletal muscle develop pathologies remarkably similar to those in IBM and show memory deficits resembling the early stages of AD. Induction of an immune response in several animal models of AD by repeated needle injection or nasal administration with synthetic A13 has prevented or reduced AD-like pathology and memory deficits. The long-term objective is to evaluate the efficacy of topical application (skin-patch) of vector-based vaccines in the prevention and treatment of AD and IBM. The Specific Aims are to construct adenovirus vectors encoding all or part of AB or C99 and to determine serum titers against the antigens in the Tg13592 mice immunized by the skinpatch. The procedure eliminates problems associated with needle injections, requires no specially trained personnel and equipment, and so may reduce medical costs. This novel vaccination modality may have benefit to patients with these diseases and commercial value. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: UNTREATED DQA1*0501+JDM:CLINICAL AND GENETIC PROFILES Principal Investigator & Institution: Pachman, Lauren M.; Professor; Children's Memorial Hospital (Chicago) Chicago, Il 606143394 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), a frequently devastating disease affecting young children, is often preceded by an upper respiratory infection. In JDM, 85% are DQA1*0501+ and the TNFalpha-308A allele is associated with increased TNFalpha production and a prolonged disease course. Study of muscle biopsy (MBx) from untreated DQA1*0501+ children with JDM, compared with MBx from normal children or from a pediatric necrotizing myopathy showed a striking increase in interferon (IFN)-inducible genes, compatible with an anti-microbial response. The purpose of this study is to determine the gene expression profiles that are 1) specific to JDM regardless of race or gender, and 2) distinguish the JDM child with remittent as opposed to nonremittent disease. Specific Aim 1A will compare the gene expression profiles of 5 DQA1*0501+ untreated white girls with JDM + TNFA; in Specific Aim 1B, 5DQA1*0501 - white girls + the TNFa-308 A allele will be studied; in Specific Aim 1C,
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Hispanic, African-American and Native American children with 3DM will be tested, and in Specific Aim 1D the genes expressed in boys will compared with girls. Cells from the JDM MBx will be isolated by laser capture microdissection to determine the origin of the gene expression and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) enriched for a specific lymphocyte phenotype (e.g. CD4, CD8) will be tested as well. Selected genes expressed in the expression profiles will be confirmed by qRT-PCR, and their proteins identified by immunohistochemistry, western blot, and ELISA. Specific Aim 2 will characterize the gene expression profiles in MBx at diagnosis compared with selected genes in PBL, and at greater than or equal to 6 months of follow-up (needle MBx and PBL) of JDM responsive to immunosuppressive therapy. Specific Aim 3 will characterize the gene expression profiles in JDM as well as children with myositis related antibodies, who have nonremittent disease. In this aim, the expression profiles in MBx and PBL at diagnosis will be compared with needle MBx and PBL at obtained greater than or equal to 36 months. In Specific Aim 3d, an anti-TNFalpha biologic agent, such as Etanercept, will be administered to children with nonremittent disease, and the expressed genes compared before and after therapy. We speculate that 1) the gene expression profile in DQA1*0501+ JDM will differ from DQA1*0501- JDM, confirming a difference in disease pathogenesis, and that boys and girls may also differ, suggesting a gender effect; and 2) increased production of TNFalpha (and the TNFalpha-308 A allele) will be associated with persisting gene expression profiles displaying INF-inducible genes in children with myositis who have nonremittent disease. Understanding the function of these expressed genes should lead to novel therapies specific for JDM. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “myositis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for myositis in the PubMed Central database: •
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Conditional up-regulation of MHC class I in skeletal muscle leads to self-sustaining autoimmune myositis and myositis-specific autoantibodies. by Nagaraju K, Raben N, Loeffler L, Parker T, Rochon PJ, Lee E, Danning C, Wada R, Thompson C, Bahtiyar G, Craft J, Hooft van Huijsduijnen R, Plotz P.; 2000 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16847
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Local and Regional Applications of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Control of Clostridial Myositis in Rabbits. by Finney JW, Haberman S, Race GJ, Balla GA, Mallams JT.; 1967 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=276619
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Myasthenia gravis and masticatory muscle myositis in a dog. by Clooten JK, Woods JP, Smith-Maxie LL.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=340171
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The human exosome: an autoantigenic complex of exoribonucleases in myositis and scleroderma. by Brouwer R, Pruijn GJ, van Venrooij WJ.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128886
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with myositis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “myositis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for myositis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of myositis ossificans as a complication of tetanus treated by surgical excision. Author(s): Karapinar H, Yagdi S. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 2003 June; 69(3): 285-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12879713
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A case of orbital myositis associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Fadini GP. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003 April; 62(4): 383; Author Reply 383-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12634254
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A case of orbital myositis associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Nabili S, McCarey DW, Browne B, Capell HA. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2002 October; 61(10): 938-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12228169
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A case of orbital myositis secondary to orbital cellulitis in a child. Author(s): Manuchehri K, Lagnado R, Butler L. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 April; 17(3): 434-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12724715
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A case report of giant cell myocarditis and myositis observed during the clinical course of invasive thymoma associated with myasthenia gravis. Author(s): Tanahashi N, Sato H, Nogawa S, Satoh T, Kawamura M, Shimoda M. Source: The Keio Journal of Medicine. 2004 March; 53(1): 30-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15096726
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A difficult case of inflammatory myositis. Author(s): Smith CJ, Staniland JR. Source: Age and Ageing. 2003 May; 32(3): 351-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12720626
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A muscular lesion suggestive of focal myositis in a child with Proteus syndrome. Author(s): Andres BM, McCarthy EF Jr, Frassica FJ. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2002 November; (404): 326-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12439276
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A pilot randomized trial of oxandrolone in inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Rutkove SB, Parker RA, Nardin RA, Connolly CE, Felice KJ, Raynor EM. Source: Neurology. 2002 April 9; 58(7): 1081-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11940697
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A rare case of Salmonella-mediated sacroiliitis, adjacent subperiosteal abscess, and myositis. Author(s): Sharieff GQ, Lee DM, Anshus JS. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 2003 August; 19(4): 252-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12972823
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A Sweet-like syndrome manifesting as gingival hyperplasia and myositis without cutaneous involvement. Author(s): Melinkeri SR, Gupta RK, Dabadghao S. Source: Annals of Hematology. 2002 July; 81(7): 397-8. Epub 2002 June 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12185512
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A unique autoantibody pattern of positive anti-Jo-1, anti-U1RNP, and antiproteasome antibodies in autoimmune myositis as a diagnostic challenge. Author(s): Feist E, Schneider ML, Brychcy M, Dorner T, Burmester GR, Hiepe F. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003 April; 62(4): 370-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12634243
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Acute limb ischemia secondary to myositis-induced compartment syndrome in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Author(s): Lam R, Lin PH, Alankar S, Yao Q, Bush RL, Chen C, Lumsden AB. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2003 May; 37(5): 1103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12756362
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Adductor myositis as a cause of childhood hip pain. Author(s): Thomas S, Tytherleigh-Strong G, Dodds R. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. Part B / European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society, Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. 2002 April; 11(2): 117-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11943984
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An unusual presentation of herpes zoster ophthalmicus: orbital myositis preceding vesicular eruption. Author(s): Kawasaki A, Borruat FX. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 September; 136(3): 574-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12967827
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An unusual tumor of the spermatic cord: myositis ossificans. Author(s): Ozgur A, Tarcan T, Simsek F, Ahiskali R. Source: Arch Esp Urol. 2003 November; 56(9): 1072-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14674298
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Analysis of HLA class I and II alleles in sporadic inclusion-body myositis. Author(s): Lampe JB, Gossrau G, Kempe A, Fussel M, Schwurack K, Schroder R, Krause S, Kohnen R, Walter MC, Reichmann H, Lochmuller H. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2003 November; 250(11): 1313-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14648147
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Animal models of myositis. Author(s): Nagaraju K, Plotz PH. Source: Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 2002 November; 28(4): 917-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12506778
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Anti-PM-Scl antibodies in a patient with inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Selva-O'Callaghan A, Mijares-Boeckh-Behrens T, Labrador-Horrillos M, Solans-Laque R, Ma Grau-Junyent J, Vilardell-Tarres M. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2003 August; 42(8): 1016-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12869677
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Anti-T-lymphocyte globulin treatment in inclusion body myositis: a randomized pilot study. Author(s): Lindberg C, Trysberg E, Tarkowski A, Oldfors A. Source: Neurology. 2003 July 22; 61(2): 260-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12874415
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Apolipoprotein E and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin polymorphisms in sporadic inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Gossrau G, Gestrich B, Koch R, Wunderlich C, Schroder JM, Schroeder S, Reichmann H, Lampe JB. Source: European Neurology. 2004; 51(4): 215-20. Epub 2004 May 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15159602
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Bacillary angiomatosis associated with myositis in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Author(s): Whitfeld MJ, Kaveh S, Koehler JE, Mead P, Berger TG. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 April; 24(4): 562-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9145727
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Bcl-2, Bcl-x, and Bax expression by immunohistochemistry in inclusion body myositis: a study of 27 cases. Author(s): Prayson RA, Yu AC. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2001 October; 125(10): 1326-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11570908
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Becker muscular dystrophy associated with focal myositis on bone scintigraphy. Author(s): Minshew PT, Silverman ED, Samuels-Botts C. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2000 December; 25(12): 1010-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11129135
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Behcet syndrome with myositis. A case report with pathologic findings. Author(s): Arkin CR, Rothschild BM, Florendo NT, Popoff N. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1980 May; 23(5): 600-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7378089
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Benign acute childhood myositis as a cause of failure to weight bear. Author(s): King BA. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2003 July; 39(5): 378-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12887671
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Benign acute childhood myositis: an unusual cause of refusal to walk. Author(s): Horton L, Gorman RL. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1986 September; 2(3): 170-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3786223
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Benign acute childhood myositis: laboratory and clinical features. Author(s): Mackay MT, Kornberg AJ, Shield LK, Dennett X. Source: Neurology. 1999 December 10; 53(9): 2127-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10599793
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Benign acute myositis associated with rotavirus gastroenteritis. Author(s): Hattori H, Torii S, Nagafuji H, Tabata Y, Hata A. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1992 November; 121(5 Pt 1): 748-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1432427
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Benign acute myositis. Author(s): Barasz M. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2000 October; 18(6): 735. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11043632
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Benign adult-onset focal myositis confined to the calf muscles. Author(s): Shibuya S, Wakayama Y, Murahashi M. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1998 February; 21(2): 260. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9466607
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Beta APP gene transfer into cultured human muscle induces inclusion-body myositis aspects. Author(s): Askanas V, McFerrin J, Alvarez RB, Baque S, Engel WK. Source: Neuroreport. 1997 July 7; 8(9-10): 2155-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9243602
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beta-Amyloid precursor epitopes in muscle fibers of inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Askanas V, Alvarez RB, Engel WK. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1993 October; 34(4): 551-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7692809
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Beware of the heart: the multiple picture of cardiac involvement in myositis. Author(s): Riemekasten G, Opitz C, Audring H, Barthelmes H, Meyer R, Hiepe F, Burmester GR. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 1999 November; 38(11): 1153-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10556273
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Bilateral infraorbital nerve involvement in idiopathic orbital myositis. Author(s): Siqueira GB, Jain A, Chahud F, Cruz AA. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 November; 18(6): 474-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12439067
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Bilateral proptosis caused by orbital myositis. A case report. Author(s): Aydin K, Narin N, Erkilic K, Kurtoglu S, Hallac IK, Poyrazoglu MH. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 1998 January-March; 40(1): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9673541
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Bilateral recurrent focal myositis of gastrocnemius muscles after BCG vaccination. Author(s): Manganelli S, De Stefano R, Malandrini A, Selvi E, Frati E, Gambelli S, Marcolongo R. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 September; 41(9): 1074-6. Erratum In: Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002 December; 41(12): 1461. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12209048
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Biochemical markers of myositis in dermatomyositis. Author(s): Rowell NR, Fairris GM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1986 January; 11(1): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3708896
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Blinded, placebo-controlled trial of antiparasitic drugs for trichinosis myositis. Author(s): Watt G, Saisorn S, Jongsakul K, Sakolvaree Y, Chaicumpa W. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 July; 182(1): 371-4. Epub 2000 June 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10882628
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Borrelia burgdorferi myositis: report of eight patients. Author(s): Reimers CD, de Koning J, Neubert U, Preac-Mursic V, Koster JG, MullerFelber W, Pongratz DE, Duray PH. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1993 May; 240(5): 278-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8326331
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Brachiola vesicularum, n. g., n. sp., a new microsporidium associated with AIDS and myositis. Author(s): Cali A, Takvorian PM, Lewin S, Rendel M, Sian CS, Wittner M, Tanowitz HB, Keohane E, Weiss LM. Source: The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 1998 May-June; 45(3): 240-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9627985
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Camptocormia in Parkinson's disease mimicked by focal myositis of the paraspinal muscles. Author(s): Wunderlich S, Csoti I, Reiners K, Gunthner-Lengsfeld T, Schneider C, Becker G, Naumann M. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2002 May; 17(3): 598-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12112214
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Cardiac involvement in myositis. Author(s): Yazici Y, Kagen LJ. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2002 November; 14(6): 663-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410088
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Case of the season: proliferative myositis. Author(s): Haloi AK, Seith A, Chumber S, Bandhu S, Panda SK, Mannan SR. Source: Semin Roentgenol. 2004 January; 39(1): 4-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14976833
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Cervical myositis ossificans traumatica: a rare location. Author(s): Baysal T, Baysal O, Sarac K, Elmali N, Kutlu R, Ersoy Y. Source: European Radiology. 1999; 9(4): 662-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10354880
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Chemotherapy-induced radiation recall myositis. Author(s): Indinnimeo M, Cicchini C, Kanakaki S, Larcinese A, Mingazzini PL. Source: Oncol Rep. 2003 September-October; 10(5): 1401-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12883714
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Chimerism in myositis. Author(s): Reed AM. Source: Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2003 December; 5(6): 421-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609485
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Chronic intoxication by ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) in a child with myositis ossificans progressiva. Author(s): Pazzaglia UE, Beluffi G, Ravelli A, Zatti G, Martini A. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1993; 23(6): 459-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8255652
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Circumscribed myositis ossificans. Report of nine cases without history of injury. Author(s): Merchan EC, Sanchez-Herrera S, Valdazo DA, Gonzalez JM. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 1993; 59(3): 273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8237343
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Clinical and serological characteristics of 125 Dutch myositis patients. Myositis specific autoantibodies aid in the differential diagnosis of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Author(s): Hengstman GJ, Brouwer R, Egberts WT, Seelig HP, Jongen PJ, van Venrooij WJ, van Engelen BG. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2002 January; 249(1): 69-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11954871
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Clinical features and outcomes of juvenile dermatomyositis and other childhood onset myositis syndromes. Author(s): Ramanan AV, Feldman BM. Source: Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 2002 November; 28(4): 833-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12506775
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Clinical observations of pharmaceutical, physical, and visual evidence of presumed extraocular myositis and tendonitis. Author(s): Sucher DF. Source: Optometry. 2002 January; 73(1): 39-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12363237
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Clinical spectrum of inflammatory myositis in South India--a ten year study. Author(s): Porkodi R, Shanmuganandan K, Parthiban M, Madhavan R, Rajendran P. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 October; 50: 1255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12568209
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Clinical symptoms in patients with myositis-an acquired metabolic myopathy? Author(s): Lundberg IE. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2003 November; 15(6): 675-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14569195
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Coexistence of X-linked recessive Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy with inclusion body myositis-like morphology. Author(s): Fidzianska A, Rowinska-Marcinska K, Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz I. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 2004 March; 107(3): 197-203. Epub 2004 January 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14712398
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Comparison of weakness progression in inclusion body myositis during treatment with methotrexate or placebo. Author(s): Badrising UA, Maat-Schieman ML, Ferrari MD, Zwinderman AH, Wessels JA, Breedveld FC, van Doorn PA, van Engelen BG, Hoogendijk JE, Howeler CJ, de Jager AE, Jennekens FG, Koehler PJ, de Visser M, Viddeleer A, Verschuuren JJ, Wintzen AR. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2002 March; 51(3): 369-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11891832
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Congenital myopathy with abundant ring fibres, rimmed vacuoles and inclusion body myositis-type inclusions. Author(s): Fidzianska A, Kaminska A. Source: Neuropediatrics. 2003 February; 34(1): 40-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12690567
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and inclusion body myositis: abundant disease-associated prion protein in muscle. Author(s): Kovacs GG, Lindeck-Pozza E, Chimelli L, Araujo AQ, Gabbai AA, Strobel T, Glatzel M, Aguzzi A, Budka H. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2004 January; 55(1): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14705121
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Cryptococcus neoformans myositis without dissemination. Author(s): Sharma M, Khatib R, Jones BA, Fakih MG. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(11): 858-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12578163
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Cystatin C colocalizes with amyloid-beta and coimmunoprecipitates with amyloidbeta precursor protein in sporadic inclusion-body myositis muscles. Author(s): Vattemi G, Engel WK, McFerrin J, Askanas V. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 2003 June; 85(6): 1539-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12787072
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Cytological features of nodular myositis. Author(s): Mohanty SK, Dey P, Saikia UN. Source: Cytopathology : Official Journal of the British Society for Clinical Cytology. 2003 June; 14(3): 167-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12828731
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Deep muscle contusion complicated by myositis ossificans (a.k.a. heterotopic bone). Author(s): Berg E. Source: Orthopaedic Nursing / National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses. 2000 November-December; 19(6): 66-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11899311
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Deep vein thrombosis due to spontaneous nontraumatic myositis ossificans: treatment with a venous stent. Author(s): Han YM, Jin GY, Jeong SH. Source: Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 2003 March-April; 26(2): 192-3. Epub 2003 March 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12616411
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Defining Clinical Improvement in Adult and Juvenile Myositis. Author(s): Rider LG, Giannini EH, Harris-Love M, Joe G, Isenberg D, Pilkington C, Lachenbruch PA, Miller FW; International Myositis Assesment and Clinical Studies Group. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 March; 30(3): 603-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12610824
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Denervating changes in focal myositis, a benign inflammatory pseudotumor. Author(s): Heffner RR Jr, Barron SA. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1980 May; 104(5): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6989340
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Dermatomyositis sine myositis and antisynthetase syndrome. Author(s): Climent-Albaladejo A, Saiz-Cuenca E, Rosique-Roman J, CaballeroRodriguez J, Galvez-Munoz J. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2002 January; 69(1): 72-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11858361
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Dermatomyositis sine myositis presenting with calcinosis universalis. Author(s): Olhoffer IH, Carroll C, Watsky K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 August; 141(2): 365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10468827
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Dermatomyositis with the features of inclusion body myositis associated with carcinoma of the bladder: a true association? Author(s): Grau JM, Perea M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 September; 143(3): 671. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10971365
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Dermatomyositis, polymyositis and inclusion body myositis: current concepts. Author(s): Illa I, Dalakas MC. Source: Revue Neurologique. 1998 January; 154(1): 13-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9773019
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Dermatomyositis. Diagnosis and evaluation of dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and inclusion-body myositis. Author(s): Krajnc I. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1999; 455: 181-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10599341
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Desmoplastic squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue simulating myositis or fasciitis. Author(s): Norris CM Jr, Mustoe TA, Ross JS, Goodman ML. Source: Head Neck Surg. 1986 September-October; 9(1): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2442120
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Development of the myositis activities profile--validity and reliability of a selfadministered questionnaire to assess activity limitations in patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Author(s): Alexanderson H, Lundberg IE, Stenstrom CH. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 November; 29(11): 2386-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12415597
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Development of validated disease activity and damage indices for the juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. II. The Childhood Myositis Assessment Scale (CMAS): a quantitative tool for the evaluation of muscle function. The Juvenile Dermatomyositis Disease Activity Collaborative Study Group. Author(s): Lovell DJ, Lindsley CB, Rennebohm RM, Ballinger SH, Bowyer SL, Giannini EH, Hicks JE, Levinson JE, Mier R, Pachman LM, Passo MH, Perez MD, Reed AM, Schikler KN, Smith M, Zemel LS, Rider LG. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1999 October; 42(10): 2213-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10524696
