SALMONELLA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
ii
ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Salmonella: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84071-7 1. Salmonella-Popular works. I. Title.
iii
Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
[email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.
iv
Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on salmonella. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
v
About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
vi
About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
vii
Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SALMONELLA............................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Salmonella..................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 59 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .............................................................................. 102 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SALMONELLA ................................................................................ 149 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 149 Finding Nutrition Studies on Salmonella.................................................................................. 149 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 154 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 154 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SALMONELLA ......................................................... 157 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 157 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 157 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 175 General References ..................................................................................................................... 180 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON SALMONELLA ........................................................................... 181 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 181 Dissertations on Salmonella....................................................................................................... 181 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 186 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND SALMONELLA ...................................................................... 187 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 187 Recent Trials on Salmonella....................................................................................................... 187 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 189 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON SALMONELLA ...................................................................................... 191 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 191 Patents on Salmonella................................................................................................................ 191 Patent Applications on Salmonella ............................................................................................ 217 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 252 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON SALMONELLA .......................................................................................... 253 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 253 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 253 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 254 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 256 Chapters on Salmonella.............................................................................................................. 257 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON SALMONELLA ............................................................................... 265 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 265 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 265 Audio Recordings....................................................................................................................... 267 Bibliography: Multimedia on Salmonella .................................................................................. 267 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON SALMONELLA ............................................................ 269 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 269 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 269 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 273 Academic Periodicals covering Salmonella ................................................................................ 274 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 277 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 277 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 277 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 279 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 282
viii Contents
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 283 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 283 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 283 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 288 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 291 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 291 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 291 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 291 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 291 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 297 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 298 SALMONELLA DICTIONARY .................................................................................................. 299 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 385
1
FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with salmonella is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about salmonella, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to salmonella, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on salmonella. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to salmonella, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on salmonella. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
3
CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SALMONELLA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on salmonella.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and salmonella, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “salmonella” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Multinational Outbreak of Salmonella Enterica Serotype Newport Infections Due to Contaminated Alfalfa Sprouts Source: JAMA. Journal of American Medical Association. 281(2): 158-162. January 13, 1999. Summary: In December 1995, reported Salmonella enterica serotype Newport (SN) infections increased sharply in Oregon and British Columbia, but not elsewhere in North America. Similar unexplained increases had been noted in six other States in the fall of 1995. This article reports on the investigations undertaken to determine the source of the outbreak(s). The study design included case control studies, environmental investigations, bacterial subtyping, and surveillance information review. The authors identified 133 cases in Oregon and British Columbia; 124 (93 percent) occurred in patients older than 18; 87 (65 percent) were female. Patients were more likely than
4
Salmonella
community control subjects to report having eaten alfalfa sprouts in the 5 days preceding illness (41 percent versus 4 percent, respectively). The SN was grown from seeds and alfalfa sprouts. The distribution of one seed lot to multiple growers corresponded to the distribution of cases. Distribution of a second seed lot from the same European wholesaler corresponded to the location of the fall outbreak, which was characterized by a similar demographic profile. The authors conclude that the SN contaminated alfalfa seeds were distributed to multiple growers across North America in 1995 and resulted in a protracted international outbreak scattered over many months. Current sprouting methods are inadequate to protect consumers from such events. Alfalfa sprouts may be an elusive but important vehicle for salmonellosis and other enteric infections. 1 figure. 27 references. (AA-M).
Federally Funded Research on Salmonella The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to salmonella. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to salmonella. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore salmonella. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for salmonella: •
Project Title: A GENETIC INSIGHT INTO UVEITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Thompson, Mollie E.; Medicine; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This training award grant is submitted to enable Mollie Thompson MD to expand her basic science training so as to pursue a career studying the pathogenesis and treatment of uveitis. Dr. Thompson has been extensively trained as a clinician, with prior doctoral work in engineering and is committed to pursuing a research career in the molecular biology and genetics of inflammatory eye diseases. To attain the goal of becoming an independent contributor to the field of uveitis research, she has proposed a combination of graduate level classes and laboratory research under the guidance of Dr. James T. Rosenbaum. Dr. Rosenbaum is ideally suited for this role because of his combined position as director of the uveitis clinic and Chief of the Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases. He leads a respected team of uveitis researchers and has successfully mentored many other clinicians and scientists in the field. The Department of Medicine and the Casey Eye
2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
Studies
5
Institute have the resources required and provide a supportive environment for education and research. The research will utilize state of the art molecular techniques to investigate the role of the NOD2 gene in uveitis. One important clue to the pathogenesis of uveitis comes from the discovery of a gene associated with a rare form of familial granulomatous uveitis called Blau syndrome. Mutations in the NOD2 gene have been associated with Blau syndrome and with Crohn's disease, a granulomatous inflammatory disease of the intestine, eye and joints. This gene encodes for a protein that is important in regulating the innate immune response to intracellular bacteria, but its relationship to inflammatory eye disease is not understood. We propose to characterize the distribution and function of the NOD2 protein, and to determine how gene expression affects cellular response to intracellular bacterial infection. Monocyte cell lines transfected with wild-type and Blau mutated forms of NOD2 will be stimulated by bacterial endotoxin and by exposure to different strains of Salmonella bacteria. Expression of genes important in inflammation, the production of inflammatory cytokines, cellular apoptosis, and the induction of nuclear transcription factors critical in inflammation will be measured under conditions of bacterial challenge. The results will be important not only to the understanding of Blau syndrome but will also shed light on the general mechanisms producing immune-mediated inflammatory ocular disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: A NOVEL SYNTHETIC PATHWAY FOR THE PYRIMIDINE OF THIAMINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Downs, Diana M.; Professor; Bacteriology; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1993; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): A fundamental biological question is how metabolic pathways are integrated and controlled to produce an efficient metabolism. The long-term goal is to contribute to the overall understanding of metabolic integration. Salmonella typhimurium is used for these studies because of its well-characterized genetic system, the advanced understanding of biosynthetic pathways in this organism and the availability of the annotated genome sequence of the close relative E. coli. A model system to study the interaction of metabolic pathways with the biosynthetic pathway of thiamine has been developed in this organism. In this proposal the metabolic needs for the synthesis of the hydroxymethyl pyrimidine (HMP) moiety will be clarified as will be the differing synthetic requirements dependent upon the level of flux through the purine biosynthetic pathway. This will be accomplished by: 1) determining the role of the ThiC protein in HMP formation, 2) identifying the metabolic role of the ApbC protein and explaining why it is required in thiamine synthesis, 3) determining the role of CoA in thiamine synthesis and 4) identifying the metabolic source of phosphoribosylamine in the absence of the PurF protein. These objectives will be accomplished with modern chemical, biochemical, and molecular biological and genetic techniques. The work will increase the understanding of the metabolic needs for HMP synthesis in different genetic backgrounds. In addition, it has the potential to uncover novel aspects of metabolism by probing gene product functions that are indirectly involved in thiamine synthesis. This type of work is critical as genome sequences are completed and ORF families are uncovered that cannot be functionally annotated by sequence alone. Ultimately this work will contribute to understanding of global metabolic strategies employed by bacteria to maintain an efficient metabolism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
6
Salmonella
•
Project Title: ACTIN-CYTOSKELETON REARRANGEMENTS BY SALMONELLA Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhou, Daoguo; Biological Sciences; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, in 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: Despite improvements in public hygiene, salmonellosis continues to cost the world economy billions of dollars each year and remains to be the number one cause of reported foodborne diseases. The Salmonella infection involves complex and highly orchestrated interactions between the bacterium and host cells. Salmonella injects proteins into host cells via a bacterial type III secretion system. Our working hypothesis is that these bacterial proteins engage host proteins for actin polymerization as well as depolymerization, two processes that are required for Salmonella-induced actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and invasion of non-phagocytic cells by the bacterium. The goal of this project is to identify and characterize bacterial and host proteins that play a role(s) in modulating actin dynamics both in vitro and in vivo by using microbiological, biochemical and cellular approaches. This proposal focuses on the molecular mechanism of Salmonella-induced actin rearrangements involving SipA. We have shown that SipA binds actin and modulates actin dynamics by decreasing the critical concentration for actin polymerization and by inhibiting depolymerization of actin filaments. We also showed that SipA increases the bundling activity of T-plastin, which increases the stability of actin bundles. Preliminary results indicate that additional host proteins are present in the SipA-actin complex and SipA activities must be turned off by other bacterial or host factors. We propose to investigate how Salmonella-induced actin cytoskeleton rearrangements are initiated, maintained and subsequently reversed. We have developed assays and reagents necessary to examine the actin architecture and investigate roles of SipA and host proteins in modulating Salmonella-induced actin cytoskeleton rearrangements. Results from this study will help us understand how Salmonella intercepts normal cellular constituents to modulate host actin cytoskeleton. A better understanding of these processes will facilitate the development of new chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment and prevention of salmonellosis. These experiments will also provide new insights into basic host cellular functions, including cytoskeletal rearrangements and cell movement. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: ADDUCT INDUCED FRAMESHIFT MUTAGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stone, Michael P.; Professor; Chemistry; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-FEB-1992; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: The goal is to understand relationships between conformational perturbations of DNA which has been adducted by endogenous and exogenous chemical mutagens, and the subsequent biological processing of adducted DNA, e.g., during error-prone replication. We seek to understand what features of adduct structure promote frameshifts vs. substitutions. Using a frameshift-prone sequence from the Salmonella typhimurium hisD3052 gene, we will examine whether the primary adduct of malondialdehyde, M1G, induces frameshift mutations as a consequence of the ability of duplex DNA to spontaneously ring-open this adduct to its derivative N2-(3-oxo-lpropenyl)-dG. We propose that N2-(3-oxo-l- propenyl)-dG induces/promotes strand slippage structures subsequent to incorporation of dCTP, possibly as a consequence of the positioning of the propenyl moiety in the minor groove of the duplex, fostering dissociation/reassociation of the polymerase due to potential disruption of protein
Studies
7
DNA interactions involving the thumb region of the polymerase. We will examine the potential formation of DNA crosslinks by the N2-(3-oxo-l-propenyl)-dG derivative. We will examine why the planar intercalated trans-8,9-dihydro-8-(N7-guanyl)-9hydroxyaflatoxin B1 adduct is not a strong inducer of frameshifts, using the codon 249 sequence of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, which has been linked to human cancer via aflatoxin-induced G yields T mutations. This adduct stabilizes DNA, and perhaps discourages strand slippage intermediates, which we propose reduces the propensity for frameshifts. The adduct may not disrupt minor groove interactions between DNA polymerase and the duplex. We will compare this adduct with its imidazole ringopened derivative, the FAPY adduct, which induces greater stabilization of the DNA duplex. We will examine structural hypotheses to explain the G yields T and G yields A transitions induced by the trans-8,9-dihydro-8- (N7-guanyl)-9-hydroxyaflatoxin B1. A proposed mechanism for the "signature" 5'-neighbor mutation C yields T will be examined. Our working hypothesis posits that the adduct alters or inhibits extension following the correct incorporation of cytosine, possibly by misaligning the primer terminous for further extension. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ALTERED M. TUBERCULOSIS MANNOSYLATION AND THE MACROPHAGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Schlesinger, Larry S.; Associate Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-OCT-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Tuberculosis continues to cause tremendous morbidity and mortality throughout the world's population. Critical in establishment of a M. tuberculosis (M.tb) infection within its human host are entry and survival in the macrophage. The macrophage mannose receptor (MR) participates in the phagocytosis of virulent strains of M.tb. Components of the M.tb cell wall serve as ligands for host cell receptors and can modulate host microbicidal and inflammatory responses. The M.tb cell envelope is heavily mannosylated containing lipoglycans such as lipoarabinomannan (LAM) which serves as a ligand for the MR. We hypothesize that the nature of surface mannosylation of M.tb has a major impact on the ability of M.tb to interact with the MR as well as to modulate macrophage function and consequently host responses, enabling the establishment of infection. PimB was recently described as M.tb phosphatidyl myo-inositol monomannoside transferase (pimB). We have used allelicexchange to inactivate pimB in M.tb strain Erdman. Macrophages display marked cellular adhesion following infection with wild-type M.tb. In contrast, macrophages infected with the pimB mutant display minimal cellular adhesion and a significant increase in the rate of macrophage death. We have developed an assay in which Salmonella mannose-specific binding pili agglutinate M.tb LAM coated microspheres that we will develop as a screen for alterations in M.tb surface mannosylation. We propose to further characterize the role of pimB and other selected enzymes potentially involved in mannosylation of M.tb surface molecules in the biology of the M.tb-host interaction, to develop a novel screening strategy for M.tb clones altered in surface mannosylation, and to evaluate these bacterial clones for anomalous host cell interaction. Our specific aims are to: 1A. Determine the mechanism for reduced homotypic adhesion and increased rate of macrophage death following infection with the pimB mutant of M.tb: 1 B. Determine the biochemical nature of the pimB mutation. Analyze the structure of LAM and other mannosylated cell wall glycoconjugates from wild type, the pimB mutant, and pimB overproducing M.tb strains. 2. Perform
8
Salmonella
transcription and genetic studies of genes encoding the biosynthetic enzymes of LAM and mannose glycoconjugates: 2A. Quantify the level of transcription of pimB and its homologues in M.tb grown in broth, solid medium and within human macrophages using the AbI 7700 (TaqMan) "real-time" quantitative PCR system; 2B. Construct and analyze genetically defined M.tb strains with alterations in the mannose biosynthetic genes. 3). Utilize Salmonella mannose-binding (type 1) pili to screen for M.tb mutants and clones respectively altered in surface mannosylation from an M.tb transposon library and M. smegmatis library complemented with M.tb genes to characterize the effect of alterations in bacterial mannosylation on macrophage interaction. The assembled investigators will combine techniques in genetics, biochemistry, and cell biology to accomplish the goals of this proposal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: AN IN VITRO MODEL OF THE FOLLICLE ASSOCIATED EPITHELIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Metcalf, Eleanor S.; Professor; Henry M. Jackson Fdn for the Adv Mil/Med Rockville, Md 20852 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): Given that the human mucosae is 200-400 mm thick, and the number of mucosal pathogens is large, understanding the potential protective mechanisms of the host at these complex mucosal tissue sites is a priority for the generation of efficacious vaccines. One strategy for the generation of more effective vaccines is to understand the host mucosal immune response to these organisms. Towards that end, the long-range goal of our research program is to understand mechanisms of mucosal immunity in the host response to enteric pathogens, with the overall objective of reducing the morbidity and mortality in these diseases. Our central hypothesis is that the FAE plays a dynamic primary role in the earliest stages of mucosal innate immune responses to enteric pathogens, and this role is driven by soluble mediators and mucosal cell-cell interactions. The objective of the current application is to investigate the premise that the FAE contributes to innate mucosal immunity through the elicitation of an early host response that directly affects the functional capacity of immature DC and macrophages in the sub-epithelial dome. Two Aims will test specific aspects of our central hypothesis: Specific Aim 1: to determine the potential of pathogenstimulated FAE to secrete apically-derived soluble mediators and analyze the relevance of these molecules to host mucosal immune reactions. After the FAE model is optimized, the capacity of these cells to secrete anti- inflammatory factors, acute phase reactants, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines will be assessed after bacterial infection by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), ribonuclear protection assays (RPA), and complementary deoxyribose nucleic acid (cDNA) microarray techniques. The ability of pathogen-induced FAE to secrete anti-microbial factors that reduce bacterial load or protect immune cells also will be evaluated. Specific Aim 2: to analyze the cellular mechanism(s) by which sub- epithelial macrophages and immature DC interact with the pathogen-stimulated FAE. Transmigration of macrophages to the apical surface of pathogen-induced model FAE will be evaluated, as will the capacity of immature DC to mature after exposure to the pathogen-induced model FAE. We have developed an in vitro model of the human small intestine PP dome that contains M cells, IEC, macrophages, and immature DC to study the early steps in the generation of a mucosal immune response. This model is the first that permits a dissection of the functional capacity of the FAE and analysis of cross-talk of these cells with two other mucosal innate cell types. Since interventions that focus on
Studies
9
early steps in the process would be the most desirable, our studies of the initial cell types involved in this complex set of reactions should provide data applicable to: (1) determining the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of mucosal innate immunity; and (2) the development of successful therapeutic interventions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: AN ORAL VACCINE AGAINST MULTIPLE BIOWARFARE AGENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Klose, Karl E.; Associate Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Background: U.S. citizens, particularly military personnel, are vulnerable to the threat of exposure to biological warfare agents. Two such bacterial agents, Bacillus anthracis and Francisella tularensis, can be easily spread by aerosolization causing a high level of mortality, and are therefore considered to be candidate warfare agents. New vaccines against these and other potential warfare agents are needed which can be easily administered and provide high levels of protection against aerosolized bio-weapons. We have developed a Salmonella typhimurium strain (delta-glnA delta-glnH) with a number of attributes that make it an attractive candidate for a live attenuated multivalent vaccine. Our hypothesis is that this attenuated S. typhimurium strain can be used as a single oral vaccine to deliver multivalent antigens and provide both mucosal and systemic protective immunity against aerosolized biological warfare agents, specifically B. anthracis and F. tularensis. We will exploit specific S. typhimurium promoters (e.g., pmrH) to drive high-level expression of B. anthracis and F. tularensis antigens within the lymphoid tissue, and thus generate a sufficient immune response with a single dose. The Specific Aims of this project entail: (1) Construction of delta-glnA delta-glnH attenuated S. typhimurium vaccine strains with the pmrH promoter driving expression of B. anthracis. Protective Antigen (PA) and F. tularensis FopA and TUL4 proteins; (2) Evaluation of the efficacy of vaccine strains (Specific Aim 1) to express heterologous antigens within immune tissue and elicit an appropriate immune response; and (3) Challenge vaccinated animals with aerosolized B. anthracis and F. tularensis to determine efficacy of the vaccine strains. Our Study Design incorporates collaborative vaccine development at three different sites in San Antonio, based upon the expertise found at each site. The S. typhimurium vaccine strains expressing B. anthracis and F. tularensis antigens will be constructed and inoculated into animals in the laboratories of two S. typhimurium researchers, Drs. Karl Klose and John Gunn, at the University of Texas Health Science Center. The evaluation of levels of antigen expression within immune tissue will be carried out at the Brooks Air Force Base by Dr. Kenton Lohman. Aerosolized B. anthracis and F. tularensis challenge studies of vaccinated animals will take place in the Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) laboratory at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research under the guidance of Dr. Jean Patterson. We will be taking advantage of this high-level biocontainment laboratory to perform the aerosol challenges necessary to prove the efficacy of this vaccine approach. Relevance: The development of a single oral vaccine that can simultaneously provide protection against multiple bio-warfare agents would be of tremendous benefit to the health of military personnel and other citizens exposed to these agents. If this vaccine strategy proves successful, additional antigens can be expressed from the same vaccine strain, offering an adaptive and protective health tool. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
10
Salmonella
•
Project Title: ATTENUATION OF BRUCELLA USING DOMINANT REPAIR MUTANTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ennis, Don G.; Biology; University of Louisiana at Lafayette E University Ave Lafayette, La 70504 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The principal goal of this proposal is to develop new genetic tools that permit the rapid construction of repair-defective pathogenic bacteria. Our approach is called TAISR (for Trans-Acting Inhibition of SOS Repair) which introduces vectors carrying dominant mutant genes that "poison" SOS repair activities. A requirement for DNA repair functions in pathogenesis has been documented for some intracellular pathogens. For example, repair-defective mutants of Salmonella were completely attenuated in mice; this loss of virulence was traced to their inability to repair DNA damage within macrophages. A number of pathogens not only survive but even flourish within professional phagocytes; these include some Brucelleae, Campylobactereae, Edwardsielleae, Franciellaea, Listereae, Mycobacterieae and Yersineae. We are investigating the role of repair in pathogenesis by Brucella abortus an intracellular pathogen that causes undulant fever in humans and induces abortions in animals. We found that some B. abortus repair mutants, constructed by genedisruptions, can decrease its ability to survive and grow in macrophages by 3,000-fold. Preliminary studies using a lexA-based TAISR system revealed partial poisoning of B. abortus SOS repair and a 100-fold greater killing in macrophages. We are proposing to improve TAISR by developing more effective dominant genes as well as use mutant combinations to inactivate repair in B. abortus. Attenuated mutants or mutant combinations generated by TAISR will provide insights into the design of live vaccines against Brucella. These genetic tools will have broad applications; they may be used to construct attenuated mutants in variety of bacterial pathogens. We are proposing the following specific aims for developing convenient genetic tools to construct attenuated mutants of Brucella. 1) Characterization of repair-defective B. abortus carrying dominant mutants from E. coli (lexA, recA and ruvB) as well as mutant combinations. 2.) Functional and molecular characterization of cloned copies of the lexA, recA and ruvB homologs from B. abortus. 3) Site-directed mutagenesis to construct dominant mutants from these three B. abortus repair genes. 4) Characterization of B. abortus strains expressing dominant lexA, recA and ruvB mutants from B. abortus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: B CELLS AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Chervonsky, Alexander V.; Staff Scientist; Jackson Laboratory 600 Main St Bar Harbor, Me 04609 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) is a crucial part of the mucosal immune barrier. It contains M cells that are unique in their ability to deliver pathogens to the organized lymphoid tissues. M cells are necessary for induction of the immune response to enteral pathogens, and they also serve as entrance gates for pathogens such as Shigella, Salmonella, M. tuberculosis, and retroviruses. The current application is based on the discovery of the importance of B cells for the development of FAE and M cells, and is focused on further exploration of this relationship. The goal is to characterize the signals involved in the molecular cross-talk between B cells and epithelial cells within the FAB. The application contains two Specific Aims. Specific Aim 1 proposes to use imaging of live FAE to study the kinetics of the development of FAE
Studies
11
and the generation and maintenance of M cells upon transfer of labeled B lymphocytes. Specific Aim 2 is designed to identify signal(s) that B lymphocytes provide to epithelial cells to drive the development of FAE and M cells. The design includes transfer of bone marrow from mice with targeted disruption of TNF-family cytokine genes into B celldeficient recipients and testing of a hypothesis that I lateral inhibition mechanism of tissue differentiation may be involved in the generation of FAE and M cell. The significance of the proposed research program is that it aims at the identification of molecular mechanisms driving development and function of FAE. These mechanisms are critical for protection against pathogens and development of oral vaccines. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BACTERIA-BASED MR MOLECULAR IMAGING OF TUMOR OXYGENATION Principal Investigator & Institution: He, Qiuhong; Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Res New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Tumor oxygenation plays a critical important role in tumor growth, invasion, and therapy. Tumor tissues usually produce endothelial growth factors (such as VEGF) that stimulate new growth of blood vessels to meet the high nutrient demands of the fast growing tumor cells. Tumor cells have different characteristics as a function of their distance from the blood vessels and can be typified by their degree of oxygenation: the most viable cells are well perfused and oxygenated, the hypoxic cells are poorly oxygenated, and the necrotic center contain dead cells as a result of oxygen deprivation. These tumor cells have different genetic and molecular characteristics and possibly different response to various therapeutic interventions including radiation and chemotherapy. Currently, invasive microelectrode approach is used as a gold standard measurement of tumor oxygenation. Crucial is the selection of the sampling locations with this method since artifacts may be generated when multiple electrode measurements are required around the same tissue location. We propose a novel molecular imaging approach to map tumor oxygenation in vivo based on an attenuated strain of Salmonella typhimurium that selectively accumulates and proliferate in tumor tissues. Myoglobin will be genetically engineered into the Salmonella bacteria as an oxygen sensor. Since Salmonella can penetrate into the hypoxic areas in the tumor, the method will give a full mapping of tumor oxygenation. In this R21 proposal, we will develop a novel molecular imaging methods to map tumor oxygen tension in murine tumor models using the attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strain that over-expresses the oxygen sensing protein myoglobin. Deoxymyoglobin can be measured directly in vivo using a signature peak at -80 ppm in the proton spectroscopy for oxygen tension calculations, or indirectly in high-resolution tumor tissue water imaging whereas deoxymyoglobin functions as a relaxation contrast reagent. This novel measurement of tumor oxygen tension will be applied to observe the primary and metastasized tumors. The methods will have numerous applications in preclinical development of anticancer drugs considering physiological parameters in a particular tumor microenvironment. Since Salmonella typhimurium is currently in phase I clinical trials, the project may have a major impact in the future diagnosis of both primary tumors and distant metastasis, as well as therapeutic planning and monitoring of the cancer clinical outcomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
12
Salmonella
•
Project Title: BACTERIAL INFECTION INDUCES CYTOKINE PRODUCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Marriott, Ian; Biology; University of North Carolina Charlotte Office of Research Services Charlotte, Nc 282230001 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 12-APR-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella are common causes of bone and joint infections in humans. Unfortunately, the pathogenesis of bacterial bone and joint infections are poorly understood. Bacteria, including S. aureus, can infect osteoblasts and survive intracellularly within these bone-forming cells which begins to explain how bone infections might be chronic, and how the host's immune response might have difficulty in eliminating these pathogens. While osteoblasts can internalize and harbor bacteria, it is not at all clear if infected osteoblasts contribute to the immune responses to the invasion. Recently, we have described the surprising ability of osteoblasts to secrete significant amounts of bioactive IL-12. These cells are stimulated to produce this key pro- inflammatory cytokine when exposed to bacteria previously demonstrated to reside intracellularly. Such a finding is particularly significant given the central role IL-12 plays in the preferential initiation of Th1-type, cell- mediated, immune responses. Such immune responses are essential for the successful elimination of intracellular pathogens. The ability of these non-leukocytic cells to produce this IL-12 may point to a previously unrecognized role for osteoblasts in the generation of protective inflammatory responses and the resolution of infection. In the present application, we propose to investigate the mechanisms responsible for inducing the production of this important cytokine by osteoblasts. We will utilize RT-PCR and immunofluorescent techniques to determine whether IL-12 induction in human and mouse osteoblasts occurs as either a direct or indirect consequence of bacterial invasion. Furthermore, we will determine whether the production of IL-12 seen in vitro is reproducible in vivo using an animal model developed in our laboratory. Finally we will attempt to determine the biological significance of IL-12 production by osteoblasts in infected tissues in vivo by monitoring bacterial burden and T-cell infiltration utilization immunofluorescence techniques. In this manner, we will examine whether IL-12 attenuates or exacerbates bacterial infection of osteoblasts and local inflammation, thereby expanding the recognized role of these cells to include being integral components in the host responses to intracellular pathogens at these sites. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: BIOSYNTHESIS OF ENTEROBACTERIAL COMMON ANTIGEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Rick, Paul D.; Henry M. Jackson Fdn for the Adv Mil/Med Rockville, Md 20852 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1984; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's abstract): The long-term goals of this research are to gain a more complete understanding of the function of the outer membrane (OM) of gram-negative bacteria and the mechanisms involved in its biogenesis. As an approach to these goals, we have investigated the biochemistry and genetics of enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) synthesis and assembly in Escherichia coli. In addition, we have investigated the function of ECA in E. coli, Shigellaflexnerii, and Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. ECA is an OM glycolipid that is unique to the Enterobacteriaceae, and it is present in all members of this family. In spite of the ubiquitous occurrence of ECA in gram-negative enteric bacteria, the function of ECA has remained unknown. Our previous endeavors to study ECA synthesis and and assembly have been facilitated by the isolation and
Studies
13
characterization of mutants defective in these processes. The characterization of these mutants has resulted in the identification of biosynthetic intermediates involved in ECA synthesis that have, in turn, led to the development of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems to demonstrate specific enzymatic steps in ECA assembly. Nevertheless, several important steps in the assembly of ECA remain to be established. We propose to continue this combined biochemical and genetic approach to complete the characterization of the assembly process. In addition, we have obtained exciting new data that strongly supports the conclusion that ECA plays an important role in the mechanism responsible for the resistance of gram-negative enteric bacteria to bile salts. Thus, the specific aims for the requested period of support are: (i) identification of the genetic determinant of ECA polysaccharide chain elongation in E. coil K-12, and biochemical characterization of the polymerization mechanism, (ii) determination of the role of o416 of the E. coli wec gene cluster in ECA assembly, (iii) isolation of E. coil mutants defective in the synthesis of the ECApG polysaccharide-aglycone linkage and biochemical characterization of the mechanism involved in linkage formation, and (iv) determination of the role of ECA in the resistance of gram-negative enteric bacteria to bile salts. It is anticipated that these studies will provide valuable insights into the assembly of other important membrane glycolipids and polysaccharides. Such information will also provide a rationale for the development of new antimicrobial agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CD4+ T CELLS RESPONDING TO SALMONELLA INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Cookson, Brad T.; Assistant Professor; Laboratory Medicine; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Salmonella, Mycobacterium and Histoplasma are facultative intracellular pathogens that live inside phagosomes of host macrophages. They all cause AIDS-defining illnesses, and the investigator's long-term goal is to understand the development of immunity against such pathogens. CD4+ T cells are also required for immune mice to resist virulent Salmonella, providing a model of protective host functions which can successfully combat a macrophage-tropic infection. However, the specific bacterial antigens (Ags) recognized by Salmonellaimmune hosts are largely unknown. Two proteins expressed in the surface-exposed "compartment" of Salmonella are recognized by CD4+ T cells from immune mice. One is a flagellar protein also recognized by T cells from humans immunized with Salmonella. The other is an unidentified protein expressed by most Enterobacteriaceae, including E. coli, Yersinia, Shigella, and Enterobacter. Both proteins are regulated in a fashion suggesting part of the Salmonella intracellular survival strategy is to downregulate expression of bacterial surface Ags recognized by CD4+ T cells. In AIM I, the diversity of Salmonella Ags recognized by CD4+ T cells from immune mice will be determined using SDS-PAGE fractionated bacteria as Ag, and bacterial expression of these Ags will be characterized with respect to compartmentalization and regulation using T cell clones. The studies will provide insight into the nature of Ags recognized by CD4+ T cells, the environmental signals affecting bacterial processing Salmonella for T cell responses. In AIM 2, genes encoding Ags recognized by T cell clones will be identified by expression cloning or sequencing analysis of biochemically purified Ags. This work may reveal gene products useful as markers of cellular immunity to Salmonella in humans. In AIM 3, murine infection with Salmonella strains expressing a model Ag in various compartments of the bacterial cell will be used to directly test if
14
Salmonella
compartmentalization of bacterial Ag alters its significance for surveillance by T cells. Primary and secondary CD4+ T cell responses generated by these stains will be quantified using ELISPOT and flow cytometry, and the effectiveness of an Ag-specific immune response against these strains will be tested in vivo. These studies will provide insight into the nature of Ags recognized by CD4+ T cells responding to pathogens similarly adapted for life in phagosomes. In AIM 4, the functional importance of Ags identified in AIMS 1 & 2 will be determined by testing purified Ags for their ability to stimulate protective immunity against challenge by virulent Salmonella. The protective Ags identified will be excellent candidates for components of subunit vaccines and markers of cellular immunity in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS FOR MUCOSAL IMMUNITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Fujihashi, Kohtaro; Associate Professor; Oral Biology; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-1982; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This grant effort has recently discovered that the Peyer's patches, which are the major mucosal inductive sites in the gastrointestinal (GI) immune system, are not strictly required for mucosal IgA antibody (Ab) responses after oral immunization. Mice treated in utero with lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTbR)-Ig do not develop Peyer's patches; however, these mice exhibit mesenteric lymph nodes which drain the small intestine. In this regard, oral immunization of LTbR-Ig treated mice with protein and cholera toxin (CT) as mucosal adjuvant resulted in significant IgA Ab responses in the GI tract. Preliminary studies suggested that the mesenteric lymph nodes served as a compensatory site for these IgA Ab responses. In addition, we discovered that Peyer's patches are a strict requirement for oral tolerance to proteins such as ovalbumin (OVA), but not to haptens such as trinitrophenyl sulfonic acid (TNBS). Clear proof that Peyer's patches are required for oral tolerance to proteins was provided by an experiment where TNBS conjugated to OVA (TNP-OVA) failed to induce oral tolerance to either TNBS or to OVA in LTbR-Ig treated mice. These experiments reveal fundamental differences in a requirement for Peyer's patches in mucosal immunity versus oral tolerance and provide us with a platform to simultaneously study these responses in the GI tract. In this renewal application, the first specific aim will characterize the mesenteric lymph nodes of LTbR-Ig treated, Peyer's patch null mice as alternate IgA inductive sites. We will characterize B cells and plasma cells with emphasis on u > a switches, and for TGF-b 1 expression. The second specific aim will focus on CD4+ T helper (Th) cells and especially Th1-type cells for mucosal IgA Ab responses in the GI tract. Major emphasis will be placed on recombinant Salmonella expressing OVA for initiation of mucosal immunity in Peyer's patch-null mice. The third specific aim will assess the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in Peyer's patches for IgA immunity versus oral tolerance induction. Emphasis will be placed on dendritic cells (DCs), in a natural environment or after activation with Flt3 ligand. The fourth specific aim will employ OVA peptide-specific tetramers to track CD4+ T cells from Peyer's patches to the periphery under conditions for mucosal IgA or oral tolerance responses. The last specific aim will bridge mucosal IgA Ab responses with oral tolerance induction. In this regard, we will study the mechanism of the switch from oral tolerance to IgA immunity which occurs when CT is used as an oral adjuvant. The seminal findings which have emanated from this grant effort since 1982 will again
Studies
15
remain focused on the cellular and molecular events required for induction of mucosal immunity or oral tolerance in the GI tract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COALITION FOR HIV VACCINE DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Blattner, William A.; Professor and Associate Director; Medicine; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: The Coalition for HIV Vaccine Development (CHVD) is a partnership of highly experienced basic vaccinologists and clinical vaccine researchers of the Center for Vaccine Development and the Institute of Human Virology of the University of Maryland. CHVD focuses on basic, translational and clinical vaccine research, including bringing new candidate vaccine approaches from bench to bedside, such as the first generation Salmonella-vectored HIV vaccine. CHVD investigators have an extensive track record of leadership in multicenter collaborative trials. The tight interface between basic and clinical vaccinology, intrinsic to CHVD's structure, facilitates a major goal of the HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN), to expand the pool of HIV vaccine candidates and strategies. This application details the current clinical research capacity of the CHVD Clinical Trials Unit (CTU) to conduct Phase I, II and III HIV vaccine trials. The CHVD CTU currently integrates a consortium of clade B sites in the BaltimoreWashington area and in the Caribbean (current HIVNET site in Trinidad). Represented in this consortium of sites are low risk populations of different ages and races, and of varied socioeconomic, behavioral and genetic background suitable for Phase I and early Phase II trials. High-risk populations available for advanced Phase II and Phase III trials are anchored by a large high risk heterosexual population in the Caribbean, and domestically includes persons at high-risk through injection drug use and discordant heterosexual and homosexual partnership. This homologous clade B consortium of sites not only enriches the HVTN scientific capacity to evaluate clade B derived vaccines, but non-clade B products for critical cross protection studies as well. Furthermore, the proximity of these international locales provides an optimal environment for enriching the laboratory-based agenda of the HVTN by facilitating timely access of fresh biologic specimens from vaccinees to the central and special emphasis group laboratories of the network. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: COMPARATIVE GENOMICS IN THE ENTEROBACTERIACEAE Principal Investigator & Institution: Wilson, Richard K.; Genetics; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The number of available genome sequences from the bacterial family Enterobacteriaceae is reaching a threshold where comparative genomics can drive hypotheses and experiments. In this project we have selected genomes for sequencing based on their pathogenicity and their taxonomic position. These sequences will help us understand these and other related pathogens by defining their differences and similarities in gene content. (1) The genome sequences of S. enterica serovar Paratyphi A (SPA), already sampled to 97 percent coverage, will be completed and annotated. SPA is the second most prevalent cause of typhoid and, like S. enterica serovar Typhi (STY), is restricted to humans. Typhi is undergoing genome degradation, perhaps associated with its recent adaptation to a narrow host range; we will determine
16
Salmonella
if Paratyphi A is undergoing similar degradation. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a major opportunistic pathogen. We have sequenced this genome to 8-fold coverage; it will be closed, finished and annotated. (2) Cost-effective four-fold sampling (97 percent coverage) will be performed for four genomes: a biotype of S. enterica Paratyphi B (SPB), which is the third most prevalent cause of typhoid and is host-adapted to man; S. enterica Arizonae (SAR), the most distantly related S. enterica that regularly causes disease in humans; Citrobacter koseri (CKO) and Enterobacter cloacae (ECL) both of which are opportunistic pathogens representing the unsequenced genera within or adjacent to the E. coli/Salmonella/Klebsiella clade. Web-based analysis tools that take into account the incomplete nature of the samples will be used to present these data in comparison to other related genomes. Finally, (3) we have amplified and arrayed the complete open reading frames of nearly every CDS in S. enterica subspecies 1, serovar Typhimurium LT2. This resource will be supplemented with new putative CDSs, not found in STM, as these sequences become available from STY, SPA, SPB, and other serovars of S. enterica. Thus, we will develop an array that can be used in a wide variety of Salmonella, both sequenced and unsequenced, for analysis of expression and of genome content. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--GENETIC TOXICITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Felton, James S.; Deputy Associate Director; University of Calif-Lawrnc Lvrmr Nat Lab Lawrence Livermore National Lab Livermore, Ca 94550 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 19-APR-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Ames/Salmonella and CHO mammalian cell assays will be used to assess the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of various heterocyclic amines. The Ames/Salmonella assay will be used to detect the mutagenic activity of food extracts and to guide the purification of new mutagens from flame-cooked beef. The mutation-lowering effects of the flavonoid apigenin and 11 isomers on MeIQx and PhIP will be evaluated using the Ames test. The mutagenicity of PhIP, IQ and MeIQx will be studied in the Ames test using a variety of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase expressing microsomes as the activating system. The Ames test will also be used to screen the mutagenic potency of ten 2-aminoimidazole-azaarene (AIA) compounds and their respective N-hydroxy derivatives. The genetically modified CHO cells will be used to assess the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of the recently characterized IFP, as well as any additional newly isolated compounds. Cytogenetic end points of SCEs and chromosomal aberrations with IFP and other compounds will also be evaluated using the CHO cells. The core will also assist in evaluating the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of the cell line expressing UDPglucuronosyltransferase 1A1 gene after it is developed. This CHO mammalian assay is not only a more sensitive system for evaluating the differential cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of compounds, but it is also a better system for understanding the mutagenic mechanism. This core will also be involved in methods monitoring the survival of E.coli K12 in food at different cooking temperatures after various methods of cooking. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: COUPLING MORPHOGENESIS
GENE
EXPRESSION
TO
FLAGELLAR
Principal Investigator & Institution: Hughes, Kelly T.; Professor; Microbiology; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195
Studies
17
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Salmonella pathogens infect over a billion people each year worldwide resulting in 3 million deaths annually from septicemia, mostly in HIV-infected patients and 700,000 from typhoid fever (W.H.O. estimates). It is one of many gram-negative plant and animal pathogens that have evolved specialized secretion systems, termed Type III Secretion System (TTSS), to facilitate the ordered delivery of virulence effector proteins. The pathogenic TTSSs evolved from the flagellar TTSS, which ensures the efficient and ordered assembly of the bacterial flagellum. The virulence systems have maintained the ordered delivery mechanism of the TTSS to ensure that individual virulence determinants are secreted at the appropriate stage of the infection process. The flagellum has served as a well-characterized model system, to understand how regulatory mechanisms can control the assembly of large structures, and to understand how the TTSS can differentially select substrates for secretion at the appropriate stage of the infection process. We will continue a detailed investigation of the regulation of gene expression in response to assembly of the flagellum. We have previously shown that one critical regulatory mechanism involves a regulatory protein FlgM, which is held inside the cell prior to completion of the intermediate hook-basal body structure. Upon hook-basal body completion, FlgM escapes from the cell and thus can no longer act. We will determine the signals that provide the temporal order and specificity for the secretion process. Specific mechanisms to be investigated are the dual roles for Type III Secretion Chaperones (TTSC) in assembly and gene regulation, the process of localized translation of secretion substrates at the cytoplasmic base of the flagellum and the role of the membrane-anchored translation initiation factor, Flk, in this process. This includes the roles of the FlgN and FliT chaperones in coupling transcription and translation to assembly. FlgN, a TTSC for hook-filament junction proteins, serves as a translational regulator of specific transcripts in response to assembly, while FliT, a TTSC for the filament cap, inhibits transcription of HBB genes in response to assembly. Finally, we will develop the flagellar regulatory and assembly system as a model bioinformatic system complete with feedback loops for modulating gene expression in response to clues from intermediate assembly stages. This includes a characterization of the roles of the flagellar specific alternative sigma factor, sigma-28, and its antagonist (FIgM) in this process. Because the TTSS is a target for vaccine development against gram-negative pathogens, understanding the process of assembly, secretion and regulation will aid in the development of such vaccines. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DESIGN OF ATTENUATED TULAREMIA VACCINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Cross, Andrew M.; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: Its ease of transmission, history of having been weaponized and propensity to cause severe and fatal disease following inhalation, make Francisella tularensis (Ft) a Category A bioterrorism agent of concern. The only vaccine available for more than 40 years is efficacious, but its mode of attenuation is unknown and the FDA has not approved its general use. Development of new vaccines is limited by the paucity of information about the virulence determinants of Ft. This project will provide (1) measures to extend the disease-free interval until definitive therapy/vaccines are implemented; and (2) vaccines that induce humoral and cellular immunity to Ft. Project 1A will characterize mechanisms by which the unusual Ft LPS induces mediators responsible for the systemic inflammatory responses of tularemia, and determine if
18
Salmonella
reagents already under clinical testing for sepsis are useful in the treatment of disseminated tularemia in a murine model. Upon stimulation, gamma-delta T cells rapidly produce inflammatory cytokines critical to both the initial innate immune response and organization of the adaptive responses. Activation of gamma-delta T cells is associated with convalescence from tularemia. Aminobisphosphonates drugs, widely used for bone disorders, stimulate gamma-delta T cells and might serve as initial therapy for individuals exposed to Ft (Project 1B). Project 2 will characterize the Ft capsule and develop a conjugate vaccine, using as carriers either the protective antigen of B. anthracis or proteins derived from plague or Ft. Adjuvants that also rapidly boost innate immunity (e.g. CpG) may accelerate a humoral response and provide early protection. Like the Vi vaccine for the intracellular pathogen, Salmonella Typhi, the Ft capsular conjugate vaccine is intended to prevent Ft from reaching its required intracellular niche. Durable immunity to Ft requires a cellular immune response. Based on our previous success in developing live attenuated strains of Salmonella, we will design an attenuated, easily administered Ft vaccine (Project 3A). Signature-tagged mutagenesis will define additional targets for attenuation and new virulence factors for further study (Project 3C). Activated T cells are sequestered in peripheral tissues. We will compare which immunization regimen optimally delivers primed effector/memory T cells to lung and liver, sites of Ft replication. These studies will provide public health officials short term and definitive treatment options in the event of a bioterror attack with Ft. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DETECTION SALMONELLA
OF
MIXED
MICROBIAL
COMMUNITIES
BY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Ahmer, Brian M.; Assistant Professor; Microbiology; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Despite decades of research on Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, microbiologists are still unable to assign, or even convincingly predict, functions for more than 30 percent of the open reading frames (ORFs) in the E. coli genome sequence. It seems likely that the functions of many of these genes may not be observable using pure cultures. In nature, such bacteria do not normally exist as pure cultures and a percentage of their genetic capacity is almost certainly involved with 'mixed community' interactions. Consistent with this hypothesis, we recently identified an S. typhimurium receptor that is activated only within a mixed microbial community. The signaling event discovered is the detection of N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) by SdiA, a LuxR homolog found in S. typhimurium. The sdiA gene is also present in E. coli and Klebsiella spp, suggesting that it has a relatively ancient function. However, what is truly remarkable is that these species do not produce the ligands that are detected by SdiA. Instead, SdiA detects uncharacterized compounds present in mammalian intestines and AHLs produced by other species of bacteria. We will test the hypothesis that the intestinal compounds are microbial in origin and attempt to identify the species producing these molecules. We will use microarrays to identify the portions of the E. coli and S. typhimurium genomes that are regulated by SdiA in response to AHLs and characterize the phenotypic consequences of this signaling event. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: DISCOVERY MICROARRAYS.
OF
SALMONELLA
SIGNATURE
Studies
19
SNPS
BY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Sparks, Andrew B.; Perlegen Sciences, Inc. 2021 Stierlin Ct Mountain View, Ca 94043 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 04-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): To meet the challenge of bio-terrorism, pathogen genome sequencing with a view to the development of new reagents and applications is a high priority of NIAID. Salmonella is a NIAID Category B pathogen. Worldwide, Salmonella typhi is responsible for 16 million cases of typhoid fever and 600,000 deaths annually. Previous Samonella outbreaks in the United States have resulted from the deliberate anthropogenic introduction of Salmonella typhi to cause typhoid fever and Salmonella typhimurium to cause gastroenteritis. The goal of this research is to identify polymorphic loci in Salmonella to enable rapid and accurate identification of Salmonella subspecies and strains. To this end, we will use high-density oligonucleotide microarray (HDOMA) technology to re-sequence the genomes (and associated plasmids) of 44 representative strains of Salmonella, including 15 strains of S. typhi, 15 strains of S. typhimurium, two strains each of S. enterica subspecies II, IlIa, IIIb, IV, VI, and VII, and two strains of S. bongori. We will then develop and employ a Salmonella genotyping HDOMA to characterize 8000 polymorphic loci we discover in the resequencing phase in a total of 130 strains of Salmonella, including the strains discussed above plus 30 additional strains of S. enterica subspecies I; 8 additional strains each of S. enterica sub-species II, IlIa, IIIb, IV, VI, and VII; and 8 additional strains of S. bongori. These data will be used to establish a Salmonella comparative genome sequence resource containing the strain resequencing data and a Salmonella genotype database containing the strain genotype data. These resources should prove useful in characterizing the epidemiology of Salmonella outbreaks. Successful application of HDOMA-based polymorphism discovery in this study could be extended to characterizing variation in other sequenced microbial pathogens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR IN SALMONELLA PATHOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Schapiro, Jeff M.; Laboratory Medicine; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): Salmonellosis is one of the greatest causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Understanding this organism's mechanism of virulence is central to decreasing its ability to be a pathogen. Mechanisms used by Salmonella to permit infection are the capability to withstand environmental stresses that may damage its DNA and the ability to repair any ensuing damage to its genome. This makes the relationship between DNA repair and replication vital to the organism's survival. As an intracellular pathogen, Salmonella is subject to the host defenses of the macrophage- the respiratory burst and inducible nitric oxide system that produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. To characterize the mechanisms that Salmonella uses for repair of DNA damage by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, strains of Salmonella will be constructed that are deficient in components of DNA repair and replication. These mutants will be characterized by their resistance to oxidative and nitrosative stress under laboratory conditions and in mice. These studies will produce insights into complex host-pathogen interactions for this important
20
Salmonella
infection and provide new information on the biochemical interactions that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species have with DNA replication and repair. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECT OF CALORIE RESTRICTION ON INFECTION DURING AGING Principal Investigator & Institution: Fernandes, Gabriel; Medicine; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): It is well established that calorie restriction (3O-4O percent) prolongs the life span in rodents. Increased life span is accompanied by preventing the increase in body weight, maintaining cell-mediated immune function, and decreasing the incidence of malignancies and renal diseases. Although recent studies have revealed that CR alters the expression of various genes, particularly those involved in macromolecular damage, it remains unknown whether animals fed a lifelong CR diet are able to successfully ward off bacterial infection. Our recent studies showed that CR-fed young C57BL/6 mice are more susceptible to bacterial infection than AL-fed mice. The differences in susceptibility to infection could be due to differences in strains of mice, energy uptake, supplementation of vitamins and minerals or delayed maturity of humoral immunity. We, therefore, propose to compare 3 different commonly used diets for CR studies in 2 strains of mice (C57LBL/6 and Balb/C) which differ in their response to Th-1 and Th-2 cytokine expression. We will compare 1) the AIN-93 diet with and without additional vitamin supplements, 2) the AIN-93 CR diet with reduced carbohydrates but increased protein, fat and vitamins to equal the AL diet, and 3) NIH-3 1, an undefined but commonly used rodent chow diet for CR studies. We will measure the mortality rate from polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and from salmonellosis in young and old mice. To establish the susceptibility and resistance to infection both in young (8 mo) and old (24 mo) mice, we will carry out detailed functional studies of macrophages, Th-1 and Th-2 cytokine production, and cDNA superarray analysis for Th-1/Th-2 and inflammatory response cytokine genes. These studies will establish the role of CR in developing optimal immune function to ward off infection arising from common bacterial pathogens during aging. This new information may become very useful to prevent any sudden onset of infection during CR studies and/or studies of weight reduction either by diet or by drugs in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: EPITHELIAL SECRETORY MECHANISMS IN ENTERIC INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Barrett, Kim E.; Professor and Vice Chair for Research; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: The long-term goal of the investigator is to improve the understanding and treatment of diarrheal diseases associated with enteric infections. In the context of the Program Project, the goal of the studies proposed in this unit is to provide a functional correlate for host-pathogen interactions defined by other participating investigators. The studies proposed here will focus on two clinically-important enteric pathogens, Salmonella and Giardia, as prototypes of invasive and luminal pathogens, respectively. The overall hypothesis to be tested is that diarrheal illness resulting from infections with
Studies
21
these pathogens reflects specific dysfunction of epithelial secretory, absorptive and/or barrier functions, mediated via both direct effects on the epithelium as well as via secondary cell types and mediators. Further, these effects are proposed to involve alterations in either the expression, localization and/or function of key transport and regulatory proteins in the epithelial cells. All studies will be conducted using humanderived model systems given that substantial species differences are known to exist in the development of diarrheal illness in response to infection. Studies will be performed using both reductionist cell line models as well as in xenografts of human intestinal tissue maintained in SCID mice. These latter xenografts, which develop the mature characteristics of pediatric intestine, allow parameters of epithelial function to be assessed in an integrated system. Thus, contributions of non-epithelial cell types to pathology induced by infection can be assessed. They will also allow the study of small intestinal functions, for which adequate cell line models do not exist. Four specific aims are proposed. We will study the effect of infection and pathogenetic mechanisms of changes in (1) chloride secretion, (2) sodium-coupled glucose absorption, (3) brush border disaccharide hydrolysis, and (4) barrier function to small and macro-molecules. The studies will encompass electrophysiological, biochemical and molecular approaches and will be facilitated by the availability of various mutant strains of salmonella. In total, the studies should define paradigms for pathogen-induced intestinal dysfunction. The findings from these studies are accordingly expected to have both basic and clinical implications for our understanding of the intestinal epithelium. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FEASIBILITY EVALUATION OF AN ORAL TYPHOID FEVER VACCINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Thomas, Lawrence J.; Avant Immunotherapeutics, Inc. 119 4Th Ave Needham, Ma 02494 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Ty800 is a live attenuated Salmonella typhi organism intended to be used as a prophylactic single dose oral vaccine for Typhoid fever. Ty800 may have advantages in several respects to current Typhoid fever vaccines, and consequently could be a significant advance when it reaches the market. Ty800 has been given to a limited number of human subjects and immunogenicity has been demonstrated. The goal of this Phase I SBIR grant is to conduct an initial series of experiments to, in part, demonstrate that Ty800 has the necessary basic elements to be a viable marketed human vaccine. Consequently, the specific aims of this proposal during the requested funding period are to 1) determine a protocol for the in vivo Ty800 General Safety Test, suitable to meet the regulations for product release, and to perform an initial GLP General Safety Test using this protocol; 2) perform preliminary evaluations of a Ty800 immunogenicity animal model, with the goal of helping define an animal model for future toxicology studies; 3) develop immunochemistry assays to evaluate the immunogenicity of Ty800 in preclinical animal models and to help define the assays to be used in future clinical trials; 4) evaluate the environmental release survivability of Ty2 and Ty800; 5) determine the antibiotic sensitivity profile of Ty800 using the Kirby-Bauer Method; 6) demonstrate the precise genetic deletion at the phoP/phoQ regulon by sequencing the Ty800 chromosomal DNA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
22
Salmonella
•
Project Title: FOLDING MECHANISMS OF AN ALPHA/BETA BARREL PROTEIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Matthews, C Robert.; Professor; Chemistry; Pennsylvania State University-Univ Park 201 Old Main University Park, Pa 16802 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1976; Project End 31-OCT-2001 Summary: The overall goal of this project is to enhance the understanding of the mechanism by which the amino acid sequence of a protein directs its rapid and efficient folding to the native conformation. The principal target of a variety of biophysical studies will be the alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase (alphaTS) from E. coli. alphaTS is a single domain protein of 268 amino acids whose sequentially-alternating helices and strands are wound into an alpha/beta barrel motif, one of the most common in biology. A combination of circular dichroism, fluorescence, mass spectrometry, and NMR techniques and protein engineering methods will be use to determine the physical properties of both stable and transient intermediates that have previously been observed to appear during the urea-induced unfolding and refolding of alphaTS. Continuousflow mixing techniques will be used to explore submillisecond-folding reactions that are known to occur for alphaTS. Mutational analysis will monitor the acquisition of sterospecific packing in the beta-barrel core and test the role of proline isomerization in defining parallel folding channels. The information obtained on the structural, dynamic and thermodynamic properties of these partially folded forms will provide important insights into the progressive development of stability and structure in alphaTS. The generality of the conclusions on the mechanism of folding of alphaTS will be explored for a few other members of the alpha/beta barrel class. A solution to the folding problem would have an important impact on biochemistry, medicine and the biotechnology industry. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: FUNCTION OF PLATELETS AND COAGULATION FACTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Majerus, Philip W.; Professor; Internal Medicine; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1979; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract) This grant has as its goal the elucidation of the mechanisms by which the phosphatidylinositol signalling system evokes intracellular responses to extracellular agonists. Understanding this system will provide new insights into platelet physiology and pathology and also into the proliferation and differentiation of megakaryocytes. The experiements will also address the pathogenesis of several disease states in which defects in inositol signalling are present. In particular, the applicant will study the relationship between inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase (4-Ptase) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in platelets. He will investigate the mechanism by which 4-Ptase controls megakaryocyte proliferation in GATA-1 null megakaryocytes. In the absence of 4-Ptase, these megakaryocytes proliferate continuously and fail to produce platelets. Restoration of 4Ptase arrests megakaryocyte growth. He will use NIH 3T3 cells to investigate whether this growth arresting property of 4-Ptase is general. He will investigate the homolog of 4-Ptase, SopB, a Salmonella gene required for virulence. In the absence of SopB, the organisms infect intestinal epithelia but fail to induce neutrophilic infiltration and diarrhea. SopB is an inositol phosphatase and enzyme activity is required for virulence. The substrate specificity and derangement of inositol metabolism in infected cells will be determined. He will study another homolog of 4-Ptase that is a tumor suppressor gene (PTEN) and is also an inositol phosphatase. The OCRL-1 5-phosphatase that when
Studies
23
mutated is the cause of Lowe Syndrome will be examined. The applicant propose that the defect results in abnormal targeting of lysosomal enzyme in Lowe Syndrome. He plans to study this and to measure plasma lysosomal enzymes in patients with Lowe Syndrome. He will also attempt to elucidate the enzymology and regulation of production of isomers of inositol tetraphosphates and inositol pentaphosphates. He will identify, isolate, and clone cDNA for enzymes leading to InsP5 starting with inositol 1,3,4-triphosphate 5/6-kinase. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENETIC ANALYSIS OF MG-TETRAPYRROLE BIOSYNTHESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bauer, Carl E.; Biology; Indiana University Bloomington P.O. Box 1847 Bloomington, in 47402 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway is responsible for synthesizing important metabolities such as vitamin B12, hemes, bilins and chlorophylls. The "common trunk" of the pathway, from 5-aminolevulinate to protoporphyrin IX, has received much attention owing to the fact that a number of heredity diseases (porphyrias) are caused by the overproduction of heme precursors. Clinical manifestations of overproducing these intermediates range from simple skin lesions, to psychotic disorders, to death. The vitamin B12 branch of the pathway has also received recent attention genes involved in vitamin B12 synthesis characterized from Pseudomonas denitrificans and in Salmonella typhimurium. In contrast to the wealth of information on heme and vitamin B12 synthesis, information is just emerging on the synthesis of the Mg-tetrapyrrole family of chlorophylls. In this proposal, we outline plans to perform detailed biochemical and genetic analysis of the Mg-tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway. This analysis includes (i) biochemical characterization of enzymes from the Mg-tetrapyrrole branch of the biosynthetic pathway, (ii) biochemical and genetic characterization of a redox responding transcription factor that regulates expression of heme, Mg-tetrapyrroles and carotenoid biosynthesis genes, as well as polypeptides that comprise the light harvesting-II portion of the photosystem. A thorough understanding of the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway has some far ranging practical implications, such as the design of herbicides that target enzymes in the Mg tetrapyrrole pathway, and the health implications of overproducing tetrapyrrole endproducts such as vitamin B12 and heme. It should also not be overlooked that tetrapyrrole driven photosynthesis is the primary route of capturing and supplying energy to living cells and, consequently, it is the most important source of energy in our technological world. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: GENETIC ANALYSIS OF SALMONELLA VIRULENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Heffron, Fred L.; Professor; Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1987; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): This application focuses on three key steps in Salmonella infection; how the bacteria adhere to cells, kill or disarm phagocytic cells, and then replicate in only specific tissues of the body. The mechanism by which Salmonella colonizes the small intestine is not known. The investigator has identified a new class of pili that adhere to M cells. A mutant strain missing this pilus is partially attenuated for virulence (five fold) suggesting alternative adherence factors (Baumler et
24
Salmonella
al., 1995). The investigators will use several approaches to identify these other adherence factors and study the surface components of the cell to which they bind. Once the bacteria are within the lymphatic system or the spleen and liver they pursue a lifestyle that is partly extracellular. Salmonella bacteria kill and lyse the macrophage after about 24 hours of infection in vitro. The goal of Salmonella may be to reach and disarm the macrophage and use the host cells nutrients for its own growth. The investigators have selected transposon mutants that grow in macrophages at the same rate as the parent strain but without killing. The first two independent mutants that were analyzed are located about 300 bp apart in ompR, a member of the two component regulator family. These mutants are totally avirulent. Several other mutants were identified in the same selection but have not yet been characterized. They will clone and sequence the cognate genes and determine their role in pathogenesis in the mouse. Finally, Salmonella lives within a limited number of cell types within the host. In part, this tissue tropism is defined by nutrition, e.g., none of the known mechanisms to take up Fe(III) or Fe(II) appears to play any role in virulence. We have identified a new Salmonella iron uptake mechanism that is essential for virulence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENETIC AND MOLECULAR BASIS OF BACTERIAL INVASTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Falkow, Stanley; Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1988; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): The goal of our research is to understand better the genetic and molecular basis of bacterial invasion. In particular, we propose to focus on the identification and characterization of Salmonella typhimurium genetic sequences that are expressed within infected host cells and within infected animals. We have developed a new method termed differential fluorescence induction, which utilizes green fluorescent protein and a fluorescent activated sorter (FACS) to identify bacterial genes that are expressed exclusively within animal cells or during infection. We will focus on macrophage-inducible promoter sequences (mig) and animal-induced genes (aig) isolated from S. Typhimurium SL1344 by sorting cells (by FACS) from the tissue of infected animals or from infected cultured cells. Four mig promoter sequences we have identified thus far represent distinct general categories of genes associated with intracellular growth and persistence. We propose several strategies to determine the potential function of these genetic sequences using the methods of multi-parametric FACS analysis and confocal microscopy to analyze intracellular trafficking. Finally, we propose to isolate variants of the mig and aig genes to follow the fate of wildtype and avirulent mutant organisms in the tissues of infected animals. Thus, our aim is to systematically examine gene expression within macrophages and infected animals using the mutant strains we create, the GFT genetic fusions we construct, and the resolving power of FACS cell sorting to discover genes essential for the pathogenesis of infection. We believe that these principles can be broadly applied to the study of a number of infectious diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: GENETIC IMPROVEMENTS OF TUMOR-TARGETED SALMONELLA Principal Investigator & Institution: Bermudes, David G.; Vion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 4 Science Pk New Haven, Ct 06511 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 09-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2003
Studies
25
Summary: (provided by applicant): Salmonella are under development as anticancer vectors. In mice, attenuated Salmonella injected intravenously or intratumorally multiply preferentially within tumors, suppress tumor growth and prolong survival. One strain, VNP20009, is currently in human Phase I clinical trials. A key mutation in VNP20009, a partial deletion of the msbB gene which renders the bacterial endotoxin virtually incapable of eliciting septic shock, also makes the bacteria sensitive to a variety of salt and chelating agents, generally limiting the growth of the bacteria under certain conditions. Spontaneously arising strains with compensatory mutations were previously isolated which included VNP20009, and their antitumor activity determined. Growth properties of these strains were partially restored, but their efficacy ranged from little or no antitumor activity in one strain, to those such as VNP20009 with a high degree of antitumor activity. Thus, these compensatory mutations are both diverse and important for efficacy of antitumor strains. Recently, by applying alternate selection techniques and a broader spectrum of physiological assays, a much wider diversity of spontaneous compensatory mutations which restore resistance to part or all of these sensitivities were isolated. Thus, because the broad spectrum of compensatory mutations was only recently recognized, only a few of these have been tested for antitumor activity thus far. Here, we propose to isolate this broad spectrum of compensatory mutants using transposon mutagenesis and to move these insertions into tumor-selective strains, thereby generating new antitumor strains with the potential for improved properties. These new strains of Salmonella with compensatory mutations will be tested for antitumor activity. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: Highly selectie bacterial vectors working directly at diseased sites throughout the body offer the potential to eradicate diseased tissue with substantially reduced side effects due to nonspecific toxicity. We anticipate that patients with untreatable and inaccessible metastatic and solid tumors will be the primary markets. The first Salmonella vector, VNP20009, is already in human phase I clinical trials for treatment of solid tumors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORAL VACCINES & CARIES IMMUNITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Michalek, Suzanne M.; Professor; Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: Studies aimed at inducing immunity against infectious diseases, including Dental caries, have provided valuable information on microbial antigens important in inducing protective responses, the role of the mucosal immune system and IgA antibodies in defense against infections involving surfaces bathed by external secretions, and mechanisms involved in the induction of immune responses. The overall goal of this project is to define mechanisms by which mucosal vaccines consisting of recombinant, avirulent Salmonella strains expressing cloned genes of mutans streptococci, with and without adjuvant induce specific immune responses to the cloned antigen, which provide long-term protection. Specifically these studies will: 1) Determine the effect of persistence of the Salmonella vaccine strain and the amount of the expressed cloned antigens of mutans streptococci on the induction, nature and memory of immune response. Levels and isotype of antibodies to cloned antigens in serum and external secretions of animals immunized by the oral or intranasal (IN) route with Salmonella vaccines which persist for short or long times in the host, and which produce various amounts of cloned antigen will be measured by ELISA to determine the effect of these characteristics on the induction of mucosal immune responses. Protection
26
Salmonella
will be assessed in an experimental model. The effect of Salmonella on the immune response to the cloned proteins will be characterized by measuring antigen-specific proliferation, cytokine production by ELISA and ELISPOT assay, and expression of costimulatory molecules by FACS in cell preparations from systemic and mucosal tissues. 2) Determine the effect of mucosal adjuvants on modulating host responses to recombinant antigens of mutans streptococci. Levels and isotype of antibodies to cloned antigens of mutans streptococci in serum and secretions of animals immunized by the oral or IN route with chimeric protein consisting of cloned antigens genetically linked to the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) or Salmonella vector vaccine expressing various amounts of chimeric proteins +/- free CTB will be measured by ELISA. The effect of the Salmonella on the adjuvant properties of CTB will be assessed by evaluating cells from systemic and mucosal tissues for the expression of co-stimulatory molecules and the profile of cytokines induced. 3) Determine if chimeric proteins consisting of cloned antigens of mutans streptococci are more effective than each antigen alone in inducing protective immune responses. Levels and isotype of antibodies to the cloned antigens in saliva and serum will be measured in animals immunized by the oral or IN route to determine if chimeric proteins of mutans streptococci antigens induce higher salivary IgA antibody responses and greater protection against infection by mutans streptococci than each cloned protein alone. The results will be relevant to establish the practicability of Salmonella vaccine delivery systems and the usefulness of genetically derived chimeric proteins from virulence factors of a pathogen and adjuvants for the induction of protective immune responses against mucosal pathogens including those associated with the oral cavity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENOME-WIDE DISSECTION OF C. ELEGANS INNATE IMMUNITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Tan, Man-Wah; Assistant Professor; Genetics; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our goal is to understand the mechanisms of innate immunity at the molecular level. The innate immune system provides the body with its first line of defense against infections and is crucial for survival. Many human diseases result from a failure of the innate immune system. In order to identify and characterize novel mechanisms and effectors of the innate immune system, we will use the infections of C. elegans by several human bacterial pathogens - Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica and Enterococcus faecalis - as a model. C. elegans is an excellent model for the study of innate immunity; it allows us to combine the power of genetic and functional genomic approaches to systematically and comprehensively dissect the innate immune system. For this proposal, we seek to address the following questions. Within a single organism, what are the molecules that make up the innate immune system? What intracellular pathways are triggered in response to infections by different classes of bacterial pathogens? What molecules are produced that directly destroy or inhibit the growth of the invading pathogens? We will use a variety of approaches, including the combination of genetic screens, full genome gene expression profiling, bioinformatic searches for homologous sequences known to be involved in the innate immune response, and epigenetic inhibition of gene function by double-stranded RNA interference (RNAi) to address the above questions. C. elegans has an inducible defense system and uses the evolutionarily conserved MAP kinase and TGF-beta pathways for defense against bacterial infection. The MAP kinase and TGF-beta pathways have also been implicated in innate immune response in Drosophila and in mice, respectively.
Studies
27
Thus, we also propose to identify downstream targets to the TGF-beta pathway, and to determine how the TGF-beta pathway interacts with the MAP kinase pathway in mediating antibacterial defense. Because the signaling pathways in anti-bacterial defense are conserved across phylogeny, these studies should provide significant insights into anti-bacterial response in other organisms, including humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GINGIPAIN R1 PEPTIDES FOR ORAL IMMUNIZATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Genco, Caroline A.; Professor; Boston Medical Center Gambro Bldg, 2Nd Fl, 660 Harrison Ave, Ste a Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Porphyromonas gingivalis is a well-established oral pathogen that produces substantial quantities of cysteine proteinase activity. These enzymes are essential for the growth and survival of P. gingivalis by providing a source of nutrients, interrupting host- defense mechanisms, and participating in the penetration and destruction of host connective tissue. The cysteine proteinases with specificity for arginine and lysinecontaining peptide bonds (gingipain R and gingipain K, respectively) have the potential to contribute directly to the inflammatory disease process through direct complement activation, C5a generation, and bradykinin release. We have demonstrated that the generation of a systemic immune response to gingipain R1 or a peptide derived from the N- terminus of the catalytic domain is effective in limiting both colonization and invasion of P. gingivalis in the mouse chamber model. In this study, we will examine the ability of peptides derived from gingipain R1 to generate a protective response in the mouse periodontitis model and we will evaluate the feasibility of using avirulent Salmonella typhimurium strains expressing these peptides to stimulate mucosal and systemic immune responses and to protect against periodontal destruction in this model. In Aim 1, we will examine the immunogenic potential of peptides derived from the catalytic and adhesin domains of gingipain R1 in the mouse periodontitis model. In Aim 2, we will examine the systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice orally immunized with avirulent S. typhimurium expressing gingipain R1 derived peptides fused to protein carriers. Responses obtained following oral immunization will be compared to responses obtained in mice immunized systemically with S. typhimurium expressing the same gingipain R1 derived peptide fusions. In Aim 3, we will examine the protection against P. gingivalis infection in the mouse periodontitis model following immunization with S. typhimurium expressing gingipain RI derived peptide fusions. The results of these studies will enable us to demonstrate the feasibility of using attenuated Salmonella strains as carriers of gingipain R1 derived peptide fusions for subsequent evaluation of the role of the systemic and mucosal immune response against P. gingivalis induced periodontal destruction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: HEPATOBILIARY DISPOSITION IN TOXICOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Klaassen, Curtis D.; Professor; Pharm/Toxicology/Therapeutics; University of Kansas Medical Center Msn 1039 Kansas City, Ks 66160 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1983; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: The carcinogenic potential of chemicals such as 2- acetylaminofluorene, safrole, dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, and cyproterone acetate is dependent on the sulfotransferase-mediated bioactivation of these compounds into mutagens and
28
Salmonella
carcinogens. The goal of the present proposal is to determine which rat and human sulfotransferase enzymes are responsible for the activation of these four chemicals into genotoxic carcinogens. Both rats and humans are known to have seven major sulfotransferases. Rats have four phenol-sulfotransferases and three hydroxysteroid sulfotransferases, whereas humans have six phenol sulfotransferases and one hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase. We postulate that in both rats and humans specific sulfotransferase isoforms will be responsible for the bioactivation of 2acetylaminofluorene, safrole, dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene, and cyproterone acetate. In Aim 1, we will characterize the ability of the seven recombinant rat sulfotransferases to sulfurylate the P-450 metabolites of these four procarcinogens; determine which sulfotransferase isoform bioactivates these compounds to be mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella assay; and because the seven rat sulfotransferase isoforms are known to be differentially regulated by age, sex (e.g., estradiol and testosterone), pituitary (e.g., growth hormone), and adrenal hormones (e.g., corticosterone), we will exploit this differential regulation and use isolated hepatic cytosol to implicate individual sulfotransferses in the mutagenicity of these four procarcinogens. In Aim 2, antibodies to each rat sulfotransferase will be raised to determine (1) the amount of each sulfotransferase in the liver of normal and physiologically manipulated rats, as well as (2) to immunotype the ability of each sulfotransferase to activate each promutagen to the mutagen. In Aim 3, the investigators will determine the in vivo ability of male and female rats of different ages and with or without hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy to activate each of the four procarcinogens to covalently bind DNA. This will enable the investigators to determine whether the predicted in vitro activity of the sulfotransferase isoforms reflects their activity in vivo. If the in vitro data does not predict the in vivo data, it might be that the in vitro conditions do not contain steroid sulfatase, a microsomal enzyme that degrades sulfate metabolites. Therefore in Aim 4, regulation of the sulfatase enzyme will be determined under the conditions that are known to after the regulation of the various sulfotransferase isoforms. In Aim 5, the ability of the seven expressed human sulfotransferases to activate the four procarcinogens to mutagens will be determined. Therefore, this proposal will determine which sulfotransferase isoenzyme in both rats and humans is responsible for activating each of the four procarcinogens to mutagens, a major unknown in understanding their mechanism of carcinogenicity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HOST CELL RECOGNITION OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Pistole, Thomas G.; Microbiology; University of New Hampshire Service Building Durham, Nh 038243585 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Salmonellosis continues to be a major infectious disease in both the United States and elsewhere. The overall goal of this project is to gain a better understanding of the early events that occur during Salmonella infections. The proposed studies focus on the initial interactions of salmonellae with host defense cells, specifically neutrophils and macrophages. The first objective is to determine whether structures found on the outer surface of Salmonella, known as porins, are involved in the recognition of this pathogen by human neutrophils. Porin-deficient mutants will be compared with their corresponding wildtype counterparts in their ability to adhere to and be internalized and killed by these neutrophils. Microbial attachment will be measured using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy and internalization and killing, by viability assays. The second objective is to determine whether neutrophils
Studies
29
that have passed across a model intestinal epithelial cell layer are modified in their ability to recognize and to kill Salmonella. A model has been developed in which Salmonella initiate a series of events in the intestine that result in the migration of neutrophils into the lumen. The goal of this study is to determine whether these neutrophils exhibit an enhanced ability to detect and kill these bacterial pathogens. The third objective focuses on the ability of purified porins to block the attachment of Salmonella to host defense cells. Highly purified porins and porin-lipopolysaccharide complexes will be used in in vitro competition studies. Taken together, these studies are expected to provide a better understanding of the early cellular events in Salmonella infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IDENTIFICATION SALMONELLA
OF
TUMORICIDAL
COMPOUNDS
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Chen, Chang-Hung; Vion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 4 Science Pk New Haven, Ct 06511 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium accumulated and multiplied preferentially in tumors as compared to in normal tissues after being injected intravenously into tumor-bearing mice and rats. VNP20009, an attenuated strain with msbB-purl- deletions, is being evaluated in Phase I trials in cancer patients. VNP20009 induced significant tumor growth inhibition in addition to accumulated to high levels in tumors. Some of the closely related strains, however, did not inhibit tumor growth although they accumulated to similar levels, as did VNP20009. The main goal for this proposal is to evaluate differential protein expression in two pairs of bacteria and to identify components that cause tumor growth inhibition by combining the proteomic and genomic approach. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMMUNE MECHANISMS OF PROTECTION IN S TYPHI VACCINES Principal Investigator & Institution: Sztein, Marcelo B.; Professor; Pediatrics; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1994; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract) The goal of this project is to fully characterize at the local and systemic levels T cell-mediated immune responses (CMI) induced by oral immunization with new generation attenuated S. typhi strains and to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms that best correlate with protection against challenge with wild-type S. typhi. The development of improved typhoid vaccines has been hampered by a considerable lack of information on the specific determinants of protective CMI to S. typhi infection. Moreover, insufficient information is available regarding human mucosal immune responses to S. typhi, likely to be a key defense mechanism. Our central hypothesis is that the induction of potent and sustained CMI at both the local (e.g., the gut microenvironment) and systemic levels is critical for the development of an effective typhoid vaccine. Specifically, using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and mucosal biopsy specimens obtained from volunteers vaccinated with attenuated strains of S. typhi or challenged with wild-type S. typhi we propose. 1) To test the hypothesis that protective CMI responses against S. typhi will be determined by a set of immunodominant epitopes derived from S. typhi antigens. We will study the fine specificity of anti-S. typhi T cell responses by identifying
30
Salmonella
immunodominant S. typhi proteins and T cell epitopes using a panel of T cell clones obtained from blood of immunized volunteers. 2) To test the hypothesis that CTL induced by immunization kills infected target cells by a combination of perforin and FAS ligand-mediated mechanisms. 3) To test the hypothesis that dendritic cells (DC) play a key role in the induction of protective immune responses in humans following oral immunization with attenuated strains of S. typhi. 4) To test the hypothesis that challenge with wild-type S. typhi or immunization with attenuated strains elicits the appearance in the gut mucosa of specific CTL effectors and T lymphocytes that produce Type-1 cytokines, and that these responses correlate with protection following challenge with wild-type S. typhi. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IN VIVO MODELS OF DEFENSIN ACTIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Bevins, Charles L.; Associate Staff; Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The discovery of antimicrobial peptides in insects, lower vertebrates and mammals has unveiled a previously unrecognized component of animal host defense. Antimicrobial peptides are gene-encoded antibiotics with activity against many classes of microbes. Defensins are the predominant family of such peptides in mammals. Studies by our group and others have discovered that defensin peptides are expressed by mammalian mucosal epithelial cells, providing them with the capacity to participate in local host defense. Although the intestinal epithelium is a surface in continual contact with luminal contents variably laden with microbes, infection is uncommon. Our underlying hypothesis is that in humans, the epithelial defensins HD5 and HD6 contribute to antimicrobial defense of the enteric mucosa. In this grant proposal, we will test biological functions of epithelial antimicrobial peptides in vivo through transgenic expression of HD5 and HD6 peptides in mice. We propose that transgenic expression of these human defensins may provide mice with an enhanced capacity to resist bacterial challenges. Based on preliminary studies of our established transgenic mice, the experiments described here will establish a clearer understanding of the contributions of human antimicrobial peptides to innate host defense. To test our hypotheses, Aim 1 will assay the immunological consequences of human HD5 expression in transgenic mice. We will characterize the ability of HD5 transgenic mice, compared to control wild-type mice, to resist enteric infection by Salmonella typhimurium (Aim 1A), and parallel experiments will extend to other enteric pathogens (Aim 1B). We will examine the impact of transgenic HD5 expression on resident microflora of the mouse intestine (Aim 1C). The antimicrobial activity contributed by transgenic expression will be quantitated in vitro, including analysis of isolated crypts (Aim 1D). The HD6 gene and peptide share little sequence identity to HD5, yet they are expressed together in Paneth cells. In Aim 2, we will generate HD6 transgenic mice (Aim 2A) use recombinant HD6 to develop an antibody for immunoassays (Aim 2B), and characterize the transgenic expression of HD6 at the gene and protein level (Aim 2C). We will then characterize the effects of transgenic HD6 expression on resistance to enteric bacterial colonization and infection (Aim 2D) using the approaches developed in Aim 1. Finally, through lineage interbreeding we will create HD5/HD6 compound transgenic mice to determine if these two peptides have synergistic activities in vivo (Aim 2E). The proposed investigations, and other studies of innate immunity, may provide insights yielding novel therapeutic targets and approaches to combat infectious disease.
Studies
31
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INNATE IMMUNITY AND HOST PROTECTION IN MUCOSAL INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Karin, Michael; Professor; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: The gastrointestinal tract is exposed to microbial pathogens and other environmental stresses. The long-term objective of these studies is to determine the role of NF-kappaB and the MAP kinase signaling pathways in intestinal mucosal innate defense and injury. These studies use in vitro and in vivo model systems and genetic, genomic and biochemical approaches to address five Specific Aims: Aim 1 uses a genetic approach in an in vivo model of ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice to determine which cells in the intestinal mucosa respond to ischemiareperfusion and cause systemic inflammation through the activation of NF-kappaB and NF-kappaB target genes. These experiments use models in which the IkappaB kinase beta gene required for signalinduced activation of NF-kappaB has been conditionally deleted in intestinal epithelial cells or in macrophages. Macrophages are a critical cell type for host innate immunity to microbial pathogens. We show that inhibiting p38 MAP kinase markedly increases activationinduced death of macrophages in response to LPS signaling through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4. Aims 2-4 address the mechanisms by which p38 MAP kinase and NFkappaB govern apoptotic cell death in macrophages. Aim 2 uses a molecular and biochemical approach to determine the mechanism by which inhibition of p38 MAPK activation in macrophages sensitizes those cells to TLR-dependent activation-induced death. Aim 3 uses a directed functional genomic approach to identify the anti-apoptotic genes expressed in macrophages that are co-regulated by the NF-kappaB and p38 signaling pathways and that induce resistance to activation-induced death in those cells. Aim 4 proceeds to identify the mechanism of transcriptional synergy through which NFkappaB and p38 in macrophages cooperate to activate the transcription of anti-apoptotic and proinflammatory genes. Since inducing apoptosis of macrophages is a key strategy of microbial pathogens to avoid host innate immune defense, studies in Aim 5 will determine the interacting mechanisms used by a clinically significant enteric pathogen, Salmonella, to causes macrophage apoptosis in order to subvert host innate defense. By elucidating mechanisms of host mucosal innate resistance to microbial infection and intestinal injury and the strategies used by microbes and their products to subvert host mucosal defense, these studies have significant implications for the development of novel strategies to prevent and treat intestinal inflammatory and infectious diseases in the intestinal tract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: INTESTINAL INTERACTIONS
IMMUNE
SYSTEM--HOST
ENVIRONMENT
Principal Investigator & Institution: Kagnoff, Martin F.; Professor of Medicine and Director; Medicine; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1985; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The overall goal of the Program Project is to characterize mechanisms that govern host inflammatory and immune responses at mucosal surfaces in the gastrointestinal tract. The six projects explore strategies used by the host in interacting
32
Salmonella
with invasive and noninvasive bacterial and protozoan enteric pathogens, and strategies used by the pathogens in their interactions with the host's intestinal mucosa. Salmonella and E. histolytica are used as models of enteroinvasive pathogens, and Cryptosporidium parvum is used as a model of minimally invasive pathogen that resides exclusively in the intestinal epithelium. In contrast, G. lamblia infection in the small intestine is used as a model of noninvasive pathogen that can result in significant mucosal disease. The Program draws on strengths inherent in in vitro and in vivo models of intestinal mucosal infection to accomplish its objectives. The Program brings together investigators with expertise in immunology, molecular biology, microbiology and physiology. Research Unit 1 consists of two projects: Project 1 studies the host mucosal response to noninvasive intraluminal pathogens and minimally invasive enteric pathogens that reside in epithelial cells, focusing on the importance of PGHS2/prostaglandins, NOS2/NO and defensins as part of the host's responses to those pathogens. Project 2 focuses on intestinal epithelial cell responses to invasive bacterial pathogens, defines pathways that can be used to manipulate host epithelial pro-inflammatory responses in vivo. Research Unit 2 examines the role physiologic stimuli from intestinal epithelial cells play in modulating the growth and differentiation of the intraluminal protozoan parasite G. lamblia and its ability to colonize the intestine. Research Unit 3 examines host factors important for resistance to Salmonella and virulence strategies used by pathogenic Salmonella to invade and replicate in the intestinal mucosa. Research Unit 4 characterizes the strategies used by E. histolytica to invade its human host and host protective responses to E. histolytica infection. Research Unit 5 explores mechanisms by which fluid and electrolyte transport at mucosal surfaces can be altered by invasive and luminal microbes. The projects are supported by four Cores: a Cell Culture and Assay Core, a Histopathology Core, a Mouse Breeding/Intestinal Xenograft Core, and an Administrative Core. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION ORCHESTRATED BY PATHOGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mc Cormick, Beth A.; Associate Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: The active phase of both Salmonella-associated gastroenteritis and chronic states of inflammatory bowel disease IBD), such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, is characterized histologically by polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) migration into and across the epithelial lining of the intestine. These events result in acute inflammation of the epithelium and subsequent epithelial dysfunction. The degree of PMN transmigration into intestinal crypts and the formation of crypt abscesses is indicative of disease severity and is used clinically to evaluate the activity of IBD. It is unclear what triggers directional movement of PMN across the intestinal epithelium. Towards this end, we have recently shown that epithelial cells themselves can send such signals to underlying PMN and these signals are regulated by enteric flora, such as S. typhimurium. The broad long term objectives of this proposal are to investigate the molecular mechanism by which epithelial cells in response to microbial pathogens can signal to PMN and orchestrate their directed migration. Once we begin to understand the basis of such transcellular signaling important in promoting disease flares of S. typhimurium pathogenesis, it may be possible to develop novel therapeutic strategies aimed at treatments for and ameliorating IBD. The specific aims are ultimately directed at achieving this goal, and are three-fold. Specific Aim 1 is designed to determine the nature of S. typhimurium virulence factors and define their contribution to the epithelial
Studies
33
orchestration of mucosal inflammation. Specifically, we will delineate how S. typhimurium SipA, SopB, and SopA secreted proteins interfere with the signaling pathways which lead to epithelial orchestration of mucosal inflammation by expression of these proteins in epithelial cells using adenoviral expression vectors. Functional effect of expression of these proteins on orchestration of proinflammatory events which govern PMN transepithelial migration will be correlated with morphological consequences by both confocal and electron microscopy. Specific Aim 2 is designed to identify the signal transduction cascades which lead to the release of the proinflammatory chemoattractant PEEC and will employ several different approaches which include determining the relationship between S. typhimurium invasion and the apical epithelial release of PEEC, examination of the role of the JNK-pathway, determining the effects of small GTPase (cdc42, rac-1, and Arf6) expression on the ability of S. Typhimurium to induce PMN transepithelial migration by expression of dominant inhibitory mutants using adenoviral expression vectors, examining the role of phosphinositide signaling, and determining whether the ability of S. typhimurium to elicit PEEC secretion correlates with their ability to induce an increase in intracellular calcium in model intestinal epithelia. Specific Aim 3 is designed to characterize a recently identified pro-inflammatory PMN chemoattractant. The first part of this aim will elucidate the structure of PEEC utilizing HPLC purification, NMR analysis, mass spectrometry and sequence analysis, while the second part of this aim will define PEEC's relationship to other PMN chemoattractants including its ranking in the PMN chemoattractant hierarchy, will determine whether PEEC is able to activate other immune-type cells as well as assess the role of PEEC in inflammation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LIVE ATTENUATED BACTERIAL VACCINES AGAINST ANTHRAX Principal Investigator & Institution: Kochi, Sims K.; Avant Immunotherapeutics, Inc. 119 4Th Ave Needham, Ma 02494 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The ability to prepare anthrax spores inexpensively and deliver them in an aerosol form, and the high mortality rate of inhalation anthrax, has made Bacillus anthracis one of the most feared agents of biological warfare and terrorism. Despite recent advances in understanding anthrax, no sustained effort has been made to develop new prophylactic or therapeutic agents to protect or treat against the disease. The current anthrax vaccine (AVA) consists of an alum-adsorbed culture filtrate, principally containing the anthrax toxin protective antigen (PA), from an attenuated strain of B. anthracis. Immunization with AVA requires multiple doses over 18 months and occasionally produces local reactogenicity in vaccinees. Accordingly, there is a critical requirement for an improved anthrax vaccine. The delivery of foreign antigens using live vectors is well suited for vaccines against diseases in which a rapid immune response against an antigen(s) is important for protection. The goal of this proposal is to evaluate the potential of live, attenuated strains of Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella typhimurium expressing PA, as improved anthrax vaccines. The Specific Aims of this project are to (1) construct attenuated V. cholerae and S. typhimurium vectors expressing recombinant PA, (2) evaluate the colonization and immunogenicity of (1) in pre-clinical models, and (3) evaluate the efficacy of (1) using anthrax toxin challenge in appropriate animal models. The successful accomplishment of these aims will provide new anthrax vaccines with the potential to confer protective immunity by oral immunization in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
34
Salmonella
•
Project Title: MANGANESE HOMEOSTASIS AND SALMONELLA Principal Investigator & Institution: Maguire, Michael E.; Professor; Pharmacology; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 11-JAN-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: NRAMP proteins (Natural Resistance Associated MacroPhage Protein) are H+-stimulated divalent cation transporters. Mammalian NRAMP2/DCT1 mediates intestinal uptake of Fe2+ and Mn2+ and distribution of these cations within cellular compartments. NRAMP1 is expressed in macrophages and is the long known Ity/Lsh/Bcg locus in the mouse that provides resistance to diverse pathogens such as S. typhimurium, Leishmania donovania and Mycobacterial species. Polymorphisms in human NRAMP1 render the bearer more susceptible to M. tuberculosis infection. NRAMP proteins have been characterized primarily in eukaryotic cells; however, many Gram+ and Gram-bacterial species have close homologs (40% sequence identity), suggesting conservation of function. E. coli and S. typhimurium carry a single NRAMP gene which we have cloned and characterized. Our data indicate that a) the bacterial NRAMP protein is a highly selective H+- stimulated Mn2+ transport system (mntH) whose expression is regulated by peroxide and divalent cation. b) MntH is highly induced upon S. typhimurium invasion of NRAMP1+ but not NRAMP1-macrophages, c) virulence of mntH is attenuated in NRAMP1+ mice but not NRAMP1- mice, d) the putative iron transporter SitABCD is a physiologically relevant Mn2+ transporter and 3) mutation of both mntH and sitABCD renders S. typhimurium avirulent. If abrogation of Mn2+ uptake results in loss of virulence, than Mn2+ itself is needed at some point in pathogenesis. In Aim 1, we will ask where, when and why Mn2+ is important for pathogenesis. Where and when will be determined by investigation of the effect of mutations in mntH (and sitABCD) on invasion, survival and proliferation of S. typhimurium in NRAMP1+ and NRAMP1- macrophages and also epithelial cell lines. Virulence will be determined in congenic NRAMP1+ and NRAMP1- BALB/c mice. Why will be investigated by examining a subset of the very few Mn2+-dependent enzymes: superoxide dismustase (sodA), protein phosphatases 1 and 2 (prpA/B), and phoshoglyceromutatse (gpmM). The effects of mutations at these loci will be measured on invasion of cultured cells and virulence in mice. We will also investigate regulation of mntH expression by Fur, OxyR and a new DtxR homolog MntR. In Aim 2, we will determine the topology of MntH, further examine its transport properties using 54Mn2+ as tracer and also electrophysiologically after expression in Xenopus oocytes, and investigate the role of conserved and charged intramembrane residues in cation flux by site-directed mutagenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: MBRS SCORE PROGRAM AT ALABAMA STATE UNIVERSITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Gunn, Karyn S.; Biological Sciences; Alabama State University Box 271, 915 S Jackson St Montgomery, Al 36104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1984; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: This MBRS SCORE proposal from Alabama State University contains four research projects in the broad disciplines of plant biology/chemistry, environmental toxicology, microbiology, physical chemistry, and sensory physiology, respectively. The first project will determine the stability of sequestered chemicals in soil under the influence of changing biological and environmental factors. The second project deals with elucidating the immunochemical structure of OmpA, (a major heat-modifiable protein in Gram-negative bacteria), evaluating the protective abilities of anti-OmpA
Studies
35
monoclonal antibodies, and identifying dominant OmpA epitopes that are primary targets for immune recognition by the host during infection with Salmonella typhimurium. The third project will determine the relative isomer stability of molecular clusters. This project is designed to solve the problem of the energy ordering of the C20 isomers, and will be later extended to large carbon clusters and to other cluster materials. The fourth project will study the molecular mechanisms of signal transduction in the mammalian vomeronasal organ, a chemosensory organ that mediates the perception of pheromones affecting reproductive behavior and physiology. The overall goal of the MBRS-SCORE Program at Alabama State University is to enhance the biomedical research capability of the institution, and to provide expanded opportunities for minorities in biomedical research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MCASE MUTAGENICITY
QSAR
EXPERT
SYSTEM
FOR
SALMONELLA
Principal Investigator & Institution: Saiakhov, Roustem; Multicase, Inc. 23715 Mercantile Rd, Ste B104 Beachwood, Oh 44122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 08-FEB-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Computational expert systems provide an inexpensive and fast alternative to short term genotoxicity assays such as the Ames test. Validation studies show the predictive capability of the MCASE system is about 85 percent. That is, 85 percent concordance is expected between experiment and computational genotoxicity predictions for new chemicals. The strong correlation between chemical structure and genotoxicity is particularly useful for 'in silico' prescreening of new drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. The new Salmonella database modules being developed in this work will be made available online to the public through the InfoTox web site (http://www.l-tox.com). Additionally, NIH grantees will be allowed unlimited access to the Salmonella modules through InfoTox at no cost. Collaboration will be sought with large drug companies, with mutual exchange of data. Thus the databases will evolve and improve over time as new data are submitted to form a centralized pool of mutagenicity data, that will provide a resource for avoiding unneeded testing of chemicals structurally similarly to those that are already thoroughly understood. Our collaborators at the FDA/CDER will lead the effort to build this industrial consortium. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISM ADJUVANTICITY
OF
CHOLERA
TOXIN
AND
E
COLI
LT
Principal Investigator & Institution: Clements, John D.; Professor & Chairman; Microbiology and Immunology; Tulane University of Louisiana New Orleans, La New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The WHO report of Infectious Disease deaths for 1995 indicated that there were more than 13 million deaths world-wide during that year. The majority of those deaths were caused by organisms that first make contact with and then either colonize or cross mucosal surfaces to infect the host. A number of strategies have been developed to facilitate mucosal immunization to prevent these diseases, including addition of bacterial products with known adjuvant properties. The two bacterial products with the
36
Salmonella
greatest potential to function as mucosal adjuvants are cholera toxin (T), produced by various strains of Vibrio cholerae, and the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) produced by some enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli. A number of mutants of CT and LT have been developed in an attempt to dissociate the desirable adjuvant properties of these molecules from their toxic effects. Both active-site and protease-site mutants have been constructed and evaluated in a variety of animal models with different antigens. Important questions regarding the adjuvanticity of CT and CT and mutants of these toxins remain to be answered. Some of these questions are practical and the answers will impact the immediate and short term use of these molecules in human vaccines. Other questions address the underlying mechanisms associated with adjuvanticity and the answers will have their greatest impact in the design of future adjuvants and vaccine strategies and in the development of a better understanding of vaccine induced immunity. The proposal includes a series of Specific Aims designed to directly address these issues. One of the most important aspects of the proposed study is a side-by-side comparison of CT, LT, active-site mutants, protease-site mutants, and recombinant Bsubunits for the ability to induce specific, targeted immunologic outcomes as a function of route of immunization and nature of the co-administered antigen. With the information obtained in the proposed studies, future vaccine strategies can be designed employing the optimum adjuvant/antigen formulation and route of administration for a variety of bacterial and viral pathogens. This proposal also examines the underlying cellular and intracellular signaling pathways activated by these different molecules to better understand the mechanisms of adjuvanticity at the cellular level. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISM OF ETHANOL INDUCED IMPAIRMENTS IN IMMUNITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Jerrells, Thomas R.; Professor; Pediatrics; University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Ne 681987835 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1988; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) Study results from my laboratory and reported by other researchers have shown that ethanol (ETOH) consumption by experimental animals and human beings is associated with an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. Overall, this is associated mostly with defects in the generation of cell-mediated immune responses and the effector functions of lymphoid cells, including T and natural killer cells as well as macrophages. We and others have shown that ETOH consumption is also associated with activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis and that many of the changes in lymphoid cell numbers and function can be attributed to the resulting corticosteroids produced as a result of this activation. The general hypothesis to be tested in the studies proposed in this application is that the corticosteroids produced by ETOH-fed animals suppress innate and acquired immune responses that are necessary for host defenses against infectious microorganisms. This hypothesis and other more specific hypotheses resulting from the general hypothesis will be tested by using a murine model of ETOH consumption in a liquid diet with a pair-feeding paradigm. With the use of adrenalectomized mice we will determine whether immune responses to model T-cell-dependent antigens such as phosphocholine conjugated to key hole limpet hemocyananin or infectious microorganisms, including Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, and murine cytomegalovirus, are decreased by corticosteroids produced as a result of ETOH consumption. With this approach the role of ETOH-associated corticosteroid production on the cellular effectors of immunity, including natural killer cells, CD4+ and CD8+T
Studies
37
cells, and macrophages will be tested. By using the various infectious model systems in place in this laboratory the ETOH-mediated effects on the subsets of helper T cells (TH-1 and TH-2) will also be defined. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISTIC STUDIES AT THE HOST-PATHOGEN INTERFACE Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcmurray, David N.; Regents Professor; Medical Microbiol & Immunology; Texas A&M University Health Science Ctr College Station, Tx 778433578 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The never-ending struggle between humans and infectious diseases will be won at the interface between the host and the pathogen. This is precisely the research emphasis of the faculty members who are participating in this training grant. The faculty consists of an outstanding group of extramurally funded investigators with a cumulative wealth of experience in training predoctoral students. Faculty members are drawn from components of the Texas A&M University System Health Science Center and the College of Veterinary Medicine. Research training opportunities exist in several important human bacterial and viral pathogens, including Salmonella species, papillomavirus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Brucella abortus, Bartonella species, influenza virus, Borrelia burgdorferi, rotavirus, Coxiella burnetii, and hepatitis virus. Other research projects focus upon pathogen-host interactions mediated by microbial toxins, such as Shiga-like and C. perfringens toxins. Another large project will give trainees the opportunity to learn about microbial surface components which facilitate the binding of pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and B. burgdorferi to host cell adhesive matrix molecules. These discrete projects are organized into three distinct themes: (1) Microbe-host cell interactions: intracelluar pathogens, microbial adhesion, and agents of bioterrorism; (2) Enteric diseases; and (3) Vaccine development and evaluation. Extensive collaboration already exists between many of the participating faculty members, and the research training environment will be seamless from the trainee's perspective. The faculty have access to extensive animal care facilities (both conventional and BL-3) for small and large animal models, cutting edge technologies, and core facilities on the main campus. An excellent interdisciplinary curriculum, enriched by an outstanding, seminar series and plentiful opportunities for trainees to attend and present their findings at regional and national meetings will guarantee the ultimate success of our trainees as independent scientists. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: REDUCTASE
MECHANISTIC
STUDIES
OF
ALKYL
HYDROPEROXIDE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Poole, Leslie B.; Associate Professor of Biochemistry; Biochemistry; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1993; Project End 31-DEC-2001 Summary: The alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (AhpR) enzyme system of Salmonella typhimurium serves to protect these organisms from the toxic and mutagenic effects of oxidative stress. The broad goal of the proposed studies is to determine the structural and functional bases for catalysis by the two proteins, AhpF and AhpC, which comprise this peroxidase system. AhpF, a flavoprotein disulfide reductase, has thus far been identified only in bacteria and could become a useful drug target as new classes of
38
Salmonella
antibacterial agents are sought. In contrast, AhpC homologues have been identified in organisms from every kingdom, suggesting a crucial biological function for this ubiquitous antioxidant protein. The first two specific aims focus on the identification of catalytically-relevant redox centers in AhpF and the elucidation of the interactions which take place between these centers and the active site of AhpC during catalysis. Based on previous studies of truncated and mutant AhpF proteins, the hypothesis to be tested is that the N-terminal disulfide center of AhpF (Cys129-Cys132) is directly involved in electron transfer to AhpC, mediating electron transfer from the thioredoxin reductase-like disulfide redox center (Cys345-Cys348) of AhpF. The necessity for alternating interactions between multiple redox centers in the AhpF/AhpC system has also led to the proposal that conformational changes occur within AhpF during catalytic electron transfer. The third specific aim addresses the putative physiological role for these proteins in reducing lipid hydroperoxides formed through oxidative damage. These studies will assess the protection afforded by the AhpR system against the increased permeability observed on oxidative damage of membranes using model systems. Protection by the peroxidatic activity of AhpC may be critical to the promotion of infection and invasion by S. typhimurium as well as by a number of other human pathogens demonstrated to express homologues of AhpC (e.g. Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebic dysentery, a worldwide health problem, and Helicobacter pylori, a common human pathogen causing stomach ulcers and cancer). Antioxidant functions of AhpC homologues may also protect humans against the multitude of health problems caused by oxidative stress. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MEMBRANES AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF AMINO ACIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ames, Giovanna F.; Professor; Children's Hospital & Res Ctr at Oakland Research Center at Oakland Oakland, Ca 94609 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1977; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: The superfamily of translocators, traffic ATPases (or ABC proteins), the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the P- glycoprotein of multidrug resistance (MDR), and bacterial periplasmic permeases. Multidrug resistance is one of the major problems in cancer chemotherapy an cystic fibrosis is the most common recessive caucasian disease. Periplasmic permeases have been extensively studied and provide a good model system for understanding the mechanism of action of the medically relevant eukaryotic members of the superfamily. One such permease, the histidine permease, has been characterized in detail. As is true for traffic ATPases in general, the histidine permease is composed of two hydrophobic domains that are integral parts of the membrane, and of two hydrophilic domains that are also inserted into the membrane and bind ATP. Hydrolysis of ATP is used as the energy source. Since CFTR appears to be a channel, it is important to determine whether prokaryotic systems also function as channels. This would be an entirely novel concept for the prokaryotic systems. From the known structure of the membrane-bound complex, it is indeed possible that the hydrophobic domains of periplasmic permeases form a channel through which the substrate crosses the membrane, with ATP hydrolysis resulting in the necessary conformational changes. A characteristic peculiar to periplasmic permeases is the presence of a receptor that concentrates the substrate at the external surface of the membrane-bound complex. The receptor sends a signal to the membrane-bound complex, resulting in ATP hydrolysis and translocation. Among the tools that will be used in this study are several reconstituted systems and several measurable enzymatic activities that permit in vitro assays of function. The activity of traffic ATPases as
Studies
39
channels will be investigated in lipid bilayers. The mechanism of signaling between the soluble receptor and the membrane-bound complex, in particular the energy- coupling component, will be studied by the use of biochemical reactions that distinguish between different conformations of proteins, such as limited proteolysis and covalent labeling, and by genetic analysis through the isolation of mutants with altered signaling processes. Similar biochemical and genetic procedures will be used to study the architecture of the membrane-bound complex. In addition, the components of the membrane-bound complex will be purified and characterized individually. Both twoand three-dimensional crystallography will be attempted to understand the structures of both the complex and the subunits. In addition to solving basic questions related to the mechanism of action of permeases in general, the study of this prokaryotic model system will help the efforts of eukaryotic researchers towards a solution of the medical problems related to multidrug resistance, cystic fibrosis, malarial parasite containment, and others. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR AND STRUCTURAL BASES OF POLYMYXIN RESISTANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Groisman, Eduardo A.; Professor; Molecular Microbiology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1998; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The continuous increase in the isolation of bacterial pathogens exhibiting resistance to multiple antibiotics has created an urgent need for new therapeutic agents. Natural host-defense peptides and peptide fragments from antibacterial proteins of phagocytic host cells are currently being developed as antimicrobial agents. The pmrA locus of Salmonella typhimurium encodes a twocomponent regulatory system -PmrA/PmrB - that governs resistance to polymyxin B and antibacterial peptides/proteins of human neutrophils. Polymyxin B-resistant mutants have chemical modifications in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that make them less anionic, resulting in decreased binding of polymyxin B and cationic peptides/proteins of PMNs. Experiments are proposed to characterize in molecular detail the PmrA-activated genes which are required for polymyxin B-resistance and to examine the structure of the LPS in mutants defective in PmrA-regulated genes. The mechanism by which pH and divalent cation concentration modulate resistance will be examined by analyzing the interactions between the PhoP/PhoQ and the PmrA/PmrB two-component regulatory systems. The results from these studies should provide a detailed molecular picture for the capacity of Salmonella to resist cationic antibacterial peptides. Moreover, it may also lead to novel strategies to prevent expression of determinants that mediate resistance to antibacterial peptides, thereby allowing the host to clear bacterial infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: APOPTOSIS
MOLECULAR
MECHANISMS
OF
BACTERIAL
MEDIATED
Principal Investigator & Institution: Basilico, Claudio; Professor and Chairman; Skirball Institute; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): Bacillary dysentery is an acute inflammatory disease of the colon caused by the Gram negative bacteria Shigella.
40
Salmonella
Shigellosis has great epidemiological importance, especially among infants and young children where it can be fatal. This infection is the second most common enteric notifiable disease in the United States. Shigella initiates an acute inflammation that causes major tissue destruction, facilitates tissue invasion by the bacteria, and eventually eradicates them. Virulent Shigella induce rapid macrophage apoptosis and a concomitant release of large amounts of Interleukin-l (IL-1). IL-1 is a major component of the inflammatory cascade initiated by Shigella. The Invasion Plasmid Antigen B (IpaB) is the Shigella invasin that causes macrophage apoptosis. We have recently shown that IpaB binds to IL-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE) and that ICE activation is essential for both macrophage apoptosis and IL-1 beta release in Shigella infections. Recently, both Salmonella typhi and S. typhimurium were shown to induce apoptosis in macrophages and to encode a protein, SipB, that is homologous to IpaB and is required for Salmonella cytotoxicity. Thus, the induction of apoptosis appears to be a common virulence mechanism among these two pathogens. Our previous results indicate that the interaction between IpaB and ICE is crucial in the pathogenesis of shigellosis. Here, we propose to: study the mechanisms of ICE activation by IpaB (Aim 1), initiate a structure-function analysis of IpaB (Aim 2), identify other macrophage components necessary for the induction of apoptosis by IpaB (Aim 3), and determine whether IpaB and SipB have analogous function (Aim 4). The study of the interaction between IpaB and ICE will allow us to design novel therapies and, more importantly, new vaccines for dysentery and possibly other infectious diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOTILITY AND CHEMOSENSING IN BACTERIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Khan, Shahid M.; Associate Professor; Biochem and Molecular Biology; Upstate Medical University Research Administration Syracuse, Ny 13210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1986; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's abstract):The overall objective is determination of the assembly and operation of the bacterial flagellar rotary motor. The research will enhance understanding of the molecular basis of motility and its regulation, chemiosmotic energy transduction and conformational switching in macromolecular assemblies. These fundamental issues are key to deciphering how living cells work. The understanding gained will be relevant, most immediately, for control of bacterial pathogens, and, given time, for cell based diagnoses of metabolismrelated diseases. The rotor component of the Salmonella typhimurium flagellar motor has been over-produced in abundance by ho-expression of the four proteins (FIiF, FliG, FIiM, FIiN). Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) will aim tc relate protein copies to subunit number through analysis of mass differences between complete and partial rotors containing a limited set of components. Cryoelectron microscopy (Cryo-EM) and metal replication will resolve subuni architecture and its change in mutant rotors locked in clockwise (CW) or counter-clockwise (CCW) rotating configurations. The number and location of CheY binding sites, will be determined utilizing high-density-gold labeled CheY, and related tc associated shifts in subunit tilt. More comprehensive 3D-reconstruction maps, in addition to analysis of the switching mechanism, should provide a basis for identification of the flagellar protein export apparatus and its interaction with the. motor machinery. Strains co-expressing the stator MotA, MotB proteins with the rotors have impaired growth, implying reconstitution of proton transport. Together with proton flux measurements, formation of intramembrane particle rings will be monitored to define the role of FIIG and FIiM protein
Studies
41
domains in docking, proton transport and, eventually, rotation. Mutation-induced changes in CheY-rotor affinity will be measured by evanescent wave fluorescence microscopy. These measurements will be made both in immobilized cells or envelopes, utilizing green fluorescent protein (GFP) or rhodamine.tagged CheY proteins respectively. They should provide novel information on the energetic basis for the high co-operativity of the flagellar motor switch, complementary to the planned structural studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MUCOSAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS IN SUBSTANCE ABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, David R.; Professor; Veterinary Pathobiology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 29-SEP-1996; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: Enteric infections by Salmonella and other enteroinvasive microorganisms are a major contributing factor to morbidity and mortality in individuals with AIDS and other immunosuppressed conditions. The large surface area of the human intestinal mucosa is in direct contact with the external environment, and must coexist with commensal enteric microflora but exclude luminal pathogens. In addition, Peyer's patches (PP) in the small intestine play a key role in mucosal immunity by delivering luminal antigens across the mucosal barrier to submucosal antigen-presenting cells, but PP may also serve as entryways for infection by enteroinvasive microorganisms which can produce enteritis and septicemia. In the previous funding period, we obtained evidence that a novel inhibitory opioid receptor in the porcine ileal submucosa is expressed in an enteric neural circuit through which inflammatory mediators evoke epithelial anion secretion. In the course of these experiments, we made the exciting new discovery that the intracellular uptake of the highly lethal Salmonella serovar choleraesuis into PP and non-PP epithelia of porcine jejunum may be modulated by the enteric nervous system of the host. This application seeks to continue this novel line of investigation by addressing the hypotheses that (1) bacterial uptake into PP and non-PP intestinal epithelia is altered by changes in enteric neural activity and key enteric neuroinhibitory molecules, including opioids and cannabinoids; and (2) that neuroregulation of Salmonella uptake is not specific for this microorganism. These hypotheses will be tested by examining the effects of drugs and other treatments on the internalization of S. choleraesuis into isolated jejunal PP and non-PP mucosa from pigs through the following Specific Aims: (1) to characterize the projections, chemical coding and receptor signatures of enteric neurons innervating PP in porcine jejunal segments; (2) to functionally identify classes of enteric neurotransmitters modulating Salmonella internalization into PP; (3) to define the actions of norepinephrine, opioids and cannabinoids in altering PP and non-PP mucosal uptake of Salmonella; and (4) to examine the actions of norepinephrine and other neuroinhibitory drugs on bacteriaspecific and non-specific mucosal uptake processes in PP and non-PP intestinal mucosae. The results of the proposed experiments should enhance our understanding of the deleterious effects of abused drugs in AIDS- related enteric infections and may identify new pharmacological treatments capable of enhancing the efficacy of oral vaccines designed to prevent infections by the human immunodeficiency virus and other enteropathogens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
42
Salmonella
•
Project Title: MUCOSAL IMMUNITY ELICITED BY SALMONELLA VACCINE DELIVERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Pascual, David W.; Associate Professor; Veterinary Molecular Biology; Montana State University (Bozeman) Bozeman, Mt 59717 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: Live vector delivery systems can effectively target mucosal inductive sites for the efficacious delivery of vaccine antigens to induce both mucosal and systemic immunity. We will employ attenuated Salmonella vectors, which are adept in delivering vaccines to the Peyer's patches (PP) of the small intestine. While these Salmonella vectors typically elicit T helper (Th) 1 cell (IFN-gamma-dependent) immune responses because Salmonella is an intracellular pathogen, our studies have shown that we can obtain Th2 cell (IL-4-dependent) immune responses to colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) from human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Using this expression system, we have devised a novel strategy for vaccine delivery. Following a single, oral delivery of this construct into BALB/c mice, we observed an elevated mucosal and serum IgA, and an elevated serum IgG1 anti-CFA/I fimbriae antibody titers. These responses were supported by the production of Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL5. Thus, in the absence of a Th cell response to Salmonella, an early Th2-type response is elicited to CFA/I fimbriae permitting induction of secretory (S)-IgA memory. With time, the Th2-type response converts to a dominant Th1-type response. We propose that this late induction of Th1-type response regulates the Th2 cell response to minimize toxicities associated with elevated IL-4 production, i.e., elevated IgE production. Consequently, we observed no net increases in IgE generation while sustaining elevated S-IgA antibody levels. The objective of this proposal is to determine how our novel mode of antigen expression will allow future vaccine formulations to elicit the desired Th cell response in a regulated fashion. And this ability to elicit IFN-gamma allows for adequate control of IL-4. We hypothesize that this co-stimulation of IFN-gamma is due to the requisite to eliminate Salmonella vector from the host since in the absence of IFNgamma, Salmonella vectors are lethal. Thus, we will determine the mechanisms for the preferential induction of PP CD4+ Th2 versus Th 1 cell responses to CFA/I fimbriae. We will determine how the presence of CFA/I fimbriae alters host T and B cell responses to Salmonella antigens. We will evaluate terminal IgA responses in the small intestinal lamina propria and in mucosal secretions for S-IgA anti-CFA/I fimbriae antibodies. We will determine by cytokine ELISPOT and competitive RT-PCR assays the levels of Salmonella-induced cytokine responses. We will assess whether IFN-gamma is required to clear the Salmonella vector in the presence of altered Th cell phenotypes using cytokine-deficient mice. We will determine whether there is preferential support for Th2 cell development by PP antigen presenting cells (APCs). We will examine whether the delayed neutrophil influx supports the development of Th1-type responses to CFA/I fimbriae. Finally, we will determine the efficacy of our vaccine immunization strategy by examining whether passive immunity can prevent colonization of human ETEC in neonatal mice in the presence of elevated immune S-IgA antibodies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: ORAL IMMUNIZATION WITH P. GINGIVALIS VIRULENCE ANTIGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, Thomas A.; Associate Professor; Oral Biology; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1995; Project End 31-MAY-2005
Studies
43
Summary: (adapted from the Investigator's abstract): Immunological control of microbial pathogens through vaccination is an effective way of dealing with many infectious diseases. Live avirulent Salmonella have been shown to be safe, effective delivery vehicles for a wide variety of recombinant antigens and induce systemic and mucosal immunity. The Principal Investigator has shown the feasibility of using Salmonella to effectively deliver a putative virulence factor HagB from Porphyromonas gingivalis resulting in systemic and mucosal immune responses. Many questions remain concerning the basic immunology of live oral vectors. Factors such as recombinant gene expression level and cellular localization can affect the characteristics of the immune response. The ability to control the characteristics of the immune response, the immunogenicity of the foreign antigen and the induction of memory are all desirable goals for the design of any vaccine. To address these questions three Specific Aims are proposed. Aim 1 will construct strains of S. typhimurium expressing variable levels of HagB, characterize the effects of expression level on vaccine viability and immunogenicity, evaluate the immune response parameters including the magnitude, duration and antibody isotype distribution in serum, saliva and vaginal washes, and examine the effects on IgG subclass distribution. Aim 2 proposes to construct strains of S. typhimurium which express HagB on their surface, to assess the effects of surface expression on membrane integrity, viability, growth rate, and immunogenicity, to evaluate the effects of surface expression on the magnitude, duration and antibody isotype distribution in serum, saliva and vaginal washes and to examine the effects on IgG subclass distribution. Aim 3 will compare differences in priming, boosting and long-term memory induction by strains expressing varying levels of HagB cytoplasmically, or surface localized HagB. In selected experiments, the immune responses and memory induction will be compared using another P. gingivalis potential virulence factor, HagA. These studies will aid in the current understanding of the effects of vaccine parameters on immunogenicity, the pattern of the immune response and factors which affect induction of long-term memory and recall. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHOP/PHOQ DELETED S TYPHI VACCINE STRAINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hohmann, Elizabeth L.; Assistant Professor of Medicine; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Vaccination is an effective and economical method of preventing disease, and multivalent, orally administered vaccines will have the widest clinical application. Attenuated Salmonella have been successfully studied in murine models as live vectors for delivery of heterologous antigens to the gastrointestinal immune system. Studies in humans have been limited, and variables important for immunogenicity in humans have not been clearly defined. A Salmonella typhi strain (Ty800) deleted for the phoP/phoQ virulence regulon of Salmonellae is very safe and immunogenic in human volunteers, and this strain has been modified to express clinically relevant heterologous antigens. This proposal describes a program of translational research designed to evaluate Salmonella-based vaccine regimens in humans utilizing bivalent S. typhi vaccine strains. These studies emphasize rational modification of clinically acceptable human vaccine strains and vaccination regimens which may alter immunogenicity of heterologous antigens such as type of antigen, location of antigen within the bacterial cell and mechanism of expression or secretion. Using an established IRB-approved human study protocol, adult volunteers are vaccinated, followed for safety and vaccine shedding, and intensively evaluated for evidence of mucosal, humoral and cellular
44
Salmonella
immune-responses to both S. typhi antigens and the relevant heterologous antigens. A sequential oral vaccination regimen consisting of a S. typhi vaccine strain expressing cytoplasmic Helicobacter pylori urease followed by purified recombinant urease and E. coli heat labile toxin adjuvant will be tested in adult volunteers seronegative for H. pylori. An S. typhi strain expressing a fusion antigen of E. coli hemolysin A linked to urease B which is secreted from the bacterial cell will be studied to determine whether secretion alters immunogenicity in this system. Additional constructs will be generated which express either an E. coli heat labile toxin mutant or an E. coli colonization factor antigen (CFA/I). These new strains will be evaluated in vitro and subsequently tested in volunteers to determine whether these molecules with different structures or subcellular location can engender systemic and/or mucosal immune responses. These studies are designed to provide novel human safety and immunogenicity data which is vital to the clinical development of live bacterial vaccine vectors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PORPHYRIN AND CORRINOID BIOSYNTHESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Scott, Alastair I.; Distinguished Professor Of; Chemistry; Texas A&M University System College Station, Tx 778433578 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1982; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Using a combination of organic chemistry, molecular biology, enzymology, and NMR spectroscopy the details of the biosynthesis of uroporphyrinogen III (the precursor of heme and chlorophyll) and its subsequent transformation to vitamin B12, the anti-perinicious anemia factor, will be elucidated. Knowledge of the pathway including control mechanisms and genetic mapping will define intermediates important in diseases such as B12 deficiency and acute intermittent porphyria. All of the biosynthetic enzymes necessary for the formation of cobyrinic acid, the simplest B12 analog, will be over-expressed using the sequenced cbi genes of Salmonella typhimurium and the cob genes of Pseudomonas denitrificans and their mechanisms studies by NMR spectroscopy ia 13C- labeling. Finally, the multi-enzyme synthesis of advanced intermediates and of B12 itself will be addressed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: POSTSYNTHETIC MODIFICATIONS OF BACTERIAL MEMBRANE LIPIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cronan, John E.; Professor and Head; Microbiology; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Henry Administration Bldg Champaign, Il 61820 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal is to study the biosynthesis, function, regulation, and possible role in bacterial pathogenesis of two modifications that alter the membrane phospholipid bilayers of bacteria. Both modifications alter the cis double bonds of the unsaturated acyl chains of the lipids after the lipids have been synthesized, deposited, and are functioning in the cell membranes. One of these modifications, cistrans isomerization, is limited to a few families of bacteria whereas the other, cyclopropane ring formation is found in a very wide range of diverse bacteria. Both lipid modifications increase the resistance of the bacterium to environmental stresses. For example, cyclopropane ring formation increases resistance to acid conditions and may be of importance in survival of a water-borne pathogen as it passes through the stomach. Cis-trans isomerization results in improved fitness for growth at high
Studies
45
temperature and resistance to certain toxic compounds. Both modifications are conserved in numerous pathogens and cyclopropane ring formation has been ascribed a role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. These processes will be studied by a combination of biochemical, genetic, and molecular biological approaches including tests of pathogenesis in a mouse model system Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF RPOS SYNTHESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Elliott, Thomas A.; Professor; Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology; West Virginia University P. O. Box 6845 Morgantown, Wv 265066845 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): RpoS is a sigma factor, discovered and best studied in the enteric bacteria, that is important in orchestrating responses to many stresses. RpoS activity is greatly increased during stationary phase after growth in rich medium, by limitation for individual nutrients (e.g. carbon or nitrogen), by high osmolarity medium, and after entry into the eukaryotic host cell, among other stimuli. Expression of more than 50 genes responds to RpoS, and the cognate gene products act to mitigate the adverse consequences of stress for the cell. RpoS matters in the real world, where "feast and famine" is the norm. Our goal is to understand the mechanisms regulating RpoS abundance, which are poorly understood. The principal control occurs by posttranscriptional regulation of RpoS synthesis, and by regulated protein turnover. We focus here on the control of RpoS synthesis. Escherichia coil is our model organism, but the results should be broadly applicable, in two senses. First, they should illuminate the important role of RpoS in pathogenic genera such as Salmonella and Yersinia, and they will also advance our understanding of post-transcriptional gene regulation.Genetic analysis has suggested that one known RNA-binding protein, Hfq, and another possible RNA binding protein, DksA, are likely to interact with rpoS mRNA to control its expression. The small molecule "alarmone" ppGpp also has a role. The target mRNA has an antisense element that pairs with the ribosome binding site to limit translation. The function of the antisense element is counteracted in a way that requires the RNAbinding proteins and under at least some conditions, a trans-acting anti-antisense RNA. Experiments described in the specific aims utilize mainly genetic but also physical approaches: to verify the secondary structure of the rpoS mRNA, to identify the important proximal factors and their sites of action, and to determine exactly what happens to this mRNA to increase its expression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: PRINCIPLES OF SENSORY RECEPTION AND MOTOR FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Macnab, Robert M.; Professor; Molecular Biophysics & Biochem; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1977; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: This proposal focuses on the flagellum of Salmonella typhimurium and how its external components are exported and assembled. With just two exceptions (the proteins of the periplasmic P ring and the outer membrane L ring, both of which utilize the primary Sec secretion pathway), external flagellar proteins such as the rod proteins, hook protein, and filament protein are exported by a dedicated, flagellum- specific pathway. The individual protein subunits are translocated across the plane of the cell membrane, and then travel down a central channel within the nascent structure and
46
Salmonella
assemble at its distal end. Where and how do the exported proteins cross the membrane? Although the concept may seem strange at first, the most likely location for the export apparatus in a "patch" of specialized membrane at the center of the basalbody MS ring, which lies in the cytoplasmic membrane. In fact we have shown recently that two of the export apparatus components (FliP and FliR) are membrane proteins associated with the basal body and that FliR, at least, is located in the cytoplasmic face of the MS ring. The known or suspected components of the export pathway-about ten in number-are likely to fall into two or perhaps three major classes: membrane proteins that form a complex within the pore of the MS ring, peripheral membrane proteins that either stably of transiently associate with the complex and function either as chaperones or as energy sources for the transport process, and proteins that reside entirely in the cytoplasm. We hope to establish (i) whether the other membrane components of the apparatus (FlhA, FlhB, FliO, and FliQ) are physically associated with the basal body; (ii) which proteins interact with each other; (iii) whether there are proteins that are specifically required for export of a given exported protein; and (iv) to what degree the export process (as opposed to the assembly process) is an ordered one. We also hope to carry out structural studies of selected components of the apparatus and ultimately to attempt in vitro reconstitution of the apparatus. The importance of the proposed research is enhanced by the fact that the flagellar export pathway and many of the pathways by which pathogenic bacteria export virulence factors all belong to a common family, the type III secretion pathways. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RECOMBINANT & LIVE ORAL SALMONELLA TYPHI HYBRID VACCINES Principal Investigator & Institution: Levine, Myron M.; Director, Ctr for Vaccine Development; Medicine; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1990; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): The overall goal of the proposed research is to develop, through appropriate manipulations of a suitable attenuated Salmonella typhi live vector, a mucosally-administered multivalent vaccine to prevent diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (i.e., a mucosal DTP vaccine). To accomplish this, the PI will initially successfully express within attenuate S. typhi appropriate protective antigens from C. diphtheriae, B. pertussis, and C. tetani and confirm, using the murine intranasal model of immunogenicity, that such constructs elicit the relevant types of immune responses. The PI and his colleagues will then attempt to improve such immune responses in several ways: (1) relevant proteins will be expressed in attenuated S. typhi strains in which expression of the Vi capsular polysaccharide has either been removed or expression has been made constitutive. (2) A fusion protein consisting of fragment C of tetanus toxin fused to the truncated S1 subunit of pertussis toxin, used as a test antigen, will be secreted extracellularly using the E. coli hemolysin and secretion apparatus. (3) Proteins will be expressed from stabilized plasmids which encode a critical enzyme necessary for survival of the attenuated S. typhi carrier strain. (4) The fragment C-S1 fusion protein will be expressed in S. typhi live vector strains which will co-express either a mutant heat-labile enterotoxin of E. coli (the K63 LT holotoxoid) that functions as a powerful adjuvant yet does not cause intestinal secretion or will coexpress the IL-4 cytokine (which has the effect of enhancing antibody responses). The PI and his colleagues will make amino acid substitutions in the NAD-binding region of diphtheria toxin, aiming to construct a stable mutant that lacks enzymatic (i.e., toxic) activity, but retains the ability to stimulate neutralizing antitoxin. It is expected that by
Studies
47
the end of the research plan, all the individual constructs necessary to stimulate protective immune responses will have been constructed, their immunogenicity established in the mouse intranasal immunization model and modifications selected to enhance the specific immune responses. This will set the stage for a future effort that would examine the immunogenicity of a prototype multivalent DTP vaccine consisting of a mixture of the optimized CVD908-htrA constructs expressing diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus antigens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: S. TYPHIMIURIUM ENTEROPATHOGENS
VACCINE
AGAINST
BACTERIAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Curtiss, Roy Iii.; Professor; Biology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: Of the 18.9 million annual deaths (1997) due to infectious diseases, about 2 million are the result of infections by Salmonella and other related bacterial enteropathogens including Escherichia coli and Shigella species, and less closely related enteropathogens such as Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter jejuni and Listeria monocytogenes. In addition, these bacteria are responsible are responsible for significant morbidity causing diarrheal and systemic diseases that can be transmitted to humans by contamination of food products and/or the water supply and such contamination can be willful. In the belief that improving health, nutrition and economic well-being (the latter dependent on the first two) provide the best means to enhance the quality of life globally and thus reduce conditions that result in warlike and terrorist behavior, we propose a vaccine developmental program based on our recent technical developments in using non-recombinant and recombinant attenuated Salmonella veterinary vaccines to prevent-reduce diarrheal diseases caused by bacterial enteropathogens. Our objectives include: (i) to further genetically modify a strain of Salmonella typhimurium that has been designed to minimize induction of immune responses to serotype-specific antigens and to maximize induction of cross protective immunity to common related antigens of S. enterica strains of diverse serotype and then fully evaluate this modified strain as a vaccine to reduce diarrheal diseases in humans caused by S. enterica serotypes and possibly by other bacterial enteric pathogens, especially Escherichia coli of the EPEC, ETEC and EHEC types and Shigella; (ii) to design, construct and fully evaluate an attenuated derivative of S. paratyphi A, with similar genetic attributes as the S. typhimurium vaccine designed for the same purpose, to induce cross protective immunity in humans to prevent enteric fever and to significantly reduce diarrheal diseases due to infection by diverse S. enterica serotypes and possibly by other bacterial enteric pathogens, especially E. coli of the EPEC, ETEC and EHEC types and Shigella; (iii) to further genetically modify the S. typhimurium and S. paratyphi A vaccines designed to induce cross protective immunity to also display biological containment so that they are less able to survive in the intestinal tract or in nature and/or die by lysis after approximately ten cell divisions following delivery to the immunized individual; and (iv) to design, construct and evaluate recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccines, using optimal attributes for immunogenicity, biological containment and antigen delivery, to express antigens to further enhance induction of cross protective immunity to Salmonella-related bacterial enteropathogens or to confer protective immunity to one of the less Salmonella-related enteropathogens. We will also collaboratively work to develop our Master File, prepare and fully characterize candidate vaccine Master Seeds for stability and safety, prepare and submit protocols for IRB approvals, submit
48
Salmonella
information necessary to obtain INDs, and perform any other work needed to arrange that the best candidate vaccines by clinically evaluated in human volunteers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SALMONELLA EVASION OF NADPH OXIDASE-DEPENDENT KILLING Principal Investigator & Institution: Vazquez-Torres, Andres; Microbiology; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The appearance of multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates and the HIV epidemic have contributed to the resurgence of salmonellosis, an infection that annually afflicts more than 1 billion people worldwide. Multiple clinical and experimental lines of evidence point to the NADPH oxidase as a critical host defense mechanism in resistance to acute Salmonella infections. Salmonella, an enteric pathogen adapted to the intracellular environment of phagocytes, resides in remodeled phagosomes that selectively block contact with lysosomes and endocytic vesicles harboring the NADPH oxidase. A recently discovered locus at centisome 30 of the Salmonella chromosome encodes a type III secretory system known as Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2) that disrupts maturation of the Salmonella phagosome. The primary goal of my laboratory is to understand the mechanisms by which this intracellular pathogen remodels its phagosome and evades the antimicrobial armamentarium of professional phagocytes. In the present proposal, we plan to test the hypothesis that SPI2 effectors decrease TNFRp55-stimulated ganglioside synthesis, thus blocking the migration of NADPH oxidase-harboring vesicles to the vicinity of the Salmonella phagosome. We specifically plan: 1) To identify SPI2 effector proteins that block trafficking of the NADPH oxidase. Attenuation of SPI2 mutants in macrophages and mice, coupled to techniques in molecular and cell biology, biochemistry and microscopy will be used to identify effector proteins that block NADPH oxidase trafficking. 2) To identify points in the TNFRp55-stimulated sphingomyelin pathway which are inhibited by SPI2 effector proteins. Lipid biochemistry, enzymology and bacterial genetics will be used to identify points in the sphingomyelin pathway inhibited by SPI2 effectors. And 3) To determine the kinetics of secretion and intracellular location of SPI2 effectors that inhibit the trafficking of the NADPH oxidase. Cell biology, immunology and microbial genetics will be used to study the early intracellular expression of SPI2 effectors and their distribution relative to the NADPH oxidase, TNFRp55 and the Salmonella phagosome. These studies will not only shed light on the cell biology of the NADPH oxidase but will also identify potential molecular targets common to intracellular pathogens such as Salmonella, Mycobacterium, and Legionella that are capable of thwarting the normal maturation of the nascent phagosome. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: SALMONELLA PATHOGENICITY ISLAND 2 EFFECTOR PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Miller, Samuel I.; Professor; Medicine; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Salmonella are facultative intracellular pathogens which cause significant diseases in humans and animals. These organisms cause several disease syndromes, including enteric (typhoid) fever,
Studies
49
gastroenteritis, bacteremias and focal infections. This grant proposes to study a murine infection with S. typhimurium and infection of macrophages and cultured epithelial cells with S. typhimurium and S. typhi. A set of virulence genes, termed Salmonella translocated effectors, that are translocated across the phagosome membrane into the eukaryotic cell cytoplasm by a type III secretion system encoded on the Salmonella pathogenicity island II will be studied. This grant proposes to further define these proteins and to study in molecular detail their role in virulence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SALMONELLA VIRULENCE FACTORS--HOST RESPONSE TO INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Guiney, Donald G.; Professor; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: Salmonella are prominent intestinal pathogens that cause both enteritis and systematic disease. The overall goal of this unit is to utilize the resources of the Program Project in an interactive approach to elucidate key aspects of Salmonella pathogenesis in the intestinal tract as well as in systemic tissues. Salmonella represents an excellent model for an invasive intestinal pathogenesis in the intestinal tract as well as in systemic tissues. Salmonella represents an excellent model for an invasive intestinal pathogen since the organism is amenable to detailed molecular genetic analysis. Specific Aim 1 is to identify S. typhimurium genes that are important for infection of human intestinal epithelial cells and stimulation of pro-inflammatory epithelial cell responses. This approach will utilize the expertise of Dr. Kagnoff's laboratory in epithelial cell signaling in response to mucosal infections. Specific mutations in Salmonella genes governing attachment invasion and intracellular growth will be tested for effects on human epithelial cells in culture and examined in vivo using human intestinal xenografts in SCID mice. Specific Aim 2 is to isolate rpoS-regulated genes in S. typhimurium and determine their virulence phenotypes. This proposal is directly derived from work showing that the alternative sigma factor sigmas (RpoS) is a prominent regulatory element during Salmonella infection of host cells, including intestinal epithelial cells. rpoS-regulated genes will be identified by a molecular genetic approach, and virulence will be tested in mice as well as in models of human intestinal infection. Specific Aim 3 is to determine the roles of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in a) natural resistance to oral infections by Salmonella of different O antigen types, b) protecting mice that have defective macrophage function (a mutant Nramp 1 allele) from Salmonella infections; and c) acquired immunity (antibody mediated) to Salmonella. This aim will complement work on the ability of epithelial cells to initiate the pro-inflammatory host response, and will focus on crucial host defenses that limit the spread of infection from the intestine to systemic sites. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: SENSITIVE DIAGNOSIS OF BIOWARFARE AGENTS ON A MICROCHIP Principal Investigator & Institution: Collins, Greg E.; U.S. Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Ave Sw Washington, Dc 20375 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objective of this collaborative program is to develop a novel microchip sensing system capable of sensitively, selectively,
50
Salmonella
simultaneously and rapidly identifying the presence of biowarfare (BW) agents relevant to our nation's biodefense program (NIAID Category A, B & C priority pathogens). Such development will meet the urgent need for cost-effective biodefense diagnostics for both public health laboratories and point-of-care use to identify or diagnose individuals exposed to agents and toxins of category A-C pathogens. The resulting microchip device will ultimately be applicable to agent detection in or on symptomatic or exposed individuals, in addition to preventative monitoring of food, air and water for general health safety, and is, thus, expected to dramatically change the way biodetection and diagnostic assays are performed. Most importantly, the proposed microchip device will be capable of performing an entire immunoassay on several pathogens of interest, simultaneously and in a single step on the microchip. This joint, interdisciplinary effort will combine fundamental and practical studies for creating a miniaturized (selfcontained), field-deployable biowarfare (BW) agent analyzer based on the coupling of immunoassays, rapid electrophoretic separations, and chemiluminescence/electrochemical detections on a chip platform. This new, completely functional microlaboratory will integrate multiple/parallel assays for different target pathogens or toxins, along with the necessary sample manipulations onto a single microchip platform. Antibodies to selected BW agents will be enzymelabeled and purified. The selected agents include: Staphylococcus enterotoxin B, ricin toxin, botulinum toxin, Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens, E. coli toxin, Brucella abortus, Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis and Salmonella. Enzymatic amplification of the signal will be provided by conjugating the antibodies to one of four enzyme labels: horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose oxidase and betagalactosidase. The pre-column immunological reaction will be followed by electrophoretic separation of the enzyme-labeled antibody from the enzyme-labeled antibody-antigen pair. Finally, on-chip post-column introduction of an appropriate substrate will enable the sensitive detection of the antigen by either chemiluminescence or amperometric means. The entire assay will take place in a single step on the microchip. Preliminary results in this direction (including extremely low detection limits) are very encouraging. The successful utility of this new microsystem will depend upon a complete understanding of its fundamental behavior. The proposed research aims at gaining such insights into the on-chip bioassays, and for using this new knowledge for the rationale development of a new, micromachined BW agent analyzer. The primary goal is to understand the impact of the enzyme labeling upon the recognition capabilities of selected antibodies, learn how immunological reactions behave on a small scale and how they can be interfaced with separation microchips, and discover how the microfluidics can be tailored to suit the requirements of particular BW agent immunoassays. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SIGMA FACTOR IN DNA BINDING AND TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaplan, Samuel; Professor & Chair; Microbiol & Molecular Genetics; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1998; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: Prokaryotic RNA polymerases all contain a sigma subunit that directly recognizes specific sequence elements within the promoter, and by virtue of this, directs the core RNAP to the promoter. Several different sigma factors are encoded by each bacterial species to turn on transcription of different sets of genes. In E. coli, the major
Studies
51
sigma factor sigma 7O allows transcription of most genes, while additional alternative sigma factors act to turn on a small subset of promoters, often in response to various environmental stimuli or cues. The sigma factor not only mediates the recruitment of RNAP to the promoter, it also participates actively in the initiation process, ie. in promoter melting and RNA chain initiation. The long term goal of this project is to provide a molecular understanding of how sigma factor works and how its activity is regulated. The sigma factors all contain a binding domain for the core RNAP, and they contain two specific DNA binding domains in their carboxy termini. These DNA binding domains in sigma 7O recognize hexamer elements centered respectively at -10 and -35 from the start site. In previous work, the applicant has shown that the DNA binding activity of sigma factors is intrinsically inhibited due to intramolecular interactions, involving amino terminal parts of the protein that act as specific DNA binding masks. Obviously, the DNA binding domains are unmasked when the core binds to sigma (which involves a yet distinct domain). The major goals of the proposal are (a) to understand how the two DNA binding domains communicate with each other during promoter recognition, (b) to determine how their activities are modulated by other parts of the sigma factor, and (c) to decipher how the sigma factor promotes transition of the closed promoter complex to the open complex and the ternary complex. Mutant forms of sigma factors from both the major and the alternative groups will be generated, and they will be characterized in vivo and in vitro in several respects: (i) DNA binding and interference, (ii) transcription, and (iii) specific protein-protein interactions. These studies should increase our knowledge of the basic transcription mechanisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSES OF NEONATAL HOST RESPONSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Contag, Christopher H.; Assistant Professor; Pediatrics; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: Host defenses that protect the neonate from infection are varied, complex, and interactive, requiring that individual mechanisms be evaluated in the presence of the contextual influences of the intact living organism. Using noninvasive monitoring, innate host defenses in living animals will be assessed in a murine model of systemic infection. Salmonella typhimurium infections begin in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and following penetration of the epithelial barrier, can lead to lethal systemic infections. Nramp1 (natural resistance associated macrophage protein) is critical for limiting infections by Salmonella spp., as well as other intracellular pathogens to the early stages of disease and preventing dissemination. Resistant and sensitive Nramp1 alleles, differing by a single amino acid substitution (G169D), have been identified in mice. Homozygous sensitive mice are more susceptible to systemic salmonellosis than their resistant counterparts. Using noninvasive imaging in live mice, we have demonstrated that Salmonella infections in resistant animals do not extend beyond the GI tract, while sensitive animals demonstrate a disease pattern consistent with systemic infection. Expression of the dominant resistant Nramp1 allele in monocytes/macrophages appears to be required for infection resistance, yet the precise requirement and/or mechanism of Nramp1 action remains enigmatic. Expression of Nramp1 is inducible by IFNgamma and the gene encodes a phosphoglycoprotein with features resembling an ion transporter. The Nramp1 protein localizes to phagosomes and the plasma membrane, appears to be involved in a pathway leading to macrophage activation and antigen presentation, and has been linked to nitric oxide production and apoptosis. To
52
Salmonella
investigate the role of Nramp1 in resistance to infection and the effects of IFNgamma, we propose to assess levels of expression in monocytes obtained from transgenic mice, and cell lines in the presence and absence of bacterial pathogens. Then, the basal levels of expression at various tissue sites in living transgenic mice, at different ages, will be assessed and the location and tempo of activation following oral inoculation of Salmonella determined. This work will involve in vivo monitoring of existing bioluminescent strains of Salmonella in resistant and sensitive strains of mice, as well as engineering and monitoring host promoters fused to a spectrally distinct eukaryotic luciferase in transgenic mice. The different wavelengths of emission permit dual detection allowing the relationship between changes in host gene expression and infection to be evaluated. We will use a luciferase-GFP gene fusion as the reporter such that results from macroscopic detection in living animals can be supported by cell sorting and/or microscopic detection in postmortem tissues. Since homologues of Nramp1 have been found in humans, studying this mode of resistance to microbial infection is significant for understanding disease and minimizing human infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF BACTERIAL FLAGELLA Principal Investigator & Institution: Derosier, David J.; Professor; None; Brandeis University 415 South Street Waltham, Ma 024549110 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1985; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Each cell of Salmonella typhimurium possesses a chemosensory apparatus, which detects gradients in its environment, and a flagellum, which propels the cell up or down the gradient. A set of five different proteins comprise a sensor. Three of these form a stable complex. The sensor regulates the phosporylation of the response regulator, which carries the signal from the sensor to the flagellum. The flagellum is the cell's propulsion system. It contains an 18,000 rpm, reversible rotary motor and an external propeller. The motor is powered directly by the proton motive gradient across the cell membrane. About 40 different proteins are required for the regulation, assembly and operation of the flagellum. Nineteen of the 40 proteins are known to be part of the assembled structure. There are likely to be a few more found in the final tally but these will be involved in the export/assembly pathway. Our goal is to determine the structures and mechanisms of these two remarkable machines. We will use electron cryomicroscopy to produce 3D molecular- resolution maps of the machines into which we can dock atomic models for the components. This approach is a frontier of structural biology. We propose to produce an atomic model for the cytoplasmic portion of a sensor, which contains the signaling domain of the transmembrane receptor, a kinase, and an adapter molecule. The entire complex has a mass of 1.4 106 daltons, consisting of 28 copies of TarC (the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor), 6 copies of CheW (adapter protein), and 4 copies of CheA (histidine kinase). The atomic structures for TarC and most of CheA are known. The structure of CheW can be modeled because of its homology to CheA. We have good preliminary data on the whole complex, which augers well for completion of a 20Angstrom units map of the complex. We propose to obtain 3D maps at molecular resolution of the rotor of the flagellum. Our preparations retain three of the key torque-generating, direction-switching elements. They lack the transmembrane proton channel proteins. We plan to compare maps from clockwiseturning motors and from counterclockwise-turning motors. We plan to obtain maps with the response regulator bound. These maps will give insights into the motor's mechanism of torque generation and switching. Only one domain of one of the key proteins is available at atomic resolution, so an atomic model for the motor remains in
Studies
53
the future. We propose to obtain 3D maps of the propeller apparatus (hook and filament) at about 4 Angstrom units resolution by electron cryomicroscopy. These maps should permit us to produce a chain tracing of the peptides. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF BACTERIAL VIRULENCE FACTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stebbins, C Erec.; Assistant Professor & Head of Laboratory; Lab/Structural Microbiology; Rockefeller University New York, Ny 100216399 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Many animal and plant pathogenic bacteria utilize a similar secretion system, termed type Ill or "contact dependent," to deliver a battery of bacterial effector proteins into host cells. Salmonella typhimurium uses such a secretion system to inject proteins that manipulate host cellular functions to induce the uptake of the bacterium into the normally non-phagocytic cells of the intestinal epithelium. This process relies on less than ten translocated effectors proteins, which collaborate to induce dramatic membrane ruffling, leading to bacterial internalization by macropinocytosis. The long-term goal of this work is to use structural biology as a foundation for a molecular understanding of the invasion process of this pathogen, and to exploit this information in the identification of potential targets for drug screening. The specific aims of this proposal are (1) to determine structures of S. typhimurium invasion-associated translocated effectors, (2) to determine the co-crystal structures of these factors with their host cell targets, and, finally, (3) to use structure-based mutagenesis to examine the interacting surfaces of these factors in the context of bacterial host cell invasion and cytoskeletal manipulation. This work will thus involve a multidisciplinary approach combining macromolecular X-ray crystallography, biochemical assays, and microbial cell biology. Bacterial infection is and has been a significant cause of death and human suffering. Ominously, our weapons for combating bacterial pathogens are now failing as ever-increasing numbers of microorganisms have developed resistance to greater numbers of our drugs. Furthermore, the increased threat of the use of microbial agents as instruments of war or terrorism has become a very real concern. Therefore, a final aim of these studies will be to use the structural information to aid in selecting targets for the screening of inhibitory compounds that will impair the virulence mechanisms of this pathogen, and to serve as a paradigm for developing similar strategies against other infectious bacterial organisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: PROTEIN
STRUCTURE-FUNCTION
RELATIONSHIPS
OF
C-REACTIVE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Agrawal, Alok; Biochemistry; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-OCT-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): C-reactive protein (CRP) is a major human acute phase protein and a component of the innate immune response. Its serum concentration is increased during inflammatory states, persists for the duration of the inflammatory process and returns to its normal low concentration following subsidence of inflammation. While CRP is felt to play a significant role in inflammation and host defense, the mechanisms by which CRP exerts its effects are unclear. In vitro, CRP binds to phosphocholine (PCh) moieties and can then bind to complement C1q and activate
54
Salmonella
the classical complement pathway. In addition, binding of CRP to phagocytic cells via Fc receptors, with a variety of functional consequences, has been described. Recent publication of the crystal structures of CRP has provided insight into the amino acids that mediate binding of CRP to PCh, to Fc receptors, and to C1q, permitting generation of CRP mutants incapable of binding to PCh and to Fc receptors, as well as incapable of activating complement. Most known functional activities of CRP, in vitro, are associated with ligand-binding and subsequent complement activation or phagocytosis. Accordingly, we will employ such mutants to define the roles of binding to PCh and Fe receptors, and of complement activation in 2 model systems: a) the protective role of CRP in bacterial infections and b) the putative role of CRP in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis resulting from its ability to bind to enzymatically-degraded LDL (ELDL). Our specific aims are: 1.To precisely define the ligand-binding sites on CRP required for binding to PCh, FcR and C1q and to generate mutants lacking these critical binding capabilities. 2. To define the role of these 3 binding capabilities in the protective effects of CRP in infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae, known to bind to CRP, and Salmonella typhimuriurn, which does not. We hypothesize that both complement activation and phagocytosis will be found to be involved in CRP-mediated protection of mice from bacterial infections. 3) To define the role of the 3 binding capabilities of interest on CRP-E-LDL interaction, and the role of such interaction in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Our working hypothesis is that all 3 binding sites participate in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, by binding to E-LDL and initiating complement activation and uptake of E-LDL by macrophages. We will also determine the effects of injecting wild-type and mutant CRPs on the size of the atherosclerotic lesions formed in ApoE knock-out mice. These studies will provide substantial insight into the mechanisms by which this ancient protein may contribute to host defense, or alternatively, to pathogenesis of disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SYSTEMIC IMMUNITY INDUCED BY MUCOSAL CD18+ CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Jones-Carson, Jessica L.; Medicine; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (Adapted from the applicants abstract): Salmonella infections represent a major health concern for both humans and domesticated animals in the US. The AIDS epidemic and the appearance of multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains have dramatically increased the impact of Salmonella infections worldwide. Salmonella is a pathogen that can cause both mucosal and systemic infections in susceptible hosts. A novel route for the extraintestinal dissemination of this enteric bacterium that depends on CD18(+) cells has been recently described by the applicant laboratory. The immunological significance of this route remains to be elucidated. The primary goal of the research described in this application is to explore the hypothesis that CD18(+) phagocytes transport S. typhimurium to extraintestinal sites for the initiation of systemic immune responses. The specific aims are: 1) To further characterize the CD18(+) phagocytes that transport Salmonella extraintestinally. The activation, differentiation and antimicrobial nature of Salmonella-containing CD18(+) cells isolated from the bloodstream of orally infected mice will be characterized by flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry and microbiological plating techniques. The gastrointestinal location of contact between Salmonella and CD18(+) cells as well as the molecular basis for the transmigration of bacteria-containing phagocytes will also be explored. 2) To determine the immunogenic potential of Salmonella-containing CD18(+) phagocytes
Studies
55
originating in the intestinal mucosa. The antigen-presenting capability of CD18(+) phagocytes carrying Salmonella, the subsets and T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires of the T cells stimulated by these phagocytes and the cytokines elicited during this process will be examined. 3) To study the effector mechanisms mediating immunity conferred by CD18(+) phagocytes. Protective immune responses elicited by grafting CD18(+) cells into control and mutant mice deficient in innate [e.g., NADPH phagocyte oxidase (phox), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos)] or acquired (e.g., perforin) immune function will be evaluated. A better understanding of the fundamental processes linking mucosal and systemic immune responses in the well-characterized murine Salmonella model will ultimately provide new approaches for developing more effective treatments and safer vaccines for infectious diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PATHOGENS
T
CELL
RESPONSES
TO
INTRACELLULAR
BACTERIAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Soloski, Mark J.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's abstract): There is considerable interest in understanding the role of the host immune response in the clearance of an infectious agent. Such information is relevant to the understanding of disease processes and to the development of effective vaccine strategies. Moreover, such studies can provide basic insights into the mechanisms by which prior exposure to an infectious agent is linked to the development of autoimmune disease. This project describes studies designed to identify and characterize the specific CD8+ T-cell response generated following infection with the Gram negative enteric pathogen, Salmonella typhimurium. Preliminary data have been generated in a murine model demonstrating that following system challenge with Salmonella typhimurium, mice generate a potent CD8+ T-cell response specific for Salmonella-infected cells. This response is CD8 dependent and can recognize targets in a H-2 non- restricted fashion. Furthermore, the non-MHC restricted component of the Salmonella specific CD8 T-cell response recognize targets in a Tap dependent fashion. Based on the preliminary data, the following Specific Aims are proposed: 1. Characterization of Salmonella-specific CD8+ CTLs following in vivo challenge with live virulent S. typhimurium. 2. Examination of the contribution of CD8+ CTLs in limiting virulent Salmonella infections. 3. Characterization and identification of epitopes recognized by Salmonella-specific CTLs. 4. Design and evaluate vaccination strategies targeting Salmonella epitopes that could evoke protective immunity to a challenge with virulent S. typhimurium. This information will impact on our understanding of the role of CD8+ T-cells in the protective immune response to a major family of pathogens (Gram- negative bacteria) and also aid in the design of effective vaccines capable of inducing long-term protective immunity to enteric pathogens. In addition, such studies may facilitate the identification of self proteins cross-reactive with bacterial antigens that may play a role in the induction of autoimmune processes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE MULTIPLE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE (MAR)REGULON Principal Investigator & Institution: Levy, Stuart B.; Molecular Biol & Microbiology; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-1980; Project End 31-DEC-2007
56
Salmonella
Summary: (provided by applicant): Multidrug resistance in bacteria has become more the norm than the unusual. While characteristically mediated by plasmids and transposons, increasing evidence shows that chromosomal (intrinsic) regulatory genes and multidrug efflux pumps mediate resistance to multiple antibiotics and hazardous substances. One such regulatory system is the marRAB operon discovered in Escherichia coil whose MarA protein product controls expression of over 80 genes in the mar regulon. Initially described as an activator, MarA appears to have direct repressor activity as well. Homologs of the E.coli MarA and MarR (the repressor of the mar operon) have been found in many different genera including both gram positive and gram-negative organisms. Studies of Salmonella and E.coli reveal not only marmediation of drug resistance, but also of colonization and virulence. The DNA binding sites for MarR and MarA have been identified as well as their crystal structures. Still the molecular and biochemical elements which define MarA activation or repression of different genes is not understood, nor is the regulation of the operon by genes other than MarR. To improve knowledge about the molecular control and activity of the mar regulon in E.coli and other clinically important bacteria, this proposal seeks to: 1) determine the molecular basis for the difference between negative and positive transcriptional control by the MarA protein of genes in the mar regulon; studies in vitro and in vivo will define the sequence, orientation and location of the regulatory DNA sequences near the promoters of particular genes in the regulon. 2) enhance understanding of MarR function through two-hybrid studies of its interaction with other proteins, use of macro/micro arrays to determine possible regulation of other loci by MarR, and determination of the crystal structure of MarR with DNA or a ligand. 3) identify other chromosomal genes besides marR that regulate expression of the mar operon. 4) investigate mar loci in other bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Yersinia pestis. Studies of the E.coli marRAB serve as a paradigm for insights into related genetic loci in other bacteria also of consequence to human health. Improved understanding will help to suggest novel approaches towards preventing and curing infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE SLY A REGULON IN SALMONELLA PATHOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Libby, Stephen J.; Associate Professor of Microbiology; Microbiology; North Carolina State University Raleigh 2230 Stinson Drive Raleigh, Nc 27695 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Salmonella infections continue to pose a significant threat to human health worldwide. Our studies have established an essential role for the slyA gene in the pathogenesis of Salmonella infections. The SlyA protein belongs to a novel family of low molecular weight transcriptional regulators. SlyA appears to be maximally expressed in stationary phase cultures and in the intracellular environment of phagocytes, slyA mutant Salmonella typhimurium is profoundly attenuated for virulence in a murine model of salmonellosis, unable to survive and replicate within phagocytes, and hypersusceptible to oxidative stress. By DNA microarray analysis, we have identified a number of candidate SlyA-regulated genes. To determine the mechanism by which the SlyA regulon defends S. typhimurium against oxidative stress and contributes to Salmonella pathogenesis, the following Specific Aims of this revised proposal are: (1) Identification and characterization of SlyA-dependent genes. Preliminary experiments have successfully identified a number of candidate SlyAdependent loci, which will be confirmed by several independent methods (mRNA,
Studies
57
protein, reporter fusions). A SlyA-regulated gene in Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-4 designated STM4261 that encodes a large protein with a serine protease motif will be biochemically characterized. STM4261 expression will be measured in wild type and slyA mutant backgrounds, and the virulence of non-polar mutants of STM4261 will be determined. (2) Definition of the role of SlyA-dependent genes in oxidative stress resistance and virulence. The contribution of individual SlyA-dependent loci to oxidative stress resistance, growth in phagocytes, and S. typhimurium virulence will be determined.(3) Molecular analysis of slyA regulation. Transcriptional and translational mechanisms governing slyA expression in S. typhimurium will be determined. Regulatory interactions between SlyA and PhoPQ will be explored. A novel twocomponent regulatory locus that appears to be essential for slyA expression will be characterized, slyA-dependent promoters will be analyzed, and a consensus binding sequence will be determined. The overall goal of this project is to understand mechanisms by which the SlyA regulon confers resistance to the oxidative stress encountered by Salmonella in host phagocytes. The slyA gene family is conserved among Gram-negative enteric pathogens, as well as several important plant pathogens. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which the SlyA regulon functions in Salmonella promises to reveal novel mechanisms for intracellular survival of pathogenic bacteria as well as provide important general insights into the evolutionary adaptation of bacteria to oxygen-rich environments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE USE OF BIOFILMS TO COUNTER BIOTERRORISM Principal Investigator & Institution: James, Garth A.; Mse Technology Applications, Inc. Box 4078, 200 Technology Way Butte, Mt 59702 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 31-OCT-2001 Summary: (Verbatim from Applicant's Abstract): The possibility that terrorists will contaminate public drinking water supplies with biological agents, such as bacteria, viruses, or toxins, becomes greater every day. Recent cases of intentional food contamination with bacteria emphasize our vulnerability to these attacks. An innovative approach to counteracting this threat is to use bacterial biofilms for trapping and rendering these pathogenic biological agents ineffective. The goal of this, and subsequent research, is to build a system that uses natural biofilms to remove pathogens from contaminated drinking water. During Phase I, we will quantify the extent of pathogen attachment to biofilms. Specifically, we will use a test apparatus capable of measuring the amount of bioterrorism agents that can be captured by bacterial biofilms. The data generated from this research will be used to create a preliminary design of a treatment system. There is a definite need for a system such as this to prevent contamination of public or military drinking water systems. The expertise of the assembled team at MSE, and our partner, the Center for Bioflim Engineering, is unsurpassed in the field of biofilm attachment phenomenon, especially as it relates to drinking water issues. Together we can effectively develop this technology and move it towards commercialization. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: There is a definite need for systems that have the ability to effectively remove pathogenic substances from contaminated drinking water. A biofilm system will have many advantages over conventional systems because of its ability to trap and render ineffective a wide variety of pathogenic substances. Commercial applications for this system include the U.S. Military, hospitals, and water utilities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
58
Salmonella
•
Project Title: TRACKING CD4 MEMORY T CELLS IN VIVO Principal Investigator & Institution: Jenkins, Marc K.; Professor; Microbiology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's abstract): The current model states that immunological memory in the CD4 T-cell compartment is mediated by an expanded population of antigen-specific T-cells that stably express a prototypic set of surface molecules and a potential to produce lymphokines that facilitate antigen elimination such as IFN-gamma and IL-5. However, this model may not accurately describe the in vivo situation because recent studies have shown that phenotypic and functional changes may not be stable features of antigen-experienced CD4 T-cells in the body. In addition, much of what is currently know about the behavior of memory T-cells is based on in vitro cultures that do not reproduce the complex in vivo environment in which secondary responses occur. Thus, the critically important mechanisms responsible for immunological memory must be studied using systems in which antigen-specific CD4 T-cells can be identified throughout the body at precise times after antigen administration based solely on expression of the appropriate T-cell receptor (TCR). Here they will use such a system to test the hypothesis that stimulation by residual antigen from the first exposure, causes antigen-experience CD4 T-cells to express the activatedsurface phenotype and lymphokine profile, and to recirculate through non-lymphoid tissues. It is proposed that secondary responses are more efficient during this period because antigen-experienced CD4 T-cells are capable of IFN-gamma and IL-4 production in the non-lymphoid tissue where antigen enters into the body. In contrast, it is proposed that after residual antigen disappears, the antigen-experienced CD4 T-cells revert to the naive-surface phenotype and lymphokine profile, and recirculate through lymphoid tissues. It is proposed that secondary immune responses are more efficient during this period because antigen-specific antibodies increase the pace of antigenpresentation by targeting antigen to antigen-presenting cells in the lymphoid tissues for stimulation of the numerous, but essentially naive, antigen-experience T-cells. These hypotheses will be tested in two specific aims with new technologies that they have developed in the last project period. Immunohistochemical staining of whole mouse sections with an anti-clonotypic antibody will be used to define the distribution of antigen-experienced CD4 T-cells in the entire body at various times after the first or second exposure to antigen. Two -and three-color immunohistochemical staining with antibodies specific for antigen-specific CD4 T-cells, antigen-presenting cells, and lymphokines will be used to identify the sites in the body where antigen is presented to antigen-experienced T-cells when administered at various times after the first exposure, where and which lymphokines are produced by the T-cells, and how the presence of antigen-specific antibodies affects these events. Whole body, in situ detection of antigenexperienced CD4 T-cells has the potential to produce the first picture of the secondary immune response as it occurs in all parts of the body. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI MUCOSAL & SYSTEMIC PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Hoft, Daniel F.; Professor; Internal Medicine; St. Louis University St. Louis, Mo 63110 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2002
Studies
59
Summary: Mucosal and systemic immunity may be important for vaccines designed to prevent Trypanosoma cruzi and other mucosally invasive intracellular pathogens, but it is unknown whether optimal mucosal and systemic immunity can be induced concurrently. CD4+ Th1 cells (secreting IL-2, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha) are important for systemic protection against intracellular pathogens. CD4+ Th2 cells (secreting IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10) induce secretory IgA, protective against mucosal pathogens. However, reciprocal inhibitory actions between TH1 and Th2 cells exist. In addition, mucosal antigen delivery can induce immune tolerance associated with clonal deletion, anergy, or the induction of suppressor "Th3" cells secreting high levels of TGF-Beta. It is of critical importance to the field of vaccine immunobiology to further define the interactions between mucosal and systemic immunity against mucosally invasive intracellular pathogens. We propose to investigate the relationships between mucosal and systemic T. cruzi immunity as a model system for studying these interactions. First, we will address the hypothesis that protective immunity induced by T. cruzi infection involves different molecular and cellular immune requirements in mucosal and systemic tissues. The importance of total B cells, IgA, class I and II restricted T cells, IFN-gamma, IL-4 and inducible nitric oxide synthase will be studied in BALB/c mice and mice with targeted disruptions in these immune functions. Second, we will study the hypothesis that vaccines inducing differential CD4+ Th1 and Th2 responses will have different effects on mucosal and systemic protection. Vaccines including T. cruzi antigens and cytokine adjuvants will be studied for protective effects against mucosal and systemic challenges. Third, we will study the hypothesis that recombinant BCG salmonella vaccines expressing T. cruzi antigens in both mucosal and systemic tissues can induce concurrent mucosal and systemic protection. Protective soluble protein and live recombinant vaccines will be studied in genetic knockout mice to identify the molecular and cellular requirements for immune protection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “salmonella” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for salmonella in the PubMed Central database: •
3 4
1-Methylguanosine deficiency of tRNA influences cognate codon interaction and metabolism in Salmonella typhimurium. by Li JN, Bjork GR.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177513
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
60
Salmonella
•
1-Methylguanosine-Deficient tRNA of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Affects Thiamine Metabolism. by Bjork GR, Nilsson K.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=142801
•
A Competitive Microflora Increases the Resistance of Salmonella typhimurium to Inimical Processes: Evidence for a Suicide Response. by Aldsworth TG, Sharman RL, Dodd CE, Stewart GS.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106149
•
A Cytolysin Encoded by Salmonella is Required for Survival within Macrophages. by Libby SJ, Goebel W, Ludwig A, Buchmeier N, Bowe F, Fang FC, Guiney DG, Songer JG, Heffron F.; 1994 Jan 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42974
•
A Functional cra Gene Is Required for Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Virulence in BALB/c Mice. by Allen JH, Utley M, van den Bosch H, Nuijten P, Witvliet M, McCormick BA, Krogfelt KA, Licht TR, Brown D, Mauel M, Leatham MP, Laux DC, Cohen PS.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97677
•
A Novel Chromogenic Ester Agar Medium for Detection of Salmonellae. by Cooke VM, Miles RJ, Price RG, Richardson AC.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91099
•
A Periplasmic d-Alanyl-d-Alanine Dipeptidase in the Gram-Negative Bacterium Salmonella enterica. by Hilbert F, del Portillo FG, Groisman EA.; 1999 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93629
•
A PhoP-Regulated Outer Membrane Protease of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Promotes Resistance to Alpha-Helical Antimicrobial Peptides. by Guina T, Yi EC, Wang H, Hackett M, Miller SI.; 2000 Jul 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94595
•
A Pilot with Pain in His Leg: Thigh Abscess Caused by Salmonella enterica Serotype Brandenburg. by Bjorkman P, Nilsson A, Riesbeck K.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130755
•
A role for Salmonella typhimurium cbiK in cobalamin (vitamin B12) and siroheme biosynthesis. by Raux E, Thermes C, Heathcote P, Rambach A, Warren MJ.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179098
•
A soxRS-Constitutive Mutation Contributing to Antibiotic Resistance in a Clinical Isolate of Salmonella enterica (Serovar Typhimurium). by Koutsolioutsou A, Martins EA, White DG, Levy SB, Demple B.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90236
•
A substrate of the centisome 63 type III protein secretion system of Salmonella typhimurium is encoded by a cryptic bacteriophage. by Hardt WD, Urlaub H, Galan JE.; 1998 Mar 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19418