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Diagnosis of idiopathic myositis: value of 99mtechnetium pyrophosphate muscle scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging in targeted muscle biopsy. Author(s): von Kempis J, Kalden P, Gutfleisch J, Grimbacher B, Krause T, Uhl M, Ketelsen UP, Volk B, Rother E, Vaith P, Peter HH. Source: Rheumatology International. 1998; 17(5): 207-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9542783
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Diagnosis of orbital myositis by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Dua HS, Smith FW, Singh AK, Forrester JV. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1987 January; 71(1): 54-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3814571
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Differences in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy phenotypes and genotypes between Mesoamerican Mestizos and North American Caucasians: ethnogeographic influences in the genetics and clinical expression of myositis. Author(s): Shamim EA, Rider LG, Pandey JP, O'Hanlon TP, Jara LJ, Samayoa EA, Burgos-Vargas R, Vazquez-Mellado J, Alcocer-Varela J, Salazar-Paramo M, Kutzbach AG, Malley JD, Targoff IN, Garcia-De la Torre I, Miller FW. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002 July; 46(7): 1885-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12124873
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Differential expression of bone and cartilage related genes in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, myositis ossificans traumatica, and osteogenic sarcoma. Author(s): Shafritz AB, Kaplan FS. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1998 January; (346): 46-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9577409
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Disease progression in sporadic inclusion body myositis: observations in 78 patients. Author(s): Peng A, Koffman BM, Malley JD, Dalakas MC. Source: Neurology. 2000 July 25; 55(2): 296-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10908910
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Dysphagia in patients with inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Buchholz DW, Neumann S. Source: Dysphagia. 1999 Summer; 14(3): 187. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10507903
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Dysphagia in patients with inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Houser SM, Calabrese LH, Strome M. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1998 July; 108(7): 1001-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9665246
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Dysthyroid ophthalmopathy misinterpreted as ocular myositis. Author(s): Finsterer J, Stollberger C, Grossegger C, Prainer C, Roscher U. Source: European Neurology. 1998; 39(4): 243-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9635478
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Effect of warfarin sodium therapy on excretion of 4-carboxy-L-glutamic acid in scleroderma, dermatomyositis, and myositis ossificans progressiva. Author(s): Moore SE, Jump AA, Smiley JD. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1986 March; 29(3): 344-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3008764
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Electrophysiology of Microsporidia myositis in an AIDS patient. Author(s): Preston DC. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1993 December; 16(12): 1420-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8232406
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Endocarditis following spontaneous bacterial myositis. Author(s): Karunatilake H, Thamilvannan N, Wimalaratna H. Source: Ceylon Med J. 2002 June; 47(2): 72-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12140888
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response in inclusion body myositis muscle. Author(s): Vattemi G, Engel WK, McFerrin J, Askanas V. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2004 January; 164(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14695312
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Enhanced detection of congo-red-positive amyloid deposits in muscle fibers of inclusion body myositis and brain of Alzheimer's disease using fluorescence technique. Author(s): Askanas V, Engel WK, Alvarez RB. Source: Neurology. 1993 June; 43(6): 1265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8170582
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Environmental factors in myositis. Author(s): Machtey I. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 January; 27(1): 277-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10648055
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Eosinophilic fasciitis, myositis and arthritis as early manifestations of peripheral Tcell lymphoma. Author(s): Eklund KK, Anttila P, Leirisalo-Repo M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2003; 32(6): 376-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15080271
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Eosinophilic major basic protein and interleukin-5 in eosinophilic myositis. Author(s): Murata K, Sugie K, Takamure M, Fujimoto T, Ueno S. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2003 January; 10(1): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12534990
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Eosinophilic myositis resulting from sarcocystosis. Author(s): Van den Enden E, Praet M, Joos R, Van Gompel A, Gigasse P. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1995 August; 98(4): 273-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7636925
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Eosinophilic myositis with eosinophilic cellulitislike skin lesions. Association with increased serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein and interleukin-5. Author(s): Trueb RM, Lubbe J, Torricelli R, Panizzon RG, Wuthrich B, Burg G. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1997 February; 133(2): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9041834
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Eosinophilic myositis/perimyositis: frequency and spectrum of cutaneous manifestations. Author(s): Trueb RM, Pericin M, Winzeler B, Wuthrich B, Burg G. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 September; 37(3 Pt 1): 385-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9308550
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Epidemiology of inclusion body myositis in the Netherlands: a nationwide study. Author(s): Badrising UA, Maat-Schieman M, van Duinen SG, Breedveld F, van Doorn P, van Engelen B, van den Hoogen F, Hoogendijk J, Howeler C, de Jager A, Jennekens F, Koehler P, van der Leeuw H, de Visser M, Verschuuren JJ, Wintzen AR. Source: Neurology. 2000 November 14; 55(9): 1385-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11087787
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Epitope studies indicate that histidyl-tRNA synthetase is a stimulating antigen in idiopathic myositis. Author(s): Martin A, Shulman MJ, Tsui FW. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1995 September; 9(12): 1226-33. Erratum In: Faseb J 1995 November; 9(14): 1496. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7672516
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Evaluation of laboratory tests as a guide to diagnosis and therapy of myositis. Author(s): Bohlmeyer TJ, Wu AH, Perryman MB. Source: Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 1994 November; 20(4): 845-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7855325
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Evidence for heterogeneity of T cell expansion in polymyositis and inclusion body myositis. Author(s): van der Meulen MF, van Wichen DF, van Blokland WT, van den Berg LH, Wokke JH, Hoogendijk JE, de Weger RA. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2002 December; 133(1-2): 198-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12446023
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Expression of Bcl-2 in inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Fyhr IM, Lindberg C, Oldfors A. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2002 May; 105(5): 403-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11982494
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Expression of growth associated protein 43 and neural cell adhesion molecule in congenital fibre type disproportion with interstitial myositis. Author(s): Heuss D, Engelhardt A, Lochmuller H, Gobel H, Neundorfer B. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 1994; 425(1): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7522852
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Expression of IFN-gamma-inducible chemokines in inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Raju R, Vasconcelos O, Granger R, Dalakas MC. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2003 August; 141(1-2): 125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12965263
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Expression of lysosome-related proteins and genes in the skeletal muscles of inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Kumamoto T, Ueyama H, Tsumura H, Toyoshima I, Tsuda T. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 2004 January; 107(1): 59-65. Epub 2003 September 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14513262
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Extraskeletal osteosarcoma arising in myositis ossificans. Author(s): Konishi E, Kusuzaki K, Murata H, Tsuchihashi Y, Beabout JW, Unni KK. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 2001 January; 30(1): 39-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11289633
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Familial inclusion body myositis: a report on two Japanese sisters. Author(s): Tateyama M, Saito N, Fujihara K, Shiga Y, Takeda A, Narikawa K, Hasegawa T, Taguchi Y, Sakuma R, Onodera Y, Ohnuma A, Tobita M, Itoyama Y. Source: Intern Med. 2003 October; 42(10): 1035-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14606722
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Fatal Aspergillus fumigatus Myositis in an immunocompetent patient. Author(s): Javier RM, Sibilia J, Lugger AS, Natarajan-Ame S, Kuntz JL, Herbrecht R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 November; 20(11): 810-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11783699
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Fatal myositis due to the microsporidian Brachiola algerae, a mosquito pathogen. Author(s): Coyle CM, Weiss LM, Rhodes LV 3rd, Cali A, Takvorian PM, Brown DF, Visvesvara GS, Xiao L, Naktin J, Young E, Gareca M, Colasante G, Wittner M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 July 1; 351(1): 42-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15229306
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Fibrodysplasia (myositis) ossificans progressiva. Clinical lessons from a rare disease. Author(s): Smith R. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1998 January; (346): 7-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9577404
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Flavivirus induces MHC antigen on human myoblasts: a model of autoimmune myositis? Author(s): Bao S, King NJ, Dos Remedios CG. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1992 November; 15(11): 1271-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1488065
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Focal eosinophilic myositis. Author(s): Kobayashi Y, Fujimoto T, Shiiki H, Kitaoka K, Murata K, Dohi K. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2001; 20(5): 369-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11642521
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Focal eosinophilic myositis: unusual cause of a tumour on the chest wall. Author(s): Nagar H, Bar-Ziv Y. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 1993 March; 159(3): 187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8102898
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Focal myositis associated with S-1 radiculopathy: report of two cases. Author(s): Streichenberger N, Meyronet D, Fiere V, Pellissier JF, Petiot P. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2004 March; 29(3): 443-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14981746
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Focal myositis of the neck with idiopathic orbital myositis. Author(s): Dhanasekar G, Rajan MS, Nirmal Kumar B, Watson SD. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 April; 116(4): 314-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11945201
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Focal myositis of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Author(s): Cain AJ, Michie BA, Davis BC, Ram B. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1998 July; 112(7): 687-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9775308
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Focal myositis of the thigh: unusual MR pattern. Author(s): Llauger J, Bague S, Palmer J, Matias-Guiu X, San Roman L, Doncel A. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 2002 May; 31(5): 307-10. Epub 2002 April 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11981609
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Focal myositis presenting with radial nerve palsy. Author(s): Alzagatiti BI, Bertorini TE, Horner LH, Maccarino VS, O'Brien T. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1999 July; 22(7): 956-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10398220
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Focal myositis. Author(s): Kransdorf MJ, Temple HT, Sweet DE. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1998 May; 27(5): 283-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9638840
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Focal myositis. Author(s): Kocanaogullari H, Ozdemir E, Keser G, Tuncbay T, Gumusdis G, Doganavsargil E. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1998; 17(1): 65-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9586683
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Focal, steroid responsive myositis causing dropped head syndrome. Author(s): Biran I, Cohen O, Diment J, Peyser A, Bahnof R, Steiner I. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1999 June; 22(6): 769-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10366232
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Fourteen newly recognized proteins at the human neuromuscular junctions--and their nonjunctional accumulation in inclusion-body myositis. Author(s): Askanas V, Engel WK, Alvarez RB. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1998 May 13; 841: 28-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9668220
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Frequent occurrence of anti-tRNA(His) autoantibodies that recognize a conformational epitope in sera of patients with myositis. Author(s): Brouwer R, Vree Egberts W, Jongen PH, van Engelen BG, van Venrooij WJ. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1998 August; 41(8): 1428-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9704641
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Fulminant ulcerative colitis associated with both masseter muscle myositis and immunoglobulin M nephropathy. Author(s): Ishiwada N, Nagatake E, McParland Y, Hattori M, Tanabe M, Ohnuma N, Niimi H. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 1999 August; 41(4): 385-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10453189
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Functional outcome of myositis patients: can a low-dose glucocorticoid regimen achieve good functional results? Author(s): Nzeusseu A, Brion F, Lefebvre C, Knoops P, Devogelaer JP, Houssiau FA. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999 July-August; 17(4): 441-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10464554
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Further observations on forearm flexor weakness in inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Felice KJ, Relva GM, Conway SR. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1998 May; 21(5): 659-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9572250
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Gallium uptake in myositis ossificans. Potential pitfalls in diagnosis. Author(s): Salzman L, Lee VW, Grant P. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1987 April; 12(4): 308-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3581611
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Gangrenous streptococcal myositis: case report. Author(s): Hird B, Byrne K. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1994 April; 36(4): 589-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8158727
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Gas-forming retroperitoneal abscess associated with crepitant myositis of right buttock and thigh. Author(s): Hsu SC, Huang JJ, Wang MC, Tseng CC. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2000 May; 40(3): 295-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10908031
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Gastrocnemius myositis in a patient with inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Hall MJ, Thomas WE, Cooper BT. Source: Digestion. 1985; 32(4): 296-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2866130
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Gemfibrozil induced myositis: a case report with light microscopic and ultrastructural study. Author(s): Chow LT, Chow WH. Source: Chinese Medical Sciences Journal = Chung-Kuo I Hsueh K'o Hsueh Tsa Chih / Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. 1994 June; 9(2): 129-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8000060
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Generalized myositis in Behcet disease: treatment with cyclosporine. Author(s): Lingenfelser T, Duerk H, Stevens A, Grossmann T, Knorr M, Saal JG. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1992 April 15; 116(8): 651-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1546866
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Generalized nonsuppurative myositis with staphylococcal septicemia. Author(s): Adamski GB, Garin EH, Ballinger WE, Shulman ST. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1980 April; 96(4): 694-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7359276
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Giant cell myocarditis and myositis associated with thymoma and leprosy. Author(s): Butany JW, McAuley P, Bergeron C, MacLaughlin P. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1991 April; 7(3): 141-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2044017
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Glucocorticoid-sensitive hereditary inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Naumann M, Reichmann H, Goebel HH, Moll C, Toyka KV. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1996 February; 243(2): 126-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8750548
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Glycogenosis type V (McArdle's disease) mimicking atypical myositis. Author(s): Horneff G, Paetzke I, Neuen-Jacob E. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2001; 20(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11254243
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Grand round--University Hospital of Wales. Focal myositis mimicking acute psoas abscess. Author(s): Lawson TM, Borysiewicz LK, Camilleri JP, Jessop JD, Pritchard MH, Williams BD. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 March 15; 314(7083): 805-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9081002
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Granulomatous myositis associated with antithyroglobulin and antithyroid peroxidase antibodies: an analogy to Hashimoto's encephalitis? Author(s): Fischer D, Schroder R. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2002 October; 249(10): 1453-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12532931
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Granulomatous myositis, primary biliary cirrhosis, pancytopenia, and thymoma. Author(s): Herrmann DN, Blaivas M, Wald JJ, Feldman EL. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2000 July; 23(7): 1133-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10883012
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Granulomatous myositis. Clinicopathologic study of 12 cases. Author(s): Prayson RA. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1999 July; 112(1): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10396287
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Granulomatous myositis: a manifestation of chronic graft-versus-host disease. Author(s): Kaushik S, Flagg E, Wise CM, Hadfield G, McCarty JM. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 2002 April; 31(4): 226-9. Epub 2002 February 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11904691
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Granulomatous myositis: pathologic re-evaluation by immunohistochemical analysis of infiltrating mononuclear cells. Author(s): Takanashi T, Suzuki Y, Yoshino Y, Nonaka I. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1997 January; 145(1): 41-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9073027
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Granulomatous orbital myositis. Author(s): Menon GJ, Hollman AS, Dutton GN. Source: Eye (London, England). 2000 August; 14 ( Pt 4): 676-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11040930
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Granulomatous Pneumocystis carinii myositis presenting as an intramuscular mass. Author(s): Pearl GS, Sieger B. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 March; 22(3): 577-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8852986
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Group A streptococcal myositis. Author(s): Daley AJ, Atkinson M, Nallusamy R. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1999 December; 35(6): 588-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10634989
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Haemorrhagic myositis associated with prophylactic heparin use in dermatomyositis. Author(s): Langguth DM, Wong RC, Archibald C, Hogan PG. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2004 April; 63(4): 464-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15020349
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Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, renal insufficiency, and myositis associated with infection by Bayou hantavirus. Author(s): Hjelle B, Goade D, Torrez-Martinez N, Lang-Williams M, Kim J, Harris RL, Rawlings JA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 September; 23(3): 495-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8879771
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Hepatitis C and inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Alexander JA, Huebner CJ. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1996 September; 91(9): 1845-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8792712
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Hepatitis C virus infection and myositis: a polymerase chain reaction study. Author(s): Villanova M, Caudai C, Sabatelli P, Toti P, Malandrini A, Luzi P, Maraldi NM, Valensin PE, Merlini L. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 2000 March; 99(3): 271-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10663969
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Hepatitis C virus infection and myositis: a virus localization study. Author(s): Di Muzio A, Bonetti B, Capasso M, Panzeri L, Pizzigallo E, Rizzuto N, Uncini A. Source: Neuromuscular Disorders : Nmd. 2003 January; 13(1): 68-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12467735
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Heterotopic mesenteric ossification ('intraabdominal myositis ossificans'): report of five cases. Author(s): Wilson JD, Montague CJ, Salcuni P, Bordi C, Rosai J. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1999 December; 23(12): 1464-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10584699
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Heterotrophic ossification (myositis ossificans) in the foot. A case report. Author(s): Fuselier CO, Tlapek TA, Sowell RD. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1986 September; 76(9): 524-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3761189
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High dose immunoglobulin therapy in a case of inclusion body myositis: clinical and immunologic aspects. Author(s): Salvarani C, Boiardi L, Maldini MC, Mancini R, Rinaldi M, Macchioni P, Portioli I. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1993 August; 20(8): 1455-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8230050
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High incidence of acute myositis with type A influenza virus infection in the elderly. Author(s): Yoshino M, Suzuki S, Adachi K, Fukayama M, Inamatsu T. Source: Intern Med. 2000 May; 39(5): 431-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10830190
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High-dose immunoglobulin therapy in sporadic inclusion body myositis: a doubleblind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Walter MC, Lochmuller H, Toepfer M, Schlotter B, Reilich P, Schroder M, Muller-Felber W, Pongratz D. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2000 January; 247(1): 22-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10701893
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Histidyl-tRNA synthetase and asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase, autoantigens in myositis, activate chemokine receptors on T lymphocytes and immature dendritic cells. Author(s): Howard OM, Dong HF, Yang D, Raben N, Nagaraju K, Rosen A, CasciolaRosen L, Hartlein M, Kron M, Yang D, Yiadom K, Dwivedi S, Plotz PH, Oppenheim JJ. Source: The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2002 September 16; 196(6): 781-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12235211
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Histological pictures of muscles and an evaluation of cellular infiltrations in human polymyositis/dermatomyositis, as compared to the findings in experimental Guinea pig myositis. Author(s): Gendek-Kubiak H, Gendek EG. Source: Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters. 2003; 8(2): 297-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12813563
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HLA allele distribution distinguishes sporadic inclusion body myositis from hereditary inclusion body myopathies. Author(s): Koffman BM, Sivakumar K, Simonis T, Stroncek D, Dalakas MC. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 1998 April 15; 84(2): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9628455
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HLA associations with inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Garlepp MJ, Laing B, Zilko PJ, Ollier W, Mastaglia FL. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1994 October; 98(1): 40-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7923882
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HLA-D region genes and susceptibility to D-penicillamine-induced myositis. Author(s): Taneja V, Mehra N, Singh YN, Kumar A, Malaviya A, Singh RR. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1990 September; 33(9): 1445-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2403408
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HLA-D region genes associated with autoantibody responses to histidyl-transfer RNA synthetase (Jo-1) and other translation-related factors in myositis. Author(s): Goldstein R, Duvic M, Targoff IN, Reichlin M, McMenemy AM, Reveille JD, Warner NB, Pollack MS, Arnett FC. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1990 August; 33(8): 1240-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1975177
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Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 myositis, peripheral neuropathy, and cerebral white matter lesions in the absence of spastic paraparesis. Author(s): Douen AG, Pringle CE, Guberman A. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1997 July; 54(7): 896-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9236579
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Hypothyroidism presenting as hypercholesterolaemia and simvastatin-induced myositis. Author(s): Hung YT, Yeung VT. Source: Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi / Hong Kong Academy of Medicine. 2000 December; 6(4): 423-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11177166
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Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies - myositis. Author(s): Dorph C, Lundberg IE. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology. 2002 December; 16(5): 817-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12473276
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Inclusion body myositis associated with celiac sprue and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Author(s): Williams SF, Mincey BA, Calamia KT. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2003 July; 96(7): 721-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12940332