•
A Superoxide-Hypersusceptible Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Mutant Is Attenuated but Regains Virulence in p47phox[minus sign]/[minus sign] Mice. by van Diepen A, van der Straaten T, Holland SM, Janssen R, van Dissel JT.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127934
Studies
61
•
A virulent isolate of Salmonella enteritidis produces a Salmonella typhi-like lipopolysaccharide. by Rahman MM, Guard-Petter J, Carlson RW.; 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178946
•
ABC Medium, a New Chromogenic Agar for Selective Isolation of Salmonella spp. by Perry JD, Ford M, Taylor J, Jones AL, Freeman R, Gould FK.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84547
•
Absence of All Components of the Flagellar Export and Synthesis Machinery Differentially Alters Virulence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Models of Typhoid Fever, Survival in Macrophages, Tissue Culture Invasiveness, and Calf Enterocolitis. by Schmitt CK, Ikeda JS, Darnell SC, Watson PR, Bispham J, Wallis TS, Weinstein DL, Metcalf ES, O'Brien AD.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98677
•
Accumulation of a lipid-linked intermediate involved in enterobacterial common antigen synthesis in Salmonella typhimurium mutants lacking dTDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. by Rick PD, Wolski S, Barr K, Ward S, Ramsay-Sharer L.; 1988 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=211403
•
Acid adaptation promotes survival of Salmonella spp. in cheese. by Leyer GJ, Johnson EA.; 1992 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=195729
•
Acid shock induction of RpoS is mediated by the mouse virulence gene mviA of Salmonella typhimurium. by Bearson SM, Benjamin WH Jr, Swords WE, Foster JW.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177981
•
Acidification of phagosomes containing Salmonella typhimurium in murine macrophages. by Rathman M, Sjaastad MD, Falkow S.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174137
•
Acquisition of Mn(II) in Addition to Fe(II) Is Required for Full Virulence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by Boyer E, Bergevin I, Malo D, Gros P, Cellier MF.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130432
•
Activation of the Cryptic aac(6[prime prime or minute])-Iy Aminoglycoside Resistance Gene of Salmonella by a Chromosomal Deletion Generating a Transcriptional Fusion. by Magnet S, Courvalin P, Lambert T.; 1999 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94128
•
Alafosfalin as a Selective Agent for Isolation of Salmonella from Clinical Samples. by Perry JD, Riley G, Gould FK, Perez JM, Boissier E, Ouedraogo RT, Freydiere AM.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139668
•
An altered rpoS allele contributes to the avirulence of Salmonella typhimurium LT2. by Wilmes-Riesenberg MR, Foster JW, Curtiss R 3rd.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174577
62
Salmonella
•
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect PCR products of the rfbS gene from serogroup D salmonellae: a rapid screening prototype. by Luk JM, Kongmuang U, Tsang RS, Lindberg AA.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229656
•
Analyses of the Evolutionary Distribution of Salmonella Translocated Effectors. by Hansen-Wester I, Stecher B, Hensel M.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127817
•
Analysis of a FliM-FliN flagellar switch fusion mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. by Kihara M, Francis NR, DeRosier DJ, Macnab RM.; 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178227
•
Analysis of Host Cells Associated with the Spv-Mediated Increased Intracellular Growth Rate of Salmonella typhimurium in Mice. by Gulig PA, Doyle TJ, Hughes JA, Matsui H.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108227
•
Analysis of Molecular Epidemiology of Chilean Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis Isolates by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis and Bacteriophage Typing. by Fernandez J, Fica A, Ebensperger G, Calfullan H, Prat S, Fernandez A, Alexandre M, Heitmann I.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153903
•
Analysis of Plasmid and Chromosomal DNA of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi from Asia. by Mirza S, Kariuki S, Mamun KZ, Beeching NJ, Hart CA.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86462
•
Analysis of Salmonella enterica Serotype-Host Specificity in Calves: Avirulence of S. enterica Serotype Gallinarum Correlates with Bacterial Dissemination from Mesenteric Lymph Nodes and Persistence In Vivo. by Paulin SM, Watson PR, Benmore AR, Stevens MP, Jones PW, Villarreal-Ramos B, Wallis TS.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=133032
•
Analysis of Salmonella enteritidis isolates by arbitrarily primed PCR. by Fadl AA, Nguyen AV, Khan MI.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228081
•
Analysis of Salmonella typhi isolates from Southeast Asia by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. by Thong KL, Puthucheary S, Yassin RM, Sudarmono P, Padmidewi M, Soewandojo E, Handojo I, Sarasombath S, Pang T.; 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228306
•
Analysis of the boundaries of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 and the corresponding chromosomal region of Escherichia coli K-12. by Hensel M, Shea JE, Baumler AJ, Gleeson C, Blattner F, Holden DW.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178805
Studies
63
•
Analysis of the SOS Response in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Using RNA Fingerprinting by Arbitrarily Primed PCR. by Benson NR, Wong RM, McClelland M.; 2000 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101940
•
Animal and Human Multidrug-Resistant, Cephalosporin-Resistant Salmonella Isolates Expressing a Plasmid-Mediated CMY-2 AmpC [beta]-Lactamase. by Winokur PL, Brueggemann A, DeSalvo DL, Hoffmann L, Apley MD, Uhlenhopp EK, Pfaller MA, Doern GV.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90151
•
Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Salmonella Genomic Island 1 in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Isolated in Italy. by Carattoli A, Filetici E, Villa L, Dionisi AM, Ricci A, Luzzi I.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127428
•
Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Exposed to Microcin-Producing Escherichia coli. by Carlson SA, Frana TS, Griffith RW.; 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93088
•
Antibiotic-Induced Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Release from Salmonella typhi: Delay between Killing by Ceftazidime and Imipenem and Release of LPS. by van Langevelde P, Kwappenberg KM, Groeneveld PH, Mattie H, van Dissel JT.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105534
•
Antibody Is Required for Protection against Virulent but Not Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by McSorley SJ, Jenkins MK.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97596
•
Antimicrobial Effects of Mustard Flour and Acetic Acid against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by Rhee MS, Lee SY, Dougherty RH, Kang DH.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154497
•
Antimicrobial Resistance and Spread of Class 1 Integrons among Salmonella Serotypes. by Guerra B, Soto S, Cal S, Mendoza MC.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90030
•
Antimicrobial Susceptibilities and Molecular Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis Strains Isolated in Hong Kong from 1986 to 1996. by Ling JM, Koo IC, Kam KM, Cheng AF.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104902
•
Application of random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis to differentiate strains of Salmonella enteritidis. by Lin AW, Usera MA, Barrett TJ, Goldsby RA.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228908
•
Aspartic Peptide Hydrolases in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by Larsen RA, Knox TM, Miller CG.; 2001 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95209
•
Assessment of Strain Relatedness among Salmonella Serotypes Salinatis, Duisburg, and Sandiego by Biotyping, Ribotyping, IS200 Fingerprinting, and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. by Old DC, Rankin SC, Crichton PB.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84923
64
Salmonella
•
Association with MDCK epithelial cells by Salmonella typhimurium is reduced during utilization of carbohydrates. by Schiemann DA.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173175
•
At Least Four Percent of the Salmonella typhimurium Genome Is Required for Fatal Infection of Mice. by Bowe F, Lipps CJ, Tsolis RM, Groisman E, Heffron F, Kusters JG.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108354
•
Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Expressing Urease Effectively Immunizes Mice against Helicobacter pylori Challenge as Part of a Heterologous Mucosal Priming-Parenteral Boosting Vaccination Regimen. by Londono-Arcila P, Freeman D, Kleanthous H, O'Dowd AM, Lewis S, Turner AK, Rees EL, Tibbitts TJ, Greenwood J, Monath TP, Darsley MJ.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128259
•
Attenuation and Immunogenicity of [Delta]cya [Delta]crp Derivatives of Salmonella choleraesuis in Pigs. by Kennedy MJ, Yancey RJ Jr, Sanchez MS, Rzepkowski RA, Kelly SM, Curtiss R III.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96787
•
Automated 5[prime prime or minute] Nuclease PCR Assay for Identification of Salmonella enterica. by Hoorfar J, Ahrens P, Radstrom P.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87399
•
Biological Cost of AmpC Production for Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium. by Morosini MI, Ayala JA, Baquero F, Martinez JL, Blazquez J.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101617
•
Branched-Chain Amino Acid Biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium: a Quantitative Analysis. by Epelbaum S, LaRossa RA, VanDyk TK, Elkayam T, Chipman DM, Barak Z.; 1998 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107399
•
Brucella-Salmonella lipopolysaccharide chimeras are less permeable to hydrophobic probes and more sensitive to cationic peptides and EDTA than are their native Brucella sp. counterparts. by Freer E, Moreno E, Moriyon I, Pizarro-Cerda J, Weintraub A, Gorvel JP.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178440
•
Carbon and nitrogen substrate utilization by archival Salmonella typhimurium LT2 cells. by Tracy BS, Edwards KK, Eisenstark A.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126257
•
Cell-Contact-Stimulated Formation of Filamentous Appendages by Salmonella typhimurium Does Not Depend on the Type III Secretion System Encoded by Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1. by Reed KA, Clark MA, Booth TA, Hueck CJ, Miller SI, Hirst BH, Jepson MA.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108157
•
Central regulatory role for the RpoS sigma factor in expression of Salmonella dublin plasmid virulence genes. by Chen CY, Buchmeier NA, Libby S, Fang FC, Krause M, Guiney DG.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177323
Studies
65
•
Characterization and Chromosomal Mapping of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium. by Daly M, Fanning S.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92389
•
Characterization and immunogenicity of Salmonella typhimurium SL1344 and UK-1 delta crp and delta cdt deletion mutants. by Zhang X, Kelly SM, Bollen WS, Curtiss R 3rd.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175779
•
Characterization of a Laboratory-Derived, High-Level Ampicillin-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strain That Caused Meningitis in an Infant. by Chiu CH, Chu C, Su LH, Wu WY, Wu TL.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127154
•
Characterization of a Novel Intracellularly Activated Gene from Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi. by Basso H, Rharbaoui F, Staendner LH, Medina E, Garcia-Del Portillo F, Guzman CA.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128351
•
Characterization of a Pore-Forming Cytotoxin Expressed by Salmonella enterica Serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A. by Oscarsson J, Westermark M, Lofdahl S, Olsen B, Palmgren H, Mizunoe Y, Wai SN, Uhlin BE.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128311
•
Characterization of a Self-Transferable Plasmid from Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Clinical Isolates Carrying Two Integron-Borne Gene Cassettes Together with Virulence and Drug Resistance Genes. by Guerra B, Soto S, Helmuth R, Mendoza MC.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127424
•
Characterization of Extended-Spectrum [beta]-Lactamase-Producing Salmonella typhimurium by Phenotypic and Genotypic Typing Methods. by Ait Mhand R, Brahimi N, Moustaoui N, El Mdaghri N, Amarouch H, Grimont F, Bingen E, Benbachir M.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85759
•
Characterization of intestinal invasion by Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella dublin and effect of a mutation in the invH gene. by Watson PR, Paulin SM, Bland AP, Jones PW, Wallis TS.; 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173367
•
Characterization of lipopolysaccharide heterogeneity in Salmonella enteritidis by an improved gel electrophoresis method. by Guard-Petter J, Lakshmi B, Carlson R, Ingram K.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167560
•
Characterization of multiple-antibiotic-resistant Salmonella typhimurium stains: molecular epidemiology of PER-1-producing isolates and evidence for nosocomial plasmid exchange by a clone. by Vahaboglu H, Dodanli S, Eroglu C, Ozturk R, Soyletir G, Yildirim I, Avkan V.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229438
66
Salmonella
•
Characterization of Salmonella Associated with Pig Ear Dog Treats in Canada. by Clark C, Cunningham J, Ahmed R, Woodward D, Fonseca K, Isaacs S, Ellis A, Anand C, Ziebell K, Muckle A, Sockett P, Rodgers F.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88472
•
Characterization of Salmonella enterica Derivatives Harboring Defined aroC and Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 Type III Secretion System (ssaV) Mutations by Immunization of Healthy Volunteers. by Hindle Z, Chatfield SN, Phillimore J, Bentley M, Johnson J, Cosgrove CA, Ghaem-Maghami M, Sexton A, Khan M, Brennan FR, Everest P, Wu T, Pickard D, Holden DW, Dougan G, Griffin GE, House D, Santangelo JD, Khan SA, Shea JE, Feldman RG, Lewis DJ.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128087
•
Characterization of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT104 Isolated from Denmark and Comparison with Isolates from Europe and the United States. by Baggesen DL, Sandvang D, Aarestrup FM.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86494
•
Characterization of Salmonella Serovars by PCR-Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism Analysis. by Nair S, Lin TK, Pang T, Altwegg M.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120578
•
Characterization of SrgA, a Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Virulence Plasmid-Encoded Paralogue of the Disulfide Oxidoreductase DsbA, Essential for Biogenesis of Plasmid-Encoded Fimbriae. by Bouwman CW, Kohli M, Killoran A, Touchie GA, Kadner RJ, Martin NL.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=142830
•
Characterization of the First Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Salmonella Isolate Identified in Canada. by Mulvey MR, Soule G, Boyd D, Demczuk W, Ahmed R.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149628
•
Characterization of the spv Locus in Salmonella enterica Serovar Arizona. by Libby SJ, Lesnick M, Hasegawa P, Kurth M, Belcher C, Fierer J, Guiney DG.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127997
•
Characterization of transcriptional regulation of the kdp operon of Salmonella typhimurium. by Frymier JS, Reed TD, Fletcher SA, Csonka LN.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179076
•
Characterization of Variant Salmonella Genomic Island 1 Multidrug Resistance Regions from Serovars Typhimurium DT104 and Agona. by Boyd D, Cloeckaert A, Chaslus-Dancla E, Mulvey MR.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127246
•
Chromosomal Rearrangements in Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi Affecting Molecular Typing in Outbreak Investigations. by Echeita MA, Usera MA.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104999
•
Class 1 Integron-Borne Multiple-Antibiotic Resistance Carried by IncFI and IncL/M Plasmids in Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium. by Tosini F, Visca P, Luzzi I, Dionisi AM, Pezzella C, Petrucca A, Carattoli A.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105998
Studies
67
•
Clinical and Veterinary Isolates of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Defective in Lipopolysaccharide O-Chain Polymerization. by Guard-Petter J, Parker CT, Asokan K, Carlson RW.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91316
•
Clinical Application of a Dot Blot Test for Diagnosis of Enteric Fever Due to Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi in Patients with Typhoid Fever from Colombia and Peru. by Cardona-Castro N, Gotuzzo E, Rodriguez M, Guerra H.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95868
•
Cloning and Characterization of the Salmonella typhimurium-Specific Chemoreceptor Tcp for Taxis to Citrate and from Phenol. by Yamamoto K, Imae Y.; 1993 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=45631
•
Combined PCR-oligonucleotide ligation assay for rapid detection of Salmonella serovars. by Stone GG, Oberst RD, Hays MP, McVey S, Chengappa MM.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228601
•
Comparative analysis of extreme acid survival in Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, and Escherichia coli. by Lin J, Lee IS, Frey J, Slonczewski JL, Foster JW.; 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177142
•
Comparative Studies of Mutations in Animal Isolates and Experimental In Vitro- and In Vivo-Selected Mutants of Salmonella spp. Suggest a Counterselection of Highly Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Strains in the Field. by Giraud E, Brisabois A, Martel JL, Chaslus-Dancla E.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89435
•
Comparison of [Delta]relA Strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Suggests a Role for ppGpp in Attenuation Regulation of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Biosynthesis. by Tedin K, Norel F.; 2001 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=100096
•
Comparison of Abilities of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium aroA aroD and aroA htrA Mutants To Act as Live Vectors. by Roberts M, Chatfield S, Pickard D, Li J, Bacon A.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101570
•
Comparison of CHROMagar Salmonella Medium and Hektoen Enteric Agar for Isolation of Salmonellae from Stool Samples. by Gaillot O, Di Camillo P, Berche P, Courcol R, Savage C.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84546
•
Comparison of CHROMagar Salmonella Medium and Xylose-Lysine-Desoxycholate and Salmonella-Shigella Agars for Isolation of Salmonella Strains from Stool Samples. by Maddocks S, Olma T, Chen S.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120614
•
Comparison of Cultivation and PCR-Hybridization for Detection of Salmonella in Porcine Fecal and Water Samples. by Feder I, Nietfeld JC, Galland J, Yeary T, Sargeant JM, Oberst R, Tamplin ML, Luchansky JB.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88173
68
Salmonella
•
Comparison of Danish Isolates of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis PT9a and PT11 from Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) and Humans by Plasmid Profiling and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. by Nauerby B, Pedersen K, Dietz HH, Madsen M.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87448
•
Comparison of gyrA Mutations, Cyclohexane Resistance, and the Presence of Class I Integrons in Salmonella enterica from Farm Animals in England and Wales. by Liebana E, Clouting C, Cassar CA, Randall LP, Walker RA, Threlfall EJ, Clifton-Hadley FA, Ridley AM, Davies RH.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140356
•
Complete DNA Sequence and Comparative Analysis of the 50-Kilobase Virulence Plasmid of Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis. by Haneda T, Okada N, Nakazawa N, Kawakami T, Danbara H.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98198
•
Complete Nucleotide Sequence of a 43-Kilobase Genomic Island Associated with the Multidrug Resistance Region of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT104 and Its Identification in Phage Type DT120 and Serovar Agona. by Boyd D, Peters GA, Cloeckaert A, Boumedine KS, Chaslus-Dancla E, Imberechts H, Mulvey MR.; 2001 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95465
•
Components of the Salmonella Flagellar Export Apparatus and Classification of Export Substrates. by Minamino T, Macnab RM.; 1999 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93525
•
Concomitant Cytosolic Delivery of Two Immunodominant Listerial Antigens by Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Confers Superior Protection against Murine Listeriosis. by Igwe EI, Geginat G, Russmann H.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=133064
•
Conserved structure of IS200 elements in Salmonella. by Beuzon CR, Casadesus J.; 1997 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=146608
•
Construction, Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization, and Immunogenicity of Attenuated [Delta]guaBA Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Strain CVD 915. by Wang JY, Pasetti MF, Noriega FR, Anderson RJ, Wasserman SS, Galen JE, Sztein MB, Levine MM.; 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98559
•
Contribution of fimbrial operons to attachment to and invasion of epithelial cell lines by Salmonella typhimurium. by Baumler AJ, Tsolis RM, Heffron F.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174006
•
Contribution of horizontal gene transfer and deletion events to development of distinctive patterns of fimbrial operons during evolution of Salmonella serotypes. by Baumler AJ, Gilde AJ, Tsolis RM, van der Velden AW, Ahmer BM, Heffron F.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178699
•
Contribution of Proton-Translocating Proteins to the Virulence of Salmonella enterica Serovars Typhimurium, Gallinarum, and Dublin in Chickens and Mice. by Turner
Studies
69
AK, Barber LZ, Wigley P, Muhammad S, Jones MA, Lovell MA, Hulme S, Barrow PA.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155768 •
Contribution of Salmonella typhimurium Virulence Factors to Diarrheal Disease in Calves. by Tsolis RM, Adams LG, Ficht TA, Baumler AJ.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96822
•
Contribution of TonB- and Feo-mediated iron uptake to growth of Salmonella typhimurium in the mouse. by Tsolis RM, Baumler AJ, Heffron F, Stojiljkovic I.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174411
•
Control by H-2 genes of the Th1 response induced against a foreign antigen expressed by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium. by Lo-Man R, Martineau P, Deriaud E, Newton SM, Jehanno M, Clement JM, Fayolle C, Hofnung M, Leclerc CD.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174393
•
Coordinate Intracellular Expression of Salmonella Genes Induced during Infection. by Heithoff DM, Conner CP, Hentschel U, Govantes F, Hanna PC, Mahan MJ.; 1999 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93445
•
CTX-M-5, a Novel Cefotaxime-Hydrolyzing [beta]-Lactamase from an Outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium in Latvia. by Bradford PA, Yang Y, Sahm D, Grope I, Gardovska D, Storch G.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105719
•
Curli Fibers Are Highly Conserved between Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli with Respect to Operon Structure and Regulation. by Romling U, Bian Z, Hammar M, Sierralta WD, Normark S.; 1998 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106944
•
Decreased intracellular survival of an fkpA mutant of Salmonella typhimurium Copenhagen. by Horne SM, Kottom TJ, Nolan LK, Young KD.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176130
•
Detection and serogroup differentiation of Salmonella spp. in food within 30 hours by enrichment-immunoassay with a T6 monoclonal antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. by Ng SP, Tsui CO, Roberts D, Chau PY, Ng MH.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168010
•
Detection of Decreased Fluoroquinolone Susceptibility in Salmonellas and Validation of Nalidixic Acid Screening Test. by Hakanen A, Kotilainen P, Jalava J, Siitonen A, Huovinen P.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85694
•
Detection of gyrA Mutations in Quinolone-Resistant Salmonella enterica by Denaturing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. by Eaves DJ, Liebana E, Woodward MJ, Piddock LJ.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139672
70
Salmonella
•
Detection of motility and putative synthesis of flagellar proteins in Salmonella pullorum cultures. by Holt PS, Chaubal LH.; 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229727
•
Detection of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype typhimurium DT104 Based on a Gene Which Confers Cross-Resistance to Florfenicol and Chloramphenicol. by Bolton LF, Kelley LC, Lee MD, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Maurer JJ.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84772
•
Detection of Salmonella typhi by nested PCR based on the ViaB sequence. by Sharma KB, Arya SC.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=228712
•
Detection of Salmonella typhimurium from rectal swabs of experimentally infected beagles by short cultivation and PCR-hybridization. by Stone GG, Oberst RD, Hays MP, McVey S, Galland JC, Curtiss R 3rd, Kelly SM, Chengappa MM.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228148
•
Detection of Salmonellae in Chicken Feces by a Combination of Tetrathionate Broth Enrichment, Capillary PCR, and Capillary Gel Electrophoresis. by Carli KT, Unal CB, Caner V, Eyigor A.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88041
•
Development and Optimization of a Novel Immunomagnetic SeparationBacteriophage Assay for Detection of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis in Broth. by Favrin SJ, Jassim SA, Griffiths MW.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92550
•
Development of a murine model of chronic Salmonella infection. by Sukupolvi S, Edelstein A, Rhen M, Normark SJ, Pfeifer JD.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176137
•
Development of nested PCR based on the ViaB sequence to detect Salmonella typhi. by Hashimoto Y, Itho Y, Fujinaga Y, Khan AQ, Sultana F, Miyake M, Hirose K, Yamamoto H, Ezaki T.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228036
•
Diagnostic and Public Health Dilemma of Lactose-Fermenting Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium in Cattle in the Northeastern United States. by McDonough PL, Shin SJ, Lein DH.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86381
•
Discrimination of Strains of Salmonella enteritidis with Differing Levels of Virulence by an In Vitro Glass Adherence Test. by Solano C, Sesma B, Alvarez M, Humphrey TJ, Thorns CJ, Gamazo C.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104607
•
Disruption of the Genes for ClpXP Protease in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Results in Persistent Infection in Mice, and Development of Persistence Requires Endogenous Gamma Interferon and Tumor Necrosis Factor
Studies
71
Alpha. by Yamamoto T, Sashinami H, Takaya A, Tomoyasu T, Matsui H, Kikuchi Y, Hanawa T, Kamiya S, Nakane A.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98273 •
Distinctive IS200 insertion between gyrA and rcsC genes in Salmonella typhi. by Calva E, Ordonez LG, Fernandez-Mora M, Santana FJ, Bobadilla M, Puente JL.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230120
•
Diversity of Salmonella Strains Isolated from the Aquatic Environment as Determined by Serotyping and Amplification of the Ribosomal DNA Spacer Regions. by Baudart J, Lemarchand K, Brisabois A, Lebaron P.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92021
•
Diversity of Strains of Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis from English Poultry Farms Assessed by Multiple Genetic Fingerprinting. by Liebana E, Garcia-Migura L, Breslin MF, Davies RH, Woodward MJ.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87695
•
DNA adenine methylase mutants of Salmonella typhimurium show defects in protein secretion, cell invasion, and M cell cytotoxicity. by Garcia-Del Portillo F, Pucciarelli MG, Casadesus J.; 1999 Sep 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18076
•
DNA Fingerprinting of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Typhimurium with Emphasis on Phage Type DT104 Based on Variable Number of Tandem Repeat Loci. by Lindstedt BA, Heir E, Gjernes E, Kapperud G.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153889
•
DNA Microarray-Based Typing of an Atypical Monophasic Salmonella enterica Serovar. by Garaizar J, Porwollik S, Echeita A, Rementeria A, Herrera S, Wong RM, Frye J, Usera MA, McClelland M.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130817
•
Dual Emergence in Food and Humans of a Novel Multiresistant Serotype of Salmonella in Senegal: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serotype 35:c:1,2. by Cardinale E.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88154
•
Effect of Challenge Temperature and Solute Type on Heat Tolerance of Salmonella Serovars at Low Water Activity. by Mattick KL, Jorgensen F, Wang P, Pound J, Vandeven MH, Ward LR, Legan JD, Lappin-Scott HM, Humphrey TJ.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93139
•
Effect of the surface composition of motile Escherichia coli and motile Salmonella species on the direction of galvanotaxis. by Shi W, Stocker BA, Adler J.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177773
•
Effects of Nondigestible Oligosaccharides on Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Nonpathogenic Escherichia coli in the Pig Small Intestine In Vitro. by Naughton PJ, Mikkelsen LL, Jensen BB.; 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93033
72
Salmonella
•
Efficacy of chlorine and heat treatment in killing Salmonella stanley inoculated onto alfalfa seeds and growth and survival of the pathogen during sprouting and storage. by Jaquette CB, Beuchat LR, Mahon BE.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168001
•
Enterobacterial common antigen in mutant strains of Salmonella. by Mannel D, Makela PH, Mayer H.; 1978 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=222390
•
Entry and survival of Salmonella typhimurium in dendritic cells and presentation of recombinant antigens do not require macrophage-specific virulence factors. by Niedergang F, Sirard JC, Blanc CT, Kraehenbuhl JP.; 2000 Dec 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18973
•
Environmental Regulation of Salmonella typhi Invasion-Defective Mutants. by Leclerc GJ, Tartera C, Metcalf ES.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107957
•
Epidemic typhoid in Chile: analysis by molecular and conventional methods of Salmonella typhi strain diversity in epidemic (1977 and 1981) and nonepidemic (1990) years. by Fica AE, Prat-Miranda S, Fernandez-Ricci A, D'Ottone K, Cabello FC.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229098
•
Epidemic Typhoid in Vietnam: Molecular Typing of Multiple-Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi from Four Outbreaks. by Connerton P, Wain J, Hien TT, Ali T, Parry C, Chinh NT, Vinh H, Ho VA, Diep TS, Day NP, White NJ, Dougan G, Farrar JJ.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86238
•
Epidemiology of Salmonella sofia in Australia. by Harrington CS, Lanser JA, Manning PA, Murray CJ.; 1991 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182689
•
Evaluation of a fluorescence-labelled oligonucleotide probe targeting 23S rRNA for in situ detection of Salmonella serovars in paraffin-embedded tissue sections and their rapid identification in bacterial smears. by Nordentoft S, Christensen H, Wegener HC.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230026
•
Evaluation of DNA Extraction Methods for Use in Combination with SYBR Green I Real-Time PCR To Detect Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis in Poultry. by De Medici D, Croci L, Delibato E, Di Pasquale S, Filetici E, Toti L.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161507
•
Evaluation of five new plating media for isolation of Salmonella species. by Dusch H, Altwegg M.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228044
Studies
73
•
Evaluation of IS200-PCR and Comparison with Other Molecular Markers To Trace Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serotype Typhimurium Bovine Isolates from Farm to Meat. by Millemann Y, Gaubert S, Remy D, Colmin C.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86765
•
Evaluation of L-pyrrolidonyl peptidase paper strip test for differentiation of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, particularly Salmonella spp. by Inoue K, Miki K, Tamura K, Sakazaki R.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229122
•
Evaluation of Salmonella typhimurium Mutants in a Model of Experimental Gastroenteritis. by Everest P, Ketley J, Hardy S, Douce G, Khan S, Shea J, Holden D, Maskell D, Dougan G.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96587
•
Evaluation of Two Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Detecting Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Dublin Antibodies in Bulk Milk. by Veling J, van Zijderveld FG, van Zijderveld-van Bemmel AM, Schukken YH, Barkema HW.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96224
•
Evidence that the CysG protein catalyzes the first reaction specific to B12 synthesis in Salmonella typhimurium, insertion of cobalt. by Fazzio TG, Roth JR.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178598
•
Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strains Isolated in the Czech Republic between 1984 and 2002. by Faldynova M, Pravcova M, Sisak F, Havlickova H, Kolackova I, Cizek A, Karpiskova R, Rychlik I.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155862
•
Evolution of Multiresistance in Nontyphoid Salmonella Serovars from 1984 to 1998 in Argentina. by Orman BE, Pineiro SA, Arduino S, Galas M, Melano R, Caffer MI, Sordelli DO, Centron D.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=132759
•
Evolutionary genetics of the isocitrate dehydrogenase gene (icd) in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. by Wang FS, Whittam TS, Selander RK.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179578
•
Evolutionary origin of a monophasic Salmonella serovar, 9,12:l,v:-, revealed by IS200 profiles and restriction fragment polymorphisms of the fljB gene. by Burnens AP, Stanley J, Sechter I, Nicolet J.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229086
•
Expanded-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Salmonella Strains in Romania. by Miriagou V, Filip R, Coman G, Tzouvelekis LS.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139699
•
Expression of cspH, Encoding the Cold Shock Protein in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium UK-1. by Kim BH, Bang IS, Lee SY, Hong SK, Bang SH, Lee IS, Park YK.; 2001 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95449
74
Salmonella
•
Expression of Salmonella typhimurium rpoS and rpoS-dependent genes in the intracellular environment of eukaryotic cells. by Chen CY, Eckmann L, Libby SJ, Fang FC, Okamoto S, Kagnoff MF, Fierer J, Guiney DG.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174440
•
Expression of the Plasmodium falciparum Immunodominant Epitope (NANP)4 on the Surface of Salmonella enterica Using the Autotransporter MisL. by Ruiz-Perez F, Leon-Kempis R, Santiago-Machuca A, Ortega-Pierres G, Barry E, Levine M, GonzalezBonilla C.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128084
•
Expression profile and subcellular location of the plasmid-encoded virulence (Spv) proteins in wild-type Salmonella dublin. by El-Gedaily A, Paesold G, Krause M.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175482
•
Extragenic Suppressors of Growth Defects in msbB Salmonella. by Murray SR, Bermudes D, de Felipe KS, Low KB.; 2001 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95446
•
Fecal Excretion of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Following a Food-Borne Outbreak. by Murase T, Yamada M, Muto T, Matsushima A, Yamai S.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87417
•
Feed Deprivation Affects Crop Environment and Modulates Salmonella enteritidis Colonization and Invasion of Leghorn Hens. by Durant JA, Corrier DE, Byrd JA, Stanker LH, Ricke SC.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91277
•
Ferrioxamine-Mediated Iron(III) Utilization by Salmonella enterica. by Kingsley RA, Reissbrodt R, Rabsch W, Ketley JM, Tsolis RM, Everest P, Dougan G, Baumler AJ, Roberts M, Williams PH.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91228
•
Ferrous iron uptake by a magnesium transport system is toxic for Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. by Hantke K.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179529
•
Fimbriated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Abates Initial Inflammatory Responses by Macrophages. by Pascual DW, Trunkle T, Sura J.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128151
•
FimZ Is a Molecular Link between Sticking and Swimming in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by Clegg S, Hughes KT.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134799
•
Flagellar filament structure and cell motility of Salmonella typhimurium mutants lacking part of the outer domain of flagellin. by Yoshioka K, Aizawa S, Yamaguchi S.; 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176707
Studies
75
•
Fluorescent Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Reveals Phage-Type- Specific Markers and Potential for Microarray Typing. by Hu H, Lan R, Reeves PR.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130833
•
Fluorescent Amplified-Fragment Length Polymorphism Genotyping of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovars and Comparison with Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Typing. by Lindstedt BA, Heir E, Vardund T, Kapperud G.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86504
•
Fluorescent Amplified-Fragment Length Polymorphism Subtyping of the Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Phage Type 4 Clone Complex. by Desai M, Threlfall EJ, Stanley J.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87702
•
Functional Genomic, Biochemical, and Genetic Characterization of the Salmonella pduO Gene, an ATP:Cob(I)alamin Adenosyltransferase Gene. by Johnson CL, Pechonick E, Park SD, Havemann GD, Leal NA, Bobik TA.; 2001 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95042
•
Genetic Analysis of Assembly of the Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Type III Secretion-Associated Needle Complex. by Sukhan A, Kubori T, Wilson J, Galan JE.; 2001 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94988
•
Genetic and Functional Analysis of a PmrA-PmrB-Regulated Locus Necessary for Lipopolysaccharide Modification, Antimicrobial Peptide Resistance, and Oral Virulence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by Gunn JS, Ryan SS, Van Velkinburgh JC, Ernst RK, Miller SI.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97691
•
Genetic and Redox Determinants of Nitric Oxide Cytotoxicity in a Salmonella typhimurium Model. by Groote MA, Granger D, Xu Y, Campbell G, Prince R, Fang FC.; 1995 Jul 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41525
•
Genetic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Canadian Isolates of Salmonella Serovar Typhimurium DT104. by Ng LK, Mulvey MR, Martin I, Peters GA, Johnson W.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89607
•
Genetic Diversity of Clinical and Environmental Strains of Salmonella enterica Serotype Weltevreden Isolated in Malaysia. by Thong KL, Goh YL, Radu S, Noorzaleha S, Yasin R, Koh YT, Lim VK, Rusul G, Puthucheary SD.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120543
•
Genetics of Sensitivity of Salmonella Species to Colicin M and Bacteriophages T5, T1, and ES18. by Graham AC, Stocker BA.; 1977 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=235345
•
Genetics of Swarming Motility in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium: Critical Role for Lipopolysaccharide. by Toguchi A, Siano M, Burkart M, Harshey RM.; 2000 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94776
76
Salmonella
•
Genome-Based Identification of Chromosomal Regions Specific for Salmonella spp. by Hansen-Wester I, Hensel M.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127916
•
Genomic cleavage map of Salmonella typhi Ty2. by Liu SL, Sanderson KE.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177289
•
Genomic Subtraction Identifies Salmonella typhimurium Prophages, F-Related Plasmid Sequences, and a Novel Fimbrial Operon, stf, Which Are Absent in Salmonella typhi. by Emmerth M, Goebel W, Miller SI, Hueck CJ.; 1999 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94084
•
Genotypic Characterization of Salmonella enteritidis Phage Types by Plasmid Analysis, Ribotyping, and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. by Ridley AM, Threlfall EJ, Rowe B.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105038
•
Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Is Required for Salmonella typhimurium Virulence and Resistance to Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Intermediates. by Lundberg BE, Wolf RE Jr, Dinauer MC, Xu Y, Fang FC.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96332
•
Glutathione is required for maximal transcription of the cobalamin biosynthetic and 1,2-propanediol utilization (cob/pdu) regulon and for the catabolism of ethanolamine, 1,2-propanediol, and propionate in Salmonella typhimurium LT2. by Rondon MR, Kazmierczak R, Escalante-Semerena JC.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177348
•
Glycerol elicits energy taxis of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. by Zhulin IB, Rowsell EH, Johnson MS, Taylor BL.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179097
•
Growth Phase-Regulated Induction of Salmonella-Induced Macrophage Apoptosis Correlates with Transient Expression of SPI-1 Genes. by Lundberg U, Vinatzer U, Berdnik D, von Gabain A, Baccarini M.; 1999 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93810
•
Hha Is a Negative Modulator of Transcription of hilA, the Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Invasion Gene Transcriptional Activator. by Fahlen TF, Wilson RL, Boddicker JD, Jones BD.; 2001 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95493
•
Hook-length control of the export-switching machinery involves a double-locked gate in Salmonella typhimurium flagellar morphogenesis. by Kutsukake K.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178825
•
Host --pathogen interactions: Host resistance factor Nramp1 up-regulates the expression of Salmonella pathogenicity island-2 virulence genes. by Zaharik ML, Vallance BA, Puente JL, Gros P, Finlay BB.; 2002 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137780
Studies
77
•
Human C-Reactive Protein Is Protective against Fatal Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection in Transgenic Mice. by Szalai AJ, VanCott JL, McGhee JR, Volanakis JE, Benjamin WH Jr.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101518
•
Identification and Expression of Cephamycinase blaCMY Genes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella Isolates from Food Animals and Ground Meat. by Zhao S, White DG, McDermott PF, Friedman S, English L, Ayers S, Meng J, Maurer JJ, Holland R, Walker RD.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90890
•
Identification and Genetic Characterization of PmrA-Regulated Genes and Genes Involved in Polymyxin B Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by Tamayo R, Ryan SS, McCoy AJ, Gunn JS.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=133008
•
Identification and Molecular Characterization of a Salmonella typhimurium Gene Involved in Triggering the Internalization of Salmonellae into Cultured Epithelial Cells. by Ginocchio C, Pace J, Galan JE.; 1992 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=49420
•
Identification and sequence analysis of lpfABCDE, a putative fimbrial operon of Salmonella typhimurium. by Baumler AJ, Heffron F.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176853
•
Identification by Subtractive Hybridization of Sequences Specific for Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis. by Agron PG, Walker RL, Kinde H, Sawyer SJ, Hayes DC, Wollard J, Andersen GL.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93261
•
Identification of a Pathogenicity Island Required for Salmonella Survival in Host Cells. by Ochman H, Soncini FC, Solomon F, Groisman EA.; 1996 Jul 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38828
•
Identification of a Putative Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Host Range Factor with Homology to IpaH and YopM by Signature-Tagged Mutagenesis. by Tsolis RM, Townsend SM, Miao EA, Miller SI, Ficht TA, Adams LG, Baumler AJ.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97046
•
Identification of DT104 and U302 Phage Types among Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Isolates by PCR. by Pritchett LC, Konkel ME, Gay JM, Besser TE.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87414
•
Identification of GtgE, a Novel Virulence Factor Encoded on the Gifsy-2 Bacteriophage of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by Ho TD, FigueroaBossi N, Wang M, Uzzau S, Bossi L, Slauch JM.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135366
•
Identification of novel loci affecting entry of Salmonella enteritidis into eukaryotic cells. by Stone BJ, Garcia CM, Badger JL, Hassett T, Smith RI, Miller VL.; 1992 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=206103
78
Salmonella
•
Identification of Residues Involved in Catalytic Activity of the Inverting Glycosyl Transferase WbbE from Salmonella enterica Serovar Borreze. by Keenleyside WJ, Clarke AJ, Whitfield C.; 2001 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94852
•
Identification of Salmonella abortusovis by PCR amplification of a serovar-specific IS200 element. by Beuzon CR, Schiaffino A, Leori G, Cappuccinelli P, Rubino S, Casadesus J.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168497
•
Identification of sigma S-regulated genes in Salmonella typhimurium: complementary regulatory interactions between sigma S and cyclic AMP receptor protein. by Fang FC, Chen CY, Guiney DG, Xu Y.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178306
•
Identification of SoxS-Regulated Genes in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by Pomposiello PJ, Demple B.; 2000 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94235
•
Identification of Two Phylogenetically Related Organisms from Feces by PCR for Detection of Salmonella spp. by Gentry-Weeks C, Hutcheson HJ, Kim LM, Bolte D, Traub-Dargatz J, Morley P, Powers B, Jessen M.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140337
•
Identification of two targets of the type III protein secretion system encoded by the inv and spa loci of Salmonella typhimurium that have homology to the Shigella IpaD and IpaA proteins. by Kaniga K, Trollinger D, Galan JE.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177584
•
Igh-6[minus sign]/[minus sign] (B-Cell-Deficient) Mice Fail To Mount Solid Acquired Resistance to Oral Challenge with Virulent Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Show Impaired Th1 T-Cell Responses to Salmonella Antigens. by Mastroeni P, Simmons C, Fowler R, Hormaeche CE, Dougan G.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97100
•
Immunomagnetic-electrochemiluminescent detection of Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella typhimurium in foods and environmental water samples. by Yu H, Bruno JG.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167823
•
Impact of Transport Crate Reuse and of Catching and Processing on Campylobacter and Salmonella Contamination of Broiler Chickens. by Slader J, Domingue G, Jorgensen F, McAlpine K, Owen RJ, Bolton FJ, Humphrey TJ.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126660
•
In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT104 Virulence. by Allen CA, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Vazquez-Torres A, Suyemoto M, Altier C, Ryder LR, Fang FC, Libby SJ.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98547
Studies
79
•
In vitro attachment and invasion of chicken ovarian granulosa cells by Salmonella enteritidis phage type 8. by Thiagarajan D, Saeed M, Turek J, Asem E.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174482
•
In Vivo Acquisition of Ceftriaxone Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serotype Anatum. by Su LH, Chiu CH, Chu C, Wang MH, Chia JH, Wu TL.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151763
•
In Vivo Activation of Dendritic Cells and T Cells during Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection. by Yrlid U, Svensson M, Hakansson A, Chambers BJ, Ljunggren HG, Wick MJ.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98689
•
In Vivo Blockage of Nitric Oxide with Aminoguanidine Inhibits Immunosuppression Induced by an Attenuated Strain of Salmonella typhimurium, Potentiates Salmonella Infection, and Inhibits Macrophage and Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Influx into the Spleen. by MacFarlane AS, Schwacha MG, Eisenstein TK.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96401
•
In Vivo Characterization of the Murine Intranasal Model for Assessing the Immunogenicity of Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Strains as Live Mucosal Vaccines and as Live Vectors. by Pickett TE, Pasetti MF, Galen JE, Sztein MB, Levine MM.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97122
•
In Vivo Genetic Analysis Indicates That PhoP-PhoQ and the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 Type III Secretion System Contribute Independently to Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Virulence. by Beuzon CR, Unsworth KE, Holden DW.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98809
•
Increased Susceptibility of C1q-Deficient Mice to Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection. by Warren J, Mastroeni P, Dougan G, Noursadeghi M, Cohen J, Walport MJ, Botto M.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127690
•
Increasing Genetic Diversity of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Isolates from Papua New Guinea over the Period from 1992 to 1999. by Thong KL, Goh YL, Yasin RM, Lau MG, Passey M, Winston G, Yoannes M, Pang T, Reeder JC.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139691
•
Increasing Incidence and Comparison of Nalidixic Acid-Resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serotype Typhimurium Isolates from Humans and Animals. by Heurtin-Le Corre C, Donnio PY, Perrin M, Travert MF, Avril JL.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84233
•
Indications of in vivo transfer of an epidemic R plasmid from Salmonella enteritidis to Escherichia coli of the normal human gut flora. by Balis E, Vatopoulos AC, Kanelopoulou M, Mainas E, Hatzoudis G, Kontogianni V, Malamou-Lada H, KitsouKiriakopoulou S, Kalapothaki V.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228931
•
Inducible pH homeostasis and the acid tolerance response of Salmonella typhimurium. by Foster JW, Hall HK.; 1991 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=208204
80
Salmonella
•
Induction of Acid Resistance of Salmonella typhimurium by Exposure to Short-Chain Fatty Acids. by Kwon YM, Ricke SC.; 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106747
•
Induction of cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 2 mRNAs in macrophages by Legionella pneumophila or Salmonella typhimurium attachment requires different ligand-receptor systems. by Yamamoto Y, Klein TW, Friedman H.; 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174188
•
Influence of genes encoding proton-translocating enzymes on suppression of Salmonella typhimurium growth and colonization. by Zhang-Barber L, Turner AK, Martin G, Frankel G, Dougan G, Barrow PA.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179664
•
Influence of the Salmonella typhimurium Pathogenicity Island 2 Type III Secretion System on Bacterial Growth in the Mouse. by Shea JE, Beuzon CR, Gleeson C, Mundy R, Holden DW.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96299
•
Influence of Vector-Encoded Cytokines on Anti-Salmonella Immunity: Divergent Effects of Interleukin-2 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha. by al-Ramadi BK, AlDhaheri MH, Mustafa N, AbouHaidar M, Xu D, Liew FY, Lukic ML, FernandezCabezudo MJ.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98460
•
Inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium Invasion by Host Cell Expression of Secreted Bacterial Invasion Proteins. by Carlson SA, Jones BD.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108661
•
Inoculation onto Solid Surfaces Protects Salmonella spp. during Acid Challenge: a Model Study Using Polyethersulfone Membranes. by Gawande PV, Bhagwat AA.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126570
•
Inorganic polyphosphate is essential for long-term survival and virulence factors in Shigella and Salmonella spp. by Kim KS, Rao NN, Fraley CD, Kornberg A.; 2002 May 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124319
•
Integron- and Carbenicillinase-Mediated Reduced Susceptibility to AmoxicillinClavulanic Acid in Isolates of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium DT104 from French Patients. by Poirel L, Guibert M, Bellais S, Naas T, Nordmann P.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89117
•
Interaction between FliE and FlgB, a Proximal Rod Component of the Flagellar Basal Body of Salmonella. by Minamino T, Yamaguchi S, Macnab RM.; 2000 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94486
•
Interaction of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium with Dendritic Cells Is Defined by Targeting to Compartments Lacking Lysosomal Membrane Glycoproteins. by Garcia-Del Portillo F, Jungnitz H, Rohde M, Guzman CA.; 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97514
Studies
81
•
Interpretations of Antibody Responses to Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis gm Flagellin in Poultry Flocks Are Enhanced by a Kinetics-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. by McDonough PL, Jacobson RH, Timoney JF, Mutalib A, Kradel DC, Chang YF, Shin SJ, Lein DH, Trock S, Wheeler K.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95616
•
Inversions over the Terminus Region in Salmonella and Escherichia coli: IS200s as the Sites of Homologous Recombination Inverting the Chromosome of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi. by Alokam S, Liu SL, Said K, Sanderson KE.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151944
•
InvF Is Required for Expression of Genes Encoding Proteins Secreted by the SPI1 Type III Secretion Apparatus in Salmonella typhimurium. by Heran Darwin K, Miller VL.; 1999 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93983
•
IroN, a Novel Outer Membrane Siderophore Receptor Characteristic of Salmonella enterica. by Baumler AJ, Norris TL, Lasco T, Voigt W, Reissbrodt R, Rabsch W, Heffron F.; 1998 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107043
•
Isolation and Characterization of a Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi Variant and Its Clinical and Public Health Implications. by Woo PC, Fung AM, Wong SS, Tsoi HW, Yuen KY.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87903
•
Isolation and characterization of adenylate kinase (adk) mutations in Salmonella typhimurium which block the ability of glycine betaine to function as an osmoprotectant. by Gutierrez JA, Csonka LN.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176603
•
Isolation of a temperate bacteriophage encoding the type III effector protein SopE from an epidemic Salmonella typhimurium strain. by Mirold S, Rabsch W, Rohde M, Stender S, Tschape H, Russmann H, Igwe E, Hardt WD.; 1999 Aug 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22298
•
Isolation of NAD cycle mutants defective in nicotinamide mononucleotide deamidase in Salmonella typhimurium. by Cheng W, Roth J.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177533
•
Lack of the ApbC or ApbE Protein Results in a Defect in Fe-S Cluster Metabolism in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by Skovran E, Downs DM.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=141979
•
Lactobacillus salivarius CTC2197 Prevents Salmonella enteritidis Colonization in Chickens. by Pascual M, Hugas M, Badiola JI, Monfort JM, Garriga M.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91670
•
Large Drug Resistance Virulence Plasmids of Clinical Isolates of Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis. by Chu C, Chiu CH, Wu WY, Chu CH, Liu TP, Ou JT.; 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90645
•
Lesions in gshA (Encoding [gamma]-l-Glutamyl-l-Cysteine Synthetase) Prevent Aerobic Synthesis of Thiamine in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium LT2. by Gralnick J, Webb E, Beck B, Downs D.; 2000 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94667
82
Salmonella
•
Levels of Expression and Immunogenicity of Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strains Expressing Escherichia coli Mutant Heat-Labile Enterotoxin. by Covone MG, Brocchi M, Palla E, da Silveira WD, Rappuoli R, Galeotti CL.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107881
•
Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Biliary Factors Enhance Invasion of Salmonella enteritidis in a Rat Model. by Islam AF, Moss ND, Dai Y, Smith MS, Collins AM, Jackson GD.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97093
•
Lipopolysaccharide-Specific but Not Anti-Flagellar Immunoglobulin A Monoclonal Antibodies Prevent Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis Invasion and Replication within HEp-2 Cell Monolayers. by Iankov ID, Petrov DP, Mladenov IV, Haralambieva IH, Mitov IG.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127784
•
Lon, a Stress-Induced ATP-Dependent Protease, Is Critically Important for Systemic Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection of Mice. by Takaya A, Suzuki M, Matsui H, Tomoyasu T, Sashinami H, Nakane A, Yamamoto T.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=145356
•
Longitudinal Study of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Infection in Three Danish Farrow-to-Finish Swine Herds. by Kranker S, Alban L, Boes J, Dahl J.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156512
•
Low-Molecular-Weight Plasmid of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Codes for Retron Reverse Transcriptase and Influences Phage Resistance. by Rychlik I, Sebkova A, Gregorova D, Karpiskova R.; 2001 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=99502
•
Low-Shear Modeled Microgravity Alters the Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Stress Response in an RpoS-Independent Manner. by Wilson JW, Ott CM, Ramamurthy R, Porwollik S, McClelland M, Pierson DL, Nickerson CA.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129924
•
Macrophage Killing is an Essential Virulence Mechanism of Salmonella typhimurium. by Lindgren SW, Stojiljkovic I, Heffron F.; 1996 Apr 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39511
•
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays a pivotal role in immunity against Salmonella typhimurium. by Koebernick H, Grode L, David JR, Rohde W, Rolph MS, Mittrucker HW, Kaufmann SH.; 2002 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129741
•
Membrane Topology of the ZntB Efflux System of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by Caldwell AM, Smith RL.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=141924
•
Metabolic Engineering of a Novel Propionate-Independent Pathway for the Production of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) in Recombinant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by Aldor IS, Kim SW, Jones Prather KL, Keasling JD.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124029
Studies
83
•
Metabolic Flux in Both the Purine Mononucleotide and Histidine Biosynthetic Pathways Can Influence Synthesis of the Hydroxymethyl Pyrimidine Moiety of Thiamine in Salmonella enterica. by Allen S, Zilles JL, Downs DM.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151968
•
mig-14 Is a Horizontally Acquired, Host-Induced Gene Required for Salmonella enterica Lethal Infection in the Murine Model of Typhoid Fever. by Valdivia RH, Cirillo DM, Lee AK, Bouley DM, Falkow S.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97824
•
mig-14 Is a Salmonella Gene That Plays a Role in Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides. by Brodsky IE, Ernst RK, Miller SI, Falkow S.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135090
•
Modeling of 5[prime prime or minute] Nuclease Real-Time Responses for Optimization of a High-Throughput Enrichment PCR Procedure for Salmonella enterica. by Knutsson R, Lofstrom C, Grage H, Hoorfar J, Radstrom P.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120126
•
Modulation of Virulence by Two Acidified Nitrite-Responsive Loci of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by Kim CC, Monack D, Falkow S.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155741
•
Molecular Analyses of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Fish Feed Factories and Fish Feed Ingredients. by Nesse LL, Nordby K, Heir E, Bergsjoe B, Vardund T, Nygaard H, Holstad G.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=143582
•
Molecular Analysis of and Identification of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Clinical Isolates of Salmonella typhi from India. by Shanahan PM, Jesudason MV, Thomson CJ, Amyes SG.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104883
•
Molecular analysis of environmental and human isolates of Salmonella typhi. by Thong KL, Cordano AM, Yassin RM, Pang T.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167795
•
Molecular analysis of isolates of Salmonella typhi obtained from patients with fatal and nonfatal typhoid fever. by Thong KL, Passey M, Clegg A, Combs BG, Yassin RM, Pang T.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228948
•
Molecular analysis of Salmonella enteritidis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotyping. by Thong KL, Ngeow YF, Altwegg M, Navaratnam P, Pang T.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228106
•
Molecular and Functional Characterization of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium poxA Gene: Effect on Attenuation of Virulence and Protection. by Kaniga K, Compton MS, Curtiss R III, Sundaram P.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108707
84
Salmonella
•
Molecular and Phenotypic Analysis of the CS54 Island of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium: Identification of Intestinal Colonization and Persistence Determinants. by Kingsley RA, Humphries AD, Weening EH, de Zoete MR, Winter S, Papaconstantinopoulou A, Dougan G, Baumler AJ.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=145368
•
Molecular Basis of the Interaction of Salmonella with the Intestinal Mucosa. by Darwin KH, Miller VL.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=100246
•
Molecular characterization and assembly of the needle complex of the Salmonella typhimurium type III protein secretion system. by Kubori T, Sukhan A, Aizawa SI, Galan JE.; 2000 Aug 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27824
•
Molecular Characterization of Cephalosporin-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Newport Isolates from Animals in Pennsylvania. by Rankin SC, Aceto H, Cassidy J, Holt J, Young S, Love B, Tewari D, Munro DS, Benson CE.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154621
•
Molecular Characterization of Irish Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium: Detection of Class I Integrons and Assessment of Genetic Relationships by DNA Amplification Fingerprinting. by Daly M, Buckley J, Power E, O'Hare C, Cormican M, Cryan B, Wall PG, Fanning S.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91870
•
Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Typhimurium Isolates from Swine. by Gebreyes WA, Altier C.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120621
•
Molecular Characterization of Multiresistant d-Tartrate-Positive Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B Isolates. by Miko A, Guerra B, Schroeter A, Dorn C, Helmuth R.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130825
•
Molecular characterization of the oafA locus responsible for acetylation of Salmonella typhimurium O-antigen: oafA is a member of a family of integral membrane trans-acylases. by Slauch JM, Lee AA, Mahan MJ, Mekalanos JJ.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178445
•
Molecular Characterization of the Prototrophic Salmonella Mutants Defective for Intraepithelial Replication. by Suvarnapunya AE, Zurawski DV, Guy RL, Stein MA.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152099
•
Molecular epidemiology of antibiotic resistance of Salmonella enteritidis during a 7year period in Greece. by Tassios PT, Markogiannakis A, Vatopoulos AC, Katsanikou E, Velonakis EN, Kourea-Kremastinou J, Legakis NJ.; 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229741
Studies
85
•
Molecular Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Isolates Determined by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis: Comparison of Isolates from Avian Wildlife, Domestic Animals, and the Environment in Norway. by Refsum T, Heir E, Kapperud G, Vardund T, Holstad G.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129883
•
Molecular epidemiology of two international sprout-borne Salmonella outbreaks. by Puohiniemi R, Heiskanen T, Siitonen A.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229997
•
Molecular Follow-Up of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Agona Infection in Cattle and Humans. by Lindqvist N, Siitonen A, Pelkonen S.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130846
•
Molecular Subtyping Methods for Detection of Salmonella enterica Serovar Oranienburg Outbreaks. by Kumao T, Ba-Thein W, Hayashi H.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130768
•
Molecular subtyping scheme for Salmonella panama. by Stanley J, Baquar N, Burnens A.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228132
•
Molecular Typing and Epidemiological Study of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Isolates from Cattle by Fluorescent Amplified-Fragment Length Polymorphism Fingerprinting and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. by Tamada Y, Nakaoka Y, Nishimori K, Doi A, Kumaki T, Uemura N, Tanaka K, Makino SI, Sameshima T, Akiba M, Nakazawa M, Uchida I.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87873
•
Molecular Typing of Multiple-Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi from Vietnam: Application to Acute and Relapse Cases of Typhoid Fever. by Wain J, Hien TT, Connerton P, Ali T, M. Parry C, Chinh NT, Vinh H, Phuong CX, Ho VA, Diep TS, Farrar JJ, White NJ, Dougan G.; 1999 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85257
•
Molecular typing of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi. by Navarro F, Llovet T, Echeita MA, Coll P, Aladuena A, Usera MA, Prats G.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229414
•
Molecular Typing of Salmonella Serotypes Prevalent in Animals in England: Assessment of Methodology. by Liebana E, Guns D, Garcia-Migura L, Woodward MJ, Clifton-Hadley FA, Davies RH.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88397
•
Molecular typing of Salmonella typhi strains from Dhaka (Bangladesh) and development of DNA probes identifying plasmid-encoded multidrug-resistant isolates. by Hermans PW, Saha SK, van Leeuwen WJ, Verbrugh HA, van Belkum A, Goessens WH.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229027
86
Salmonella
•
Mucosal and Systemic Immune Responses to Chimeric Fimbriae Expressed by Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Vaccine Strains. by Chen H, Schifferli DM.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97544
•
Mucosal Priming of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific Cytotoxic TLymphocyte Responses in Rhesus Macaques by the Salmonella Type III Secretion Antigen Delivery System. by Evans DT, Chen LM, Gillis J, Lin KC, Harty B, Mazzara GP, Donis RO, Mansfield KG, Lifson JD, Desrosiers RC, Galan JE, Johnson RP.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=141091
•
Multicenter Validation of the Analytical Accuracy of Salmonella PCR: towards an International Standard. by Malorny B, Hoorfar J, Bunge C, Helmuth R.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152403
•
Multidrug and Broad-Spectrum Cephalosporin Resistance among Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis Clinical Isolates in Southern Italy. by Villa L, Mammina C, Miriagou V, Tzouvelekis LS, Tassios PT, Nastasi A, Carattoli A.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120561
•
Multidrug Efflux Pump AcrAB of Salmonella typhimurium Excretes Only Those [beta]-Lactam Antibiotics Containing Lipophilic Side Chains. by Nikaido H, Basina M, Nguyen V, Rosenberg EY.; 1998 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107484
•
Multilocus Sequence Typing for Characterization of Clinical and Environmental Salmonella Strains. by Kotetishvili M, Stine OC, Kreger A, Morris, Jr. JG, Sulakvelidze A.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130929
•
Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (mar) Locus in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT104. by Randall LP, Woodward MJ.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92713
•
Multiple Clones within Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Phage Type DT104. by Markogiannakis A, Tassios PT, Lambiri M, Ward LR, Kourea-Kremastinou J, Legakis NJ, Vatopoulos AC.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88604
•
Multiple Factors Independently Regulate hilA and Invasion Gene Expression in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by Lucas RL, Lostroh CP, DiRusso CC, Spector MP, Wanner BL, Lee CA.; 2000 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101869
•
Multiple Fimbrial Adhesins Are Required for Full Virulence of Salmonella typhimurium in Mice. by van der Velden AW, Baumler AJ, Tsolis RM, Heffron F.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108273
•
Multiple Genetic Typing of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Isolates of Different Phage Types (DT104, U302, DT204b, and DT49) from Animals and Humans in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. by Liebana E, Garcia-Migura L, Clouting C, Clifton-Hadley FA, Lindsay E, Threlfall EJ, McDowell SW, Davies RH.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154611
•
Multiple Resistance Mechanisms in Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Salmonella Isolates from Germany. by Guerra B, Malorny B, Schroeter A, Helmuth R.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155865
Studies
87
•
Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Serovar Muenchen Infections Associated with Alfalfa Sprouts Grown from Seeds Pretreated with Calcium Hypochlorite. by Proctor ME, Hamacher M, Tortorello ML, Archer JR, Davis JP.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88372
•
Mutant Forms of Salmonella typhimurium [final sigma]54 Defective in Transcription Initiation but Not Promoter Binding Activity. by Kelly MT, Hoover TR.; 1999 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93800
•
Mutation of Salmonella paratyphi A conferring cross-resistance to several groups of antibiotics by decreased permeability and loss of invasiveness. by Gutmann L, BillotKlein D, Williamson R, Goldstein FW, Mounier J, Acar JF, Collatz E.; 1988 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172134
•
Mutation of the htrB gene in a virulent Salmonella typhimurium strain by intergeneric transduction: strain construction and phenotypic characterization. by Sunshine MG, Gibson BW, Engstrom JJ, Nichols WA, Jones BD, Apicella MA.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179425
•
Mutations in Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 (SPI2) Genes Affecting Transcription of SPI1 Genes and Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents. by Deiwick J, Nikolaus T, Shea JE, Gleeson C, Holden DW, Hensel M.; 1998 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107499
•
New Zealand White Rabbit as a Nonsurgical Experimental Model for Salmonella enterica Gastroenteritis. by Hanes DE, Robl MG, Schneider CM, Burr DH.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98790
•
Novel Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Protein That Is Indispensable for Virulence and Intracellular Replication. by van der Straaten T, van Diepen A, Kwappenberg K, van Voorden S, Franken K, Janssen R, Kusters JG, Granger DL, van Dissel JT.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98829
•
OmpR Regulates the Stationary-Phase Acid Tolerance Response of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by Bang IS, Kim BH, Foster JW, Park YK.; 2000 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111274
•
Optimization of Plasmid Maintenance in the Attenuated Live Vector Vaccine Strain Salmonella typhi CVD 908-htrA. by Galen JE, Nair J, Wang JY, Wasserman SS, Tanner MK, Sztein MB, Levine MM.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97051
•
Oral Immunization with ATP-Dependent Protease-Deficient Mutants Protects Mice against Subsequent Oral Challenge with Virulent Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by Matsui H, Suzuki M, Isshiki Y, Kodama C, Eguchi M, Kikuchi Y, Motokawa K, Takaya A, Tomoyasu T, Yamamoto T.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=143154
•
Pathogenic Role of SEF14, SEF17, and SEF21 Fimbriae in Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Infection of Chickens. by Rajashekara G, Munir S, Alexeyev MF, Halvorson DA, Wells CL, Nagaraja KV.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92059
88
Salmonella
•
Pathogenicity and protective effect of rough mutants of Salmonella species in germfree piglets. by Dlabac V, Trebichavsky I, Rehakova Z, Hofmanova B, Splichal I, Cukrowska B.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175754
•
Pathogenicity Island 2 Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium Are Efficient Carriers for Heterologous Antigens and Enable Modulation of Immune Responses. by Medina E, Paglia P, Nikolaus T, Muller A, Hensel M, Guzman CA.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96434
•
PCR Detection of Salmonella enterica Serotype Montevideo in and on Raw Tomatoes Using Primers Derived from hilA. by Guo X, Chen J, Beuchat LR, Brackett RE.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92452
•
PCR ribotyping for characterizing Salmonella isolates of different serotypes. by Lagatolla C, Dolzani L, Tonin E, Lavenia A, Di Michele M, Tommasini T, MontiBragadin C.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229289
•
PduA Is a Shell Protein of Polyhedral Organelles Involved in Coenzyme B12Dependent Degradation of 1,2-Propanediol in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium LT2. by Havemann GD, Sampson EM, Bobik TA.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134856
•
Periplasmic superoxide dismutase protects Salmonella from products of phagocyte NADPH-oxidase and nitric oxide synthase. by De Groote MA, Ochsner UA, Shiloh MU, Nathan C, McCord JM, Dinauer MC, Libby SJ, Vazquez-Torres A, Xu Y, Fang FC.; 1997 Dec 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28421
•
Permeability and penicillin-binding protein alterations in Salmonella muenchen: stepwise resistance acquired during beta-lactam therapy. by Bellido F, Vladoianu IR, Auckenthaler R, Suter S, Wacker P, Then RL, Pechere JC.; 1989 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176073
•
Persistence of a Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT12 Clone in a Piggery and in Agricultural Soil Amended with Salmonella-Contaminated Slurry. by Baloda SB, Christensen L, Trajcevska S.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92952
•
Persistence of Salmonellae in Blood and Bone Marrow: Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol Treatments against Enteric Fever. by Gasem MH, Keuter M, Dolmans WM, van der Ven-Jongekrijg J, Djokomoeljanto R, van der Meer JW.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153327
•
Phase variation of the lpf operon is a mechanism to evade cross-immunity between Salmonella serotypes. by Norris TL, Baumler AJ.; 1999 Nov 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23958
•
Phenotypes of lexA Mutations in Salmonella enterica: Evidence for a Lethal lexA Null Phenotype Due to the Fels-2 Prophage. by Bunny K, Liu J, Roth J.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151935
Studies
89
•
PhoP-PhoQ activates transcription of pmrAB, encoding a two-component regulatory system involved in Salmonella typhimurium antimicrobial peptide resistance. by Gunn JS, Miller SI.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178586
•
PhoP-PhoQ-Regulated Loci Are Required for Enhanced Bile Resistance in Salmonella spp. by van Velkinburgh JC, Gunn JS.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96504
•
Physiological States of Individual Salmonella typhimurium Cells Monitored by In Situ Reverse Transcription-PCR. by Holmstrom K, Tolker-Nielsen T, Molin S.; 1999 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93570
•
Pilot Study of phoP/phoQ-Deleted Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Expressing Helicobacter pylori Urease in Adult Volunteers. by Angelakopoulos H, Hohmann EL.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97395
•
Plasmid virulence gene expression induced by short-chain fatty acids in Salmonella dublin: identification of rpoS-dependent and rpo-S-independent mechanisms. by ElGedaily A, Paesold G, Chen CY, Guiney DG, Krause M.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178844
•
Pleiotropic effects of poxA regulatory mutations of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, mutations conferring sulfometuron methyl and alpha-ketobutyrate hypersensitivity. by Van Dyk TK, Smulski DR, Chang YY.; 1987 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213819
•
Polynucleotide phosphorylase is a global regulator of virulence and persistency in Salmonella enterica. by Clements MO, Eriksson S, Thompson A, Lucchini S, Hinton JC, Normark S, Rhen M.; 2002 Jun 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124376
•
Population Heterogeneity of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Resulting from Phase Variation of the lpf Operon In Vitro and In Vivo. by Kingsley RA, Weening EH, Keestra AM, Baumler AJ.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135006
•
Production of Diamino propionic acid ammonia lyase by a new strain of Salmonella typhimurium PU011. by Rupesh KR, PremKumar PL, Shiva Kumar VV, Jayachandran SS.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101404
•
Production of Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for the i and 1,2 Flagellar Antigens of Salmonella typhimurium and Characterization of Their Respective Epitopes. by de Vries N, Zwaagstra KA, Huis in't Veld JH, van Knapen F, van Zijderveld FG, Kusters JG.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90964
•
Profile of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (Subspecies I) Serotype 4,5,12:i:[minus sign] Strains Causing Food-Borne Infections in New York City. by Agasan A, Kornblum J, Williams G, Pratt CC, Fleckenstein P, Wong M, Ramon A.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130705
90
Salmonella
•
Propagation of TEM- and PSE-Type [beta]-Lactamases among Amoxicillin-Resistant Salmonella spp. Isolated in France. by Llanes C, Kirchgesner V, Plesiat P.; 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89496
•
Propionyl Coenzyme A Is a Common Intermediate in the 1,2-Propanediol and Propionate Catabolic Pathways Needed for Expression of the prpBCDE Operon during Growth of Salmonella enterica on 1,2-Propanediol. by Palacios S, Starai VJ, Escalante-Semerena JC.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154405
•
Prospective Investigation of Cryptic Outbreaks of Salmonella agona Salmonellosis. by Taylor JP, Barnett BJ, del Rosario L, Williams K, Barth SS.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105077
•
prpR, ntrA, and ihf Functions Are Required for Expression of the prpBCDE Operon, Encoding Enzymes That Catabolize Propionate in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium LT2. by Palacios S, Escalante-Semerena JC.; 2000 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94363
•
Rapid Detection of Campylobacter coli, C. jejuni, and Salmonella enterica on Poultry Carcasses by Using PCR-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. by Hong Y, Berrang ME, Liu T, Hofacre CL, Sanchez S, Wang L, Maurer JJ.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161512
•
Rapid Detection of Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis in Blood Cultures by a Dot Blot Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. by Janyapoon K, Korbsrisate S, Thamapa H, Thongmin S, Kanjanahareutai S, Wongpredee N, Sarasombath S.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95996
•
Rapid detection of Salmonella enterica with primers specific for iroB. by Baumler AJ, Heffron F, Reissbrodt R.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=232733
•
Rapid Identification and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Isolated from Blood: Implications for Therapy. by Saha SK, Darmstadt GL, Baqui AH, Hanif M, Ruhulamin M, Santosham M, Nagatake T, Black RE.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88392
•
Rapid identification of Salmonella serovars in feces by specific detection of virulence genes, invA and spvC, by an enrichment broth culture-multiplex PCR combination assay. by Chiu CH, Ou JT.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229337
•
Rapid Protection of Gnotobiotic Pigs against Experimental Salmonellosis following Induction of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes by Avirulent Salmonella enterica. by Foster N, Lovell MA, Marston KL, Hulme SD, Frost AJ, Bland P, Barrow PA.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152035
•
Real-Time PCR Detection of Salmonella in Suspect Foods from a Gastroenteritis Outbreak in Kerr County, Texas. by Daum LT, Barnes WJ, McAvin JC, Neidert MS, Cooper LA, Huff WB, Gaul L, Riggins WS, Morris S, Salmen A, Lohman KL.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120641
Studies
91
•
Recombination of Salmonella phase 1 flagellin genes generates new serovars. by Smith NH, Beltran P, Selander RK.; 1990 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=208845
•
Recovery of Salmonella by Using Selenite Brilliant Green Sulfa Enrichment Broth. by Chang CT, Yuo CY, Shen HC, Li AM, Chen CY, Chou JL, Huang SP.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85894
•
Reduced Flux through the Purine Biosynthetic Pathway Results in an Increased Requirement for Coenzyme A in Thiamine Synthesis in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by Frodyma M, Rubio A, Downs DM.; 2000 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94266
•
Regulated Antigen Expression in Live Recombinant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strongly Affects Colonization Capabilities and Specific CD4 +-T-Cell Responses. by Bumann D.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98839
•
Regulation of Cathelicidin Gene Expression: Induction by Lipopolysaccharide, Interleukin-6, Retinoic Acid, and Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection. by Wu H, Zhang G, Minton JE, Ross CR, Blecha F.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101505
•
Regulation of heme biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium: activity of glutamyltRNA reductase (HemA) is greatly elevated during heme limitation by a mechanism which increases abundance of the protein. by Wang LY, Brown L, Elliott M, Elliott T.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179053
•
Regulation of plasmid virulence gene expression in Salmonella dublin involves an unusual operon structure. by Krause M, Fang FC, Guiney DG.; 1992 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=206235
•
Regulation of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium mntH Transcription by H2O2, Fe2 +, and Mn2 +. by Kehres DG, Janakiraman A, Slauch JM, Maguire ME.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135095
•
Relationship Between Evolutionary Rate and Cellular Location among the Inv/Spa Invasion Proteins of Salmonella enterica. by Li J, Ochman H, Groisman EA, Boyd EF, Solomon F, Nelson K, Selander RK.; 1995 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41317
•
Relationships among the O-Antigen Gene Clusters of Salmonella enterica Groups B, D1, D2, and D3. by Curd H, Liu D, Reeves PR.; 1998 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106985
•
Relative Distribution and Conservation of Genes Encoding AminoglycosideModifying Enzymes in Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Phage Type DT104. by Frana TS, Carlson SA, Griffith RW.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92597
92
Salmonella
•
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Some Flagellin Genes of Salmonella enterica. by Dauga C, Zabrovskaia A, Grimont PA.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105073
•
Resuscitation by Ferrioxamine E of Stressed Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium from Soil and Water Microcosms. by Reissbrodt R, Heier H, Tschape H, Kingsley RA, Williams PH.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92270
•
Resuscitation of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli from the Viable but Nonculturable State by Heat-Stable Enterobacterial Autoinducer. by Reissbrodt R, Rienaecker I, Romanova JM, Freestone PP, Haigh RD, Lyte M, Tschape H, Williams PH.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126406
•
Role of ArgR in Activation of the ast Operon, Encoding Enzymes of the Arginine Succinyltransferase Pathway in Salmonella typhimurium. by Lu CD, Abdelal AT.; 1999 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93598
•
Role of Endogenous Interleukin-18 in Resolving Wild-Type and Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium Infections. by Dybing JK, Walters N, Pascual DW.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97025
•
Role of Salmonella typhimurium Mn-superoxide dismutase (SodA) in protection against early killing by J774 macrophages. by Tsolis RM, Baumler AJ, Heffron F.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173218
•
Role of SefA subunit protein of SEF14 fimbriae in the pathogenesis of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. by Ogunniyi AD, Kotlarski I, Morona R, Manning PA.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176117
•
Role of sigma factor RpoS in initial stages of Salmonella typhimurium infection. by Nickerson CA, Curtiss R 3rd.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175223
•
Role of the High-Affinity Zinc Uptake znuABC System in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Virulence. by Campoy S, Jara M, Busquets N, Perez de Rozas AM, Badiola I, Barbe J.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128140
•
Role of the RecBCD Recombination Pathway in Salmonella Virulence. by Cano DA, Pucciarelli MG, Garcia-del Portillo F, Casadesus J.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139588
•
Role of Trehalose in Growth at High Temperature of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by Canovas D, Fletcher SA, Hayashi M, Csonka LN.; 2001 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=99634
•
Roles of hilC and hilD in Regulation of hilA Expression in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by Lucas RL, Lee CA.; 2001 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=99488
Studies
93
•
rpoS Mutants in Archival Cultures of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by Sutton A, Buencamino R, Eisenstark A.; 2000 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94605
•
RpoS Synthesis Is Growth Rate Regulated in Salmonella typhimurium, but Its Turnover Is Not Dependent on Acetyl Phosphate Synthesis or PTS Function. by Cunning C, Elliott T.; 1999 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93972
•
Salmonella DNA Adenine Methylase Mutants Confer Cross-Protective Immunity. by Heithoff DM, Enioutina EY, Daynes RA, Sinsheimer RL, Low DA, Mahan MJ.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=100049
•
Salmonella DNA Adenine Methylase Mutants Elicit Protective Immune Responses to Homologous and Heterologous Serovars in Chickens. by Dueger EL, House JK, Heithoff DM, Mahan MJ.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98898
•
Salmonella enterica Infections in Market Swine with and without Transport and Holding. by Hurd HS, McKean JD, Griffith RW, Wesley IV, Rostagno MH.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127561
•
Salmonella enterica Serotype Bredeney: Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Molecular Diversity of Isolates from Ireland and Northern Ireland. by Cormican M, DeLappe N, O'Hare C, Doran G, Morris D, Corbett-Feeney G, Fanning S, Daly M, Fitzgerald M, Moore J.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126544
•
Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium and Its Host-Adapted Variants. by Rabsch W, Andrews HL, Kingsley RA, Prager R, Tschape H, Adams LG, Baumler AJ.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127920
•
Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Elicits Cross-Immunity against a Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis Strain Expressing LP Fimbriae from the lac Promoter. by Nicholson TL, Baumler AJ.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97873
•
Salmonella enterica Serovar Gallinarum Requires the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 Type III Secretion System but Not the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 Type III Secretion System for Virulence in Chickens. by Jones MA, Wigley P, Page KL, Hulme SD, Barrow PA.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98659
•
Salmonella enterica Serovar Pullorum Persists in Splenic Macrophages and in the Reproductive Tract during Persistent, Disease-Free Carriage in Chickens. by Wigley P, Berchieri A Jr, Page KL, Smith AL, Barrow PA.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98884
•
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Strains Isolated in Korea Containing a Multidrug Resistance Class 1 Integron. by Pai H, Byeon JH, Yu S, Lee BK, Kim S.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155850
•
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium blaPER-1-Carrying Plasmid pSTI1 Encodes an Extended-Spectrum Aminoglycoside 6[prime prime or minute]-NAcetyltransferase of Type Ib. by Casin I, Hanau-Bercot B, Podglajen I, Vahaboglu H, Collatz E.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151738
94
Salmonella
•
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT104 Displays a Rugose Phenotype. by Anriany YA, Weiner RM, Johnson JA, De Rezende CE, Joseph SW.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93128
•
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Periplasmic Superoxide Dismutases SodCI and SodCII Are Required for Protection against the Phagocyte Oxidative Burst. by Sly LM, Guiney DG, Reiner NE.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128279
•
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium rdoA Is Growth Phase Regulated and Involved in Relaying Cpx-Induced Signals. by Suntharalingam P, Spencer H, Gallant CV, Martin NL.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=145337
•
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Resistance to Bile: Identification and Characterization of the tolQRA Cluster. by Prouty AM, Van Velkinburgh JC, Gunn JS.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134864
•
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Response Involved in Attenuation of Pathogen Intracellular Proliferation. by Cano DA, Martinez-Moya M, Pucciarelli MG, Groisman EA, Casadesus J, Garcia-Del Portillo F.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98782
•
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium waaP Mutants Show Increased Susceptibility to Polymyxin and Loss of Virulence In Vivo. by Yethon JA, Gunn JS, Ernst RK, Miller SI, Laroche L, Malo D, Whitfield C.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98355
•
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium-Dependent Regulation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in Macrophages by Invasins SipB, SipC, and SipD and Effector SopE2. by Cherayil BJ, McCormick BA, Bosley J.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101507
•
Salmonella enterica Serovars Gallinarum and Pullorum Expressing Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Type 1 Fimbriae Exhibit Increased Invasiveness for Mammalian Cells. by Wilson RL, Elthon J, Clegg S, Jones BD.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98437
•
Salmonella Enteritidis Phage Types 1 and 4: Pheno- and Genotypic Epidemiology of Recent Outbreaks in Finland. by Lukinmaa S, Schildt R, Rinttila T, Siitonen A.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85112
•
Salmonella Host Cell Invasion Emerged by Acquisition of a Mosaic of Separate Genetic Elements, Including Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI1), SPI5, and sopE2. by Mirold S, Ehrbar K, Weissmuller A, Prager R, Tschape H, Russmann H, Hardt WD.; 2001 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95144
•
Salmonella Infection Induces a Hypersecretory Phenotype in Human Intestinal Xenografts by Inducing Cyclooxygenase 2. by Bertelsen LS, Paesold G, Eckmann L, Barrett KE.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152023
•
Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 Influences Both Systemic Salmonellosis and Salmonella-Induced Enteritis in Calves. by Bispham J, Tripathi BN, Watson PR, Wallis TS.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97892
Studies
95
•
Salmonella typhi Flagella Are Potent Inducers of Proinflammatory Cytokine Secretion by Human Monocytes. by Wyant TL, Tanner MK, Sztein MB.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116552
•
Salmonella typhi stimulation of human intestinal epithelial cells induces secretion of epithelial cell-derived interleukin-6. by Weinstein DL, O'Neill BL, Metcalf ES.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174608
•
Salmonella typhimurium Activates Virulence Gene Transcription within Acidified Macrophage Phagosomes. by Aranda CM, Swanson JA, Loomis WP, Miller SI.; 1992 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=50281
•
Salmonella typhimurium Encodes an SdiA Homolog, a Putative Quorum Sensor of the LuxR Family, That Regulates Genes on the Virulence Plasmid. by Ahmer BM, van Reeuwijk J, Timmers CD, Valentine PJ, Heffron F.; 1998 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107006
•
Salmonella typhimurium fimbrial phase variation and FimA expression. by Clegg S, Hancox LS, Yeh KS.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177690
•
Salmonella typhimurium IroN and FepA Proteins Mediate Uptake of Enterobactin but Differ in Their Specificity for Other Siderophores. by Rabsch W, Voigt W, Reissbrodt R, Tsolis RM, Baumler AJ.; 1999 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93834
•
Salmonella typhimurium Virulence Genes Are Induced upon Bacterial Invasion into Phagocytic and Nonphagocytic Cells. by Pfeifer CG, Marcus SL, Steele-Mortimer O, Knodler LA, Finlay BB.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96943
•
Salmonellae in Avian Wildlife in Norway from 1969 to 2000. by Refsum T, Handeland K, Baggesen DL, Holstad G, Kapperud G.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129881
•
Sequence analysis of the phs operon in Salmonella typhimurium and the contribution of thiosulfate reduction to anaerobic energy metabolism. by Heinzinger NK, Fujimoto SY, Clark MA, Moreno MS, Barrett EL.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176953
•
Sequence invariance of the antigen-coding central region of the phase 1 flagellar filament gene (fliC) among strains of Salmonella typhimurium. by Smith NH, Selander RK.; 1990 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=208483
•
Sequence, regulation, and functions of fis in Salmonella typhimurium. by Osuna R, Lienau D, Hughes KT, Johnson RC.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176845
96
Salmonella
•
Serotype and Phage Type Distribution of Salmonella Strains Isolated from Humans, Cattle, Pigs, and Chickens in The Netherlands from 1984 to 2001. by van Duijkeren E, Wannet WJ, Houwers DJ, van Pelt W.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139702
•
Several Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serotype 4,5,12:i:[minus sign] Phage Types Isolated from Swine Samples Originate from Serotype Typhimurium DT U302. by de la Torre E, Zapata D, Tello M, Mejia W, Frias N, Garcia Pena FJ, Mateu EM, Torre E.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156524
•
Simultaneous Detection of Salmonella Strains and Escherichia coli O157:H7 with Fluorogenic PCR and Single-Enrichment-Broth Culture. by Sharma VK, Carlson SA.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92484
•
Simultaneous prevention of glutamine synthesis and high-affinity transport attenuates Salmonella typhimurium virulence. by Klose KE, Mekalanos JJ.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176100
•
SitABCD Is the Alkaline Mn2 + Transporter of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by Kehres DG, Janakiraman A, Slauch JM, Maguire ME.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135093
•
SopB, a protein required for virulence of Salmonella dublin, is an inositol phosphate phosphatase. by Norris FA, Wilson MP, Wallis TS, Galyov EE, Majerus PW.; 1998 Nov 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24325
•
SpiC Is Required for Translocation of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 Effectors and Secretion of Translocon Proteins SseB and SseC. by Freeman JA, Rappl C, Kuhle V, Hensel M, Miller SI.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135306
•
Spread of a Salmonella typhimurium Clone Resistant to Expanded-Spectrum Cephalosporins in Three European Countries. by Tassios PT, Gazouli M, Tzelepi E, Milch H, Kozlova N, Sidorenko S, Legakis NJ, Tzouvelekis LS.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85760
•
SspA Is Required for Lethal Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infections in Calves but Is Not Essential for Diarrhea. by Tsolis RM, Adams LG, Hantman MJ, Scherer CA, Kimbrough T, Kingsley RA, Ficht TA, Miller SI, Baumler AJ.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97552
•
ssrA (tmRNA) Plays a Role in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Pathogenesis. by Julio SM, Heithoff DM, Mahan MJ.; 2000 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94452
•
Stabilization of a HemA-LacZ hybrid protein against proteolysis during carbon starvation in atp mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. by Archer CD, Jin J, Elliott T.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177965
•
Starvation- and Stationary-phase-induced resistance to the antimicrobial peptide polymyxin B in Salmonella typhimurium is RpoS (sigma(S)) independent and occurs
Studies
97
through both phoP-dependent and -independent pathways. by McLeod GI, Spector MP.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178147 •
Strain typing with IS200 fingerprints in Salmonella abortusovis. by Schiaffino A, Beuzon CR, Uzzau S, Leori G, Cappuccinelli P, Casadesus J, Rubino S.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168018
•
Structural and immunochemical studies of the lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella strains with both antigen O4 and antigen O9. by Weintraub A, Johnson BN, Stocker BA, Lindberg AA.; 1992 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=205797
•
Studies of immunity and bacterial invasiveness in mice given a recombinant salmonella vector encoding murine interleukin-6. by Dunstan SJ, Ramsay AJ, Strugnell RA.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174133
•
Study of the role of the htrB gene in Salmonella typhimurium virulence. by Jones BD, Nichols WA, Gibson BW, Sunshine MG, Apicella MA.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175685
•
Substratum topography influences susceptibility of Salmonella enteritidis biofilms to trisodium phosphate. by Korber DR, Choi A, Wolfaardt GM, Ingham SC, Caldwell DE.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168640
•
Suitability of PCR Fingerprinting, Infrequent-Restriction-Site PCR, and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis, Combined with Computerized Gel Analysis, in Library Typing of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis. by Garaizar J, Lopez-Molina N, Laconcha I, Lau Baggesen D, Rementeria A, Vivanco A, Audicana A, Perales I.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92456
•
Suitability of Repetitive-DNA-Sequence-Based PCR Fingerprinting for Characterizing Epidemic Isolates of Salmonella enterica Serovar Saintpaul. by Beyer W, Mukendi FM, Kimmig P, Bohm R.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104875
•
Suppression of the pleiotropic effects of HisH and HisF overproduction identifies four novel loci on the Salmonella typhimurium chromosome: osmH, sfiW, sfiX, and sfiY. by Flores A, Casadesus J.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177256
•
Survival of Salmonellae on and in Tomato Plants from the Time of Inoculation at Flowering and Early Stages of Fruit Development through Fruit Ripening. by Guo X, Chen J, Brackett RE, Beuchat LR.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93229
98
Salmonella
•
Susceptibility to Salmonella typhimurium Infection and Effectiveness of Vaccination in Mice Deficient in the Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha p55 Receptor. by Everest P, Roberts M, Dougan G.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108352
•
Swarm-Cell Differentiation in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Results in Elevated Resistance to Multiple Antibiotics. by Kim W, Killam T, Sood V, Surette MG.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154059
•
Synergistic effect of mutations in invA and lpfC on the ability of Salmonella typhimurium to cause murine typhoid. by Baumler AJ, Tsolis RM, Valentine PJ, Ficht TA, Heffron F.; 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175312
•
Synthesis and Localization of the Salmonella SPI-1 Type III Secretion Needle Complex Proteins PrgI and PrgJ. by Sukhan A, Kubori T, Galan JE.; 2003 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155383
•
Synthesis, characterization, and immunological properties in mice of conjugates composed of detoxified lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella paratyphi A bound to tetanus toxoid with emphasis on the role of O acetyls. by Konadu E, Shiloach J, Bryla DA, Robbins JB, Szu SC.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174130
•
Systemic infection of mice by wild-type but not Spv- Salmonella typhimurium is enhanced by neutralization of gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha. by Gulig PA, Doyle TJ, Clare-Salzler MJ, Maiese RL, Matsui H.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175748
•
The Alternative Electron Acceptor Tetrathionate Supports B12-Dependent Anaerobic Growth of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium on Ethanolamine or 1,2Propanediol. by Price-Carter M, Tingey J, Bobik TA, Roth JR.; 2001 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95162
•
The Alternative Sigma Factor, [final sigma]E, Is Critically Important for the Virulence of Salmonella typhimurium. by Humphreys S, Stevenson A, Bacon A, Weinhardt AB, Roberts M.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96497
•
The apeE Gene of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Is Induced by Phosphate Limitation and Regulated by phoBR. by Conlin CA, Tan SL, Hu H, Segar T.; 2001 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95066
•
The ATP-Dependent Lon Protease of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Regulates Invasion and Expression of Genes Carried on Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1. by Takaya A, Tomoyasu T, Tokumitsu A, Morioka M, Yamamoto T.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134781
•
The attenuated phenotype of a Salmonella typhimurium flgM mutant is related to expression of FliC flagellin. by Schmitt CK, Darnell SC, O'Brien AD.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178028
Studies
99
•
The crucial role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in resistance to Salmonella dublin infections in genetically susceptible and resistant mice. by Vassiloyanakopoulos AP, Okamoto S, Fierer J.; 1998 Jun 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22720
•
The emerging periplasm-localized subclass of AroQ chorismate mutases, exemplified by those from Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. by Calhoun DH, Bonner CA, Gu W, Xie G, Jensen RA.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=55327
•
The Global Regulator ArcA Controls Resistance to Reactive Nitrogen and Oxygen Intermediates in Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis. by Lu S, Killoran PB, Fang FC, Riley LW.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127680
•
The High-Pathogenicity Island Is Absent in Human Pathogens of Salmonella enterica Subspecies I but Present in Isolates of Subspecies III and VI. by Oelschlaeger TA, Zhang D, Schubert S, Carniel E, Rabsch W, Karch H, Hacker J.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=142805
•
The Lipopolysaccharide Structures of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Determine the Attachment of Human Mannose-Binding Lectin to Intact Organisms. by Devyatyarova-Johnson M, Rees IH, Robertson BD, Turner MW, Klein NJ, Jack DL.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101664
•
The ms2io6A37 Modification of tRNA in Salmonella typhimurium Regulates Growth on Citric Acid Cycle Intermediates. by Persson BC, Olafsson O, Lundgren HK, Hederstedt L, Bjork GR.; 1998 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107815
•
The Nature of the Attenuation of Salmonella typhimurium Strains Expressing Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Virus-Like Particles Determines the Systemic and Mucosal Antibody Responses in Nasally Immunized Mice. by Benyacoub J, Hopkins S, Potts A, Kelly S, Kraehenbuhl JP, Curtiss R III, De Grandi P, Nardelli-Haefliger D.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116564
•
The ompB Operon Partially Determines Differential Expression of OmpC in Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli. by Martinez-Flores I, Cano R, Bustamante VH, Calva E, Puente JL.; 1999 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93410
•
The pef fimbrial operon of Salmonella typhimurium mediates adhesion to murine small intestine and is necessary for fluid accumulation in the infant mouse. by Baumler AJ, Tsolis RM, Bowe FA, Kusters JG, Hoffmann S, Heffron F.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173728
•
The Pituitary Gland is Required for Protection Against Lethal Effects of Salmonella typhimurium. by Edwards CK III, Yunger LM, Lorence RM, Dantzer R, Kelley KW.; 1991 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=51213
•
The predicted amino acid sequence of the Salmonella typhimurium virulence gene mviAA(+) strongly indicates that MviA is a regulator protein of a previously
100 Salmonella
unknown S. typhimurium response regulator family. by Benjamin WH Jr, Wu X, Swords WE.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174083 •
The Propanediol Utilization (pdu) Operon of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium LT2 Includes Genes Necessary for Formation of Polyhedral Organelles Involved in Coenzyme B12-Dependent 1,2-Propanediol Degradation. by Bobik TA, Havemann GD, Busch RJ, Williams DS, Aldrich HC.; 1999 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=103623
•
The Salmonella dublin virulence plasmid mediates systemic but not enteric phases of salmonellosis in cattle. by Wallis TS, Paulin SM, Plested JS, Watson PR, Jones PW.; 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173368
•
The Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Effector Proteins SipA, SopA, SopB, SopD, and SopE2 Act in Concert To Induce Diarrhea in Calves. by Zhang S, Santos RL, Tsolis RM, Stender S, Hardt WD, Baumler AJ, Adams LG.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128071
•
The Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Translocated Effectors SseJ and SifB Are Targeted to the Salmonella-Containing Vacuole. by Freeman JA, Ohl ME, Miller SI.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=143161
•
The Salmonella invasin SipB induces macrophage apoptosis by binding to caspase-1. by Hersh D, Monack DM, Smith MR, Ghori N, Falkow S, Zychlinsky A.; 1999 Mar 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26795
•
The Salmonella typhimurium AhpC Polypeptide Is Not Essential for Virulence in BALB/c Mice but Is Recognized as an Antigen during Infection. by Taylor PD, Inchley CJ, Gallagher MP.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108334
•
The Salmonella typhimurium mar locus: molecular and genetic analyses and assessment of its role in virulence. by Sulavik MC, Dazer M, Miller PF.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178907
•
The Salmonella virulence plasmid enhances Salmonella-induced lysis of macrophages and influences inflammatory responses. by Guilloteau LA, Wallis TS, Gautier AV, MacIntyre S, Platt DJ, Lax AJ.; 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174234
•
The shdA Gene Is Restricted to Serotypes of Salmonella enterica Subspecies I and Contributes to Efficient and Prolonged Fecal Shedding. by Kingsley RA, van Amsterdam K, Kramer N, Baumler AJ.; 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97480
•
The Shufflon of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Regulates Type IVB PilusMediated Bacterial Self-Association. by Morris C, Yip CM, Tsui IS, Wong DK, Hackett J.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148829
Studies
101
•
The spv genes on the Salmonella dublin virulence plasmid are required for severe enteritis and systemic infection in the natural host. by Libby SJ, Adams LG, Ficht TA, Allen C, Whitford HA, Buchmeier NA, Bossie S, Guiney DG.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175217
•
Tissue Selectivity of Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression in Mice Infected with Dam + versus Dam[minus sign] Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strains. by Shtrichman R, Heithoff DM, Mahan MJ, Samuel CE.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128359
•
Tissue-Specific Gene Expression Identifies a Gene in the Lysogenic Phage Gifsy-1 That Affects Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Survival in Peyer's Patches. by Stanley TL, Ellermeier CD, Slauch JM.; 2000 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94610
•
Transcription of the Salmonella Invasion Gene Activator, hilA, Requires HilD Activation in the Absence of Negative Regulators. by Boddicker JD, Knosp BM, Jones BD.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=145326
•
Transferases of O-antigen biosynthesis in Salmonella enterica: dideoxyhexosyltransferases of groups B and C2 and acetyltransferase of group C2. by Liu D, Lindqvist L, Reeves PR.; 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177140
•
Twelve-Hour PCR-Based Method for Detection of Salmonella spp. in Food. by Ferretti R, Mannazzu I, Cocolin L, Comi G, Clementi F.; 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92676
•
Two Murine Monoclonal Antibodies against Serogroup E Salmonellae. by Ng SP, Tsang RS, Luk JM, Ng MH, Im SW.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91839
•
Type 1 fimbriae of Salmonella enteritidis. by Muller KH, Collinson SK, Trust TJ, Kay WW.; 1991 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=208155
•
Typhoid Fever Due to Salmonella Kapemba Infection in an Otherwise Healthy Middle-Aged Man. by Sarnighausen HE, Benz C, Eickenberg M, Bockemuhl J, Tschape H, Riemann JF.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85176
•
Typing of Salmonella enterica Serotype Paratyphi C Isolates from Various Countries by Plasmid Profiles and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. by Kariuki S, Cheesbrough J, Mavridis AK, Hart CA.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85031
•
Urinary Tract Infections Associated with Nontyphoidal Salmonella Serogroups. by Abbott SL, Portoni BA, Janda JM.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85919
•
Use of a LightCycler gyrA Mutation Assay for Rapid Identification of Mutations Conferring Decreased Susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin in Multiresistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium DT104 Isolates. by Walker RA, Saunders N, Lawson
102 Salmonella
AJ, Lindsay EA, Dassama M, Ward LR, Woodward MJ, Davies RH, Liebana E, Threlfall EJ.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87952 •
Use of Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism Analysis To Examine the Variability of the rpoS Sequence in Environmental Isolates of Salmonellae. by Jordan SJ, Dodd CE, Stewart GS.; 1999 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91537
•
Value of plasmid profiling, ribotyping, and detection of IS200 for tracing avian isolates of Salmonella typhimurium and S. enteritidis. by Millemann Y, Lesage MC, Chaslus-Dancla E, Lafont JP.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=227902
•
Variants of Smooth Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis That Grow to Higher Cell Density Than the Wild Type Are More Virulent. by Guard-Petter J.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106294
•
Vector Priming Reduces the Immunogenicity of Salmonella-Based Vaccines in Nramp1 +/ + Mice. by Vindurampulle CJ, Attridge SR.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152061
•
Viability and Virulence of Experimentally Stressed Nonculturable Salmonella typhimurium. by Caro A, Got P, Lesne J, Binard S, Baleux B.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91479
•
Virulence determinants invA and spvC in salmonellae isolated from poultry products, wastewater, and human sources. by Swamy SC, Barnhart HM, Lee MD, Dreesen DW.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168184
•
Virulence of a Salmonella typhimurium OmpD Mutant. by Meyer PN, WilmesRiesenberg MR, Stathopoulos C, Curtiss R III.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107915
•
Widespread occurrence of specific restriction endonucleases in Salmonella infantis, Salmonella thompson, and Salmonella blockley isolated from humans in Japan. by Miyahara M, Kudoh Y, Mise K.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184592
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to 6
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
Studies
103
sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with salmonella, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “salmonella” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for salmonella (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of an abscess due to Salmonella serotype enteritidis behind the eye: a unique event as part of a growing food-borne problem in Belgium? Author(s): Spiritus T, Surmont I, Deruytter M, Aerts P, Stuer A. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2002 April; 8(4): 246-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12047419&dopt=Abstract
•
A national outbreak of multi-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium definitive phage type (DT) 104 associated with consumption of lettuce. Author(s): Horby PW, O'Brien SJ, Adak GK, Graham C, Hawker JI, Hunter P, Lane C, Lawson AJ, Mitchell RT, Reacher MH, Threlfall EJ, Ward LR; PHLS Outbreak Investigation Team. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2003 April; 130(2): 169-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12729184&dopt=Abstract
•
A parent as a vector of Salmonella brandenburg nosocomial infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. Author(s): Cartolano GL, Moulies ME, Seguier JC, Boisivon A. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 June; 9(6): 560-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12848735&dopt=Abstract
•
A rare case of Salmonella soft-tissue abscess. Author(s): Minohara Y, Kato T, Chiba M, Doi K, Kurihara Y, Kusakado M, Miyamoto Y, Miyazaki O, Kawaguchi F. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2002 June; 8(2): 185-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12111575&dopt=Abstract
•
A Salmonella typhi OmpC fusion protein expressing the CD154 Trp140-Ser149 amino acid strand binds CD40 and activates a lymphoma B-cell line. Author(s): Vega MI, Santos-Argumedo L, Huerta-Yepez S, Luria-Perez R, OrtizNavarrete V, Isibasi A, Gonzalez-Bonilla CR. Source: Immunology. 2003 October; 110(2): 206-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14511234&dopt=Abstract
104 Salmonella
•
A Salmonella typhimurium rfaE mutant recovers invasiveness for human epithelial cells when complemented by wild type rfaE (controlling biosynthesis of ADP-Lglycero-D-mannoheptose-containing lipopolysaccharide). Author(s): Kim CH. Source: Molecules and Cells. 2003 April 30; 15(2): 226-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803486&dopt=Abstract
•
A semiquantitative approach for evaluating safety assurance levels for Salmonella spp. throughout a food production chain. Author(s): Sauli I, Danuser J, Wenk C, Stark KD. Source: J Food Prot. 2003 July; 66(7): 1146-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870746&dopt=Abstract
•
A two-stage continuous culture system to study the effect of supplemental alphalactalbumin and glycomacropeptide on mixed cultures of human gut bacteria challenged with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella serotype Typhimurium. Author(s): Bruck WM, Graverholt G, Gibson GR. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2003; 95(1): 44-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12807453&dopt=Abstract
•
Abscess of the neck caused by Salmonella enteritidis. Author(s): Bahar G, Dansuk Z, Kocaturk S, Cakir T, Mert A. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 October; 129(4): 445-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14574304&dopt=Abstract
•
Adjacent organ involvement in Salmonella aortic aneurysms. Author(s): Habib AG. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(6-7): 416-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12953959&dopt=Abstract
•
An outbreak of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (S. typhimurium) phage type 135a in the Greater Murray. Author(s): Oakman T, Kolbe T, Hamilton I. Source: New South Wales Public Health Bulletin. 2003 June; 14(6): 125-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14552311&dopt=Abstract
•
An outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium phage type 135a in a child care centre. Author(s): McCall BJ, Bell RJ, Neill AS, Micalizzi GR, Vakaci GR, Towner CD. Source: Commun Dis Intell. 2003; 27(2): 257-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12926739&dopt=Abstract
Studies
105
•
An outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium phage type 99 linked to contaminated bakery piping bags. Author(s): Tribe IG, Hart S, Ferrall D, Givney R. Source: Commun Dis Intell. 2003; 27(3): 389-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14510068&dopt=Abstract
•
An overview of the Salmonella enteritidis risk assessment for shell eggs and egg products. Author(s): Hope BK, Baker R, Edel ED, Hogue AT, Schlosser WD, Whiting R, McDowell RM, Morales RA. Source: Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 2002 April; 22(2): 203-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12022671&dopt=Abstract
•
An unusually high occurrence of Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi A in patients with enteric fever. Author(s): Tankhiwale SS, Agrawal G, Jalgaonkar SV. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2003 January; 117: 10-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12866820&dopt=Abstract
•
Analysis of risk factors for bacteremia in children with nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. Author(s): Yang YJ, Huang MC, Wang SM, Wu JJ, Cheng CP, Liu CC. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 April; 21(4): 290-3. Epub 2002 April 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12072940&dopt=Abstract
•
Analysis of the clonal relationship among clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis by different typing methods. Author(s): Merino LA, Ronconi MC, Navia MM, Ruiz J, Sierra JM, Cech NB, Lodeiro NS, Vila J. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 2003 May-June; 45(3): 119-23. Epub 2003 July 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870059&dopt=Abstract
•
Antibiotic sensitivity of Salmonella strains from food-handlers in the period 19801988 in Italy. Author(s): Gelosa L. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 1991 January; 3 Suppl 1: 80-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12041794&dopt=Abstract
106 Salmonella
•
Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella worthington isolated from neonates--a retrospective study. Author(s): Ghadage DP, Bal AM. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 April; 55(2): 45-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12082306&dopt=Abstract
•
Antimicrobial drug resistance in Salmonella: problems and perspectives in food- and water-borne infections. Author(s): Threlfall EJ. Source: Fems Microbiology Reviews. 2002 June; 26(2): 141-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069879&dopt=Abstract
•
Antimicrobial effects of mustard flour and acetic acid against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Author(s): Rhee MS, Lee SY, Dougherty RH, Kang DH. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 May; 69(5): 2959-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12732572&dopt=Abstract
•
Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi in Dakar, Senegal. Author(s): Dromigny JA, Perrier-Gros-Claude JD. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 August 1; 37(3): 465-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12884182&dopt=Abstract
•
Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella typhi isolates in Kolkata, India during 1991-2001: a retrospective study. Author(s): Mandal S, Mandal MD, Pal NK. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 April; 55(2): 58-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12082312&dopt=Abstract
•
Antimicrobial susceptibilities of salmonella strains isolated from humans, cattle, pigs, and chickens in the Netherlands from 1984 to 2001. Author(s): van Duijkeren E, Wannet WJ, Houwers DJ, van Pelt W. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 August; 41(8): 3574-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12904357&dopt=Abstract
•
Are intestinal helminths a risk factor for non-typhoidal Salmonella bacteraemia in adults in Africa who are seropositive for HIV? A case-control study. Author(s): Dowling JJ, Whitty CJ, Chaponda M, Munthali C, Zijlstra EE, Gilks CF, Squire SB, Gordon MA. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2002 March; 96(2): 203-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12080982&dopt=Abstract
Studies
107
•
Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium prevents the establishment of unresectable hepatic metastases and improves survival in a murine model. Author(s): Soto LJ 3rd, Sorenson BS, Kim AS, Feltis BA, Leonard AS, Saltzman DA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 July; 38(7): 1075-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12861543&dopt=Abstract
•
Bacteraemia following blood transfusion in Malawian children: predominance of Salmonella. Author(s): Walsh AL, Molyneux EM, Kabudula M, Phiri AJ, Molyneux ME, Graham SM. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002 May-June; 96(3): 276-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12174778&dopt=Abstract
•
Bacteremia associated with live attenuated chi8110 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi ISP1820 in healthy adult volunteers. Author(s): Frey SE, Bollen W, Sizemore D, Campbell M, Curtiss R 3rd. Source: Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 2001 October; 101(1): 32-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11580224&dopt=Abstract
•
Bacterial type III translocation: a unique mechanism for cytosolic display of heterologous antigens by attenuated Salmonella. Author(s): Russmann H. Source: International Journal of Medical Microbiology : Ijmm. 2003 April; 293(1): 107-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755371&dopt=Abstract
•
Bacterial virulence, proinflammatory cytokines and host immunity: how to choose the appropriate Salmonella vaccine strain? Author(s): Raupach B, Kaufmann SH. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2001 November-December; 3(14-15): 1261-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11755414&dopt=Abstract
•
Biofilm formation and interaction with the surfaces of gallstones by Salmonella spp. Author(s): Prouty AM, Schwesinger WH, Gunn JS. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 May; 70(5): 2640-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11953406&dopt=Abstract
•
Bronchogenic cyst infected by Salmonella enteritidis followed gastroenteritis. Author(s): Kostopoulos G, Efstathiou A, Skordalaki A, Fessatidis I. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2002 May; 21(5): 935-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12062296&dopt=Abstract
108 Salmonella
•
Canadian integrated surveillance report: Salmonella, Campylobacter, pathogenic E. coli and Shigella, from 1996 to 1999. Author(s): Bowman C, Flint J, Pollari F. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2003 March; 29 Suppl 1: I-Vi, 1-32 (Eng); I-Vi, 1-34 (Fre). English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12793118&dopt=Abstract
•
Ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Hadar: evidence for interspecies transfer of blaCMY-2 in a Taiwanese university hospital. Author(s): Yan JJ, Chiu CH, Ko WC, Chuang CL, Wu JJ. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2002 September; 101(9): 665-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12645197&dopt=Abstract
•
Characterisation of Salmonella spp. mutants produced by exposure to various fluoroquinolones. Author(s): Cebrian L, Sirvent E, Rodriguez Diaz JC, Ruiz M, Royo G. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2003 August; 22(2): 134-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12927953&dopt=Abstract
•
Characterization of class I integrons in clinical strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis from Norwegian hospitals. Author(s): Lindstedt BA, Heir E, Nygard I, Kapperud G. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2003 February; 52(Pt 2): 141-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12543920&dopt=Abstract
•
Characterization of Salmonella associated with pig ear dog treats in Canada. Author(s): Clark C, Cunningham J, Ahmed R, Woodward D, Fonseca K, Isaacs S, Ellis A, Anand C, Ziebell K, Muckle A, Sockett P, Rodgers F. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 November; 39(11): 3962-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11682515&dopt=Abstract
•
Characterization of Salmonella enterica derivatives harboring defined aroC and Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 type III secretion system (ssaV) mutations by immunization of healthy volunteers. Author(s): Hindle Z, Chatfield SN, Phillimore J, Bentley M, Johnson J, Cosgrove CA, Ghaem-Maghami M, Sexton A, Khan M, Brennan FR, Everest P, Wu T, Pickard D, Holden DW, Dougan G, Griffin GE, House D, Santangelo JD, Khan SA, Shea JE, Feldman RG, Lewis DJ. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 July; 70(7): 3457-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065485&dopt=Abstract
Studies
109
•
Characterization of Salmonella serovars by PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Author(s): Nair S, Lin TK, Pang T, Altwegg M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 July; 40(7): 2346-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12089246&dopt=Abstract
•
Characterization of the RpoS status of clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica. Author(s): Robbe-Saule V, Algorta G, Rouilhac I, Norel F. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 August; 69(8): 4352-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12902215&dopt=Abstract
•
Clinical and pathologic characteristics of nontyphoidal salmonella encephalopathy. Author(s): Arii J, Tanabe Y, Miyake M, Mukai T, Matsuzaki M, Niinomi N, Watanabe H, Yokota Y, Kohno Y, Noda M. Source: Neurology. 2002 June 11; 58(11): 1641-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058092&dopt=Abstract
•
Clinical review of nontyphoid Salmonella infections from 1991 to 1999 in a Danish county. Author(s): Fisker N, Vinding K, Molbak K, Hornstrup MK. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 August 15; 37(4): E47-52. Epub 2003 July 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12905152&dopt=Abstract
•
Colicinogeny in local isolates of salmonellae and plasmid transfer studies. Author(s): Elpek G, Icgen B, Ozcengiz G. Source: Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2003; 48(2): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12800513&dopt=Abstract
•
Collaborative investigation of an outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Newport in England and Wales in 2001 associated with ready-to-eat salad vegetables. Author(s): Ward LR, Maguire C, Hampton MD, de Pinna E, Smith HR, Little CL, Gillespie IA, O'Brien SJ, Mitchell RT, Sharp C, Swann RA, Doyle O, Threlfall EJ. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2002 December; 5(4): 301-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12564245&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of four chromogenic media and Hektoen agar for detection and presumptive identification of Salmonella strains in human stools. Author(s): Perez JM, Cavalli P, Roure C, Renac R, Gille Y, Freydiere AM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 March; 41(3): 1130-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12624041&dopt=Abstract
110 Salmonella
•
Comparison of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Salmonella bredeney associated with a poultry-related outbreak of gastroenteritis in Northern Ireland. Author(s): Moore JE, Murray L, Fanning S, Cormican M, Daly M, Delappe N, Morgan B, Murphy PG. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2003 July; 47(1): 33-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850160&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of Salmonella chromogenic medium with DCLS agar for isolation of Salmonella species from stool specimens. Author(s): Cassar R, Cuschieri P. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 July; 41(7): 3229-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12843068&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of the performance of lactose and mannitol selenite enriched broths, subcultured to DCA and XLD agars, in the isolation of Salmonella spp. from faeces. Author(s): Nye KJ, Fallon D, Frodsham D, Gee B, Howe S, Turner T, Warren RE, Andrews N; Public Health Laboratory Service (Midlands) Bacterial Methods Evaluation Group. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2002 December; 5(4): 285-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12564242&dopt=Abstract
•
Concomitant induction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in volunteers immunized with Salmonella enterica serovar typhi strain CVD 908-htrA. Author(s): Salerno-Goncalves R, Wyant TL, Pasetti MF, Fernandez-Vina M, Tacket CO, Levine MM, Sztein MB. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2003 March 1; 170(5): 2734-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12594304&dopt=Abstract
•
Construction and evaluation of a eukaryotic expression plasmid for stable delivery using attenuated Salmonella. Author(s): Garmory HS, Titball RW, Brown KA, Bennett AM. Source: Microbial Pathogenesis. 2003 March; 34(3): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12631472&dopt=Abstract
•
Continuous intravenous administration of live genetically modified salmonella typhimurium in patients with metastatic melanoma. Author(s): Heimann DM, Rosenberg SA. Source: Journal of Immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997). 2003 March-April; 26(2): 179-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616110&dopt=Abstract
Studies
111
•
Conventional and molecular typing of Salmonella typhi strains from Brazil. Author(s): Quintaes BR, Leal NC, Reis EM, Fonseca EL, Hofer E. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 2002 NovemberDecember; 44(6): 315-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12532214&dopt=Abstract
•
Decline in epidemic of multidrug resistant Salmonella typhi is not associated with increased incidence of antibiotic-susceptible strain in Bangladesh. Author(s): Rahman M, Ahmad A, Shoma S. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 August; 129(1): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12211593&dopt=Abstract
•
Decreasing trend in the occurrence of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi amongst hospitalised children in Kolkata, India during 1990-2000. Author(s): Saha MR, Dutta P, Niyogi SK, Dutta S, Mitra U, Ramamurthy T, Manna B, Bhattacharya SK. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2002 February; 115: 46-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12138663&dopt=Abstract
•
Delayed Salmonella bacteriuria in a patient infected with Schistosoma haematobium. Author(s): Bouree P, Botterel F, Romand S. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2002 August; 32(2): 355-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12214913&dopt=Abstract
•
Detection of a previously uncommon salmonella phage in tourists returning from Europe. Author(s): Nygard K, Guerin P, Andersson Y, Giesecke J. Source: Lancet. 2002 July 13; 360(9327): 175. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126854&dopt=Abstract
•
Detection of gyrA mutations in quinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Eaves DJ, Liebana E, Woodward MJ, Piddock LJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 November; 40(11): 4121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12409384&dopt=Abstract
•
Detection of Salmonella spp. Author(s): Malorny B, Helmuth R. Source: Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). 2003; 216: 275-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12512371&dopt=Abstract
112 Salmonella
•
Detection of Salmonella typhi by polymerase chain reaction: implications in diagnosis of typhoid fever. Author(s): Kumar A, Arora V, Bashamboo A, Ali S. Source: Infection, Genetics and Evolution : Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases. 2002 December; 2(2): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12797986&dopt=Abstract
•
Development of acquired immunity to Salmonella. Author(s): Mastroeni P, Menager N. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2003 June; 52(Pt 6): 453-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12748263&dopt=Abstract
•
Diarrhea associated acute renal failure in a patient with Salmonella enteritidis sepsis. Author(s): Lin WR, Chang CT, Yen TH, Lin JL. Source: Renal Failure. 2002 July; 24(4): 535-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12212834&dopt=Abstract
•
Differences between reference laboratories of the European community in their ability to detect Salmonella species. Author(s): Voogt N, Nagelkerke NJ, van de Giessen AW, Henken AM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 June; 21(6): 449-54. Epub 2002 June 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12111601&dopt=Abstract
•
Differences in gene content among Salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolates. Author(s): Boyd EF, Porwollik S, Blackmer F, McClelland M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 August; 41(8): 3823-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12904395&dopt=Abstract
•
Differential activation of promutagens by alloenzymes of human sulfotransferase 1A2 expressed in Salmonella typhimurium. Author(s): Meinl W, Meerman JH, Glatt H. Source: Pharmacogenetics. 2002 December; 12(9): 677-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464797&dopt=Abstract
•
Differential binding to and biofilm formation on, HEp-2 cells by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is dependent upon allelic variation in the fimH gene of the fim gene cluster. Author(s): Boddicker JD, Ledeboer NA, Jagnow J, Jones BD, Clegg S. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 2002 September; 45(5): 1255-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12207694&dopt=Abstract
Studies
113
•
Differential effects of invasion by and phagocytosis of Salmonella typhimurium on apoptosis in human macrophages: potential role of Rho-GTPases and Akt. Author(s): Forsberg M, Blomgran R, Lerm M, Sarndahl E, Sebti SM, Hamilton A, Stendahl O, Zheng L. Source: Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2003 October; 74(4): 620-9. Epub 2003 July 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12960245&dopt=Abstract
•
Discrimination of d-tartrate-fermenting and -nonfermenting Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolates by genotypic and phenotypic methods. Author(s): Malorny B, Bunge C, Helmuth R. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 September; 41(9): 4292-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12958259&dopt=Abstract
•
Disruption of the Salmonella-containing vacuole leads to increased replication of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in the cytosol of epithelial cells. Author(s): Brumell JH, Tang P, Zaharik ML, Finlay BB. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 June; 70(6): 3264-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12011022&dopt=Abstract
•
Divergent role for TNF-alpha in IFN-gamma-induced killing of Toxoplasma gondii and Salmonella typhimurium contributes to selective susceptibility of patients with partial IFN-gamma receptor 1 deficiency. Author(s): Janssen R, Van Wengen A, Verhard E, De Boer T, Zomerdijk T, Ottenhoff TH, Van Dissel JT. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2002 October 1; 169(7): 3900-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12244188&dopt=Abstract
•
DNA fingerprinting of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium with emphasis on phage type DT104 based on variable number of tandem repeat loci. Author(s): Lindstedt BA, Heir E, Gjernes E, Kapperud G. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 April; 41(4): 1469-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12682132&dopt=Abstract
•
DNA microarray-based typing of an atypical monophasic Salmonella enterica serovar. Author(s): Garaizar J, Porwollik S, Echeita A, Rementeria A, Herrera S, Wong RM, Frye J, Usera MA, McClelland M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 June; 40(6): 2074-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12037067&dopt=Abstract
114 Salmonella
•
Duration of antimicrobial therapy for non-typhoid Salmonella bacteremia in healthy children. Author(s): Yen MH, Huang YC, Chiu CH, Lin TY. Source: J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2002 June; 35(2): 94-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12099342&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of in situ expression of human interleukin-6 on antibody responses against Salmonella typhimurium antigens. Author(s): Li Y, Reichenstein K, Ullrich R, Danner T, von Specht BU, Hahn HP. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2003 July 15; 37(2-3): 135-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12832117&dopt=Abstract
•
Elimination of host cell PtdIns(4,5)P(2) by bacterial SigD promotes membrane fission during invasion by Salmonella. Author(s): Terebiznik MR, Vieira OV, Marcus SL, Slade A, Yip CM, Trimble WS, Meyer T, Finlay BB, Grinstein S. Source: Nature Cell Biology. 2002 October; 4(10): 766-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12360287&dopt=Abstract
•
Emergence of ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella isolates and rapid spread of plasmidencoded CMY-2-like cephalosporinase, Taiwan. Author(s): Yan JJ, Ko WC, Chiu CH, Tsai SH, Wu HM, Wu JJ. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 March; 9(3): 323-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643826&dopt=Abstract
•
Endocarditis and pericarditis caused by Salmonella paratyphi A: two case reports and review of the literature. Author(s): Pancharoen C, Thisyakorn C, Thisyakorn U. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2002 March; 33(1): 161-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12118445&dopt=Abstract
•
Endovascularly treated cerebral aneurysm using Guglielmi detachable coils acting as a nidus for brain abscess formation secondary to Salmonella bacteremia: case report. Author(s): Kirollos RW, Bosma JJ, Radhakrishnan J, Pigott TD. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 July; 51(1): 234-7; Discussion 237-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12182424&dopt=Abstract
•
Enteric fever due to Salmonella Weltevreden in a four-year-old child. Author(s): Ghadage DP, Bal AM. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2002 June; 56(6): 273-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12649949&dopt=Abstract
Studies
115
•
Enzyme replacement therapy in the management of longstanding skeletal and soft tissue salmonella infection in a patient with Gaucher's disease. Author(s): Margalit M, Ash N, Zimran A, Halkin H. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2002 September; 78(923): 564-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12357022&dopt=Abstract
•
Epidemiology of antibiotic resistance of human nontyphoidal salmonellae in Greece during an 8-year period (1990-1997). Author(s): Velonakis EN, Markogiannakis A, Kondili L, Varjioti E, Skarmoutsou A, Gypari C, Ktenas E, Karaitianou A, Bethimouti K. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2001; 17(8): 751-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12086093&dopt=Abstract
•
Epithelial cell contact-induced alterations in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi lipopolysaccharide are critical for bacterial internalization. Author(s): Lyczak JB, Zaidi TS, Grout M, Bittner M, Contreras I, Pier GB. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2001 November; 3(11): 763-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11696036&dopt=Abstract
•
Evaluation of 12 stabilizers in a developed attenuated Salmonella Enteritidis vaccine. Author(s): Barbour EK, Abdelnour A, Jirjis F, Faroon O, Farran MT. Source: Vaccine. 2002 May 22; 20(17-18): 2249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12009280&dopt=Abstract
•
Evaluation of minimum inhibitory concentration of quinolones and third generation cephalosporins to Salmonella typhi isolates. Author(s): Kumar R, Aneja KR, Roy P, Sharma M, Gupta R, Ram S. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2002 January; 56(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12508624&dopt=Abstract
•
Evaluation of selective and non-selective enrichment PCR procedures for Salmonella detection. Author(s): Oliveira SD, Rodenbusch CR, Ce MC, Rocha SL, Canal CW. Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2003; 36(4): 217-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12641714&dopt=Abstract
•
Evaluation of the pH-dependent, stationary-phase acid tolerance in Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 induced by culturing in media with 1% glucose: a comparative study with Escherichia coli O157:H7. Author(s): Samelis J, Ikeda JS, Sofos JN. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2003; 95(3): 563-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12911705&dopt=Abstract
116 Salmonella
•
Evaluation of the safety assurance level for Salmonella spp. throughout the food production chain in Switzerland. Author(s): Sauli I, Danuser J, Wenk C, Stark KD. Source: J Food Prot. 2003 July; 66(7): 1139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870745&dopt=Abstract
•
Evolution of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains isolated in the Czech Republic between 1984 and 2002. Author(s): Faldynova M, Pravcova M, Sisak F, Havlickova H, Kolackova I, Cizek A, Karpiskova R, Rychlik I. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 June; 47(6): 2002-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12760885&dopt=Abstract
•
Evolution of antibiotic resistance of non-typhoidal salmonellae in Greece during 1990-97. Author(s): Velonakis EN, Markogiannakis A, Kondili L, Varjioti E, Mahera Z, Dedouli E, Karaitianou A, Vakalis N, Bethimouti K. Source: Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin. 2001 July; 6(7): 117-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12631956&dopt=Abstract
•
Evolution of multiresistance in nontyphoid salmonella serovars from 1984 to 1998 in Argentina. Author(s): Orman BE, Pineiro SA, Arduino S, Galas M, Melano R, Caffer MI, Sordelli DO, Centron D. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 December; 46(12): 3963-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12435702&dopt=Abstract
•
Excess mortality associated with antimicrobial drug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium. Author(s): Helms M, Vastrup P, Gerner-Smidt P, Molbak K. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002 May; 8(5): 490-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11996684&dopt=Abstract
•
Expanded-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant salmonella strains in Romania. Author(s): Miriagou V, Filip R, Coman G, Tzouvelekis LS. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 November; 40(11): 4334-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12409424&dopt=Abstract
Studies
117
•
Extracranial internal carotid artery Salmonella mycotic aneurysm complicated by occlusion of the internal carotid artery: depiction by color Doppler sonography, CT and DSA. Author(s): Sidiropoulou MS, Giannopoulos TL, Gerukis T, Economou M, Megalopoulos A, Kalpakidis V, Palladas P. Source: Neuroradiology. 2003 August; 45(8): 541-5. Epub 2003 July 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12879328&dopt=Abstract
•
Failure to detect Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin on Aes Laboratoire Salmonella Agar Plate. Author(s): Gray S, Glancy J, O'Hare C, Doran G, Cormican M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 August; 41(8): 4003. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12904443&dopt=Abstract
•
Fatal salmonella aortitis with mycotic aneurysm rupture. Author(s): Salzberger LA, Cavuoti D, Barnard J. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 2002 December; 23(4): 382-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464818&dopt=Abstract
•
Fatal Salmonella group G enteritis mimicking intestinal graft-versus-host disease in a bone marrow transplant recipient. Author(s): Shaikh ZH, Ueno NT, Kontoyiannis DP. Source: Transplant Infectious Disease : an Official Journal of the Transplantation Society. 2001 March; 3(1): 29-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11429037&dopt=Abstract
•
Filament formation by Salmonella spp. inoculated into liquid food matrices at refrigeration temperatures, and growth patterns when warmed. Author(s): Mattick KL, Phillips LE, Jorgensen F, Lappin-Scott HM, Humphrey TJ. Source: J Food Prot. 2003 February; 66(2): 215-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597479&dopt=Abstract
•
First incursion of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium DT160 into New Zealand. Author(s): Thornley CN, Simmons GC, Callaghan ML, Nicol CM, Baker MG, Gilmore KS, Garrett NK. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 April; 9(4): 493-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12702234&dopt=Abstract
118 Salmonella
•
Flavohemoglobin Hmp protects Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium from nitric oxide-related killing by human macrophages. Author(s): Stevanin TM, Poole RK, Demoncheaux EA, Read RC. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 August; 70(8): 4399-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117950&dopt=Abstract
•
Fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium reveals phage-type- specific markers and potential for microarray typing. Author(s): Hu H, Lan R, Reeves PR. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 September; 40(9): 3406-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12202585&dopt=Abstract
•
Fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping of Salmonella Enteritidis: a method suitable for rapid outbreak recognition. Author(s): Scott F, Threlfall J, Stanley J, Arnold C. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2001 September; 7(9): 479-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678930&dopt=Abstract
•
Fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella serovars isolated from humans and food animals. Author(s): Piddock LJ. Source: Fems Microbiology Reviews. 2002 March; 26(1): 3-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12007640&dopt=Abstract
•
Foodborne disease in our global village: a multinational investigation of an outbreak of Salmonella serotype Enteritidis phage type 4 infection in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. Author(s): Shane AL, Roels TH, Goldoft M, Herikstad H, Angulo FJ. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2002 June; 6(2): 98-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12121595&dopt=Abstract
•
From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak of multi-drug resistant Salmonella Newport--United States, January-April 2002. Author(s): Zansky S, Wallace B, Schoonmaker-Bopp D, Smith P, Ramsey F, Painter J, Gupta A, Kalluri P, Noviello S. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 August 28; 288(8): 951-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201274&dopt=Abstract
Studies
119
•
Functions and effectors of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 type III secretion system. Author(s): Waterman SR, Holden DW. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2003 August; 5(8): 501-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12864810&dopt=Abstract
•
Gene array technology to determine host responses to Salmonella. Author(s): Rosenberger CM, Pollard AJ, Finlay BB. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2001 November-December; 3(14-15): 1353-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11755425&dopt=Abstract
•
Gene delivery by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium: comparing the efficacy of helper versus cytotoxic T cell priming in tumor vaccination. Author(s): Weth R, Christ O, Stevanovic S, Zoller M. Source: Cancer Gene Therapy. 2001 August; 8(8): 599-611. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11571538&dopt=Abstract
•
Gene transfer between Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium inside epithelial cells. Author(s): Ferguson GC, Heinemann JA, Kennedy MA. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 2002 April; 184(8): 2235-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11914355&dopt=Abstract
•
Genes in the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 and the Salmonella virulence plasmid are essential for Salmonella-induced apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. Author(s): Paesold G, Guiney DG, Eckmann L, Kagnoff MF. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2002 November; 4(11): 771-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12427099&dopt=Abstract
•
Genetic analysis of Salmonella enteritidis biofilm formation: critical role of cellulose. Author(s): Solano C, Garcia B, Valle J, Berasain C, Ghigo JM, Gamazo C, Lasa I. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 2002 February; 43(3): 793-808. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929533&dopt=Abstract
•
Genetic diversity of clinical and environmental strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Weltevreden isolated in Malaysia. Author(s): Thong KL, Goh YL, Radu S, Noorzaleha S, Yasin R, Koh YT, Lim VK, Rusul G, Puthucheary SD. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 July; 40(7): 2498-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12089269&dopt=Abstract
120 Salmonella
•
Genetic diversity of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A from different geographical regions in Asia. Author(s): Goh YL, Puthucheary SD, Chaudhry R, Bhutta ZA, Lesmana M, Oyofo BA, Punjabi NH, Ahmed A, Thong KL. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2002; 92(6): 1167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12010557&dopt=Abstract
•
Genetic requirements for salmonella-induced cytopathology in human monocytederived macrophages. Author(s): Browne SH, Lesnick ML, Guiney DG. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 December; 70(12): 7126-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12438395&dopt=Abstract
•
Genetic structure of Salmonella revealed by fragment analysis. Author(s): Scott F, Threlfall J, Arnold C. Source: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2002 September; 52(Pt 5): 1701-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12361277&dopt=Abstract
•
Genetics, cytokines and human infectious disease: lessons from weakly pathogenic mycobacteria and salmonellae. Author(s): Ottenhoff TH, Verreck FA, Lichtenauer-Kaligis EG, Hoeve MA, Sanal O, van Dissel JT. Source: Nature Genetics. 2002 September; 32(1): 97-105. Review. Erratum In: Nat Genet 2002 October; 32(2): 331. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12205477&dopt=Abstract
•
Genomic analysis and growth-phase-dependent regulation of the SEF14 fimbriae of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Author(s): Edwards RA, Matlock BC, Heffernan BJ, Maloy SR. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 2001 October; 147(Pt 10): 2705-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11577150&dopt=Abstract
•
Genomic comparison of Salmonella enterica serovars and Salmonella bongori by use of an S. enterica serovar typhimurium DNA microarray. Author(s): Chan K, Baker S, Kim CC, Detweiler CS, Dougan G, Falkow S. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 2003 January; 185(2): 553-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12511502&dopt=Abstract
Studies
121
•
Genotoxicity of 5-aminolevulinic and 4,5-dioxovaleric acids in the salmonella/microsuspension mutagenicity assay and SOS chromotest. Author(s): Onuki J, Rech CM, Medeiros MH, de A Umbuzeiro G, Di Mascio P. Source: Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 2002; 40(1): 63-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12211078&dopt=Abstract
•
Global regulation by CsrA in Salmonella typhimurium. Author(s): Lawhon SD, Frye JG, Suyemoto M, Porwollik S, McClelland M, Altier C. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 2003 June; 48(6): 1633-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791144&dopt=Abstract
•
Global regulation of the Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium major porin, OmpD. Author(s): Santiviago CA, Toro CS, Hidalgo AA, Youderian P, Mora GC. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 2003 October; 185(19): 5901-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13129964&dopt=Abstract
•
Growth and heat resistance kinetic variation among various isolates of Salmonella and its application to risk assessment. Author(s): Juneja VK, Marks HM, Huang L. Source: Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 2003 February; 23(1): 199-213. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635733&dopt=Abstract
•
Growth and killing of a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium sifA mutant strain in the cytosol of different host cell lines. Author(s): Beuzon CR, Salcedo SP, Holden DW. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 2002 September; 148(Pt 9): 2705-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12213917&dopt=Abstract
•
Growth dynamics of Salmonella enterica strains on alfalfa sprouts and in waste seed irrigation water. Author(s): Howard MB, Hutcheson SW. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 January; 69(1): 548-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514040&dopt=Abstract
•
Hepatic abscess caused by Salmonella typhi. Author(s): Ciraj AM, Reetika D, Bhat GK, Pai CG, Shivananda PG. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 October; 49: 1021-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11848309&dopt=Abstract
122 Salmonella
•
Heterologous expression of human N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2 and sulfotransferase 1A1 in Salmonella typhimurium for mutagenicity testing of heterocyclic amines. Author(s): Muckel E, Frandsen H, Glatt HR. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2002 August; 40(8): 1063-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12067565&dopt=Abstract
•
High frequency of reactive joint symptoms after an outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis. Author(s): Locht H, Molbak K, Krogfelt KA. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 April; 29(4): 767-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11950020&dopt=Abstract
•
HilE interacts with HilD and negatively regulates hilA transcription and expression of the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium invasive phenotype. Author(s): Baxter MA, Fahlen TF, Wilson RL, Jones BD. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 March; 71(3): 1295-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12595445&dopt=Abstract
•
HLA-B27-transfected (Salmonella permissive) and HLA-A2-transfected (Salmonella nonpermissive) human monocytic U937 cells differ in their production of cytokines. Author(s): Ekman P, Saarinen M, He Q, Gripenberg-Lerche C, Gronberg A, Arvilommi H, Granfors K. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 March; 70(3): 1609-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11854251&dopt=Abstract
•
Host adaptation of pigeon isolates of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium variant Copenhagen phage type 99 is associated with enhanced macrophage cytotoxicity. Author(s): Pasmans F, Van Immerseel F, Heyndrickx M, Martel A, Godard C, Wildemauwe C, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 October; 71(10): 6068-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14500532&dopt=Abstract
•
Host-Salmonella interaction: human trials. Author(s): Levine MM, Tacket CO, Sztein MB. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2001 November-December; 3(14-15): 1271-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11755415&dopt=Abstract
Studies
123
•
Household contamination with Salmonella enterica. Author(s): Rice DH, Hancock DD, Roozen PM, Szymanski MH, Scheenstra BC, Cady KM, Besser TE, Chudek PA. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 January; 9(1): 120-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12533294&dopt=Abstract
•
Imipenem resistance in a Salmonella clinical strain due to plasmid-mediated class A carbapenemase KPC-2. Author(s): Miriagou V, Tzouvelekis LS, Rossiter S, Tzelepi E, Angulo FJ, Whichard JM. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 April; 47(4): 1297-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12654661&dopt=Abstract
•
Imipenem resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Wien related to porin loss and CMY-4 beta-lactamase production. Author(s): Armand-Lefevre L, Leflon-Guibout V, Bredin J, Barguellil F, Amor A, Pages JM, Nicolas-Chanoine MH. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 March; 47(3): 1165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604564&dopt=Abstract
•
Immunity to systemic Salmonella infections. Author(s): Mastroeni P. Source: Current Molecular Medicine. 2002 June; 2(4): 393-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108950&dopt=Abstract
•
Improved detection of Salmonella spp. in foods by fluorescent in situ hybridization with 23S rRNA probes: a comparison with conventional culture methods. Author(s): Fang Q, Brockmann S, Botzenhart K, Wiedenmann A. Source: J Food Prot. 2003 May; 66(5): 723-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12747677&dopt=Abstract
•
In situ reconstruction of septic aortic pseudoaneurysm due to Salmonella or Streptococcus microbial aortitis: long-term follow-up. Author(s): Luo CY, Ko WC, Kan CD, Lin PY, Yang YJ. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2003 November; 38(5): 975-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14603203&dopt=Abstract
•
In vivo acquisition of ceftriaxone resistance in Salmonella enterica serotype anatum. Author(s): Su LH, Chiu CH, Chu C, Wang MH, Chia JH, Wu TL. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 February; 47(2): 563-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12543660&dopt=Abstract
124 Salmonella
•
In vivo development of quinolone resistance in Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium DT104. Author(s): Kristiansen MA, Sandvang D, Rasmussen TB. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 September; 41(9): 4462-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12958295&dopt=Abstract
•
Infection of synovial fibroblasts in culture by Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis: ultrastructural investigation with respect to the pathogenesis of reactive arthritis. Author(s): Meyer-Bahlburg A, Brinkhoff J, Krenn V, Trebesius K, Heesemann J, Huppertz HI. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 December; 69(12): 7915-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11705977&dopt=Abstract
•
Ingestion of Salmonella enterica serotype Poona by a free-living mematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, and protection against inactivation by produce sanitizers. Author(s): Caldwell KN, Adler BB, Anderson GL, Williams PL, Beuchat LR. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 July; 69(7): 4103-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839787&dopt=Abstract
•
Inhibition of bacterial adhesion and salmonella infection in BALB/c mice by sialyloligosaccharides and their derivatives from chicken egg yolk. Author(s): Sugita-Konishi Y, Sakanaka S, Sasaki K, Juneja LR, Noda T, Amano F. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 June 5; 50(12): 3607-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12033837&dopt=Abstract
•
Integron content of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium strains isolated in Hungary in the years 1997-1999. Author(s): Gado I, Paszti J, Kiraly M, Jakab M. Source: Acta Vet Hung. 2003; 51(2): 121-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12737040&dopt=Abstract
•
Interleukin-12 receptor beta1 deficiency presenting as recurrent Salmonella infection. Author(s): Staretz-Haham O, Melamed R, Lifshitz M, Porat N, Fieschi C, Casanova JL, Levy J. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 July 1; 37(1): 137-40. Epub 2003 June 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12830418&dopt=Abstract
•
Intracranial infection due to non-typhoidal Salmonella: report of four cases. Author(s): Bellamy R, Barkham T. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2002 April; 44(3): 207-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12099757&dopt=Abstract
Studies
125
•
Invasion of Salmonella into human intestinal epithelial cells is modulated by HLAB27. Author(s): Saarinen M, Ekman P, Ikeda M, Virtala M, Gronberg A, Yu DT, Arvilommi H, Granfors K. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 June; 41(6): 651-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12048291&dopt=Abstract
•
Investigation of human infections with Salmonella enterica serovar Java in Scotland and possible association with imported poultry. Author(s): Brown DJ, Mather H, Browning LM, Coia JE. Source: Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin. 2003 February; 8(2): 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12631973&dopt=Abstract
•
Investigations into possible alternative decontamination methods for Salmonella enteritidis on the surface of table eggs. Author(s): Davies RH, Breslin M. Source: Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health. 2003 February; 50(1): 38-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12710499&dopt=Abstract
•
Is it time to change fluoroquinolone breakpoints for Salmonella spp.? Author(s): Aarestrup FM, Wiuff C, Molbak K, Threlfall EJ. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 February; 47(2): 827-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12543704&dopt=Abstract
•
Isolated splenic infarction owing to group B Salmonella: case report. Author(s): Kupeli S, Alehan D, Akpinar E. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 2002 December; 22(4): 380-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530289&dopt=Abstract
•
Isolation of Salmonella enterica serotype Worthington from empyema fluid. Author(s): Ghadage DP, Bal AM. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2002 December; 6(4): 320. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12725213&dopt=Abstract
•
Isolation of Salmonella from alfalfa seed and demonstration of impaired growth of heat-injured cells in seed homogenates. Author(s): Liao CH, Fett WF. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2003 May 15; 82(3): 245-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12593927&dopt=Abstract
126 Salmonella
•
Lack of clonal relationship between non-typhi Salmonella strain types from humans and those isolated from animals living in close contact. Author(s): Kariuki S, Revathi G, Gakuya F, Yamo V, Muyodi J, Hart CA. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2002 July 12; 33(3): 165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12110478&dopt=Abstract
•
Large drug resistance virulence plasmids of clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis. Author(s): Chu C, Chiu CH, Wu WY, Chu CH, Liu TP, Ou JT. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001 August; 45(8): 2299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11451688&dopt=Abstract
•
Left perinephric abscess caused by Salmonella enteritidis due to colon perforation. Author(s): Kilic S, Tevfik MR, Ergin H, Baydinc C. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 November; 170(5): 1945. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14532819&dopt=Abstract
•
Life-threatening infantile diarrhea from fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica typhimurium with mutations in both gyrA and parC. Author(s): Nakaya H, Yasuhara A, Yoshimura K, Oshihoi Y, Izumiya H, Watanabe H. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 February; 9(2): 255-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604000&dopt=Abstract
•
Lipopolysaccharide O-chain microheterogeneity of Salmonella serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium. Author(s): Parker CT, Liebana E, Henzler DJ, Guard-Petter J. Source: Environmental Microbiology. 2001 May; 3(5): 332-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11422320&dopt=Abstract
•
Liver abscess due to Salmonella enteritidis in a returned traveler with HIV infection: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Vidal JE, da Silva PR, Schiavon Nogueira R, Bonasser Filho F, Hernandez AV. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 2003 March-April; 45(2): 115-7. Epub 2003 May 14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12754581&dopt=Abstract
•
Liver and circulating NK1.1(+)CD3(-) cells are increased in infection with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium and are associated with reduced tumor in murine liver cancer. Author(s): Feltis BA, Miller JS, Sahar DA, Kim AS, Saltzman DA, Leonard AS, Wells CL, Sielaff TD. Source: The Journal of Surgical Research. 2002 September; 107(1): 101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12384070&dopt=Abstract
Studies
127
•
Low frequency of enteric infections by Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia and Campylobacter in patients with acute leukemia. Author(s): Gorschluter M, Hahn C, Ziske C, Mey U, Schottker B, Molitor E, Becker S, Marklein G, Sauerbruch T, Schmidt-Wolf IG, Glasmacher A. Source: Infection. 2002 January; 30(1): 22-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11878289&dopt=Abstract
•
Low incidence of reactive arthritis in children following a salmonella outbreak. Author(s): Rudwaleit M, Richter S, Braun J, Sieper J. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001 November; 60(11): 1055-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11602478&dopt=Abstract
•
Lysis of salmonella typhi intracellularly infected U937 cells by human natural killer cells: effect of protein kinase inhibitors. Author(s): Miranda D, Puente J, Blanco L, Jara P, Wolf ME, Mosnaim AD. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2003 January-February; 10(1): 32-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522518&dopt=Abstract
•
Management of aortic aneurysm infected with Salmonella. Author(s): Hsu RB, Tsay YG, Wang SS, Chu SH. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2003 September; 90(9): 1080-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12945075&dopt=Abstract
•
MD-2, a novel accessory molecule, is involved in species-specific actions of Salmonella lipid A. Author(s): Muroi M, Ohnishi T, Tanamoto K. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 July; 70(7): 3546-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065494&dopt=Abstract
•
Membrane ruffling and invasion of human and avian cell lines is reduced for aflagellate mutants of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis. Author(s): La Ragione RM, Cooley WA, Velge P, Jepson MA, Woodward MJ. Source: International Journal of Medical Microbiology : Ijmm. 2003 August; 293(4): 26172. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14503791&dopt=Abstract
•
Molecular epidemiology of ampicillin-resistant clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Author(s): Biendo M, Thomas D, Dechepy O, Laurans G, Eb F. Source: International Journal of Medical Microbiology : Ijmm. 2003 June; 293(2-3): 21923. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12868659&dopt=Abstract
128 Salmonella
•
Molecular epidemiology of invasive Salmonella typhi in southeast Turkey. Author(s): Hosoglu S, Loeb M, Geyik MF, Ucmak H, Jayaratne P. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 July; 9(7): 727-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12925118&dopt=Abstract
•
Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolated in Taiwan. Author(s): Su LH, Chiu CH, Wu TL, Chu C, Chia JH, Kuo AJ, Lee CC, Sun CF, Ou JT. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 2002; 46(12): 833-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597357&dopt=Abstract
•
Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 1b and 6a isolates in Portugal. Author(s): Soares AR, Machado J. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2003 August; 131(1): 607-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948358&dopt=Abstract
•
Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella typhimurium isolates from human sporadic and outbreak cases. Author(s): Heir E, Lindstedt BA, Nygard I, Vardund T, Hasseltvedt V, Kapperud G. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 June; 128(3): 373-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113480&dopt=Abstract
•
Molecular properties of Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi B distinguish between its systemic and its enteric pathovars. Author(s): Prager R, Rabsch W, Streckel W, Voigt W, Tietze E, Tschape H. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 September; 41(9): 4270-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12958256&dopt=Abstract
•
Molecular subtyping methods for detection of Salmonella enterica serovar Oranienburg outbreaks. Author(s): Kumao T, Ba-Thein W, Hayashi H. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 June; 40(6): 2057-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12037064&dopt=Abstract
•
Molecular typing of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolates from various countries in Asia by a multiplex PCR assay on variable-number tandem repeats. Author(s): Liu Y, Lee MA, Ooi EE, Mavis Y, Tan AL, Quek HH. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 September; 41(9): 4388-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12958274&dopt=Abstract
Studies
129
•
Monoclonal antibody of IgG isotype against a cross-reactive lipopolysaccharide epitope of Chlamydia and Salmonella Re chemotype enhances infectivity in L-929 fibroblast cells. Author(s): Haralambieva IH, Iankov ID, Petrov DP, Mladenov IV, Mitov IG. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2002 June 3; 33(2): 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052561&dopt=Abstract
•
Monocytic activation of protein tyrosine kinase, protein kinase A and protein kinase C induced by porins isolated from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Author(s): Galdiero M, D'Isanto M, Vitiello M, Finamore E, Peluso L, Galdiero M. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2003 February; 46(2): 111-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12634073&dopt=Abstract
•
Multidrug and broad-spectrum cephalosporin resistance among Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis clinical isolates in southern Italy. Author(s): Villa L, Mammina C, Miriagou V, Tzouvelekis LS, Tassios PT, Nastasi A, Carattoli A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 July; 40(7): 2662-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12089302&dopt=Abstract
•
Multidrug-resistant non-typhoid Salmonella infections in a medical center. Author(s): Lee CY, Chiu CH, Chuang YY, Su LH, Wu TL, Chang LY, Huang YC, Lin TY. Source: J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2002 June; 35(2): 78-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12099339&dopt=Abstract
•
Multiple inverted DNA repeats of Bacteroides fragilis that control polysaccharide antigenic variation are similar to the hin region inverted repeats of Salmonella typhimurium. Author(s): Patrick S, Parkhill J, McCoy LJ, Lennard N, Larkin MJ, Collins M, Sczaniecka M, Blakely G. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 2003 April; 149(Pt 4): 915-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12686634&dopt=Abstract
•
Multiple resistance mechanisms in fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella isolates from Germany. Author(s): Guerra B, Malorny B, Schroeter A, Helmuth R. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 June; 47(6): 2059. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12760900&dopt=Abstract
•
Multiresistant Salmonella enterica serovar Newport. Author(s): Simmons A. Source: The Veterinary Record. 2002 June 15; 150(24): 759. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12092626&dopt=Abstract
130 Salmonella
•
Mutation spectra of smoky coal combustion emissions in Salmonella reflect the TP53 and KRAS mutations in lung tumors from smoky coal-exposed individuals. Author(s): Granville CA, Hanley NM, Mumford JL, DeMarini DM. Source: Mutation Research. 2003 April 9; 525(1-2): 77-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12650907&dopt=Abstract
•
Mycotic aneurysm of the aortic arch due to Salmonella. Author(s): Nakamura Y, Kawachi K, Imagawa H, Watanabe Y, Hamada Y, Tsunooka N. Source: Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003 June; 51(6): 253-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12831241&dopt=Abstract
•
Nalidixic acid screening test for the detection of decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Salmonella typhi. Author(s): Ciraj AM, Seema DS, Bhat GK, Shivananda PG. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2001 October; 44(4): 407-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12035350&dopt=Abstract
•
Nalidixic acid susceptibility test to screen ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella typhi. Author(s): Kapil A, Renuka, Das B. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2002 February; 115: 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12138664&dopt=Abstract
•
Nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin caused treatment failure: a report from Bangladesh. Author(s): Asna SM, Haq JA, Rahman MM. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 February; 56(1): 32-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12711825&dopt=Abstract
•
Nalidixic acid-resistant strains of Salmonella showing decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones in the mid-west region of the Republic of Ireland. Author(s): Gorman R, Adley CC. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 April; 51(4): 1047-9. Epub 2003 February 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12654768&dopt=Abstract
Studies
131
•
Natural or raw almonds and an outbreak of a rare phage type of Salmonella enteritidis infection. Author(s): Chan ES, Aramini J, Ciebin B, Middleton D, Ahmed R, Howes M, Brophy I, Mentis I, Jamieson F, Rodgers F, Nazarowec-White M, Pichette SC, Farrar J, Gutierrez M, Weis WJ, Lior L, Ellis A, Isaacs S. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2002 June 15; 28(12): 97-9. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12078384&dopt=Abstract
•
Necrotizing acute pancreatitis induced by Salmonella typhimurium. Author(s): Blank A, Maybody M, Isom-Batz G, Roslin M, Dillon EH. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2003 August; 48(8): 1472-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12924638&dopt=Abstract
•
Negative osmoregulation of the Salmonella ompS1 porin gene independently of OmpR in an hns background. Author(s): Flores-Valdez MA, Puente JL, Calva E. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 2003 November; 185(22): 6497-506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14594821&dopt=Abstract
•
Neonatal salmonella meningitis. Author(s): Matthew L, Chandran U. Source: Saudi Med J. 2000 May; 21(5): 498-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11500693&dopt=Abstract
•
Neonatal Salmonella typhimurium meningitis. Author(s): Totan M. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2001 November; 68(11): 1079-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11770247&dopt=Abstract
•
New Zealand white rabbit as a nonsurgical experimental model for Salmonella enterica gastroenteritis. Author(s): Hanes DE, Robl MG, Schneider CM, Burr DH. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 October; 69(10): 6523-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553599&dopt=Abstract
•
Non-typhi salmonella in children with severe malaria. Author(s): Oundo JO, Muli F, Kariuki S, Waiyaki PG, Iijima Y, Berkley J, Kokwaro GO, Ngetsa CJ, Mwarumba S, Torto R, Lowe B. Source: East Afr Med J. 2002 December; 79(12): 633-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12678446&dopt=Abstract
132 Salmonella
•
Non-typhoidal salmonella bacteraemia among HIV-infected Malawian adults: high mortality and frequent recrudescence. Author(s): Gordon MA, Banda HT, Gondwe M, Gordon SB, Boeree MJ, Walsh AL, Corkill JE, Hart CA, Gilks CF, Molyneux ME. Source: Aids (London, England). 2002 August 16; 16(12): 1633-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12172085&dopt=Abstract
•
Nontyphoidal salmonella bacteremia and pneumonia as the initial manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection in a four-year-old child. Author(s): Eaton EE, Dobrozycski J, Loas R, Laddis D, Fennelly GJ. Source: Aids Patient Care and Stds. 2002 June; 16(6): 247-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12133259&dopt=Abstract
•
Nontyphoidal salmonella pericarditis: a case of Salmonella typhimurium phage type 2 pericarditis. Author(s): Badawi R, Nageh T, Walker D, Wray R. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2002 February; 82(2): 187-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11853909&dopt=Abstract
•
Norfloxacin and azithromycin for treatment of nontyphoidal salmonella carriers. Author(s): Sirinavin S, Thavornnunth J, Sakchainanont B, Bangtrakulnonth A, Chongthawonsatid S, Junumporn S. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 September 1; 37(5): 685-91. Epub 2003 August 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12942401&dopt=Abstract
•
Occurrence of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium DT104A in retail ground beef. Author(s): Zhao T, Doyle MP, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Zhao P, Ladely S. Source: J Food Prot. 2002 February; 65(2): 403-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11848574&dopt=Abstract
•
Occurrence of Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin in Austria. Author(s): Allerberger F, Liesegang A, Grif K, Khaschabi D, Prager R, Danzl J, Hock F, Ottl J, Dierich MP, Berghold C, Neckstaller I, Tschape H, Fisher I. Source: Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946). 2003; 153(7-8): 148-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12764867&dopt=Abstract
Studies
133
•
Occurrence of Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin in Austria. Author(s): Allerberger F, Liesegang A, Grif K, Prager R, Danzl J, Hock F, Ottl J, Dierich MP, Berghold C, Neckstaller I, Tschape H, Fisher I. Source: Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin. 2002 April; 7(4): 65-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12631940&dopt=Abstract
•
Occurrence of Salmonellae in retail raw chicken products in Ethiopia. Author(s): Tibaijuka B, Molla B, Hildebrandt G, Kleer J. Source: Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2003 January-February; 116(1-2): 55-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592931&dopt=Abstract
•
Oral cytokine gene therapy against murine tumor using attenuated Salmonella typhimurium. Author(s): Yuhua L, Kunyuan G, Hui C, Yongmei X, Chaoyang S, Xun T, Daming R. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2001 November 1; 94(3): 438-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11745427&dopt=Abstract
•
Oral immunization with a Salmonella enterica serovar typhi vaccine induces specific circulating mucosa-homing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in humans. Author(s): Lundin BS, Johansson C, Svennerholm AM. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 October; 70(10): 5622-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12228290&dopt=Abstract
•
Outbreak of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella typhimurium phage type I 35a following consumption of raw egg. Author(s): Hall R. Source: Commun Dis Intell. 2002; 26(2): 285-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12206385&dopt=Abstract
•
Outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis gastrointestinal infections among medical staff due to contaminated food prepared outside the hospital. Author(s): Metz R, Jahn B, Kohnen W, Viertel A, Jansen B. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2001 August; 48(4): 324-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11461138&dopt=Abstract
134 Salmonella
•
Outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 11B in the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, June 2000. Author(s): Harb J, Isaacs S, Fyfe M, Crowe L, Slater B, Ahmed R, Rodgers F, Anderson C, Hockin J. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2003 July 15; 29(14): 125-8. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12872665&dopt=Abstract
•
Outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 913 gastroenteritis associated with mung bean sprouts--Edmonton, 2001. Author(s): Honish L, Nguyen Q. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2001 September 15; 27(18): 151-6. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11582621&dopt=Abstract
•
Outbreak of Salmonella indiana associated with egg mayonnaise sandwiches at an acute NHS hospital. Author(s): Mason BW, Williams N, Salmon RL, Lewis A, Price J, Johnston KM, Trott RM. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2001 December; 4(4): 300-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12109399&dopt=Abstract
•
Outbreak of Salmonella paratyphi B linked to aquariums in the province of Quebec, 2000. Author(s): Gaulin C, Vincent C, Alain L, Ismail J. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2002 June 1; 28(11): 89-93, 96. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12060955&dopt=Abstract
•
Outbreak of Salmonella paratyphi B var java due to contaminated alfalfa sprouts in Alberta, British Columbia and Saskatchewan. Author(s): Stratton J, Stefaniw L, Grimsrud K, Werker DH, Ellis A, Ashton E, Chui L, Blewett E, Ahmed R, Clark C, Rodgers F, Trottier L, Jensen B. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2001 August 15; 27(16): 133-7; Discussion 137-8. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11523182&dopt=Abstract
•
Outbreak of Salmonella serotype Anatum infection associated with unpasteurized orange juice. Author(s): Krause G, Terzagian R, Hammond R. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2001 December; 94(12): 1168-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11811854&dopt=Abstract
Studies
135
•
Passage in mice causes a change in the ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Oranienburg to survive NaCl osmotic stress: resuscitation from the viable but nonculturable state. Author(s): Asakura H, Makino S, Takagi T, Kuri A, Kurazono T, Watarai M, Shirahata T. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 2002 June 18; 212(1): 87-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12076792&dopt=Abstract
•
Pattern of Salmonella excretion in amphibians and reptiles in a vivarium. Author(s): Pfleger S, Benyr G, Sommer R, Hassl A. Source: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2003 January; 206(1): 53-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12621903&dopt=Abstract
•
Peroxynitrite enhances the ability of Salmonella dublin to invade T84 monolayers. Author(s): Cornish AS, Jijon H, Yachimec C, Madsen KL. Source: Shock (Augusta, Ga.). 2002 July; 18(1): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12095142&dopt=Abstract
•
Persistence of Salmonellae in blood and bone marrow: randomized controlled trial comparing ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol treatments against enteric fever. Author(s): Gasem MH, Keuter M, Dolmans WM, Van Der Ven-Jongekrijg J, Djokomoeljanto R, Van Der Meer JW. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 May; 47(5): 1727-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709347&dopt=Abstract
•
Phage types of Salmonella enteritidis isolated from clinical and food samples, and from broiler carcasses in southern Brazil. Author(s): dos Santos LR, do Nascimento VP, de Oliveira SD, Rodrigues DP, dos Reis EM, Seki LM, Ribeiro AR, Fernandes SA. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 2003 January-February; 45(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751314&dopt=Abstract
•
Phage-based typing scheme for Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg, a causative agent of food poisonings in Canada. Author(s): Demczuk W, Soule G, Clark C, Ackermann HW, Easy R, Khakhria R, Rodgers F, Ahmed R. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 September; 41(9): 4279-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12958257&dopt=Abstract
136 Salmonella
•
Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Salmonella Enteritidis strains isolated in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Author(s): Fernandes SA, Ghilardi AC, Tavechio AT, Machado AM, Pignatari AC. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 2003 March-April; 45(2): 59-63. Epub 2003 May 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12754568&dopt=Abstract
•
Pleural effusion in complicated Salmonella paratyphi A infection. Author(s): Mathur P, Renuka, Simpson L. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2003 March; 40(3): 252-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12657761&dopt=Abstract
•
Pneumonia due to an unusual serotype of Salmonella. Author(s): Ghadage DP, Bal AM. Source: Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2003 January-March; 45(1): 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12683717&dopt=Abstract
•
Postoperative mediastinitis due to Salmonella. Author(s): Fernandez-Ayala M, Nan D, Gutierrez JA, Farinas MC. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(1): 67-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12685888&dopt=Abstract
•
Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from foods in Korea from 1993 to 2001. Author(s): Chung YH, Kim SY, Chang YH. Source: J Food Prot. 2003 July; 66(7): 1154-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870747&dopt=Abstract
•
Prevalence of infections of the Salmonella strains in the Lublin voivodeship and in Poland in the years 1980-2000. Author(s): Kalinowski P. Source: Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [med]. 2002; 57(2): 9-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12898812&dopt=Abstract
•
Prevalence of Salmonella typhimurium infection in Norwegian hedgehog populations associated with two human disease outbreaks. Author(s): Handeland K, Refsum T, Johansen BS, Holstad G, Knutsen G, Solberg I, Schulze J, Kapperud G. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 June; 128(3): 523-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113498&dopt=Abstract
Studies
137
•
Production and characterization of monoclonal immunoglobulin A antibodies directed against Salmonella H:g,m flagellar antigen. Author(s): Iankov ID, Petrov DP, Mladenov IV, Haralambieva IH, Ivanova R, R Velev V, Mitov IG. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2002 June 3; 33(2): 107-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052565&dopt=Abstract
•
Profile of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (subspecies I) serotype 4,5,12:i:- strains causing food-borne infections in New York City. Author(s): Agasan A, Kornblum J, Williams G, Pratt CC, Fleckenstein P, Wong M, Ramon A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 June; 40(6): 1924-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12037044&dopt=Abstract
•
Prolonged survival of an elderly woman with Salmonella dublin aortitis and conservative treatment. Author(s): Schoevaerdts D, Hanon F, Vanpee D, Swine C, Glupczynski Y, Vander Borght T, Marchandise B. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003 September; 51(9): 1326-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12919254&dopt=Abstract
•
Prototrophic variants of Salmonella typhi from South Karnataka and their antibiogram. Author(s): Ciraj AM, Bhat KG, Reddy V, Shivananda PG. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2001 July; 44(3): 385-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12024945&dopt=Abstract
•
Pulsed field gel electrophoresis for animal Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates in Taiwan. Author(s): Tsen HY, Lin JS, Hsih HY. Source: Veterinary Microbiology. 2002 June 5; 87(1): 73-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12079748&dopt=Abstract
•
Putting salmonella contamination in perspective. Author(s): Franco DA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 April 1; 36(7): 933-4; Author Reply 934-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652398&dopt=Abstract
138 Salmonella
•
Pyomyositis of the vastus medialis muscle associated with Salmonella enteritidis in a child. Author(s): Minami K, Sakiyama M, Suzuki H, Yoshikawa N. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2003 July; 33(7): 492-4. Epub 2003 March 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12819836&dopt=Abstract
•
Qualitative and quantitative risk assessment for human salmonellosis due to multiresistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 from consumption of Danish dry-cured pork sausages. Author(s): Alban L, Olsen AM, Nielsen B, Sorensen R, Jessen B. Source: Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2002 January 22; 52(3-4): 251-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11849720&dopt=Abstract
•
Questions reported risks of Salmonella infections. Author(s): Hancock D, Besser TE, Mealey KL. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 July 15; 221(2): 192. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12118574&dopt=Abstract
•
Quinolones and Salmonella septic arthritis. Author(s): Mootsikapun P, Mahakkanukrauh A, Suwannaroj S, Nanagara R. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 September; 85(9): 984-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12450076&dopt=Abstract
•
Rapid detection of Campylobacter coli, C. jejuni, and Salmonella enterica on poultry carcasses by using PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Author(s): Hong Y, Berrang ME, Liu T, Hofacre CL, Sanchez S, Wang L, Maurer JJ. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 June; 69(6): 3492-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12788755&dopt=Abstract
•
Rapid protection of gnotobiotic pigs against experimental salmonellosis following induction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by avirulent Salmonella enterica. Author(s): Foster N, Lovell MA, Marston KL, Hulme SD, Frost AJ, Bland P, Barrow PA. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 April; 71(4): 2182-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12654840&dopt=Abstract
•
Rare co-existence of Salmonella typhi and mycobacteria tuberculosis in a psoas abscess--a case report. Author(s): Kindo AJ, Mathew R, Ravi A, Varadrajan M. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2001 October; 44(4): 493-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12035378&dopt=Abstract
Studies
139
•
Reduction of MIC of azithromycin for Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus in broth exposed to previous growth of Salmonella typhi. Author(s): Butler T. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 July; 50(1): 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12096025&dopt=Abstract
•
Re-emergence of Salmonella paratyphi A: a shift in immunity? Author(s): Padmapriya V, Kenneth J, Amarnath SK. Source: Natl Med J India. 2003 January-February; 16(1): 47-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12715960&dopt=Abstract
•
Reevaluating fluoroquinolone breakpoints for Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and for non-Typhi salmonellae. Author(s): Crump JA, Barrett TJ, Nelson JT, Angulo FJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 July 1; 37(1): 75-81. Epub 2003 June 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12830411&dopt=Abstract
•
Regional dissemination of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is season dependent. Author(s): Biendo M, Laurans G, Thomas D, Dechepy O, Hamdad-Daoudi F, Canarelli B, Eb F. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 May; 9(5): 360-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12848748&dopt=Abstract
•
Regulation of dinucleoside polyphosphate pools by the YgdP and ApaH hydrolases is essential for the ability of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to invade cultured mammalian cells. Author(s): Ismail TM, Hart CA, McLennan AG. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 August 29; 278(35): 32602-7. Epub 2003 June 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12824172&dopt=Abstract
•
Repeated gallium-67 scan demonstrating an occult mycotic aneurysm of the aortic arch due to Salmonella. Author(s): Kao PF, Chen KS, Tsai MF, Ng SH, Tzen KY. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(3): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751718&dopt=Abstract
140 Salmonella
•
Resistance mechanism for a number of non-typhoidic Salmonella strains isolated in Iasi, Romania. Author(s): Filip R, Poiata A, Coman G, Dahorea C, Tuchilus C. Source: Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2000 April-June; 104(2): 109-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12089972&dopt=Abstract
•
Responses to reactive oxygen intermediates and virulence of Salmonella typhimurium. Author(s): Janssen R, van der Straaten T, van Diepen A, van Dissel JT. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2003 May; 5(6): 527-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12758282&dopt=Abstract
•
Reversible diffusion-weighted MR findings of Salmonella enteritidis-associated encephalopathy. Author(s): Kobuchi N, Tsukahara H, Kawamura Y, Ishimori Y, Ohshima Y, Hiraoka M, Hiraizumi Y, Ueno M, Mayumi M. Source: European Neurology. 2003; 49(3): 182-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12646766&dopt=Abstract
•
Risk factors for endovascular infection due to nontyphoid salmonellae. Author(s): Chiu CH, Ou JT. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 April 1; 36(7): 835-6. Epub 2003 March 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652382&dopt=Abstract
•
Risk factors for mortality caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella sp. in children. Author(s): Rosanova MT, Paganini H, Bologna R, Lopardo H, Ensinck G. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2002 September; 6(3): 187-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12718833&dopt=Abstract
•
Risk factors of mortality for salmonella infection in systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Tsao CH, Chen CY, Ou LS, Huang JL. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 June; 29(6): 1214-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064838&dopt=Abstract
•
Role for Salmonella enterica enterobacterial common antigen in bile resistance and virulence. Author(s): Ramos-Morales F, Prieto AI, Beuzon CR, Holden DW, Casadesus J. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 2003 September; 185(17): 5328-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12923112&dopt=Abstract
Studies
141
•
Role of electronic data exchange in an international outbreak caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium DT204b. Author(s): Lindsay EA, Lawson AJ, Walker RA, Ward LR, Smith HR, Scott FW, O'Brien SJ, Fisher IS, Crook PD, Wilson D, Brown DJ, Hardardottir H, Wannet WJ, Tschape H, Threlfall EJ. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002 July; 8(7): 732-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12095445&dopt=Abstract
•
Role of nonhost environments in the lifestyles of Salmonella and Escherichia coli. Author(s): Winfield MD, Groisman EA. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 July; 69(7): 3687-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839733&dopt=Abstract
•
Role of periplasmic peptidylprolyl isomerases in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium virulence. Author(s): Humphreys S, Rowley G, Stevenson A, Kenyon WJ, Spector MP, Roberts M. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 September; 71(9): 5386-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12933889&dopt=Abstract
•
RtsA and RtsB coordinately regulate expression of the invasion and flagellar genes in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Author(s): Ellermeier CD, Slauch JM. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 2003 September; 185(17): 5096-108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12923082&dopt=Abstract
•
Salmonella control programs in Denmark. Author(s): Wegener HC, Hald T, Wong DL, Madsen M, Korsgaard H, Bager F, GernerSmidt P, Molbak K. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 July; 9(7): 774-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12890316&dopt=Abstract
•
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium effector SigD/SopB is membraneassociated and ubiquitinated inside host cells. Author(s): Marcus SL, Knodler LA, Finlay BB. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2002 July; 4(7): 435-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12102689&dopt=Abstract
•
Salmonella in sheep in Iceland. Author(s): Hjartardottir S, Gunnarsson E, Sigvaldadottir J. Source: Acta Vet Scand. 2002; 43(1): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12071115&dopt=Abstract
142 Salmonella
•
Salmonella infection-associated acute rhabdomyolysis. Some pathogenic considerations. Author(s): Brncic N, Viskovic I, Sasso A, Kraus I, Zamolo G. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2002 May-June; 33(3): 313-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12031641&dopt=Abstract
•
Salmonella Muenster infection in a dairy herd. Author(s): Radke BR, McFall M, Radostits SM. Source: Can Vet J. 2002 June; 43(6): 443-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058570&dopt=Abstract
•
Salmonella retropharyngeal abscess in a child: case report and literature review. Author(s): Su FH, Chen PT, Chiu YC, Chen JW. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 September; 22(9): 833-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14506379&dopt=Abstract
•
Salmonella septicemia in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: association with decreased interferon-gamma production and Toll-like receptor 4 expression. Author(s): Netea MG, Radstake T, Joosten LA, van der Meer JW, Barrera P, Kullberg BJ. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2003 July; 48(7): 1853-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12847679&dopt=Abstract
•
Salmonella serotypes isolated from nonhuman sources in Sao Paulo, Brazil, from 1996 through 2000. Author(s): Tavechio AT, Ghilardi AC, Peresi JT, Fuzihara TO, Yonamine EK, Jakabi M, Fernandes SA. Source: J Food Prot. 2002 June; 65(6): 1041-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12092719&dopt=Abstract
•
Salmonella type III effectors PipB and PipB2 are targeted to detergent-resistant microdomains on internal host cell membranes. Author(s): Knodler LA, Vallance BA, Hensel M, Jackel D, Finlay BB, Steele-Mortimer O. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 2003 August; 49(3): 685-704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12864852&dopt=Abstract
•
Salmonella typhi endocarditis: a case report. Author(s): Khan GQ, Kadri SM, Hassan G, Shahid IT, Gazanfar A, Kak M, Showkat H. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 October; 56(10): 801-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14514792&dopt=Abstract
Studies
143
•
Salmonella typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, is approximately 50,000 years old. Author(s): Kidgell C, Reichard U, Wain J, Linz B, Torpdahl M, Dougan G, Achtman M. Source: Infection, Genetics and Evolution : Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases. 2002 October; 2(1): 39-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12797999&dopt=Abstract
•
Secreted effector proteins of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium elicit hostspecific chemokine profiles in animal models of typhoid fever and enterocolitis. Author(s): Zhang S, Adams LG, Nunes J, Khare S, Tsolis RM, Baumler AJ. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 August; 71(8): 4795-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12874363&dopt=Abstract
•
Secretion of the orgC gene product by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Author(s): Day JB, Lee CA. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 November; 71(11): 6680-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14573697&dopt=Abstract
•
Serotyping and RAPD profiles of Salmonella enterica isolates from Mauritius. Author(s): Khoodoo MH, Issack MI, Jaufeerally-Fakim Y. Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2002; 35(2): 146-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100591&dopt=Abstract
•
Simple and rapid detection of Salmonella strains by direct PCR amplification of the hilA gene. Author(s): Pathmanathan SG, Cardona-Castro N, Sanchez-Jimenez MM, Correa-Ochoa MM, Puthucheary SD, Thong KL. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2003 September; 52(Pt 9): 773-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12909653&dopt=Abstract
•
Sparse initial entrapment of systemically injected Salmonella typhimurium leads to heterogeneous accumulation within tumors. Author(s): Forbes NS, Munn LL, Fukumura D, Jain RK. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 September 1; 63(17): 5188-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14500342&dopt=Abstract
•
SseG, a virulence protein that targets Salmonella to the Golgi network. Author(s): Salcedo SP, Holden DW. Source: The Embo Journal. 2003 October 1; 22(19): 5003-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14517239&dopt=Abstract
144 Salmonella
•
Study of outer membrane proteins (OMPS) and their role in co-modulation of resistance in non typhoidic Salmonella strains isolated in Iasi. Author(s): Filip R, Chihu-Amparan L, Coman G, Silva-Sanchez J. Source: Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2001 January-March; 105(1): 133-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12092140&dopt=Abstract
•
Successful treatment of Salmonella mycotic aneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta. Author(s): Lin CY, Hong GJ, Lee KC, Tsai CS. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2003 August; 24(2): 320-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12895636&dopt=Abstract
•
Suppurative salmonella thyroiditis in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Author(s): Dai MS, Chang H, Peng MY, Ho CL, Chao TY. Source: Annals of Hematology. 2003 October; 82(10): 646-8. Epub 2003 July 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12879283&dopt=Abstract
•
The ability of Salmonella to drill holes in the aorta. Author(s): Mestres CA, Greco E, Madrid CG, Pomar JL. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2002 July; 22(1): 145. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12103390&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of nitric oxide combined with fluoroquinolones against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in vitro. Author(s): Coban AY, Durupinar B. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2003 April; 98(3): 419-23. Epub 2003 July 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12886427&dopt=Abstract
•
The high-pathogenicity island is absent in human pathogens of Salmonella enterica subspecies I but present in isolates of subspecies III and VI. Author(s): Oelschlaeger TA, Zhang D, Schubert S, Carniel E, Rabsch W, Karch H, Hacker J. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 2003 February; 185(3): 1107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12533488&dopt=Abstract
•
The impact of sporadic campylobacter and salmonella infection on health and health related behaviour: a case control study. Author(s): Smith GE, Lewis M, Paterson S, Gray J, Gunn K, Farrington F, Croft P. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 June; 128(3): 529-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113499&dopt=Abstract
Studies
145
•
The interplay between Salmonella typhimurium and its macrophage host--what can it teach us about innate immunity? Author(s): Linehan SA, Holden DW. Source: Immunology Letters. 2003 January 22; 85(2): 183-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12527226&dopt=Abstract
•
The pathogenicity of strains of Salmonella paratyphi B and Salmonella java. Author(s): Chart H. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2003; 94(2): 340-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534827&dopt=Abstract
•
The rise and fall of Salmonella Enteritidis in the UK. Author(s): Cogan TA, Humphrey TJ. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2003; 94 Suppl: 114S-119S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12675943&dopt=Abstract
•
The role of dendritic cells during Salmonella infection. Author(s): Wick MJ. Source: Current Opinion in Immunology. 2002 August; 14(4): 437-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12088677&dopt=Abstract
•
The role of dendritic cells in the immune response to Salmonella. Author(s): Wick MJ. Source: Immunology Letters. 2003 January 22; 85(2): 99-102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12527214&dopt=Abstract
•
The shufflon of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi regulates type IVB pilus-mediated bacterial self-association. Author(s): Morris C, Yip CM, Tsui IS, Wong DK, Hackett J. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 March; 71(3): 1141-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12595425&dopt=Abstract
•
The SopEPhi phage integrates into the ssrA gene of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium A36 and is closely related to the Fels-2 prophage. Author(s): Pelludat C, Mirold S, Hardt WD. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 2003 September; 185(17): 5182-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12923091&dopt=Abstract
146 Salmonella
•
The type IVB pili of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi bind to the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Author(s): Tsui IS, Yip CM, Hackett J, Morris C. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 October; 71(10): 6049-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14500527&dopt=Abstract
•
Therapeutic re-appraisal of multiple drug resistant Salmonella typhi (MDRST) in Pakistani children. Author(s): Hazir T, Qazi SA, Abbas KA, Khan MA. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2002 March; 52(3): 123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12071068&dopt=Abstract
•
Topology of the Salmonella invasion protein SipB in a model bilayer. Author(s): McGhie EJ, Hume PJ, Hayward RD, Torres J, Koronakis V. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 2002 June; 44(5): 1309-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12068811&dopt=Abstract
•
Toxic megacolon due to Salmonella: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Chaudhuri A, Bekdash BA. Source: International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 2002 July; 17(4): 275-9. Epub 2001 December 06. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12073077&dopt=Abstract
•
Transfer of eukaryotic expression plasmids to mammalian hosts by attenuated Salmonella spp. Author(s): Weiss S. Source: International Journal of Medical Microbiology : Ijmm. 2003 April; 293(1): 95-106. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755370&dopt=Abstract
•
Transmission of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium DT104 to infants through mother's breast milk. Author(s): Qutaishat SS, Stemper ME, Spencer SK, Borchardt MA, Opitz JC, Monson TA, Anderson JL, Ellingson JL. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 June; 111(6 Pt 1): 1442-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777569&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of Salmonella meningitis: two case reports and a review of the literature. Author(s): Owusu-Ofori A, Scheld WM. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2003 March; 7(1): 53-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12718811&dopt=Abstract
Studies
147
•
Trend of multiple drug resistant Salmonella Typhimurium in Norway. Author(s): Alvseike O, Leegaard T, Aavitsland P, Lassen J. Source: Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin. 2002 January; 7(1): 5-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12631953&dopt=Abstract
•
Two outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 8 linked to the consumption of Cantal cheese made with raw milk, France, 2001. Author(s): Haeghebaert S, Sulem P, Deroudille L, Vanneroy-Adenot E, Bagnis O, Bouvet P, Grimont F, Brisabois A, Le Querrec F, Hervy C, Espie E, de Valk H, Vaillant V. Source: Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin. 2003 July; 8(7): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12941980&dopt=Abstract
•
Undiagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with salmonella bacteremia: a case report and mini-review. Author(s): Gencer S, Balkan YY, Benzonana N, Ozer S. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 June; 9(6): 572-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12848738&dopt=Abstract
•
Unusual intracellular trafficking of Salmonella typhimurium in human melanoma cells. Author(s): Martinez-Lorenzo MJ, Meresse S, de Chastellier C, Gorvel JP. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2001 June; 3(6): 407-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11422083&dopt=Abstract
•
Unusual Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium isolate producing CMY-7, SHV9 and OXA-30 beta-lactamases. Author(s): Hanson ND, Moland ES, Hossain A, Neville SA, Gosbell IB, Thomson KS. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 June; 49(6): 1011-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12039894&dopt=Abstract
•
Use of bioluminescent Salmonella for assessing the efficiency of constructed phagebased biosorbent. Author(s): Sun W, Brovko L, Griffiths M. Source: Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology. 2001 August; 27(2): 126-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11641771&dopt=Abstract
148 Salmonella
•
Use of green fluorescent protein expressing Salmonella Stanley to investigate survival, spatial location, and control on alfalfa sprouts. Author(s): Gandhi M, Golding S, Yaron S, Matthews KR. Source: J Food Prot. 2001 December; 64(12): 1891-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11770613&dopt=Abstract
•
Use of mixed infections with Salmonella strains to study virulence genes and their interactions in vivo. Author(s): Beuzon CR, Holden DW. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2001 November-December; 3(14-15): 1345-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11755424&dopt=Abstract
•
Venous thrombosis associated with Salmonella: report of a case and review of literature. Author(s): Mohanty S, Bakshi S, Gupta AK, Kapil A, Arya LS, Das BK. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2003 May; 57(5): 199-203. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14514251&dopt=Abstract
•
Viability of Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes in yellow fat spreads as affected by storage temperature. Author(s): Holliday SL, Beuchat LR. Source: J Food Prot. 2003 April; 66(4): 549-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12696676&dopt=Abstract
149
CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SALMONELLA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and salmonella.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Salmonella The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “salmonella” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
150 Salmonella
The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on salmonella: •
E. coli, Salmonella, Listeria, bacteria become unwelcome house guests. Source: Welland, D. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (October 1997). volume 20(10) page 1, 6.
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “salmonella” (or a synonym): •
Copper complexes with bioactive ligands, 1: Antimicrobial activity. Author(s): Slovenska Technicka Univ., Bratislava (Slovak Republic). Fakulta Chemickej a Potravinarskej Technologie Source: Dudova, B. Hudecova, D. Pokorny, R. Mikulasova, M. Palicova, M. Segla, P. Melnik, M. Folia-Microbiologica (Czech Republic). (October 2001). volume 46(5) page 379-384.
•
Desmutagenic and bio-antimutagenic effects of the extracts from Japanese miso in Salmonella assay. Author(s): Kinki Univ., Higashiosaka, Osaka (Japan). Faculty of Agriculture Source: Yoshikawa, K. Oda, N. Aryal, P. Terashita, T. Shishiyama, J. Memoirs-of-theFaculty-of-Agriculture-of-Kinki-University (Japan). (March 1998). (no.31) page 29-33.