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Inclusion body myositis evolving in systemic lupus erythrematosus? A case report. Author(s): Massawi G, Hickling P, Hilton D, Patterson C. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2003 August; 42(8): 1012-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12869675
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Inclusion body myositis in a patient with a presumed diagnosis of post-polio syndrome. Author(s): Parissis D, Karkavelas G, Taskos N, Milonas I. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2003 May; 250(5): 619-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12814114
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Inclusion body myositis in connective tissue disorders: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Derk CT, Vivino FB, Kenyon L, Mandel S. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2003 October; 22(4-5): 324-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14576992
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Inclusion body myositis in twins. Author(s): Naumann M, Toyka KV. Source: Neurology. 1999 August 11; 53(3): 659. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10449152
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Inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Tawil R, Griggs RC. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2002 November; 14(6): 653-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410086
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Inclusion body myositis: another possible manifestation of antiretroviral-associated mitochondrial toxicity. Author(s): Loutfy MR, Sheehan NL, Goodhew JE, Walmsley SL. Source: Aids (London, England). 2003 May 23; 17(8): 1266-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12819534
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Inclusion body myositis: clonal expansions of muscle-infiltrating T cells persist over time. Author(s): Muntzing K, Lindberg C, Moslemi AR, Oldfors A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 2003 August; 58(2): 195-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12869141
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Inclusion body myositis: morphological clues to correct diagnosis. Author(s): Dahlbom K, Lindberg C, Oldfors A. Source: Neuromuscular Disorders : Nmd. 2002 November; 12(9): 853-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12398837
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Inclusion body myositis-like phenotype induced by transgenic overexpression of beta APP in skeletal muscle. Author(s): Sugarman MC, Yamasaki TR, Oddo S, Echegoyen JC, Murphy MP, Golde TE, Jannatipour M, Leissring MA, LaFerla FM. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 April 30; 99(9): 6334-9. Epub 2002 Apr 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11972038
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Inclusion body myositis--sensory dysfunction revealed with quantitative determination of somatosensory thresholds. Author(s): Arnardottir S, Svanborg E, Borg K. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2003 July; 108(1): 22-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12807389
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Inclusion-body myositis and myopathies: different etiologies, possibly similar pathogenic mechanisms. Author(s): Askanas V, Engel WK. Source: Current Opinion in Neurology. 2002 October; 15(5): 525-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12351995
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Induction of myasthenia gravis, myositis, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus by high-dose interleukin-2 in a patient with renal cell cancer. Author(s): Fraenkel PG, Rutkove SB, Matheson JK, Fowkes M, Cannon ME, Patti ME, Atkins MB, Gollob JA. Source: Journal of Immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997). 2002 July-August; 25(4): 373-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12142560
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Inflammatory myositis associated with anti-U1-small nuclear ribonucleoprotein antibodies: a subset of myositis associated with a favourable outcome. Author(s): Coppo P, Clauvel JP, Bengoufa D, Oksenhendler E, Lacroix C, Lassoued K. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 September; 41(9): 1040-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12209039
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Influenza myositis and rhabdomyolysis in an HIV positive man: was zidovudine a co-factor? Author(s): Guha I, Brook MG. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1999 June; 75(3): 204-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10448412
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Insulin-like growth factor I in inclusion-body myositis and human muscle cultures. Author(s): Broccolini A, Ricci E, Pescatori M, Papacci M, Gliubizzi C, D'Amico A, Servidei S, Tonali P, Mirabella M. Source: Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 2004 June; 63(6): 650-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15217093
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Interleukin-17 increases the effects of IL-1 beta on muscle cells: arguments for the role of T cells in the pathogenesis of myositis. Author(s): Chevrel G, Page G, Granet C, Streichenberger N, Varennes A, Miossec P. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2003 April; 137(1-2): 125-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12667656
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International consensus on preliminary definitions of improvement in adult and juvenile myositis. Author(s): Rider LG, Giannini EH, Brunner HI, Ruperto N, James-Newton L, Reed AM, Lachenbruch PA, Miller FW; International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Group. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004 July; 50(7): 2281-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15248228
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International consensus outcome measures for patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Development and initial validation of myositis activity and damage indices in patients with adult onset disease. Author(s): Isenberg DA, Allen E, Farewell V, Ehrenstein MR, Hanna MG, Lundberg IE, Oddis C, Pilkington C, Plotz P, Scott D, Vencovsky J, Cooper R, Rider L, Miller F; International Myositis and Clinical Studies Group (IMACS). Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2004 January; 43(1): 49-54. Epub 2003 July 16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12867580
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Juxtacortical circumscribed myositis ossificans: evolution and radiographic features. Author(s): Norman A, Dorfman HD. Source: Radiology. 1970 August; 96(2): 301-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5431413
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Keeping an eye on Crohn's disease: orbital myositis as the presenting symptom. Author(s): Durno CA, Ehrlich R, Taylor R, Buncic JR, Hughes P, Griffiths AM. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 1997 September; 11(6): 497-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9347163
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Legionella myositis. Author(s): Warner CL, Fayad PB, Heffner RR Jr. Source: Neurology. 1991 May; 41(5): 750-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2027497
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Less common causes of myositis. Author(s): Kagen LJ. Source: Clin Rheum Dis. 1984 April; 10(1): 175-87. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6329593
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Less specific myositis autoantibodies? Author(s): Mierau R, Dick T, Genth E. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001 August; 60(8): 810. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11482306
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Leukocytapheresis in inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Dau PC. Source: Journal of Clinical Apheresis. 1987; 3(3): 167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3558342
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Light and electron microscopic immunolocalization of presenilin 1 in abnormal muscle fibers of patients with sporadic inclusion-body myositis and autosomalrecessive inclusion-body myopathy. Author(s): Askanas V, Engel WK, Yang CC, Alvarez RB, Lee VM, Wisniewski T. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1998 April; 152(4): 889-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9546349
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Light and electron microscopic localization of beta-amyloid protein in muscle biopsies of patients with inclusion-body myositis. Author(s): Askanas V, Engel WK, Alvarez RB. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1992 July; 141(1): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1321564
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Limited T-cell receptor V gene usage in inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Fyhr IM, Moslemi AR, Tarkowski A, Lindberg C, Oldfors A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 1996 January; 43(1): 109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8560189
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Localised gastrocnemius myositis in Crohn's disease. Author(s): Christopoulos C, Savva S, Pylarinou S, Diakakis A, Papavassiliou E, Economopoulos P. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2003 May; 22(2): 143-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12740681
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Localised nodular myositis: a clinical and pathological variant of polymyositis. Author(s): Cumming WJ, Weiser R, Teoh R, Hudgson P, Walton JN. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1977 October; 46(184): 531-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=594301
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Localized eosinophilic myositis of the masseter muscle associated with actinomycosis. Author(s): Aufdemorte TB, Huntington HW, Ripley JF, Ramzy I. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1983 March; 41(3): 196-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6572232
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Localized myositis presenting as pseudothrombophlebitis. Author(s): Kalyanaraman K, Kalyanaraman UP. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1982 November; 25(11): 1374-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7138607
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Localized nodular myositis as the first manifestation of polymyositis. Author(s): Brown P, Doyle DV, Evans MD. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1989 February; 28(1): 84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2917241
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Localized nodular myositis. Author(s): Smith CA, Pinals RS. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1981 September-October; 8(5): 815-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7310777
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Localized nodular myositis. A paraneoplastic phenomenon. Author(s): Naschitz JE, Yeshurun D, Dreyfuss U, Best LA, Misselevich I, Boss JH. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1992 September; 11(3): 427-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1458797
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Long-lasting effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulin in a patient with inclusion-body myositis. Author(s): Mukunda BN, Dileep Kumar P, Smith HR. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2001 June 19; 134(12): 1156. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11412071
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Longus cervicis colli "myositis" (syn: retropharyngeal tendinitis) Author(s): Pearce JM. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1996 September; 61(3): 324. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8795610
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Low field T1rho imaging of myositis. Author(s): Virta A, Komu M, Lundbom N, Jaaskelainen S, Kalimo H, Airio A, Alanen A, Kormano M. Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 1998 May; 16(4): 385-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9665549
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Lupus myositis. Author(s): Foote RA, Kimbrough SM, Stevens JC. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1982 January; 5(1): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7057808
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Lyme myositis: muscle invasion by Borrelia burgdorferi. Author(s): Atlas E, Novak SN, Duray PH, Steere AC. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1988 August 1; 109(3): 245-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3389608
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Lymphocyte activation markers in idiopathic myositis: changes with disease activity and differences among clinical and autoantibody subgroups. Author(s): Miller FW, Love LA, Barbieri SA, Balow JE, Plotz PH. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1990 September; 81(3): 373-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2168821
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Magnetic resonance imaging criteria to differentiate inclusion body myositis from polymyositis. Author(s): Hengstman GJ. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 August; 30(8): 1892. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12913890
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Malignant necrotising streptococcal myositis: a rare and fatal condition. Author(s): Subramanian KN, Lam KS. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2003 March; 85(2): 277-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12678368
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MAP kinase phosphatase-1 is induced in abnormal fibers in inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Nakano S, Shinde A, Ito H, Ito H, Kusaka H. Source: Neurology. 2003 August 12; 61(3): 322-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12913191
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Mycobacterial knee infection in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myositis. Author(s): Haq I, Isenberg D. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2004 May; 63(5): 611; Author Reply 611. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15082508
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Myositis and septicaemia caused by Francisella tularensis biovar holarctica. Author(s): Eliasson H, Back E. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(8): 510-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14514156
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Myositis and swollen knees: disease or treatment complication? Author(s): Haq I, Isenberg DA. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2002 June; 61(6): 544-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12006331
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Myositis in a patient with large granular leukocyte leukemia. Author(s): Rosche B, Jacobsen M, Cepok S, Barth P, Sommer N, Hemmer B. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2004 June; 29(6): 873-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15170622
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Myositis in children with meningococcal disease: a role for tumour necrosis factoralpha and interleukin-8? Author(s): Carrol ED, Thomson AP, Mobbs KJ, Fraser WD, Sills JA, Hart CA. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2002 January; 44(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11972413
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Myositis ossificans and fibroosseous pseudotumor of digits: a clinicopathological review of 64 cases with emphasis on diagnostic pitfalls. Author(s): de Silva MV, Reid R. Source: International Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2003 July; 11(3): 187-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12894350
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Myositis ossificans as a complication of a muscle tendon junction strain of long head of biceps. A case report. Author(s): Giombini A, Di Cesare A, Sardella F, Ciatti R. Source: The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2003 March; 43(1): 75-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12629466
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Myositis ossificans circumscripta of the knee improved by alendronate. Author(s): Ben Hamida KS, Hajri R, Kedadi H, Bouhaouala H, Salah MH, Mestiri A, Zakraoui L, Doughi MH. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2004 March; 71(2): 144-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15050200
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Necrotising fasciitis and myositis that originated from gastrointestinal bacterial infection: two fatal cases. Author(s): Fujioka M, Nishimura G, Miyazato O, Yamamoto T, Okamoto F, Tsunenori K. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery / Nordisk Plastikkirurgisk Forening [and] Nordisk Klubb for Handkirurgi. 2003; 37(4): 239-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14582759
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Necrotising myositis in Behcet's disease: characteristic features on magnetic resonance imaging and a review of the literature. Author(s): Sarui H, Maruyama T, Ito I, Yamakita N, Takeda N, Nose M, Yasuda K. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2002 August; 61(8): 751-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12117688
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Necrotizing fasciitis/myositis following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Author(s): Person JL, Brower RA. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 1986 August; 32(4): 309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3743994
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Necrotizing myositis and toxic strep syndrome in a pediatric patient. Author(s): Boyle MF, Singer J. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1992 September-October; 10(5): 577-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1401860
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Newest pathogenetic considerations in inclusion-body myositis: possible role of amyloid-beta, cholesterol, relation to aging and to Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Askanas V, Engel WK. Source: Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2002 October; 4(5): 427-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12217248
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Non-traumatic clostridial myositis: an unusual feature of brain death. Author(s): Thys JP, Ectors P, Noel P. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1980 July; 56(657): 501-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7003574
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Nontraumatic myositis ossificans with an unusual location: case report. Author(s): Yazici M, Etensel B, Gursoy MH, Aydogdu A, Erkus M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 November; 37(11): 1621-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12407551
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Normal scores for nine maneuvers of the Childhood Myositis Assessment Scale. Author(s): Rennebohm RM, Jones K, Huber AM, Ballinger SH, Bowyer SL, Feldman BM, Hicks J, Katona IM, Lindsley CB, Miller FW, Passo MH, Perez MD, Reed AM, Wallace CA, White PH, Zemel LS, Lachenbruch PA, Hayes JR, Rider LG; Juvenile Dermatomyositis Disease Activity Collaborative Study Group. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004 June 15; 51(3): 365-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15188320
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Not myositis. A series of chance encounters. Author(s): Plotz PH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1992 October 21; 268(15): 2074-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1404746
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Novel cytoplasmic immunolocalization of RNA polymerase II in inclusion-body myositis muscle. Author(s): Wilczynski GM, Engel WK, Askanas V. Source: Neuroreport. 2001 July 3; 12(9): 1809-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11435903
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Orbital myositis and Crohn's disease. Author(s): Squires RH Jr, Zwiener RJ, Kennedy RH. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1992 November; 15(4): 44851. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1469529
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Orbital myositis associated with Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) infection. Author(s): Carvounis PE, Mehta AP, Geist CE. Source: Ophthalmology. 2004 May; 111(5): 1023-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15121383
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Orbital myositis due to Kawasaki's disease. Author(s): Lin H, Burton EM, Felz MW. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1999 August; 29(8): 634-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10415194
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Orbital myositis in a patient with primary biliary cirrhosis: successful treatment with methotrexate and corticosteroids. Author(s): Magrini L, Rotiroti G, Conti F, Viganego F, Alessandri C, Picardo V, Valesini G. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2003 November; 5(11): 825-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14650113
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Orbital myositis in a rheumatoid arthritis patient during etanercept treatment. Author(s): Caramaschi P, Biasi D, Carletto A, Bambara LM. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003 January-February; 21(1): 136-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12673906
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Orbital myositis in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Author(s): Billing K, Malhotra R, Selva D, Dodd T. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2004 March; 122(3): 393-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15006860
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Orbital myositis in scleritis. Author(s): Boonman ZF, De Keizer RJ, Graniewski-Wijnands HS, Watson PG. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 January; 87(1): 38-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12488260
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Orbital myositis posing as cluster headache. Author(s): Lee MS, Lessell S. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2002 April; 59(4): 635-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11939900
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Orbital pseudotumor: association of orbital vein deformities and myositis. Author(s): Wilner HI, Gupta KL, Kelly JK. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1980 July-August; 1(4): 305-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6779606
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Outcome in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myositis: morbidity and mortality. Author(s): Sultan SM, Ioannou Y, Moss K, Isenberg DA. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 January; 41(1): 22-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11792875
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Pathogenesis of myositis and myasthenia associated with titin and ryanodine receptor antibodies. Author(s): Skeie GO, Romi F, Aarli JA, Bentsen PT, Gilhus NE. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 September; 998: 343-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14592894
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Paucity of anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies in the serum of Indian patients with Sjogren's syndrome and inflammatory myositis. Author(s): Wanchu A, Chawla Y, Dhiman RK, Sud A, Bambery P. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2003 April; 46(2): 191-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15022906
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Perimandibular myositis ossificans. Author(s): Hynes B, Lubynski RA, Hynes B. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2003 June; 32(3): 205-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12921142
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Pictorial essay. Myositis ossificans circumscripta. Author(s): Wang XL, Malghem J, Parizel PM, Gielen JL, Vanhoenacker F, De Schepper AM. Source: Jbr-Btr. 2003 September-October; 86(5): 278-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14651084
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Primary Sjogren's syndrome associated with inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Kanellopoulos P, Baltoyiannis C, Tzioufas AG. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 April; 41(4): 440-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11961175
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Progressive external ophthalmoplegia and myositis. Author(s): Suoh H, Sahashi K, Ibi T, Tashiro M, Tanaka F, Mitsuma T, Ohno K. Source: Intern Med. 1993 April; 32(4): 319-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8358124
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Proliferative myositis: a rare pseudosarcoma of the chest wall. Author(s): Kent MS, Flieder DB, Port JL, Altorki NK. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2002 April; 73(4): 1296-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11996276
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Proposed pathogenetic cascade of inclusion-body myositis: importance of amyloidbeta, misfolded proteins, predisposing genes, and aging. Author(s): Askanas V, Engel WK. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2003 November; 15(6): 737-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14569203
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Proteasomal expression, induction of immunoproteasome subunits, and local MHC class I presentation in myofibrillar myopathy and inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Ferrer I, Martin B, Castano JG, Lucas JJ, Moreno D, Olive M. Source: Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 2004 May; 63(5): 48498. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15198127
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Pseudomalignant myositis ossificans of the wrist causing compression of the ulnar nerve and artery. A case report. Author(s): Kaleli T, Temiz A, Ozturk H. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 2003 June; 69(3): 289-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12879714
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Quadriceps myositis. Author(s): Konagaya Y, Konagaya M, Mano Y. Source: Intern Med. 1992 July; 31(7): 926-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1450503
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Quadriceps myositis: an appraisal of the diagnostic criteria of quadriceps myopathy. Author(s): Mohr PD, Knowlson TG. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1977 December; 53(626): 757-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=604992
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Quality of myositis case reports open to improvement. Author(s): van de Vlekkert J, Tjin-A-Ton ML, Hoogendijk JE. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004 February 15; 51(1): 148-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14872470
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Quantitative assessment of myositis in thigh muscles using magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Bartlett ML, Ginn L, Beitz L, Villalba ML, Plotz P, Bacharach SL. Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 1999 February; 17(2): 183-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10215472
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Quantitative electrophysiologic studies in sporadic inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Barkhaus PE, Periquet MI, Nandedkar SD. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1999 April; 22(4): 480-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10204783
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Quantitative morphometric study of muscle in inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Verma A, Bradley WG, Soule NW, Pendlebury WW, Kelly J, Adelman LS, Chou SM, Karpati G, Brenner JF. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1992 October; 112(1-2): 192-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1335036
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Radiation recall dermatitis, panniculitis, and myositis following cyclophosphamide therapy: histopathologic findings of a patient affected by multiple myeloma. Author(s): Borroni G, Vassallo C, Brazzelli V, Martinoli S, Ardigo M, Alessandrino PE, Borroni RG, Franchini P. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2004 June; 26(3): 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15166509
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Radiologic case study. Traumatic myositis ossificans. Author(s): Wang SY, Lomasney LM, Demos TC, Hopkinson WJ. Source: Orthopedics. 1999 October; 22(10): 1000, 991-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10535566
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Randomized pilot trial of betaINF1a (Avonex) in patients with inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Muscle Study Group. Source: Neurology. 2001 November 13; 57(9): 1566-70. Erratum In: Neurology 2002 January 22; 58(2): 334. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11706093