•
Influence of high pressure treatment of Brassica oleracea var. capitata on the genotoxic and antimutagenic activities in Salmonella typhimurium. Author(s): Trieste Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Stazione Sperimentale per l' Industria delle Conserve Alimentari (SSICA), Parma (Italy) ABB Industria S.p.A., Sesto San Giovanni, Milan (Italy) Source: Tamaro, M. Benincasa, M. Carpi, G. Gola, S. Rovere, P. Industria-Conserve (Italy). (Jan-Mar 2000). volume 75(1) page 35-47.
•
Isolation and partial characterization of an antibacterial substance produced by Enterococcus faecium. Author(s): University of Sofia (Bulgaria). Dept. of Microbiology Source: Pantev, A. Kabadjova, P. Ivanova, I. Dalgalarrondo, M. Haertle, T. Dousset, X. Prevost, H. Chobert, J. M. Folia-Microbiologica (Czech Republic). (August 2002). volume 47(4) page 391-400.
•
Phenolic acids reduce the genotoxicity of acridine orange and ofloxacin in Salmonella typhimurium. Author(s): Univerzita Komenskeho, Bratislava (Slovak Republic). Ustav Bunkovej Biologie Source: Belicova, A. Krizkova, L. Krajcovic, J. Ebringer, L. Nagy, M. Folia-Microbiologica (Czech Republic). (December 2001). volume 46(6) page 511-514.
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
A single dose of oral DNA immunization delivered by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium down-regulates transgene expression in HBsAg transgenic mice. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Source: Zheng, B J Ng, M H Chan, K W Tam, S Woo, P C Ng, S P Yuen, K Y Eur-JImmunol. 2002 November; 32(11): 3294-304 0014-2980
Nutrition
151
•
Antibacterial activity of black tea (Camelia sinensis) extract against Salmonella serotypes causing enteric fever. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal-576 119. Source: Ciraj, A M Sulaim, J Mamatha, B Gopalkrishna, B K Shivananda, P G Indian-JMed-Sci. 2001 July; 55(7): 376-81 0019-5359
•
Antimutagenic activity of whole casein on the pepper-induced mutagenicity to streptomycin-dependent strain SD 510 of Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. Source: Hosono, A. Shashikanth, K.N. Otani, H. J-Dairy-Res. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. August 1988. volume 55 (3) page 435-442. 0022-0299
•
Antimutagenicity of Murdannia loriformis in the Salmonella mutation assay and its inhibitory effects on azoxymethane-induced DNA methylation and aberrant crypt focus formation in male F344 rats. Author(s): Department of Bacteriology, University of Tokushima School of Medicine, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan. Source: Intiyot, Yaowarate Kinouchi, Takemi Kataoka, Keiko Arimochi, Hideki Kuwahara, Tomomi Vinitketkumnuen, Usanee Ohnishi, Yoshinari J-Med-Invest. 2002 February; 49(1-2): 25-34 1343-1420
•
Anti-Salmonella activity of medicinal plants from Cameroon. Author(s): Departments of Life Sciences and Chemistry, University of Buea, PO Box 63, Buea, South West Province, Cameroon. Source: Nkuo Akenji, T Ndip, R McThomas, A Fru, E C Cent-Afr-J-Med. 2001 June; 47(6): 155-8 0008-9176
•
Characterization of the induction of increased thermotolerance by high osmolarity in Salmonella. Source: Fletcher, S.A. Csonka, L.N. Food-microbiol. London; Orlando : Academic Press, c1984-. June 1998. volume 15 (3) page 307-317. 0740-0020
•
Comparison of the performance of lactose and mannitol selenite enriched broths, subcultured to DCA and XLD agars, in the isolation of Salmonella spp. from faeces. Author(s): Public Health Laboratory (Midlands), Group Headquarters, Royal Shrewsbury Hospital.
[email protected] Source: Nye, K J Fallon, D Frodsham, D Gee, B Howe, S Turner, T Warren, R E Andrews, N Commun-Dis-Public-Health. 2002 December; 5(4): 285-8 1462-1843
•
Delayed Salmonella bacteriuria in a patient infected with Schistosoma haematobium. Author(s): Department of Parasitology, Bicetre Hospital, Paris-XI University, KremlinBicetre, France.
[email protected] Source: Bouree, P Botterel, F Romand, S J-Egypt-Soc-Parasitol. 2002 August; 32(2): 355-60 0253-5890
•
Development of PREEMPT: the first FDA approved CE product to reduce Salmonella in poultry. Source: DeLoach, J.R. Proc-Technol-Transf-Soc-Annu-Meet-Int-Symp-exhib. Indianapolis, IN : The Society, c1990-. 1998. (23rd) page 123-126. 1072-0782
•
Differing effects of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium infection on selenium-depleted and supplemented rats. Source: Boyne, R. Arthur, J.R. Wilson, A.B. Mann, S.O. Trace elements in man and animals : TEMA 5 : proceedings of the fifth International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals / editors C.F. Mills, I. Bremner, & J.K. Chesters. Farnham Royal, Slough : Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, c1985. page 126-128. ISBN: 085198553X
152 Salmonella
•
Evaluation of the antimutagenic properties of inositol phosphate (phytic acid) against direct-and indirect-acting mutagens in the salmonella/microsomal mutagencity assay. Author(s): Agricultural Research Inst., Sariab (Pakistan). Food Technology Section Source: Ali, S.S. Balochistan-Journal-of-Agricultural-Sciences (Pakistan). (Jul-December 2000). volume 1(2) page 56-57. salmonella mutagenicity antimutagens phytic acid
•
Genotypic characterisation by PFGE of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis phage types 1, 4, 6, and 8 isolated from animal and human sources in three European countries. Source: Laconcha, I. Baggesen, D.L. Rementeria, A. Garaizar, J. Vet-microbiol. Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Elsevier Science B.V. July 31, 2000. volume 75 (2) page 155-165. 0378-1135
•
Growth, survival and heat resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli in regular and omega-3 hens egg products. Source: Hu, Y. Blank, G. Przybylski, R. Ismond, A. J-food-saf. Trumbull, Conn. : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. December 2001. volume 21 (4) page 245-261. 0149-6085
•
Increasing incidence of resistance to gentamicin and related aminoglycosides in Salmonella typhimurium phage type 204c in England, Wales and Scotland. Source: Threlfall, E.J. Rowe, B. Ferguson, J.L. Ward, L.R. Vet-Rec. London : British Veterinary Association. October 5, 1985. volume 117 (14) page 355-357. 0042-4900
•
Increasing the hydrophobic interaction between terminal W-motifs enhances the stability of Salmonella typhimurium sialidase. A general strategy for the stabilization of beta-propeller protein fold. Author(s): Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-machi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8558, Japan. Source: Witarto, A B Sode, K Protein-Eng. 2001 November; 14(11): 891-6 0269-2139
•
Intestinal short-chain fatty acids alter Salmonella typhimurium invasion gene expression and virulence through BarA/SirA. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA. Source: Lawhon, S D Maurer, R Suyemoto, M Altier, C Mol-Microbiol. 2002 December; 46(5): 1451-64 0950-382X
•
Iron uptake by Salmonella typhimrurium strains from different epidemiological sources. Eisenaufnahme durch Salmonella typhimurium-Stamme unterschiedlicher epidemiologischer Herkunft. Source: Rabsch, W. Reissbrodt, R. J-Basic-Microbiol. Berlin, E. Ger. : Akademie-Verlag. 1985. volume 25 (2) page 199-126. ill. 0233-111X
•
Isolation of Salmonella species from imported dog chews. Source: Willis, C. Vet-rec. London : The British Veterinary Association. October 6, 2001. volume 149 (14) page 426-427. 0042-4900
•
Mutagenicity of steviol and its oxidative derivatives in Salmonella typhimurium TM677. Author(s): Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Technology, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Terai, T Ren, H Mori, G Yamaguchi, Y Hayashi, T Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 2002 July; 50(7): 1007-10 0009-2363
Nutrition
153
•
Natural or raw almonds and an outbreak of a rare phage type of Salmonella enteritidis infection. Author(s): Field Epidemiology Training Program, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Source: Chan, E S Aramini, J Ciebin, B Middleton, D Ahmed, R Howes, M Brophy, I Mentis, I Jamieson, F Rodgers, F Nazarowec White, M Pichette, S C Farrar, J Gutierrez, M Weis, W J Lior, L Ellis, A Isaacs, S Can-Commun-Dis-Repage 2002 June 15; 28(12): 979 1188-4169
•
Nitric oxide metabolites in gnotobiotic piglets orally infected with Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. Author(s): Department of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czechia.
[email protected] Source: Trebichavsky, I Zidek, Z Frankova, D Zahradnickova, M Splichal, I FoliaMicrobiol-(Praha). 2001; 46(4): 353-8 0015-5632
•
Outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 913 gastroenteritis associated with mung bean sprouts--Edmonton, 2001. Author(s): Capital Health-Regional Public Health, Edmonton, Alberta. Source: Honish, L Nguyen, Q Can-Commun-Dis-Repage 2001 September 15; 27(18): 1516 1188-4169
•
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration across model intestinal epithelia enhances Salmonella typhimurium killing via the epithelial derived cytokine, IL-6. Author(s): Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street (114-3503), MA, Boston 02129, USA. Source: Nadeau, W J Pistole, T G McCormick, B A Microbes-Infect. 2002 November; 4(14): 1379-87 1286-4579
•
Preenriched broth medium for the simultaneous sampling of foods for Salmonella and Listeria. Source: Bailey, J.S. Cox, N.A. U-S-Dep-Agric-Pat. [Washington, D.C.?] : The Department. Sept 8, 1992. (5,145,786) 1 page
•
Protection against translocating Salmonella typhimurium infection in mice by feeding the immuno-enhancing probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain HN001. Author(s): Milk & Health Research Centre, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
[email protected] Source: Gill, H S Shu, Q Lin, H Rutherfurd, K J Cross, M L Med-Microbiol-Immunol(Berl). 2001 December; 190(3): 97-104 0300-8584
•
rDNA fingerprinting as a tool in epidemiological analysis of Salmonella typhi infections. Author(s): Department of Hygiene & Microbiology G. D Alessandro, University of Palermo, Italy. Source: Nastasi, A Mammina, C Villafrate, M R Epidemiol-Infect. 1991 December; 107(3): 565-76 0950-2688
•
Salmonella-selective plating medium. Source: Tate, C. Miller, R. Mallinson, E. Joseph, S. United States Department of Agriculture patents. [Washington, D.C.? : The Department, 1900?-. May 4, 1993. (5,208,150) 1 page
154 Salmonella
•
SopE, a secreted protein of Salmonella dublin, is translocated into the target eukaryotic cell via a sip-dependent mechanism and promotes bacterial entry. Source: Wood, M.W. Rosqvist, R. Mullan, P.B. Edwards, M.H. Galyov, E.E. Molmicrobiol. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications,. October 1996. volume 22 (2) page 327-338. 0950-382X
•
Substrate recognition by proline permease in Salmonella. Author(s): Department of Biology, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613-1118, USA.
[email protected] Source: Liao, M K Maloy, S Amino-Acids. 2001; 21(2): 161-74 0939-4451
•
Vzaimodeistvie Yersinia, Listeria i Salmonella s rastitel'nymi kletkami. [The interaction of Yersinia, Listeria and Salmonella with plant cells] Author(s): Research Institute of Epidemiology, Institute of Soil Biology, Vladivostok, Russia. Source: Timchenbko, N F Bulgakov, V P Bulakh, E V Iasnetskaia, E G Zhuravlev, Iu N Zh-Mikrobiol-Epidemiol-Immunobiol. 2000 Jan-February; (1): 6-10 0372-9311
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
•
The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
•
The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
•
The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
•
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
•
Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
•
Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
Nutrition
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
155
The following is a specific Web list relating to salmonella; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Food and Diet Chicken Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,86,00.html Eggnog Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eggs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eggs Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,98,00.html Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Turkey Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Turkey Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,92,00.html
157
CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SALMONELLA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to salmonella. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to salmonella and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “salmonella” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to salmonella: •
A cDNA encoding 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate-8-phosphate synthase of Pisum sativum L. (pea) functionally complements a kdsA mutant of the Gram-negative bacterium Salmonella enterica. Author(s): Brabetz W, Wolter FP, Brade H. Source: Planta. 2000 December; 212(1): 136-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11219578&dopt=Abstract
•
A common Salmonella control programme in Finland, Norway and Sweden. Author(s): Hopp P, Wahlstrom H, Hirn J. Source: Acta Vet Scand Suppl. 1999; 91: 45-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10783729&dopt=Abstract
•
Ability of antioxidants to prevent oxidative mutations in Salmonella typhimurium TA102. Author(s): Grey CE, Adlercreutz P.
158 Salmonella
Source: Mutation Research. 2003 June 19; 527(1-2): 27-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12787911&dopt=Abstract •
Acid adaptation sensitizes Salmonella typhimurium to hypochlorous acid. Author(s): Leyer GJ, Johnson EA. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1997 February; 63(2): 461-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9023924&dopt=Abstract
•
An improved method for the recovery of Salmonella serovars from orange juice using universal preenrichment broth. Author(s): Hammack TS, Amaguana RM, Andrews WH. Source: J Food Prot. 2001 May; 64(5): 659-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11347996&dopt=Abstract
•
An investigation of some Turkish herbal medicines in Salmonella typhimurium and in the COMET assay in human lymphocytes. Author(s): Basaran AA, Yu TW, Plewa MJ, Anderson D. Source: Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. 1996; 16(2): 125-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8875742&dopt=Abstract
•
Antagonistic effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Saccharomyces boulardii and Escherichia coli combinations against experimental infections with Shigella flexneri and Salmonella enteritidis subsp. typhimurium in gnotobiotic mice. Author(s): Filho-Lima JV, Vieira EC, Nicoli JR. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2000 March; 88(3): 365-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10747216&dopt=Abstract
•
Antibacterial activity of black tea (Camelia sinensis) extract against Salmonella serotypes causing enteric fever. Author(s): Ciraj AM, Sulaim J, Mamatha B, Gopalkrishna BK, Shivananda PG. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2001 July; 55(7): 376-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11883337&dopt=Abstract
•
Antibacterial activity of Capsicum extract against Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa inoculated in raw beef meat. Author(s): Careaga M, Fernandez E, Dorantes L, Mota L, Jaramillo ME, HernandezSanchez H. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2003 June 25; 83(3): 331-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12745238&dopt=Abstract
•
Antibacterial effect of some leaf extracts on Salmonella typhi. Author(s): Gehlot D, Bohra A.
Alternative Medicine 159
Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2000 March; 54(3): 102-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11227613&dopt=Abstract •
Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants extracts on Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi and Shigella dysenteriae. Author(s): Omoregbe RE, Ikuebe OM, Ihimire IG. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 1996 December; 25(4): 373-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9532310&dopt=Abstract
•
Antimicrobial effect of herb extracts against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella typhimurium associated with beef. Author(s): Cutter CN. Source: J Food Prot. 2000 May; 63(5): 601-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10826716&dopt=Abstract
•
Antimutagenic activity of extracts of natural substances in the Salmonella/microsome assay. Author(s): Horn RC, Vargas VM. Source: Mutagenesis. 2003 March; 18(2): 113-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12621065&dopt=Abstract
•
Antimutagenic effect of plant flavonoids in the Salmonella assay system. Author(s): Choi JS, Park KY, Moon SH, Rhee SH, Young HS. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 1994 April; 17(2): 71-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10319134&dopt=Abstract
•
Antimutagenic effects of black tea (World Blend) and its two active polyphenols theaflavins and thearubigins in Salmonella assays. Author(s): Gupta S, Chaudhuri T, Seth P, Ganguly DK, Giri AK. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 November; 16(7): 655-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410547&dopt=Abstract
•
Antimutagenic effects of black tea in the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay. Author(s): Taneja P, Arora A, Shukla Y. Source: Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2003 July-September; 4(3): 193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14507238&dopt=Abstract
•
Antimutagenic effects of polyphenols isolated from Terminalia bellerica myroblan in Salmonella typhimurium. Author(s): Padam SK, Grover IS, Singh M.
160 Salmonella
Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1996 February; 34(2): 98-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8641722&dopt=Abstract •
Antimutagenic mechanisms of Phyllanthus orbicularis when hydrogen peroxide is tested using Salmonella assay. Author(s): Ferrer M, Sanchez-Lamar A, Luis Fuentes J, Barbe J, Llagostera M. Source: Mutation Research. 2002 May 27; 517(1-2): 251-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12034326&dopt=Abstract
•
Antimutagenicity of hydrolyzable tannins from Terminalia chebula in Salmonella typhimurium. Author(s): Kaur S, Grover IS, Singh M, Kaur S. Source: Mutation Research. 1998 November 9; 419(1-3): 169-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9804945&dopt=Abstract
•
Antimutagenicity of Murdannia loriformis in the Salmonella mutation assay and its inhibitory effects on azoxymethane-induced DNA methylation and aberrant crypt focus formation in male F344 rats. Author(s): Intiyot Y, Kinouchi T, Kataoka K, Arimochi H, Kuwahara T, Vinitketkumnuen U, Ohnishi Y. Source: J Med Invest. 2002 February; 49(1-2): 25-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11901756&dopt=Abstract
•
Anti-Salmonella activity of medicinal plants from Cameroon. Author(s): Nkuo-Akenji T, Ndip R, McThomas A, Fru EC. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 2001 June; 47(6): 155-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201022&dopt=Abstract
•
Assessment of various treatments to reduce carriage of Salmonella in swine. Author(s): Letellier A, Messier S, Lessard L, Quessy S. Source: Can J Vet Res. 2000 January; 64(1): 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10680653&dopt=Abstract
•
Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. Author(s): Friedman M, Henika PR, Mandrell RE. Source: J Food Prot. 2002 October; 65(10): 1545-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12380738&dopt=Abstract
•
Brucella-Salmonella lipopolysaccharide chimeras are less permeable to hydrophobic probes and more sensitive to cationic peptides and EDTA than are their native
Alternative Medicine 161
Brucella sp. counterparts. Author(s): Freer E, Moreno E, Moriyon I, Pizarro-Cerda J, Weintraub A, Gorvel JP. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1996 October; 178(20): 5867-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8830680&dopt=Abstract •
Chemical and immunological characterization of a low molecular weight outer membrane protein of Salmonella typhi. Author(s): de Andrade CM, Ferreira AG, da Silva JD, Nascimento HJ, da Silva JG Jr. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 1998; 42(8): 521-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9776392&dopt=Abstract
•
Combined PCR and slot blot assay for detection of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes. Author(s): Li X, Boudjellab N, Zhao X. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2000 June 1; 56(2-3): 167-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10857543&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison between a cultural procedure using Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth and motility enrichments on modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium for Salmonella detection from food and feed. Author(s): Wiberg C, Norberg P. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1996 April; 29(2-3): 353-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8796434&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison between ICS-Vidas, MSRV and standard cultural method for Salmonella recovery in poultry meat. Author(s): De Medici D, Pezzotti G, Marfoglia C, Caciolo D, Foschi G, Orefice L. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1998 December 22; 45(3): 205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9926997&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of a microtitration plate ELISA with a standard cultural procedure for the detection of Salmonella spp. in chicken. Author(s): Wyatt GM, Lee HA, Dionysiou S, Morgan MR, Stokely DJ, Al-Hajji AH, Richards J, Sillis AJ, Jones PH. Source: J Food Prot. 1996 March; 59(3): 238-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10463439&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of aqueous chemical treatments to eliminate Salmonella on alfalfa seeds. Author(s): Weissinger WR, Beuchat LR. Source: J Food Prot. 2000 November; 63(11): 1475-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11079686&dopt=Abstract
162 Salmonella
•
Comparison of assurance gold salmonella EIA, BAX for screening/Salmonella, and GENE-TRAK Salmonella DLP rapid assays for detection of Salmonella in alfalfa sprouts and sprout irrigation water. Author(s): Stewart DS, Reineke KF, Tortorello ML. Source: J Aoac Int. 2002 March-April; 85(2): 395-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11990025&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of methods for the recovery and detection of low levels of injured Salmonella in ice cream and milk powder. Author(s): Baylis CL, MacPhee S, Betts RP. Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2000 April; 30(4): 320-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10792655&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of TaqMan Salmonella amplification/detection kit with standard culture procedure for detection of Salmonella in meat samples. Author(s): Kawasaki S, Kimura B, Fujii T. Source: Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi. 2001 February; 42(1): 33-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11383154&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of the effects of dietary selenium, zinc, and selenium and zinc supplementation on growth and immune response between chick groups that were inoculated with Salmonella and aflatoxin or Salmonella. Author(s): Hegazy SM, Adachi Y. Source: Poultry Science. 2000 March; 79(3): 331-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10735198&dopt=Abstract
•
Cryopreserved and hypothermically stored rat liver parenchymal cells as metabolizing system in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay. Author(s): Diener B, Oesch F. Source: Mutation Research. 1995 December; 335(3): 309-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8524346&dopt=Abstract
•
Cytochrome P450 1A1 in rat peripheral blood lymphocytes: inducibility in vivo and bioactivation of benzo[a]pyrene in the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay in vitro. Author(s): Fung J, Thomas PE, Iba MM. Source: Mutation Research. 1999 January 2; 438(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9858665&dopt=Abstract
•
Death of Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes in garlic butter as affected by storage temperature. Author(s): Adler BB, Beuchat LR.
Alternative Medicine 163
Source: J Food Prot. 2002 December; 65(12): 1976-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495019&dopt=Abstract •
Detection of Salmonella cells within 24 to 26 hours in poultry samples with the polymerase chain reaction BAX system. Author(s): Bailey JS. Source: J Food Prot. 1998 July; 61(7): 792-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9678157&dopt=Abstract
•
Detection of Salmonella from raw food samples using Dynabeads anti-Salmonella and a conventional reference method. Author(s): Cudjoe KS, Krona R. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1997 June 17; 37(1): 55-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9237122&dopt=Abstract
•
Detection of Salmonella in food samples by the combination of immunomagnetic separation and PCR assay. Author(s): Jenikova G, Pazlarova J, Demnerova K. Source: International Microbiology : the Official Journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology. 2000 December; 3(4): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11334305&dopt=Abstract
•
Detection of Salmonella in foods using Tecra Salmonella VIA and Tecra Salmonella UNIQUE rapid immunoassays and a cultural procedure. Author(s): Ramalho D, Gelli DS, Landgraf M, Destro MT, Gombossy M. Source: J Food Prot. 2002 March; 65(3): 552-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11899056&dopt=Abstract
•
Dietary Bifidobacterium lactis (HN019) enhances resistance to oral Salmonella typhimurium infection in mice. Author(s): Shu Q, Lin H, Rutherfurd KJ, Fenwick SG, Prasad J, Gopal PK, Gill HS. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 2000; 44(4): 213-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10832963&dopt=Abstract
•
Dietary mannan-oligosaccharides and their effect on chicken caecal microflora in relation to Salmonella Enteritidis colonization. Author(s): Fernandez F, Hinton M, Van Gils B. Source: Avian Pathology : Journal of the W.V.P.A. 2002 February; 31(1): 49-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12425792&dopt=Abstract
•
Differential activation of signal transduction pathways mediating phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and degranulation by chicken heterophils in response to stimulation
164 Salmonella
with opsonized Salmonella enteritidis. Author(s): Kogut MH, Genovese KJ, Lowry VK. Source: Inflammation. 2001 February; 25(1): 7-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11293667&dopt=Abstract •
Disruption of epithelial barrier integrity by Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium requires geranylgeranylated proteins. Author(s): Tafazoli F, Magnusson KE, Zheng L. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 February; 71(2): 872-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540569&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of EDTA on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium involves a component not assignable to lipopolysaccharide release. Author(s): Alakomi HL, Saarela M, Helander IM. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 2003 August; 149(Pt 8): 2015-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12904541&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of nisin on heat injury and inactivation of Salmonella enteritidis PT4. Author(s): Boziaris IS, Humpheson L, Adams MR. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1998 August 18; 43(1-2): 7-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9761333&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of a Quillaja saponaria extract on growth performance and immune function of weanling pigs challenged with Salmonella typhimurium. Author(s): Turner JL, Dritz SS, Higgins JJ, Herkelman KL, Minton JE. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 July; 80(7): 1939-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12162663&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of Ascophyllum nodosum extract on growth performance and immune function of young pigs challenged with Salmonella typhimurium. Author(s): Turner JL, Dritz SS, Higgins JJ, Minton JE. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 July; 80(7): 1947-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12162664&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on in vivo splenic cytokine mRNA expression in layer chicks immunized with Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide. Author(s): Sijben JW, Schrama JW, Parmentier HK, van der Poel JJ, Klasing KC. Source: Poultry Science. 2001 August; 80(8): 1164-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11495469&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.), a Thai medicinal plant, on the mutagenicity of various known mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium and on
Alternative Medicine 165
formation of aberrant crypt foci induced by the colon carcinogens azoxymethane and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine in F344 rats. Author(s): Chewonarin T, Kinouchi T, Kataoka K, Arimochi H, Kuwahara T, Vinitketkumnuen U, Ohnishi Y. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1999 June; 37(6): 591-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10478827&dopt=Abstract •
Efficacy of crude extract of Aloe secundiflora against Salmonella gallinarum in experimentally infected free-range chickens in Tanzania. Author(s): Waihenya RK, Mtambo MM, Nkwengulila G, Minga UM. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 March; 79(3): 317-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11849835&dopt=Abstract
•
Efficacy of nisin-coated polymer films to inactivate Salmonella Typhimurium on fresh broiler skin. Author(s): Natrajan N, Sheldon BW. Source: J Food Prot. 2000 September; 63(9): 1189-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10983791&dopt=Abstract
•
Efficacy of some nupe medicinal plants against Salmonella typhi: an in vitro study. Author(s): Evans CE, Banso A, Samuel OA. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 April; 80(1): 21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11891083&dopt=Abstract
•
Eggshell membrane structure and penetration by Salmonella typhimurium. Author(s): Berrang ME, Frank JF, Buhr RJ, Bailey JS, Cox NA. Source: J Food Prot. 1999 January; 62(1): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9921833&dopt=Abstract
•
Emergence of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 in the Caribbean: case-control study in Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies. Author(s): Indar-Harrinauth L, Daniels N, Prabhakar P, Brown C, Baccus-Taylor G, Comissiong E, Hospedales J. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 March 15; 32(6): 890-6. Epub 2001 Mar 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11247713&dopt=Abstract
•
Eradication of Salmonella Yoruba in an integrated pig herd. Author(s): Osterberg J, Ekwall SJ, Nilsson I, Stampe M, Engvall A, Wallgren P. Source: Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2001 September-October; 114(9-10): 331-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11570170&dopt=Abstract
166 Salmonella
•
Establishment of Salmonella strain expressing catalytically active human UDPglucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1). Author(s): Fujita K, Mogami A, Hayashi A, Kamataki T. Source: Life Sciences. 2000 April 7; 66(20): 1955-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10821120&dopt=Abstract
•
Establishment of the PCR system specific to Salmonella spp. and its application for the inspection of food and fecal samples. Author(s): Makino S, Kurazono H, Chongsanguam M, Hayashi H, Cheun H, Suzuki S, Shirahata T. Source: The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science. 1999 November; 61(11): 1245-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10593584&dopt=Abstract
•
Evaluation of an avian-specific probiotic and Salmonella typhimurium-Specific antibodies on the colonization of Salmonella typhimurium in broilers. Author(s): Promsopone B, Morishita TY, Aye PP, Cobb CW, Veldkamp A, Clifford JR. Source: J Food Prot. 1998 February; 61(2): 176-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9708277&dopt=Abstract
•
Evaluation of avian-specific probiotic and Salmonella enteritidis-, Salmonella typhimurium-, and Salmonella heidelberg-specific antibodies on cecal colonization and organ invasion of Salmonella enteritidis in broilers. Author(s): Tellez G, Petrone VM, Escorcia M, Morishita TY, Cobb CW, Villasenor L, Promsopone B. Source: J Food Prot. 2001 March; 64(3): 287-91. Erratum In: J Food Prot 2001 July; 64(7): 933. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252468&dopt=Abstract
•
Evaluation of the components of a commercial probiotic in gnotobiotic mice experimentally challenged with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Typhimurium. Author(s): Maia OB, Duarte R, Silva AM, Cara DC, Nicoli JR. Source: Veterinary Microbiology. 2001 March 20; 79(2): 183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11230939&dopt=Abstract
•
Evaluation of the influence of supplementing the diet with mannose or palm kernel meal on Salmonella colonisation in poultry. Author(s): Allen VM, Fernandez F, Hinton MH. Source: British Poultry Science. 1997 December; 38(5): 485-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9510991&dopt=Abstract
Alternative Medicine 167
•
Factors associated with Salmonella shedding among equine colic patients at a veterinary teaching hospital. Author(s): Kim LM, Morley PS, Traub-Dargatz JL, Salman MD, Gentry-Weeks C. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001 March 1; 218(5): 740-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11280409&dopt=Abstract
•
Fate of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium during the fermentation of siljo. Author(s): Dessie G, Abegaz K, Ashenafi M. Source: East Afr Med J. 1996 July; 73(7): 432-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8918003&dopt=Abstract
•
Free radical scavenging abilities of flavonoids as mechanism of protection against mutagenicity induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide or cumene hydroperoxide in Salmonella typhimurium TA102. Author(s): Edenharder R, Grunhage D. Source: Mutation Research. 2003 September 9; 540(1): 1-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12972054&dopt=Abstract
•
Genotoxicity of Brosimum gaudichaudii measured by the Salmonella/microsome assay and chromosomal aberrations in CHO cells. Author(s): Varanda EA, Pozetti GL, Lourenco MV, Vilegas W, Raddi MS. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 July; 81(2): 257-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065160&dopt=Abstract
•
Genotoxicity of iron compounds in Salmonella typhimurium and L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. Author(s): Dunkel VC, San RH, Seifried HE, Whittaker P. Source: Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 1999; 33(1): 28-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10037321&dopt=Abstract
•
Genotoxicity testing of methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) in the Salmonella microsuspension assay and mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. Author(s): Kado NY, Kuzmicky PA, Loarca-Pina G, Moiz Mumtaz M. Source: Mutation Research. 1998 January 30; 412(2): 131-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9580226&dopt=Abstract
•
High pH during trisodium phosphate treatment causes membrane damage and destruction of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis. Author(s): Sampathkumar B, Khachatourians GG, Korber DR. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 January; 69(1): 122-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12513986&dopt=Abstract
168 Salmonella
•
Host response to various treatments to reduce Salmonella infections in swine. Author(s): Letellier A, Messier S, Lessard L, Chenier S, Quessy S. Source: Can J Vet Res. 2001 July; 65(3): 168-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11480522&dopt=Abstract
•
Host-pathogen interactions: Host resistance factor Nramp1 up-regulates the expression of Salmonella pathogenicity island-2 virulence genes. Author(s): Zaharik ML, Vallance BA, Puente JL, Gros P, Finlay BB. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 November 26; 99(24): 15705-10. Epub 2002 Nov 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12441401&dopt=Abstract
•
In vitro attachment of Salmonella typhimurium to chicken cecal mucus: effect of cations and pretreatment with Lactobacillus spp. isolated from the intestinal tracts of chickens. Author(s): Craven SE, Williams DD. Source: J Food Prot. 1998 March; 61(3): 265-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9708293&dopt=Abstract
•
Incidence of Salmonella in fish and seafood. Author(s): Heinitz ML, Ruble RD, Wagner DE, Tatini SR. Source: J Food Prot. 2000 May; 63(5): 579-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10826714&dopt=Abstract
•
Increased resistance of mice to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection by synbiotic administration of Bifidobacteria and transgalactosylated oligosaccharides. Author(s): Asahara T, Nomoto K, Shimizu K, Watanuki M, Tanaka R. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2001 December; 91(6): 985-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11851805&dopt=Abstract
•
Induction of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins in THP-1 cells by Salmonella typhimurium, Pasteurella haemolytica and Haemophilus influenzae porins. Author(s): Galdiero M, Vitiello M, D'Isanto M, Peluso L, Galdiero M. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2001 August; 31(2): 121-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11549419&dopt=Abstract
•
Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enteriditis by combinations of plant oils and derivatives of benzoic acid: the development of synergistic antimicrobial combinations. Author(s): Fyfe L, Armstrong F, Stewart J.
Alternative Medicine 169
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 1997 January; 9(3): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9552716&dopt=Abstract •
Inhibition of metabolic activation of the promutagens, benzo[a]pyrene, 2aminofluorene and 2-aminoanthracene by furanochromones in Salmonella typhimurium. Author(s): Schimmer O, Rauch P. Source: Mutagenesis. 1998 July; 13(4): 385-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9717176&dopt=Abstract
•
Inhibition of Salmonella on poultry skin using protein- and polysaccharide-based films containing a nisin formulation. Author(s): Natrajan N, Sheldon BW. Source: J Food Prot. 2000 September; 63(9): 1268-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10983804&dopt=Abstract
•
Investigation of Salmonella contamination and disinfection in farm egg-packing plants. Author(s): Davies RH, Breslin M. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2003; 94(2): 191-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534810&dopt=Abstract
•
Investigations into possible alternative decontamination methods for Salmonella enteritidis on the surface of table eggs. Author(s): Davies RH, Breslin M. Source: Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health. 2003 February; 50(1): 38-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12710499&dopt=Abstract
•
Isolation and detection of Listeria spp, Salmonella spp and Yersinia spp using a simultaneous enrichment step followed by a surface adhesion immunofluorescent technique. Author(s): Cloak OM, Duffy G, Sheridan JJ, Blair IS, McDowell DA. Source: Journal of Microbiological Methods. 1999 December; 39(1): 33-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10579505&dopt=Abstract
•
Lactobacillus salivarius CTC2197 prevents Salmonella enteritidis colonization in chickens. Author(s): Pascual M, Hugas M, Badiola JI, Monfort JM, Garriga M. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1999 November; 65(11): 4981-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10543812&dopt=Abstract
170 Salmonella
•
Limited proteolysis of Salmonella typhimurium nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase reveals ATP-linked conformational change. Author(s): Rajavel M, Gross J, Segura E, Moore WT, Grubmeyer C. Source: Biochemistry. 1996 April 2; 35(13): 3909-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8672421&dopt=Abstract
•
Lysis of salmonella typhi intracellularly infected U937 cells by human natural killer cells: effect of protein kinase inhibitors. Author(s): Miranda D, Puente J, Blanco L, Jara P, Wolf ME, Mosnaim AD. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2003 January-February; 10(1): 32-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522518&dopt=Abstract
•
Marshmallows cause an outbreak of infection with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4. Author(s): Lewis DA, Paramathasan R, White DG, Neil LS, Tanner AC, Hill SD, Bruce JC, Stuart JM, Ridley AM, Threlfall EJ. Source: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev. 1996 December 6; 6(13): R183-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8990574&dopt=Abstract
•
Mitogenic response of murine B lymphocytes to Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide requires protein kinase C-dependent late tyrosine phosphorylations. Author(s): Mey A, Revillard JP. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1998 June; 66(6): 2547-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9596715&dopt=Abstract
•
Modulatory effects of a tannin fraction isolated from Terminalia arjuna on the genotoxicity of mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium. Author(s): Kaur SJ, Grover IS, Kumar S. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2000 December; 38(12): 1113-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11033200&dopt=Abstract
•
Mutagenicity of medicinal plant extracts in Salmonella/microsome assay. Author(s): de Sa Ferreira IC, Ferrao Vargas VM. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 1999 August; 13(5): 397-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10441779&dopt=Abstract
•
Novel subtype of type IIs restriction enzymes. BfiI endonuclease exhibits similarities to the EDTA-resistant nuclease Nuc of Salmonella typhimurium. Author(s): Sapranauskas R, Sasnauskas G, Lagunavicius A, Vilkaitis G, Lubys A, Siksnys V.
Alternative Medicine 171
Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2000 October 6; 275(40): 30878-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10880511&dopt=Abstract •
Optimization of iron supplementation for enhanced detection of Salmonella Enteritidis in eggs. Author(s): Chen H, Anantheswaran RC, Knabel SJ. Source: J Food Prot. 2001 September; 64(9): 1279-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11563500&dopt=Abstract
•
Outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 913 gastroenteritis associated with mung bean sprouts--Edmonton, 2001. Author(s): Honish L, Nguyen Q. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2001 September 15; 27(18): 151-6. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11582621&dopt=Abstract
•
Polymethoxylated xanthones from the herb of Centaurium erythraea with strong antimutagenic properties in Salmonella typhimurium. Author(s): Schimmer O, Mauthner H. Source: Planta Medica. 1996 December; 62(6): 561-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9000888&dopt=Abstract
•
Potent antimutagenic activity of white tea in comparison with green tea in the Salmonella assay. Author(s): Santana-Rios G, Orner GA, Amantana A, Provost C, Wu SY, Dashwood RH. Source: Mutation Research. 2001 August 22; 495(1-2): 61-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11448643&dopt=Abstract
•
Potent suppressing activity of the non-polyphenolic fraction of green tea (Camellia sinensis) against genotoxin-induced umu C gene expression in Salmonella typhimurium (TA 1535/pSK 1002)--association with pheophytins a and b. Author(s): Okai Y, Higashi-Okai K. Source: Cancer Letters. 1997 November 25; 120(1): 117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9570394&dopt=Abstract
•
Potent suppressive activity of nonpolyphenolic fraction of green tea (Camellia sinensis) against genotoxin-induced umu C gene expression in Salmonella typhimurium (TA 1535/pSK 1002), tumor promotor-dependent ornithine decarboxylase induction of BALB/c 3T3 fibroblast cells, and chemically induced mouse skin tumorigenesis. Author(s): Okai Y, Higashi-Okai K.
172 Salmonella
Source: Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. 1997-98; 17(6): 305-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9485539&dopt=Abstract •
Prevention of Salmonella enteritidis infection in commercial ducklings by oral chicken egg-derived antibody alone or in combination with probiotics. Author(s): Fulton RM, Nersessian BN, Reed WM. Source: Poultry Science. 2002 January; 81(1): 34-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11885897&dopt=Abstract
•
Probeliatrade mark PCR system for rapid detection of Salmonella in milk powder and ricotta cheese. Author(s): Wan J, King K, Craven H, McAuley C, Tan SE, Coventry MJ. Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2000 April; 30(4): 267-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10792644&dopt=Abstract
•
Prolonged survival of an elderly woman with Salmonella dublin aortitis and conservative treatment. Author(s): Schoevaerdts D, Hanon F, Vanpee D, Swine C, Glupczynski Y, Vander Borght T, Marchandise B. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003 September; 51(9): 1326-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12919254&dopt=Abstract
•
Protection against translocating Salmonella typhimurium infection in mice by feeding the immuno-enhancing probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain HN001. Author(s): Gill HS, Shu Q, Lin H, Rutherfurd KJ, Cross ML. Source: Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 2001 December; 190(3): 97-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11827205&dopt=Abstract
•
Protective effect of bifidus milk on the experimental infection with Salmonella enteritidis subsp. typhimurium in conventional and gnotobiotic mice. Author(s): Silva AM, Bambirra EA, Oliveira AL, Souza PP, Gomes DA, Vieira EC, Nicoli JR. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 1999 February; 86(2): 331-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10063632&dopt=Abstract
•
Protective effect of Enterococcus faecium J96, a potential probiotic strain, on chicks infected with Salmonella Pullorum. Author(s): Carina Audisio M, Oliver G, Apella MC. Source: J Food Prot. 2000 October; 63(10): 1333-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11041131&dopt=Abstract
•
Rapid and definitive detection of Salmonella in foods by PCR. Author(s): Bennett AR, Greenwood D, Tennant C, Banks JG, Betts RP.
Alternative Medicine 173
Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 1998 June; 26(6): 437-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9717315&dopt=Abstract •
Rapid detection of Campylobacter coli, C. jejuni, and Salmonella enterica on poultry carcasses by using PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Author(s): Hong Y, Berrang ME, Liu T, Hofacre CL, Sanchez S, Wang L, Maurer JJ. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 June; 69(6): 3492-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12788755&dopt=Abstract
•
Recovery of a marker strain of Salmonella typhimurium in litter and aerosols from isolation rooms containing infected chickens. Author(s): Kwon YM, Woodward CL, Corrier DE, Byrd JA, Pillai SD, Ricke SC. Source: Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part. B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes. 2000 July; 35(4): 517-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10874627&dopt=Abstract
•
Reducing Salmonella on apples with wash practices commonly used by consumers. Author(s): Parnell TL, Harris LJ. Source: J Food Prot. 2003 May; 66(5): 741-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12747679&dopt=Abstract
•
Response of Salmonella choleraesuis LT2 spheroplasts and permeabilized cells to the bacteriocin AS-48. Author(s): Abriouel H, Valdivia E, Galvez A, Maqueda M. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1998 November; 64(11): 4623-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9797335&dopt=Abstract
•
Rutin-enhanced antibacterial activities of flavonoids against Bacillus cereus and Salmonella enteritidis. Author(s): Arima H, Ashida H, Danno G. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2002 May; 66(5): 1009-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12092809&dopt=Abstract
•
Salmonella control and quality assurance at the farm end of the food safety continuum. Author(s): Mallinson ET, Joseph SW, deRezende CL, Tablante NL, Carr LE. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001 June 15; 218(12): 1919-22. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11417735&dopt=Abstract
•
Salmonella infection associated with a pet lizard in siblings with sickle cell anemia: an avoidable risk. Author(s): Rodgers GL, Long SS, Smergel E, Dampier C.
174 Salmonella
Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2002 January; 24(1): 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11902748&dopt=Abstract •
Salmonella sepsis caused by a platelet transfusion from a donor with a pet snake. Author(s): Jafari M, Forsberg J, Gilcher RO, Smith JW, Crutcher JM, McDermott M, Brown BR, George JN. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 October 3; 347(14): 1075-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12362008&dopt=Abstract
•
Salmonella typhimurium and lipopolysaccharide stimulate extracellularly regulated kinase activation in macrophages by a mechanism involving phosphatidylinositol 3kinase and phospholipase D as novel intermediates. Author(s): Procyk KJ, Kovarik P, von Gabain A, Baccarini M. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1999 March; 67(3): 1011-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10024537&dopt=Abstract
•
Salmonella typhimurium DT104 in the northeast USA. Author(s): Benson CE, Munro DS, Rankin S. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1997 November 8; 141(19): 503-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9402727&dopt=Abstract
•
Salmonella urinary tract infections associated with exposure to pet iguanas. Author(s): Embil JM, Nicolle LE. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 July; 25(1): 172. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9243066&dopt=Abstract
•
Sero types, phage types and antibiotic susceptibilities of Salmonella strains isolated from horses in The Netherlands from 1993 to 2000. Author(s): van Duijkeren E, Wannet WJ, Heck ME, van Pelt W, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, Smit JA, Houwers DJ. Source: Veterinary Microbiology. 2002 May 1; 86(3): 203-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11900955&dopt=Abstract
•
Sources of Salmonella on broiler carcasses during transportation and processing: modes of contamination and methods of control. Author(s): Corry JE, Allen VM, Hudson WR, Breslin MF, Davies RH. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2002; 92(3): 424-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11872117&dopt=Abstract
•
Stimulatory effect of a dietary casein phosphopeptide preparation on the mucosal IgA response of mice to orally ingested lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella
Alternative Medicine 175
typhimurium. Author(s): Otani H, Nakano K, Kawahara T. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2003 April; 67(4): 729-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12784611&dopt=Abstract •
The antimutagenic effect of vanillin and cinnamaldehyde on spontaneous mutation in Salmonella TA104 is due to a reduction in mutations at GC but not AT sites. Author(s): Shaughnessy DT, Setzer RW, DeMarini DM. Source: Mutation Research. 2001 September 1; 480-481: 55-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11506799&dopt=Abstract
•
The comparative genotoxicological study of new local anesthetics, 3-(2alkoxyphenylcarbamoyloxy)quinuclidium chlorides, on Salmonella typhimurium, Saccharromyces cerevisiae, Vicia faba, Hordeum vulgare and Drosophila melanogaster. Author(s): Miadokova E, Vlckova V, Duhova V, Trebaticka M, Grolmus J, Bohmova B, Podstavkova S, Rauko P, Plesnikova I, Vlcek D. Source: Cell Biology and Toxicology. 1996 June; 12(3): 135-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8817059&dopt=Abstract
•
The NRAMP proteins of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli are selective manganese transporters involved in the response to reactive oxygen. Author(s): Kehres DG, Zaharik ML, Finlay BB, Maguire ME. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 2000 June; 36(5): 1085-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10844693&dopt=Abstract
•
Use of pyrrolidonyl peptidase to distinguish Citrobacter from Salmonella. Author(s): Bennett AR, MacPhee S, Betts R, Post D. Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 1999 March; 28(3): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10196763&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
•
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
•
Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
•
drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
176 Salmonella
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
•
HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to salmonella; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Meningitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Proctitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rectal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Reiter's Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
•
Herbs and Supplements Acorus Alternative names: Sweet Flag; Acorus calamus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Aesculus Alternative names: Horse Chestnut; Aesculus hippocastanum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Arctium Alternative names: Burdock, Gobo; Arctium lappa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Aristolochia Alternative names: Snakeroot, Guaco; Aristolochia sp Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
Alternative Medicine 177
Astragalus Mem Alternative names: Huang-Qi; Astragalus membranaceus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Astragalus Sp Alternative names: Vetch, Rattlepod, Locoweed; Astragalus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Berberis Alternative names: Barberry; Berberis sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Betula Alternative names: Birch; Betula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Calendula Alternative names: Calendula officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Camellia Sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cinnamomum Alternative names: Cinnamon; Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Curcuma Alternative names: Turmeric; Curcuma longa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Echinacea Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Foeniculum Alternative names: Fennel; Foeniculum vulgare Mill Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Garcinia Man Alternative names: Mangosteen; Garcinia mangostana Linn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ginger Alternative names: Zingiber officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
178 Salmonella
Goldenseal Alternative names: Hydrastis canadensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Goldenseal Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,791,00.html Grapefruit Seed Extract Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Green Tea Alternative names: Camellia sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hydrastis Alternative names: Goldenseal; Hydrastis canadensis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Illicium Alternative names: Star Anise; Illicium verum (Hook, F.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Melaleuca Alternative names: Tea Tree Oil; Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Momordica Alternative names: Bitter Gourd, Karela; Momordica charantia Linn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Musa Banana Alternative names: Plantain, Banana; Musa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Oregano/Wild Marjoram Alternative names: Origanum vulgare Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
Alternative Medicine 179
Phytolacca Alternative names: Poke root, Endod; Phytolacca dodecandra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Plantago Major Alternative names: Plantain; Plantago major/lanceolata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ruta Alternative names: Rue; Ruta graveolens L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Sambucus Alternative names: Black Elderberry; Sambucus nigra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Sassafras Alternative names: Sassafras albidum (Nuttall) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Smilax Alternative names: Sarsaparilla; Smilax glabra Roxb. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Stevia Alternative names: Sweetleaf; Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Swertia Alternative names: Swertia sp Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Symphytum Alternative names: Comfrey; Symphytum officinale L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Syzygium Clove Alternative names: Clove, Jamun; Syzygium sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tanacetum Alternative names: Feverfew; Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
180 Salmonella
Terminalia Alternative names: Myrobalans; Terminalia arjuna Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thymus Alternative names: Thyme; Thymus vulgaris Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Valeriana Alternative names: Valerian; Valeriana officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zingiber Officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
181
CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON SALMONELLA Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to salmonella. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “salmonella” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on salmonella, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Salmonella ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to salmonella. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
A Candidate Gene Analysis for Response to Salmonella Enteritidis Challenge or Vaccination in Young Chicks by Liu, Wei; PhD from Iowa State University, 2002, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061843
•
A Regulatory Study of the Alternative Sigma Factor Sigma(s) in Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium: Acid Shock Regulation of Translation and Directed Proteolysis by Audia, Jonathon Peter; PhD from University of South Alabama, 2002, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3065221
•
A Study of a Pleiotropic Membrane Mutant from Salmonella Typhimurium by Branes, Lucia Victoria; PhD from The University of Saskatchewan (Canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK49153
182 Salmonella
•
A Study of Nramp1 Function and Targeting (leishmania, Salmonella, Mycobacteria) by Baker, Stephen Timothy; PhD from University of Southampton (United Kingdom), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f411745
•
A Theoretical Interpretation of the Antibody-antigen Interactions between Salmonella and a Thickness Shear Mode (tsm) Quartz Resonator by Bailey, Claude Albert; PhD from Auburn University, 2003, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081561
•
An Investigation of Arylsulfatase Synthesized by Salmonella Typhimurium by Henderson, Mary Jane; PhD from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK42461
•
Analysis of Chromosomal Rearrangements in Host Specific Salmonella Serovars by Helm, Richard Allen, Ii; PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2003, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086076
•
Antibody Response to Lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella Typhimurium by Kim, Myung Lip; PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2002, 289 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3044139
•
Anti-salmonella Adhesion Activity of Saccharomyces Boulardii: Effects of Ginkgo Biloba on Activities of Cytochromes P-450 by Mohutsky, Michael Antony; PhD from University of Washington, 2002, 233 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072117
•
Biochemical and Genetic Characterization of the Pyrb1 Operon of Salmonella Typhimurium Lt2 by Michaels, Glenn; PhD from The University of Regina (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL30097
•
Biology and Management of the Lesser Mealworm, Alphitobius Diaperinus (coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), in Broiler Production Facilities and Its Reservoir Competence for Campylobacter and Salmonella Spp. by Strother, Keith Orville; PhD from University of Arkansas, 2002, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3079088
•
Characterization of a Strain of Salmonella Typhimurium Capable of Causing Persistent Infections in Swine by Patterson, Sheila Kay; PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2002, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3044198
•
Cloning, Expression, and Molecular Organization of the Binding Protein-dependent Tricarboxylate Transport System (tcti) of Salmonella Typhimurium by Widenhorn, Katharina Anna; PhD from University of Victoria (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL46483
•
Contribution of the Prghijk Operon to the Assembly of the Spi1 Ttss of Salmonella Typhimurium by Kimbrough, Tyler Graham; PhD from University of Washington, 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f407585
•
Coordinate Regulation of Salmonella Virulence Gene Expression during Infection by Ellermeier, Craig Dean; PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2003, 252 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086052
Dissertations 183
•
Defining the Role of Yggx in Iron Homeostasis in Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium by Gralnick, Jeffrey Alan; PhD from The University of Wisconsin Madison, 2003, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3089580
•
Detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in Phosphate-buffered Saline Solution and Fat-free Milk by Fiebor, Ben; PhD from Auburn University, 2003, 195 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081574
•
Development of Antibiotic Resistance due to Chromosomal Mutation Caused by Ah26rtm Endodontic Sealer (Salmonella Typhimurium) by Hales, Jason J.; MS from West Virginia University, 2002, 55 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412275
•
Effect of L-arginine Supplementation on Salmonella Organ Invasion in Neonatal Chicks by Ramirez, Gerardo Arturo; PhD from Texas A&M University, 2002, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3060877
•
Effect of Suboptimal Temperature on the Growth and Viability of Salmonella by Tang, Charles Chang-chiu; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK24142
•
Effect of Water Activity and Humidity on the Thermal Inactivation of Salmonella during Heating of Meat by Carlson, Tausha Rene'; MS from Michigan State University, 2002, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410668
•
Effects of Activated Charcoal on Binding of Escherichia Coli O157:h7 and Salmonella Typhimurium in Sheep by Knutson, Haley Jo; MS from Angelo State University, 2003, 25 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413308
•
Effects of Heat and Acid Stress on Bacterial Populations of Beef, and on Susceptible and Multi-antimicrobial Resistant Salmonella Isolated from Beef by Bacon, Richard Todd; PhD from Colorado State University, 2002, 190 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063975
•
Effects of Monensin and Sodium Chlorate on Salmonella Infantis Colonization in Broilers by Kumar, Geetha Sanal; MS from Michigan State University, 2002, 83 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1411948
•
Effects of the Antimutagens Vanillin and Cinnamaldehyde on Spontaneous Mutation in Escherichia Coli Laci Strains and Salmonella Ta104 and on Global Gene Expression in Human Hepg2 Cells by Shaughnessy, Daniel Thomas; PhD from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2002, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3070912
•
Electronic Sensor Array Incorporating Artificial Neural Network Algorithms for Rapid Identification and Quantification of Escherichia Coli and Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Their Volatile Metabolites by Siripatrawan, Ubonratana; PhD from Michigan State University, 2002, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3053806
•
Enhanced Inhibition of Listeria Monocytogenes and Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis in Ready-to-eat Meat by Lactate and Diacetate by Mbandi, Evelyne; PhD from Wayne State University, 2003, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086451
184 Salmonella
•
Equilibrium Welfare Analysis of Food Safety Regulation: the Case of 'salmonella Enteritidis' in Eggs by Morales, Roberta Anne, PhD from North Carolina State University, 1995, 210 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9542242
•
Evaluating the 'timeliness' of Data Used in the Salmonella Outbreak Detection Algorithm by Mehta, Prachi Dhawal; DRPH from Univ. of Illinois at Chicago, H.s. Center, Sch. of Public Health, 2002, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3038213
•
Evaluation of Land Usage Impacts on Waterborne Salmonella of Public Health Importance by Cole, Dana Joy; PhD from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2002, 78 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061673
•
Evolutionary and Functional Analysis of Slya in Salmonella Typhimurium by Boutt, Elizabeth Ann; MS from North Carolina State University, 2002, 60 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412357
•
Expression of Virulence Genes in Salmonella by Thomas, Gracie A.; MS from North Carolina State University, 2002, 70 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412734
•
Feasibility of Testing Recombinant Oral Attenuated Salmonella Vaccines in Rabbits by Ashby, Deborah; MSC from University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ72750
•
Fluorescent Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Typing of Salmonella and Escherichia Coli O157 by Scott, Fiona Wendy; PhD from Open University (United Kingdom), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f840609
•
Genetic and Environmental Regulation of Virulence Genes in Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium by Lawhon, Sara Dyann; PhD from North Carolina State University, 2003, 179 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3071493
•
Genetics of D-xylose Catabolism in Salmonella Typhimurium Lt2 by Shamanna, Dilip K; PhD from University of Calgary (Canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK34243
•
Host Responses to Salmonella Typhimurium Infection in Vitro and in Vivo by Bergman, Molly Ann; PhD from University of Washington, 2003, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3090964
•
Host-pathogen Interactions: the Impact of Nramp1 on Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium Virulence Gene Expression by Zaharik, Michelle Louise; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 2003, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ79272
•
Identification and Characterization of Salmonella Typhimurium Effector Proteins Translocated by the Spi1 and Spi2 Type Iii Secretion Systems by Miao, Edward Axel; PhD from University of Washington, 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f407601
Dissertations 185
•
Identification of the Chicken Toll-like Receptor 4 ( Tlr4) Gene and Its Role in the Susceptibility to Salmonella Infection by Leveque, Gary; MSC from Mcgill University (Canada), 2002, 82 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ78914
•
Immunity to Salmonella Infection by Johansson, Cecilia; PhD from Lunds Universitet (sweden), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f803553
•
Improved Methods for the Detection and Characterization of Listeria and Salmonella by Brehm-stecher, Byron Frederick; PhD from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2002, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3049300
•
Mechanisms of Posttranscriptional Regulation Mediating Flagellar Biosynthesis in Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium by Bonifield, Heather Robin; PhD from University of Washington, 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f407617
•
Microbial Interactions : Effect of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Pyocyanine on the Growth of Salmonella Thompson by Mcdonald, Malcolm Sterling; PhD from Mcgill University (Canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK33668
•
Mucosal Vaccination Using Polyacryl Starch Microparticles As Adjuvant with Salmonella Enteritidis As a Model Pathogen by Strindelius, Lena Christine; PhD from Uppsala Universitet (Sweden), 2003, 84 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f203217
•
Ompd but Not Ompc Is Involved in Adherence of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium to Human Cells by Hara-Kaonga, Bochiwe Hlezipi; PhD from University of New Hampshire, 2002, 135 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3045325
•
Pyridine Transport and Assimilation in Salmonella Enterica by Jeong, Hotcherl; PhD from The University of Utah, 2003, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084159
•
R Factors of Enteric Bacteria with Special Reference to the Rfi- Factors Isolated from Salmonella by Khatoon, Hajra; PhD from University of Ottawa (Canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK11094
•
Role of Spi1 in Salmonella Typhimurium Pathogenesis by Murray, Rose Ann; PhD from Harvard University, 2002, 214 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3051247
•
Structure Determination of the Alkyl Hydroperoxide Reductase System from Salmonella Typhimurium by Wood, Zachary Arthur; PhD from Cornell University, 2002, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3037271
•
Studies on Radiation Resistance in Salmonella Thompson and S. Typhimurium by Von Seefried, Adolf; AdvDeg from University of Guelph (Canada), 1968 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK07627
186 Salmonella
•
Studies on the Allosteric Enzymes Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase from Salmonella Typhimurium and Malic Enzyme from Escherichia Coli by Smando, R; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK20444
•
Systematic Search for Salmonella-susceptibility Quantitative Trait Loci in the Chicken Using a Whole Genome Scan Approach by Forgetta, Vincenzo; MSC from McGill University (Canada), 2002, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ78875
•
The Allosteric Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase of Salmonella Its Properties and Physiological Role by Maeba, Peter Y; AdvDeg from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1969 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK04463
•
The B Cell Response of the Mouse to Antigens of a Live Salmonella Typhimurium Vaccine by Mackie, Eleanor Bergen; PhD from University of Calgary (Canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL29975
•
The Effect of Chlortetracycline Feed Additive on Experimental Salmonella Infection of Swine with Particular Reference to Antibiotic Resistance Transfer by Finlayson, Margaret Christina; AdvDeg from University of Guelph (Canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK06549
•
The Fate of Dinitropyrenes in Salmonella Typhimurium Metabolism and Dna-adduct Formation by Andrews, Paul; PhD from McMaster University (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL47035
•
The Immune Response in Dogs and Rabbits to Salmonella Typhi Vaccine a Consideration of the Control Mechanisms by Kalinowsky, Samuel; AdvDeg from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK07548
•
The Role of Rdoa in the Regulation of Salmonella Typhimurium Dsba Expression by Suntharalingam, Prashanth; MSC from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 2002, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ69330
•
Tricarboxylate Transport Proteins of Salmonella Typhimurium by Sweet, Gaye Diane; PhD from University of Victoria (Canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK63150
•
Virulence of Wild and Mutant Strains of Salmonella Typhimurium in the Calf by Clarke, Robert C; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65585
•
Virulence-associated Plasmids in Salmonella by Poppe, Cornelis; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL48941
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
187
CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND SALMONELLA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning salmonella.
Recent Trials on Salmonella The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to salmonella.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Prospective Comparison of Ampicillin / Amoxicillin Versus Ceftriaxone for the Treatment of Salmonella Infections in AIDS Patients Condition(s): HIV Infections; Salmonella Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): University of Southern California Purpose - Excerpt: To compare the effectiveness of standard treatment with parenteral ampicillin and oral amoxicillin compared to initial daily therapy with ceftriaxone followed by 3 times weekly suppressive treatment for salmonella infections in AIDS patients. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002052
•
Treatment of Patients with Cancer with Genetically Modified Salmonella Typhimurium Bacteria Condition(s): Cancer; Neoplasm; Neoplasm Metastasis Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI)
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
188 Salmonella
Purpose - Excerpt: This study will examine the safety and toxicities of intravenously administering a genetically modified type of Salmonella bacteria (VNP20009) and its impact on tumor growth in advanced or metastatic cancer (cancer that has spread from the primary site). The first patients in the study will be given the smallest dose of VNP20009, and those who enter later will receive increasingly larger doses. This will be done to determine the maximum dose that can be given without serious side effects. Normally, Salmonella bacteria ingested in food or water can cause diarrhea or more severe illness. The bacteria in this study are altered genetically so they can be injected through a vein and circulate in the blood with less likelihood of causing side effects. It is believed that the bacteria will travel in the blood to the tumor and infect it. In studies of mice, tumor growth slowed in animals whose tumors were infected with VNP0009. Patients with advanced or metastatic cancer 18 years of age or older whose disease is not responding to standard treatment, or for which there is no treatment, may be eligible for this study. Candidates will undergo a medical history and physical examination, including blood tests, scans, X-rays, electrocardiogram, and urine, stool and blood cultures. Study participants will be admitted to the hospital for 2 to 4 days. On day 1, they will receive the first dose of VNP0009, infused over a 30-minute period through an intravenous catheter (a small plastic tube inserted into a vein). Blood will be drawn every day to determine if the bacteria are still in the body. After discharge, patients will return to the hospital on days after approximately 1-2 weeks and again after 4-5 weeks for additional blood tests to measure levels of the bacteria and for collection of blood, urine and stool samples. Patients whose tumors are on or just beneath the skin may be asked to have one or two tumors removed surgically. Patients will have tests after approximately 4-5 weeks, including CTs and X-rays, to determine the size and extent of the tumor. Patients whose tumor remained the same size or smaller than before starting treatment, and whose side effects were acceptable will be offered a second treatment cycle. Those whose tumor grew during treatment will be taken off the study. Patients remaining in the study will begin the second cycle on approximately day 36. Tumor growth will be evaluated again between days 64 and 70, and a third cycle will be offered to patients whose tumors have remained stable or have shrunk. Patients may have up to 12 treatment cycles as long as evaluations continue to show the tumor is stable or shrinking. Completing all 12 cycles takes about 13 months. Patients will continue to be evaluated after treatment ends, if they agree to continued follow-up. Patients must follow health precautions to prevent infecting others with Salmonella bacteria as long as they, themselves, remain infected. These include, for example, stringent hand washing practices and avoiding contact with people with weakened immune systems. All the precautions will be explained to the study participants. Patients who leave the study must take antibiotic therapy to rid the body of any remaining bacteria. They will return for urine, stool and blood cultures 30 days after the start of antibiotics, and may undergo three types of scans to look for sites of infection. Treatment will be given as needed. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004988
Clinical Trials 189
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “salmonella” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
•
For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
•
For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
•
For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
•
For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
•
For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
•
For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
•
For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
•
For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
•
For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
•
For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
•
For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
•
For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
190 Salmonella
•
For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
•
For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
191
CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON SALMONELLA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “salmonella” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on salmonella, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Salmonella By performing a patent search focusing on salmonella, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
192 Salmonella
example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on salmonella: •
Acoustic standing-wave enhancement of a fiber-optic Salmonella biosensor Inventor(s): Letcher; Stephen V. (Kingston, RI), Rand; A. Garth (Kingston, RI), Zhou; Chonghua (Ellicott City, MD) Assignee(s): The Boards of Govenors for Higher Education, State of Rhode Island and (Providence, RI) Patent Number: 6,326,213 Date filed: February 9, 1998 Abstract: A fluorescent fiber-optic biosensor system using ultrasonic concentration of particles and cells for the detection of Salmonella typhimurium. A biosensor test chamber serves as an ultrasonic standing-wave cell that allows microspheres or cells to be concentrated in parallel layers or in a column along the axis of the cell. A fiber probe along the axis delivers laser excitation to fluorescent-labeled antibodies of Salmonella and collects the fluorescent signal. The Salmonella-antibody complexes are moved acoustically to the axis of the cell, increasing the fluorescent signal. Alternatively, the Salmonella-labelled antibody complexes attach to unlabeled antibodies that have been immobilized on the surface of polystyrene microspheres. This entire structure can be manipulated acoustically and the increase in the fluorescent signal, which can be an order of magnitude, indicates the presence of Salmonella. Excerpt(s): A fiber-optic biosensor detects pathogens based on immunoassay. Acoustic enhancement concentrates the bound antibody enhancing detection. Sensitive detection of fluorescence or luminescence from biological reaction in vivo is important for many biosensor applications. Considerable effort has been devoted to the development of fiber-optic fluorescent biosensors because of their potential sensitivity, detection speed, and applicability to a wide variety of assay conditions. Fiber-optic fluorescent immunosensors require that the dye molecules, which indicate unambiguously the presence of the antigen, find their way to the optically active region of the fiber. This can be accomplished by immobilizing the capture antibodies directly on the tip or the tapered core of the fiber, but this means that the capture process is localized and that several rinsing steps are needed to avoid ambiguity and to recycle the system for another measurement. On the other hand, performing the immunoassay on microparticles that are distributed throughout the sample cell and that are subsequently concentrated into the fiber's sensing volume promises greatly improved efficiency. Two well-studied techniques for manipulating microparticles that could be used for this purpose are based on magnetism and n acoustics. The present invention is based in part of the latter technique. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06326213__
•
Antigen delivery system Inventor(s): Galan; Jorge E. (Strongs Neck, NY) Assignee(s): The Research Foundation of State University of New York (Albany, NY) Patent Number: 6,306,387 Date filed: December 9, 1997
Patents 193
Abstract: Provided is a method of stimulating a class I-restricted immune response to a protein of interest or antigenic portion thereof in a host, as well as a protein delivery vehicle for use in the method. A nucleic acid molecule encoding the protein of interest or antigenic portion thereof is introduced into an avirulent Salmonella spp., such that the resulting Salmonella encodes a chimeric protein comprising the protein of interest or antigenic portion thereof and an injectable protein which is a target of a type III secretion system or an injectable portion thereof. This resulting Salmonella can be introduced into a host, in which the Salmonella will inject the chimeric protein into the cytosol of the cells of the host. The injection of the chimeric protein results in the stimulation of a class I-restricted immune response to the protein of interest or antigenic portion thereof in the host. Excerpt(s): The subject invention is directed generally to immune responses, and more particularly to a method of stimulating a class I-restricted immune response in a host and to a protein delivery system for use in such a method. Throughout this application various publications are referenced, many in parenthesis. Full citations for each of these publications are provided at the end of the Detailed Description. The disclosures of each of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference in this application. Most infectious disease agents gain entrance to the host through a mucosal surface, therefore the first line of defense is the mucosal immune system. In fact, protection against many microorganisms better correlates with local than systemic immune responses (Galan et al. 1986; Galan and Timaney 1985). The use of nonreplicating antigens to stimulate mucosal immune responses has been hampered by the lack of adjuvants that effectively induce secretory immunity. Live, replicating antigens are known to better stimulate mucosal immunity partly because they tend to persist longer (Ganguly and Waldman 1980). Avirulent strains of Salmonella typhimurium endowed with the ability to express cloned genes from other pathogens have been used to stimulate a generalized mucosal immune response against the recombinant virulence antigens (Doggett and Curtiss 1992; Curtiss et al. 1988; Curtiss et al. 1990; Galan et al. 1988). This approach is based on the fact that S. typhimurium invades and proliferates in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) (Carter and Collins 1974) and that antigens delivered into the GALT lead to an immune response at other mucosal sites (Cebra et al. 1976). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06306387__ •
Aqueous disinfectant Inventor(s): Arata; Andrew B. (Lake City, FL) Assignee(s): Innovative Medical Services () Patent Number: 6,583,176 Date filed: March 2, 2001 Abstract: A non-toxic environmentally friendly aqueous disinfectant is disclosed for specific use as prevention against contamination by potentially pathogenic bacteria and virus. The aqueous disinfectant is formulated by electrolytically generating silver ions in water in combination with a citric acid. The aqueous disinfectant may include a suitable alcohol and/or a detergent. The aqueous disinfectant has been shown to be very effective at eliminating standard indicator organisms such as staphylococcus aureus, salmonella cholerasuis and pseudomonas aeruginosa.
194 Salmonella
Excerpt(s): This invention relates to disinfectants and more particularly to an environmentally friendly, non-toxic aqueous disinfectant for specific use against pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The prior art has demonstrated that the presence of copper and silver ions in an aqueous solution is useful as a disinfectant. Many in the prior art have used copper and silver ions in an aqueous solution as a disinfectant in water systems such as cooling towers, swimming pools, hot water systems in hospitals, potable water systems, spa pools and the like. Typically, copper and silver electrodes were connected to a direct current power supply. When the direct current was applied to the copper and silver electrodes, copper and silver ions were generated by an electrolysis process from the copper and silver ions within the water. In one example of the prior art, water was passed continuously through an ion chamber having copper and silver electrodes. The water emanating from the ion chamber contained the copper and silver ions generated by copper and silver electrodes within the ion chamber. The water emanating from the ion chamber containing the copper and silver ions was used as a disinfectant in water systems such as cooling towers, swimming pools, hot water systems in hospitals, potable water systems, spa pools and the like. The copper and silver ions within the water systems acted as a disinfectant for controlling algae, viruses, bacteria and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06583176__ •
Attenuated microorganism strains expressing HPV proteins Inventor(s): Haefliger; Denise Nardelli (Lausanne, CH), Kraehenbuhl; Jean-Pierre (Rivaz, CH) Assignee(s): BTG International Limited (London, GB) Patent Number: 6,458,368 Date filed: April 9, 1999 Abstract: Attenuated strain of a prokaryotic microorganism, being an attenuated strain of Salmonella suitable for use in a live vaccine for administration to a human or animal, in which the microorganism is transformed with nucleic acid encoding Human papilloma virus 16 L1 major capsid protein. The protein assembles in the microorganism to form virus-like particles (VLPs) that are capable of illiciting an immune response sufficient to produce neutralizing antibodies in serum and genital secretions specific for Human papilloma 16 infection when the microorganism is administered to the human or animal body. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to attenuated strains of prokaryotic microorganisms, in particular Salmonella, transformed with nucleic acid encoding papillomavirus virus proteins, to compositions comprising these microorganisms, especially for use as vaccines, and to the medical uses of these strains. In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of producing assembled papillomavirus virus like particles (VLPs). Human papilloma virus (HPV) 16 is the major type of HPV which, in association with cofactors, can lead to cervical cancer (49). Studies on HPV have been hampered by the inability to propagate the virus in culture, the lack of animal models and the paucity of virions in clinical lesions. This has led to the development of alternative approaches of antigen production for immunological studies. The conformational dependency of neutralizing epitopes, as observed in experimental animal papillomavirus systems (8, 22) suggests that properly assembled HPV particles are critical for the induction and detection of clinically relevant immune reactivity. The HPV capsids are formed by 72 pentameric capsomers of L1 proteins
Patents 195
arranged on a T7 icosahedral lattice (15). Recently, a number of investigators have demonstrated the production of HPV capsids, i.e. virus like particles (VLP), by utilizing baculovirus, vaccinia virus or yeast expression systems (15, 22, 45, 48, 61). The potential of VLPs as subunit vaccines has been demonstrated using the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) (4), the canine oral papillomavirus (COPV) (57), and the HPVll models (45). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06458368__ •
Chicken meat product and method of making Inventor(s): Glabe; Elmer F. (1354 Westwood Ct., Northbrook, IL 60062), Shubert; Victor H. (3846 State Rte. 153, Washington County, Coulterville, IL 62237) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,329,003 Date filed: July 7, 2000 Abstract: A chicken meat product rendered substantially free of pathogenic bacterial species by having an external coating of sodium diacetate substantially free of an adhesive material. The wet coating is retained on the external surfaces of the dressed chicken meat by the surface tension of the sodium diacetate solution after the chicken meat is coated with the solution and is hung freely to permit excess liquid to drain away. The amount of sodium diacetate present in the product of the invention depends upon the degree of pathogenic bacterial contamination of the chicken meat. The sodium diacetate is included in each case in sufficient quantity to preserve the meat from growth of all pathogenic bacteria of the order and species of salmonella, E. coli, and campylobacter. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a packaged chicken meat product--either a dressed whole chicken or dressed chicken parts--that is coated with a water solution of sodium diacetate, or solid sodium diacetate in a specified form, to combat and eliminate certain pathogenic bacteria, and to the process of making such a product. Chicken production and processing for meat is a large and growing U.S. industry. Profit for processors, however, is not more than a few cents per pound of dressed chicken. The intense competition often leads to hazardous cost cutting that is contrary to good processing practices as prescribed by government oversight agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Food Safety Inspection Service. Salmonella, E. coli, and campylobacter have been clearly identified by many studies made by these government agencies, and by meat processors, as species of pathogenic bacteria that have often been found in chicken meat and have been the cause of food poisoning outbreaks that have affected large numbers of the population, often with many fatalities. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06329003__
196 Salmonella
•
Composition for treatment of a bacterial infection of the digestive tract Inventor(s): Fischetti; Vincent (West Hempstead, NY), Loomis; Lawrence (Columbia, MD) Assignee(s): New Horizons Diagnostics Corporation (Columbia, MD) Patent Number: 6,399,097 Date filed: September 1, 2000 Abstract: An enteric coated pill for treating bacterial infections of the digestive tract, wherein the bacteria to be treated are selected from the group consisting of Listeria, Salmonella, E. coli, Campylobacter and combinations thereof, said pill comprising an effective amount of at least one lytic enzyme genetically coded by a bacteriophage specific for said bacteria of the digestive tract, whereby said enzyme has the ability to digest the cell wall of said bacteria; and a carrier for said enzyme. Excerpt(s): The present invention discloses a method and composition for the treatment of bacterial infections by the use of a lysing enzyme blended with an appropriate carrier suitable for the treatment of the infection. In the past, antibiotics have been used to treat various infections. The work of Selman Waksman in the introduction and production of Streptomycetes and Dr. Fleming's discovery of penicillin, as well as the work of numerous others in the field of antibiotics, are well known. Over the years, there have been additions and chemical modifications to the "basic" antibiotics in attempts to make them more powerful, or to treat people allergic to these antibiotics. Others have found new uses for these antibiotics. U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,292 (Robinson et al.) discloses a topical treatment of acne with aminopenicillins. The method and composition for topically treating acne and acneiform dermal disorders includes applying an amount of an antibiotic selected from the group consisting of ampicillin, amoxicillin, other aminopenicillins, and cephalosporins, and derivatives and analogs thereof, effective to treat the acne and acneiform dermal disorders. U.S. Pat. No. 5,409,917 (Robinson et al.) discloses the topical treatment of acne with cephalosporins. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06399097__
•
Cross-protective salmonella vaccines Inventor(s): Abraham; Albert Surendran (Bayer Corporation, 100 Bayer Rd., Pittsburgh, PA 15205-9741), Charles; Samuel D. (Bayer Corporation, 100 Bayer Rd., Pittsburgh, PA 15205-9741), Trigo-Tavera; Emilio (Bayer Corporation, 100 Bayer Rd., Pittsburgh, PA 15205-9741) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,656,478 Date filed: November 12, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of protecting pigs against disease caused by infection by heterologous serotypes of Salmonella including but not limited to S. typhimurium comprising administering to the pigs a modified live vaccine incorporating S. cholerasuis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to salmonella vaccines that are useful against Salmonellosis caused by heterologous serotypes of Salmonella in mammals. More specifically, the invention relates to salmonella vaccines for swine incorporating Salmonella cholerasuis which provides cross protection against disease caused by
Patents 197
heterologous Salmonella species including but not limited to Salmonella typhimurium. Salmonellosis of swine is one of the most economically important of the enteric and septicemic diseases affecting young pigs. Although many serotypes of Salmonella have been isolated from pigs, S. cholerasuis var kunzendorf and S. typhimurium are the two most frequently isolated serotypes associated with clinical disease. S. cholerasuis is hostadapted to swine and most often causes fatal septicemic disease with little involvement of the intestinal tract. On the other hand, S. typhimurium typically causes enteroinvasive disease characterized primarily or exclusively by diarrhea. The initial signs of the disease include watery, yellowish diarrhea without mucin or melena. Affected pigs often exhibit anorexia, lethargy, and fever ranging from 105 to 107 degrees Fahrenheit. Mortality is usually low and occurs only after several days of diarrhea, presumably the result of hypokalemia and dehydration. Literature clearly notes that both the type of infection and host range vary significantly between S. cholerasuis and S. typhimurium. It has been known to use Salmonella cholerasuis vaccines such ARGUS SC.TM. vaccine (Intervet Inc., Millsboro, Del.) to protect pigs against diseases caused by infection from S. cholerasuis (homologous protection). The vaccine of the present invention incorporates a modified live S. cholerasuis, the composition of which is described generally in U.S. Pat. No. 5,468,485. More specifically, the patent discloses a vaccine for the immunization of vertebrates or invertebrates comprising an avirulent derivative of S. cholerasuis. The derivative is substantially incapable of producing functional adenylate cyclase (cya gene deletion) and/or cyclic AMP receptor protein (crp). The patent also discloses a vaccine for immunization of a vertebrate or invertebrate comprising a virulent derivative of a pathogenic microbe, which is substantially incapable of producing functional adenylate cyclase and/or cyclic AMP receptor protein. Said pathogenic microbe is capable of expressing a recombinant gene derived from a pathogen of said vertebrate to produce an antigen capable of inducing an immune response in said vertebrate against said pathogen. This patent describes construction of various avirulent Salmonella species but does not disclose or claim use of a S. cholerasuis vaccine to protect pigs against disease caused by a heterologous Salmonella such as S. typhimuirum. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06656478__ •
Drinking water additive for birds and method of administering the same Inventor(s): Horikawa; Hiroshi (117-924, Awacho, Kuroiso-shi, Tochigi 325-0073, JP), Iwasaki; Kazuya (Kopo S1 211, 77-192, Suehirocho, Kuroiso-shi, Tochigi 325-0061, JP), Marubashi; Toshihiro (1928-9, Hashiecho, Isezaki-shi, Gunma 372-0001, JP), Miyazaki; Hiroshi (2-22-11, Kamishakujii, Nerima-ku, Tokyo 177-0044, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,422,174 Date filed: April 10, 2000 Abstract: Disclosed is a poultry drinking water additive containing live bacteria of the genus Bacillus and monosaccharides, which can alleviate body weight loss of poultry for meat production after feed withdrawal before slaughter, and which can reduce harmful bacteria such as of the genus Salmonella in the intestine of poultry for meat production and layers during the period of fasting by feed withdrawal. Also disclosed are a method for orally administering the poultry drinking water additive to poultry, a method for alleviating body weight loss of poultry for meat production using this method, and a
198 Salmonella
method for reducing harmful bacteria in the intestine of poultry for meat production or layers. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a poultry drinking water additive which is effective in alleviating body weight loss of poultry, in particular poultry for meat production, after feed withdrawal before slaughter of the poultry, and which is effective in reducing harmful bacteria, such as of the genus Salmonella, in the intestine of poultry. The present invention also relates to a method for administering such an additive to poultry, a method for alleviating body weight loss of poultry for meat production, as well as a method for reducing harmful bacteria in the intestine of poultry for meat production or layers. It is known that live bacteria of the genus Bacillus have effects of improving physical condition of poultry (JP-B-61-59092) and suppressing pathogenic bacteria (JP-A-9-163937). In particular, it is already known that Bacillus subtilis C-3102 (FERM BP-1096) is useful for promoting weight gain of poultry (JP-B-379988) and for reducing bacteria of the genus Salmonella in the intestine of poultry (Japanese Patent No. 2528055). However, it is merely known that live bacteria of the genus Bacillus exhibit such effect when the bacteria are mixed in with powdered feed. It is not known to add the live bacteria to drinking water, much less to administer the live bacteria to poultry for meat production after feed withdrawal before slaughter. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06422174__ •
Filter media with germicidal properties Inventor(s): Dragnea; Felicia (Forest Hills, NY), Hansen; Christopher L. (Newbury, OH), Horowitz; Carl (Brooklyn, NY), Mason; Samuel (Wickliffe, OH), Sanduja; Mohan L. (Flushing, NY), Thottathil; Paul (New Hyde Park, NY) Assignee(s): Kinetico Incorporated (Newbury, OH) Patent Number: 6,471,876 Date filed: November 27, 2000 Abstract: Filtration media having germicidal properties for use in filtering particles and deactivating, removing and/or destroying microorganisms from a feed liquid passing therethrough. The filtration media includes an effective amount of a germicidal chemically grafted and covalently bonded to a surface of the media. The germicidal grafted filter media is prepared by contacting the media with a grafting solution comprising an anionic monomer, a catalyst, a graft initiator and a germicide and subsequently curing tile media at an elevated temperature to chemically graft a polymerized salt of the polymerizable anionic monomer and the cationic germicide onto a surface of the media. Filter media suitable for use in the present invention include ceramic spheroids, hollow glass spheres, polymeric type media and thermoset coated glass spheres. The germicidal grafted filter media is effective for deactivating, destroying and/or removing from a feed liquid, such as water, escherichia coli, salmonella choleraesuis, staphylococcus, aspergsillus, klebisiella, listeria clostridium, rotavirus, cysts and other microorganisms. Moreover, the filter media can be used repeatedly without a decrease in its germicidal effectiveness. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to filter media with germicidal properties. In particular, the present invention is directed to ceramic, polymeric and glass filter media to which is chemically grafted and bonded a polymerized salt of a polymerizable anionic monomer with a cationic germicide for use in water treatment. For close to a century, microorganism content, e.g., bacteria and viruses, in municipal water supplies
Patents 199
has been controlled through the addition of oxidative chemicals such as chlorine. This has proven effective in control of most microorganisms and is readily simple to monitor. For example, a residual capable of being measured is carried throughout the municipal distribution system and periodically monitored to insure that the drinking water supply has been effectively treated. However, these systems are not always reliable or readily available to remote areas. Moreover, when an oxidizing agent is used at the source point, there can be contamination away from the source caused by pipeline problems that could allow the water to be unsafe at the time it arrives at the final point of use. In addition, there are also growing health concerns surrounding some of the compounds formed from the use of oxidative chemicals in the water supply. To address contamination away from the source, a variety of devices or methods can be utilized to remove, destroy or deactivate microorganisms at the point of use. These include boiling the water, exposing the water to ultraviolet light, use of ozone, addition of chemicals and others. Most, if not all, of the methods used to remove, destroy and/or deactivate microorganisms include the need for external energy or the addition of chemicals to the water. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06471876__ •
Genetically modified tumor-targeted bacteria with reduce virulence Inventor(s): Bermudes; David (Wallingford, CT), Low; Kenneth Brooks (Guilford, CT) Assignee(s): Vion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (New Haven, CT) Patent Number: 6,475,482 Date filed: June 22, 1999 Abstract: The invention is directed to mutant Salmonella sp. having a genetically modified msbB gene in which the mutant Salmonella is capable of targeting solid tumors. The invention further relates to the therapeutic use of the mutant Salmonella for growth inhibition and/or reduction in volume of solid tumors. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with the isolation of a gene of Salmonella which, when genetically disrupted, reduces both virulence and septic shock caused by this organism and increases sensitivity to agents which promote eradication of the bacteria, e.g., chelating agents. The nucleotide sequence of this gene and the means for its genetic disruption are provided, and examples of the use of tumor-targeted bacteria which possess a disruption in this gene to inhibit growth of cancers, including, but not limited to, melanoma, colon cancer, and other solid tumors are described. Citation or identification of any reference in Section 2 of this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention. A major problem in the chemotherapy of solid tumor cancers is delivery of therapeutic agents, such as drugs, in sufficient concentrations to eradicate tumor cells while at the same time minimizing damage to normal cells. Thus, studies in many laboratories are directed toward the design of biological delivery systems, such as antibodies, cytokines, and viruses for targeted delivery of drugs, pro-drug converting enzymes, and/or genes into tumor cells. Houghton and Colt, 1993, New Perspectives in Cancer Diagnosis and Management 1: 65-70; de Palazzo, et al., 1992a, Cell. Immunol. 142:338-347; de Palazzo et al., 1992b, Cancer Res. 52: 5713-5719; Weiner, et al., 1993a, J. Immunotherapy 13:110-116; Weiner et al., 1993b, J. Immunol. 151:2877-2886; Adams et al., 1993, Cancer Res. 53:40264034; Fanger et al., 1990, FASEB J. 4:2846-2849; Fanger et al., 1991, Immunol. Today 12:51-54; Segal, et al., 1991, Ann N.Y. Acad. Sci. 636;288-294; Segal et al., 1992, Immunobiology 185:390-402; Wunderlich et al., 1992; Intl. J. Clin. Lab. Res. 22:17-20;
200 Salmonella
George et al., 1994, J. Immunol. 152:1802-1811; Huston et al., 1993, Intl. Rev. Immunol. 10:195-217; Stafford et al., 1993, Cancer Res. 53:4026-4034; Haber et al., 1992, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 667:365-381; Haber, 1992, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 667: 365-381; Feloner and Rhodes, 1991, Nature 349:351-352; Sarver and Rossi, 1993, AIDS Research & Human Retroviruses 9:483-487; Levine and Friedmann, 1993, Am. J. Dis. Child 147:1167-1176; Friedmann, 1993, Mol. Genetic Med. 3:1-32; Gilboa and Smith, 1994, Trends in Genetics 10:139-144; Saito et al., 1994, Cancer Res. 54:3516-3520; Li et al., 1994, Blood 83:3403-3408; Vieweg et al., 1994, Cancer Res. 54:1760-1765; Lin et al., 1994, Science 265:666-669; Lu et al., 1994, Human Gene Therapy 5:203-208; Gansbacher et al., 1992, Blood 80:2817-2825; Gastl et al., 1992, Cancer Res. 52:6229-6236. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06475482__ •
Germicidal composition Inventor(s): Heilman; Timothy J. (Incline Valley, NV), Pierce; Deborah (Walnut, CA) Assignee(s): David Christal, Ltd. (Las Vegas, NV) Patent Number: 6,262,038 Date filed: April 16, 1999 Abstract: A germicidal composition suitable for cleaning fruits, vegetables, skin and hair, includes a mixture of fruit acids and a surfactant. The surfactant may be an anionic surfactant (such as sodium lauryl sulfate), a sophorose lipid biosurfactant, or a combination of the two surfactants. The mixture of fruit acids may include citric acid, glycollic acid, lactic acid, malic acid and tartaric acid. The fruit acids are preferably present, in an aqueous solution, in a sufficient amount to produce a pH of about 2-6, for example 3.8-4.2. The compositions of the present invention are germicidal, and are sufficient to kill 100% of E. coli, Salmonella and Shigelia in 30 seconds after application to the surface of the object. Excerpt(s): This invention concerns germicidal compositions, such as compositions useful for personal hygiene and home cleaning. In more particular embodiments, the invention is related to germicidal compositions for use in washing fruits and vegetables, and which is also suitable for cleaning skin and hair. Food borne pathogens and contaminants are a significant threat to public health. Recent fatal outbreaks of Escherichia coli infection following ingestion of infected food have publicized the severity of this public health problem. Other food borne pathogens that can cause gastroenteritis or systemic infection include Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Campylobacter jejuni, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, the Hepatitis A virus, influenza viruses, adenoviruses, Staphylococcus aureus, and many others. Some of these organisms can be transmitted to food, such as fresh produce, during preparation or handling. Diseases caused by such pathogens are a significant public health problem. Another problem with the consumption of fresh produce, such as fruits and vegetables, is that they are sometimes contaminated with soil and pesticides or other toxins. Some pathogens thrive in soil, hence dirt on food may transmit disease. Toxic contaminants in the dirt or on the food have been incriminated as a cause of acute enteric illnesses, and many consumers are concerned about long-term effects (such as carcinogenesis) from chronic ingestion of these toxins. This concern is a particular dilemma for health conscious individuals, whose diets often contain a high proportion of fresh fruits and vegetables. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06262038__
Patents 201
•
Identification of salmonella Inventor(s): Ford; Michael (Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, GB), Perry; John David (NewcastleUpon-Tyne, GB) Assignee(s): Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals National Health service Trust (GB) Patent Number: 6,368,817 Date filed: July 8, 1999 Abstract: A new culture medium for identifying the presence of Salmonella inenterobacteria samples, especially faeces, contains two chromogenic enzyme substrates, one of which is a substrate for.alpha.-D-galactosidase, for which Salmonella is positive. The other substrate is one for which Salmonella is negative such as.beta.-Dgalactosidase. The substrates are incorporated into an agar medium. Positive and negative results are found to be readily observable where one of the substrates is an esculetin, preferably a cyclohexenoesculetin compound in the presence of ferric ions, which produces a black color, and the other substrate is an indoxyl compound, for instance, a 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl compound which produces a green colored enzymic reaction product. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to processes for identifying the presence of Salmonella species in a sample, as well as culture media suitable for such identification processes. Members of the genus Salmonella constitute the most important causes of food poisoning in the UK. At present, the only effective means of diagnosis involves cultural isolation of the causative organism from faeces. This however is not straightforward as specialised media and reagents are required to isolate relatively small numbers of Salmonellae from a massive amount of commensal flora in the guts. Selective media have been developed for this purpose which rely on the visualisation of simple biochemical features such as production of hydrogen sulphide or nonfermentation of lactose. A useful review of five plating media for isolation of Salmonella species and a comparison against Hektoen enteric agar, a standard medium, is described by Dusch et al in J. Clin. Microbial. (1995) 33(4), 802 to 804. All but one of the media are solid (standard agar concentration) whilst one is a semi solid reduced agar concentration medium. For the solid media, the compounds which are produced in the presence of microbial growth are selected so as to be visible to the naked eye. In order that the visualised compounds are associated with microbial colonies, those compounds must be non-diffusible in the culture medium. These media typically test for two different biochemical characteristics of bacterial colonies and the results are such that positive and negative results of each of the two tests can be observed with positive or negative results of the other test. Some of the biochemical tests observe the activity of specific enzymes by the use of chromogenic substrates which are uncoloured or nonfluorescent but which generate enzymic reaction products which are coloured or fluorescent and can hence be observed in the presence of the substrates. Sometimes the enzymic reaction product may react with a further component of the culture medium to generate the visible product, for instance metal ions or pH indicators, where the reaction product is an acid or base. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06368817__
202 Salmonella
•
Live attenuated salmonella vaccines to control avian pathogens Inventor(s): Roland; Kenneth L. (St. Louis, MO) Assignee(s): Megan Health, Inc. (St. Louis, MO) Patent Number: 6,399,074 Date filed: July 24, 1998 Abstract: A vaccine for protecting birds against infection by avian pathogenic gram negative microbes is disclosed. The vaccine is a recombinant Salmonella strain expressing O-antigen of an avian pathogenic gram negative microbe such as an E. coli strain that is pathogenic in poultry. The recombinant Salmonella strain also does not express Salmonella O-antigen. Methods of using the vaccine to immunize birds are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to vaccines for poultry and other birds and, more particularly, to vaccines for protecting poultry and other birds against infection by avian pathogenic gram-negative bacteria. Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) strains cause a number of related diseases in poultry and other birds, including air sacculitis, cellulitis, colibacillosis, coligranuloma, colisepticemia, Hjarre's disease, omphalitis, peritonitis, salpingitis, synovitis (Gross, W. B. in Diseases of Poultry, Calnek et al., eds., Iowa State University Press, p. 138-144, 1991; Messier et al., Avian Diseases 37:839-844, 1993). These diseases and other diseases caused by gram-negative avian pathogens can lead to increased rates of feed conversion carcass condemnation, or death of the animal, resulting in millions of dollars lost to the poultry industry each year. Norton, R. A. Broiler Industry, February 1998, pp. 28-32. Contamination of poultry products by Salmonella is a significant source of Salmonella infection in humans, which causes gastroenteritis, and thus is a major public health concern. Oral administration of live cells from S. typhimurium strains having attenuating deletions in the cya and crp genes has been shown to provide excellent protection against wild-type Salmonella challenge in chickens (Hassan et al., Res. Microbiol. 141:839-850, 1990; Hassan et al., Infect. Immun. 62:5519-5527, 1994) and systems for stable expression of heterologous antigens in such strains have been developed (Hone et al., Microb. Pathog. 5:407-418, 1988; Strugnell, et al., Gene 88:57-63, 1990; Galan et al., Gene 94:29-35; 1990; Nakayama et al., Bio/Technology 6:693-697, 1995). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06399074__
•
Live vaccine constituting minor risk for humans Inventor(s): Beer; Jorg (Hanselweg, DE), Linde; Klaus (Leipzig, DE), Pless; Barbel (Leipzig, DE) Assignee(s): Lohman Animal Health GmbH & Co. KG (Cuxhaven, DE) Patent Number: 6,479,056 Date filed: October 11, 2000 Abstract: A salmonella live vaccine produced from at least one attenuated immunologic live vaccine strain, characterized in that the vaccine strain has an envelope marker which results in an increased sensitivity of the vaccine strain toward a specific therapeutically effective antibiotic and has at least one chromosomal antibiotic resistance mutation for the attenuation.