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Rapid death due to group A streptococcal infections. Necrotizing fasciitis and acute bacterial myositis. Author(s): James DS, Hulewicz B. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1992 March; 13(1): 28-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1585883
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Recent advances in the management of adult myositis. Author(s): Fam AG. Source: Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2001 July; 10(7): 1265-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11772250
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Recurrent acute myositis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for myelodysplasia. Author(s): Sato N, Okamoto S, Mori T, Watanabe R, Hamano Y, Kawamura J, Ishihara D, Ikeda Y. Source: Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2002 April; 7(2): 109-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12186701
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Recurrent focal myositis of the peroneal muscles. Author(s): Kisielinski K, Miltner O, Sellhaus B, Kruger S, Goost H, Siebert CH. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 November; 41(11): 1318-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12422007
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Rheumatoid arthritis associated with myositis and anti-Jo-1 antibody. Author(s): O'Neill TW, Maddison PJ. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1993 January; 20(1): 141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8441147
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Rimmed vacuoles of inclusion body myositis and oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy contain amyloid precursor protein and lysosomal markers. Author(s): Villanova M, Kawai M, Lubke U, Oh SJ, Perry G, Six J, Ceuterick C, Martin JJ, Cras P. Source: Brain Research. 1993 February 19; 603(2): 343-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8461987
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Roentgen rounds #84. Myositis ossificans progressiva (fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva). Author(s): Coe JD, Schoenecker PL, Gilula LA. Source: Orthop Rev. 1986 September; 15(9): 612-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3453492
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Severe cardiac involvement in children with systemic sclerosis and myositis. Author(s): Quartier P, Bonnet D, Fournet JC, Bodemer C, Acar P, Ouachee-Chardin M, Le Bidois J, Prieur AM. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 August; 29(8): 1767-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12180742
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SLE/myositis overlap: are the manifestations of SLE different in overlap disease? Author(s): Dayal NA, Isenberg DA. Source: Lupus. 2002; 11(5): 293-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12090563
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Sporadic inclusion body myositis: morphology, regeneration, and cytoskeletal structure of muscle fibres. Author(s): Arnardottir S, Borg K, Ansved T. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2004 June; 75(6): 917-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15146016
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Sporadic inclusion body myositis: pilot study on the effects of a home exercise program on muscle function, histopathology and inflammatory reaction. Author(s): Arnardottir S, Alexanderson H, Lundberg IE, Borg K. Source: Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine : Official Journal of the Uems European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2003 January; 35(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12610846
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Statin-induced myositis migrans. Author(s): Sinzinger H. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2002 November 30; 114(21-22): 943-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12528328
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Streptococcal myositis. Author(s): Mulla ZD. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2003 June; 56(4): 424. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12873476
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Streptococcal myositis: a lesson. Author(s): Dalal M, Sterne G, Murray DS. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2002 December; 55(8): 682-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12550125
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Subclinical myositis is common in primary Sjogren's syndrome and is not related to muscle pain. Author(s): Lindvall B, Bengtsson A, Ernerudh J, Eriksson P. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 April; 29(4): 717-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11950012
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Successful reintroduction of statin therapy after myositis: was there another cause? Author(s): Rando LP, Cording SA, Newnham HH. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2004 May 3; 180(9): 472-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15115429
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Symptomatic macroglossia and tongue myositis in polymyositis: treatment with corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin. Author(s): Chauvet E, Sailler L, Carreiro M, Paoli JR, Arrue P, Astudillo L, Oksmann F, Delisle MB, Arlet P. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002 October; 46(10): 2762-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12384936
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The Childhood Myositis Assessment Scale to assess muscle function in a patient with juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): van der Net J, Kamphuis SS, Helders PJ. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002 December 15; 47(6): 694-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12522851
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The familial occurrence may give a clue to the pathogenesis of inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Mizusawa H. Source: Intern Med. 2003 October; 42(10): 928-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14606702
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The imaging features of post-traumatic myositis ossificans, with emphasis on MRI. Author(s): Parikh J, Hyare H, Saifuddin A. Source: Clinical Radiology. 2002 December; 57(12): 1058-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12475528
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The spectrum of myositis ossiticans in haemophilia. Author(s): Massey GV, Kuhn JG, Nogi J, Spottswood SE, Narla LD, Dunn NL, Russell EC. Source: Haemophilia : the Official Journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia. 2004 March; 10(2): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14962211
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Toxoplasmic myositis as a presenting manifestation of idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia. Author(s): Plonquet A, Bassez G, Authier FJ, Dray JM, Farcet JP, Gherardi RK. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2003 June; 27(6): 761-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12766990
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Transthyretin Val122Ile, accumulated Abeta, and inclusion-body myositis aspects in cultured muscle. Author(s): Askanas V, Engel WK, McFerrin J, Vattemi G. Source: Neurology. 2003 July 22; 61(2): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12874414
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Traumatic myositis ossificans (ossifying pseudotumor) of temporal muscle. Author(s): Saka B, Stropahl G, Gundlach KK. Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2002 February; 31(1): 110-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11936393
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Treatment of myositis with etanercept (Enbrel), a recombinant human soluble fusion protein of TNF-alpha type II receptor and IgG1. Author(s): Sprott H, Glatzel M, Michel BA. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2004 April; 43(4): 524-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15024139
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Tropical pyomyositis (myositis tropicans): current perspective. Author(s): Chauhan S, Jain S, Varma S, Chauhan SS. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2004 May; 80(943): 267-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15138315
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Tuberculous myositis: a rare but existing clinical entity. Author(s): Wang JY, Lee LN, Hsueh PR, Shih JY, Chang YL, Yang PC, Luh KT. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2003 July; 42(7): 836-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12826705
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Ulcerative colitis and interstitial myositis. Author(s): Bhigjee AI, Bill PL, Cosnett JE. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 1987; 89(4): 261-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3690930
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Understanding the immunopathogenesis of inclusion-body myositis: present and future prospects. Author(s): Dalakas MC. Source: Revue Neurologique. 2002 October; 158(10 Pt 1): 948-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12407303
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Unfolding story of inclusion-body myositis and myopathies: role of misfolded proteins, amyloid-beta, cholesterol, and aging. Author(s): Askanas V, Engel WK. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2003 March; 18(3): 185-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12731644
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Unusual and memorable. Systematic lupus erythematosus--myositis overlap syndrome. Author(s): Al Attia HM, Sherif AN, El Abassi RN. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1999 September; 58(9): 523. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11396512
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Unusual clinical presentation and scintigraphic pattern in myositis ossificans. Author(s): Sud AM, Wilson MW, Mountz JM. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1992 March; 17(3): 198-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1611791
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Unusual presentations in myositis ossificans progressiva. A case report. Author(s): Khan SA, Zahid M, Asif N, Gogi N. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 2001 February; 67(1): 86-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11284280
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Upregulated inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) and ICOS-ligand in inclusion body myositis muscle: significance for CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity. Author(s): Schmidt J, Rakocevic G, Raju R, Dalakas MC. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2004 May; 127(Pt 5): 1182-90. Epub 2004 March 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15047591
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Uptake of Ga-67 in granulomatous myositis with magnetic resonance imaging correlation. Author(s): Gordon L, Hosey JR, Sloan T. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2001 October; 26(10): 878-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11564935
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Use of anti-neurofilament antibody to identify paired-helical filaments in inclusionbody myositis. Author(s): Askanas V, Alvarez RB, Mirabella M, Engel WK. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1996 March; 39(3): 389-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8602760
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Usefulness of ultrasonography for early recurrent myositis ossificans. Author(s): Okayama A, Futani H, Kyo F, Maruo S, Koezuka A, Kinoshita G. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 2003; 8(2): 239-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12665965
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Vacuolar myositis with expression of both MHC class I and class II antigens on skeletal muscle fibers. Author(s): Higuchi I, Nerenberg M, Ijichi T, Fukunaga H, Arimura K, Usuki F, Kuriyama M, Osame M. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1991 November; 106(1): 60-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1779240
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Validation and clinical significance of the Childhood Myositis Assessment Scale for assessment of muscle function in the juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Author(s): Huber AM, Feldman BM, Rennebohm RM, Hicks JE, Lindsley CB, Perez MD, Zemel LS, Wallace CA, Ballinger SH, Passo MH, Reed AM, Summers RM, White PH, Katona IM, Miller FW, Lachenbruch PA, Rider LG; Juvenile Dermatomyositis Disease Activity Collaborative Study Group. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004 May; 50(5): 1595-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15146430
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Variants of myositis ossificans (an uncommon causative factor). Author(s): Adeyokunnu A, Kolawole T, Adeniyi A, Effiong CE. Source: West Afr Med J Niger Med Dent Pract. 1973 August; 22(4): 88-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4792647
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Vasculitis and myositis secondary to rubella vaccination. Author(s): Hanissian AS, Martinez AJ, Jabbour JT, Duenas DA. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1973 March; 28(3): 202-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4265423
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Veillonella myositis in an immunocompromised patient. Author(s): Beumont MG, Duncan J, Mitchell SD, Esterhai JL Jr, Edelstein PH. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 September; 21(3): 678-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8527568
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Vertical pendular nystagmus in chronic myositis of medial and lateral rectus. Author(s): Goldberg RT. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1978 December; 10(12): 1697-1702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=736396
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Viral myositis caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EB virus) in children. Author(s): Lamabadusuriya SP, Witharana N, Preethimala LD. Source: Ceylon Med J. 2002 March; 47(1): 38. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12001611
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Viral studies in benign acute childhood myositis. Author(s): Ruff RL, Secrist D. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1982 May; 39(5): 261-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7073542
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Virus-like particles in myositis accompanying herpes zoster. Author(s): Norris FH Jr, Dramov B, Calder CD, Johnson SG. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1969 July; 21(1): 25-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5772548
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Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, mesangio-capillary glomerulonephritis, angiitis and myositis. Author(s): Lin JH, Orofino D, Sherlock J, Letteri J, Duffy JL. Source: Nephron. 1973; 10(4): 262-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4633816
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West Nile virus encephalitis with myositis and orchitis. Author(s): Smith RD, Konoplev S, DeCourten-Myers G, Brown T. Source: Human Pathology. 2004 February; 35(2): 254-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14991545
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Western-blotting method for detecting antibodies against human muscle contractile proteins in myositis. Author(s): Koga K, Abe S, Hashimoto H, Yamaguchi M. Source: Journal of Immunological Methods. 1987 December 4; 105(1): 15-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3316405
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Would a new name hasten the acceptance of amyopathic dermatomyositis (dermatomyositis sine myositis) as a distinctive subset within the idiopathic inflammatory dermatomyopathies spectrum of clinical illness? Author(s): Sontheimer RD. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 April; 46(4): 626-36. Erratum In: J Am Acad Dermatol 2002 May; 46(5): 699. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11907524
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MYOSITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and myositis.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Myositis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “myositis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “myositis” (or a synonym): •
A clinical, serological, and histopathological study of myositis patients with and without anti-RNP antibodies. Author(s): Department of Rheumatology, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden. Source: Lundberg, I Nennesmo, I Hedfors, E Semin-Arthritis-Rheum. 1992 October; 22(2): 127-38 0049-0172
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Aspergillus myositis in a patient with a myelodysplastic syndrome. Source: Reboli, A C Reilly, R F Jacobson, R J Mycopathologia. 1987 February; 97(2): 117-9 0301-486X
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ATRA-induced myositis in induction therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Author(s): C/ General Oraa, 3-1, 28006- Madrid SPAIN.
[email protected] Source: Martinez Chamorro, Carmen Martinez, Elena Gil Fernandez, Juan Jose Alonso, Aranzazu Escudero, Antonio Fernandez Ranada, Jose Maria Haematologica. 2002 February; 87(2): ECR08 0390-6078
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D-penicillamine-induced myositis in rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Department of Physical Medicine and Rheumatology, Middelheim Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium. Source: Chappel, R Willems, J Clin-Rheumatol. 1996 January; 15(1): 86-7 0770-3198
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Generalized periarticular myositis ossificans as a complication of pharmacologically induced paralysis. Author(s): Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Source: Ackman, J B Rosenthal, D I Skeletal-Radiol. 1995 July; 24(5): 395-7 0364-2348
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Ocular myositis as first presenting symptom of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection and its response to high-dose cortisone treatment. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Harlaching Hospital, Munchen, Germany. Source: Fabricius, E M Hoegl, I Pfaeffl, W Br-J-Ophthalmol. 1991 November; 75(11): 6967 0007-1161
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Orbital myositis following an upper respiratory tract infection: contribution of high resolution CT and MRI. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Belgium. Source: Casteels, I De Bleecker, C Demaerel, P Van Wilderode, W Missotten, L Wilms, G Baert, A L J-Belge-Radiol. 1991; 74(1): 45-7 0021-7646
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Treatment of traumatic myositis ossificans with acetic acid iontophoresis. Author(s): Ohio Physical Therapy and Sports Medicine Inc, Cleveland 44070. Source: Wieder, D L Phys-Ther. 1992 February; 72(2): 133-7 0031-9023
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MYOSITIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to myositis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to myositis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “myositis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to myositis: •
A case of anti-Jo1 myositis with pleural effusions and pericardial tamponade developing after exposure to a fermented Kombucha beverage. Author(s): Derk CT, Sandorfi N, Curtis MT. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2004 August; 23(4): 355-7. Epub 2004 April 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15293100
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A retrospective study of 13 Oriental children with juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): See Y, Giam YC, Chng HH. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1997 March; 26(2): 210-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9208076
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A survey on TCM treatment of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Rao Y.
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Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2003 September; 23(3): 230-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14535200 •
Acupuncture treatment of post-myositis syndrome. Author(s): Buchli R. Source: Vet Med Small Anim Clin. 1976 April; 71(4): 465-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1045720
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Acute anaerobic necrotizing myositis treated with hyperoxia] Author(s): Dekleva N, Vujnovic D. Source: Srp Arh Celok Lek. 1976 October; 104(10): 735-45. Serbian. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1030522
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Bullous dermatomyositis associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma--a case report. Author(s): Ang P, Sugeng MW, Chua SH. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1999 November; 28(6): 855-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10672402
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Chondrosarcoma and myositis ossificans. Author(s): Le Roux DA. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1998 NovemberDecember; 21(9): 640-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9868636
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Classification criteria for polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Author(s): Tanimoto K, Nakano K, Kano S, Mori S, Ueki H, Nishitani H, Sato T, Kiuchi T, Ohashi Y. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 April; 22(4): 668-74. Erratum In: J Rheumatol 1995 September; 22(9): 1807. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7791161
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Controlling and monitoring polymyositis under steroid therapy. Author(s): Golding EM, Golding RM. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2002 December; 59(6): 674-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12445509
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Dermatomyositis accompanied by rectal cancer: report of a case. Author(s): Fujii K, Moriya Y, Fujita S, Akasu T, Miyake H, Nakanishi Y, Saito T. Source: Surgery Today. 2000; 30(3): 302-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10752789
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Dermatomyositis and peritoneal papillary serous carcinoma. Author(s): Piura B, Meirovitz M, Cohen Y, Horowitz J. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1999 January; 82(1): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10192494
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Dermatomyositis associated with malignancy. 12 case reports. Author(s): Dourmishev LA. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1999; 455: 193-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10599343
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Dermatomyositis in two siblings and a brief review of familial dermatomyositis. Author(s): Tsao CY, Mendell JR, Kissel JT. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2002 July; 17(7): 540-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12269736
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Dermatomyositis with splenic and renal infarctions during corticosteroid therapy. Author(s): Matsuda Y, Harigai M, Nakajima H, Terajima H, Yamada T, Fukasawa C, Takeuchi M, Hara M, Kamatani N. Source: Intern Med. 2000 June; 39(6): 512-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10852176
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Dermatomyositis. Author(s): Callen JP. Source: Lancet. 2000 January 1; 355(9197): 53-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10615903
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Dermatomyositis. Author(s): Viani H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1967 January; 79(1): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6015945
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Dermatomyositis-like reaction induced by chemotherapeutical agents. Author(s): Ruiz-Genao DP, Sanz-Sanchez T, Bartolome-Gonzalez B, Fernandez-Herrera J, Garcia-Diez A. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 December; 41(12): 885-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12492978
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Discharge behaviour of feline gamma-motoneurones following induction of an artificial myositis. Author(s): Mense S, Skeppar P.
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Source: Pain. 1991 August; 46(2): 201-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1749644 •
Effect of hyperbaric oxygen and penicillin in a murine model of streptococcal myositis. Author(s): Oztas E, Kilic A, Ozyurt M, Korkmaz A, Basustaoglu A. Source: Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 2001 Fall; 28(4): 181-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12153145
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Evaluation of penicillin and hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of streptococcal myositis. Author(s): Zamboni WA, Mazolewski PJ, Erdmann D, Bergman BA, Hussman J, Cooper MD, Smoot EC, Russell RC. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1997 August; 39(2): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9262765
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Exuberant conjunctival pseudopolyposis in a patient with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Ibanez HE, Bardenstein DS, Korman NJ, Reinhart WJ. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1993 September; 25(9): 326-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8297066
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Fractured heterotopic bone in myositis ossificans traumatica. Author(s): Mestan MA, Bassano JM. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2001 May; 24(4): 296-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11353942
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Generalized periarticular myositis ossificans as a complication of pharmacologically induced paralysis. Author(s): Ackman JB, Rosenthal DI. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1995 July; 24(5): 395-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7570166
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Heliotrope rash and 'V' sign in dermatomyositis. Author(s): Neehar P, Benjamin B, Sahu A, Singh AK, Gambhir IS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2003 April; 51: 383. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12723654
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High-dose vitamin C therapy for inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Yamada T, Minohara M, Imaiso Y, Sakae N, Hara H, Tanaka K, Yamamoto T, Taniwaki T, Furuya H, Kira J.
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Source: Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi. 2001 April; 92(4): 99-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11411094 •
Infrapatellar hypertrichosis: an unusual cutaneous manifestation of juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Piantanida NA, Person DA, Piantanida EW. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2002 March-April; 19(2): 132-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11994176
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Ipecac-induced myopathy simulating dermatomyositis. Author(s): Bennett HS, Spiro AJ, Pollack MA, Zucker P. Source: Neurology. 1982 January; 32(1): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6119651
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Juvenile dermatomyositis in Thai children. Author(s): Singalavanija S, Liamsuwan S, Limpongsanurak W, Raungsuwan S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2001 November; 84(11): 1527-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11853294
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Juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Norins AL. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1989 September; 73(5): 1193-209. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2671541
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Juvenile dermatomyositis: a retrospective review of a 30-year experience. Author(s): Peloro TM, Miller OF 3rd, Hahn TF, Newman ED. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1): 28-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11423831
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Juvenile dermatomyositis: clinical profile and disease course in 25 patients. Author(s): Shehata R, al-Mayouf S, al-Dalaan A, al-Mazaid A, al-Balaa S, Bahabri S. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999 January-February; 17(1): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10084045
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Kaposi sarcoma and polymyositis. Author(s): Dantzig PI. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1974 October; 110(4): 605-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4414025
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Local and regional applications of hydrogen peroxide in the control of clostridial myositis in rabbits. Author(s): Finney JW, Haberman S, Race GJ, Balla GA, Mallams JT.
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Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1967 April; 93(4): 1430-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4291768 •
Medical galvinism in the treatment of acute myositis. Author(s): SMITH LE. Source: Phys Ther Rev. 1959 October; 39: 679-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13832067
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Muscle blood flow in Duchenne type muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle dystrophy, polymyositis, and in normal controls. Author(s): Paulson OB, Engel AG, Gomez MR. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1974 June; 37(6): 685-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4210685
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Myositis fibrosa generalisata and 'stiff-man' syndrome. Author(s): Ricker K, Seitz D, Trostdorf E. Source: European Neurology. 1970; 3(1): 13-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5265048
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Myositis of the hip in a professional soccer player. A case report. Author(s): Antao NA. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1988 January-February; 16(1): 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3344886
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Myositis ossificans traumatica of the elbow. Author(s): Mohan K. Source: Int Surg. 1972 June; 57(6): 475-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5038824
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Myositis ossificans traumatica with unusual course. Effect of EDTA on calcium, phosphorus and manganese excretion. Author(s): Liberman UA, Barzel U, De Vries A, Ellis H. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1967 July; 254(1): 35-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4961375
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Myositis ossificans traumatica. Author(s): Danchik JJ, Yochum TR, Aspegren DD. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1993 NovemberDecember; 16(9): 605-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8133197
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Myositis ossificans. Author(s): Tsuno MM, Shu GJ. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1990 July-August; 13(6): 340-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2203862
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Outcome in juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Chowdhary V, Wakhlu A, Agarwal A, Misra R. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2002 October; 39(10): 931-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12428038
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Overlap syndrome of progressive systemic sclerosis and polymyositis: report of 40 cases. Author(s): Yuan X, Chen M. Source: Chinese Medical Sciences Journal = Chung-Kuo I Hsueh K'o Hsueh Tsa Chih / Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. 1991 June; 6(2): 107-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1804374
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Periorbital edema as the presenting sign of dermatomyositis. Author(s): Hall VC, Keeling JH, Davis MD. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2003 June; 42(6): 466-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12786876
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Periorbital edema as the presenting sign of juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Sevigny GM, Mathes BM. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 January-February; 16(1): 43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10027999
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Polymyositis presenting as a neck mass. Author(s): Wanamaker JR, Wanamaker HH, Lavertu P. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1992 March; 118(3): 318-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1554455
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Polymyositis: response to vitamin E. Author(s): Killeen RN, Ayres S Jr, Mihan R. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1976 October; 69(10): 1372-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=982119
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Polymyositis-dermatomyositis and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Endo T, Kawaguchi N, Yashima M, Tei H, Hayakawa H.
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Source: Intern Med. 1993 June; 32(6): 487-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7694694 •
Porphyria cutanea tarda, dermatomyositis and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in virus C infection. Author(s): Bauza A, Espana A, Lloret P. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2003 May-June; 13(3): 302-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12804996
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Pyomyositis in childhood: a case report. Author(s): Liew KL, Choong CS, Liu PN, Tsai DH, Chen LH, Yang WC. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1998 August; 61(8): 488-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9745166
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Recurrent photosensitive dermatitis preceding juvenile dermatomyositis. Author(s): Woo TR, Rasmussen J, Callen JP. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1985 March; 2(3): 207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3991376
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Sarcoid myopathy with typical rash of dermatomyositis. Author(s): Itoh J, Akiguchi I, Midorikawa R, Kameyama M. Source: Neurology. 1980 October; 30(10): 1118-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7191503
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Sarcoidosis and dermatomyositis in a patient with hemoglobin SC. A case report and literature review. Author(s): Brateanu AC, Caracioni A, Smith HR. Source: Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2000 June; 17(2): 190-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10957767
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Scleromyxedema (lichen myxedematosus) associated with dermatomyositis. Author(s): Launay D, Hatron PY, Delaporte E, Hachulla E, Devulder B, Piette F. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 February; 144(2): 359-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11251573
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The effect of physical exercise following acute disease exacerbation in patients with dermato/polymyositis. Author(s): Varju C, Petho E, Kutas R, Czirjak L. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2003 February; 17(1): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12617382
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Vesiculo-bullous dermatomyositis. Author(s): McCollough ML, Cockerell CJ. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1998 April; 20(2): 170-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9557787
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to myositis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Scleroderma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Herbs and Supplements PABA Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON MYOSITIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “myositis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on myositis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patent Applications on Myositis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to myositis:
8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 9 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Transgenic mouse model of inclusion body myositis Inventor(s): LaFerla, Frank M.; (Irvine, CA) Correspondence: Christie, Parker & Hale, Llp; P.O. Box 7068; Pasadena; CA; 91109-7068; US Patent Application Number: 20030126627 Date filed: November 4, 2002 Abstract: Inclusion body myositis (IBM), the most common age-related muscle disease in the elderly population, is an incurable disorder leading to severe disability. Sporadic IBM has an unknown etiology, although affected muscles fibers are characterized by many of the pathobiochemical alterations traditionally associated with neurodegenerative brain disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accumulation of the amyloid-.beta. peptide (A.beta.), which is derived from proteolysis of the larger amyloid-.beta. precursor protein (.beta.APP), appears to be an early pathological event in AD and also in IBM, where in the latter, it occurs predominantly intracellularly within affected myofibers. To elucidate the possible role of.beta.APP mismetabolism in the pathogenesis of IBM, transgenic mice were derived in which.beta.APP overexpression was selectively targeted to skeletal muscle using the muscle creatine kinase promoter. Skeletal muscle from transgenic mice older than 10 months was shown to contain intracellular immunoreactivity to.beta.APP and its proteolytic derivatives, which was quantifiable by ELISA. In this transgenic model, selective overexpression of.beta.APP leads to the development of a subset of other histopathological and clinical features characteristic of IBM, including centric nuclei, inflammation, and deficiencies in motor performance. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/338,832, entitled "Transgenic Mouse Model of Inclusion Body Myositis," filed Nov. 5, 2001, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Brain and skeletal muscle are the only two known tissues in humans marked by the pathological accumulation of the highly amyloidogenic amyloid-.beta. (A.beta.) peptide. In brain, A.beta. deposition is associated with several genetically-related neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Down syndrome, and hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis-Dutch type. Selkoe, D. J. (2001) Physiol Rev 81: 741-66. Based on genetic evidence A.beta. accumulation appears to be an early pathogenic event, although it remains to be determined whether A.beta. directly leads to cell degeneration or if this is carried out by other downstream factors induced by it. In muscle, A.beta. accumulation is associated with inclusion body myositis (IBM), the most common muscle disorder to afflict the elderly. IBM is, therefore, the first human disorder marked by the pathological accumulation of this amyloidogenic peptide outside the CNS. Notably, A.beta. and/or other A.beta.-containing fragments produced by proteolysis of the amyloid-.beta. precursor protein (.beta.APP) are not implicated in other myopathies, suggesting that.beta.APP mismetabolism is an integral component of the molecular pathogenesis of IBM. Like AD, IBM is an age-related degenerative disorder with a slowly progressive clinical course for which no effective treatment is available. Clinically characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy involving both proximal and distal muscle groups of the limbs (Dalakas, M. C. (1992) Clin. Neuropharmacol. 15: 327-51; Oldfors, A. & Lindberg, C. (1999) Curr. Opin. Neurol. 12: 527-33; Askanas, V. & Engel, W. K. (1993) Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 5: 732-41), IBM was first recognized as its own disorder in the early 1970s (Yunis, E. J. & Samaha, F. J. (1971) Lab. Invest. 25:240-8). Prior to that time, IBM was often diagnosed as polymyositis. Amato, A. A. & Barohn, R. J. (1997) Neurol. Clin. 15:615-48. That A.beta.-
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containing fragments are involved in the pathogenesis of IBM is somewhat surprising because no obvious genetic link exists to either the.beta.APP gene or to other AD-related genes such as apolipoprotein E. Askanas, V., et al. (1996) Ann. Neurol. 40: 264-5; Harrington, C. R., Anderson, J. R. & Chan, K. K. (1995) Neurosci. Lett. 183: 35-8. Nevertheless, IBM and AD share many pathobiochemical features including the occurrence of twisted intracellular tubulofilaments consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau (Askanas, V., et al. (1994) Am. J. Pathol. 144:177-87) and the aberrant accumulation of other "dementia"-related proteins, including apoE, presenilin, prion protein, and alpha-synuclein (Askanas, V., et al. (1994) Lancet 343:364-5; Askanas, V., et al. (1993) Neuroreport 5:25-8; Askanas, V., et al. (1998) Am. J. Pathol. 152: 889-95; Askanas, V., et al. (2000) J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 59: 592-8). These data suggest that following an initial insult, a coordinated molecular cascade occurs, triggering the accumulation of these "dementia"-related proteins both in muscle and in brain. Along these lines, AD patients also contain slightly elevated levels of amyloidogenic A.beta.sub.1-42 peptides in their muscle but this seems to be without pathological consequence, perhaps due to their low levels. Kuo, Y. M., et al. (2000) Am. J. Pathol. 156:797-805. Curiously, it has recently been reported that myoglobin can also form amyloid fibrils, but whether this plays a role in muscle disease is not yet established. Fandrich, M., Fletcher, M. A. & Dobson, C. M. (2001) Nature 410: 165-6. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with myositis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “myositis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on myositis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning myositis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON MYOSITIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to myositis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on myositis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “myositis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “myositis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “myositis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Coping with a Myositis Disease by James R. Kilpatrick (Compiler), Compiled by James R. Kilpatrick; ISBN: 0970167105; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0970167105/icongroupinterna
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Inclusion-Body Myositis and Myopathies by Valerie Askanas (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0521571057; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521571057/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “myositis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.”
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From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Manual of maladies influenced by oxalic acid poisoning, viz., industrial myositis fibrosa, occupational schizophrenia and experimental Wassermann and Kahn tests, by Abel C. Anthony. Author: Anthony, Abel Cornelius, 1900-; Year: 1941
Chapters on Myositis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to myositis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and myositis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “myositis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on myositis: •
Masticatory Muscle Disorders Source: in Zarb, G.A., et al. Temporomandibular Joint and Masticatory Muscle Disorders. Copenhagen, Denmark: Munksgaard. 1994. p. 256-270. Contact: Available from Munksgaard. 35 Norre Sogade, P.O. Box 2148, DK 1016 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Phone Number: 45 33 12 70 30; Fax 45 33 12 93 87. PRICE: DDK1456.00. Contact publisher directly for current price in U.S. Dollars. ISBN: 8716106377. Summary: Disorders of masticatory muscles are a major cause of pain of non-dental origin in the oro-facial region. This chapter on masticatory muscle disorders is from a comprehensive textbook that addresses temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) and masticatory muscle disorders. Topics include pathogenesis, epidemiology, classification schemes, management, and case history presentations. The author notes that the presentation is similar in most patients, but a thorough evaluation reveals that there is not one syndrome but several related disorders which share common features. Specific disorders discussed include myalgia (localized dull aching), myofascial pain, myositis (acute painful generalized inflammation resulting from infection or trauma), splinting and spasm, contracture, hypertrophy, and symptoms of parafunction. The authors also briefly discuss the management of children. The case presentations show a range of muscle disorders and a range of outcomes, and a typical female to male ratio (2:1). 1 table. 38 references. (AA-M).
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In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Management of Masticatory Myalgia and Arthralgia Source: in Lund, J.P., et al., eds. Orofacial Pain: From Basic Science to Clinical Management. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 2001. p. 235-248. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $38.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867153814. Summary: Myalgia and arthralgia refer to muscle and joint pain, respectively. When involving the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joint structures, or both, they are collectively called temporomandibular disorders (TMD). This chapter on the management of masticatory (chewing) myalgia and arthralgia is from a textbook that focuses on the topics that would be found in an undergraduate curriculum for dentistry. Most of the chapters in the book were first presented as papers at a symposium for teachers of orofacial pain held in Vancouver, Canada, in March 1999 in conjunction with the American and Canadian Associations of Dental Schools and the International Association for Dental Research. In this chapter, the authors discuss differential diagnosis, including that of masticatory myalgia which should include postexercise myalgia, myofascial pain, fibromyalgia, tension type headache, myositis, muscle contracture, muscle spasm, dyskinesias and dystonias; and that of temporomandibular joint arthralgia, which includes TMJ disc displacement, TMJ subluxation or dislocation, osteoarthritis, TMJ synovitis or capsulitis, rheumatic diseases, fracture and contusion, ankylosis, and tumors or growths. The authors then focus on management strategies, including pharmacotherapy (drugs), physical medicine, intraoral splints, behavioral management including self management, and surgery. The chapter concludes with a brief section discussing referrals to other specialists. 2 tables. 21 references.
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Physical Medicine for Masticatory Pain and Dysfunction Source: in Dionne, R.A.; Phero, J.C.; Becker, D.E. Management of Pain and Anxiety in the Dental Office. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 2002. p. 368-384. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Orders Fulfillment Department, Harcourt Health Sciences, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63146-9988. (800) 545-2522. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $122.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 072167287. Summary: Pain has always been a barrier to dentistry, serving as the inspiration for pioneering efforts by dentists to control pain. This chapter on the use of physical medicine for masticatory (chewing) pain and dysfunction is from a text that addresses the management of acute and chronic pain and dental patient apprehension based on accepted pharmacologic (drug) therapies and special applications for dental outpatients. The author defines the scope of physical medicine treatments and provides available evidence in assessing their effectiveness for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). The broad categories of physical medicine methods used for treating TMDs are: general instruction about limited function, rest and exercise; mobilization and manipulation for hypomobile jaw muscles and temporomandibular jaw (TMJ) locking problems; active physical therapy modalities for arthromyogenous disorders of the jaw; muscle injections (including trigger points) for arthromyogenous jaw disorders; counterstimulation methods for chronic orofacial pain symptoms; orthotic devices (occlusal appliances) used to modify oral habits and bruxism (tooth grinding); and injectable agents for joint lubrication, patient mobilization, and pain relief. The author also discusses expected outcomes and therapeutic recommendations for temporomandibular clicking,
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temporomandibular locking, joint pain, temporomandibular polyarthritis, myalgia and myositis, trismus and splinting, and dyskinesia and motor incoordination. 4 tables. 103 references. •
Connective Tissue Lesions Source: in Regezi, J.A. and Sciubba, J.J. Oral Pathology: Clinical Pathologic Correlations. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1999. p. 176-216. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32821-9854. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $63.95. ISBN: 0721677312. Summary: This chapter on connective tissue lesions is from a pathology textbook that presents current concepts of oral and maxillofacial pathology in order to enhance the reader's diagnostic skills through the use of differential diagnosis strategies. The text offers readers detailed guidance of etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathology, differential diagnosis, and treatment of oral diseases of the mucosa, submucosa, and bone. This lengthy chapter covers fibrous connective tissue lesions, including reactive hyperplasias and neoplasms; vascular lesions, including reactive lesions, congenital lesions, and neoplasms; neural lesions, including reactive lesions and neoplasms; and lesions of muscles and fat. Specific lesions discussed include pyogenic granuloma and peripheral giant cell granulomata, peripheral fibroma, generalized gingival hyperplasia, traumatic fibroma, denture-induced fibrous hyperplasia, myxoma, nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, nodular fasciitis, fibrosarcoma, benign and malignant fibrous histiocytoma, venous varix, hemangioma, lymphangioma, hemangiopericytoma, angiosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, traumatic neuroma, granular cell tumors, schwannoma, neurofibroma, mucosal neuromas, palisaded encapsulated neuroma, neurogenic sarcoma, olfactory neuroblastoma, myositis ossificans, leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyoma and rhabdomyosarcoma, and lipoma and liposarcoma. 47 figures. 6 tables. 34 references.
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Ocular Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 275-277. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email:
[email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: This chapter on ocular (eye) manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), together known as IBD. Historically, IBD related ocular inflammation could result in blindness, although blindness is less likely today due to better treatments. Ocular inflammation in patients with IBD has a reported range of frequency from as low as 1.9 percent to as high as 13 percent of patients. Ulcerative colitis appears to be less likely to have associated ocular inflammation than does Crohn's disease. Although a large number of inflammatory conditions have been reported with IBD, including uveitis, episcleritis, scleritis, keratitis, conjunctivitis, retinitis, retinal vasculitis, choroiditis, optic neuritis, orbital myositis, and orbital pseudotumor, lesions that appear to be more clearly associated with IBD include anterior uveitis, scleritis, keratitis, and retinal vasculitis and/or posterior uveitis. Of these, anterior uveitis is the most common and
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the primary focus of this chapter. Most patients with the serious ocular manifestations of IBD will be symptomatic, although the symptoms may need to be elicited. Any ocular symptoms should be evaluated by an ophthalmologist, as there are no symptoms that are specific for IBD related eye disease, and the symptoms of several problems are similar. Acute problems often are manifested by pain, redness, photophobia (sensitivity to light), and sometimes blurred vision, whereas chronic problems may present with blurred vision. Typical treatment involves topical prednisolone acetate 1 percent every hour while awake, and once inflammation is controlled, the frequency of administration is slowly tapered off. 8 references. •
Pains of Muscular Origin Source: in Okeson, J.P. Bell's Orofacial Pains. 5th ed. Carol Stream, IL: Quintessence Publishing Company, Inc. 1995. p. 259-294. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Company, Inc. 551 North Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-1881. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223; Fax (630) 682-3288; E-mail:
[email protected]; http://www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $68.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867152931. Summary: This chapter, from a text on orofacial pains, discusses pains of muscular origin. After an introductory section describing the anatomy of the muscles and how it can contribute to pain, the author discusses the behavior of muscular pain; the five types of masticatory muscle pain, i.e., protective co-contraction, delayed onset muscle soreness, myofascial pain, myospasm, and myositis; referral patterns of myofascial pain in the orofacial region; tension-type headache; acute versus chronic muscle disorders; perpetuating factors for the progression of acute pain to a chronic pain disorder; muscular toothache; referred pain mistaken for masticatory pain; differentiating various masticatory muscle points; and differential diagnosis; and treatment options. The author presents four detailed case studies. 11 figures. 76 references.
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MYOSITIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover myositis.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on myositis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “myositis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to myositis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “myositis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for myositis: •
Apoptosis not the source of T-cell elimination in HIV-associated myositis and polyneuropathy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 29, 1999
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “myositis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “myositis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to myositis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “myositis” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Myositis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to myositis. In addition to these
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sources, you can search for articles covering myositis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for myositis. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with myositis. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to myositis: Aminobenzoate Potassium •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Potaba; Potaba Envules; Potaba Powder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202025.html
Azathioprine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Imuran http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202077.html
Cyclophosphamide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cytoxan; Neosar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202174.html
Immune Globulin Intravenous (Human) •
Human - U.S. Brands: Gamimune N 10%; Gamimune N 10% S/D; Gamimune N 5%; Gamimune N 5% S/D; Gammagard S/D; Gammagard S/D 0.5 g; Gammar-P IV; Iveegam; Panglobulin; Polygam S/D; Sandoglobulin; Venoglobulin–I; Venoglobulin-S http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202641.html
Methotrexate For Noncancerous Conditions •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Folex; Folex PFS; Methotrexate LPF; Rheumatrex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202356.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.
PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html.
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Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.
Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to myositis by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on “Orphan Drug Designation Database.” On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “myositis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor. The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for myositis: •
h5G1.1-mAb http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1068
If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “myositis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 11625 37 30 30 39 11761
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “myositis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on myositis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to myositis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to myositis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “myositis”:
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Guides on myositis Myositis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/myositis.html
•
Other guides Autoimmune Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/autoimmunediseases.html Lupus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lupus.html Neuromuscular Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neuromusculardisorders.html Scleroderma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/scleroderma.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to myositis, the following was listed: •
Diagnosis/Symptoms Creatine Kinase Test Source: Muscular Dystrophy Association http://www.mdausa.org/publications/Quest/q71ss-cktest.html
•
Treatment How Rheumatologists Use Chemotherapy Source: Cleveland Clinic Foundation http://www.clevelandclinic.org/arthritis/treat/facts/chemo.htm Prednisone Source: Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America http://www.myasthenia.org/information/prednisone.pdf
•
Nutrition Polymyositis: Can a Gluten-Free Diet Help? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00572
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Children Juvenile Dermatomyositis Source: Arthritis Foundation http://www.arthritis.org/conditions/DiseaseCenter/jdms.asp
•
Organizations American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association http://www.aarda.org/
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Muscular Dystrophy Association http://www.mdausa.org/ Myositis Association of America http://www.myositis.org/ National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/ You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on myositis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Musculoskeletal Problems Contact: National AIDS Treatment Information Project, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Beth Israel Hospital, 330 Brookline Ave Libby Bldg 317, Boston, MA, 02215, (617) 667-5520, http://www.natip.org. Summary: This fact sheet, written for individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), presents information about HIV/AIDS and musculoskeletal problems. Musculoskeletal problems represent disorders of the muscles (myositis), joints (arthritis), and connective tissues (tendonitis). A variety of rheumatologic conditions such as arthralgia, fibromyalgia syndrome, Reiter's syndrome, and myositis, have been described in HIV-positive individuals. Arthralgia refers to pain in the joints without evidence of inflammation. Fibromyalgia syndrome causes widespread pain in the body and characteristic muscle tenderness. Reiter's syndrome includes some combination of arthritis, conjunctivitis, and urethritis. Myositis presents with muscle weakness of the shoulders and upper legs. The most common overall symptoms of musculoskeletal problems include pain of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues; fever; chills; weakness; and swelling or redness of the affected area(s). Musculoskeletal problems are often diagnosed through an analysis of individuals' medical histories, a physical examination, blood serology, arthrocentesis, electromyography, and a muscle or bone biopsy. Most musculoskeletal problems are managed with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDS's) and/or antibiotics.
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Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
What is Myositis Summary: Basic information for consumers about the inflammatory myopathies, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and inclusion body myositis -- a group of muscle diseases that are considered to be autoimmune Source: The Myositis Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2355 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to myositis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Associations and Myositis The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to myositis: •
Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis Support Group Telephone: 023 80 449708 Fax: 023 80 396402 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: www.myositis.org.uk Background: The Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis Support Group, based in the United Kingdom, offers support and advice for the following rare forms of myositis: dermatomyositis, polymyositis, inclusion body myositis, juvenile dermatomyositis. It raises funds to support research and is now working in collaboration with the Myositis Association of America to ensure that all sufferers and their families receive good information and advice, and that research is optimized.
•
Myositis Association Telephone: (202) 887-0088 Toll-free: (800) 821-7356 Fax: (202) 466-8940 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.myositis.org Background: The Myositis Association of America is a voluntary organization whose mission is to improve the lives of those affected by inflammatory myopathies, provide a support network, act as a resource for patients and the medical community, advocate for patients, and promote research into the cause and treatment of the diseases. Inflammatory myopathies are a group of muscle disorders characterized by inflammation and degeneration of skeletal muscle. The organization provides services worldwide, including support groups, patient networking, newsletters, research, patient and professional education, brochures, database, referrals and registry. Relevant area(s) of interest: Myositis
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to myositis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with myositis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about myositis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.
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Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “myositis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “myositis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “myositis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “myositis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
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Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on myositis: •
Basic Guidelines for Myositis Myositis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001245.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Myositis Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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MYOSITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Actinomycosis: Infections with bacteria of the genus Actinomyces. [NIH] Acute Disease: Disease having a short and relatively severe course. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the
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nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Alendronate: A nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. This drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allium: A genus of liliaceous herbs containing onions (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), and others; many produce pungent, often bacteriostatic and physiologically active compounds and are used as food, condiment, and medicament, the latter in traditional medicine. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which a person receives stem cells, the cells from which all blood cells develop, from a compatible, though not genetically identical, donor. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]
Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH)
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group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Amyloid beta-Protein: A 4 kD protein, 39-43 amino acids long, expressed by a gene located on chromosome 21. It is the major protein subunit of the vascular and plaque amyloid filaments in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome). The protein is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue. [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angiitis: Inflammation of a vessel, chiefly of a blood or a lymph vessel; called also vasculitis. [EU]
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Angiopathy: Disease of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) that occurs when someone has diabetes for a long time. There are two types of angiopathy: macroangiopathy and microangiopathy. In macroangiopathy, fat and blood clots build up in the large blood vessels, stick to the vessel walls, and block the flow of blood. In microangiopathy, the walls of the smaller blood vessels become so thick and weak that they bleed, leak protein, and slow the flow of blood through the body. Then the cells, for example, the ones in the center of the eye, do not get enough blood and may be damaged. [NIH] Angiosarcoma: A type of cancer that begins in the lining of blood vessels. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Ankylosis: Fixation and immobility of a joint. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU]
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Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthralgia: Pain in the joint. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with
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autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH]
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Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells, stromal cells, megakaryocytes, and the immediate precursors of most blood cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH] Bruxism: A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Calcinosis: Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the
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interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid. [NIH]
Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caspases: A family of intracellular cysteine endopeptidases. They play a key role in inflammation and mammalian apoptosis. They are specific for aspartic acid at the P1 position. They are divided into two classes based on the lengths of their N-terminal prodomains. Caspases-1,-2,-4,-5,-8, and -10 have long prodomains and -3,-6,-7,-9 have short prodomains. EC 3.4.22.-. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain
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functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Hemorrhage: Bleeding into a cerebral hemisphere of the brain, including lobar, subcortical white matter, and basal ganglia hemorrhages. Commonly associated conditions include hypertension; intracranial arteriosclerosis; intracranial aneurysm; craniocerebral trauma; intracranial arteriovenous malformations; cerebral amyloid angiopathy; and cerebral infarction. [NIH] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chimeras: Organism that contains a mixture of genetically different cells. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chorioretinitis: Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Choroiditis: Inflammation of the choroid. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all
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human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with
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lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contractile Proteins: Proteins which participate in contractile processes. They include
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muscle proteins as well as those found in other cells and tissues. In the latter, these proteins participate in localized contractile events in the cytoplasm, in motile activity, and in cell aggregation phenomena. [NIH] Contracture: A condition of fixed high resistance to passive stretch of a muscle, resulting from fibrosis of the tissues supporting the muscles or the joints, or from disorders of the muscle fibres. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast Sensitivity: The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Contusion: A bruise; an injury of a part without a break in the skin. [EU] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]
Creatine Kinase: A transferase that catalyzes formation of phosphocreatine from ATP + creatine. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic isoenzymes have been identified in human tissues: MM from skeletal muscle, MB from myocardial
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tissue, and BB from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins. EC 2.7.3.2. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cysteine Endopeptidases: Endopeptidases which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by sulfhydryl reagents. EC 3.4.22. [NIH] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes.
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[NIH]
Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diathesis: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]
Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH]
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Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Enterovirus: A genus of the family Picornaviridae whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species
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designated "human enterovirus". [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Episcleritis: Inflammation of the episclera and/or the outer layers of the sclera itself. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]
Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Estrogens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of secondary female sex characteristics and control of the cyclical changes in the reproductive cycle. They are also required for pregnancy maintenance and have an anabolic effect on protein metabolism and water retention. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exophthalmos: Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye. [NIH] Exoribonucleases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the exonucleolytic cleavage of RNA. It includes EC 3.1.13.-, EC 3.1.14.-, EC 3.1.15.-, and EC 3.1.16.-. EC 3.1.- [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular
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proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraocular: External to or outside of the eye. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibroid: A benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. Also called leiomyoma. [NIH] Fibroma: A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to
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those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrostomy: Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gingival Hyperplasia: A pathological increase in the depth of the gingival crevice surrounding a tooth at the gum margin. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body.
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Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonorrhoea: Infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granular Cell Tumor: Unusual tumor affecting any site of the body, but most often encountered in the head and neck. Considerable debate has surrounded the histogenesis of this neoplasm; however, it is considered to be a myoblastoma of, usually, a benign nature. It
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affects women more often than men. When it develops beneath the epidermis or mucous membrane, it can lead to proliferation of the squamous cells and mimic squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Haematuria: Blood in the urine. [EU] Haemophilia: A haemorrhagic diathesis occurring in two main forms: 1. Haemophilia A (classic haemophilia, factor VIII deficiency), an X-linked disorder due to deficiency of coagulation factor VIII; 2. Haemophilia B (factor IX deficiency, Christmas disease), also Xlinked, due to deficiency of coagulation factor IX. Both forms are determined by a mutant gene near the telomere of the long arm of the X chromosome (Xq), but a different loci, and are characterized by subcutaneous and intramuscular haemorrhages; bleeding from the mouth, gums, lips, and tongue; haematuria; and haemarthroses. [EU] Hantavirus: A genus of the family Bunyaviridae causing Hantavirus infections, first identified during the Korean war. Infection is found primarily in rodents and humans. Transmission does not appear to involve arthropods. The genus has one recognized group (Hantaan group) consisting of several species including Dobrava-Belgrade virus, Seoul virus, Prospect Hill virus, Puumala virus, Thottapalayam virus, and Hantaan virus, the type species. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hemangiopericytoma: A type of cancer involving blood vessels and soft tissue. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal
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failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus: Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]
Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH]
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Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hyperoxia: An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrichosis: Localized or generalized excess hair. The concept does not include hirsutism, which is excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immortal: Stage when the mother cell and its descendants will multiply indefinitely. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH]
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Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Induction therapy: Treatment designed to be used as a first step toward shrinking the cancer and in evaluating response to drugs and other agents. Induction therapy is followed by additional therapy to eliminate whatever cancer remains. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it
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or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]
Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-5: Factor promoting eosinophil differentiation and activation in hematopoiesis. It also triggers activated B-cells for a terminal differentiation into Ig-secreting cells. [NIH] Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH]
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Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Aneurysm: A saclike dilatation of the walls of a blood vessel, usually an artery. [NIH]
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis: Vascular diseases characterized by thickening, hardening, and remodeling of the walls of intracranial arteries. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis, marked by fatty depositions in the innermost layer of the arterial walls, (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis, which features calcium deposition in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis, which refers to sclerosis of small caliber arteries. Clinically, this process may be associated with transient ischemic attack, brain infarction, intracranial embolism and thrombosis, or intracranial aneurysm. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iontophoresis: Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. It has nothing to do with ion exchange, air ionization nor phonophoresis, none of which requires current. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The
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isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Leiomyoma: A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the uterus and the gastrointestinal tract but can occur in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues. [NIH] Leiomyosarcoma: A tumor of the muscles in the uterus, abdomen, or pelvis. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukopenia: A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipoma: A benign tumor composed of fat cells. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU]
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Liposarcoma: A rare cancer of the fat cells. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loss of Heterozygosity: The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the alleles was deleted. When this occurs at a tumor suppressor gene locus where one of the alleles is already abnormal, it can result in neoplastic transformation. [NIH] Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lubrication: The application of a substance to diminish friction between two surfaces. It may refer to oils, greases, and similar substances for the lubrication of medical equipment but it can be used for the application of substances to tissue to reduce friction, such as lotions for skin and vaginal lubricants. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Luxation: The displacement of the particular surface of a bone from its normal joint, without fracture. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH]