Patents 203
Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a special use of a live vaccine, to new live vaccines not having been used before, to a method of producing such vaccines as well as to suitable vaccine strains, especially salmonella. The majority of salmonella-conditioned Gastroenteritis infectiosa of humans are caused by contaminated animal products. Especially chicken and chicken eggs, respectively, being infected with the at present predominantly occurring serovar Salmonella enteritidis have increasingly been causing infections, recently. Nevertheless, generally all food stuffs are affected which originate from animals kept in mass-rearing. Here, normally many animals are kept in confined space, promoting the spread of infections among the animal stock. The risk of a transmission of the infection from the infected animal to humans can be reduced by customary veterinary medical measures for the interruption of infection chains. Furthermore, thorough compliance with I kitchen hygiene regulations during the processing of contaminated animal products can prevent a transmission to humans. However, especially the latter regulations are not always being considered during the storage and processing of food. Therefore, it is imperative to rule out the possibility of infected animals being processed right from the beginning. This can be achieved e.g. through a vaccination of the animal stock against salmonella infections. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06479056__ •
Long chain carboxybetaines in antimicrobial formulations Inventor(s): Nash; Kevin A. (Glendale, CA), Thornton; Charles G. (Gaithersburg, MD) Assignee(s): Integrated Research Technology, LLC (Baltimore, MD) Patent Number: 6,242,486 Date filed: April 9, 1999 Abstract: Compositions containing long chain carboxybetaines, and their use in antimicrobial formulations, are described. The compositions and methods are especially useful against gram positive microorganisms such as Staphylococcus and gram negative microorganisms such as Escherichia, Salmonella and Pseudomonas. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to the use of long chain carboxybetaines in antimicrobial formulations. These compositions are especially useful as disinfectants or antiseptic preparations against Staphylococcus, especially, Staph. aureus, and Staph. epidermidis, Salmonella, especially Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia and Pseudomonas, especially Ps. aeruginosa. A component of NI that is an increasing problem is the incidence of drug-resistant microorganisms. This problem is highlighted in a recent monologue by Stuart B. Levy, M.D. (Levy, S. B., The Antibiotic Paradox. How Miracle Drugs are Destroying the Miracle., Plenum Press, New York (1992)), which describes a number of case studies involving outbreaks of multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains of bacteria. One example of this is the "golden staph" or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The incidence of MRSA varies between health care facilities and countries, however, it can be greater than 50% of all Staph. aureus isolates, and appears to be increasing, especially in Japan (Lotsu et al. Jour. Hosp. Infection, 27:275-283, (1995)). Disease caused by MRSA can be effectively treated with vancomycin, however, there is concern that inappropriate use of this antibiotic may lead to the emergence of vancomycin-resistant MRSA. Disease caused by this organism will be extremely difficult to treat, tantamount to a death sentence. The incidence of NI, including MRSA, can be reduced by at least 30% by implementing suitable infection control measures, however, in the US, only 6%-9% of NI are actually being prevented (Hospital Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Of particular
204 Salmonella
concern is the fact that a common reservoir for MRSA is the nasal passages of health care workers, with hand contamination often being the route of transfer (Guidelines for management of patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in acute care hospitals and long-term care facilities. Connecticut Medicine 57:611-617 (1993); Wenzel, R. P. Journal of Chemotherapy 6 suppl. 4:33-40, (1994)). Consequently, a major component of successful infection control programs is an emphasis on hand washing and effective use of sterilizing procedures, disinfectants and antiseptics (CDC Guidelines for Handwashing and Hospital Environmental Control). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06242486__ •
Mannose-containing copra meal composition Inventor(s): Yokomizo; Futoshi (Izumisano, JP) Assignee(s): Fujii Oil Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,376,220 Date filed: August 13, 2001 Abstract: The gist of the present invention resides in a mannose-containing copra meal composition obtained by allowing two enzymes, xylanase and.beta.-galactomannan, to act on copra meal, and in a method for preparing the same, in which mannose can be liberated efficiently and economically by combining the two enzymes. A decreasing effect against Salmonella is expected at an economical cost, by adding into feeds the mannose-containing copra meal composition according to the present invention or mannoses obtained from the composition by extraction. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a mannose-containing copra meal composition useful as a feed additive having an expected decreasing effect against Salmonella, and a method for preparing such a composition. Hitherto, it is known that a decreasing effect against Salmonella is expected by adding mannoses to feeds (Poultry Science 1989 68 1357). Furthermore, it is also conventionally known that mannan is contained rich in copra meal produced as an extraction residue of coconut oil. It has been reported blending mannose polysaccharides, which are obtained by allowing enzymes to act on material containing galactomannans such as copra meal into feeds, is effective for prevention of contamination with Salmonella (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 8-173055). However, the enzyme used therefor is a.beta.mannosidase or galactomannanase simple substance or its combination with.alpha.galactosidase, and the objective compounds are oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, not mannose. Mannoses are different in performances between monosaccharides and oligosaccharides or polysaccharides. Mannose monosaccharides are reported to act most useful against Salmonella. However, mannoses are expensive, thus addition thereof into feeds results in an economical burden for poultry farming. In these circumstances, it is required in the market to provide more inexpensive mannoses as feed additives in due consideration of the effect and production cost aspects. As described above, mannose monosaccharides are recognized to have a sterilizing effect against noxious bacteria and required to be added into feeds, but they are very expensive and thus hardly used practically. Furthermore, oligo-mannoses have been developed, but a decreasing effect thereof against Salmonella is not greatly expected (Poultry Disease Study Report 1995 31 113). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06376220__
Patents 205
•
Method and apparatus for air purification Inventor(s): Call; Charles J. (Pasco, WA), Call; Patrick (West Richland, WA), Hong; Seung-Ho (Richland, WA), Merrill; Ezra (Albuquerque, NM), Powell; Mike (Kennewick, WA), Shekarriz; Alireza (Columbia, MD) Assignee(s): MesoSystems Technology, Inc. (Kennewick, WA) Patent Number: 6,488,900 Date filed: October 19, 1999 Abstract: A method and apparatus for purifying air to deactivate toxic chemical and biological species such as Sarin, mustard gas, phosgene, cyanogen chloride, Anthrax spores, E. coli bacteria, Salmonella bacteria, Hepatitis virus, and Norwalk virus. The apparatus comprises a reaction chamber coupled to a counterflow heat exchanger. Incoming contaminated air is directed through a heating side of a counterflow heat exchanger to preheat it. The air is further heated to a temperature of at least 200.degree. C., which is sufficient to deactivate common biological toxic species. Optionally, the reaction chamber may include a catalyst on a surface area over which the heated air is directed, which enables a thermocatalytic reaction that is particularly effective in deactivating biological and chemical warfare agents, such as anthrax and Sarin. Portable embodiments of the invention are useful in both military and civilian air purifying applications, while fixed installation of the apparatus are useful in deactivating toxic species from the air in areas where food is prepared or stored, or in purifying air in the environment of a living space. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally concerns air purification, and more specifically, the purification of air that contains toxic species, using high-temperature processing. In recent years, there has been considerable concern by the military that troops may enter war zones and be exposed to air contaminated with toxic chemical and/or biological agents. Examples of such toxic chemical agents include Sarin, mustard gas (bis(2-chloroethyl)thioether), phosgene, and cyanogen chloride; examples of biological agents include Anthrax, E. coli, Salmonella, Hepatitis, and Norwalk virus. Although outlawed by worldwide treaties, the use of such warfare agents in military conflicts is a strong possibility and poses a serious threat to both military and civilian personnel. There are several known methods for removing or destroying chemical species from contaminated air, including adsorption by carbon, photo-catalytic oxidation and thermocatalytic oxidation. In addition, methods for removing or destroying airborne bacteria particulates include filtration, photo-catalytic oxidation, and thermocatalytic oxidation. Apparatus useful for employing these methods are also well known in the art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06488900__
206 Salmonella
•
Method for protecting a mammalian host against infection by Brucella Inventor(s): Enright; Frederick M. (Baton Rouge, LA), Schurig; Gerhardt G. (Blacksburg, VA), Winter; Alexander J. (Ithaca, NY), Wyckoff, III; John H. (Stillwater, OK) Assignee(s): Board of Regents for Oklahoma State University (Stillwater, OK), Board of Supervisors of Louisiana State University and Agricultural and (Baton Rouge, LA), Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. (Ithaca, NY), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Blacksburg, VA) Patent Number: 6,264,952 Date filed: December 11, 1997 Abstract: Vaccines against facultative intracellular pathogens are disclosed. A host is vaccinated with non-viable but metabolically active agents. The non-viable agents produce immunogenic components that elicit protective host immune responses, with minimal likelihood of host infection by the vaccine agent. Living agents, either attenuated or virulent, are exposed to a dose of gamma irradiation (or other strong mutagen) that is sufficient to limit or prevent the replication of the agents within the host, but that is insufficient to stop the metabolic activities of the agent. In vitro exposure of a microbial agent to the damaging effects of gamma irradiation or of another strong mutagen induces certain stress responses in the infectious agent. These stress responses are similar to the stress responses that the virulent agent would produce within the tissues of the host. The stress responses include the production of antigens that stimulate appropriate host immune responses when the irradiated agent is used in a vaccine. Examples of facultative intracellular pathogens for which non-viable vaccine agents may be made in accordance with the present invention include various bacterial pathogens (e.g., Brucella sp., Brucella abortus, Mycobacterium sp., Mycobacteriun lepraemurum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella sp., Salmonella typhimurium); various mycotic pathogens (e.g., Blastomyces, Histoplasma, Cocidioides); and various protozoal pathogens (e.g., Leishmania, Trypanosomas). Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to a method for protecting a mammalian host against infection by Brucella. A host generally receives the greatest degree of immunity from actual infection by a pathogenic agent. The resulting immunity is specific, long-lasting, and complete--but of course is useful only if the host survives the disease produced by the pathogen. The goal of all vaccinations is to induce the same degree of solid immunity, but without any associated risk of disease; in reality few vaccines meet this ideal standard. Vaccines are often based either on live attenuated pathogenic agents, or on killed agents. The degree of protection provided by both types of vaccines is highly variable. A facultative intracellular pathogen is a pathogen that is adapted to survive in a host by living within the host's cells, but that can also survive outside host cells at least for a time, depending on the environment it faces. As a general observation, immunity to facultative intracellular pathogens in a vaccinated host is better achieved with a vaccine made from living attenuated agents than with a vaccine made from killed agents. Immunity results from the survival of the living agents within the targeted host tissues for time sufficient to stimulate an appropriate host immune response. See Davis et al., Microbiology, p. 472 (1967); and P. Nicoletti, "Vaccination," Chapter 11 in K. Nielsen et al., Animal Brucellosis, pp. 283-299 (1990). An appropriate immune response to intracellular pathogens generally depends on the activity of T-lymphocytes. Vaccines made from killed agents frequently produce only humoral immune responses (i.e., antibodies), which are generally less effective in protecting the host against subsequent infection by the virulent intracellular pathogen.
Patents 207
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06264952__ •
Method of controlling salmonella in shell eggs Inventor(s): Cotterill; Owen J. (Columbia, MO), Vandepopuliere; Joseph M. (Columbia, MO) Assignee(s): University of Missouri System at Columbia (Columbia, MO) Patent Number: 6,303,176 Date filed: August 11, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to producing a safer shell egg through thermal treatment. The present invention provides methods of producing a shell egg wherein the albumen and the yolk of the shell egg receives a thermal treatment sufficient to pasteurize the shell egg and thereby combat the risk of salmonella. The present invention provides methods of providing thermal treatments to the shell egg through introduction of the shell egg into an aqueous solution of a predetermined temperature and maintaining the shell egg in the solution for a predetermined time sufficient to cause the required reduction in salmonella. The predetermined times and temperatures may be characterized by use of the equivalent point method of thermal evaluation, by use of the F.sub.0 line for shell egg or by other methods of determining the reduction in salmonella. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for pasteurizing shell eggs. More particularly the present invention relates to methods for reducing or eliminating Salmonella from shell eggs and for improving the storage capabilities of shell eggs. It is well known that Salmonella organisms have been associated with egg products. More recently, Salmonella enteritidis (SE) has been detected within shell eggs. Presently, the presence of Salmonella within the shell egg is a major concern. Some states have enacted legislation preventing the serving of unpasteurized egg products unless fully cooked. In fact, since as early as 1969, the USDA has overseen the processing of liquid egg removed from the shell to reduce the level of Salmonella contamination to acceptable levels. However, no commercially acceptable methods have been developed to combat Salmonella in shell eggs. Since shell eggs must be used in situations where a liquid egg product cannot, it is therefore desirable to develop a commercially acceptable process for the reduction of Salmonella within shell eggs to provide a safe and functionally acceptable shell egg to the consumer. Thermal treatments of shell egg to prevent embryonic growth in fertile eggs, to reduce incidence of spoilage during long term storage, and maintain internal quality received considerable research attention from about 1943 to about 1953. This research resulted from the nature of the egg industry at that time in that most of the eggs were produced by small flocks and the majority of the eggs used by the food industry were collected as seasonal surpluses in the spring. As a result of the production practices the eggs were more likely to lose interior quality or become unfit for human consumption because of bacterial growth or embryonic development. Research into "thermostabilization" was directed at solving these problems, which were largely perceived as embryonic growth and the contamination of the egg from contaminants external to the shell. (See Egg Science, Stadelman and Coterill, (eds)., Chapter 4, 3d Ed., 1986). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06303176__
208 Salmonella
•
Methods for making oligonucleotide probes for the detection and/or quantitation of non-viral organisms Inventor(s): Hogan; James John (San Diego, CA), Kop; Jo Ann (San Marcos, CA), McDonough; Sherrol Hoffa (San Diego, CA), Smith; Richard Dana (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): Gen-Probe Incorporated (San Diego, CA) Patent Number: 6,512,105 Date filed: June 30, 2000 Abstract: A method for preparing probes, as well as several probes for use in qualitative or quantitative hybridization assays are disclosed. The method comprises constructing an oligonucleotide that is sufficiently complementary to hybridize to a region of rRNA selected to be unique to a non-viral organism or group of non-viral organisms sought to be detected, said region of rRNA being selected by comparing one or more variable region rRNA sequences of said non-viral organism or group of non-viral organisms with one or more variable region rRNA sequences from one or more non-viral organisms sought to be distinguished. Hybridization assay probes for Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-complex bacteria, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella, Salmonella, Chlamydia trachomatis, Campylobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus, Enterobacter cloacae, E. coli, Pseudomonas group I, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, bacteria, and fungi also are disclosed. Excerpt(s): The inventions described and claimed herein relate to probes and assays based on the use of genetic material such as RNA. More particularly, the inventions relate to the design and construction of nucleic acid probes and hybridization of such probes to genetic material of target non-viral organisms in assays for detection and/or quantitation thereof in test samples of, e.g., sputum, urine, blood and tissue sections, food, soil and water. Two single strands of nucleic acid, comprised of nucleotides, may associate ("hybridize") to form a double helical structure in which the two polynucleotide chains running in opposite directions are held together by hydrogen bonds (a weak form of chemical bond) between pairs of matched, centrally located compounds known as "bases." Generally, in the double helical structure of nucleic acids, for example, the base adenine (A) is hydrogen bonded to the base thymine (T) or uracil (U) while the base guanine (G) is hydrogen bonded to the base cytosine (C). At any point along the chain, therefore, one may find the base pairs AT or AU, TA or UA, GC, or CG. One may also find AG and GU base pairs in addition to the traditional ("canonical") base pairs. Assuming that a first single strand of nucleic acid is sufficiently complementary to a second and that the two are brought together under conditions which will promote their hybridization, double stranded nucleic acid will result. Under appropriate conditions, DNA/DNA, RNA/DNA, or RNA/RNA hybrids may be formed. Broadly, there are two basic nucleic acid hybridization procedures. In one, known as "in solution" hybridization, both a "probe" nucleic acid sequence and nucleic acid molecules from a test sample are free in solution. In the other method, the sample nucleic acid is usually immobilized on a solid support and the probe sequence is free in solution. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06512105__
Patents 209
•
Methods of identifying bacteria of specific bacterial genus, species or serotype Inventor(s): Sanders; Michael F (Basingstoke, GB) Assignee(s): The Central Science Laboratory (CSL) representing the Secretary of State of (Sad Hutton, GB) Patent Number: 6,660,470 Date filed: January 6, 1999 Abstract: A method for detection, identification and/or quanification of target organisms of specific bacterial genus, species or serotype, based upon the occurrence of release of cell contents, particularly nucleotides, e.g., ATP, on lysis of bacterial cell walls on incubation with bacteriophages (phages) specific for them. When new phase particles are released at the end of the phage replication cycle nucleotide levels are measured and compared with controls. The method provides for the detection of specific bacteria which does not require insertion of the lux gene into the phage genome yet is faster and more sensitive than known nonmodified phage utilizing techniques. The method is only limited by the availability of phage types suitable for selective attack of the target bacterial to be detected and can detect a single Salmonella in a sample of milk in under 12 hours. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of detection, identification and/or quantification of bacteria and to test kits for carrying it out. Particularly the method enables detection of organisms of specific bacterial genus, species or serotype, in isolated form or as contaminants in environmental or forensic samples, or in foodstuffs. There are many requirements for methods of screening for specific bacteria, particularly those present in low numbers and in specific environments; for example, human bacterial pathogens in contaminated foods. Public health and quality control bodies demand rapid bacterial detection methods which have suitable levels of specificity and sensitivity, but few satisfactory methods exist. It is known to detect specific bacteria by use of genetically engineered bioluminescent bacteriophages, virus particles which have had the `lux` gene inserted into their genome, as described by Ulitzer and Kuhn, in Scholuerich et al (Eds.) `Bioluminescence and Chemiluminesconce-new perspectives` pages 463-472; pub. (1987) by John Wiley and Sons. The `lux` gene is that encoding for bacterial luciferase and the technique is based upon the fact that upon infection of a target bacterium, bacteriophage genes and the lux gene are injected into it and are subsequently expressed. The presence of the target bacterium is indicated by emission of light from the sample which can easily be measured. Most bacteria are susceptible to attack by bacteriophages (commonly called phages), many of which lyse or disrupt their host at the end of their replication process, and these interactions show varying degrees of host/phage specificity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06660470__
•
Mutant of RNA polymerases with increased stability Inventor(s): Liao; Hans (Eden Prairie, MN), Sugiyama; Akio (Tsuruga, JP), van Gemen; Bob (Almere, NL) Assignee(s): Akzo Nobel N.V. (NL) Patent Number: 6,524,828 Date filed: June 5, 2001
210 Salmonella
Abstract: The present application relates to mutated RNA polymerases from bacteriophages that have increased stability, for example under high temperature conditions. One example of bacteriophage encoded RNA polymerase is the T7 RNA polymerase. T7 is a bacteriophage capable of infecting E. coli cells. Examples of other E. coli infecting T7-like bacteriophages are T3,.o slashed.I,.o slashed.II, W31, H, Y, A1, croC21, C22 and C23. An example of a Salmonella typhimurium infecting bacteriophage is SP6. The present invention is concerned with the RNA polymerases of T7-like bacteriophages that have been mutated. Due to these mutations the RNAP's have an increased stability. Preferred mutated RNA polymerases according to the invention are mutant RNA polymerases from T7 or SP3 bacteriophages. Due to the high homology between these enzymes, mutations in the T7 gene 1 sequence are likely to have the same effect in the corresponding gene sequence of the T3 bacteriophage. An especially preferred embodiment of the present invention is a T7 RNA polymerase with a serine to proline amino acid change in the protein at position 633 of the amino acid sequence. Since there is 80% homology between the T7 RNA polymerase and the T3 RNA polymerase the same effects of the 633 serine.fwdarw.proline mutation in the T7 gene may be expected for a 634 serine.fwdarw.proline amino acid mutation in the T3 RNA polymerase. Excerpt(s): The RNA polymerases of bacteriophages have high selectivity for their own promoter sequence. The T7 RNA polymerase will bind the T7 RNA polymerase promoter sequence but not one of the other bacteriophage promoter sequences. The high promoter specificity ensures that the bacteriophage transcription reaction is only directed to its own genome and not the host genome. The entire nucleotide sequence of the T7 bacteriophage is known and the phage RNA polymerase is encoded by T7 gene 1. Other RNA polymerases that resemble the T7 RNA polymeraselare the RNA polymerases of bacteriophages SP6 and T3. The T3 RNAP shows about 80% homology with the T7 RNAP. The T7 gene 1 has been cloned and expressed in bacteria allowing the production of large quantities of the enzyme (Studier et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,952,496). The T7 98,6 Kda. T7 RNA polymerase does not require any auxiliary factors for accurate transcription. The enzyme alone is capable of recognising it's promoters, initiating transcription, elongating the RNA transcript and terminating transcription. T7 RNA polymerase is very efficient in transcribing DNA from its own promoters and elongates RNA five times faster compared to E. coli RNA polymerase. Their selectivity, activity and ability to produce complete transcripts make the polymerases from bacteriophages very useful for a variety of purposes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06524828__ •
Ovo administration of a competitive exclusion culture Inventor(s): Nurmi; Esko Viljo (Helsinki, FI), Schneitz; Carita Elisabeth (Helsinki, FI), Veijalainen; Pirjo Marja-Leena (Helsinki, FI) Assignee(s): Orion-Yhtyma OY (Espoo, FI) Patent Number: 6,491,910 Date filed: May 23, 2000 Abstract: An improved method of competitively excluding pathogens capable of intestinal colonization, such as Salmonella or Cambylobacter, from a digestive tract of a bird comprises administration in ovo to a fertile bird egg of a competitive exclusion (CE) culture essentially free from bacteria which abundantly form gas such as Clostridium species. The CE culture may be any CE culture essentially free from abundant gas
Patents 211
forming bacteria which culture is derived from a digestive tract of a bird free from pathogens. The CE culture may be administered either into the air cell or the amnion of a fertile bird egg, preferably into the amnion. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of competitively excluding pathogens capable of intestinal colonization, especially Salmonella, from the digestive tract of a bird, comprising administration of a competitive exclusion (CE) culture essentially free from abundant gas forming bacteria in ovo to a fertile bird egg. Poultry is the most important source of human gastrointestinal infections, such as Salmonella and Cambylobacter infections. For a long time Salmonella infantis has been a very common Salmonella type that cause human Salmonella infections. Now there has also been an alarming increase in the incidence of human food poisoning associated with Salmonella enteritis PT4. See L. Nuotio, C. Schneitz, U. Halonen and E. Nurmi, British Poultry Science 33, 775-779 (1992). Much of the increase has been associated with eating raw or undercooked eggs that were contaminated with salmonellas, but broilers are also a considerable reservoir of infection for man, even in relation to handling of newlyhatched chicks. Broiler chicks can be infected through transovarian transmission and the salmonellas may also spread via contaminated feed. There are several reports in which the epidemically implicated or suspected vehicle of cambylobacteriosis has been raw, barbecued or undercooked chicken. In addition to human infections the broilers themselves may be infected by pathogens causing mortality, such as some Clostridium species. Competitive exclusion is a method of preventing pathogenic bacteria from colonizing birds and thus infecting man and birds themselves. Because of the diverse sources of contamination it is difficult to administer a competitive exclusion culture to a bird before it is colonized by pathogenic bacteria. N. A. Cox et al., Poultry Science 71, 1781-1784 (1992), describes a study of in ovo administration of a competitive exclusion culture treatment to broiler embryos. U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,015 discloses a method and apparatus for introducing probiotic bacteria into the digestive tract of a bird in order to exclude undesirable bacteria therefrom, and inoculated eggs produced thereby. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a fertile bird egg is administered a Salmonella competitive exclusion culture, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,226 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,335,107. The culture may optionally include an oxygen scavenging agent such as cysteine as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,657,762. The culture preferably comprises at least one anaerobic bacteria of intestinal origin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06491910__ •
PCR primers for the rapid and specific detection of Salmonella typhimurium Inventor(s): Lin; Jer-Sheng (Taichung, TW), Tsen; Hau-Yang (Taichung, TW) Assignee(s): National Science Council of Republic of China (Taipei, TW) Patent Number: 6,251,607 Date filed: December 9, 1999 Abstract: The invention provides a set of two PCR primers designed based on a DNA sequence of a gene encoding malic acid dehydrogenase and a specific DNA of Salmonella typhimurium. The invention provides also a DNA probe specific for the above-mentioned PCR primers. Finally, a PCR method using above-mentioned primers is provided for the rapid and specific detection of Salmonella typhimurium in food and clinical specimens such as human fecal specimens. Said PCR method comprises further a Southern hybridization assay for detecting PCR products. The whole process could be shortened from 5-7 days for BAM method to 1-2 days.
212 Salmonella
Excerpt(s): The invention relates to PCR primers designed based on a DNA sequence of a gene encoding malic acid dehydrogenase and a specific DNA of Salmonella typhimurium, to a probe used in PCR, and to a PCR method for the rapid and specific detection of Salmonella typhimurium in food and clinical specimens. Among Salmonellae causing food poisoning and Salmonellosis infection, important Salmonellae include S. typhimurium, S. typhi, and S. enteritidis, which play a significant role in main food pathogenic bacteria around the world. Traditionally, the method for detecting S. typhimurium comprises steps of pre-culturing, culturing on a selective medium, streak culturing and differentiating on a selective agar medium, biochemical identification of suspected colonies, and serological test, which need a time period of at least 5-7 days that might be too late to be of use for understanding of pathogen in a crisis of food poisoning and salmonellosis infection. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06251607__ •
Precipitation recovery process for food waste sludge Inventor(s): Lee; John H. (Olathe, KS) Assignee(s): Rigel Technology Corporation (Olathe, KS) Patent Number: 6,368,657 Date filed: August 1, 2001 Abstract: A practical precipitation recovery process for food waste sludge from dissolved air floatation (DAF) units and sugar by products is provided. Typical meat DAF (dissolved air floatation) skimming sludge has about 12% solid with about 40% fat and 42% protein in solid basis. The skimming sludge is often for land application to cause a pollution problem. Much of the potential nutritive value of the skimming is lost through microbiological degradation. The process converts the skimming sludge and animal blood into a precipitate, which binds most nutrients. Then the precipitate product can be separated easily by a centrifuge, screen or press process. The dry process cost can be reduced because the extra water is removed and the product surface area is increased. The process can convert the waste skimming sludge into a value added product as a good and safe ingredient for feed and nutritional applications. A typical dry product has about protein 54%, pepsin digestible protein 96%, fat 23%, ash 8.5%, moisture 6%, very low levels of aerobic plate count, total coliforms, staphylococcus aureus, yeast and mold, undetected E. coli and negative salmonella. This process can also be used to improve the properties of animal feed block products. If the precipitation process can be scaled up into commercialization production, the process could save and create millions of dollars for food and feed industries every year. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to process methods of treating food waste sludge, and more particularly to a process method of converting the DAF (dissolved air floatation) skimming sludge of a food processing plant into a value added product with good nutritional value for feed and fertilizer nutritional applications and precipitating molasses sludge from a sugar processing plant into a product with much more hardness and less moisture absorption. The waste water from a food processing plant has high BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), FOG (fats, oils and grease), SS (suspended solids) and TKN (total Kjeldahl nitrogen). Dissolved air floatation (DAF) units are used in meat, milk product, snack food processing and waste water treatment plants. The primary purpose is to reduce BOD, SS, FOG and TKN in the waste water passing to sewage. But it creates another problem to dispose of the pasty and oily skimming sludge, which is separated into the top portion because of the low density. The waste skimming sludge
Patents 213
has very attractive nutrients--protein, fat, carbohydrate and minerals. Animal meat industry is a major industry to use dissolved air floatation (DAF) units to reduce BOD, SS, FOG and TKN in the waste water passing to sewage. Animals are grown and slaughtered to meet people's needs every year, which includes beefs, pigs, chickens, turkeys and others. In the animal processing industry, an average of 4.5 kg of protein is lost to the sewer for every 454 kg of live weight kill (Ockerman and Hansen, 2000). The percentage is about 1%. If half of the protein now lost to the sewer were recovered, there would be at least an additional 181 million kg of protein each year, worth perhaps $ 400 million from animal processing in the United States (Hansen, 1983). It is very important to use animal wastes and by products for economic and public health achievements. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06368657__ •
Recombinant bacterial system with environmentally limited viability Inventor(s): Curtiss, III; Roy (St. Louis, MO), Tinge; Steven A. (Belleville, IL) Assignee(s): Washington University (Saint Louis, MO) Patent Number: 6,610,529 Date filed: December 6, 1996 Abstract: Disclosed is an Environmentally Limited Viability System (ELVS) for microorganisms based on differences between permissive and non-permissive environments. Viability of the microorganisms are limited to a permissive environment by specifically expressing one or more essential genes only in the permissive environment, and/or expressing one or more lethal genes only in the non-permissive environment. Temporary viability in a non-permissive environment can be achieved by temporarily expressing one or more essential genes in a non-permissive environment, and/or temporarily delaying expression of one or more lethal genes in the nonpermissive environment. Environmentally Limited Viability Systems are also disclosed involving coordinate expression of a combination of essential genes and lethal genes. Microorganisms containing an Environmentally Limited Viability System are useful for release into permissive and non-permissive environments. Temperature regulated Environmentally Limited Viability Systems and delayed death Environmentally Limited Viability Systems are particularly suited for delivery of expression products, such as antigens, using recombinant avirulent Salmonella by limiting their growth to the warmer environment inside the host, or by allowing growth for only a limited time in the host. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to recombinant microorganisms with environmentally limited growth and viability, and more particularly to recombinant microorganisms that may only survive in a host organism for a defined period of time and will not grow outside of the host organism. Genetically engineered microorganisms have widespread utility and importance. For example, they can be used to produce foreign proteins, and thus can be used industrially for synthesis of products such as interferons, insulin, and growth hormone; they can also be used as antigen delivery systems to produce an immune response. However, it is undesirable for the genetically-engineered microorganism to persist in the environment. Physical containment was the first means used to control the spread of genetically engineered microorganisms. More sophisticated means were then developed where microorganisms were contained by introducing debilitative mutations that prevent their growth in the absence of specific growth conditions, such as a particular amino acid. U.S. Pat. No. 4,190,495 discloses
214 Salmonella
microorganisms with multiple mutations to prevent growth or genetic transfer outside of the controlled laboratory conditions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06610529__ •
Recombinant Sef14 fimbrial protein from Salmonella Inventor(s): Kapur; Vivek (St. Anthony, MN), Nagaraja; Kakambi V. (Roseville, MN), Rajashekara; Gireesh (St. Paul, MN) Assignee(s): Regents of the University of Minnesota (Minneapolis, MN) Patent Number: 6,495,334 Date filed: May 20, 1999 Abstract: A truncated SE fimbria antigen useful as an antigen for immunoassay diagnosis of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) infection or evidence of infection. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of cloning and expressing a truncated form of a fimbrial gene and the use of the truncated fimbrial gene product in an immunodiagnostic assay and for immunoprophylaxis. Foodborne infections cause an estimated 6.5 million cases of human illness and 9000 deaths annually in the United States alone. Bacterial infections by Salmonella are the most commonly reported cause of foodborne outbreaks. Salmonella enteritidis (SE) is the dominant Salmonella serotype isolated from cases of food poisoning. Many of these outbreaks are thought to be due to infected poultry products, particularly eggs and egg products. The best way to prevent infection in human populations is to diagnose and treat the infected animal prior to human consumption. Because the greatest threat of food poisoning from Salmonella is from poultry products, there is a need for a method to detect birds that are infected with SE. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06495334__
•
Treatment of bacterial infections Inventor(s): Armstrong; Glen (Edmonton, CA), Bundle; David R. (Edmonton, CA), Kitov; Pavel (Edmonton, CA), Ling; Hong (Edmonton, CA), Read; Randy J. (Cambridge, GB) Assignee(s): Governors of the University of Alberta (Edmonton, CA) Patent Number: 6,310,043 Date filed: May 24, 1999 Abstract: Compounds which bind to toxins associated with enteric bacterial infection, compositions including the compounds, methods for the neutralization of toxins in a patient, and methods for the diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections are disclosed. Toxins which can be bound by the compounds include pentameric toxins, for example SLTs, such as those from salmonella, camylobacter and other bacteria, verotoxins from E. coli, cholera toxin, clostridium difficile toxins A and B, bacterial pili from enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and viral lectins such as viral hemagglutinins. The compounds include a core molecule bound to a plurality of linker arms, which in turn are bound to a plurality of bridging moieties, which in turn are bound to at least one, and preferably, two or more ligands which bind to the toxin. The presence of a plurality of bridged dimers of the ligands is responsible for the
Patents 215
increased binding affinity of the compounds relative to the ligands themselves. In one embodiment, the compounds, when administered in a timely fashion to a patient suffering from enteric E. coli infection, inhibit progression of this infection into hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the treatment of toxins, in particular, toxins generated by bacteria. The following references are cited in the application as numbers in brackets ([ ]) at the relevant portion of the application. 1. Karmali, M. A. et al., J Clin. Microbiol. 22:614-619 (1985). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06310043__ •
Tumor antigens and CTL clones isolated by a novel procedure Inventor(s): Boon-Falleur; Thierry (Brussels, BE), Cornelius; Guy (Brussels, BE), Demotte; Nathalie (Brussels, BE), Duffour; Marie-Therese (Brussels, BE), Luiten; Rosalie (Brussels, BE), Lurquin; Christophe (Brussels, BE), Stroobant; Vincent (Brussels, BE), van der Bruggan; Pierre (Brussels, BE) Assignee(s): Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (New York, NY), Universite Catholique de Louvain (Louvain-la-Neuve, BE) Patent Number: 6,407,063 Date filed: October 2, 1998 Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to isolation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones. In particular, the present invention relates to isolated CTL clones that are specific for MAGE-1 and MAGE-4, respectively. The CTL clones of the present invention have been isolated by successive steps of stimulation and testing of lymphocytes with antigen presenting cells which present antigens derived from different expression systems, e.g., from recombinant Yersinia, recombinant Salmonella, or recombinant viruses. The present invention further relates to the MAGE-1 and MAGE-4 antigenic peptides as well as the peptide/HLA complexes which are recognized by the isolated CTL clones. An important facet of the immune response in a mammalian subject is the recognition by T cells of the complexes of the cell surface molecules, i.e., the complexes of peptides and HLA (human leukocyte antigens) or MHC (major histocompatibility complexes) molecules. These peptides are derived from larger molecules which are processed by the cells which also present the HLA/MHC molecules. See in this regard, Male et al., Advanced Immunology (J. P. Lipincott Company, 1987), especially chapters 6-10. The interaction between T cell and HLA/peptide complexes is restricted, requiring a T cell specific for a particular combination of an HLA molecule and a peptide. If a specific T cell is not present, there is no T cell response even if its partner complex is present. Similarly, there is no response if the specific complex is absent, but the T cell is present. This mechanism is involved in the immune system response to foreign materials, in autoimmune pathologies, and in responses to cellular abnormalities. Most progressively growing neoplastic cells express potentially immunogenic tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), also called tumor rejection antigens (TRAs). A number of genes have been identified that encode tumor rejection antigen precursors (or TRAPs), which are processed into TRAs in tumor cells. Such TRAP-encoding genes include members of the MAGE family, the BAGE family, the DAGE/Prame family, the GAGE family, the RAGE family, the SMAGE family, NAG, Tyrosinase, Melan-A/MART-1, gp 100, MUC-1, TAG72, CA125, mutated proto-oncogenes such as praise, mutated tumor suppressor genes such as p53, tumor associated viral antigens such as HPV16 E7. See, e.g., review by Van den Eynde and van der Bruggen (1997) in Curr. Opin. Immunol. 9:684-693, Sahin et al.
216 Salmonella
(1997) in Curr. Opin. Immunol. 9:709-716, and Shawler et al. (1997) Advances in Pharmacology 40: 309-337, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06407063__ •
Use of kinin antagonists for preparing a pharmaceutical composition for treating bacterial infections Inventor(s): Bjorck; Lars (Lund, SE), Herwald; Heiko (Lund, SE), Muller-Esterl; Werner (Mainz, DE), Nasr; Abdelhakim Ben (Cambridge, GB), Olsen; Arne (Lund, SE), Sjobring; Ulf (Lund, SE) Assignee(s): Actinova Limited (Cambridge, GB) Patent Number: 6,221,845 Date filed: June 25, 1999 Abstract: Kinin antagonists, especially bradykinin antagonists, can be used for treating bacterial infections, in particular infections caused by bacteria belonging to the genera Streptococcus, Escherichia, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Moracella, Haemophilus and Yersinia. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to kinin antagonists and pharmaceutical acceptable derivatives or salts thereof for use as a pharmaceutical. Especially the invention relates to the use of these substances for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition useful against symptoms caused by micro-organisms releasing kinins. Some micro-organisms such as Streptococci and Salmonella may cause severe invasive infections due to inherent resistance to antibiotics or a defect immune system of the individual affected. Hence there is need for another effective agent to stop the infection. Bradykinin, and its physiologically important related peptides kallidin (Lys-bradykinin) and Met-Lys-bradykinin, contract smooth muscle, (for example to produce diarrhea and inflammatory bowel disease and asthma) lower blood pressure, mediate inflammation as in allergies, arthritis and asthma, participate in blood-clotting and complementmediated reactions in the body, mediate rhinitis (viral, allergic and non-allergic) and are overproduced, in pathological conditions such as acute pancreatitis, hereditary angioneurotic edema, post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, carcinoid syndrome, anaphylactic shock, reduced sperm motility, and certain other conditions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06221845__
•
Use of Salmonella vectors for vaccination against helicobacter infection Inventor(s): Kleanthous; Harold (Westford, MA), Lee; Cynthia K. (Needham, MA), Londono-Arcila; Patricia (London, GB), Monath; Thomas P. (Harvard, MA), Freeman; Donna (Cambridge, GB) Assignee(s): Acambis, Inc. (Cambridge, MA) Patent Number: 6,585,975 Date filed: November 1, 1999 Abstract: The invention provides a method of immunization against Helicobacter, involving mucosal administration of an attenuated Salmonella vector including a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Helicobacter antigen, and parenteral administration of a soluble Helicobacter antigen, co-administered with a suitable parenteral adjuvant.
Patents 217
Also provided by the invention are attenuated Salmonella vectors for use in this method. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of Salmonella vectors in vaccination methods against Helicobacter infection. Helicobacter is a genus of spiral, gram-negative bacteria that colonize the gastrointestinal tracts of mammals. Several species colonize the stomach, most notably H. pylori, H. heilmanii, H. felis, and H. mustelae. Although H. pylori is the species most commonly associated with human infection, H. heilmanii and H. felis have also been isolated from humans, but at lower frequencies than H. pylori. Helicobacter infects over 50% of adult populations in developed countries and nearly 100% in developing countries and some Pacific rim countries, making it one of the most prevalent infections worldwide. Helicobacter is routinely recovered from gastric biopsies of humans with histological evidence of gastritis and peptic ulceration. Indeed, H. pylori is now recognized as an important pathogen of humans, in that the chronic gastritis it causes is a risk factor for the development of peptic ulcer diseases and gastric carcinoma. It is thus highly desirable to develop safe and effective methods for preventing and treating Helicobacter infection. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06585975__
Patent Applications on Salmonella As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to salmonella: •
A Composition for treatment of a bacterial infection of the digestive tract Inventor(s): Fischetti, Vincent; (West Hempstead, NY), Loomis, Lawrence; (Columbia, MD) Correspondence: Jonathan E. Grant; Suite 210; 2120 L Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20037; US Patent Application Number: 20020098234 Date filed: February 27, 2002 Abstract: A composition for treatment of bacterial infections of the digestive tract is disclosed which comprises a lytic enzyme composition specific for the infecting bacteria, and a carrier for delivering said lytic enzyme. The bacteria to be treated is selected from the group consisting of Listeria, Salmonella, E. coli, Campylobacter, and combinations thereof. The carrier for delivering at least one lytic enzyme to the digestive tract is selected from the group consisting of suppository enemas, syrups, or enteric coated pills. Excerpt(s): The following application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 09/497,495 filed Apr. 18, 2000 which is a continuation of Ser. No. 09/395,636 filed Sep. 14, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,056,954 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/962,523, filed Oct. 31, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,997,862. The present invention discloses a method and composition for the treatment of bacterial infections by the use of a lysing enzyme blended with an appropriate carrier suitable for the treatment of the
10
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
218 Salmonella
infection. In the past, antibiotics have been used to treat various infections. The work of Selman Waksman in the introduction and production of Streptomycetes, Dr. Fleming's discovery of penicillin, are well known as well as the work of numerous others in the field of antibiotics. Over the years, there have been additions and chemical modifications to the "basic" antibiotics in attempts to make them more powerful, or to treat people allergic to these antibiotics. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Antimicrobial agent Inventor(s): Elsser, Dieter; (Bargum, DE), Morgan, Andrew John; (Vedbaek, DK), Thomas, Linda Valerie; (Dorset, GB), Yu, Shukun; (Malmoe, SE) Correspondence: Frommer Lawrence & Haug; 745 Fifth Avenue- 10th FL.; New York; NY; 10151; US Patent Application Number: 20030203963 Date filed: March 25, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides an antimicrobial composition for use against a micro-organism selected for Listeria, Salmonella, Bacillus, Saccharomyces, Pseudomonas, Clostridium, Lcatobacillus, Brochothrix, Micrococcus, Yersinia, Enterobacter and Zygosaccharomyces, said composition comprising a cyclic compound having Formula (I), or a derivative thereof, wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently selected from --OH,.dbd.O, and OR', wherein R' is H or --COR", and R" is C.sub.1-10 alkyl; wherein R.sup.3 is a substituent comprising an OH-group, wherein R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are each independently selected from a hydrocarbyl group, H, OH or.dbd.O, or represent a bond with an adjacent atom on the ring of the cyclic compound. The invention further relates to a process preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing, micro-organisms in a material, and the use of a cyclic compound having Formula (I). Excerpt(s): This application is a Continuation-in-Part of PCT/GB01/04328, filed on Sep. 27, 2001, designating the U.S., published on Apr. 4, 2002 as WO 02/26060 A1 and claiming priority from GB 0023687.7 filed on Sep. 27, 2000 and GB 0023686.9 filed on Sep. 27, 2000. All of the above-mentioned applications, as well as all documents cited herein and documents referenced or cited in documents cited herein, are hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to antimicrobial agents. More specifically, the invention relates to the antimicrobial activity of a series of anhydrofructose derivatives. Food degradation from various sources is recognised in the literature and individual chemicals are known which will inhibit one aspect or another of degradation derived from a single source. Degradation, and the loss of colour or flavour of freshly cut plant parts are known to be caused by oxidation, enzymes, microbes, and metal ions. For example, acidulants are known to prevent microbial degradation by maintaining a relatively low pH environment but their effectiveness is only temporary. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 219
•
Attenuated microorganisms for the treatment of infection Inventor(s): Brennan, Francis Richard; (Winnersh Triangle, GB), Dougan, Gordon; (Winnersh Triangle, GB), Holden, David William; (London, GB), Santangelo, Joseph David; (Winnersh Triangle, GB), Shea, Jacqueline Elizabeth; (Winnersh Triangle, GB) Correspondence: Saliwanchik Lloyd & Saliwanchik; A Professional Association; 2421 N.W. 41st Street; Suite A-1; Gainesville; FL; 326066669 Patent Application Number: 20030059442 Date filed: September 23, 2002 Abstract: Double mutant Salmonella microorganisms help prevent reactivity of the microorganism while maintaining the effectiveness of the microorganism to elicit an immune response. Various specific combinations of mutants are beneficial. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to attenuated microorganisms that can be used in vaccine compositions for the prevention or treatment of bacterial or viral infections. It is well established that live attenuated micro-organisms are highly effective vaccines; immune responses elicited by such vaccines are often of greater magnitude and of longer duration than those produced by non-replicating immunogens. One explanation for this may be that live attenuated strains establish limited infections in the host and mimic the early stages of natural infection. In addition, unlike killed preparations, live vaccines are able to induce potent cell-mediated responses which may be connected with their ability to replicate in antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages. There has been a long history of the use of live attenuated Salmonella vaccines as safe and effective vaccines for the prevention of salmonellosis in animals and humans. Indeed, the live attenuated oral typhoid vaccine, Ty21a (Vivotif), manufactured by the Swiss Serum Vaccine Institute, has proved to be a very successful vaccine for the prevention of typhoid fever and has been licensed in many countries including the US and Europe. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
ATTENUATED SALMONELLA STRAIN USED AS A VEHICLE FOR ORAL IMMUNIZATION Inventor(s): CHAKRABORTY, TRINAD; (BRAUNSCHWEIG, DE), DARJI, AYUB; (BRAUNSCHWEIG, DE), GERSTEL, BIRGIT; (BRAUNSCHWEIG, DE), GUZMAN, CARLOS A.; (BRAUNSCHWEIG, DE), TIMMIS, KENNETH; (BRAUNSCHWEIG, DE), WACHHOLZ, PETRA; (BRAUNSCHWEIG, DE), WEISS, SIEGFRIED; (BRAUNSCHWEIG, DE) Correspondence: Marshall O'toole Gerstein Murray; And Borun; 6300 Sears Tower; 233 South Wacker Drive; Chicago; IL; 606066402 Patent Application Number: 20030180320 Date filed: October 18, 1999 Abstract: An attenuated strain of Salmonella typhimurium has been used as a vehicle for oral genetic immunization. Eukaryotic expression vectors containing the genes for bgalactosidase, or truncated forms of ActA and listeriolysin--two virulence factors of Listeria monocytogenes--that were controlled by an eukaryotic promoter have been used to transform a S. typhimurium aroA strain. Multiple or even single immunizations with these transformants induced a strong cytotoxic and helper T cell response as well as an excellent antibody response. Multiple immunizations with listeriolysin
220 Salmonella
transformants protected the mice completely against a lethal challenge of L. monocytogenes. Partial protection was already observed with a single dose. ActA appeared not to be a protective antigen.The strength and the kinetics of the response suggested that the heterologous antigens were expressed within the eukaryotic host cells following transfer of plasmid DNA from the bacterial carrier strain. Transfer of plasmid DNA could be unequivocally shown in vitro using primary peritoneal macrophages. The demonstration of RNA splice products and expression of.beta.galactosidase in the presence of tetracycline--an inhibitor of bacterial protein synthesis-indicated that the gene was expressed by host cells rather than bacteria. Oral genetic immunization with Salmonella carriers provides a highly versatile system for antigen delivery, represents a potent system to identify candidate protective antigens for vaccination, and will permit efficacious generation of antibodies against virtually any DNA segment encoding an open reading frame. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of International Application No. PCT/EP97/06933 filed Dec. 11, 1997, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The design of efficient vaccines against infectious diseases remains a major challenge in medical science. Low cost, non-invasive administration, life-long protection by single doses combined with ease of preparation, storage and transport are desirable goals to be achieved. In this respect, live attenuated bacterial carriers that express heterologous antigens are attractive vehicles for the oral delivery of vaccines. This type of delivery should result in a broad spectrum of both mucosal and systemic immune responses. Use of vaccine vectors overcomes some of the limitation of oral delivery of proteins, which usually need to be co-administered with adjuvant proteins such as cholera toxin to evoke an immune response (Brown et al., 1987; Flynn et al, 1990). In addition, administration of live replicating vectors might be advantageous over other forms of administration such as microencapsulation because of the immunomodulatory properties of cell wall components of bacteria. Finally, the natural route of entry could prove to be of benefit since many bacteria like Salmonella egress from the gut lumen via M cells into Peyer's Patches (Jones et al, 1994; Neutra et al, 1996; Siebers and Finley, 1996) and migrate eventually into lymph nodes and spleen, thus allowing targeting of vaccines to inductive sites of the immune system. Genetic immunization has recently provided a promising new approach to the vaccination problem (for review see Donnelly et al., 1997). Isolated plasmid DNA--introduced into muscle or skin of the host--leads to expression of antigen in the host cells when transcription is driven by eukaryotic control elements. This has led to B and T cell stimulation and to protective responses. How these responses are generated remains still unclear. Muscle cells apparently express low levels of MHC class I but lack MHC class II and costimulatory molecules. Although, it is not known which cells function as antigen presenting cells (APC) under these circumstances, it is likely that resident dendritic cells or macrophages capture the antigen and migrate to lymph nodes and spleen to stimulate CD4.sup.+ and CD8.sup.+ T cells. Indeed antigen expressing dendritic cells have been observed after genetic immunization into the skin using a gene gun (Condon et al., 1996). It is not known whether DNA is also transferred directly into dendritic cells when plasmids are applied into muscles. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 221
•
Bacterial expression systems Inventor(s): Jennings, Michael Paul; (Queensland, AU), Terry, Tamsin Deborah; (Queensland, AU) Correspondence: Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld L.L.P.; One Commerce Square; 2005 Market Street, Suite 2200; Philadelphia; PA; 19103-7013; US Patent Application Number: 20030224009 Date filed: May 9, 2003 Abstract: An inducible expression system is provided that includes an inducible ansB promoter co-dependently regulatable by cyclic AMP and anaerobiosis. The expression system is particularly suited to chromosomal expression of immunogenic proteins in attenuated bacterial vaccines. Protein expression from an E. coli-derived ansB promoter is particularly effective in a Salmonella host bacterium. Excerpt(s): THIS INVENTION relates to an inducible expression system suitable for use in vaccines, and methods of immunization, without being limited thereto. More particularly, this invention relates to an expression vector comprising a bacterial ansB promoter isolated from a gene encoding L-asparaginase II, which is suitable for use in vaccines. The expression vector is capable of integration into a bacterial host genome whereby immunogenic proteins may be expressed. Efficient delivery of vaccines is central to immunization regimes. Attenuated bacteria such as Salmonella have been used for this purpose, both for providing immunization against the attenuated bacteria itself, and for delivery of heterologous proteins useful as immunogens. In order to deliver heterologous proteins, bacterial expression vectors have been devised in the form of extrachromosomal plasmid vectors and as vectors which are integrated into bacterial chromosomal DNA (Strugnell et al., 1990, Gene 88 57). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Composition and method for detecting and early and differentiated counting of gramnegative microorganisms Inventor(s): Martinez, Claudio Rodriguez; (Communidad Cientifica Bejucal, CU), Quesada Muniz, Vivian de Jesus; (Quivican, CU) Correspondence: Lackenbach Siegel Marzullo; Aronson & Greenspan; Penthouse Suite; One Chase Road; Scardale; NY; 10583; US Patent Application Number: 20030044882 Date filed: April 4, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is related with the Microbiology field and particularly with a composition and a method for early detection, identification, differentiation and count of microscopic organisms, concretely Gram-negative microorganisms.The composition described in the invention consist on a mixture of substances of protein origin with a total nitrogen content from 9 to 20% and in relationship between 2:1 to 24:1, concerning to the content of inhibitors of the Gram-positive organisms. It contains a mixture of organic and inorganic substances that facilitate the differentiation of the Gram-negative organisms, being this mixture in a relationship from 0.5:1 to 2:1 concerning to the mixture of substances of protein origin.The referred composition allows the detection and differentiated count of E. coli and other coliform organisms due to the blue-greenish color of the colonies of these microorganisms on the orange bottom
222 Salmonella
of the medium; Salmonella not typhi for the red color of the centers of the colonies on rosy bottom of the medium; Salmonella typhi and Proteus for the transparency of the colonies; Citrobacter and Klebsiella for the violet color of the colonies on the pink to orange bottom of the medium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the orange color with darker center of the colony, taking greenish pigmentation after 24 hours and producing greenish fluorescence under low ultraviolet light. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related with the Microbiology field and particularly with a composition and a method for early detection, identification, differentiation and count of microscopic organisms, concretely Gram-negative microorganisms. The recuperation, identification and count of Gram-negative microorganisms, such as Salmonella, E. coli and coliforms group, are of a great interest in the clinical diagnosis and in the sanitary quality control of waters, foods and environmental samples. For the identification and count of the microscopic Gram-negative organisms, exists a range of culture media with formulations that could be considered "traditional", many of them developed from the past century. Within these media could be marked S. S. Agar, S. S. Agar (modified), XLD Medium, Hektoen Enteric Agar, Kristensen Agar and Brilliant Green Agar, used for the identification of Salmonella (Soria Melquizo, F. Difco Handbook. Tenth edition. 1984; MERCK Handbook of Culture Media. 1990; OXOID Handbook of Culture Media. 1995) In general, these media have an inconvenient: they are inhibitory to a great number of enteric bacteria, even Salmonella's growth is observed lightly inhibited due to the use of inhibitors that overcome the growth promoting properties of the nutrients that media contain. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Compositions and methods for delivery of an agent using attenuated Salmonella containing phage Inventor(s): Bermudes, David G.; (Wallingford, CT), Clairmont, Caroline A.; (Cheshire, CT), King, Ivan C.; (North Haven, CT) Correspondence: Pennie And Edmonds; 1155 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 100362711 Patent Application Number: 20030113293 Date filed: February 13, 2002 Abstract: The present application generally discloses delivery of an agent which can be therapeutic or prophylactic and, more particularly, the preparation and use of attenuated bacteria, such as Salmonella, containing a bacteriophage in which the genome of the bacteriophage has been modified to encode for a gene product of interest, e.g., an antigen or an anti-tumor protein. The bacteria functions as a vector for delivering the bacteriophage encoded gene product of interest to an appropriate site of action, e.g., the site of a solid tumor. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/645,418, filed Aug. 24, 2000, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/150,928, filed Aug. 26, 1999, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. The present invention is generally concerned with delivery of an agent which can be therapeutic or prophylactic and, more particularly, with the preparation and use of attenuated bacteria containing a bacteriophage in which the genome of the bacteriophage has been modified to encode for a gene product of interest, e.g., an antigen or an anti-tumor protein. The bacteria
Patents 223
functions as a vector for delivering the bacteriophage encoded gene product of interest to an appropriate site of action, e.g., the site of a solid tumor. A major problem in the chemotherapy of solid tumor cancers is delivery of therapeutic agents, such as drugs, in sufficient concentrations to eradicate tumor cells while at the same time minimizing damage to normal cells. Thus, studies in many laboratories are directed toward the design of biological delivery systems, such as antibodies, cytokines, and viruses for targeted delivery of drugs, pro-drug converting enzymes, and/or genes into tumor cells. Houghton and Colt, 1993, New Perspectives in Cancer Diagnosis and Management 1: 65-70; de Palazzo, et al., 1992a, Cell. Immunol. 142:338-347; de Palazzo et al., 1992b, Cancer Res. 52: 5713-5719; Weiner, et al., 1993a, J. Immunotherapy 13:110-116; Weiner et al., 1993b, J. Immunol. 151:2877-2886; Adams et al., 1993, Cancer Res. 53:4026-4034; Fanger et al., 1990, FASEB J. 4:2846-2849; Fanger et al., 1991, Immunol. Today 12:51-54; Segal, et al., 1991, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 636:288-294; Segal et al., 1992, Immunobiology 185:390-402; Wunderlich et al., 1992; Intl. J. Clin. Lab. Res. 22:17-20; George et al., 1994, J. Immunol. 152:1802-1811; Huston et al., 1993, Intl. Rev. Immunol. 10:195-217; Stafford et al., 1993, Cancer Res. 53:4026-4034; Haber et al., 1992, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 667:365-381; Haber, 1992, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 667: 365-381; Feloner and Rhodes, 1991, Nature 349:351-352; Sarver and Rossi, 1993, AIDS Research & Human Retroviruses 9:483-487; Levine and Friedmann, 1993, Am. J. Dis. Child 147:1167-1176; Friedmann, 1993, Mol. Genetic Med. 3:1-32; Gilboa and Smith, 1994, Trends in Genetics 10:139-144; Saito et al., 1994, Cancer Res. 54:3516-3520; Li et al., 1994, Blood 83:3403-3408; Vieweg et al., 1994, Cancer Res. 54:1760-1765; Lin et al., 1994, Science 265:666-669; Lu et al., 1994, Human Gene Therapy 5:203-208; Gansbacher et al., 1992, Blood 80:2817-2825; Gastl et al., 1992, Cancer Res. 52:6229-6236. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Compositions and methods for reducing the amount of salmonella in livestock Inventor(s): Harris, Delbert L.; (Ames, IA), Lee, Nakhyung; (Ames, IA) Correspondence: Dickstein Shapiro Morin & Oshinsky Llp; 2101 L Street NW; Washington; DC; 20037-1526; US Patent Application Number: 20020127207 Date filed: November 8, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides compositions comprising Felix 0-1 Phage (F01 phage) in a an-acceptable carrier and methods of administering the compositions to a livestock animal to reduce or prevent dissemination of Salmonella. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/246,972 filed on Nov. 13, 2000 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Enteric bacteria such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli can cause food-borne illness in humans due to ingestion of contaminated food products. The economic and health consequences of contaminated livestock increase the importance of finding an inexpensive yet effective method of reducing or eliminating food-borne illness. Concern regarding the overuse of antibiotics has lead to a search for alternative mechanisms to combat livestock-related infection. Bacteria resistant to antibiotics are a threat to human and animal health. New classes of antibiotics have not been discovered in the past 30 years. Furthermore, antimicrobial usage in animals is being restricted in order to protect the public health. Concurrently, changes in social awareness and concerns regarding food safety have increased the need for reduced levels of Salmonella in pigs and other livestock.
224 Salmonella
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Disinfectant and method of making Inventor(s): Arata, Andrew B.; (Lake City, FL) Correspondence: Frijouf, Rust & Pyle, P.A.; 201 East Davis Boulevard; Tampa; FL; 33606; US Patent Application Number: 20020123523 Date filed: March 2, 2001 Abstract: A non-toxic environmentally friendly aqueous disinfectant is disclosed for specific use as prevention against contamination by potentially pathogenic bacteria and virus. The aqueous disinfectant is formulated by electrolytically generating silver ions in water in combination with a citric acid. The aqueous disinfectant may include a suitable alcohol and/or a detergent. The aqueous disinfectant has been shown to be very effective at eliminating standard indicator organisms such as staphylococcus aureus, salmonella cholerasuis and pseudomonas aeruginosa. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of United States Patent Provisional application serial No. 60/061,673 filed Oct. 10, 1997. All subject matter set forth in provisional application serial No. 60/061,673 is hereby incorporated by reference into the present application as if fully set forth herein. This invention relates to disinfectants and more particularly to an environmentally friendly, non-toxic aqueous disinfectant for specific use against pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The prior art has demonstrated that the presence of copper and silver ions in an aqueous solution is useful as a disinfectant. Many in the prior art have used copper and silver ions in an aqueous solution as a disinfectant in water systems such as cooling towers, swimming pools, hot water systems in hospitals, potable water systems, spa pools and the like. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
E. coli, Salmonella or Hafnia autoinducers Inventor(s): Freestone, Primrose Pamela Elaine; (Leicester, GB), Haigh, Richard David; (Leicester, GB), Lyte, Mark; (Eagan, MI), Williams, Peter Humphrey; (Leicester, GB) Correspondence: Bracewell & Patterson, Llp; Suite 1600; 201 Main Street; Fort Worth; TX; 76102; US Patent Application Number: 20020068330 Date filed: July 12, 2001 Abstract: The present invention concerns a novel bacterial autoinducer, methods of its manufacture, isolation and purification, uses of autoinducer isolated and purified using same, and the uses of the autoinducer. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns bacterial autoinducers of growth, methods for their purification, autoinducers purified by such methods, and their use to induce the growth of bacteria, both the source organism and other species. Signalling events between bacteria and host cells are an integral component of the dynamic and complex process of infection and disease. It has recently become clear that signalling between bacteria is also of importance to this process. Low molecular weight, diffusible signal molecules produced by bacteria, termed autoinducers (AI), play a crucial role in the
Patents 225
development of bacterial infections, of both plants and animals. These autoinducers may determine whether or not an initial infection, often involving only a very few bacteria, will succumb to the many defence mechanisms of a host or whether these host defences are overcome, and bacterial growth and disease occur. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Effective monitoring system for anthrax smallpox, or other pathogens Inventor(s): Byerly, Joseph; (Pebble Beach, CA), Lu, Peter S.; (Mountain View, CA), Sherlock, Thomas M.; (Los Altos, CA) Correspondence: David Garman; 772 Lucerne Drive; Sunnyvale; CA; 94085; US Patent Application Number: 20030153021 Date filed: December 6, 2002 Abstract: A device and method for detecting anthrax or other pathogens are disclosed. Individual self-contained monitoring devices of a monitoring system can be portable or stationary (e.g. installed in air ducts or plumbing of buildings) and can be part of a network of devices. Monitoring devices may be used for the detection of a variety of airborne or surface pathogens, including but not limited to anthrax, smallpox, and Salmonella. Bioamplification-coupled proteomics assays provide rapid and reliable detection of pathogens, with self-checking capabilities reducing or eliminating false positives and false negatives. Sample preservation capability allows pathogen samples to be preserved after detection for further testing. The device of the invention can be remotely operated by minimally trained technicians or security personnel. The pathogen monitoring device of the invention provides a more compact, accurate, rapid, and costeffective alternative to other anthrax detectors, and an effective weapon against bioterrorism. Excerpt(s): The rapid detection of microorganisms, particularly highly virulent pathogens, is required for the timely treatment of serious infections. Contamination of air or water by pathogenic microorganisms can occur naturally, can be the result of unintended human interference, or can occur as a result of intentional use of biological warfare agents against military and civilian populations. Because of the ability of pathogens to disseminate and infect human populations rapidly, a detection system requires speed, versatility and, preferably, portability. Early detection and identification of pathogens in patients allows a health care worker to diagnose and appropriately treat a patient. Remote sampling and detection of microorganisms can limit exposure to biological agents through the identification of contaminated areas. These areas can then be quarantined and decontaminated by appropriately trained individuals. However, in spite of the need for rapid detection of pathogens, detection equipment in current use has significant shortcomings. Manipulating and interpreting pathogen detection devices in the field is a hazardous duty, and can be made more difficult by cumbersome protective clothing worn by health care or military personnel. Thus, remote and automated sensing is required to address both safety and efficiency concerns. To be truly effective as a monitoring system, it also must be widely distributed, such that detection of bioterrorism induced or natural outbreaks can be rapidly identified and controlled. In turn, the need for a widespread early warning network demands that any detection device be accurate, automated and relatively inexpensive. There are several methods commonly used to detect pathogens in collected samples, but not all of these methods are rapid, readily automatable or of low cost. These include (i) amplification of pathogen-specific nucleic acid sequences, including methods for amplifying pathogen-
226 Salmonella
specific nucleic acid sequences requiring numerous time-consuming steps that are difficult to automate and often produce false positives or false negatives; (ii) culture of pathogens on appropriate growth media, followed by isolation and either timeconsuming biochemical or histological assays; (iii) mass spectrometer-based detection of pathogen-specific components, in which each detection unit is expensive to produce; and (iv) serological-based assays, which have limited sample size and can only detect pathogens in an infected individual. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Egg-based powder and food containing the same Inventor(s): Abraham, Denis; (Coquainvilliers, FR), Bisson, Jean-Pierre; (Caen, FR) Correspondence: Winston & Strawn; Patent Department; 1400 L Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3502; US Patent Application Number: 20030152688 Date filed: January 21, 2003 Abstract: An egg-based powder is made available as a gelling and emulsifying component in fermented foods of the drinks, dessert, fromage frais and set or creamy yogurt type and is remarkable in that the entire properties of the eggs are preserved while ensuring the absence of salmonella by using only natural components. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of the US national phase designation of International application PCT/EP01/08095 filed Jul. 12, 2001, the content of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference thereto. The invention relates to a pasteurized egg-based powder whose organoleptic and functional properties are functionally similar to those of egg after reconstituting in an aqueous medium. It also relates to an egg-based fermented food of a novel type, manufactured from such a composition. Eggs are often used for their excellent functional properties, for example their gelling and emulsifying properties, for their color and taste. It is known that eggbased food products are not free of microbiological risks since eggs may contain sporulated microorganisms and salmonella. Egg proteins usually lose their functional properties, in particular their gelling ability, under the heat treatment conditions which would be necessary for the elimination of such spores and salmonella. Accordingly, industrial egg products are generally pasteurized, but this does not eliminate all risks. Because of residual risks, the use of eggs is limited. In particular, the use of eggs which have been simply pasteurized in a conventional manner under conditions which maintain their organoleptic and functional properties cannot be successfully and safely used in food products which have to undergo fermentation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 227
•
Identification of essential genes in prokaryotes Inventor(s): Carr, Grant J.; (Escondido, CA), Haselbeck, Robert; (San Diego, CA), Ohlsen, Kari L.; (San Diego, CA), Trawick, John D.; (La Mesa, CA), Wall, Daniel; (San Diego, CA), Xu, H. Howard; (San Diego, CA), Yamamoto, Robert T.; (San Diego, CA), Zyskind, Judith W.; (La Jolla, CA) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 620 Newport Center Drive; Sixteenth Floor; Newport Beach; CA; 92660; US Patent Application Number: 20020061569 Date filed: March 21, 2001 Abstract: The sequences of antisense nucleic acids which inhibit the proliferation of prokaryotes are disclosed. Cell-based assays which employ the antisense nucleic acids to identify and develop antibiotics are also disclosed. The antisense nucleic acids can also be used to identify proteins required for proliferation, express these proteins or portions thereof, obtain antibodies capable of specifically binding to the expressed proteins, and to use those expressed proteins as a screen to isolate candidate molecules for rational drug discovery programs. The nucleic acids can also be used to screen for homologous nucleic acids that are required for proliferation in cells other than Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The nucleic acids of the present invention can also be used in various assay systems to screen for proliferation required genes in other organisms. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/191,078, filed Mar. 21, 2000, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/206,848, filed May 23, 2000, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/207,727, filed May 26, 2000, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/242,578, filed Oct. 23, 2000, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/253,625, filed Nov. 27, 2000, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/257,931, filed Dec. 22, 2000, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/269,308, filed Feb. 16, 2001 the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The present application is being filed along with duplicate copies of a CD-ROM marked "Copy 1" and "Copy 2" containing a Sequence Listing in electronic format. The duplicate copies of the CD-ROM each contain a file entitled SEQLIST_FINAL.sub.--9PM created on Mar. 20, 2001 which is 37,487,912 bytes in size. The information on these duplicate CD-ROMs is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Since the discovery of penicillin, the use of antibiotics to treat the ravages of bacterial infections has saved millions of lives. With the advent of these "miracle drugs," for a time it was popularly believed that humanity might, once and for all, be saved from the scourge of bacterial infections. In fact, during the 1980s and early 1990s, many large pharmaceutical companies cut back or eliminated antibiotics research and development. They believed that infectious disease caused by bacteria finally had been conquered and that markets for new drugs were limited. Unfortunately, this belief was overly optimistic. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
228 Salmonella
•
Immunotherapy based on dendritic cells Inventor(s): Collins, John Kevin; (County Cork, IE), O'Mahony, Liam; (Cork, IE) Correspondence: Jacobson Holman Pllc; 400 Seventh Street N.W.; Suite 600; Washington; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20020141977 Date filed: April 2, 2002 Abstract: Dendritic cells are exposed to at least one bacterial strain in particular bacterial species present in the human commensal flora. The bacterial strain may be a Lactobacillus and/or Bifidobacterium and/or salmonella strain. The exposed dendritic cells or a formulation, pharmaceutical or vaccine comprising such dendritic cells may be used in the prevention and/or treatment of various diseases such as inflammatory diseases. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to dendritic cells. Dendritic cells are professional antigen presenting cells specialised for the initiation of T cell immunity. Physical contact between dendritic cells and T cells is required for the induction of T cell immunity. Dendritic cells activate antigen-specific immune responses via two types of signalling steps. The first signal step involves the peptide-MHC/TCR interaction, while the second involves co-stimulatory molecules such as cell surface markers and cytokines. Immune responses are characterised by their polarisation in the cytokines that are produced. Dendritic cells produce an array of cytokines when they present antigens to T cells thus influencing the cytokine microenvironment and subsequent immune response. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Live attenuated salmonella strains for producing monovalent or multivalent vaccines Inventor(s): Berdoz, Jose A.; (Chernex, CH), Vladoianu, Ion R.; (Cologny, CH) Correspondence: Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky And Popeo, P.C; One Financial Center; Boston; MA; 02111; US Patent Application Number: 20030068328 Date filed: November 5, 2001 Abstract: Disclosed herein methods for producing live attenuated Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A and B and other Salmonella mutants which can be used in vaccines to prevent diseases caused by Salmonella infection. These mutants can also be used to prevent or treat diseases caused by other bacterial strains, by viral and parasitic pathogens and by tumor cells. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the preparation of live attenuated Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A and B and of other live attenuated Salmonella mutants which can be used in methods to prevent diseases caused by Salmonella infection. These mutants can also be used to prevent or treat diseases caused by other bacterial strains, by viral and parasitic pathogens and by tumor cells. Enteric diseases caused by Salmonella bacteria, Salmonellosis, is an important global health problem, particularly in the developing world (Ivanoff et al., ANN. MED. INT., 149: 340350 (1998); Pang et al., TRENDS MICROBIOL. 6: 131-133 (1998)). Moreover, the incidence of enteric fevers caused by multi-drug-resistant Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) and Salmonella paratyphi (S. paratyphi) is continuously increasing all over the world (Akinyemi et al., ZEITSCHRIFT FR NATURFORSCHUNG, SECTION C, 55: 489-493
Patents 229
(2000); Chandel et al., EMERG. INFECT. DIS., 6: 420-421 (2000)). These observations underscore the importance of vaccination as an alternate medical route to control Salmonella-related diseases (Hampton et al., EMERG. INFECT. DIS., 4: 317-320 (1998); Mermin et al, ARCH. INT. MED., 158: 633-638 (1998)). In spite of the significant efficiency of the anti-typhoid vaccines currently marketed, including the killed vaccines, the live attenuated Ty 21a vaccine (Vivotif.RTM.), the Vi-polysaccharide vaccine (Typhim.RTM.) and of the live attenuated Salmonella strains currently tested in clinical trials, there is a great demand for other live attenuated Salmonella strains with improved properties. Indeed, each of these vaccines is associated with at least one drawback of sufficient concern that there is interest in the development of additional candidates S. typhi vaccine strains. Moreover, no vaccine is available against the paratyphoid fevers and effective anti-paratyphoid vaccines are urgently needed to protect travelers from developed countries that visit endemic regions, to prevent disease outbreaks in industrialized countries, and to tackle endemicity in developing countries. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method and apparatus for treating water for use in improving the intestinal flora of livestock and poultry Inventor(s): Johnson, Troy T.; (Portland, OR), Lorenz, John d?apos;Arc II; (New York, NY), Orolin, John J.; (West Linn, OR), Schorzman, Scott A.; (Kenmore, WA) Correspondence: Seed Intellectual Property Law Group Pllc; 701 Fifth Ave; Suite 6300; Seattle; WA; 98104-7092; US Patent Application Number: 20020168418 Date filed: February 6, 2002 Abstract: A water treatment system for treating water for use in improving the intestinal flora of livestock and poultry. The treated water for livestock and poultry use provides water with increased dissolved oxygen such that when the treated water is ingested, the livestock and poultry have increased lactic acid producing bacteria and decreased coliforms in the intestine. Increasing the molecular oxygen content in the intestine through providing the birds with treated water containing higher an increased level of dissolved oxygen alters the balance of flora in favor of the beneficial bacteria, thereby improving bird health and performance. By reducing the numbers of strict anaerobes in the gut of the growing bird, the risk of infectious disease, and hence morbidity and mortality are reduced. This allows the beneficial bacteria to proliferate thereby enhancing the digestion and absorption of available nutrients to the bird. The net effect of encouraging the beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacilli, and suppressing the pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, Clostridium and Helicobacter pylori, is greater body weight and improved feed efficiency and healthier animals with fewer antibiotics. The system includes a water treatment filter, a flow meter that coordinates with a flow switch and an electrocatalytic cell coupled to a holding chamber that is attached to an outlet of the cell. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to a water treatment system and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for treating water for livestock and poultry use such that the livestock and poultry have increased lactic acid producing bacteria and decreased coliforms in the intestine when ingesting the treated water. The need for high quality water in livestock and poultry production is becoming increasingly essential. This is primarily due to the overall reduction in water quality and the trend towards larger and denser livestock and poultry populations. Water quality, whether it be
230 Salmonella
ground or surface water, has been deteriorating over many years for reasons that range from animal waste and agricultural chemical runoff to lowered ground water tables. Occurrences of contamination from nitrates, bacteria, chemicals, iron, hydrogen sulfide, etc., have become more and more prevalent. Poor water quality has resulted in higher disease and morbidity rate in livestock and poultry, which has increased the need for antibiotic use. Drinking water quality is an important factor for livestock and poultry health. Elevated concentrations of minerals, bacteria or toxic constituents in the water can have a detrimental effect on normal physiological processes in the body, thus causing inferior development, such as weight gain and growth. High concentrations of minerals can also restrict water flow to the birds by clogging the feeder lines. This can cause flooding of the drinkers and wet litter, which, in turn, can lead to disease and leg problems. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for introduction of reporter groups into bacterial lipopolysaccharide-derived carbohydrates and the subsequent coupling of such derivatives onto solid surfaces Inventor(s): Boas, Ulrik; (Copenhagen, DK), Heegaard, Peter M. H.; (Copenhagen, DK), Jakobsen, Mogens Havsteen; (Vanlose, DK), Jauho, Eva Irene Stenbaek; (Copenhagen, DK) Correspondence: Edwards & Angell, Llp; Dike, Bronstein, Roberts & Cushman, IP Group; P.O. Box 9169; Boston; MA; 02209; US Patent Application Number: 20020128381 Date filed: April 25, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a method for immobilising a polysaccharide (PS) to a solid surface, said polysaccharide having a keto-carboxy group (--C(.dbd.O)-COOH) or a ketal or hemiketal group corresponding thereto, e.g. derived from KDO (2keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octonic acid)), the method comprising the steps of: (a) forming a covalent bond between the carboxy group of the polysaccharide and a reporter molecule (RM), thereby forming a polysaccharide-reporter molecule conjugate (PS-RM), said reporter molecule comprising a recognition/substrate site (e.g. biotin or an anthraquinone); and (b) immobilising the polysaccharide-report molecule conjugate by forming a specific bond (e.g. by photocoupling or formation of an affinity pair) between the recognition/substrate site of said reporter molecule and a reception/reagent site of the solid surface. The present invention also provides a solid surface thus obtainable and the use of such solid surfaces for diagnostic purposes, e.g. for the detection of bacterial infections from Gram-negative bacteria that are human or veterinary pathogens, e.g. enterobacteria, respiratory bacteria, urogenitial bacteria, and neuropathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella sp., Actinobacillus sp. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for immobilising special classes of polysaccharides to solid surfaces. Such a method is highly valuable in the construction of reliable assays for the detection of an antibody corresponding to the polysaccharide antigen. The present invention also relates to modified solid surfaces and to the use of such surfaces in various diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the present invention relates to novel KDO derivatives which are valuable intermediates in the construction of such modified solid surfaces. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are characteristic outer membrane constituents of Gram-negative bacteria. LPSs are widely used as antigens in diagnostic assays specially designed for the specific detection of antibodies in serum, plasma, meat juice, saliva or other body fluids, originating from bacterial infections in
Patents 231
humans and animals. LPSs are highly immunogenic and comprise one of the epitope characteristics for a given bacterial strain. In fact, the definition of a serotype is often based on the LPS and/or capsular polysaccharide (CPS) antigenicity. The antigenic specificity of the LPS molecule resides in the polysaccharide part of the LPS, the Oantigen, whereas the toxicity of the LPS is caused by residues contained in the lipid part of the LPS, called the lipid A. LPSs are highly amphiphilic compounds because of the joint presence of a hydrophilic O -polysaccharide group and a hydrophobic lipid group in the LPS molecule. Most of the characterised LPSs have the same principal structure which is especially conserved in the lipid A and in the inner core parts of the LPSs. The core is the part of the polysaccharide that comprises the bond between the O-antigen and the lipid A. This bond is invariably comprised of a ketosidic bond between the hemiketal function of the innermost KDO-residue and a hydroxyl-group of a GIcNAcresidue of the lipid A. The O-antigen of a specific bacterial serotype varies with respect to numbers of repeating units and may contain non-stoicheometrical substitutions with acetyl, phosphate, glycosyl or other groups. Generally, LPS-molecules without Oantigens, that is carrying only (parts of the core saccharides in addition to the lipid A are called "rough" LPS, while LPS-molecules carrying O-antigens are called "smooth" (Raetz, C. R. H. in Escherichia coli and Salmonella: Cellular and Molecular Biology (Neidhardt, F. C. E. A., ed.) Vol. 1, 2nd Ed., pp. 1035-1063, American Society for Microbiology, Washington D.C., 1996; Hitchcock et al, 1986, J. Bacteriol. 166, 699-705). ELISA, enzymelinked immunosorbent assay, is a well known method for detection of antibodies. In this assay, the LPSs are coated (or immobilised) on a solid surface (e.g. a plastic surface) by passive adsorption, where they serve as probes for specific antibodies. The method consists of incubation of the LPS-coated surface with the biological sample being assayed for the presence of antibodies, followed by incubation of the LPS-antibody complex with a labelled secondary antibody. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for the detection of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis Inventor(s): Agron, Peter G.; (Castro Valley, CA), Andersen, Gary L.; (Berkeley, CA), Walker, Richard L.; (Davis, CA) Correspondence: Ann M. Lee; Assistant Laboratory Counsel; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; P.O. Box 808, L-703; Livermore; CA; 94551; US Patent Application Number: 20030157696 Date filed: October 16, 2002 Abstract: Described herein is the identification of a novel Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis locus that serves as a marker for DNA-based identification of this bacterium. In addition, three primer pairs derived from this locus that may be used in a nucleotide detection method to detect the presence of the bacterium are also disclosed herein. Excerpt(s): In the last few decades, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis has emerged as a major cause of food-borne illness worldwide. This pathogen is distinguished from its many close relatives also found in poultry environments by its ability to infect chicken ovaries before the eggshell is formed, allowing transmission through intact eggs. Once established in the human host from raw or undercooked eggs or egg products, this bacterium causes gastroenteritis similar to other Salmonella enterica serovars. Infection in poultry flocks, which is asymptomatic, was first noticed in the late 1970's, and in the 1980's spread rapidly throughout the United Kingdom, the United States, South America, and other areas. During this period, the proportion of
232 Salmonella
salmonellosis cases attributed to Salmonella serovar Enteritidis increased substantially, showing a 275-fold increase in Argentina and becoming the predominant cause of this disease in the U.S. (see Hogue, A et al. 1997, Epidemiology and control of Salmonella enteritidis in the United States of America, Revue Scientifique et Technique 16:542-553, Morales, R. A. et al 1999, Economic Consequences of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Infection in Humans and the U.S. Egg Industry, Iowa State University Press, Ames, Rodrigue, D. C. et al. 1990, International increase in Salmonella enteritidis: a new pandemic? Epidemiol. Infect. 105:21-27). Baumler et al. suggested that this rapid increase of Salmonella serovar Enteritidis may have been due to successful campaigns to eradicate Salmonella serovars Pullorum and Gallinarum, the causative agents in chickens of bacillary white diarrhea and fowl typhoid, respectively ( see Bumler, A. J., et al. 2000, Tracing the origins of Salmonella outbreaks, Science, 287:50-2). It is hypothesized that these avian-adapted Salmonellae provided cross-immunity against Salmonella serovar Enteritidis because of important similarities in lipopolysaccharide structures. Therefore, these campaigns may have opened an ecological niche that has since been occupied by Salmonella serovar Enteritidis. This view remains controversial, however, as serovars Gallinarum and Pullorum remain prevalent in many developing countries where serovar Enteritidis has nevertheless increased dramatically, and turkey flocks in developed countries, now free of serovars Gallinarum and Pullorum, have not been colonized by serovar Enteritidis (see Pomeroy, B. S. et al. 1991, Fowl typhoid, In: Calnek, B. W., Barnes, H. J., Beard, C. W. et al. [eds.]; Diseases of Poultry. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, pp. 100-7, Silva, E.N. 1985, Salmonella gallinarum problem in Central and South America. In: Snoyenbos, G. H. [ed], and Proceedings of International Symposium on Salmonella, New Orleans, La. American Association of Avian Pathologists, Kennett Square, Pa., pp. 150-6). Unlike the avian-adapted Salmonellae, rodents serve as an animal reservoir for Salmonella serovar Enteritidis, suggesting that culling would not be an effective method of control. It is possible that the use of Salmonella serovar Enteritidis as a rodenticide may have contributed to the current prevalence of this serovar, and it is also likely that infected rodents are currently a source of disease. In addition to the health risks, this pathogen has had a significant economic impact on the egg industry through decreased consumer confidence following well-publicized outbreaks. An aspect of the invention includes a method comprising: providing a sample; providing a DNA sequence, wherein the DNA sequence is complimentary to a target DNA sequence derived from SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, or SEQ ID NO: 4; and detecting the existence of the target DNA sequence by a nucleotide detection method, wherein the existence of the target DNA sequence indicates the presence of salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in the sample. Another aspect of the invention includes a method comprising: providing a sample; providing at least one primer pair derived from a DNA having a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; and detecting salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis with PCR. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 233
•
Method for the production of the egg containing anti-pathogenic bacteria specific antbodies(igy) and the yogurt and ice cream containing the igy Inventor(s): Baek, Ban-Suk; (Gyeonggi-do, KR), Jung, Kwnag-Yong; (Daejeon, KR), Lee, Nam-Hyung; (Seoul, KR), Ryu, Jung-Soo; (Daejeon, KR), Sunwoo, Sun-Young; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: Fleshner & Kim; PO Box 221200; Chantilly; VA; 20153-1200; US Patent Application Number: 20030185856 Date filed: November 27, 2002 Excerpt(s): The present invention provides the method for the production of the egg containing anti-pathogenic bacteria specific antibodies (IgY) preventing gastritis, diarrhea, and food poisoning by immunizing young hens with antigen proteins of E. coli causing enteritis, Helicobacter pylori causing gastritis, and Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium, causing food poisoning, simultaneously, the composition containing the protein powders of the specific antibodies described above, mixed in the appropriate ratio, which produced by immunization with the four antigens separately, and the foodstuff processed with milk, such as the yogurt and ice cream, containing the anti-pathogenic bacteria specific antibodies (IgY). Additionally, as the method for isolating the protein powders of the specific antibodies, the method for separating protein and phospholipid, particularly, proceeded in a process of diluting egg yolk with distilled water in 1:1 ratio, adding the appropriate amount of ammonium sulfate which enable water-soluble protein and phospholipid to separate, and the method for separating the pigment of egg-yolk and water-soluble protein, proceeded in a process of diluting those separated solution with distilled water, sitting in the certain temperature to precipitate and purify the proteins. The prior art related to patent of E.1coli is summarized as following. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Method of creating antibodies and compositions used for same Inventor(s): Heithoff, Douglas M.; (Goleta, CA), Low, David A.; (Goleta, CA), Mahan, Michael J.; (Santa Barbara, CA), Sinsheimer, Robert L.; (Santa Barbara, CA) Correspondence: Catherine M. Polizzi; Morrison & Foerster Llp; 755 Page Mill Road; Palo Alto; CA; 94304-1018; US Patent Application Number: 20020068068 Date filed: August 9, 2001 Abstract: The present invention is directed towards compositions containing pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Haemophilus, E. Coli, and/or Salmonella) having non-reverting genetic mutations which alter activity of DNA adenine methylase (Dam) and methods using these compositions to elicit an immune response to produce highly specific antibodies. The invention also provides methods for preparing vaccines as well as screening methods to identify agents which may have anti-bacterial activity. Excerpt(s): This patent application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/612,116 filed Jul. 7, 2000 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/495,614, filed Feb. 1, 2000, which claims the priority benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/241,951, filed Feb. 2, 1999, converted to U.S. Provisional Ser. Nos. 60/183,043, and 09/305,603, filed May 5, 1999, converted to U.S.