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Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysosome: A sac-like compartment inside a cell that has enzymes that can break down cellular components that need to be destroyed. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant fibrous histiocytoma: A sarcoma that usually begins in soft tissue. It usually appears as an enlarging, painful mass that can cause fracture due to destruction of the bone by a spreading tumor. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Masseter Muscle: A masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Masticatory: 1. subserving or pertaining to mastication; affecting the muscles of mastication. 2. a remedy to be chewed but not swallowed. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is
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termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Migrans: Infestation of the dermis by various larvae, characterized by bizarre red irregular lines which are broad at one end and fade at the other, produced by burrowing larvae. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mixed Connective Tissue Disease: A syndrome with overlapping clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, polymyositis, and Raynaud's phenomenon. The disease is differentially characterized by high serum titers of antibodies to ribonuclease-
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sensitive extractable (saline soluble) nuclear antigen and a "speckled" epidermal nuclear staining pattern on direct immunofluorescence. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle Proteins: The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSIN. More than a dozen accessary proteins exist including troponin, tropomyosin, and dystrophin. [NIH] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH]
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Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Myelodysplasia: Abnormal bone marrow cells that may lead to myelogenous leukemia. [NIH]
Myelodysplastic syndrome: Disease in which the bone marrow does not function normally. Also called preleukemia or smoldering leukemia. [NIH] Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoglobin: A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Myositis Ossificans: A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasociliary: A branch of the ophthalmic nerve which receives most of the fibers of general sensation from the eyeball. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH]
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Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neurofibroma: A fibrous tumor, usually benign, arising from the nerve sheath or the endoneurium. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuroretinitis: Inflammation of the optic nerve head and adjacent retina. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging: NMRI. A procedure in which a magnet linked to a computer is used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body. Also called magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleocapsid: A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a capsid plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope. [NIH]
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Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Support: The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include fluid therapy which normalizes body fluids to restore water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Nystagmus: An involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement of the eyeball, which may be horizontal, vertical, rotatory, or mixed, i.e., of two varieties. [EU] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmologist: A medical doctor specializing in the diagnosis and medical or surgical treatment of visual disorders and eye disease. [NIH] Ophthalmoplegia: Paralysis of one or more of the ocular muscles due to disorders of the eye muscles, neuromuscular junction, supporting soft tissue, tendons, or innervation to the muscles. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic disc: The circular area (disc) where the optic nerve connects to the retina. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Optic Neuritis: Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis). [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Orchitis: Inflammation of a testis. The disease is marked by pain, swelling, and a feeling of weight. It may occur idiopathically, or it may be associated with conditions such as mumps, gonorrhoea, filarial disease, syphilis, or tuberculosis. [EU] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Orthotic Devices: Apparatus used to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities or to improve the function of movable parts of the body. [NIH] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH]
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Osteogenic sarcoma: A malignant tumor of the bone. Also called osteosarcoma. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Osteosarcoma: A cancer of the bone that affects primarily children and adolescents. Also called osteogenic sarcoma. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancytopenia: Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. [NIH] Panniculitis: General term for inflammation of adipose tissue, usually of the skin, characterized by reddened subcutaneous nodules. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paraparesis: Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; muscular diseases; intracranial hypertension; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU]
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Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Peripheral stem cells: Immature cells found circulating in the bloodstream. New blood cells develop from peripheral stem cells. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH]
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Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phonophoresis: Use of ultrasound to increase the percutaneous adsorption of drugs. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photophobia: Abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of eye diseases; migraine; subarachnoid hemorrhage; meningitis; and other disorders. Photophobia may also occur in association with depression and other mental disorders. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the use of physical agents, mechanical apparatus, and manipulation in rehabilitating physically diseased or injured patients. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]
Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a
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fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelet Factor 4: A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan. [NIH]
Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pleural Effusion: Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU]
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Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Pregnancy Maintenance: Physiological mechanisms that sustain the state of pregnancy. [NIH]
Preleukemia: Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria. [NIH] Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: A chronic liver disease. Slowly destroys the bile ducts in the liver. This prevents release of bile. Long-term irritation of the liver may cause scarring and cirrhosis in later stages of the disease. [NIH] Prion: Small proteinaceous infectious particles that resist inactivation by procedures modifying nucleic acids and contain an abnormal isoform of a cellular protein which is a major and necessary component. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]
Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proptosis: Forward projection or displacement especially of the eyeball : exophthalmos. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a
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protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Psoas Abscess: Abscess of the psoas muscle resulting usually from disease of the lumbar vertebrae, with the pus descending into the muscle sheath. The infection is most commonly tuberculous or staphylococcal. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Pterygoid: A canal in the sphenoid bone for the vidian nerve. [NIH] Pterygoid Muscles: Two of the masticatory muscles: the internal, or medial, pterygoid muscle and external, or lateral, pterygoid muscle. Action of the former is closing the jaws and that of the latter is opening the jaws, protruding the mandible, and moving the mandible from side to side. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is
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both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radial Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans the fibers of the radial nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C5 to T1), travel via the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, and supply motor innervation to extensor muscles of the arm and cutaneous sensory fibers to extensor regions of the arm and hand. [NIH]
Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radicular: Having the character of or relating to a radicle or root. [NIH] Radiculopathy: Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see spinal nerve roots) which may result from compression related to intervertebral disk displacement; spinal cord injuries; spinal diseases; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root. [NIH]
Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU]
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Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal cell cancer: Cancer that develops in the lining of the renal tubules, which filter the blood and produce urine. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrobulbar: Behind the pons. [EU] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rhabdomyolysis: Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria. [NIH] Rhabdomyosarcoma: A malignant tumor of muscle tissue. [NIH] Rheumatic Heart Disease: Disease of the heart resulting from rheumatic fever and characterized by inflammatory changes in the myocardium or scarring of the valves. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU]
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Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Ribonuclease: RNA-digesting enzyme. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]
Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Rotavirus: A genus of Reoviridae, causing acute gastroenteritis in birds and mammals, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. [NIH] Rubella: An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. [EU] Ryanodine: Insecticidal alkaloid isolated from Ryania speciosa; proposed as a myocardial depressant. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcocystosis: Infection of the striated muscle of mammals by parasites of the genus Sarcocystis. Disease symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, and paralysis are produced by sarcocystin, a toxin produced by the organism. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schwannoma: A tumor of the peripheral nervous system that begins in the nerve sheath (protective covering). It is almost always benign, but rare malignant schwannomas have
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been reported. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleritis: Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH]
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Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigma Factor: A protein which is a subunit of RNA polymerase. It effects initiation of specific RNA chains from DNA. [NIH] Simvastatin: A derivative of lovastatin and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL receptors, it increases breakdown of LDL-cholesterol (lipoproteins, LDL cholesterol). [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Smoldering leukemia: Disease in which the bone marrow does not function normally. Also called preleukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soft tissue sarcoma: A sarcoma that begins in the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in
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spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatic: A cord-like structure formed by the vas deferens and the blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics of the testis. [NIH] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinal Nerve Roots: The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sprue: A non febrile tropical disease of uncertain origin. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH]
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Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococcal Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the
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nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Synovitis: Inflammation of a synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly on motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac. Synovitis is qualified as fibrinous, gonorrhoeal, hyperplastic, lipomatous, metritic, puerperal, rheumatic, scarlatinal, syphilitic, tuberculous, urethral, etc. [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Tamponade: The inserting of a tampon; a dressing is inserted firmly into a wound or body cavity, as the nose, uterus or vagina, principally for stopping hemorrhage. [NIH] Telomere: A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Muscle: A masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws; its posterior portion retracts the mandible. [NIH] Tendinitis: Inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscle attachments. [EU] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Tendonitis: Inflammation of tendons attached to the biceps muscle, i. e. the main flexor muscle of the upper arm. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH]
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Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymoma: A tumor of the thymus, an organ that is part of the lymphatic system and is located in the chest, behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Toothache: Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trichinosis: A disease due to infection with Trichinella spiralis. It is caused by eating undercooked meat, usually pork. [NIH] Trismus: Spasmodic contraction of the masseter muscle resulting in forceful jaw closure. This may be seen with a variety of diseases, including tetanus, as a complication of radiation therapy, trauma, or in association with neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell. [NIH]
Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of
Dictionary 163
cancer. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]
Ubiquitin: A highly conserved 76 amino acid-protein found in all eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ulnar Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the ulnar nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C7 to T1), travel via the medial cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the hand and forearm. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]
Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]
Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vas Deferens: The excretory duct of the testes that carries spermatozoa. It rises from the scrotum and joins the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU]
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Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of
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phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIVinduced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia. [NIH]
167
INDEX A Abdominal, 115, 128, 132, 143, 148, 149, 155, 163 Abdominal Pain, 115, 132, 163 Aberrant, 77, 115 Abscess, 18, 35, 115, 133, 153 Actinomycosis, 44, 115 Acute Disease, 72, 115 Acute myeloid leukemia, 115, 152 Adaptability, 115, 122, 123 Adaptation, 14, 115 Adenosine, 115, 150 Adenovirus, 15, 115 Adipose Tissue, 115, 148 Adjustment, 115 Adolescence, 13, 115 Adrenal Cortex, 115, 126, 152 Adrenal Glands, 115, 117 Adverse Effect, 115, 158 Afferent, 115, 147, 159 Affinity, 116, 158 Alendronate, 47, 116 Algorithms, 116, 120 Alkaline, 116, 121 Alkaloid, 116, 156 Alleles, 19, 116, 141 Allium, 34, 116 Allogeneic, 53, 116 Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, 53, 116 Alopecia, 116, 127 Alpha Particles, 116, 154 Alpha-1, 20, 116 Alternative medicine, 86, 116 Ambulatory Care, 116 Amino acid, 15, 116, 117, 118, 119, 126, 127, 132, 133, 149, 151, 153, 156, 157, 162, 163 Amino Acid Sequence, 117, 118, 132 Ampulla, 117, 129 Amyloid, 5, 7, 11, 15, 21, 25, 29, 44, 48, 51, 54, 57, 76, 117, 123, 133 Amyloid beta-Protein, 15, 117 Amyloidosis, 76, 117 Anabolic, 117, 130 Anaerobic, 66, 117 Anaesthesia, 117, 137 Analogous, 14, 117, 162
Anaplasia, 117 Anatomical, 117, 141, 157 Androgens, 115, 117, 126 Anemia, 117, 144, 165 Anesthesia, 4, 117 Angiitis, 59, 117 Angiopathy, 118, 123 Angiosarcoma, 82, 118 Animal model, 13, 15, 19, 118 Ankylosis, 81, 118 Annealing, 118, 151 Anorexia, 118, 132 Antiallergic, 118, 126 Antibacterial, 118, 159 Antibiotic, 118, 149, 159 Antibodies, 7, 16, 19, 20, 36, 42, 50, 60, 62, 118, 119, 136, 137, 141, 143, 151 Antibody, 6, 53, 58, 116, 118, 124, 130, 135, 137, 142, 154, 157, 159 Antigen, 8, 30, 32, 116, 118, 125, 127, 135, 136, 137, 142, 144, 157 Antigen-presenting cell, 118, 127 Anti-infective, 118, 136 Anti-inflammatory, 103, 118, 126, 133, 152, 157 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 103, 118, 126 Antimetabolite, 118, 143 Antineoplastic, 118, 126, 127, 143 Antioxidant, 119, 148 Antiviral, 11, 119, 138 Anus, 119, 124, 139, 154 Apoptosis, 7, 85, 119, 122 Aqueous, 119, 127, 136, 141 Arterial, 119, 136, 139, 153 Arteries, 118, 119, 121, 126, 139, 143 Arterioles, 119, 121 Arteriovenous, 119, 123 Artery, 51, 119, 121, 126, 139, 156 Arthralgia, 81, 103, 119 Articular, 119, 147 Ascorbic Acid, 119, 136, 148 Aspartic, 119, 122 Aspartic Acid, 119, 122 Assay, 8, 119 Atmospheric Pressure, 119, 136 Atrophy, 76, 119 Attenuated, 119, 163 Atypical, 35, 119
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Autoantibodies, 7, 16, 24, 34, 43, 119, 120 Autoantigens, 6, 13, 38, 119 Autoimmune disease, 7, 10, 120, 144 Autoimmunity, 8, 120 B Bacteria, 115, 118, 120, 131, 133, 143, 156, 159, 160, 162, 163 Bacterial Physiology, 115, 120 Bacteriostatic, 116, 120 Basal Ganglia, 120, 123, 132 Benign, 21, 26, 59, 82, 120, 131, 132, 133, 134, 140, 145, 146, 156, 157 Benign tumor, 120, 131, 140 Beta-pleated, 117, 120 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 120, 138 Bilateral, 3, 4, 22, 120, 148, 155 Bile, 120, 135, 141, 152, 160 Bile duct, 120, 152 Biochemical, 12, 22, 116, 118, 120, 147, 157 Biopsy, 7, 8, 10, 15, 27, 103, 120, 149 Biopsy specimen, 7, 8, 120 Biosynthesis, 120, 141, 158 Biotechnology, 16, 17, 80, 86, 97, 120 Bladder, 26, 120, 144, 163 Blood Coagulation, 120, 121 Blood Glucose, 121, 134, 138 Blood Platelets, 121, 151, 157, 162 Blood pressure, 121, 136, 144, 158 Blood vessel, 118, 121, 129, 134, 139, 140, 141, 143, 158, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164 Blot, 16, 121 Body Fluids, 121, 147, 158 Bone Marrow, 115, 121, 127, 132, 133, 136, 141, 144, 145, 152, 158, 165 Bone Marrow Cells, 121, 145 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 121 Bowel, 82, 121, 138, 149, 163 Brachial, 121, 154, 163 Brachial Plexus, 121, 154, 163 Bruxism, 81, 121 Buccal, 121, 141 Bullous, 66, 73, 121 Burns, 4, 121 Burns, Electric, 121 C Calcinosis, 26, 121 Calcium, 70, 121, 124, 139 Capillary, 59, 121, 164 Capsid, 122, 146, 164 Carbohydrate, 122, 126, 133, 151 Carboxy, 29, 122 Carcinogenic, 122, 138, 152, 160
Carcinoma, 26, 66, 67, 122 Cardiac, 22, 23, 54, 122, 145, 160 Cardiomyopathy, 10, 122 Carotene, 122, 155 Case report, 18, 20, 22, 34, 35, 38, 40, 47, 48, 51, 52, 57, 66, 67, 70, 72, 122 Caspases, 13, 122 Catecholamine, 122, 150 Caudal, 122, 151 Causal, 122, 157, 161 Cell Adhesion, 31, 122 Cell Cycle, 7, 122, 127 Cell Death, 7, 13, 119, 122, 145 Cell Differentiation, 13, 122 Cell Division, 120, 122, 127, 143, 150, 157 Cell Survival, 7, 122 Cellulitis, 18, 123 Central Nervous System, 123, 132, 133, 134, 144, 147, 157 Central Nervous System Infections, 123, 134 Cerebral, 39, 76, 120, 123, 159 Cerebral Hemorrhage, 76, 123 Cerebral Palsy, 123, 159 Cerebrum, 123 Cervical, 23, 121, 123, 154, 156, 163 Character, 123, 127, 154 Chemokines, 31, 123 Chest wall, 32, 51, 123 Chimeras, 10, 123 Cholesterol, 48, 57, 73, 120, 123, 140, 141, 158, 160 Chorioretinitis, 123, 155 Choroid, 123, 155, 163 Choroiditis, 82, 123 Chromatin, 119, 123, 146 Chromosomal, 9, 123, 156, 161 Chromosome, 9, 117, 123, 134, 140, 141, 156, 157, 161, 162 Chronic, 10, 13, 14, 24, 36, 59, 81, 83, 124, 137, 140, 152, 157, 160, 161, 163 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 10, 124 Cirrhosis, 124, 152 CIS, 124, 155 Clinical Medicine, 124, 152 Clinical trial, 5, 97, 124, 126, 127, 128, 153, 154 Cloning, 9, 120, 124 Coenzyme, 119, 124, 141, 158 Cofactor, 124, 153 Colitis, 82, 124 Collagen, 117, 124, 131, 157
169
Collagen disease, 124, 157 Colon, 124, 138, 140, 163 Complement, 124, 125, 132 Complementary and alternative medicine, 65, 74, 125 Complementary medicine, 65, 125 Computational Biology, 97, 125 Cones, 125, 155 Conjugated, 125, 133, 145 Conjunctiva, 125, 138, 157 Conjunctivitis, 82, 103, 125 Connective Tissue, 40, 82, 103, 119, 121, 123, 124, 125, 128, 131, 141, 149, 155, 156, 161 Connective Tissue Cells, 125 Consciousness, 125, 127 Constitutional, 125, 145, 155 Constriction, 125, 139, 156 Contamination, 125, 156 Contractile Proteins, 60, 125 Contracture, 80, 81, 126 Contraindications, ii, 126 Contrast Sensitivity, 126, 147 Controlled study, 38, 126 Contusion, 26, 81, 126 Cornea, 126, 140, 157, 163 Coronary, 126, 143 Coronary Thrombosis, 126, 143 Cortical, 126, 130, 157 Corticosteroid, 67, 126, 152, 160 Cortisone, 62, 126, 152 Cranial, 126, 134, 139, 145, 147, 149, 159 Craniocerebral Trauma, 123, 126, 134 Creatine, 11, 76, 102, 126 Creatine Kinase, 11, 76, 102, 126 Creatinine, 126, 127 Crossing-over, 127, 154 Curative, 127, 161 Cutaneous, 18, 30, 69, 127, 133, 141, 154 Cyclin, 7, 127 Cyclophosphamide, 52, 90, 127 Cyclosporine, 35, 127 Cysteine, 122, 123, 127 Cysteine Endopeptidases, 122, 127 Cytogenetics, 127, 156 Cytokine, 10, 127, 138 Cytoplasm, 119, 126, 127, 130, 144, 146, 156 Cytotoxic, 6, 13, 127, 137 Cytotoxicity, 58, 127 D Degenerative, 6, 15, 76, 127, 135, 147
Deletion, 119, 127, 141 Dementia, 77, 127 Denaturation, 127, 151 Dendrites, 127, 146 Dendritic, 38, 127 Dendritic cell, 38, 127 Density, 8, 128, 140, 141, 147 Dentists, 81, 128 Dermatitis, 52, 72, 128 Dermis, 128, 143 Deuterium, 128, 135 Diabetes Mellitus, 128, 134 Diagnostic procedure, 75, 86, 128 Diaphragm, 128, 151 Diarrhea, 128, 156 Diarrhoea, 128, 132 Diathesis, 128, 134 Digestion, 35, 120, 121, 128, 141, 160, 163 Digestive tract, 128, 159 Direct, iii, 7, 89, 124, 128, 144, 154, 161 Discrete, 128, 161 Dislocation, 81, 128 Distal, 76, 128, 149 Dorsal, 128, 151, 159 Dose-dependent, 128, 165 Double-blind, 38, 128 Drive, ii, vi, 13, 61, 81, 82, 83, 128 Drug Interactions, 90, 128 Duodenum, 120, 128, 129, 160 Dyes, 117, 129, 146 Dyskinesia, 82, 129 Dystrophy, 20, 25, 54, 70, 102, 103, 129 E Edema, 71, 129, 139 Effector, 13, 124, 129 Efficacy, 11, 15, 129 Effusion, 129, 161 Electrolyte, 126, 129, 143, 147, 158 Electromyography, 103, 129 Electrons, 119, 129, 139, 148, 154 Embryo, 122, 129, 137 Encapsulated, 82, 129 Encephalitis, 12, 36, 60, 129 Encephalitis, Viral, 129 Endemic, 129, 159 Endoscope, 129 Endoscopic, 48, 129 Endothelial cell, 129, 138 Enterovirus, 10, 129 Environmental Health, 96, 98, 130 Enzymatic, 117, 121, 122, 125, 130, 151, 155
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Enzyme, 124, 129, 130, 132, 139, 141, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 158, 164 Eosinophil, 30, 130, 138 Eosinophilia, 130, 131 Eosinophilic, 29, 30, 32, 44, 130, 131 Epidemic, 130, 159 Epidermal, 130, 140, 144 Epidermis, 128, 130, 134, 140, 153 Epidermoid carcinoma, 130, 159 Episcleritis, 82, 130, 157 Epitope, 6, 8, 30, 34, 130 Erythrocytes, 117, 121, 130, 148 Estrogens, 5, 130 Eukaryotic Cells, 130, 163 Excitatory, 130, 133 Exophthalmos, 130, 152 Exoribonucleases, 17, 130 Extensor, 130, 154 Extracellular, 117, 125, 130, 131, 158 Extracellular Matrix, 125, 130, 131 Extraocular, 24, 131 Extremity, 121, 131, 148, 154, 163 Eye Infections, 115, 131 F Facial, 80, 131 Family Planning, 97, 131 Fasciitis, 27, 29, 47, 48, 53, 82, 131 Fat, 82, 115, 118, 121, 122, 126, 131, 140, 141, 144, 155, 158 Fatigue, 124, 131 Febrile, 131, 159 Fibroblasts, 125, 131, 138 Fibroid, 131, 140 Fibroma, 82, 131 Fibrosarcoma, 82, 131 Fibrosis, 126, 131, 157 Flexor, 34, 130, 131, 161 Fluorescence, 29, 131 Fold, 131, 143 Forearm, 34, 121, 131, 163 Friction, 131, 141 Fungi, 131, 143, 163, 164 G Ganglion, 132, 135, 147 Gas, 35, 132, 135, 146 Gastroenteritis, 21, 132, 156 Gastrointestinal, 47, 48, 131, 132, 140, 157, 160 Gastrointestinal tract, 131, 132, 140, 157, 160 Gastrostomy, 48, 132
Gene, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 21, 44, 77, 80, 115, 116, 117, 120, 132, 134, 157 Gene Expression, 8, 14, 15, 132 Gene Therapy, 115, 132 Genetic Code, 132, 146 Genetic Engineering, 11, 120, 124, 132 Genetic testing, 132, 151 Genetics, 8, 12, 28, 127, 132 Genotype, 14, 132, 150 Gingival Hyperplasia, 18, 82, 132 Gland, 115, 126, 130, 132, 141, 148, 150, 157, 160 Glomerular, 133 Glomeruli, 133 Glomerulonephritis, 14, 59, 133 Glucocorticoid, 34, 35, 133, 152 Glucose, 119, 121, 128, 133, 134, 138, 156 Glucuronic Acid, 133, 135 Glutamate, 133 Glutamic Acid, 29, 133, 146 Glycine, 117, 133, 146 Glycoproteins, 12, 133 Gonadal, 133, 160 Gonorrhoea, 133, 147 Governing Board, 133, 152 Graft, 36, 133 Graft-versus-host disease, 36, 133 Gram-positive, 133, 160 Granular Cell Tumor, 82, 133 Granule, 13, 134, 156 Granuloma, 82, 134 Gravis, 17, 18, 42, 102, 134 H Haematuria, 134 Haemophilia, 56, 134 Hantavirus, 37, 134 Headache, 50, 81, 83, 134, 138 Headache Disorders, 134 Hemangiopericytoma, 82, 134 Hematopoiesis, 134, 138 Heme, 134, 145 Hemoglobin, 72, 117, 130, 134 Hemolytic, 131, 134 Hemorrhage, 126, 134, 135, 150, 153, 161 Heparin, 37, 135, 151 Hepatic, 135, 158 Hepatitis, 37, 50, 135 Hepatocytes, 135 Hereditary, 5, 35, 39, 76, 135, 149 Heredity, 132, 135 Herpes, 19, 59, 135 Herpes Zoster, 19, 59, 135
171
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus, 19, 135 Heterogeneity, 9, 31, 116, 135 Hirsutism, 135, 136 Homologous, 116, 127, 132, 135, 157 Hormonal, 119, 126, 135 Hormone, 126, 135, 138, 152, 156, 158 Humoral, 8, 135 Humour, 135 Hydrogen, 17, 69, 122, 127, 128, 135, 136, 140, 144, 146, 148, 153 Hydrogen Peroxide, 17, 69, 136, 140 Hydrolysis, 119, 136, 151, 153 Hydroxyproline, 117, 124, 136 Hyperaemia, 125, 136 Hyperbaric, 68, 136 Hyperbaric oxygen, 68, 136 Hyperoxia, 66, 136 Hyperplasia, 82, 136 Hyperreflexia, 136, 161 Hypersensitivity, 130, 136, 156 Hypertension, 123, 136, 139 Hypertrichosis, 69, 135, 136 Hypertrophy, 80, 136 I Idiopathic, 10, 22, 24, 27, 28, 30, 33, 40, 43, 46, 50, 56, 58, 60, 136 Immortal, 8, 136 Immune function, 136, 137 Immune response, 6, 13, 15, 118, 120, 126, 136, 137, 157, 163, 164 Immune Sera, 136 Immune system, 118, 120, 136, 137, 141, 144, 164 Immunization, 8, 136 Immunocompromised, 59, 136 Immunodeficiency, 19, 20, 62, 103, 137 Immunofluorescence, 137, 144 Immunogenic, 6, 137 Immunoglobulin, 34, 38, 45, 55, 118, 137 Immunohistochemistry, 16, 20, 137 Immunologic, 10, 38, 136, 137, 165 Immunosuppressant, 137, 143 Immunosuppression, 137 Immunosuppressive, 7, 10, 16, 127, 133, 137, 157 Immunosuppressive Agents, 10, 137, 157 Immunosuppressive therapy, 16, 137 In vitro, 5, 8, 12, 13, 15, 132, 137, 151, 157 In vivo, 5, 10, 12, 13, 15, 132, 135, 137 Incision, 137, 139 Induction, 9, 10, 14, 15, 42, 51, 62, 67, 117, 137, 158
Induction therapy, 62, 137 Infarction, 120, 123, 126, 137, 139, 143 Infiltration, 133, 137 Inflammatory bowel disease, 35, 82, 138 Influenza, 38, 42, 138 Ingestion, 138, 151 Inhalation, 138, 151 Initiation, 138, 158 Initiator, 14, 138 Innervation, 121, 138, 147, 154, 163 Insight, 7, 138 Insulin, 42, 138 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 42, 138 Interferon, 6, 10, 15, 138 Interferon-alpha, 138 Interleukin-2, 42, 138 Interleukin-5, 30, 138 Interleukin-8, 47, 138 Interleukins, 137, 139 Interstitial, 6, 31, 57, 139 Intervertebral, 139, 154 Intestinal, 122, 129, 139 Intestines, 115, 132, 139 Intoxication, 24, 139 Intracellular, 7, 11, 76, 77, 122, 137, 139, 156 Intracranial Aneurysm, 123, 139 Intracranial Arteriosclerosis, 123, 139 Intracranial Hypertension, 134, 139, 148 Intramuscular, 37, 134, 139 Intravenous, 45, 55, 90, 139 Invasive, 14, 18, 139, 142 Involuntary, 139, 145, 147, 158 Ion Exchange, 139 Ionization, 139 Ions, 129, 135, 139 Iontophoresis, 62, 139 Ischemia, 19, 119, 139 Isoenzyme, 127, 139 K Kb, 96, 140 Keratinocytes, 138, 140 Keratitis, 82, 140 L Laceration, 140, 161 Large Intestine, 128, 139, 140, 154 Leiomyoma, 82, 131, 140 Leiomyosarcoma, 82, 140 Leprosy, 35, 140 Lesion, 18, 134, 140, 141, 163 Leucocyte, 116, 130, 140
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Myositis
Leukemia, 46, 115, 132, 140, 145, 152 Leukocytes, 121, 123, 138, 139, 140, 144, 146, 148, 149 Leukopenia, 140, 165 Life cycle, 11, 131, 140 Linkage, 9, 140 Lipid, 138, 140, 144, 148 Lipid Peroxidation, 140, 148 Lipoma, 82, 140 Lipoprotein, 140, 141, 164 Liposarcoma, 82, 141 Liquor, 141, 153 Liver, 115, 117, 120, 124, 127, 133, 135, 141, 152 Localization, 9, 37, 44, 137, 141 Localized, 44, 45, 80, 115, 117, 126, 129, 135, 136, 137, 141, 150, 157, 161, 163 Loss of Heterozygosity, 9, 141 Lovastatin, 141, 158 Lubricants, 141 Lubrication, 81, 141 Lumbar, 141, 153 Lupus, 7, 40, 45, 54, 57, 102, 141, 161 Luxation, 128, 141 Lymph, 117, 123, 129, 135, 141, 156 Lymph node, 123, 141, 156 Lymphatic, 137, 141, 156, 159, 162 Lymphatic system, 141, 156, 159, 162 Lymphocyte, 6, 13, 16, 20, 46, 118, 137, 141, 142 Lymphoid, 118, 140, 141, 142 Lymphoma, 29, 71, 72, 142 Lysosome, 31, 142 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 27, 45, 47, 52, 58, 142, 146 Malignancy, 67, 130, 142 Malignant, 46, 82, 118, 131, 142, 144, 145, 148, 155, 156 Malignant fibrous histiocytoma, 82, 142 Malignant tumor, 142, 144, 148, 155 Malnutrition, 119, 142 Mandible, 142, 153, 161 Manifest, 5, 142 Masseter Muscle, 4, 34, 44, 142, 162 Mastication, 4, 142 Masticatory, 3, 4, 17, 80, 81, 83, 142, 153, 161 Meat, 142, 162 Medial, 59, 142, 153, 159, 163 Mediate, 10, 142 Mediator, 138, 142, 151, 157
Medical Records, 142, 155 Medicament, 116, 142 MEDLINE, 97, 142 Membrane, 123, 125, 130, 134, 142, 144, 145, 150, 151, 155, 161 Memory, 15, 118, 127, 142 Meningitis, 133, 142, 150 Mental, iv, 4, 96, 98, 127, 131, 142, 143, 150, 153, 156 Mental Disorders, 143, 150 Mesenteric, 38, 143 Mesentery, 143, 149 Metastasis, 143 Methotrexate, 13, 25, 49, 90, 143 MI, 52, 114, 143 Microbe, 143, 162 Microbiology, 14, 23, 32, 115, 119, 143 Microorganism, 124, 143, 148, 164 Micro-organism, 143 Micro-organism, 157 Migrans, 54, 143 Migration, 6, 143 Mineralocorticoids, 115, 126, 143 Mitochondrial Swelling, 143, 145 Mitosis, 119, 143 Mitotic, 9, 143 Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, 8, 143 Mobilization, 81, 144 Modification, 117, 132, 144, 164 Molecular, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 39, 76, 97, 99, 117, 120, 125, 127, 135, 144, 151, 162 Molecule, 5, 11, 31, 118, 124, 125, 127, 129, 130, 136, 144, 148, 151, 154, 164 Monitor, 127, 144, 146 Monocytes, 138, 140, 144 Mononuclear, 36, 131, 134, 144 Morphological, 41, 129, 144 Morphology, 25, 54, 144 Mucins, 133, 144 Mucosa, 82, 141, 144 Mucus, 144, 163 Multiple Myeloma, 52, 144 Multiple sclerosis, 144, 147 Muscle Fibers, 5, 11, 21, 29, 44, 58, 144 Muscle Proteins, 126, 144 Muscular Diseases, 144, 148 Muscular Dystrophies, 129, 144 Mutagenesis, 12, 145 Mutagens, 145 Myalgia, 80, 81, 82, 138, 145 Myasthenia, 17, 18, 42, 50, 102, 145 Myelodysplasia, 53, 145
173
Myelodysplastic syndrome, 62, 145, 158 Myelogenous, 115, 145 Myocarditis, 18, 35, 145 Myocardium, 143, 145, 155 Myoglobin, 77, 145 Myopathy, 9, 10, 11, 15, 24, 25, 28, 44, 51, 52, 69, 72, 145 N Nasal Mucosa, 138, 145 Nasociliary, 135, 145 Nausea, 132, 145 Necrosis, 47, 119, 131, 137, 143, 145, 155 Neonatal, 10, 133, 145 Neoplasia, 145 Neoplasm, 133, 145, 156, 163 Neoplastic, 4, 117, 141, 142, 145, 162 Nephropathy, 34, 145 Nervous System, 116, 117, 123, 142, 145, 146, 149 Neural, 31, 82, 115, 117, 135, 145 Neuritis, 145, 147 Neuroblastoma, 82, 146 Neurofibroma, 82, 146 Neuroma, 82, 146 Neuromuscular, 34, 37, 41, 102, 146, 147 Neuromuscular Junction, 34, 146, 147 Neuronal, 7, 146, 149 Neurons, 7, 127, 130, 146, 159, 160 Neuropathy, 146, 149 Neuroretinitis, 146, 155 Neurotransmitter, 115, 117, 119, 133, 146 Neutrons, 116, 146, 154 Neutrophils, 138, 140, 146 Nitrogen, 116, 117, 127, 146 Nuclear, 12, 20, 28, 34, 42, 57, 58, 120, 129, 130, 132, 144, 145, 146 Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, 28, 146 Nuclei, 11, 76, 116, 129, 132, 142, 143, 146, 147, 153, 156 Nucleic acid, 12, 122, 132, 145, 146, 152, 165 Nucleocapsid, 12, 146 Nucleus, 119, 123, 127, 128, 130, 144, 146, 147, 153, 160 Nutritional Support, 132, 147 Nystagmus, 59, 147 O Ocular, 28, 62, 82, 135, 147 Opacity, 128, 147 Ophthalmologist, 83, 147 Ophthalmoplegia, 51, 147
Opsin, 147, 155, 156 Optic disc, 147 Optic Nerve, 146, 147, 155, 157 Optic Neuritis, 82, 147 Orbit, 147 Orbital, 17, 18, 19, 22, 28, 33, 36, 43, 49, 50, 62, 82, 147 Orchitis, 60, 147 Orofacial, 81, 83, 147 Orthotic Devices, 81, 147 Ossification, 3, 9, 38, 145, 147 Osteoarthritis, 81, 147 Osteogenic sarcoma, 28, 148 Osteoporosis, 116, 148 Osteosarcoma, 31, 148 Outpatient, 148 Overexpress, 7, 148 Ovum, 140, 148, 152 Oxalic Acid, 80, 148 Oxidation, 119, 140, 148 Oxidative Stress, 5, 148 P Palliative, 148, 161 Palsy, 33, 148 Pancreas, 115, 138, 148 Pancytopenia, 36, 148 Panniculitis, 52, 148 Papilla, 148 Papillary, 67, 148 Paralysis, 62, 68, 130, 147, 148, 156, 159 Paraparesis, 39, 148 Parietal, 148, 149, 151 Patch, 15, 148 Pathogen, 14, 32, 148 Pathogenesis, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16, 42, 50, 55, 76, 80, 82, 149 Pathologic, 10, 20, 36, 82, 119, 120, 121, 126, 136, 149, 159 Pathologic Processes, 119, 149 Pathologies, 15, 149 Patient Education, 103, 108, 110, 114, 149 Pelvis, 140, 141, 149, 163 Penicillamine, 39, 62, 149 Penicillin, 68, 149, 163 Peptide, 7, 8, 11, 76, 117, 149, 151, 152, 153 Percutaneous, 48, 149, 150 Peripheral blood, 16, 138, 149, 152 Peripheral Nerves, 140, 149 Peripheral Nervous System, 146, 148, 149, 156 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 148, 149
174
Myositis
Peripheral Neuropathy, 39, 149 Peripheral stem cells, 133, 149 Peritoneal, 67, 149 Peritoneum, 143, 149, 155 Peroxidase, 36, 140, 149 Peroxide, 149, 150 Pharmacologic, 81, 117, 150, 162 Pharmacotherapy, 81, 150 Pharynx, 138, 150 Phenotype, 5, 9, 11, 16, 41, 150 Phonophoresis, 139, 150 Phospholipids, 131, 140, 150 Phosphorus, 70, 121, 150 Photophobia, 83, 150 Physical Examination, 103, 150 Physical Medicine, 62, 81, 150 Physical Therapy, 62, 81, 150 Physiologic, 120, 150, 154 Pigment, 145, 150 Pilot study, 10, 20, 54, 150 Pituitary Gland, 126, 150 Plants, 116, 119, 133, 144, 148, 150, 156, 162 Plaque, 117, 150 Plasma, 118, 120, 134, 143, 144, 151 Plasma cells, 118, 144, 151 Platelet Factor 4, 138, 151 Platelets, 120, 148, 151 Pleura, 151 Pleural, 65, 151 Pleural cavity, 151 Pleural Effusion, 65, 151 Pneumonia, 126, 151 Poisoning, 80, 132, 139, 145, 151, 157 Polyarthritis, 82, 151 Polymerase, 14, 37, 49, 151, 158 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 37, 151 Polypeptide, 117, 124, 145, 151 Polysaccharide, 118, 151 Posterior, 82, 123, 128, 147, 148, 151, 154, 157, 159, 161 Postmenopausal, 116, 148, 151 Post-traumatic, 56, 134, 151 Practice Guidelines, 98, 152 Precursor, 5, 7, 11, 15, 21, 25, 54, 76, 127, 129, 130, 152, 163 Prednisolone, 83, 152 Prednisone, 102, 152 Pregnancy Maintenance, 130, 152 Preleukemia, 145, 152, 158 Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, 36, 49, 152 Prion, 7, 25, 77, 123, 152
Probe, 12, 152 Progeny, 9, 152 Progesterone, 152, 160 Progression, 25, 28, 83, 118, 152 Progressive, 5, 9, 51, 71, 76, 122, 124, 127, 144, 145, 147, 152, 163 Projection, 147, 152 Promoter, 7, 11, 76, 152 Promyelocytic leukemia, 62, 152 Prophylaxis, 152, 163 Proptosis, 22, 152 Protease, 6, 152 Protein C, 117, 140, 144, 153, 164 Protein S, 80, 117, 120, 132, 153, 156 Proteinuria, 144, 153 Proteolytic, 76, 116, 124, 153 Protocol, 8, 153 Protons, 116, 135, 153, 154 Protozoa, 143, 153, 163 Psoas Abscess, 36, 153 Psychic, 143, 153, 157 Pterygoid, 4, 153 Pterygoid Muscles, 4, 153 Public Policy, 97, 153 Publishing, 16, 81, 83, 153 Pulmonary, 37, 121, 130, 153 Pupil, 126, 147, 153 Purpura, 40, 153 Pyogenic, 82, 153, 157 R Race, 15, 17, 69, 143, 153 Radial Nerve, 33, 154 Radiation, 23, 52, 131, 136, 137, 154, 162, 164 Radiation therapy, 136, 154, 162 Radicular, 154 Radiculopathy, 33, 154 Radioactive, 135, 139, 146, 154 Radiological, 149, 154 Randomized, 6, 10, 18, 20, 53, 129, 154 Reagent, 148, 154 Receptor, 44, 50, 56, 115, 118, 154, 157 Recombinant, 9, 56, 154, 164 Recombination, 9, 132, 154 Rectal, 66, 154 Rectum, 119, 124, 128, 132, 138, 140, 154 Recurrence, 4, 154 Reductase, 141, 143, 154, 158 Refer, 1, 81, 121, 124, 131, 135, 141, 146, 154, 162 Refraction, 154, 159 Refractory, 4, 154
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Regeneration, 54, 155 Regimen, 34, 129, 150, 155 Reliability, 9, 27, 155 Remission, 154, 155 Renal cell cancer, 42, 155 Retina, 123, 125, 146, 147, 155, 156, 163 Retinal, 82, 147, 155, 156, 164 Retinitis, 82, 155 Retinol, 155, 156 Retrobulbar, 147, 155 Retroperitoneal, 35, 115, 155 Retrospective, 65, 69, 155 Retrospective study, 65, 155 Rhabdomyolysis, 42, 155 Rhabdomyosarcoma, 82, 155 Rheumatic Heart Disease, 14, 155 Rheumatism, 20, 27, 28, 29, 34, 39, 42, 44, 48, 52, 55, 58, 155 Rheumatoid, 12, 17, 49, 53, 62, 124, 155, 156 Rheumatoid arthritis, 12, 17, 49, 53, 62, 124, 156 Rhodopsin, 147, 155, 156 Ribonuclease, 143, 156 Ribosome, 156, 162 Rickettsiae, 156, 163 Rods, 155, 156 Rotavirus, 21, 156 Rubella, 59, 156 Ryanodine, 50, 156 S Saline, 144, 156 Saponins, 156, 160 Sarcocystosis, 30, 156 Sarcoma, 69, 82, 142, 156, 158 Satellite, 15, 156 Schizophrenia, 80, 156 Schwannoma, 82, 156 Sclera, 123, 125, 130, 157, 163 Scleritis, 50, 82, 157 Scleroderma, 8, 12, 17, 29, 73, 102, 131, 143, 157 Sclerosis, 54, 71, 124, 139, 144, 157 Screening, 124, 157 Secretion, 126, 135, 138, 139, 143, 144, 157, 163 Segregation, 154, 157 Seizures, 8, 157 Sensory loss, 154, 157 Septicaemia, 46, 157 Septicemia, 35, 157 Sequencing, 151, 157
Serology, 103, 157 Serotonin, 146, 150, 157 Serous, 67, 151, 157 Serum, 15, 30, 50, 124, 127, 136, 143, 157 Sex Characteristics, 115, 117, 130, 158 Shock, 14, 158, 162 Side effect, 89, 91, 115, 127, 158, 162 Sigma Factor, 14, 158 Simvastatin, 40, 158 Skeletal, 7, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 31, 33, 36, 41, 58, 62, 68, 76, 105, 117, 126, 144, 155, 158 Skeleton, 158 Skull, 126, 147, 158, 161 Smoldering leukemia, 145, 158 Smooth muscle, 125, 131, 140, 144, 158 Sodium, 29, 143, 158 Soft tissue, 3, 121, 131, 134, 142, 147, 158 Soft tissue sarcoma, 131, 158 Soma, 158 Somatic, 9, 115, 135, 143, 149, 158 Somatic cells, 9, 143, 158 Spasm, 80, 81, 158 Spastic, 39, 158 Specialist, 105, 159 Species, 116, 129, 132, 134, 143, 153, 159, 160, 162, 164 Specificity, 8, 116, 152, 159 Spectrum, 24, 30, 56, 60, 159 Sperm, 117, 123, 159 Spermatic, 19, 159 Sphenoid, 153, 159 Spinal cord, 121, 123, 132, 145, 146, 148, 149, 154, 159, 163 Spinal Cord Diseases, 148, 159 Spinal Nerve Roots, 154, 159 Spleen, 117, 141, 159 Sporadic, 5, 7, 19, 20, 25, 28, 38, 39, 44, 52, 54, 76, 159 Sprue, 40, 159 Squamous, 27, 130, 134, 159, 160 Squamous cell carcinoma, 27, 130, 134, 159 Squamous cells, 134, 159, 160 Stem Cells, 116, 149, 160 Stent, 26, 160 Sterility, 127, 160 Steroid, 33, 66, 126, 156, 158, 160 Steroid therapy, 66, 160 Stimulus, 128, 138, 160 Stomach, 115, 128, 132, 135, 139, 145, 150, 159, 160 Strand, 12, 151, 160
176
Myositis
Streptococcal, 14, 34, 37, 46, 53, 55, 68, 160 Streptococcal Infections, 53, 160 Streptococcus, 14, 131, 160 Stress, 5, 29, 122, 132, 145, 148, 156, 160 Subacute, 137, 160 Subarachnoid, 134, 150, 160 Subclinical, 55, 137, 157, 160 Subcutaneous, 123, 129, 134, 140, 148, 160 Support group, 105, 160 Suppression, 126, 160, 165 Suppurative, 123, 133, 160 Symptomatic, 55, 83, 160 Synapse, 146, 160 Synovial, 161 Synovial Membrane, 161 Synovitis, 81, 161 Syphilis, 147, 161 Systemic, 7, 12, 40, 54, 71, 90, 117, 121, 124, 137, 139, 143, 152, 154, 157, 161, 162 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 7, 12, 124, 143, 161 T Tamponade, 65, 161 Telomere, 134, 161 Temporal, 56, 134, 161 Temporal Muscle, 56, 161 Tendinitis, 45, 161 Tendon, 47, 132, 161 Tendonitis, 24, 103, 161 Testis, 147, 159, 161 Tetani, 161 Tetanic, 161 Tetanus, 17, 161, 162 Therapeutics, 9, 66, 68, 70, 71, 91, 161 Thermal, 146, 151, 161 Thigh, 33, 35, 52, 161 Thoracic, 51, 121, 128, 151, 154, 162, 163 Thrombocytopenia, 8, 162 Thrombosis, 26, 120, 139, 153, 162 Thymoma, 18, 35, 36, 162 Thymus, 136, 141, 162 Tooth Preparation, 115, 162 Toothache, 83, 162 Topical, 15, 83, 136, 162 Toxic, iv, 14, 48, 127, 146, 162, 165 Toxicity, 41, 128, 162 Toxicology, 98, 162 Toxin, 156, 161, 162 Transfection, 120, 132, 162 Transfer Factor, 136, 162 Translation, 39, 117, 162 Transplantation, 136, 162
Trauma, 3, 4, 34, 80, 145, 162 Trichinosis, 22, 162 Trismus, 82, 162 Trisomy, 117, 162 Tuberculosis, 141, 147, 162 Tumor suppressor gene, 141, 162 Tumour, 32, 47, 132, 163 Tunica, 144, 163 U Ubiquitin, 7, 163 Ulcer, 123, 163 Ulcerative colitis, 34, 57, 82, 138, 163 Ulnar Nerve, 51, 163 Ultrasonography, 58, 163 Urine, 120, 126, 127, 134, 148, 153, 155, 163 Uterus, 123, 131, 140, 152, 161, 163 Uvea, 163 Uveitis, 82, 163 V Vaccination, 15, 22, 59, 163 Vaccines, 15, 163, 164 Vacuoles, 25, 54, 163 Vagina, 161, 163 Vaginal, 141, 163 Valine, 149, 163 Valves, 155, 163 Vas Deferens, 159, 163 Vascular, 19, 82, 117, 123, 128, 134, 137, 139, 159, 163 Vasculitis, 59, 82, 117, 164 Vector, 15, 164 Vein, 26, 50, 119, 139, 146, 156, 164 Venous, 26, 82, 119, 120, 153, 164 Venules, 121, 164 Vertebrae, 139, 153, 159, 164 Vesicular, 19, 135, 164 Veterinary Medicine, 97, 164 Viral, 7, 10, 11, 59, 122, 129, 138, 164, 165 Viral vector, 11, 164 Virion, 12, 146, 164 Virulence, 119, 162, 164 Virus, 8, 10, 11, 19, 20, 37, 38, 39, 50, 59, 60, 62, 72, 103, 122, 123, 132, 134, 135, 138, 146, 150, 156, 164 Viscera, 143, 158, 164 Visual Acuity, 126, 157, 164 Vitro, 6, 13, 15, 135, 164 Vivo, 5, 10, 164 W War, 134, 164 White blood cell, 118, 140, 141, 144, 151, 164
177
X Xenograft, 118, 164 X-ray, 12, 131, 146, 154, 164
Y Yeasts, 131, 150, 164 Z Zidovudine, 42, 164
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Myositis
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Myositis