234 Salmonella
Provisional Ser. No. 60/198,250, all of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety and to which applications is claimed priority. The present invention relates generally to methods of creating antibodies and to compositions including vaccines used in the methods. In particular, this invention relates to methods of creating antibodies using immunogenic compositions generally comprising bacteria which are normally pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Salmonella) which have been modified to contain a mutation affecting DNA adenine methylase (Dam) which renders the bacteria nonpathogenic. Food-borne disease presents a serious threat to our health, the safety of the nation's food supply, and to the agricultural industry. Each year over 80 million Americans suffer from food poisoning, at a cost estimated between $5 and $23 billion annually in medical treatment and lost wages (Snydman, D. R., Food poisoning. In: Infectious Diseases, second edition, Gorbach, S. L., et al, eds., 768-781 (1998)). Our defenses against food-borne disease are failing as new pathogens have emerged that can cause more debilitating forms of disease and/or can no longer be controlled by available antibiotics; examples include Escherichia coli (E. coli) 0157:H7, Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis), and S. typhimurium DT104 (Alterkruse, S. F., et al., Emerging food borne diseases, 3:July-September (1997)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods and compositions for vaccination against or involving enterobacteriaceae bacteria Inventor(s): Chopra, Ashok; (League City, TX), Klimpel, Gary R.; (Santa Fe, TX), Niesel, David W.; (Friendswood, TX), Sha, Jian; (League City, TX) Correspondence: Fulbright & Jaworski L.L.P.; Suite 2400; 600 Congress Avenue; Austin; TX; 78701-3271; US Patent Application Number: 20030215464 Date filed: March 20, 2003 Abstract: The present invention concerns the use of methods and compositions to prophylactically or therapeutically vaccinate a subject against a pathogen or disease. Embodiments of the invention include the production of an attenuated bacterium from the family Enterobacteriaceae with a non-functional lipoprotein for use as a vaccine or as a vaccine vector for delivering antigens to a subject to be vaccinated. In certain embodiments, a bacterium of the Enterobacteriaceae family lacking a wild type LP, for example Salmonella typhimurium lacking a wild type LP, may be produced and used as a vaccine or vaccine vector. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent application serial No. 60/366,346 filed on Mar. 21, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates generally to the fields of microbiology and immunology. More particularly, it concerns methods and compositions for vaccination against bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae, as well as methods and compositions for vaccination against any heterologous peptide or polypeptide expressed by a bacterium in the family Enterobacteriaceae. Vaccines are a medical tool for the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of infectious diseases, including infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi and other pathogens. In addition to affording protection against infectious diseases, vaccines may now also be developed to stimulate the host's immune system to recognize cells with aberrant growth characteristics, such as tumor cells.
Patents 235
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods and kits for testing mutagenicity Inventor(s): Saghbini, Michael; (San Diego, CA), Wing, Luman; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: Keith Johnson, ESQ.; Transgenomic, INC.; 12325 Emmett Street; Omaha; NE; 68164; US Patent Application Number: 20030211457 Date filed: October 17, 2002 Abstract: In one aspect, methods and kits for determining the mutagenic potential of a test substance. The method includes exposing a tester strain (such as Salmonella typhimurium) to the substance, wherein the tester strain includes a gene (such as the histidine gene) having a preexisting mutation conferring auxotrophy, and the mutation is located at a pre-determined position in the gene, growing the tester strain in growth media lacking histidine, and detecting the presence of a back-mutation at the position by analysis of the nucleic acid. The tester strain can be selected from TA98, TA100, TA102 TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, and TA97. The test substance can be any of a wide variety of compounds such as petroleum extracts, pesticides, cosmetics, adhesives, herbicides, hair dyes, and pharmaceuticals. The detecting step can include one or more conventional mutation detection methods. Also provided are kits for conducting the method. The kits can include one or more tester strains, PCR primers, positive control compounds, and DNA polymerase. Excerpt(s): This application is a non-provisional U.S. patent application under 35 U.S.C.sctn.111 (a) and claims priority from the following co-pending, commonly assigned provisional applications, each filed under 35 U.S.C.sctn.111(b): Ser. No. 60/371,039 filed Apr. 8, 2002 and Ser. No. 60/380,359 filed May 13, 2002. The invention is in the fields of biochemistry and toxicology. The traditional Ames test is an FDA approved bacterial mutation assay designed to identify substances that can produce genetic damage. This assay is valuable because of the high correlation between mutagenic response and rodent carcinogenicity. The Ames assay uses a number of modified Salmonella strains with preexisting mutations in various regions of the histidine operon that render the cells unable to grow in the absence of histidine (auxotrophy). Upon exposure to test substances in the presence or absence of an exogenous mammalian metabolic activation system (liver S9 fraction) the genetic deficiency is corrected restoring histidine-independence (prototrophy). Correction can occur at the site of the preexisting mutation (hot spot) or nearby. Different strains are active with different classes of compounds. Table 1 outlines the reversion events detected by the various Ames strains. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
236 Salmonella
•
Methods and oligonucleotides for the detection of Salmonella sp., E. coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes Inventor(s): Ellingson, Jay L.E.; (Marshfield, WI), Vevea, Dirk N.; (Hewitt, WI) Correspondence: Zhibin Ren; Quarles & Brady Llp; 1 South Pinckney Street; P O Box 2113; Madison; WI; 53701-2113; US Patent Application Number: 20030022214 Date filed: June 21, 2002 Abstract: A method for detecting a Salmonella species, E. coli O157:H7, or Listeria monocytogenes is disclosed. The method involves amplifying a genomic nucleotide sequence of a corresponding species and detecting the amplification product. Various primers and probes that can be used in the method are also disclosed. In one embodiment, the amplification step of the method is accomplished by real-time PCR and the amplification product is detected by fluorescence resonance energy transfer using a pair of labeled polynucleotides. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. application Serial No. 60/300,199, filed on Jun. 22, 2001, U.S. application Serial No. 60/373,588, filed on Apr. 18, 2002, and U.S. application Serial No. 60/373,589, filed on Apr. 18, 2002. None. Federal and state health and safety standards mandate that industrial food service companies and manufacturing facilities perform routine testing for common bacteria, such as Salmonella species, E. coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes, that cause food-borne illnesses. As a safety precaution, companies are required to perform testing on each batch or lot of food prior to the food reaching the public. Several methods are currently available for industrial testing of bacteria in the food service industry. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Methods of improving shelf life of eggs Inventor(s): Davidson, L. John; (Atkinson, NH), Wagner, Myron A.; (Wilmington, DE) Correspondence: James P. Murphy; Mcandrews, Held & Malloy, LTD.; 500 West Madison Street, 34th Floor; Chicago; IL; 60661; US Patent Application Number: 20020041921 Date filed: September 14, 2001 Abstract: A method of extending the safe shelf life of shell eggs is taught. Eggs are pasteurized by heating eggs until a central portion of the yolks of the eggs is at a temperature between 128.degree. F. to 138.5.degree. F. That temperature is preferably maintained and controlled for times within parameter line A and parameter line B of FIG. 1 and sufficient that any Salmonella species present in the yolk is sufficiently reduced but insufficient that an albumen functionality of the egg measured in Haugh units is unacceptably affected. The pasteurized eggs are further processed to extend the shelf life of the eggs, and to substantially reduce re-contamination of the eggs. Eggs entering the pasteurization process are initially treated with an anti-bacterial agent. The bath itself is fortified with an anti-bacterial agent of food quality and periodically fortified. Processed eggs are treated with an anti-bacterial agent, and sealed. The sealant material provides a barrier substantially eliminating re-contamination. A safe egg is provided having a shelf life of 6 months or more.
Patents 237
Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to, and is a continuation of Provisional Patent Application serial Nos. 60/271,726 and 60/271,746, filed Feb. 28, 2001, and a continuation-in-part of Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 09/613,832, filed Jul. 11, 2000 and Ser. No. 09/197,573 filed Nov. 23, 1998. The present invention relates to poultry shell eggs of overall improved food safety quality and to shell egg pasteurization and post-pasteurization sterilization procedures that prevent contamination of and extend the shelf life of shell eggs. Functionality or Functional Properties: Eggs contribute to the volume, structure, texture, and keeping quality of baked products. The coagulation of egg proteins during heating brings about the thickening of custards and pie fillings and the binding of pieces of food together as in loaves or croquettes. When eggs are whipped, the proteins form elastic films and incorporate air that provides the leavening and volume needed in such products as angel food cakes, souffles, sponge cakes, and meringues. The foam structure of these products is made rigid by coagulation of the protein during baking. The elasticity of egg protein films is also important in popovers and cream puffs; the protein films stretch when steam is produced during baking and later coagulate to form the framework of the product. Lipoproteins of the yolk are good emulsifying agents. They make it possible to disperse the oil in the other ingredients and thereby contribute to the consistency of mayonnaise and salad dressings and the structure of cream puff shells. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
METHODS OF PRODUCING AND USING VIRULENCE ATTENUATED POXR MUTANT BACTERIA Inventor(s): KANIGA, KONE; (ST. LOUIS, MO), SUNDARAM, PREETI; (CHESTERFIELD, MO) Correspondence: Thompson Coburn, Llp; One Firstar Plaza; Suite 3500; ST Louis; MO; 63101; US Patent Application Number: 20020090376 Date filed: March 31, 1997 Abstract: Disclosed are bacteria having virulence attenuated by a mutation to the regulatory gene poxR. Also disclosed is a method of producing bacteria having virulence attenuated by mutating to the regulatory gene poxR. Such bacteria are useful for inducing an immune response in an animal or human against virulent forms of the bacteria with reduced risk of a virulent infection. Such bacteria are also useful to allow use of normally virulent bacteria as research tools with reduced risk of virulent infection. In a preferred embodiment, poxR attenuated bacteria can be used as a vaccine to induce immunoprotection in an animal against virulent forms of the bacteria. The disclosed bacteria can also be used as hosts for the expression of heterologous genes and proteins or to deliver DNA for genetic immunization. Attenuated bacteria with such expression can be used, for example, to deliver and present heterologous antigens to the immune system of an animal. Such presentation on live bacteria can lead to improved stimulation of an immune response by the animal to the antigens. It has been discovered that bacteria harboring a poxR mutation has significantly reduced virulence. Also disclosed is the nucleotide sequence of the poxR gene from Salmonella typhimurium, and the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein. The encoded protein has 325 amino acids and has significant sequence similarity to previously uncharacterized open reading frames in E. coli and Haemophilus influenzae.
238 Salmonella
Excerpt(s): The disclosed invention is in the general areas of bacteria with attenuated virulence and live bacterial vaccines. The poxA gene (Van Dyk et al., J. Bacteriology 169(10):4540-4546 (1987)), is a regulatory gene affecting expression of pyruvate oxidase (Chang and Cronan, J. Bacteriology 151(3):1279-1289 (1982)). The poxA gene of E. coli is located at min 94. Enzymological and immunological data indicate that mutations in poxA have an 8 to 10-fold decrease in pyruvate oxidase levels (Chang and Cronan (1982); Chang and Cronan, J. Bacteriol. 154:756-762 (1983)). It has also been reported that poxA mutants grow more slowly than the isogenic wild-type in both minimal and rich media, while poxB mutants exhibit normal growth. Van Dyk and LaRossa, J. Bacteriol. 165(2):386-392 (1986), isolated 15 mutant Salmonella typhimurium strains sensitive to the herbicide sulfometuron methyl (SM) [N-[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2yl)aminocarbonyl]-2-methoxycarbonyl-benzenesulfonamide], following Tn10 mutagenesis. Among these SM-hypersensitive mutations, a poxA mutation was identified and mapped to the 94 min region of S. typhimurium genetic map (Van Dyk et al. (1987)), a location analogous to that of poxA in E. coli. The S. typhimurium poxA mutant, similarly to the E. coli poxA mutant, had reduced pyruvate oxidase activity and reduced growth rates (Van Dyk et al. (1987)). Furthermore, the E. coli and S. typhimurium poxA mutants shared several additional phenotypes including hypersensitivity to SM, to.alpha.-ketobutyrate, and to a wide range of bacterial growth inhibitors, such as antibiotics, amino acid analogs and dyes (Van Dyk et al. (1987)). The immune system of animals is especially suited to reacting to and eliminating microorganisms which infect the animal. The sustained presence of the full range of antigens expressed by infecting microorganisms provide a stimulating target for the immune system. It is likely that these characteristics lead to the superior efficacy, on average, of vaccines using live attenuated virus. For similar reasons, live bacterial vaccines have been developed that express a desired antigen and colonize the intestinal tract of animals (Curtiss et al., Curr. Topics Micro. Immun. 146:35-49 (1989); Curtiss, Attenuated Salmonella Strains as Live Vectors for the Expression of Foreign Antigens, in New Generation Vaccines (Woodrow and Levine, eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1990) pages 161-188; Schodel, Infection 20(1):1-8 (1992); Crdenas and Elements, Clinical Micro. Rev. 5(3):328-342 (1992)). Most work to date has used avirulent Salmonella typhimurium strains synthesizing various foreign antigens for immunization of mice, chickens and pigs. Several avirulent S. typhi vectors have been evaluated in human volunteers (Tacket et al., Infect. Immun. 60:536-541 (1992)) and several phase I clinical trials with recombinant avirulent S. typhi strains are in progress in the U.S. and Europe. An important safety advantage of the live attenuated bacterial vaccine vectors as compared to the use of viral vector based vaccines is the ability to treat an immunized patient with oral ciprofloxacin or amoxicillin, should an adverse reaction occur. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Microbial SUMO protease homologs Inventor(s): Godzik, Adam; (San Diego, CA), Reed, John C.; (Rancho Santa Fe, CA) Correspondence: Campbell & Flores Llp; 4370 LA Jolla Village Drive; 7th Floor; San Diego; CA; 92122; US Patent Application Number: 20030203473 Date filed: November 20, 2002 Abstract: The invention provides isolated SUMO-specific protease-like (or "SSP") domain-containing polypeptides from microorganisms, including bacteria, protozoans
Patents 239
and yeast, including Eschericia, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Chlamydia, Plasmodium, Trypanosma, Mesorhizobium, Rickettsia, Cryptosporidium and Candida species, as well as modifications of such polypeptides, functional fragments therefrom, encoding nucleic acid molecules and specific antibodies. Also provided are methods for identifying polypeptides and compounds that associate with or modulate the activity of the SSP domain-containing polypeptides. Further provided are methods of modulating a biological activity in a cell, and treating pathological conditions, using the described nucleic acid molecules, polypeptides and compounds. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/331,895, filed Nov. 20, 2001, and which is incorporated herein by reference. The invention relates generally to the fields of medicine and cell biology and, more specifically, to the fields of infectious disease and regulation of apoptosis and inflammation. Post-translational modification of proteins is an important means of regulating protein activity, stability or localization. For example, post-translational modification of target proteins by conjugation to the small protein ubiquitin earmarks the target protein for degradation by the 26S proteasome. Recently, several small proteins have been identified with sequence similarity to ubiquitin and which modify target proteins. These ubiquitin-like modifiers (UBLs) include SUMO (small ubiquitinrelated modifier), Rubi (also called Nedd8), Apg8 and Apg12. In mammals, three members of the SUMO family have been described: SUMO-1, also known as PIC-1, sentrin or GMP1, which in humans is a 101 amino acid polypeptide; and the highly homologous polypeptides SUMO-2 and SUMO-3. Although SUMO-1 shares only about 18% sequence identity to ubiquitin, both polypeptides share a common threedimensional structure. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Mucosal microparticle conjugate vaccine Inventor(s): Sjoholm, Ingvar; (Uppsala, SE), Wikingsson, Lena Degling; (Spanga, SE) Correspondence: Burns, Doane, Swecker & Mathis, L.L.P.; P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030211122 Date filed: June 12, 2003 Abstract: Mucosal, particularly oral, microparticle conjugate vaccines against certain pathogenic microorganisms, especially intracellular pathogenic microorganisms, are disclosed. An immunizing component of such a vaccine comprises protectiongenerating antigens derived from a certain pathogenic microorganism, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Salmonella enteritidis, conjugated, possibly via a linker, to biodegradable microparticles, particularly starch microparticles, such as cross-linked starch microparticles, e.g. polyacryl starch microparticles. Further, a method of inducing protective immunity against a certain pathogenic microorganism in a mammal, and the use of protection-generating antigens derived from a certain pathogenic microorganism conjugated, possibly via a linker to biodegradable microparticles for the production of a mucosal microparticle conjugate vaccine are described. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to microparticle conjugate vaccines for mucosal, e.g. oral, administration to a mammal, including man. The vaccines are directed against a certain pathogenic microorganism, particularly an intracellular microorganism, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Salmonella enteritidis. The
240 Salmonella
invention also relates to a method of inducing protective immunity against such a microorganism, and to the use of protection-generating antigens derived from such a microorganism conjugated to biodegradable microparticles, for the production of the vaccines. Generally, vaccines today are formulated for parenteral administration. Only a few vaccines are used orally and then for specific purposes. Thus, oral cholera vaccines are intended to produce antibodies against the B-subunit CTB of the cholera toxin, causing diarrhea of the infected person, by disrupting the salt and water balance over the gut wall. The antibodies are supposed to inhibit the binding of the toxin via the CTB unit to a specific receptor (the GM1 receptor) in the epithelial wall. Moreover, some vaccines containing attenuated polio virus, with disputed efficacy, are approved to be used in some countries. However, no carrier system for oral use with isolated antigens has yet been approved for use in humans. There are some obvious advantages with oral vaccines. They are easier to use than parenteral ones, as the administration does not require professional personnel, like nurses, and an oral administration avoids the stress caused by an injection, particularly in children. In addition, the manufacture of an oral product is easier and thereby cheaper than for a sterile, parenteral product. More important though, are the potentially improved effects of an oral vaccination over a parenteral one in newborns, where the immune system in the mucosal and gut regions develop earlier than in other parts of the body, where the parenteral vaccines are active. Also for elderly people the mucosal response is probably better after oral vaccination. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Nanosilver-containing antibacterial and antifungal granules and methods for preparing and using the same Inventor(s): Cheng, Jiachong; (Beijing, CN), Yan, Jixiong; (Wuhan, CN) Correspondence: Venable; Post Office Box 34385; Washington; DC; 20043-9998; US Patent Application Number: 20020051823 Date filed: April 25, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to nanosilver-containing antibacterial and antifungal granules ("NAGs"). The NAGs have longlasting inhibitory effect on a broadspectrum of bacteria and fungi, which include, but are not limited to, Escherichia coli, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Chlamydia trachomatis, Providencia stuartii, Vibrio vulnificus, Pneumobacillus, Nitrate-negative bacillus, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Bacillus cloacae, Bacillus allantoides, Morgan's bacillus (Salmonella morgani), Pseudomonas maltophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus foecalis alkaligenes, Streptococcus hemolyticus B, Citrobacter, and Salmonella paratyphi C. The NAGs contain ground stalk marrow of the plant Juncus effuses L. which has been dispersed with nanosilver particles. The nanosilver particles are about 1-100 mn in diameter. Each of the nanosilver particles contain a metallic silver core which is surrounded by silver oxide. The present invention also provides a process for making the NAGs. The NAGs can be used in a variety of healthcare and industrial products. Examples of the healthcare products include, but are not limited to, ointments or lotions to treat skin trauma, soaking solutions or cleansing solutions for dental or women hygiene, medications for treating gastrointestinal bacteria infections, sexual related diseases, and eye diseases. Examples of industrial products include, but are not limited to, food preservatives, water disinfectants, paper disinfectants, construction filling materials (to prevent mold formation).
Patents 241
Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/230,925, filed on Sep. 13, 2000, which is herein incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to nanosilver particles-containing antibacterial and antifungal granules (NAGs). The nanosilver particles are attached to the surfaces and pores of stalk marrow of Juncus effuses L, which acts as an inert carrier for nanosilver. Each of the nanosilver particles contains a metallic silver core which is surrounded by silver oxide. The size of the nanosilver particle is between 1-100 nm in diameter. The present invention also relates to methods for preparing the NAGs and for using the NAGs. The NAGs can be used in a variety of healthcare, medicinal and industrial products. Metals including silver, copper, mercury, and zinc are known for anti-bacterial properties. Bacteria treated by these metals do not acquire resistance to the metals. Therefore, the bactericidal metals have advantages over the conventional antibiotics which often cause the selection of antibiotic-resistant microorganism. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Oligonucleotide for detecting Salmonella and method of detecting Salmonella Inventor(s): Ishiguro, Takahiko; (Yokohama-shi, JP), Yokoyama, Akihiro; (Sagamiharashi, JP) Correspondence: Oblon Spivak Mcclelland Maier & Neustadt PC; Fourth Floor; 1755 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20030113736 Date filed: January 16, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides oligonucleotides for detecting Salmonella toxin gene invA mRNA and stn mRNA which oligonucleotides specifically bind to invA mRNA or stn mRNA at a relatively low temperature (for example, 41.degree. C.) and at a constant temperature, and a process of amplifying Salmonella toxin gene invA mRNA or stn mRNA and a method of detecting the same using the oligonucleotides. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to oligonucleotides for detecting mRNA (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as "target RNA") of toxin genes invA or stn of Salmonella bacteria, that is commonly known as cause of bacterial food poisoning, and a detection method using the same. Detection and identification of Salmonella bacteria in clinical examinations, public health examinations, food evaluations and food poisoning examinations have conventionally conducted via cultivation of Salmonella bacteria on a medium to which food or the patient's feces are directly applied or cultivating in a growth medium, followed by cultivation in a selective medium. Such a culturing method lacks speed because it requires at least 18 hours of cultivation time. Recently, detection methods such as gene amplification methods including PCR methods have been developed to accomplish rapid detection. However, when DNA is the subject to be detected, there is a possibility that a positive result may result from amplification of DNA derived from a killed bacteria contained in the pasteurized food or the like. Moreover, in a detection by electrophoresis following amplification, commonly carried out in the PCR method, there is a possibility that a negative sample will be contaminated due to scattering of amplified products, which may lead to a false positive result. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
242 Salmonella
•
Oligonucleotides for detecting bacteria and detection process Inventor(s): Fukushima, Shigeru; (Otsu-shi, JP), Nakayama, Tomoko; (Osaka, JP), Ohashi, Tetsuo; (Kyoto-shi, JP), Tada, Jun; (Muko-shi, JP) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20030064388 Date filed: May 6, 2002 Abstract: A synthetic oligonucleotide which is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of a gene selected from the group consisting of the Shiga toxin gene of Shigella species, the ipaH gene of Shigella species and EIEC, the invE gene of Shigella species and EIEC, the araC gene of Salmonella species, the Verocytotoxin-1 gene of EHEC or VTEC, the Verocytotoxin-2 gene of EHEC or VTEC, the toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 gene of Staphylococcus aureus, the ctx gene of Vibrio cholerae, and the enterotoxin gene of Clostridium perfringens; a method for detecting a bacterial strain by amplifying a region of the above gene by PCR using the above oligonucleotides as primers and detecting the amplified region; and a kit for the detection of the bacterial strain. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to detection of pathogenic bacteria in samples (e.g., clinical isolates and food specimens) for the purposes of diagnoses, screenings, quarantine inspections, and clinical tests. Specifically, it relates to detection of pathogens associated with bacterial food poisoning and bacterial diarrhea. More specifically, it relates to detection of enteropathogenic bacteria including Shigella species, Salmonella species, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli or Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, and Clostridlum perfringens. Detection of pathogenic bacteria such as Shigella species, Salmonella species, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (hereinafter simply referred to as EHEC) or Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (hereinafter simply referred to as VTEC), Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, and Clostridium perfringens is an important task in the field of medicine and public hygiene, and various methods have been used. Conventionally, detection of a pathogenic bacterial strain involves isolation of several pathogenic bacterial colonies and identification of the species of the bacteria by serological or biochemical method. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Pasteurized eggs Inventor(s): Davidson, L. John; (Atkinson, NH), Wagner, Myron A.; (Wilmington, DE) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20020090429 Date filed: February 28, 2002 Abstract: There is provided a process for pasteurizing in shell chicken eggs (2) carried in stacks (1) by placing the eggs in a heated fluid bath (4) having a temperature of between about 128 to 145 degrees F., allowing the eggs to dwell in the heated fluid bath until there is a log reduction of at least 4.6 of any Salmonella bacteria within the eggs, removing the eggs from the heated liquid bath and into a gaseous atmosphere (26), and contacting the eggs with an antibacterial fluid (28) containing an antibacterial agent. Preferably, the eggs are thereafter contacted with a sealant such as wax. In the gaseous
Patents 243
atmosphere the eggs further pasteurize to at least a 5 logs reduction of the bacteria by way of residual heat in the eggs. During cooling in the gaseous atmosphere, the eggs suck the antibacterial fluid into the eggs between the inside of the shells and the membranes and provide antibacterial barriers in the eggs. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to and is a continuation of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial Nos. 60/271,726, filed Feb. 28, 2001; 60/271,746, filed Feb. 28, 2001; 60/314,631, filed Aug. 27, 2001 and 60/335,031, filed Nov. 2, 2001 and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Non-Provisional Application Serial No. 09/954,462, filed Sep. 14, 2001, which application in turn is a continuation-in-part of Non-Provisional Application Serial No. 09/613,832, filed Jul. 11, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,322,833, issued on Nov. 27, 2001, which patent is an ultimate divisional application of U.S. NonProvisional Application Serial No. 08/962,766, ultimately filed on Aug. 25, 1995 and now U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,505, issued on Dec. 1, 1998. Pasteurized eggs are relatively new items of commerce in the United States, and indeed, throughout the world. While the art has sought for sometime to devise effective methods for pasteurizing eggs, as described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,505, which patent is incorporated herein by reference and relied upon for disclosure, until the existence of the process described and claimed in that patent, pasteurizing of eggs had not been successful either from a commercial point of view or a functionality point of view. Functionality refers to a group of properties of eggs including yoke index, Haugh units, yoke strength, angel cake volume, sponge cake volume, foam stability, whippability, and lysozyme properties. All of these functionalities are well known to the art and are described in detail in the above-noted patent and, for conciseness herein will not be described in detail. However, for example, the angel cake volume is sensitive to egg white protein damage. Heat damage to the protein will increase whipping time and decrease cake volume. Foam stability is a measure of the volume of foam of whipped egg whites. Heat damaged white protein will provide less foam volume and therefore is less desirable in making meringues and the like. Haugh units also measure the foam stability of whipped egg whites and is important in many uses of eggs for baking and cooking. Yoke index is a measure of the yoke height versus the yoke width. When breaking a fresh egg into a pan for frying, if the yoke index is not proper, the yoke will look flat and unappealing in a sunny side up fried egg. Yoke strength is a measure of the strength of the yoke membrane to retain the yoke and is important when frying eggs. The above-noted U.S. Patent describes and claims processes where eggs may be pasteurized in keeping with the relatively new U.S. Food and Drug Administration definition of pasteurized eggs, which includes a requirement that any Salmonella species in the egg is reduced by an amount equal to at least 5 logs. Those processes are also carried out such that the pasteurized eggs do not have substantial loss of functionality, particularly in regard to the Haugh units, as well as the yoke index and yoke strength. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Pasteurized in-shell chicken eggs and method for production thereof Inventor(s): Davidson, Leon John; (Laconia, NH) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20020039618 Date filed: October 15, 2001
244 Salmonella
Abstract: A method of pasteurizing in-shell chicken eggs by heating eggs until a central portion of the yolks of the eggs is at a temperature between 128.degree. F. to 138.5.degree. F. That temperature is maintained and controlled for times within parameter line A and parameter line B of FIG. 1 and sufficient that any Salmonella species present in the yolk is reduced by at least 5 logs but insufficient that an albumen functionality of the egg measured in Haugh units is substantially less than the albumen functionality of a corresponding unpasteurized in-shell egg. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pasteurized in-shell chicken eggs and to a method for production thereof, and, more particularly, to such eggs and method where certain pathogens whenever present in the eggs are reduced in quantity to a level safe for human consumption while at the same time the functionality of the eggs is preserved, particularly the albumen functionality, such that the pasteurized eggs are substitutable for fresh, unpasteurized eggs in most consumption uses. The term pasteurization is used herein in connection with the present invention in the general sense that the term is applied to other food products, e.g. pasteurized milk, in that the present pasteurized eggs are partially sterilized at temperatures which destroy objectionable microorganisms, without major changes in the functionality of the eggs. In this regard, food products are conventionally heated at temperatures and for times so as to sufficiently destroy pathogenic microorganisms, which may be contained in the food, so that the pasteurized food is safe for human consumption. In order to provide a pasteurized food safe for human consumption, it is not necessary that all pathogenic microorganisms in the food be destroyed, but it is necessary that those pathogenic microorganisms be reduced to such a low level that the organisms cannot produce illness in humans of usual health and condition. For example, fresh whole milk may contain virulent pathogenic microorganisms, most notably microorganisms which cause tuberculosis in humans, and during pasteurization of the milk, those pathogenic microorganisms are reduced to such low levels that the milk is safe for consumption by humans of ordinary health and condition. In the case of some microorganisms, however, usual pasteurization temperatures and times can completely destroy those microorganisms. Milk so pasteurized does not have major changes in the functionality thereof. The taste and texture of pasteurized milk is slightly changed, but those changes are not of practical significance to most consumers thereof. Heat destruction of microorganisms in eggs has long been known in that the eggs were cooked sufficiently to effect destruction thereof. For example, when frying an egg, fried to a reasonable hardness, microorganism destruction will occur. Likewise, when boiling an egg to a hard-boiled state, heat destruction of microorganisms in the egg will occur. However, with these cooking processes, major changes in the functionality of the egg occurs, e.g. coagulation of the yolk and white, and, thus, this is not pasteurization in the usual sense, as explained above. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Probes, probe sets, methods and kits pertaining to the detection, identification and/or enumeration of bacteria Inventor(s): Hyldig-Nielsen, Jens J.; (Holliston, MA) Correspondence: Boston Probes, INC.; 15 Deangelo Drive; Bedford; MA; 01730; US Patent Application Number: 20020090626 Date filed: September 24, 2001
Patents 245
Abstract: This invention is related to novel probes, probe sets, methods and kits pertaining to the detection of bacteria of the Salmonella genus. The probes, probe sets, methods and kits of this invention are particularly useful for the detection, identification and/or enumeration of bacteria of the Salmonella genus. It is an advantage of the identified probes that they do not substantially cross react with bacteria of the closely related Citrobacter genus. Preferably, the probes of this invention are prepared as PNA probes and most preferably the probing nucleobase sequence comprises a segment that is at least ninety percent homologous to the nucleobase sequence; GTG-TTA-AAG-TGAACC (Seq. Id. No. 1), AGC-CTT-GAT-TTT-CCG (Seq. Id. No. 2) or ACC-TAC-GTGTCA-GCG (Seq. Id. No. 3). Also disclosed is a particularly useful method for specifically detecting, identifying and/or quantitating organisms of a genus or species when the probes chosen possess overlap with certain organisms that are likely to contaminate the sample and otherwise lead to false positive results. The probes, probe sets, methods and kits of this invention are particularly well suited for use in ISH or FISH assays including assays of the multiplex format. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/235,952 filed on Sep. 26, 2000. This invention is related to the field of probe-based detection, analysis and/or quantitation of organisms in general and in particular, bacteria of the Salmonella genus. Nucleic acid hybridization is a fundamental process in molecular biology. Probe-based assays are useful in the detection, quantitation and/or analysis of nucleic acids. Nucleic acid probes have long been used to analyze samples for the presence of nucleic acid from bacteria, fungi, virus or other organisms and are also useful in examining genetically-based disease states or clinical conditions of interest. Nonetheless, probe-based assays have been slow to achieve commercial success. This lack of commercial success is, at least partially, the result of difficulties associated with specificity, sensitivity and/or reliability. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Process for the preparation of a vaccine for the treatment of tuberculosis and other intracellular infections diseases and the vaccine produced by the process Inventor(s): Agrewala, Javed Naim; (Chandigarh, IN), Sharma, Naresh; (Chandigarh, IN) Correspondence: Joseph J. Crimaldi; Renner, Otto, Boisselle & Sklar, Llp; Keith Building, 19th Floor; 1621 Euclid Avenue; Cleveland; OH; 44115-2191; US Patent Application Number: 20020136738 Date filed: March 23, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a vaccine against tuberculosis and other intracellular pathogens, this vaccine is targeted against intracellular pathogens, more particularly the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Salmonella in this case. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a vaccine against tuberculosis and other intracellular pathogens. This vaccine is targeted against intracellular pathogens, more particularly the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Salmonella in this case. The utility of the present invention is to develop a vaccine against the intracellular pathogens, which are causative agent of tuberculosis, brucellosis, leishmaniasis, leisteriosis, leprosy, malaria, typhoid, trypanosomiasis and streptococcus and HIV-infection. The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.
246 Salmonella
tuberculosis) the subject matter of this invention is a causative agent of tuberculosis. In this invention M. tuberculosis was allowed to grow in the allogeneic and syngeneic macrophages and macrophage cell lines. The macrophages-M. tuberculosis complex was then irradiated to kill the macrophages as well as the mycobacterium. Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease that continues to kill some 3 million people a year. About 8 million new cases arise every year and the number continues to increase. About onethird of the world population is infected with M. tuberculosis. The emergence of AIDS has reactivated tuberculosis in millions of dormant individuals, causing a sharp rise in the number of cases and deaths. M. tuberculosis is therefore responsible for the highest morbidity rate among all infectious agents. The only available vaccine BCG is both unpredictable and highly variable. Doubtful efficacy of BCG vaccination has put the scientific community to urgently develop effective means of vaccination against the M. tuberculosis (Bloom, B. R. et. al., Annu. Rev. Immunol. 10:1992:453). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Recombinant vaccines comprising immunogenic attenuated bacteria having RpoS positive phenotype Inventor(s): Curtiss, Roy III; (St. Louis, MO), Nickerson, Cheryl A.; (River Ridge, LA) Correspondence: Thompson Coburn, Llp; One Firstar Plaza; Suite 3500; ST Louis; MO; 63101; US Patent Application Number: 20030031683 Date filed: May 3, 2002 Abstract: Attenuated immunogenic bacteria having an RpoS.sup.+ phenotype, in particular, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi having an RpoS.sup.+ phenotype and methods therefor are disclosed. The Salmonella have in addition to an RpoS.sup.+ phenotype, an inactivating mutation in one or more genes which render the microbe attenuated, and a recombinant gene capable of expressing a desired protein. The Salmonella are attenuated and have high immunogenicity so that they can be used in vaccines and as delivery vehicles for genes and gene products. Also disclosed are methods for preparing the vaccine delivery vehicles. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to attenuated microbes and, more particularly, to novel attenuated bacteria having an RpoS.sup.+ phenotype for use as vaccines and delivery vehicles for genes and gene products and to methods for their preparation. This invention is particularly applicable to Salmonella such as Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (also referred to as Salmonella typhi). Live attenuated Salmonella strains can serve as delivery vehicles for recombinant antigens or other proteins. As antigen carriers, the recombinant Salmonella have been shown to be useful in live vaccines (For review see Curtiss et al. in Essentials of Musocal Immunology, Kagnoff and Kiyono, Eds., Academic Press, San Diego, 1996, pp. 599-611; Doggett and Brown, in Mucosal Vaccines, Kiyono et al., Eds., Academic Press, San Diego, 1996 pp 105-118; see also Hopkins et al. Infect Immun. 63:3279-3286, 1995; Srinavasin et al Vaccines 95, R. N. Chanock et al., Eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y., p 273-280, 1995). Ideally, live attenuated vaccine strains should possess a balance between the two properties of attenuation and immunogenicity. Such vaccine strains would not cause any disease or impair normal host physiology or growth, thus being attenuated, and at the same time be able to colonize the intestine and gut associated lymphoid tissue upon oral administration or other lymphoid organs upon administration by some other route so as to be immunogenic. As a practical matter,
Patents 247
however, such an ideal balance has not been achieved (Curtiss, in New Generation Vaccines Woodrow and Levine, Eds., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1990, pp. 161-188). This may be a result of the almost exclusive focusing of efforts in Salmonella vaccine development on improving the attenuation component of strains rather than on producing strains with high immunogenicity. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
System for the control of enteropathogenic bacteria in the crops of poultry Inventor(s): Byrd, James A. II; (Bryan, TX), Corrier, Donald E.; (US), Corrier, Juanita P.; (College Station, TX), Stanker, Larry H.; (Livermore, CA) Correspondence: Usda-ars-office OF Technology Transfer; National Ctr For Agricultural Utilization Research; 1815 N. University Street; Peoria; IL; 61604; US Patent Application Number: 20020136706 Date filed: February 8, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides a method and compositions for controlling food borne enteric bacterial pathogens in poultry populations. The incidence of the colonization of poultry by enteropathogenic bacteria, and/or the populations of enteropathogenic bacteria within colonized poultry, may by substantially reduced by providing particles of an expanded matrix material to the locus or vicinity of the animals, particularly during the period of feed removal prior to slaughter. The method and compositions are particularly useful for the control of Salmonella species, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter species. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the control of enteric bacterial pathogens in animals using expanded matrix materials. Despite the efforts of researchers and public health agencies, the incidence of human infections from enteropathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, E. coli 0157:H7, and Campylobacter has increased over the past 20 years. For example, the number of actual reported cases of human Salmonella infection exceeds 40,000 per year. However, the Communicable Disease Center estimates that the true incidence of human Salmonella infections in the United States each year may be as high as 2 to 4 million. The USDA Economic Research Service has recently reported that the annual cost of the food borne illnesses caused by six common bacterial pathogens, Campylobacter spp., Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus, ranges from 2.9 billion to 6.7 billion dollars (Food Institute Report, USDA, AER, December, 1996). In addition to the impact of enteric pathogens on human health, many of these bacteria also cause significant infections in animals. For example, Salmonella infections in swine alone cost the United States swine industry more than 100 million dollars annually (Schwartz, 1990, "Salmonellosis in Midwestern Swine", In: Proceedings of the United States Animal Health Assoc., pp. 443-449). Animal food products remain a significant source of human infection by these pathogens. Contamination of meat and poultry products with many bacterial food-borne pathogens, including the particularly onerous pathogens Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli 0157:H7, and Salmonella spp., often occurs as a result of exposure of the animal carcass to ingesta and/or fecal material during or after slaughter. Any of the above-mentioned pathogens can then be transmitted to humans by consumption of meat and poultry contaminated in this manner. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
248 Salmonella
•
Test media and quantitative or qualitative method for identification and differentiation of biological materials in a test sample Inventor(s): Roth, Geoffrey N.; (Goshen, IN), Roth, Jonathan N.; (Goshen, IN) Correspondence: Baker & Daniels; 205 W. Jefferson Boulevard; Suite 250; South Bend; IN; 46601; US Patent Application Number: 20020090668 Date filed: January 7, 2002 Abstract: A test medium and method for detecting, quantifying, identifying and differentiating up to four (4) separate biological materials in a test sample. A test medium is disclosed which allows quantifying and differentiating under ambient light aggregates of biological entities producing specific enzymes, which might include general coliforms, E. coli, Aeromonas, and Salmonella or Shigella in a single test medium. A new class of nonchromogenic substrate is disclosed which produce a substantially black, non-diffusible precipitate. This precipitate is not subject to interference from other chromogenic substrates present in the test medium. In a preferred form, the substrates are selected such that E. coli colonies present in the test medium show as substantially black, general coliforms colonies show in the test medium as a blue-violet color, Aeromonas colonies present in the test medium show as a generally red-pink color, and Salmonella or Shigella colonies show as a generally tealgreen color. Other microorganisms and color possibilities for detection and quantification thereof are also disclosed. An inhibitor and method for making a test medium incorporating the inhibitor are disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a test medium and method for the detection, quantification, identification and/or differentiation of biological materials in a sample which may contain a plurality of different biological materials. Bacteria are the causative factor in many diseases of humans, higher animals and plants, and are commonly transmitted by carriers such as water, beverages, food and other organisms. The testing of these potential carriers of bacteria is of critical importance and generally relies on "indicator organisms." Borrego et al., Microbiol. Sem. 13:413-426, (1998). For example, Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a gram negative member of the family Enterobacteriaceae which is part of the normal intestinal flora of warm blooded animals, and its presence indicates fecal contamination (e.g., raw sewage). Even though most strains of E. coli are not the actual cause of disease, their presence is a strong indication of the possible presence of pathogens associated with intestinal disease, such as cholera, dysentery, and hepatitis, among others. Consequently, E. coli has become a prime indicator organism for fecal contamination, and as a result, any method which differentiates and identifies E. coli from other bacteria is very useful. Others members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, commonly referred to as "general coliforms," especially the genera Citrobacter, Enterobacter and Klebsiella, are also considered to be significant indicator organisms for the quality of water, beverages and foods. Therefore, tests to identify and differentiate general coliforms from E. coli are also very useful. Also, various species of the genus Aeromonas have been shown to not only be potential pathogens, but to have a correlation to other indicator organisms (Pettibone et al., J Appl. Microbiol. 85:723-730 (1998)). Current test methods to identify, separate and enumerate Aeromonas spp. from the very similar Enterobacteriaceae have been lacking and most of the current methods utilizing enzyme substrates do not separate Aeromonas spp. from Enterobacteriaceae due to their almost identical biochemical profiles. Any method that depends upon the identification of general coliforms by means of a.beta.-galactosidase substrate either
Patents 249
does not differentiate Aeromonas spp. from general coliforms or eliminates Aeromonas from the sample by the use of specific inhibitors (antibiotic such as cefsulodin). Brenner et al., Appl. Envir. Microbio. 59:3534-44 (1993). They do not differentiate, identify and enumerate Aeromonas along with E. coli and general coliforms. Landre et al., Letters Appl. Microbiol. 26:352-354(1998). Improved test methods to effectively identify, separate and enumerate such bacterial types are needed, and there is a continuing search for faster, more accurate, easier to use and more versatile test methods and apparatus in this area. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Vaccination by topical application of recombinant vectors Inventor(s): Kampen, Kent Rigby van; (Hoover, AL), Shi, Zhongkai; (Birmingham, AL), Tang, De-Chu C.; (Birmingham, AL) Correspondence: Frommer Lawrence & Haug; 745 Fifth Avenue- 10th FL.; New York; NY; 10151; US Patent Application Number: 20030045492 Date filed: April 5, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to techniques of skin-targeted non-invasive gene delivery to elicit immune responses and uses thereof. The invention further relates to methods of non-invasive genetic immunization in an animal and/or methods of inducing a systemic immune or therapeutic response in an animal following topical application of vectors, products therefrom and uses for the methods and products therefrom. The methods can include contacting skin of the animal with a vector in an amount effective to induce the systemic immune or therapeutic response in the animal as well as such a method further including disposing the vector in and/or on the delivery device. The vector can be gram negative bacteria, preferably Salmonella and most preferably Salmonella typhimurium. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/533,149, filed Mar. 23, 2000. The present application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/052,323, filed Jan. 18, 2002, which is a continuationin-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/563,826, filed May 3, 2000 (issued Feb. 19, 2002 as U.S. Pat. No. 6,348,450), which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/132,216, filed May 3, 1999, and is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/533,149, filed Mar. 23, 2000, which in turn is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/402,527, filed on Aug. 13, 1997. Each of these applications and each of the documents cited in each of these applications ("application cited documents"), and each document referenced or cited in the application cited documents, either in the text or during the prosecution of those applications, as well as all arguments in support of patentability advanced during such prosecution, are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Various documents are also cited in this text ("application cited documents"). Each of the application cited documents, and each document cited or referenced in the application cited documents, is hereby incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates generally to the fields of immunology and vaccine technology. The present invention also relates to techniques of skin-targeted non-invasive delivery of recombinant vectors to elicit immune responses and uses thereof. The invention further relates to methods of non-invasive immunization in an animal and/or methods of inducing an immunological, e.g., systemic immune response or a therapeutic, e.g., a systemic therapeutic response, in an animal, products therefrom
250 Salmonella
and uses for the methods and products therefrom. The invention yet further relates to such methods comprising contacting skin of the animal with a vector in an amount effective to induce the response, e.g., systemic immune response, in the animal. Even further, the invention relates to such methods wherein the vector comprises and expresses an exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an epitope or gene product of interest, e.g., an antigen or therapeutic. Still further, the invention relates to such methods wherein the response, e.g., systemic immune or therapeutic response, can be to or from the epitope or gene product. The invention yet further still relates to such methods wherein the nucleic acid molecule can encode an epitope of interest and/or an antigen of interest and/or a nucleic acid molecule that stimulates and/or modulates an immunological response and/or stimulates and/or modulates expression, e.g., transcription and/or translation, such as transcription and/or translation of an endogenous and/or exogenous nucleic acid molecule. The invention additionally relates to such methods wherein the nucleic acid molecule can be exogenous to the vector. The invention also relates to such methods wherein the exogenous nucleic acid molecule encodes one or more of an antigen or portion thereof, e.g., one or more of an epitope of interest from a pathogen, e.g., an epitope, antigen or gene product which modifies allergic response, an epitope antigen or gene product which modifies physiological function, influenza hemagglutinin, influenza nuclear protein, influenza M2, tetanus toxin C-fragment, anthrax protective antigen, anthrax lethal factor, rabies glycoprotein, HBV surface antigen, HIV gp120, HIV gp 160, human carcinoembryonic antigen, malaria CSP, malaria SSP, malaria MSP, malaria pfg, and mycobacterium tuberculosis HSP; and/or a therapeutic or an immunomodulatory gene, a co-stimulatory gene and/or a cytokine gene. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
VACCINE FOR PROTECTION OF POULTRY AGAINST SALMONELLOSIS AND A PROCESS FOR PREPARING THE SAME Inventor(s): Barman, Tarani Kanta; (Kaithalkuchi, IN), Garg, Shri Krishna; (Pantnagar, IN), Kumar, Subodh; (Pantnagar, IN), Mishra, Ram Sagar; (Khuthan, IN), Sharma, Vishwashwar Dutt; (Pantnagar, IN) Correspondence: Sidney Austin Brown & Wood Llp; 1501 K Street NW; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030124709 Date filed: March 19, 2001 Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the preparation of Salmonella vaccine by treating entrotoxin and cytotoxins with formalin and adding immuno-potentiator selected from Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) or Vitamin E or Saponin to said concentrated toxoids to get the desired vaccine.The present invention also provides a Salmonella vaccine for protection against Salmonellosis in poultry. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a vaccine for protection of poultry against salmonellosis and a process for preparing the same. Salmonellosis remains an important human and animal problem worldwide. In spite of intensive research efforts, many of the details of its pathogenesis are not known. Despite a lack of precise knowledge on the virulence mechanisms of Salmonella, vaccines of varying efficacy have been used for many years (Wray, 1995). Lax, et al (1995) have reviewed the efficiency of different vaccines against salmonellosis. According to them, the efficacy of both live attenuated and dead vaccines remains unclear. Since vaccines developed so far have not been
Patents 251
targeted against the virulence factor(s) playing a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease, they may not have for this reason been optimally effective. Moreover, their efficacy have been limited to homologous or antigenically related serovars as Salmonella serovars differ significantly in their flagellar and somatic antigens. U.S. Pat. No. 4,053,036 also describes a bacterial vaccine against Salmonella fevers, typhoid and paratyphoid fevers. The said vaccine is obtained by fermentation, extraction and purification, vaccinating membrane antigens being extracted by putting the bacterial residue obtained by centrifuging, in contact with a solvent of the tris(hydroxyalkyl) aminoalkane class, with stirring at lower temperature, pH adjusted between 8.4 and 8.6 for a period of at least 60 hours, then separated by decanting, followed by purifying the antigens and fractionating by ultra-filtration and then freeze drying the vaccinating antigen fraction. This patent does not disclose the nature of antigen and whether it has got any role in the pathogenesis of salmonellosis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Virulence genes, proteins, and their use Inventor(s): Chatfield, Steven Neville; (Berkshire, GB) Correspondence: Saliwanchik Lloyd & Saliwanchik; A Professional Association; 2421 N.W. 41st Street; Suite A-1; Gainesville; FL; 326066669 Patent Application Number: 20030157121 Date filed: July 29, 2002 Abstract: A series of genes from Salmonella typhimurium are shown to encode products which are implicated in virulence. The identification of these genes threfore allows attenuated microorganisms to be produced. Furthermore, the genes or their encoded products can be used in the manufacture of vaccines for therapeutic application. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to virulence genes and proteins, and their use. More particularly, it relates to genes and proteins/peptides obtained from Salmonella typhimurium, and their use in therapy and in screening for drugs. Salmonella typhimurium is one of the major causes of food poisoning, resulting in gastro-enteritis. The source of most infections is ingestion of contaminated water or food, such as poultry, eggs and diary products. Salmonella typhimurium is also able to cause typhoid in mice and to colonise the alimentary tracts of poultry. While infection of adult poultry leads to limited excretion of Salmonella in the faeces, infection of newly hatched chicks, which have a relatively simple gut flora, results in rapid multiplication and extensive excretion. This can lead to a rapid spread of a Salmonella strain through a flock as the housing and the water and feeding systems become contaminated. There is also a risk of contamination of the carcasses at slaughter, with entry of Salmonella typhimurium into human food. It is therefore desirable to provide means for treating or preventing conditions caused by Salmonella species in animals and humans e.g. by immunisation. The present invention is based on the discovery of virulence genes in Salmonella typhimurium. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
252 Salmonella
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with salmonella, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “salmonella” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on salmonella. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning salmonella. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
253
CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON SALMONELLA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to salmonella. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on salmonella include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “salmonella” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on salmonella: •
Herd Immunity and the HIV Epidemic Contact: HIVE Foundation, PO Box 808, Vacaville, CA, 95696. Summary: This monograph suggests that persons with HIV infection are more susceptible to infection by a number of other viruses, and because they carry these viruses in their bodies for longer periods of time than normal, they are a potential source of epidemics among the general population. It looks at the rising incidence of a number of illnesses, including syphilis, salmonella, tuberculosis, hepatitis, cytomegalovirus, and influenza. The monograph advocates increased reporting, tracking, and screening of HIV-infected persons in order to prevent epidemics.
254 Salmonella
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “salmonella” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “salmonella” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “salmonella” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
A Paranoid's Ultimate Survival Guide: Dust Mites to Meteorites, Tsunamis to Ticks, Killer Clouds to Jellyfish, Solar Flares to Salmonella by Patricia Barnes-Svarney, Thomas E. Svarney (2002); ISBN: 1573929719; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1573929719/icongroupinterna
•
Biology of Salmonella (NATO Asi Series A, Life Sciences, Vol 245) by Filipe Cabello, et al (1993); ISBN: 0306444925; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306444925/icongroupinterna
•
Catalogue of Salmonella: First Isolations 1965-1984 by Eckehart Kelterborn (1988); ISBN: 0898388325; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898388325/icongroupinterna
•
Chickengate: An Independent Analysis of the Salmonella in Eggs Scare (Health Series) by Richard North, Teresa Gorman MP; ISBN: 0255362609; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0255362609/icongroupinterna
•
Cicm 1: 2 Salmonella by Fessia; ISBN: 0812113365; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812113365/icongroupinterna
•
Classification of bacteria : a realistic scheme with special reference to the classification of Salmonella- and Escherichia-species by Fritz Kauffmann; ISBN: 8716019539; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8716019539/icongroupinterna
•
Escherichia Coli and Salmonella (2 Volume Set: Cellular and Molecular Biology by Frederick C. Neidhardt (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1555810845; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555810845/icongroupinterna
•
Escherichia Coli and Salmonella: Cellular and Molecular by Frederick C. Neidhardt (Editor); ISBN: 1555811647; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555811647/icongroupinterna
•
Escherichia Coli and Salmonella: Typhimurium Cellular and Molecular Biology by Neidhard, et al; ISBN: 0914826859; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914826859/icongroupinterna
•
Food, Sex, & Salmonella by David Waltner-Toews (1992); ISBN: 1550210688; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1550210688/icongroupinterna
•
Hamburger Hell: The Flip Side of Usdaªs Salmonella Testing Program by Felicia Nestor, Patty Lovera (2003); ISBN: 0756724597; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0756724597/icongroupinterna
•
Isolation of salmonellas by Robert Wilfred Sutherland Harvey; ISBN: 0118802089; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0118802089/icongroupinterna
Books
255
•
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Risk Assessment of Microbiological Hazards in Foods Risk Characterization of Salmonella Spp. in Eggs and Broiler Chickens and Listeria Monocytogenes in Ready-to-eat Foods: FAO Headquarters Rome, 30 April-4 May 2001 (FAO Food and Nutrition Paper); ISBN: 9251046085; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9251046085/icongroupinterna
•
Report on Salmonella in Eggs; ISBN: 0113215681; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0113215681/icongroupinterna
•
Risk Assessments of Salmonella in Eggs and Broiler Chickens (Microbiological Risk Assessment Series) (2003); ISBN: 9241562293; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241562293/icongroupinterna
•
Salmonella by Kris Hirschmann (2004); ISBN: 0737717858; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0737717858/icongroupinterna
•
Salmonella by Rufus K. Guthrie; ISBN: 0849354196; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849354196/icongroupinterna
•
Salmonella bacteria and salmonella food poisoning : questions and answers (SuDoc A 110.13/2:Sa 3) by U.S. Dept of Agriculture; ISBN: B00010BAAI; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010BAAI/icongroupinterna
•
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis in Humans and Animals: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control by A. M. Saeed (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0813827078; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813827078/icongroupinterna
•
Salmonella enteritidis : from the chicken to the egg (SuDoc HE 20.4010/a:Sa 3/2) by Dale Blumenthal; ISBN: B0001077EQ; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001077EQ/icongroupinterna
•
Salmonella in Domestic Animals by C. Wray (Editor), A. Wray (Editor); ISBN: 0851992617; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851992617/icongroupinterna
•
Salmonella in Eggs: Response of the Government to the 1st Report from the House of Commons Agriculture Committee, 1988-89 Session (Cm.: 687) by Great Britain (1989); ISBN: 0101068727; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0101068727/icongroupinterna
•
Salmonella poisoning in food : hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, second session, July 20, 1990 (SuDoc Y 4.En 2/3:101-183); ISBN: B0001058XI; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001058XI/icongroupinterna
•
Salmonella: A Practical Approach to the Organism and its Control in Foods by Alec Kyriakides, Chris Bell; ISBN: 0632055197; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0632055197/icongroupinterna
•
Second Report on Salmonella in Eggs (2001); ISBN: 0113224664; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0113224664/icongroupinterna
•
Serological diagnosis of Salmonella-species Kauffmann-White-Schema by Fritz Kauffmann; ISBN: 8716008987; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8716008987/icongroupinterna
•
Sex and Salmonella: A Tory Bauer Mystery (Tory Bauer Series) by Kathleen Taylor; ISBN: 038078355X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/038078355X/icongroupinterna
256 Salmonella
•
Spreading Menace: Salmonella Attack and the Hunger Craving by Elaine Pascoe (Editor) (2004); ISBN: 1410301850; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1410301850/icongroupinterna
•
The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Salmonella Enteritidis Infection: A Revised and Updated Directory for the Internet Age by Icon Health Publications (2002); ISBN: 0597833362; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597833362/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “salmonella” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
An evaluation of the salmonella problem. A report of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration, U. S. Department of Health Education, and Welfare, prepared by the Committee, Division of Biology and Agriculture, National Research Council. Author: National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Salmonella.; Year: 1948; Washington, 1969
•
An introduction to principles of typing Salmonella organisms; a primer for the uninitiated. Author: Luippold, George F.; Year: 1969; [Washington] 1945
•
An outbreak of food poisoning due to Salmonella bovis morbificans (Basenau) in which the vehicle of infection was meat pies. Report by A. A. Miller [et al.]. Author: Miller, Alexander Auld.; Year: 1971; London, H. M. Stationery Off., 1955
•
Bibliography on Salmonella, exclusive of Salmonella typhi, covering the years 1945 to 1954. Author: University of Wisconsin.; Year: 1925; [Madison, 1955?]
•
Comparative immunologic studies on cell structure isolated from Salmonella typhosa. Author: Carey, Warren F.; Year: 1945; Washington, Catholic Univ. of America Press, 1958
•
Das Fundament: zur Geschichte und Bedeutung der Salmonella- und EscherichiaForschung = The basis: on the history and significance of Salmonella und Escherichia research Author: Kauffmann, Fritz.; Year: 1955; Kopenhagen: Munksgaard, 1978; ISBN: 8716028848
•
Enterotoxigenic bacteria from clinical alimental and environmental sources: studies on enterotoxic factors and surface properties with particular reference to Salmonella and Aeromonas Author: Jiwa, Sadruddin F. H.; Year: 1974; Uppsala, [Sweden: s.n.], 1981; ISBN: 9157609608
11
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
Books
257
•
Isolation and grouping of salmonella and shigella cultures by Philip R. Edwards and William H. Ewing. Author: Edwards, Philip R.; Year: 1960; Atlanta, U. S. Communicable Disease Center, Laboratory Branch, 1962
•
Modified Kauffmann-White schema for Salmonella and Arizona Author: Edwards, Philip R. Kauffmann-White schema (modified); Year: 1960; Atlanta, Ga.: U. S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, 1977
•
Recommended procedure for the isolation of salmonella organisms from animal feeds and feed ingredients. Author: United States. Animal Health Division.; Year: 1965; [Hyattsville, Md.] U. S. Agricultural Research Service, 1971
•
Report of an investigation into the salmonella epidemic at Gould Convalesarium in Baltimore in July, 1970, by a board of inquiry appointed by the Secretary of Health and Mental Hygiene of Maryland [by Joseph A. Sellinger, John H. Moxley and David E. Rogers.] Submitted October 27, 1970. Author: Sellinger, Joseph A.; Year: 1967; [Baltimore, 1970]
•
Salmonella in sewage and receiving waters: assessment of health hazards due to microbially polluted waters Author: Grunnet, Kai.; Year: 1926; Copenhagen: F.A.D.L., 1975; ISBN: 8774374974
•
Salmonella; salmonella infections. Bibliography of literature, 1955-April 1960, comp. by Dorothy Bocker. Author: National Library of Medicine (U.S.); Year: 1971; Washington, U. S. Public Health Service, 1960
•
Salmonellae in foods and feeds; review of isolation methods and recommended procedures, by Mildred M. Galton, George K. Morris and William T. Martin. Author: Galton, Mildred M.; Year: 1956; Atlanta, Communicable Disease Center, 1968
•
Serologic examination of salmonella cultures for epidemiologic purposes. Author: Edwards, Philip R.; Year: 1972; [Atlanta, U. S. Public Health Service, Communicable Disease Center, 1962]
•
Typhoid fever and other salmonella infections. Author: Huckstep, R. L. (Ronald Lawrie); Year: 1959; Edinburgh, Livingstone, 1962
Chapters on Salmonella In order to find chapters that specifically relate to salmonella, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and salmonella using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “salmonella” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on salmonella: •
Food-Borne Illness Source: in Hagan, P.T., ed. Mayo Clinic Guide to Self-Care: Answers for Everyday Health Problems. New York, NY: Kensington Publishers. 1999. p. 26-27. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic. 200 First Street, S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. (800) 291-1128 or (507) 284-2511. Fax (507) 284-0161. Website: www.mayo.edu. PRICE: $16.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0962786578.
258 Salmonella
Summary: Foodborne illness is a growing problem in the U.S. This chapter on foodborne illness is from a self care handbook on everyday health problems published by the Mayo Clinic. The handbook offers readers a guide to symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment for common problems (particularly self care strategies and tips for handling these problems in children). All foods naturally contain small amounts of bacteria. When food is poorly handled, improperly cooked, or inadequately stored, bacteria can multiply in great enough numbers to cause illness. Parasites, viruses, and chemicals can also contaminate food, but foodborne illness from these sources is less common. Eating contaminated food can result in illness, depending on the organism, the amount of exposure, one's age, and health status. As people age, their immune cells may not respond as quickly and effectively to infectious organisms. Young children are at increased risk of illness because their immune systems haven't developed fully. Conditions such as diabetes, AIDS, and cancer treatment also reduce the immune response, making one more susceptible to foodborne illness. The chapter briefly lists self care strategies, particularly for handling short lived (less than 12 hours) food poisoning. One section cautions readers about botulism, a potentially fatal food poisoning. A side bar reviews how to handle food safely. The chapter concludes with a chart of common troublesome bacteria, how each is spread, the symptoms caused by infection, and prevention strategies. Bacteria included are Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio vulnificus. The book is focused on how to prevent illness, how to detect illness before it becomes a serious and costly problem, and how to avoid unnecessary trips to the clinic or emergency room. 1 table. •
Food-Related Illnesses and Allergies Source: in Townsend, C.E. and Roth, R.A. Nutrition and Diet Therapy. 7th ed. Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers. 1999. 171-187 p. Contact: Available from Delmar Publishers. 3 Columbia Circle, Albany, NY 12212. (800) 865-5840. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $44.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0766802965. Summary: This chapter on food related illnesses and allergies is from an undergraduate textbook on nutrition and diet therapy. The chapter identifies the diseases caused by contaminated food, along with their signs and the means by which they are spread; lists the signs of food contamination; reviews precautions for protecting food from contamination; and covers allergies and elimination diets and their uses. Foodborne illnesses covered include Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Cyclospora, Escherichia coli (O157:H7), Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Shigella, and Staphylococcus aureas. The authors stress that infection or poisoning traced to food is usually caused by human ignorance or carelessness. Food should not be prepared by anyone who has or carries a contagious disease. All fresh fruits and vegetables should be washed before being eaten. Meats, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products should be refrigerated. Food should be covered to prevent contamination by dust, insects, or animals. Food allergies can cause many different and unpleasant symptoms, and elimination diets are used to determine their causes. Some of the most common food allergens are milk, chocolate, eggs, tomatoes, fish, citrus fruit, legumes, strawberries, and wheat. The chapter includes lists of key terms to learn, recommended discussion topics, and suggested supplemental activities, and a section of review questions so readers can test their comprehension of the material. Two illustrative case studies are appended. 1 figure. 4 tables.
Books
•
259
Safe Kitchen Source: in Duyff, R.L. American Dietetic Association's Complete Food and Nutrition Guide. Minneapolis, MN: Chronimed Publishing. 1996. p. 299-322. Contact: Available from Chronimed Publishing. P.O. Box 59032, Minneapolis, MN 55459. (800) 848-2793 or (612) 541-0239. Fax (800) 395-3344 or (612) 541-0210. PRICE: $29.95; bulk orders available. ISBN: 1565610989. Summary: This chapter on food safety is from a food and nutrition guide that focuses on a healthful diet for all stages of life. Foodborne illness, sometimes called food poisoning, comes from eating contaminated food. Because symptoms vary, from fatigue, chills, a mild fever, dizziness, headaches, an upset stomach, and diarrhea to dehydration, severe cramps, vision problems, and even death, diagnosing foodborne illness is difficult. While many reported cases are caused by food prepared outside the home, small outbreaks in home settings are considered to be far more common. Also, different people react differently to the same contaminated food. The reaction depends on the type of bacteria or toxin, how extensively the food was contaminated, how much food was eaten, and the person's susceptibility to the bacteria. Topics include bacteria that cause foodborne illness, including salmonella, staph, clostridium perfringens, clostridium botulinum, E. coli, and listeria monocytogenes; illnesses related to parasites and viruses, including trichinosis, toxoplasmosis, and hepatitis A; when to consult with a health care provider regarding a possible foodborne illness; common food safety mistakes; storage tips for cupboards, refrigerator, and freezer storage; safe food preparation and serving; microwave safety tips; picnicking and safety; and preventing injuries in the kitchen. The chapter concludes with a self assessment questionnaire with which readers can determine their level of food safety knowledge. The chapter includes numerous charts and sidebars with fun facts, meat and fish target temperatures, strategies for how to avoid choking and how to help someone who is choking, and recommended storage temperatures.
•
Infections Source: in Daugirdas, J.T. and Ing, T.S., eds. Handbook of Dialysis. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. 1994. p. 469-490. Contact: Available from Lippincott-Raven Publishers. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 777-2295. Fax (301) 824-7390. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: http://www.lrpub.com. PRICE: $37.95. ISBN: 0316173835. Summary: This chapter on infections is from a handbook that outlines all aspects of dialysis therapy, emphasizing the management of dialysis patients. Topics include the derangement of immune function in uremia, including etiology and the increased susceptibility to infection; the derangement of temperature control in uremia; the incidence and management of bacterial infections in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients; infections unrelated to the access site, including urinary tract infection, pneumonia, intraabdominal infections, tuberculosis, listeriosis, Salmonella septicemia, Yersinia septicemia, and mucormycosis; viral infections, including hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cytomegalovirus and mononucleosis, influenza, AIDS, routine screening, and dialysis in patients who are HIV positive; vaccination in dialysis patients; and antimicrobial usage in dialysis patients. The authors present information in outline form, for easy reference. The chapter features a lengthy chart outlining the usual nonuremic dosage, dialysis patient dosage, post-hemodialysis supplements, and dosage for CAPD for each antimicrobial agent in common use. 3 tables. 21 references.
260 Salmonella
•
Infectious Agents as Aggravating Factors in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 95-98. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email:
[email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: This chapter on infectious agents as aggravating factors is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), together known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). When patients present with diarrhea, one of the first questions is whether it is an infection or an attack of IBD. Initial symptoms may be very similar, including diarrhea (with or without blood), abdominal pain or cramps, fever, and even arthralgias (pain in the joints). Clinical features that favor infection are acute onset of diarrhea (often greater than 10 bowel movements per day) and fever early in the course. Conversely, IBD usually has a more insidious onset, fewer than 6 bowel movements daily, and early fever is uncommon. Colonoscopic features can suggest infection or UC, but are rarely diagnostic. Mucosal biopsy, however, can be useful in distinguishing acute self-limited colitis or infectious-type colitis from IBD. However, to further complicate matters, infections sometimes can precipitate IBD, and intercurrent (happening at the same time) infections can mimic or induce flares of IBD. This chapter considers infections that mimic IBD, including amebic colitis and chronic infectious colitides (including Entamoeba histolytica and Yersinia); and infections that aggravate IBD, including Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Clostricium difficile, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus, parasites, and mycobacterium. 1 table. 22 references.
•
Approach to Patients with Gastrointestinal Tract Infections and Food Poisoning Source: in Feigin, R.D. and Cherry, J.D., eds. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 4th ed. Volume 1. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1998. p. 567-601. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. PRICE: $315.00. ISBN: 0721664482. Summary: This chapter on managing young patients with gastrointestinal (GI) tract infections and food poisoning is from a textbook on pediatric infectious diseases. The authors stress that the approach to patients must begin with a thorough medical history, including information about epidemiologic factors, a physical examination, and knowledge of the pathophysiology of various enteropathogens. GI tract infections can include a wide range of symptoms and can be caused by a variety of agents and organisms. However, most infectious diarrhea illness can be classified into a category based on its cause, its pathophysiology, and the clinical response. This information can then be used to determine the appropriate diagnostic and monitoring tests and to decide which therapy to use. All patients with diarrhea require some degree of fluid and electrolyte therapy, a few need other nonspecific support, and for some, specific antimicrobial therapy is indicated to shorten the illness. The authors consider epidemiology and etiology, including outbreaks in child care centers and hospitals, foodborne or waterborne diarrhea, antimicrobial-associated diarrhea, travelers' diarrhea, and diarrhea in immunocompromised patients, including those with AIDS; bacterial organisms that cause gastroenteritis, including Aeromanas hydrophila, Bacillus
Books
261
cereus, Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Yersinia enterocolitica; viral agents, including rotaviruses, astroviruses, calciviruses, and enteric adenoviruses; and parasites, including Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Strongyloides stercoralis, Isospora belli, microsporidia, and Cyclospora. Diagnostic considerations, including laboratory testing, are reviewed. The authors also discuss treatment options, including fluid and electrolyte therapy, dietary manipulation, nonspecific therapy with antidiarrheal compounds, and specific therapy with antimicrobial agents. 5 figures. 18 tables. 392 references. (AA-M). •
Other Colitides Source: in Kirsner, J.B., ed. Inflammatory Bowel Disease. 5th ed. Saint Louis, MO: W.B. Saunders Company. 1999. p. 410-423. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63146-9988. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 568-5136. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $145.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721676162. Summary: This chapter on other colitides in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is from a comprehensive textbook that describes all the latest scientific and clinical advances in the field of IBD, including etiology and pathogenesis, evaluation and classification, medical and surgical therapies, and patient care management. The other colitides include collagenous and lymphocytic colitis, and infectious colitis, including colitis due to bacteria (such as Clostridium difficile or Escherichia coli), mycobacteria (tuberculosis, Salmonella, Shigella, or Yersinia), viral infection (including cytomegalovirus or HIV), protozoa (including crytosporidium), other parasites, and fungal infection (including with candida and aspergillus). In each section the author discusses symptoms, diagnosis, associations with other gastrointestinal diseases, and treatment options. The author notes that the mimicry of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease by other forms of colitis and by many bacterial, viral, and protozoan infections reflects the well known limitation of the intestine's clinical and morphologic responsiveness to disease. This restriction emphasizes the importance of the careful evaluation of all patients with intestinal symptoms (diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and associated symptoms), not only to recognize treatable (curable) diseases but also to identify clues as to the nature and treatment of IBD. 4 figures. 8 tables. 101 references.
•
Reiter's Syndrome Source: in Bork, K., et al. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. p. 57-58. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Orders Fulfillment Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32821-9854. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $95.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: This chapter on Reiter's syndrome is from a textbook of diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips. Reiter's syndrome usually involves young males, and follows genitourinary or gastrointestinal tract infection. The typical clinical triad is arthritis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis. The typical triggering agents are genitourinary chlamydia or enteric salmonella or Yersinia infections. The chapter covers the clinical features, diagnosis, and therapy of Reiter's syndrome. The oral mucosa in Reiter's may be
262 Salmonella
involved in a manner similar to psoriasis. The transient lesions are those of geographic tongue and migratory stomatitis. In addition, more permanent plaques are likely to be seen. 2 figures. 4 references. •
Use of Antibiotics and Other Anti-infectious Agents in Ulcerative Colitis Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 149-151. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email:
[email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: This chapter on the use of antibiotics and other anti infectious agents in ulcerative colitis (UC) is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and UC, together known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Abundant evidence suggests that an imbalance between luminal (in the intestines) bacteria and the host inflammatory and immune response plays a central role in the pathogenesis (development) of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Development of UC has been observed after enteric (through the gastrointestinal tract) infection with Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia species. While these specific pathogens are not considered etiologic (causative) agents of UC, a transient infection may initiate a cascade of inflammatory events that, in predisposed individuals, can lead to UC. Similarly, although many enteric pathogens have been associated with relapse of UC, there is no evidence that persistence of these infections is a cause of the disease. In recent UC clinical trials, administration of live non-pathogenic Escherichia coli or a mixture of bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, and streptococci was equivalent to mesalamine in maintenance of remission. Taken together, these data suggest that the beneficial effect of antibiotics may not result from a long-term reduction in total bacterial load but rather from a qualitative alteration of the resident bacterial population. The recent human data further suggest a role for probiotics in the maintenance therapy for UC patients. This topic is also discussed in the chapter on the role of bacteria in CD and the chapter on pouchitis. The authors note that the lack of antibiotic benefits in randomized trials should not completely preclude their use in the management of selected UC patients. In clinical practice, these drugs may benefit patients with an acute flare of the disease, toxic patients with or without megacolon, and subsets of patients with refractory disease. 11 references.
•
Gastrointestinal Disease and Hepatitis Source: in Andersen, R.D., et al. Infections in Children: A Sourcebook for Educators and Child Care Providers. Aspen Publishers, Inc. 1994. p. 137-146. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers, Inc. 7201 McKinney Circle, Frederick, MD 21701. (800) 638-8437 or (301) 417-7500. PRICE: $36. ISBN: 0834203871. Summary: This chapter, from a handbook for educators and child care providers on infections in children, addresses gastrointestinal disease and hepatitis. The chapter covers vomiting; diarrhea; common causes of infectious diarrhea, including rotavirus, Escherichia coli, campylobacter species, salmonella, and shigella; hepatitis A; hepatitis B; and hepatitis C. In each section, the authors review the illness and its symptoms, consider etiology, review transmission and its prevention, and remind readers of the situations in which consultation of a health care provider is indicated. 3 references.
Books
263
265
CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON SALMONELLA Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on salmonella. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on salmonella is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “salmonella” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “salmonella” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on salmonella: •
Nutrition Strategies in HIV Management Teleconference Contact: TKN - TV, 2000 5th Ave R-101, River Grove, IL, 60171. Summary: This videorecording documents a teleconference on the subject of nutrition and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Hosted by Novella Dudley, it features a panel of four experts from various areas of the field who discuss aspects of HIV and nutrition; they then field questions from both the studio audience and over the telephone. Short video segments introduce each new topic. The panel includes Dr. Donald Kotler, of St. Luke's - Roosevelt Hospital; Joyce Fitzpatrick, a nursing consultant; Frank San Miguel, coordinator of HIV services for travelers and immigrants in Chicago; and Annette Smerko of Caremark. The teleconference opens by considering nutrition as part of the psychosocial needs of a Person with AIDS (PWA). The symptoms of malnutrition are discussed, such as weight loss, anorexia, diarrhea, fever, and painful chewing or swallowing. It addresses financial issues of the cost of medication being so great that some patients cannot afford food. It looks at the different nutritional needs of PWA's, who must avoid weight loss by eating extra calories. The panel addresses the
266 Salmonella
philosophy behind providing nutritional care for someone who is dying, and looks at the effect of alcohol use on nutrition. Case studies are examined; they say that the lack of ability to eat may be due to neurologic disease, drugs, or local pathology. PWA's are encouraged to consult with a dietitian, a physican, and a social worker. The connection between depression and malnutrition is established. The panel looks at specific opportunistic infections that may affect the appetite, such as hepatitis, thrush, and candida. A demonstration is given on safe handling of food to prevent salmonella and other foodborne diseases. The videorecording examines the devastating effects of weight loss on a patient, and looks at the barriers to motivating a patient to eat. It studies ethical concerns in treatment and legal issues involved in refusal to treat. The concluding segment studies the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal disorders. It touches on steroid use and the use of nutritional supplements. At the end of the videorecording, viewers are urged to complete an evaluation. •
Kitchens Alive with Germs Source: Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Department of Outreach Education. 1999. (videocassette). Contact: Available from University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics. Picture of Health, 702 North Blackhawk Avenue, Suite 215, Madison, WI 53705-3357. (800) 757-4354 or (608) 263-6510. Fax (608) 262-7172. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling; bulk copies available. Order number 062099A. Summary: This videotape on foodborne illness and food handling is one in a series of health promotion programs called 'Picture of Health,' produced by the University of Wisconsin. In this program, moderated by Carol Koby and featuring dietitian Donna Weihofen and biotechnology educator Thomas Zinnen, the risk factors associated with the common kitchen sink and errors in food handling are explored. Topics include the evolution of bacteria into new strains, the rules of food safety, improvements in the detection of pathogens, beneficial bacteria, germs (a simple term for things that are small and can grow, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, proteus), harmful bacteria (including specific strains of Escherichia coli, salmonella, and listeria), the symptoms of food poisoning, specific foods at high risk of contamination (raw meats and vegetables), food handling, cooked versus uncooked foods, the problems associated with unprocessed apple cider, dishwashers and the use of heat to reduce bacteria levels, and food recalls. The program features a segment in which Dr. Zinnen works with a group of preschoolers to demonstrate proper handwashing techniques. The program concludes by referring viewers to the informational website of the American Dietetic Association (www.eatright.org).
•
Food Borne Illnesses and Their Prevention Source: Charleston, WV: Cambridge Educational. 1995. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Cambridge Educational. P.O. Box 2153, Dept. D23, Charleston, WV 25328-2153. (800) 468-4227. Fax (800) FAX ON US. Website: www.cambridgeeducational.com. PRICE: $79.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This videotape program takes an indepth look at the recommended practices for food handlers (at home or commercially) to follow in order to prevent the spread of bacteria and other pathogens that can cause foodborne illness. The program investigates the causes, symptoms, and treatment of foodborne illnesses, with emphasis placed on their prevention. The program discusses the more common and severe illnesses in some detail. These include Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Botulism, and
Multimedia 267
Listeriosis. For each infectious organism, the narrator describes why the pathogen causes illness, how long the illness should be expected to last, safe and proper treatments, and when to contact a health care provider. The program then reviews shopping, food preparation, and hygiene issues that can help prevent foodborne illness. The final section of the videotape reviews the recommended internal cooking temperatures for a variety of foods. The program stresses that almost all foodborne illnesses can be avoided if people who handled food are educated about causes and the proper procedures to avoid contamination. The USDA Food Hotline number (800-5354555) is provided for viewers who would like to obtain additional information.
Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “salmonella” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on salmonella: •
AIDS and the Gastrointestinal Tract Contact: California Medical Association, Audio Digest Foundation, 1577 E Chevy Chase Dr, Glendale, CA, 91206, (213) 245-8505. Summary: This sound recording, along with accompanying pre-test and post-test questions, is part of an ongoing series of educational activities. The first speaker, Thomas C. Quinn, associate professor of Immunology and Infectious Disease at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, discusses epidemiology and manifestations of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). He explains natural history, patient classifications, case definition of AIDS patients, risk groups, common infections in male homosexuals, Gastrointestinal features of AIDS, Gastrointestinal malignancies, and overall treatment. William A. Causey, Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Mississippi School of Medicine in Jackson, talks about the risks in health-care delivery, accidental inoculations and needle-handling. The final speaker, Scott L. Friedman, Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of California in San Francisco, School of Medicine, looks at associated Gastrointestinal neoplasms and infections. His presentation deals with infection-control guidelines, neoplasms unique to Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Kaposis sarcoma study, gastric lymphoma, opportunistic Gastrointestinal infections in AIDS, CMV, herpes, M. avium-intracellulare, salmonella, oral thrush, hairy leukoplakia, candida, and management of main symptoms.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Salmonella The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in salmonella (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on salmonella:
268 Salmonella
•
An outbreak of salmonella infection [motion picture] Source: a Communicable Disease Center production; [presented by] the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service; Year: 1954; Format: Motion picture; United States: Public Health Service, [1954]
•
Infectious diarrhea, salmonella-shigella [videorecording] Source: [presented by] CME Productions, Inc., in cooperation with the Infectious Disease Section, Yale University, School of Medicine; Year: 1981; Format: Videorecording; [S.l.]: CME Productions, c1981
•
Isolation and identification of salmonellae [motion picture] Source: Emory University School of Medicine and National Medical Audiovisual Center; Year: 1968; Format: Motion picture; [Atlanta]: The Center; [Washington: for sale by National Audiovisual Center], 1968
•
Isolation and identification of salmonellae [videorecording] Source: Emory University School of Medicine and National Medical Audiovisual Center; Year: 1968; Format: Videorecording; [Atlanta]: The Center, 1968
•
Isolation of salmonella and shigella cultures [motion picture] Source: Laboratory Branch, Communicable Disease Center; produced by Public Health Facility Audiovisual Service; Year: 1965; Format: Motion picture; Atlanta: The Center: [for loan by National Medical Audiovisual Center, 1965?]
•
Salmonella food poisoning [electronic resource]. Year: 1994; Format: Electronic resource; Hanover, N.H.: Warlock Productions, [1994]
•
Salmonella.org [electronic resource] Source: Stanley Maloy and Rob Edwards; Year: 2001; Format: Electronic resource; Urbana-Champaign, IL: Dept. of Microbiology, University of Illinois, 2001
•
Salmonella-microsome mutagenicity test [videorecording] Source: Bruce N. Ames. [et al.]; Year: 1976; Format: Videorecording; [Berkeley]: University of California: [for sale by its University Extension], c1976
269
CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON SALMONELLA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover salmonella.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on salmonella is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “salmonella” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to salmonella. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “salmonella” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for salmonella: •
EU widens rules to combat salmonella Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 29, 2003
•
Britain probes sharp rise in rare strain of Salmonella Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 29, 2003
270 Salmonella
•
Britain probes sharp rise in rare form of salmonella Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 29, 2003
•
Antibiotic resistance among salmonella, E. coli on rise in German animals Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 01, 2003
•
Salmonella enteritidis infection rates have remained steady in recent years Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 02, 2003
•
Cook eggs thoroughly to prevent salmonella: CDC Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 02, 2003
•
EU farm ministers move to combat salmonella Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 28, 2002
•
UK warns about salmonella in eggs after one death Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 16, 2002
•
Salmonella outbreak reported in Britain Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 07, 2002
•
Patients infected with Salmonella after receiving blood from man with pet snake Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 03, 2002
•
Pet reptiles can be source of Salmonella infection Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 02, 2002
•
Salmonella found in one-third of European spiced meats Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 26, 2002
•
Salmonella found in 1/3 of European spiced meats Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 26, 2002
•
Salmonella contamination of sausages can survive apparently thorough cooking Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 10, 2002
•
Even cooked sausages can harbor Salmonella Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 10, 2002
•
Salmonella outbreak at Orlando theme park traced to diced Roma tomatoes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 08, 2002
•
Salmonella at Disney affects transplant patients Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 08, 2002
Periodicals and News
•
Drug-resistant Salmonella outbreak in US linked to raw beef Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 27, 2002
•
Drug-resistant Salmonella linked to raw beef Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 27, 2002
•
Typhoid carrier state traced to single point mutation in Salmonella typhimurium Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 20, 2002
•
Arthritis-causing ability of various salmonella serotypes appears similar Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 13, 2002
•
USDA finds high salmonella at 5 turkey plants Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 15, 2002
•
Ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella emergent in Taiwan Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 07, 2002
•
Three die of Salmonella at a Glasgow hospital Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 17, 2002
•
Alfalfa sprouts cause Salmonella outbreak Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 10, 2002
•
Alfalfa sprouts cause another Salmonella outbreak Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 10, 2002
•
USDA says no change in salmonella tests Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 19, 2001
•
US won't shut plants violating salmonella rules Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 12, 2001
•
Consumer group: 13% of US turkeys carry Salmonella Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 19, 2001
•
Test speeds salmonella detection Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 02, 2001
•
New test speeds salmonella detection Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 02, 2001
•
Report: Clinton receives salmonella-tainted package Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 25, 2001
271
272 Salmonella
•
Clinton receives salmonella-tainted vials in mail Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 25, 2001
•
Researchers map genome of two Salmonella strains Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 24, 2001
•
Genomes of two Salmonella bacteria mapped Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 24, 2001
•
CDC: Cats can cause Salmonella poisoning Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 23, 2001
•
US outbreak of fluoroquinolone-resistant salmonella infection analyzed Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 24, 2001
•
Drug-resistant salmonella strikes in Oregon Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 23, 2001
•
Salmonella risk in US meat continues to decline Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 19, 2001
•
US to stop salmonella testing of beef for schools Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 05, 2001
•
Second Salmonella outbreak associated with unpasteurized orange juice Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 12, 2000
•
Multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhi common Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 11, 2000
•
Multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotype typhi infections continue to increase Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 26, 2000
•
Oral Salmonella-HIV vaccine trial planned for US and Uganda Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 22, 2000
•
Morphine increases susceptibility to oral Salmonella typhimurium infection Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 22, 2000
•
Resistant salmonella came from cattle Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 26, 2000
•
Easter chicks may hatch Salmonella surprise Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 13, 2000
Periodicals and News
273
The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “salmonella” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “salmonella” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to salmonella, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “salmonella” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly
274 Salmonella
to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “salmonella” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on salmonella: •
Food Safety Guide Source: Nutrition Action Healthletter. 26(8): 1, 3-9. October 1999. Contact: Available from Center for Science in the Public Interest. 1875 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 300, Washington, DC 20009-5728. (202) 332-9110. Fax (202) 2654954. Website: www.cspinet.org. Summary: This newsletter article offers a food safety guide to help consumers avoid episodes of food poisoning. The authors first review some of the changes in the food safety field, including new pathogens to deal with, a more centrally produced and global food supply, and changes in the ways food animals are raised. The authors then review the two families of bacteria of concern: spoilage bacteria that cause foods to smell and taste bad; and disease causing bacteria that do not usually change the taste, smell, or appearance of food, but can make people sick. The body of the article discusses each category of food, including poultry, seafood, dairy, eggs, fruits and vegetables, juice and cider, prepared foods and salads, hot dogs and deli meats. In each category, the authors describe the food handling issues, the types of infections that are possible, and experiences of people who got sick. Sections headed What to Do offer specific strategies for shopping, handling fresh fruits, preparing foods, cooking meats, staying informed, avoiding raw foods, traveling, and eating at restaurants. One sidebar lists the symptoms of food poisoning and how to know when to contact a health care provider. The authors recommend the website that refers readers to the government food safety sites (www.foodsafety.gov). The article concludes with a chart summarizing the pathogens, their possible symptoms, foods that have caused outbreaks, how soon the symptoms typically strike, and how long the illness lasts. Pathogens covered are Campylobacter, Ciguatera, Clostridium botulinum, Cyclospora, E. coli O157:H7, hepatitis A, Listeria, Norwalk virus, Salmonella, Scombrotoxin, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus. 1 table.
Academic Periodicals covering Salmonella Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to salmonella. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering salmonella that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
275
APPENDICES
277
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
12
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
278 Salmonella
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
279
NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
13
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
280 Salmonella
•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “salmonella” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “salmonella” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
Manual of HIV/AIDS Care Contact: Maryland AIDS Professional Education Center, 22 S Greens St, Box 243, Baltimore, MD, 21201. Summary: This manual discusses various aspects of patient management involved with Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The evaluation of an HIV-infected person consists of a medical evaluation, history, thorough physical exam, and complete laboratory testing. The manual examines, in detail, the medical management of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, beginning with general considerations. Use of Azidothymidine (AZT) and prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) are two primary objectives of medical management. A number of bacterial infections associated with AIDS result in increased morbidity, mortality, altered natural history, and unusual manifestations. These include infections with pyogenic bacteria, bacteremia with non-typhi salmonella, syphillis, tuberculosis, infection with atypical mycobactgeria, and bacillary angiomatosis; their standard treatment programs are outlined in this manual. The fourth chapter of the manual deals with dyspnea in HIVinfected patients; the manual details general considerations, differential diagnosis, initial evaluation, examination of pulmonary secretions and tissue, and therapy of PCP. The topics covered in the fifth chapter, on neurological diseases and disorders, include AIDS-dementia complex, meningitis and meningoencephalitis, focal brain disease, spinal cord disease, peripheral nerve disease, and retinal disease.
•
People Come to Visit But Only Stay an Hour and Then They Have to Go: My Cat, She's Always There Contact: Pets Are Wonderful Support, PO Box 460487, San Francisco, CA, 94146-0487, (415) 241-1460, http://www.pawssf.org. Summary: This report provides information on pet support for patients with Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and possible contagion of animal transmitted diseases, or zoonoses. A set of guidelines to avoid toxoplasmosis, salmonella, and other parasitic and opportunistic infections for immunosuppressed pet owners is illustrated. Instructions on hygiene and disinfection procedures are also given. A survey of health
Physician Resources
281
care professionals is included in the report that indicates patient support benefits outweigh risks of opportunistic infections.
The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “salmonella” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 55962 315 55 254 0 56586
HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “salmonella” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
15
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
16
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
282 Salmonella
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
20 Adapted 21
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
283
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on salmonella can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to salmonella. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to salmonella. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “salmonella”:
284 Salmonella
•
Guides on salmonella Salmonella Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/salmonellainfections.html
•
Other guides E. Coli Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ecoliinfections.html Food Contamination/Poisoning http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodcontaminationpoisoning.html Food Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodsafety.html Pets and Pet Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/petsandpethealth.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to salmonella, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Salmonella Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/fact/salmonella.htm Salmonellosis Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/salmonellosis_g.htm
•
Specific Conditions/Aspects Focus on Shell Eggs Source: Dept. of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OA/pubs/shelleggs.htm Foodborne Diseases Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/foodbornedis.htm Salmonella Enteritidis Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/salment_g.htm Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis) and Animals Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/salmonellosis.htm Travelers' Health: Typhoid Fever Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/typhoid.htm
Patient Resources
•
285
Children Fright of the Iguana: Pet Reptiles Pose Risk of Salmonella Infection for Their Owners Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/1997/797_rept.html Salmonellosis Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/salmonellosis.html
•
Men Salmonellosis Source: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation http://www.marchofdimes.com/pnhec/188_688.asp
•
Organizations National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/index.htm National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/ www.FoodSafety.gov Source: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://www.foodsafety.gov/
•
Prevention/Screening Foodborne Illness Peaks In Summer -- Why? Source: Dept. of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OA/pubs/illpeaks.htm Playing It Safe With Eggs Source: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/fs-eggs.html
•
Teenagers Salmonellosis Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/infections/bacterial_viral/salmonellosis.html
•
Women Salmonellosis Source: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation http://www.marchofdimes.com/pnhec/188_688.asp
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system
286 Salmonella
(mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on salmonella. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Protect Against Salmonella Source: JAMA. Journal of American Medical Association. 281(19): 1866. May 19, 1999. Summary: This patient education fact sheet which is published as a one page article in JAMA (the Journal of the American Medical Association), reviews strategies that can be used to protect against Salmonella, one of the most prevalent types of foodborne illnesses. Salmonella is a group of bacteria that cause diarrheal illness in humans. Salmonella is usually transmitted by eating undercooked or raw eggs, poultry, meat, or unpasteurized dairy products. The best way to protect oneself is never to eat such foods raw or undercooked and to wash hands, and all foods, kitchen surfaces, and utensils used to prepare food thoroughly. The fact sheet includes the contact information for the Food and Drug Administration's Food Information and Seafood Hotline (800 FDA 4010) and for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's hotline (888 CDC FACTS), from which readers can get more information. Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Bad Bug Book -- Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Summary: The Bad Bug Book is a comprehensive reference site for the full range of foodborne pathogens including pathenogenic bacteria such as salmonella, campylobacter, and vibrio; the enterovirulent Source: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=304
Patient Resources
•
287
FAQ - About Salmonellosis Summary: Answers to your questions about salmonellosis including, a description of the Salmonella germ and information about diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and the government's prevention strategy. Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4336
•
The Fright of the Iguana: Pet Reptiles Pose Risk of Salmonella Infection for Their Owners Summary: This consumer health information article warns that imported reptiles like iguanas carry exotic forms of salmonella bacteria that can cause life-threatening illness in humans. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3582 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to salmonella. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
288 Salmonella
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to salmonella. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with salmonella. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about salmonella. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “salmonella” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “salmonella”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “salmonella” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
Patient Resources
289
The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “salmonella” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
291
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
23
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
292 Salmonella
libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
24
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
293
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
294 Salmonella
•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
295
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
296 Salmonella
•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
297
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on salmonella: •
Basic Guidelines for Salmonella Salmonella enterocolitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000294.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Salmonella Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Decreased urine output Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003147.htm Diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm
298 Salmonella
Muscle pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003178.htm Nausea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Salmonella Stool culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003758.htm
•
Background Topics for Salmonella Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Electrolyte Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002350.htm Electrolytes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002350.htm Intravenous Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002383.htm Symptomatic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002293.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
299
SALMONELLA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acanthocephala: A phylum of parasitic worms, closely related to tapeworms and containing two genera: Moniliformis, which sometimes infects man, and Macracanthorhynchus, which infects swine. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetyltransferases: Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group, usually from acetyl coenzyme A, to another compound. EC 2.3.1. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acremonium: A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus. [NIH] Acridine Orange: Cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow). [NIH]
Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In
300 Salmonella
dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adduct: Complex formed when a carcinogen combines with DNA or a protein. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Triphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adenylate Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of AMP to ADP in the presence of ATP or inorganic triphosphate. EC 2.7.4.3. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean
Dictionary 301
intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Agglutinins: Substances, usually of biological origin, that cause cells or other organic particles to aggregate and stick to each other. They also include those antibodies which cause aggregation or agglutination of a particulate or insoluble antigen. [NIH] Agonists: Drugs that trigger an action from a cell or another drug. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Alfalfa: A deep-rooted European leguminous plant (Medicago sativa) widely grown for hay and forage. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]
Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergens: Antigen-type substances (hypersensitivity, immediate). [NIH]
that
produce
immediate
hypersensitivity
Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alpha-Defensins: Defensins found in azurophilic granules of neutrophils and in the secretory granules of intestinal paneth cells. [NIH] Alpha-lactalbumin: A human milk protein which could be used as a nutritional supplement. [NIH]
302 Salmonella
Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alum: A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called aluminum sulfate. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more amino acids in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in fractionation of proteins. [NIH]
Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]
Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH]
Dictionary 303
Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylactic: Pertaining to anaphylaxis. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angioneurotic: Denoting a neuropathy affecting the vascular system; see angioedema. [EU] Angioneurotic Edema: Recurring attacks of transient edema suddenly appearing in areas of the skin or mucous membranes and occasionally of the viscera, often associated with dermatographism, urticaria, erythema, and purpura. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or
304 Salmonella
company. [NIH] Anthrax: An acute bacterial infection caused by ingestion of bacillus organisms. Carnivores may become infected from ingestion of infected carcasses. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The most common form in humans is cutaneous anthrax. [NIH] Anthropogenic: Of human origin or influence. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiogram: An examination that measures the biological resistance of substances causing disease; performed prior to chemotherapy so as to make it more efficient. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity: The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface IgG whose Fc portion is intact. The effector cell is a "killer" cell possessing Fc receptors. It may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional B- or T-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. The reaction is complement-independent. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH]
Dictionary 305
Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Antitoxin: A purified antiserum from animals (usually horses) immunized by injections of a toxin or toxoid, administered as a passive immunizing agent to neutralize a specific bacterial toxin, e.g., botulinus, tetanus or diphtheria. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Aortitis: Inflammation of the wall of the aorta. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artifacts: Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not
306 Salmonella
by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis. [NIH] Asparaginase: A hydrolase enzyme that converts L-asparagine and water to L-aspartate and NH3. EC 3.5.1.1. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspergillus: A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family Trichocomaceae. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autologous bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person after intensive treatment. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacillus cereus: A species of rod-shaped bacteria that is a common soil saprophyte. Its spores are widespread and multiplication has been observed chiefly in foods. Contamination may lead to food poisoning. [NIH] Bacillus subtilis: A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte. [NIH] Bacteraemia: The presence of bacteria in the blood. [EU] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of
Dictionary 307
cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Adhesion: Physicochemical property of fimbriated and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium. [NIH] Bacterial toxin: A toxic substance, made by bacteria, that can be modified to kill specific tumor cells without harming normal cells. [NIH] Bacterial Vaccines: Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriocins: Substances elaborated by specific strains of bacteria that are lethal against other strains of the same or related species. They are protein or lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes used in taxonomy studies of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Sequence: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Beta-Defensins: Defensins found mainly in epithelial cells. [NIH] Beta-Galactosidase: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, nonreducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause gangliodisosis GM1. EC 3.2.1.23. [NIH]
308 Salmonella
Beta-Lactamases: Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioassays: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biochemical reactions: In living cells, chemical reactions that help sustain life and allow cells to grow. [NIH] Biofilms: Films of bacteria or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Biofilms consist of multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics. [NIH] Biogenesis: The origin of life. It includes studies of the potential basis for life in organic compounds but excludes studies of the development of altered forms of life through mutation and natural selection, which is evolution. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biological Warfare: Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Bioluminescence: The emission of light by living organisms such as the firefly, certain mollusks, beetles, fish, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to
Dictionary 309
determine whether disease is present. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bioterrorism: The use of biological agents in terrorism. This includes the malevolent use of bacteria, viruses, or toxins against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Biotype: A group of individuals having the same genotype. [NIH] Bivalent: Pertaining to a group of 2 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells, stromal cells, megakaryocytes, and the immediate precursors of most blood cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Purging: Techniques for the removal of subpopulations of cells (usually residual tumor cells) from the bone marrow ex vivo before it is infused. The purging is achieved by a variety of agents including pharmacologic agents, biophysical agents (laser photoirradiation or radioisotopes) and immunologic agents. Bone marrow purging is used
310 Salmonella
in both autologous and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Botrytis: A mitosporic Leotiales fungal genus of plant pathogens. It has teleomorphs in the genus Botryotina. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Brucellosis: Infection caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella mainly involving the reticuloendothelial system. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Campylobacter: A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic. [NIH] Cancer vaccine: A vaccine designed to prevent or treat cancer. [NIH] Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract. [NIH] Cannabinoids: Compounds extracted from Cannabis sativa L. and metabolites having the cannabinoid structure. The most active constituents are tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, and cannabidiol. [NIH] Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L. [NIH] Canonical: A particular nucleotide sequence in which each position represents the base more often found when many actual sequences of a given class of genetic elements are compared. [NIH]
Dictionary 311
Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH] Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid. [NIH]
Capsular: Cataract which is initiated by an opacification at the surface of the lens. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carcinoembryonic Antigen: A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the respone to colon cancer treatment. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoid: A type of tumor usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the appendix), and sometimes in the lungs or other sites. Carcinoid tumors are usually benign. [NIH]
Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carrier State: The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissable to another susceptible host. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Castor Oil: Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU]
312 Salmonella
Catalytic Domain: The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cefsulodin: A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients. [NIH] Ceftriaxone: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to usually inaccessible infections, including those involving the meninges, eyes, inner ears, and urinary tract. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell motility: The ability of a cell to move. [NIH] Cell Movement: The movement of cells from one location to another. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH]
Dictionary 313
Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cephalosporin Resistance: Non-susceptibility of an organism to the action of the cephalosporins. [NIH] Cephalosporins: A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium acremonium). They contain the betalactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chelating Agents: Organic chemicals that form two or more coordination bonds with a central metal ion. Heterocyclic rings are formed with the central metal atom as part of the ring. Some biological systems form metal chelates, e.g., the iron-binding porphyrin group of hemoglobin and the magnesium-binding chlorophyll of plants. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed) They are used chemically to remove ions from solutions, medicinally against microorganisms, to treat metal poisoning, and in chemotherapy protocols. [NIH] Chemical Warfare: Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases. [NIH] Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during war. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH] Chimeras: Organism that contains a mixture of genetically different cells. [NIH] Chimeric Proteins: Proteins in individuals that are derived from genetically different zygotes. [NIH] Chlamydia: A genus of the family Chlamydiaceae whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Chlorides: Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.
314 Salmonella
[NIH]
Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholera Toxin: The enterotoxin from Vibrio cholerae. It is a protein that consists of two major components, the heavy (H) or A peptide and the light (L) or B peptide or choleragenoid. The B peptide anchors the protein to intestinal epithelial cells, while the A peptide, enters the cytoplasm, and activates adenylate cyclase, and production of cAMP. Increased levels of cAMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chorismate Mutase: An isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of chorismic acid to prephenic acid. EC 5.4.99.5. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells (called lymphocytes) are found in the body. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6. [NIH] Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, chymotrypsinogen and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by trypsin. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH]
Dictionary 315
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonal Deletion: Removal, via cell death, of immature lymphocytes that interact with antigens during maturation. For T-lymphocytes this occurs in the thymus and ensures that mature T-lymphocytes are self tolerant. B-lymphocytes may also undergo clonal deletion. [NIH]
Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clostridium: A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Bacillaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals. [NIH] Clostridium botulinum: The etiologic agent of botulism in man, wild ducks, and other waterfowl. It is also responsible for certain forms of forage poisoning in horses and cattle. The bacterium produces a powerful exotoxin that is resistant to proteolytic digestion. [NIH] Clostridium difficile: A common inhabitant of the colon flora in human infants and sometimes in adults. It produces a toxin that causes pseudomembranous enterocolitis in patients receiving antibiotic therapy. [NIH] Clostridium perfringens: The most common etiologic agent of gas gangrene. It is differentiable into several distinct types based on the distribution of twelve different toxins. [NIH]
Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but
316 Salmonella
some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Coleoptera: The largest order of insects, comprising the beetles and weevils. [NIH] Colic: Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well. [NIH] Coliphages: Viruses whose host is Escherichia coli. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Commensal: 1. Living on or within another organism, and deriving benefit without injuring or benefiting the other individual. 2. An organism living on or within another, but not causing injury to the host. [EU] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU]
Dictionary 317
Complement Activation: The sequential activation of serum components C1 through C9, initiated by an erythrocyte-antibody complex or by microbial polysaccharides and properdin, and producing an inflammatory response. [NIH] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH]
318 Salmonella
Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]
Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convalescence: The period of recovery following an illness. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune
Dictionary 319
response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Coumaric Acids: Hydroxycinnamic acid and its derivatives. Act as activators of the indoleacetic acid oxidizing system, thereby producing a decrease in the endogenous level of bound indoleacetic acid in plants. [NIH] Cowpox: A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by cowpox virus, with lesions occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal. [NIH] Cowpox Virus: A species of orthopoxvirus that is the etiologic agent of cowpox. It is closely related to but antigenically different from vaccina virus. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH] Cyproterone Acetate: An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]
Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related
320 Salmonella
heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoplasmic Vesicles: Membrane-limited structures derived from the plasma membrane or various intracellular membranes which function in storage, transport or metabolism. [NIH] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytostatic: An agent that suppresses cell growth and multiplication. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Cytotoxins: Substances elaborated by microorganisms, plants or animals that are specifically toxic to individual cells; they may be involved in immunity or may be contained in venoms. [NIH]
Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decontamination: The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or chemical warfare agents, from a person or object. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Defensins: Family of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified in humans, animals, and plants. They are thought to play a role in host defenses against infections, inflammation, wound repair, and acquired immunity. Based on the disulfide pairing of their characteristic six cysteine residues, they are divided into alpha-defensins and beta-defensins. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH]
Dictionary 321
Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]
Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]
Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH]
322 Salmonella
Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diphtheria: A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. Diphtheria toxin, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. [NIH] Diphtheria Toxin: A 60 kD single chain protein elaborated by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that causes the sign and symptoms of diphtheria; it can be broken into two unequal fragments, the smaller (A fragment) inhibits protein synthesis and is the lethal moiety that needs the larger (B fragment) for entry into cells. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Outbreaks: Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes epidemics. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH]
Dictionary 323
Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dumping Syndrome: Gastrointestinal nonfunctioning pylorus. [NIH]
symptoms
resulting
from
an
absent
or
Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]
Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Egg Proteins: Proteins which are found in eggs or ova from any species. [NIH] Egg Yolk: Cytoplasm stored in an egg that contains nutritional reserves for the developing embryo. It is rich in polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH]
324 Salmonella
Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Empyema: Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity. [NIH] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endonucleases: Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the internal bonds and thereby the formation of polynucleotides or oligonucleotides from ribo- or deoxyribonucleotide chains. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelial Growth Factors: These growth factors are soluble mitogens secreted by a
Dictionary 325
variety of organs. The factors are a mixture of two single chain polypeptides which have affinity to heparin. Their molecular weight are organ and species dependent. They have mitogenic and chemotactic effects and can stimulate endothelial cells to grow and synthesize DNA. The factors are related to both the basic and acidic fibroblast growth factors but have different amino acid sequences. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Energetic: Exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. [EU] Enteric bacteria: Single-celled microorganisms that lack chlorophyll. Some bacteria are capable of causing human, animal, or plant diseases; others are essential in pollution control because they break down organic matter in the air and in the water. [NIH] Enteric Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterobacteriaceae: A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock. [NIH] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]
Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Factors: Events, characteristics, or other definable entities that have the potential to bring about a change in a health condition or other defined outcome. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU]
326 Salmonella
Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]
Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Escherichia: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms occur in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. The species are either nonpathogenic or opportunistic pathogens. [NIH] Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce diarrhea and pyogenic infections. [NIH]
Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethanolamine: A viscous, hygroscopic amino alcohol with an ammoniacal odor. It is widely distributed in biological tissue and is a component of lecithin. It is used as a surfactant, fluorimetric reagent, and to remove CO2 and H2S from natural gas and other gases. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH]
Dictionary 327
Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exotoxin: Toxic substance excreted by living bacterial cells. [NIH] Expert Systems: Computer programs based on knowledge developed from consultation with experts on a problem, and the processing and/or formalizing of this knowledge using these programs in such a manner that the problems may be solved. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH]
328 Salmonella
Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Flagellin: A protein with a molecular weight of 40,000 isolated from bacterial flagella. At appropriate pH and salt concentration, three flagellin monomers can spontaneously reaggregate to form structures which appear identical to intact flagella. [NIH] Flagellum: A whiplike appendage of a cell. It can function either as an organ of locomotion or as a device for moving the fluid surrounding the cell. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Food Contamination: The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage. [NIH] Food Handling: Any aspect of the operations in the preparation, transport, storage, packaging, wrapping, exposure for sale, service, or delivery of food. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Foodborne Illness: An acute gastrointestinal infection caused by food that contains harmful bacteria. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and chills. Also called food poisoning. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by
Dictionary 329
three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Freeze Drying: Method of tissue preparation in which the tissue specimen is frozen and then dehydrated at low temperature in a high vacuum. This method is also used for dehydrating pharmaceutical and food products. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Galactosides: Glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of galactose with an alcohol to form an acetal. They include both alpha- and beta-galactosides. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Gamma irradiation: A type of radiation therapy that uses gamma radiation. Gamma radiation is a type of high-energy radiation that is different from x-rays. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglioside: Protein kinase C's inhibitor which reduces ischemia-related brain damage. [NIH]
Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas Gangrene: A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus Clostridium. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases. [NIH] Gastrectomy: An operation to remove all or part of the stomach. [NIH]
330 Salmonella
Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]
Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Amplification: A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication. [NIH] Gene Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus. [NIH] Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Fusion: Fusion of structural genes to analyze protein behavior or fusion of regulatory sequences with structural genes to determine mechanisms of regulation. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by
Dictionary 331
such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic Techniques: Chromosomal, biochemical, intracellular, and other methods used in the study of genetics. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetic transcription: The process by which the genetic information encoded in the gene, represented as a linear sequence of deoxyribonucleotides, is copied into an exactly complementary sequence of ribonucleotides known as messenger RNA. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Germ-free: Free of bacteria, disease-causing viruses, and other organisms that can cause infection. [NIH] Germicide: An agent that kills pathogenic microorganisms. [EU] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronosyltransferase: A family of enzymes accepting a wide range of substrates, including phenols, alcohols, amines, and fatty acids. They function as drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of UDPglucuronic acid to a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. EC 2.4.1.17. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid
332 Salmonella
(glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate: An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Government Agencies: Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities in the U.S. and abroad. [NIH] Gp 100: Glycoprotein 100. A tumor-specific antigen used in the development of cancer vaccines. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]
Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when
Dictionary 333
treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: An acidic glycoprotein of MW 23 kDa with internal disulfide bonds. The protein is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the hemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. GM-CSF is able to stimulate the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells and can stimulate the formation of eosinophil colonies from fetal liver progenitor cells. GM-CSF can also stimulate some functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granulomatous Disease, Chronic: A recessive X-linked defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. [NIH] Granulosa Cells: Cells of the membrana granulosa lining the vesicular ovarian follicle which become luteal cells after ovulation. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Growth Inhibitors: Endogenous or exogenous substances which inhibit the normal growth of human and animal cells or micro-organisms, as distinguished from those affecting plant growth (plant growth regulators). [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Hair Color: Color of hair or fur. [NIH] Hair Dyes: Dyes used as cosmetics to change hair color either permanently or temporarily. [NIH]
Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Handwashing: The act of cleansing the hands with water or other liquid, with or without the inclusion of soap or other detergent, for the purpose of removing soil or microorganisms. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH]
334 Salmonella
Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hazardous Substances: Substances which, upon release into the atmosphere, water, or soil, or which, in direct contact with the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, or as additives to food, cause health risks to humans or animals through absorption, inhalation, or ingestion. The concept includes safe handling, transportation, and storage of these substances. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Helicobacter: A genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that is pathogenic and has been isolated from the intestinal tract of mammals, including humans. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hemagglutinins: Agents that cause agglutination of red blood cells. They include antibodies, blood group antigens, lectins, autoimmune factors, bacterial, viral, or parasitic blood agglutinins, etc. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of
Dictionary 335
sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]
Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homotypic: Adhesion between neutrophils. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its
336 Salmonella
antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds. [NIH]
Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolases: Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., esterases, glycosidases (glycoside hydrolases), lipases, nucleotidases, peptidases (peptide hydrolases), and phosphatases (phosphoric monoester hydrolases). EC 3. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypersensitivity, Immediate: Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigen-
Dictionary 337
antibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability. [NIH] Hypochlorous Acid: HClO. An oxyacid of chlorine containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent. [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Ice Cream: A frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavorings. Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Iguanas: Large herbivorous tropical American lizards. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Imaging procedures: Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune adjuvant: A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immune Tolerance: The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc. [NIH] Immune-response: The production of antibodies or particular types of cytotoxic lymphoid cells on challenge with an antigen. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH]
338 Salmonella
Immunochemistry: Field of chemistry that pertains to immunological phenomena and the study of chemical reactions related to antigen stimulation of tissues. It includes physicochemical interactions between antigens and antibodies. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]
Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]
Immunodominant Epitopes: Subunits of the antigenic determinant that are most easily recognized by the immune system and thus most influence the specificity of the induced antibody. [NIH] Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunomagnetic Separation: A cell-separation technique where magnetizable microspheres or beads are first coated with monoclonal antibody, allowed to search and bind to target cells, and are then selectively removed when passed through a magnetic field. Among other applications, the technique is commonly used to remove tumor cells from the marrow (bone marrow purging) of patients who are to undergo autologous bone marrow transplantation. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU]
Dictionary 339
Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infection Control: Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms. [NIH] Infectious Diarrhea: Diarrhea caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. [NIH] Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]
Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH]
340 Salmonella
Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]
Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Flora: The bacteria, yeasts, and fungi that grow normally in the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH]
Dictionary 341
Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iron Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain iron as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isocitrate Dehydrogenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate and NAD+ to yield 2-ketoglutarate, carbon dioxide, and NADH. It occurs in cell mitochondria. The enzyme requires Mg2+, Mn2+; it is activated by ADP, citrate, and Ca2+, and inhibited by NADH, NADPH, and ATP. The reaction is the key rate-
342 Salmonella
limiting step of the citric acid (tricarboxylic) cycle. (From Dorland, 27th ed) (The NADP+ enzyme is EC 1.1.1.42.) EC 1.1.1.41. [NIH] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog produced by the action of tissue and glandular kallikreins on low-molecular-weight kininogen. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that functions through vasodilatation. [NIH] Kallikreins: Proteolytic enzymes from the serine endopeptidase family found in normal blood and urine. Specifically, Kallikreins are potent vasodilators and hypotensives and increases vascular permeability and affects smooth muscle. They act as infertility agents in men. Three forms are recognized, plasma kallikrein (EC 3.4.21.34), tissue kallikrein (EC 3.4.21.35), and prostate-specific antigen (EC 3.4.21.77). [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Killer Cells: Lymphocyte-like effector cells which mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. They kill antibody-coated target cells which they bind with their Fc receptors. [NIH]
Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Lactobacillus: A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare. [NIH] Lactobacillus acidophilus: A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the intestinal tract of humans and animals, the human mouth, and vagina. This organism produces the fermented product, acidophilus milk. [NIH] Lactobacillus casei: A rod-shaped bacterium isolated from milk and cheese, dairy products and dairy environments, sour dough, cow dung, silage, and human mouth, human intestinal contents and stools, and the human vagina. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large
Dictionary 343
intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Leishmania: A genus of flagellate protozoa comprising several species that are pathogenic for humans. Organisms of this genus have an amastigote and a promastigote stage in their life cycles. As a result of enzymatic studies this single genus has been divided into two subgenera: Leishmania leishmania and Leishmania viannia. Species within the Leishmania leishmania subgenus include: L. aethiopica, L. arabica, L. donovani, L. enrietti, L. gerbilli, L. hertigi, L. infantum, L. major, L. mexicana, and L. tropica. The following species are those that compose the Leishmania viannia subgenus: L. braziliensis, L. guyanensis, L. lainsoni, L. naiffi, and L. shawi. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leuconostoc: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria whose growth is dependent on the presence of a fermentable carbohydrate. It is nonpathogenic to plants and animals, including humans. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH]
344 Salmonella
Lipid Bilayers: Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Listeria monocytogenes: A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. It has been isolated from sewage, soil, silage, and from feces of healthy animals and man. Infection with this bacterium leads to encephalitis, meningitis, endocarditis, and abortion. [NIH] Litter: Appliance consisting of an oblong frame over which is stretched a canvas or other material, used for carrying an injured or disabled person. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]
Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Luminescence: The property of giving off light without emitting a corresponding degree of
Dictionary 345
heat. It includes the luminescence of inorganic matter or the bioluminescence of human matter, invertebrates and other living organisms. For the luminescence of bacteria, bacterial luminescence is available. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokine: A soluble protein produced by some types of white blood cell that stimulates other white blood cells to kill foreign invaders. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphotoxin: Soluble substance released by lymphocytes activated by antigens or T-cell mitogens, that is cytotoxic to other cells. It is involved in allergies and chronic inflammatory diseases. Lymphotoxin is antigenically distinct from tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tumor necrosis factor), though they both share a common receptor, biological activities, and significant amino acid sequences. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lysosome: A sac-like compartment inside a cell that has enzymes that can break down cellular components that need to be destroyed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Activation: The process of altering the morphology and functional activity of macrophages so that they become avidly phagocytic. It is initiated by lymphokines, such as the macrophage activation factor (MAF) and the macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MMIF), immune complexes, C3b, and various peptides, polysaccharides, and immunologic adjuvants. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH]
346 Salmonella
Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid. [NIH] Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Mediastinitis: Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs. [NIH] Mediastinum: The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized
Dictionary 347
facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megacolon: Pathological enlargement of the colon. [NIH] Megakaryocytes: Very large bone marrow cells which release mature blood platelets. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melena: Black, tarry feces containing digested blood. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Meningoencephalitis: An inflammatory process involving the brain (encephalitis) and meninges (meningitis), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH]
348 Salmonella
Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesenteric Lymphadenitis: Inflammation of the mesenteric lymph nodes. [NIH] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Metaphase: The second phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Metastatic cancer: Cancer that has spread from the place in which it started to other parts of the body. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Microsome: One of the specific metabolic pathways of the liver. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]
labeled
with
Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells
Dictionary 349
of the species. [NIH] Mitosporic Fungi: A large and heterogenous group of fungi whose common characteristic is the absence of a sexual state. Many of the pathogenic fungi in humans belong to this group. [NIH]
Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molasses: The syrup remaining after sugar is crystallized out of sugar cane or sugar beet juice. It is also used in animal feed, and in a fermented form, is used to make industrial ethyl alcohol and alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mononucleosis: The presence of an abnormally large number of mononuclear leucocytes (monocytes) in the blood. The term is often used alone to refer to infectious mononucleosis. [EU]
Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]
Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH]
350 Salmonella
Multivalent: Pertaining to a group of 5 or more homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphasis in meiosis. [NIH] Mung bean: A type of bean grown in warm climates. It is usually used for its seed and for bean sprouts. Mung bean may have anticancer effects. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]
Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mycobacterium: A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts. [NIH]
Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycotic: Pertaining to a mycosis; caused by fungi. [EU] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]
Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoglobin: A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH]
Dictionary 351
Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasal Septum: The partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane, composed of cartilaginous, membranous and bony parts. [NIH] Natural killer cells: NK cells. A type of white blood cell that contains granules with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or microbial cells. Also called large granular lymphocytes (LGL). [NIH] Natural selection: A part of the evolutionary process resulting in the survival and reproduction of the best adapted individuals. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nematoda: A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are parasites. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU]
352 Salmonella
Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Niche: The ultimate unit of the habitat, i. e. the specific spot occupied by an individual organism; by extension, the more or less specialized relationships existing between an organism, individual or synusia(e), and its environment. [NIH] Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: 3-Carbamoyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl pyridinium hydroxide-5'phosphate, inner salt. A nucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-N-glycosidic linkage with the C-1 position of D-ribose. Synonyms: Nicotinamide Ribonucleotide; NMN. [NIH] Nisin: A 34-amino acid polypeptide antibiotic produced by Streptococcus lactis. It has been used as a food preservative in canned fruits and vegetables, and cheese. [NIH] Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. [NIH] Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may
Dictionary 353
also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Probes: Nucleic acid which complements a specific mRNA or DNA molecule, or fragment thereof; used for hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms and for genetic studies. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleotidases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a nucleotide and water to a nucleoside and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.-. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ofloxacin: An orally administered broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial drug active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Olfactory Bulb: Ovoid body resting on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone where the olfactory nerve terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose dendrites the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the vomeronasal organ via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here. [NIH] Oligo: Chemical and mineral elements that exist in minimal (oligo) quantities in the body, in foods, in the air, in soil; name applied to any element observed as a microconstituent of plant or animal tissue and of beneficial, harmful, or even doubtful significance. [NIH] Oligonucleotide Probes: Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or
354 Salmonella
within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Oncogenes: Genes which can potentially induce neoplastic transformation. They include genes for growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. When these genes are constitutively expressed after structural and/or regulatory changes, uncontrolled cell proliferation may result. Viral oncogenes have prefix "v-" before the gene symbol; cellular oncogenes (protooncogenes) have the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Open Reading Frames: Reading frames where successive nucleotide triplets can be read as codons specifying amino acids and where the sequence of these triplets is not interrupted by stop codons. [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Opsin: A visual pigment protein found in the retinal rods. It combines with retinaldehyde to form rhodopsin. [NIH] Orbicularis: A thin layer of fibers that originates at the posterior lacrimal crest and passes outward and forward, dividing into two slips which surround the canaliculi. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. [NIH] Ornithine Decarboxylase: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein, believed to be the rate-limiting compound in the biosynthesis of polyamines. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine, which is then linked to a propylamine moiety of decarboxylated Sadenosylmethionine to form spermidine. EC 4.1.1.17. [NIH] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Osmoles: The standard unit of osmotic pressure. [NIH]
Dictionary 355
Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells which secrete an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. [NIH] Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Ovarian Follicle: Spheroidal cell aggregation in the ovary containing an ovum. It consists of an external fibro-vascular coat, an internal coat of nucleated cells, and a transparent, albuminous fluid in which the ovum is suspended. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or
356 Salmonella
operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Papain: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and chymopapain that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2. [NIH] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Paratyphoid Fever: A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by serotypes of Salmonella paratyphi. It is similar to typhoid fever but less severe. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Care Management: Generating, planning, organizing, and administering medical and nursing care and services for patients. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pediococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria whose growth is dependent on the presence of a fermentable carbohydrate. No endospores are produced. Its organisms are found in fermenting plant products and are nonpathogenic to plants and animals, including humans. [NIH]
Dictionary 357
Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins. [NIH] Peptide Hydrolases: A subclass of enzymes from the hydrolase class that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Exopeptidases and endopeptidases make up the sub-subclasses for this group. EC 3.4. [NIH] Peptidylprolyl Isomerase: An enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of proline residues within proteins. EC 5.2.1.8. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]
Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral stem cells: Immature cells found circulating in the bloodstream. New blood cells develop from peripheral stem cells. [NIH] Periplasm: The space between the inner and outer membranes of a cell that is shared with the cell wall. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH]
358 Salmonella
Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Phagosomes: Membrane-bound cytoplasmic vesicles formed by invagination of phagocytized material. They fuse with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes in which the hydrolytic enzymes of the lysosome digest the phagocytized material. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU]
Dictionary 359
Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Pheophytins: Chlorophylls from which the magnesium has been removed by treatment with weak acid. [NIH] Pheromones: Chemical substances which, when secreted by an individual into the environment, cause specific reactions in other individuals, usually of the same species. The substances relate only to multicellular organisms. This includes kairomones. Allomones are repellent pheromones. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases: A group of hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolysis of monophosphoric esters with the production of one mole of orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylase: An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the phosphorylysis of a terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond at the non-reducing end of a glycogen molecule, releasing a glucose 1-phosphate residue. Phosphorylase should be qualified by the natural substance acted upon. EC 2.4.1.1. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their evolutionary history. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent. [NIH]
360 Salmonella
Phytotoxin: A substance which is toxic for plants. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plant Growth Regulators: Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet Transfusion: The transfer of blood platelets from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platyhelminths: A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation
Dictionary 361
of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Policy Making: The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polymyxin: Basic polypeptide antibiotic group obtained from Bacillus polymyxa. They affect the cell membrane by detergent action and may cause neuromuscular and kidney damage. At least eleven different members of the polymyxin group have been identified, each designated by a letter. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Porins: Protein molecules situated in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that, in dimeric or trimeric form, constitute a water-filled transmembrane channel allowing passage of ions and other small molecules. Porins are also found in bacterial cell walls, and in plant, fungal, mammalian and other vertebrate cell and mitochondrial membranes. [NIH] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]
Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU]
362 Salmonella
Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Poultry Products: Food products manufactured from poultry. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Presumptive: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary tumor: The original tumor. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promotor: In an operon, a nucleotide sequence located at the operator end which contains all the signals for the correct initiation of genetic transcription by the RNA polymerase holoenzyme and determines the maximal rate of RNA synthesis. [NIH]
Dictionary 363
Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protective Clothing: Clothing designed to protect the individual against possible exposure to known hazards. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein Engineering: Procedures by which nonrandom single-site changes are introduced into structural genes (site-specific mutagenesis) in order to produce mutant genes which can be coupled to promoters that direct the synthesis of a specifically altered protein, which is then analyzed for structural and functional properties and then compared with the predicted and sought-after properties. The design of the protein may be assisted by computer graphic technology and other advanced molecular modeling techniques. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Protein Subunits: Single chains of amino acids that are the units of a multimeric protein. They can be identical or non-identical subunits. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Proteus: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the intestines of humans and a wide variety of animals, as well as in manure, soil, and polluted waters. Its species are pathogenic, causing urinary tract infections and are also considered secondary invaders, causing septic lesions at other sites of the body. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus
364 Salmonella
of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Protooncogenes have names of the form c-onc. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Protozoan Infections: Infections with unicellular organisms of the subkingdom Protozoa. [NIH]
Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants. [NIH] Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection. [NIH] Psoas Abscess: Abscess of the psoas muscle resulting usually from disease of the lumbar vertebrae, with the pus descending into the muscle sheath. The infection is most commonly tuberculous or staphylococcal. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts.
Dictionary 365
[NIH]
Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Putrescine: A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine. [NIH] Pylorus: The opening in a vertebrate from the stomach into the intestine. [EU] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Pyridoxal Phosphate: 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-5-((phosphonooxy)methyl)-4pyridinecarboxaldehyde. An enzyme co-factor vitamin. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quinolones: Quinolines which are substituted in any position by one or more oxo groups. These compounds can have any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents, and fused ring systems. [NIH] Rabies: A highly fatal viral infection of the nervous system which affects all warm-blooded animal species. It is one of the most important of the zoonoses because of the inevitably fatal outcome for the infected human. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays,
366 Salmonella
gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recuperation: The recovery of health and strength. [EU] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Refusal to Treat: Refusal of the health professional to initiate or continue treatment of a patient or group of patients. The refusal can be based on any reason. The concept is differentiated from patient refusal of treatment see treatment refusal which originates with the patient and not the health professional. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regulon: In eukaryotes, a genetic unit consisting of a noncontiguous group of genes under the control of a single regulator gene. In bacteria, regulons are global regulatory systems involved in the interplay of pleiotropic regulatory domains. These regulatory systems consist of several operons. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial
Dictionary 367
remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Resolving: The ability of the eye or of a lens to make small objects that are close together, separately visible; thus revealing the structure of an object. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Burst: A large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activation of an NADPH-cytochrome b-dependent oxidase that reduces oxygen to a superoxide. Individuals with an inherited defect in which the oxidase that reduces oxygen to superoxide is decreased or absent (granulomatous disease, chronic) often die as a result of recurrent bacterial infections. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU]
368 Salmonella
Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rhabdomyolysis: Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Ribotyping: Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of rRNA genes that is used for differentiating between species or strains. [NIH] Ricin: A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]
Rotavirus: A genus of Reoviridae, causing acute gastroenteritis in birds and mammals, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation.
Dictionary 369
Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility. [NIH] Salmonella enterica: A subgenus of Salmonella containing several medically important serotypes. The habitat for the majority of strains is warm-blooded animals. [NIH] Salmonella Food Poisoning: Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of salmonella. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply. [NIH] Salmonella typhi: A serotype of Salmonella enterica which is the etiologic agent of typhoid fever. [NIH] Salmonella typhimurium: A serotype of Salmonella enterica that is a frequent agent of Salmonella gastroenteritis in humans. It also causes paratyphoid fever. [NIH] Salmonella Vaccines: Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with Salmonella. This includes vaccines used to prevent typhoid fever or paratyphoid fever (typhoid-paratyphoid vaccines), and vaccines used to prevent nontyphoid salmonellosis. [NIH]
Salmonellosis: Infection by salmonellae. [NIH] Salpingitis: 1. Inflammation of the uterine tube. 2. Inflammation of the auditory tube. [EU] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Saprophyte: A saprophytic (= whose nutrition involves uptake of dissolved organic material from decaying plant or animal matter) organism. [EU] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior five-
370 Salmonella
sixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines,
Dictionary 371
pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serratia: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the natural environment (soil, water, and plant surfaces) or as an opportunistic human pathogen. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shigella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that ferments sugar without gas production. Its organisms are intestinal pathogens of man and other primates and cause bacillary dysentery. [NIH] Shigellosis: Infection with the bacterium Shigella. Usually causes a high fever, acute diarrhea, and dehydration. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigma Factor: A protein which is a subunit of RNA polymerase. It effects initiation of specific RNA chains from DNA. [NIH] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet
372 Salmonella
activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silage: Fodder converted into succulent feed for livestock through processes of anaerobic fermentation (as in a silo). [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Behavior: Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures.
Dictionary 373
It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrometer: An apparatus for determining spectra; measures quantities such as wavelengths and relative amplitudes of components. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm Motility: Ability of the spermatozoon to move by flagellate swimming. [NIH] Spermatozoon: The mature male germ cell. [NIH] Spermidine: A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine. [NIH] Spheroplasts: Cells, usually bacteria or yeast, which have partially lost their cell wall, lost their characteristic shape and become round. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
374 Salmonella
Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomach Ulcer: An open sore in the lining of the stomach. Also called gastric ulcer. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]
Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced
Dictionary 375
responsiveness. [EU] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfotransferases: Enzymes which transfer sulfate groups to various acceptor molecules. They are involved in posttranslational sulfation of proteins and sulfate conjugation of exogenous chemicals and bile acids. EC 2.8.2. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also
376 Salmonella
communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Synovitis: Inflammation of a synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly on motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac. Synovitis is qualified as fibrinous, gonorrhoeal, hyperplastic, lipomatous, metritic, puerperal, rheumatic, scarlatinal, syphilitic, tuberculous, urethral, etc. [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tenesmus: Straining, especially ineffectual and painful straining at stool or in urination. [EU] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetanus Toxin: The toxin elaborated by Clostridium tetani. It is a protein with a molecular weight of about 150,000, probably consisting of two fragments, tetanolysin being the
Dictionary 377
hemolytic and tetanospasmin the neurotoxic principle. The toxin causes disruption of the inhibitory mechanisms of the CNS, thus permitting uncontrolled nervous activity, leading to fatal convulsions. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Tetrahydrocannabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. Dronabinol is a synthetic form of delta-9-THC. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH]
hydroxyethyl)-4-
Thioredoxin: A hydrogen-carrying protein that participates in a variety of biochemical reactions including ribonucleotide reduction. Thioredoxin is oxidized from a dithiol to a disulfide during ribonucleotide reduction. The disulfide form is then reduced by NADPH in a reaction catalyzed by thioredoxin reductase. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a
378 Salmonella
specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoid: The material resulting from the treatment of toxin in such a way that the toxic properties are inactivated whilst the antigenic potency remains intact. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]
Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH]
Dictionary 379
Translocating: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transposons: Discrete genetic elements capable of inserting, in a non-permuted fashion, into the chromosomes of many bacteria. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Trichinosis: A disease due to infection with Trichinella spiralis. It is caused by eating undercooked meat, usually pork. [NIH] Tropism: Directed movements and orientations found in plants, such as the turning of the sunflower to face the sun. [NIH] Trypanosomiasis: Infection with protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tryptophan Synthase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-serine and 1-(indol-3yl)glycerol 3-phosphate to L-tryptophan and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. It is a pyridoxal phosphate protein that also catalyzes the conversion of serine and indole into tryptophan and water and of indoleglycerol phosphate into indole and glyceraldehyde phosphate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.2.1.20. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tularemia: A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by Francisella tularensis and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness. [NIH] Tumor model: A type of animal model which can be used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] TYPHI: The bacterium that gives rise to typhoid fever. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which
380 Salmonella
cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines: Vaccines used to prevent typhoid fever and/or paratyphoid fever which are caused by various species of salmonella. Attenuated, subunit, and inactivated forms of the vaccines exist. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ubiquitin: A highly conserved 76 amino acid-protein found in all eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Unresectable: Unable to be surgically removed. [NIH] Uracil: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]
Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU]
Dictionary 381
Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vaccinia Virus: The type species of Orthopoxvirus, related to cowpox virus, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of vaccinia virus. [NIH] Vacuole: A fluid-filled cavity within the cytoplasm of a cell. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Variola: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilatation: A state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venoms: Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of
382 Salmonella
vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vomeronasal Organ: A specialized part of the olfactory system located anteriorly in the nasal cavity within the nasal septum. Chemosensitive cells of the vomeronasal organ project via the vomeronasal nerve to the accessory olfactory bulb. The primary function of this organ appears to be in sensing pheromones which regulate reproductive and other social behaviors. While the structure has been thought absent in higher primate adults, data now suggests it may be present in adult humans. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized
Dictionary 383
by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yersinia: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rod- to coccobacillus-shaped bacteria that occurs in a broad spectrum of habitats. [NIH] Yersinia enterocolitica: A species of the genus Yersinia, isolated from both man and animal. It is a frequent cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in children. [NIH] Yersinia pseudotuberculosis: A human and animal pathogen causing mesenteric lymphadenitis, diarrhea, and bacteremia. [NIH] Zoonoses: Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to man or may be transmitted from man to non-human animals. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
385
INDEX A Abdomen, 299, 310, 323, 340, 344, 357, 373, 374, 382 Abdominal, 260, 297, 299, 316, 328, 330, 348, 355, 357, 358, 380 Abdominal Pain, 260, 299, 328, 330, 358, 380 Aberrant, 151, 160, 165, 234, 299 Abscess, 60, 103, 104, 114, 121, 126, 142, 299, 364 Acanthocephala, 299, 334 Acceptor, 98, 299, 344, 355, 375 Acetylcholine, 299, 352 Acetyltransferases, 122, 299 Acne, 196, 299, 319 Acremonium, 299, 313 Acridine Orange, 150, 299 Actin, 6, 299 Acute leukemia, 127, 299 Acute renal, 112, 299, 334 Acyl, 44, 299 Adaptability, 299, 312 Adaptation, 15, 57, 61, 122, 158, 299, 349 Adduct, 6, 186, 300 Adenine, 71, 93, 208, 233, 234, 300, 365 Adenosine, 300, 306, 359 Adenosine Triphosphate, 300, 306, 359 Adenylate Cyclase, 197, 300, 314 Adenylate Kinase, 81, 300 Adhesives, 235, 300 Adjustment, 299, 300 Adjuvant, 14, 25, 35, 44, 46, 185, 216, 220, 250, 300, 330 Adrenal Cortex, 300, 318, 326, 362 Adrenal Medulla, 300, 326, 352 Adsorption, 205, 231, 300 Adsorptive, 300 Adverse Effect, 300, 371 Aerobic, 81, 212, 300, 348, 350, 364 Aerosol, 9, 33, 300 Affinity, 41, 92, 96, 215, 230, 300, 325, 372 Agar, 60, 61, 67, 109, 110, 117, 201, 212, 222, 301, 319, 338 Agglutinins, 301, 334 Agonists, 22, 301 Albumin, 301, 355 Alfalfa, 3, 4, 72, 87, 121, 125, 134, 148, 161, 162, 271, 301
Algorithms, 183, 301, 309 Alimentary, 251, 301, 356, 357 Alkaline, 50, 96, 301, 302, 310 Alkaline Phosphatase, 50, 301 Alkylating Agents, 301, 380 Alleles, 51, 301 Allergens, 258, 301 Allogeneic, 246, 301, 310 Alpha Particles, 301, 365 Alpha-1, 301, 359 Alpha-Defensins, 301, 320 Alpha-lactalbumin, 104, 301 Alternative medicine, 273, 302 Alum, 33, 302 Aluminum, 302 Ameliorating, 32, 302 Amino Acid Sequence, 22, 99, 210, 237, 302, 304, 325, 330, 345 Amino Acid Substitution, 46, 51, 302 Amino Acids, 22, 54, 237, 302, 303, 314, 315, 326, 330, 354, 357, 361, 363, 368, 371, 378, 380 Ammonia, 89, 302, 332, 380 Ammonium Sulfate, 233, 302 Amnion, 211, 302 Amniotic Fluid, 302 Amoxicillin, 80, 90, 187, 196, 238, 302 Ampicillin, 65, 127, 187, 196, 302 Amplification, 50, 71, 78, 84, 143, 162, 225, 236, 241, 302 Amylase, 302 Anaerobic, 95, 98, 211, 302, 325, 326, 343, 356, 363, 368, 371, 372, 374, 383 Anaesthesia, 302, 339 Analog, 44, 302 Analogous, 40, 238, 303, 378 Anaphylactic, 216, 303 Anaphylatoxins, 303, 316 Anaphylaxis, 303 Anaplasia, 303 Androgens, 300, 303, 318 Anemia, 44, 173, 303, 315, 346 Anergy, 59, 303 Anesthesia, 303 Anesthetics, 175, 303, 326 Aneurysm, 114, 117, 130, 139, 144, 303, 305 Angioneurotic, 216, 303 Angioneurotic Edema, 216, 303
386 Salmonella
Angiotensinogen, 303, 367 Animal model, 12, 21, 33, 36, 37, 143, 194, 303, 379 Anionic, 39, 198, 200, 303 Anions, 301, 303, 341, 375 Annealing, 303, 361 Anorexia, 197, 265, 303, 330, 380 Anthrax, 33, 205, 225, 250, 304 Anthropogenic, 19, 304 Antiallergic, 304, 318 Antibacterial, 27, 38, 39, 150, 151, 158, 173, 240, 241, 242, 304, 312, 322, 353, 373, 381 Antibiogram, 137, 304 Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity, 304, 342 Anticoagulant, 304, 363 Antifungal, 240, 241, 304 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 304, 316 Antigen-presenting cell, 14, 41, 58, 219, 304, 321 Anti-infective, 304, 336 Anti-inflammatory, 304, 318, 331, 356 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 304, 318 Antineoplastic, 301, 305, 318 Antioxidant, 38, 305, 355 Antiseptic, 203, 305 Antiserum, 305 Antitoxin, 46, 305 Anus, 305, 310, 357, 360, 366 Aorta, 144, 305 Aortic Aneurysm, 104, 127, 305 Aortitis, 117, 123, 137, 172, 305 Apolipoproteins, 305, 344 Apoptosis, 5, 31, 40, 51, 76, 100, 113, 119, 239, 305, 311 Applicability, 192, 305 Aqueous, 161, 193, 194, 200, 207, 224, 226, 305, 307, 320, 324, 336, 343, 344 Arachidonic Acid, 305, 363 Arginine, 27, 92, 183, 303, 305, 352, 354, 365, 379 Aromatic, 305, 314, 359 Arterial, 305, 314, 331, 363 Arteries, 305, 309, 318, 344, 348 Arteriolar, 305, 310 Arterioles, 305, 309, 311 Artifacts, 11, 305 Asparaginase, 221, 306 Aspartate, 306 Aspergillus, 261, 306 Astringents, 306, 347 Asymptomatic, 231, 306, 355
ATP, 38, 75, 82, 87, 96, 98, 170, 209, 300, 306, 341, 344, 359, 378 Attenuation, 17, 48, 64, 67, 83, 94, 99, 202, 246, 306 Atypical, 71, 113, 280, 306, 339 Auditory, 306, 369 Autodigestion, 306, 355 Autoimmune disease, 55, 306 Autologous, 306, 310, 338 Autologous bone marrow transplantation, 306, 338 Autonomic, 299, 306, 352, 357 Avian, 85, 95, 102, 127, 163, 166, 202, 232, 306 Azithromycin, 132, 139, 306 Azoxymethane, 151, 160, 165, 306 B Bacillus, 9, 33, 50, 173, 197, 198, 200, 218, 240, 260, 304, 306, 310, 361 Bacillus cereus, 173, 200, 261, 306 Bacillus subtilis, 198, 240, 306 Bacteraemia, 106, 107, 132, 306 Bacteremia, 105, 107, 114, 132, 147, 280, 306, 368, 383 Bacteria, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18, 23, 25, 29, 34, 37, 39, 41, 44, 46, 47, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 104, 150, 185, 187, 188, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 203, 204, 205, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 227, 228, 229, 230, 233, 234, 236, 237, 238, 240, 241, 242, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 254, 255, 256, 258, 259, 261, 262, 266, 272, 274, 280, 286, 287, 299, 300, 304, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 317, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 339, 340, 342, 343, 344, 345, 348, 350, 356, 360, 363, 364, 366, 368, 370, 371, 373, 374, 378, 379, 380, 381, 383 Bacterial Adhesion, 124, 307 Bacterial Infections, 39, 54, 196, 214, 216, 217, 225, 227, 230, 259, 280, 307, 333, 367 Bacterial Physiology, 300, 307 Bacterial Proteins, 6, 307 Bacterial toxin, 305, 307 Bacterial Vaccines, 221, 238, 307 Bactericidal, 160, 241, 307, 326 Bacteriocins, 307 Bacteriophage, 60, 62, 70, 77, 81, 196, 209, 210, 222, 307, 369, 378, 382 Bacteriuria, 111, 151, 307
Index 387
Base, 9, 17, 201, 208, 300, 307, 310, 320, 321, 328, 330, 342, 352, 360, 376, 380 Base Sequence, 307, 328, 330 Basophils, 307, 333, 343 Benign, 307, 311, 334, 351, 356, 365 Benzoic Acid, 168, 307 Beta-Defensins, 307, 320 Beta-Galactosidase, 50, 307 Beta-Lactamases, 147, 308 Bile, 13, 89, 94, 140, 308, 329, 336, 344, 374, 375 Bile Acids, 308, 374, 375 Bile Acids and Salts, 308 Bile Ducts, 308, 329 Biliary, 82, 308, 355 Biliary Tract, 308, 355 Bilirubin, 301, 308, 329 Binding Sites, 40, 54, 56, 308 Bioassays, 50, 308 Biochemical reactions, 39, 308, 377 Biofilms, 57, 97, 308 Biogenesis, 12, 66, 308 Biological response modifier, 308, 340 Biological Transport, 308, 321 Biological Warfare, 9, 33, 225, 308 Bioluminescence, 209, 308, 345 Biopsy, 29, 260, 308 Biopsy specimen, 29, 308 Biosynthesis, 23, 44, 60, 64, 67, 91, 101, 104, 185, 305, 309, 332, 354, 370 Biotechnology, 22, 59, 102, 147, 152, 173, 175, 256, 266, 273, 279, 309 Bioterrorism, 17, 37, 57, 225, 309 Biotin, 230, 309, 354 Biotype, 16, 309 Bivalent, 43, 309 Bladder, 309, 380 Blood Coagulation, 309, 310, 368, 377 Blood Platelets, 309, 347, 360, 371 Blood pressure, 216, 309, 331, 337, 349, 372 Blood transfusion, 107, 309 Blood vessel, 11, 309, 310, 324, 325, 334, 341, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 359, 372, 374, 377, 381 Blot, 67, 90, 161, 309, 354 Body Fluids, 230, 309, 323, 372 Body Regions, 309, 316 Bone Marrow, 11, 88, 117, 135, 167, 299, 306, 309, 332, 333, 337, 338, 345, 347, 372 Bone Marrow Cells, 309, 333, 347 Bone Marrow Purging, 309, 338 Bone scan, 310, 369
Botrytis, 310 Bowel, 260, 261, 262, 310, 322, 325, 339, 340, 343, 358, 374, 380 Bowel Movement, 260, 310, 322, 374 Brachytherapy, 310, 340, 341, 365, 383 Bradykinin, 27, 216, 310, 342, 352 Branch, 23, 257, 268, 295, 310, 324, 345, 356, 364, 373, 377 Breakdown, 310, 321, 329 Broad-spectrum, 129, 240, 302, 310, 312, 313, 353 Bronchiseptica, 310, 358 Brucellosis, 206, 245, 310 Buccal, 310, 345, 374 C Calcium, 33, 87, 310, 315, 316, 350, 371 Cancer vaccine, 310, 332 Cannabidiol, 310 Cannabinoids, 41, 310 Cannabinol, 310 Canonical, 208, 310 Capillary, 70, 310, 311, 331, 381 Capillary Permeability, 310, 311 Capsid, 194, 311 Capsular, 18, 46, 231, 311 Carbohydrate, 213, 311, 318, 331, 332, 343, 353, 356, 361, 370 Carboxy, 51, 230, 311 Carcinoembryonic Antigen, 250, 311 Carcinogen, 300, 306, 311, 350 Carcinogenesis, 158, 172, 200, 311 Carcinogenic, 27, 301, 311, 339, 362, 374 Carcinoid, 216, 311 Carcinoma, 217, 311, 319 Cardiac, 311, 324, 326, 330, 350, 367, 374 Carotene, 311, 367 Carrier State, 271, 311 Case report, 114, 125, 126, 138, 142, 146, 147, 311, 327 Caspase, 100, 311 Castor Oil, 311, 368 Catabolism, 76, 184, 311 Catalytic Domain, 27, 312 Cathode, 312, 324 Cations, 34, 168, 312, 341 Cause of Death, 53, 312 Cefsulodin, 249, 312 Ceftriaxone, 79, 108, 114, 123, 187, 312 Cell Cycle, 312, 364 Cell Death, 31, 305, 312, 315, 351 Cell Differentiation, 98, 312, 371
388 Salmonella
Cell Division, 47, 307, 312, 333, 347, 348, 360, 363, 370 Cell membrane, 44, 45, 52, 142, 308, 312, 321, 341, 359, 361 Cell motility, 74, 312 Cell Movement, 6, 312 Cell proliferation, 312, 354, 371 Cell Size, 312, 328 Cellobiose, 312 Cellulitis, 202, 312 Cellulose, 119, 312, 329, 360 Central Nervous System, 299, 312, 329, 331, 332, 334, 347, 371 Centrifugation, 313, 348 Cephalosporin Resistance, 86, 129, 313 Cephalosporins, 96, 115, 196, 308, 313 Cerebral, 114, 313, 318, 326, 346 Cerebrum, 313 Cervical, 194, 313 Cervix, 313 Chelating Agents, 25, 199, 313 Chemical Warfare, 205, 313, 320 Chemical Warfare Agents, 205, 313, 320 Chemokines, 8, 313 Chemotactic Factors, 313, 316 Child Care, 104, 260, 262, 313 Chimeras, 64, 160, 313 Chimeric Proteins, 26, 313 Chlamydia, 129, 208, 239, 240, 261, 313 Chlorides, 175, 313 Chlorine, 72, 199, 314, 337 Chlorophyll, 44, 313, 314, 325, 329 Cholera, 14, 26, 36, 214, 220, 240, 248, 314, 371, 382 Cholera Toxin, 14, 26, 36, 214, 220, 240, 314 Cholesterol, 308, 314, 329, 344, 374 Cholesterol Esters, 314, 344 Chorismate Mutase, 99, 314 Chromatin, 305, 314 Chromosomal, 16, 21, 56, 61, 62, 65, 66, 76, 167, 182, 183, 202, 221, 302, 314, 331, 360 Chromosome, 48, 81, 97, 314, 317, 330, 333, 343, 370, 379 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 144, 314 Chylomicrons, 314, 344 Chymopapain, 314, 356 Chymotrypsin, 314 Ciprofloxacin, 88, 101, 130, 135, 238, 271, 314 CIS, 44, 314, 367 Citric Acid, 99, 193, 200, 224, 315, 342
Citrus, 258, 315 Clear cell carcinoma, 315, 321 Clinical Medicine, 315, 362 Clinical trial, 4, 11, 21, 25, 187, 189, 229, 238, 262, 279, 315, 363, 366 Clonal Deletion, 59, 315 Clone, 23, 24, 65, 75, 88, 96, 315 Cloning, 13, 67, 182, 214, 309, 315 Clostridium, 50, 198, 200, 210, 211, 214, 218, 229, 242, 247, 258, 259, 261, 274, 315, 329, 376 Clostridium botulinum, 258, 259, 274, 315 Clostridium difficile, 214, 261, 315 Clostridium perfringens, 50, 200, 242, 247, 258, 259, 261, 315 Coagulation, 237, 244, 309, 315, 377 Coal, 130, 315 Cobalt, 73, 315 Codon, 7, 59, 315, 330 Coenzyme, 88, 90, 91, 100, 299, 316 Cofactor, 316, 363, 377 Coleoptera, 182, 316 Colic, 167, 316 Coliphages, 307, 316 Colitis, 260, 261, 262, 316 Collagen, 300, 316, 327, 330, 360, 362 Colloidal, 301, 316, 324 Commensal, 41, 201, 228, 316 Communis, 311, 316, 368 Complement, 27, 49, 53, 216, 303, 304, 316, 317, 330, 346 Complement Activation, 27, 54, 303, 317 Complementary and alternative medicine, 157, 180, 317 Complementary medicine, 157, 317 Complete remission, 317, 367 Computational Biology, 279, 317 Computed tomography, 317, 369 Computerized axial tomography, 317, 369 Concomitant, 40, 68, 110, 317 Cones, 317, 367 Confusion, 317, 380 Conjugated, 14, 36, 239, 240, 307, 308, 317, 319, 350 Conjugation, 239, 317, 331, 375 Conjunctiva, 317, 318, 339 Conjunctivitis, 261, 318 Connective Tissue, 27, 309, 312, 316, 318, 328, 329, 330, 331, 345, 347, 357, 368, 369, 376 Connective Tissue Cells, 318 Consciousness, 318, 321, 322, 367
Index 389
Constipation, 318, 358 Constriction, 318, 341 Consultation, 255, 262, 318, 327 Consumption, 36, 103, 133, 138, 147, 200, 207, 214, 244, 247, 318, 321, 330, 367 Continuum, 173, 318 Contraindications, ii, 318 Convalescence, 18, 318 Convulsions, 318, 377 Coordination, 313, 318 Cornea, 318, 370, 381 Coronary, 318, 348 Coronary Thrombosis, 318, 348 Cortex, 318, 326 Corticosteroid, 36, 318 Coumaric Acids, 319 Cowpox, 319, 381 Cowpox Virus, 319, 381 Cryptosporidiosis, 306, 319 Cues, 51, 319 Culture Media, 201, 222, 301, 319 Cultured cells, 24, 34, 319 Curative, 319, 352, 377 Cutaneous, 304, 319, 341, 343, 345, 381 Cyclic, 78, 197, 218, 221, 300, 319, 333, 352, 361, 370 Cyproterone, 27, 319 Cyproterone Acetate, 27, 319 Cyst, 107, 319 Cysteine, 27, 81, 211, 313, 314, 319, 320 Cystine, 319 Cytochrome, 162, 319, 367 Cytochrome b, 319, 367 Cytokine, 11, 12, 20, 26, 42, 46, 59, 80, 95, 133, 153, 164, 228, 250, 320 Cytomegalovirus, 36, 253, 259, 260, 261, 320 Cytoplasm, 46, 49, 305, 307, 312, 314, 320, 323, 325, 333, 368, 381 Cytoplasmic Vesicles, 320, 358 Cytosine, 7, 208, 320 Cytoskeleton, 6, 320 Cytostatic, 320, 350 Cytotoxic, 86, 119, 215, 219, 320, 337, 345, 366, 371 Cytotoxicity, 16, 40, 71, 75, 122, 320 Cytotoxins, 250, 320 D Dairy Products, 258, 286, 320, 342 Databases, Bibliographic, 279, 320 Deamination, 320, 380 Decarboxylation, 320, 335, 354, 365
Decontamination, 125, 169, 320 Defense Mechanisms, 27, 320 Defensins, 30, 32, 301, 307, 320 Degenerative, 320, 335 Dehydration, 197, 259, 314, 320, 371 Deletion, 21, 25, 61, 65, 68, 305, 315, 321, 330 Dementia, 280, 321 Denaturation, 321, 361 Dendrites, 321, 351, 353 Dendritic, 14, 30, 72, 79, 80, 145, 220, 228, 321, 347 Dendritic cell, 14, 30, 72, 145, 220, 228, 321 Density, 19, 40, 102, 212, 313, 321, 328, 344, 354 Depolarization, 321, 371 Deprivation, 11, 74, 321 Dermal, 196, 321 DES, 303, 321 Deuterium, 321, 336 Developed Countries, 217, 229, 232, 321 Developing Countries, 217, 229, 232, 321 Diagnostic procedure, 191, 273, 321 Dialyzer, 321, 334 Diarrhoea, 321, 330 Dietitian, 266, 321 Diffusion, 140, 308, 311, 321, 338, 339, 341 Digestion, 229, 301, 308, 310, 315, 321, 340, 344, 357, 374 Digestive system, 189, 322 Digestive tract, 196, 210, 211, 217, 322, 372 Dihydrotestosterone, 319, 322, 366 Dilatation, 303, 322, 362 Dilation, 310, 322 Diphtheria, 46, 305, 322 Diphtheria Toxin, 46, 322 Diploid, 322, 360 Direct, iii, 12, 21, 27, 41, 56, 143, 152, 194, 315, 322, 334, 363, 366, 376 Disease Outbreaks, 136, 229, 322 Disinfectant, 193, 194, 224, 322, 326 Disinfection, 169, 280, 322 Dissection, 8, 322 Dissociation, 6, 300, 322 Dissociative Disorders, 322 Distal, 46, 322, 324, 364 Diuretic, 322, 346, 372 Dizziness, 259, 322 Domesticated, 54, 322 Drive, ii, vi, 9, 11, 15, 56, 149, 260, 261, 323, 341 Drug Interactions, 323
390 Salmonella
Drug Resistance, 56, 65, 81, 106, 126, 323 Drug Tolerance, 323, 378 Duct, 323, 368 Dumping Syndrome, 216, 323 Duodenum, 308, 314, 323, 342, 355, 374 Dura mater, 323, 347, 355 Dyes, 238, 307, 323, 328, 333, 352 Dysentery, 38, 39, 248, 323, 371 Dyspnea, 280, 323 E Edema, 303, 323, 350, 380 Effector, 17, 18, 36, 48, 53, 55, 81, 94, 100, 141, 143, 184, 299, 304, 316, 323, 342, 352 Effector cell, 304, 323, 342, 352 Efficacy, 9, 25, 33, 41, 42, 72, 119, 165, 238, 240, 246, 250, 323 Effusion, 136, 323, 376 Egg Proteins, 237, 323 Egg Yolk, 124, 233, 323 Elasticity, 237, 323 Electrocardiogram, 188, 323 Electrocoagulation, 315, 323 Electrode, 11, 312, 324 Electrolysis, 194, 303, 312, 324 Electrolyte, 32, 260, 298, 318, 324, 348, 372, 380 Electrons, 305, 307, 312, 324, 341, 355, 365, 366 Electrophoresis, 62, 63, 65, 68, 70, 75, 76, 83, 85, 97, 101, 137, 241, 324, 338 Electrophysiological, 21, 324 Embolus, 324, 339 Embryo, 302, 312, 323, 324, 339 Emollient, 324, 332, 353 Empyema, 125, 324 Emulsions, 301, 324 Encephalitis, 324, 344, 347 Encephalopathy, 109, 140, 324 Endemic, 229, 314, 324, 346, 373 Endocarditis, 114, 142, 324, 344 Endocardium, 324 Endonucleases, 102, 324 Endothelial cell, 324, 325, 327, 377 Endothelial Growth Factors, 11, 324 Endothelium, 325, 352 Endothelium-derived, 325, 352 Endotoxin, 5, 25, 325, 379 Energetic, 41, 325 Enteric bacteria, 12, 30, 45, 214, 222, 223, 247, 325 Enteric Nervous System, 41, 325
Enteritis, 41, 49, 94, 101, 117, 211, 233, 251, 325 Enterobacteriaceae, 12, 13, 15, 73, 234, 248, 325 Enterocolitis, 61, 143, 297, 315, 325 Enteropeptidase, 325, 379 Environmental Health, 135, 278, 280, 325 Enzymatic, 13, 38, 46, 50, 310, 311, 312, 316, 325, 335, 343, 356, 361, 367 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 62, 69, 73, 81, 90, 138, 173, 231, 325 Eosinophil, 325, 333 Epidemic, 48, 54, 72, 79, 81, 97, 111, 253, 257, 325, 373 Epidemiologic Factors, 260, 325 Epidemiological, 40, 85, 152, 153, 325, 327 Epinephrine, 326, 352, 380 Epithelial Cells, 10, 21, 30, 31, 32, 49, 64, 77, 95, 104, 113, 119, 125, 307, 314, 326, 335 Epithelium, 10, 21, 30, 32, 53, 325, 326, 330, 356 Epitope, 74, 129, 231, 250, 326 Erythema, 303, 326, 381 Erythrocytes, 303, 309, 326, 366 Erythromycin, 306, 326 Esophagus, 322, 326, 346, 359, 374 Estradiol, 28, 326 Estrogen, 319, 326 Ethanol, 36, 326, 327 Ethanolamine, 76, 98, 326 Ether, 167, 326 Eukaryotic Cells, 34, 74, 77, 326, 338, 353, 354, 380 Evoke, 41, 55, 220, 326, 374 Excitation, 192, 327, 328 Exhaustion, 327, 346 Exogenous, 6, 235, 250, 300, 327, 331, 333, 375 Exotoxin, 315, 327 Expert Systems, 35, 327 Extensor, 327, 364 External-beam radiation, 327, 341, 365, 383 Extracellular, 22, 24, 308, 318, 327, 355, 372 Extracellular Matrix, 318, 327, 355 Extraction, 72, 204, 251, 327 F Family Planning, 279, 327 Fatal Outcome, 327, 365 Fatigue, 259, 327 Fatty acids, 89, 152, 301, 327, 331, 363
Index 391
Febrile, 327, 346, 356 Feces, 70, 78, 90, 241, 311, 318, 327, 344, 347, 374 Fermentation, 167, 201, 226, 251, 327, 328, 369, 372 Fetus, 327, 337, 360, 381 Fibrin, 309, 327, 358, 377 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 325, 327 Fibroblasts, 124, 318, 327, 340 Fibrosis, 38, 146, 328 Filtration, 198, 205, 251, 328 Fish Products, 328, 370 Flagellin, 74, 81, 91, 92, 98, 328 Flagellum, 17, 45, 52, 328 Flatus, 328, 329 Flow Cytometry, 14, 28, 54, 328 Fluorescence, 22, 24, 28, 41, 72, 192, 222, 236, 299, 328 Fluorescent Dyes, 328 Fold, 10, 16, 23, 32, 152, 232, 238, 328, 348 Food Contamination, 57, 258, 284, 328 Food Handling, 266, 274, 328 Food Preservatives, 240, 328 Foodborne Illness, 258, 259, 266, 285, 286, 328 Forearm, 309, 328 Fractionation, 302, 328 Frameshift, 6, 328, 380 Frameshift Mutation, 6, 328, 380 Freeze Drying, 251, 329 Fungi, 208, 234, 240, 245, 266, 304, 308, 317, 329, 340, 348, 349, 350, 373, 383 Fungistatic, 307, 329 Fungus, 313, 329, 350 G Galactosides, 307, 329 Gallbladder, 299, 308, 322, 329 Gallium, 139, 329 Gallstones, 107, 308, 329 Gamma irradiation, 206, 329 Gamma Rays, 329, 350, 365, 366 Ganglia, 299, 325, 329, 351, 357 Ganglioside, 48, 329 Gangrenous, 329, 371 Gas, 210, 211, 302, 314, 315, 321, 326, 328, 329, 336, 350, 352, 371, 375 Gas Gangrene, 315, 329 Gastrectomy, 216, 329 Gastric, 217, 267, 302, 306, 330, 335, 336, 357, 374 Gastric Acid, 302, 330 Gastric Juices, 330, 357
Gastric Mucosa, 330, 357 Gastrin, 330, 335 Gastritis, 217, 233, 330 Gastrointestinal tract, 31, 217, 261, 262, 311, 326, 330, 371 Gelatin, 319, 330, 332, 377 Gene Amplification, 241, 330 Gene Deletion, 197, 330 Gene Expression, 5, 17, 24, 26, 43, 52, 86, 89, 91, 101, 152, 171, 182, 183, 184, 330 Gene Fusion, 52, 330 Genetic Code, 330, 353 Genetic Engineering, 309, 315, 330 Genetic Techniques, 5, 331 Genetic testing, 331, 361 Genetic transcription, 331, 362, 378 Genetics, 4, 8, 12, 15, 26, 48, 50, 73, 75, 112, 120, 143, 184, 200, 223, 317, 331 Genital, 194, 314, 315, 331, 380 Genitourinary, 261, 331, 380 Genomics, 15, 331 Genotype, 19, 309, 331, 359 Germ Cells, 331, 347, 354, 355, 372, 376 Germ-free, 88, 331 Germicide, 198, 331 Ginseng, 178, 331 Gland, 300, 331, 345, 346, 355, 360, 370, 374, 377 Glomerular, 331, 346 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 331, 346 Glottis, 331, 358 Glucocorticoids, 300, 318, 331 Glucose, 21, 50, 61, 76, 115, 312, 331, 332, 334, 340, 359, 369, 372 Glucuronosyltransferase, 16, 166, 331 Glutamic Acid, 331, 332, 362 Glutamine, 96, 332 Glutathione Peroxidase, 332, 370 Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate, 332, 379 Glycerol, 76, 332, 359, 379 Glycine, 81, 307, 308, 332, 370 Glycogen, 313, 331, 332, 359 Glycoprotein, 38, 250, 311, 332, 333, 377, 379 Glycoside, 332, 336, 369 Glycosidic, 312, 332, 352, 354, 359 Goats, 320, 332 Gonadal, 332, 374 Governing Board, 332, 362 Government Agencies, 195, 332, 362 Gp 100, 215, 332 Gp120, 250, 332
392 Salmonella
Graft, 117, 198, 332, 336, 350 Grafting, 55, 198, 332 Graft-versus-host disease, 117, 332 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 12, 202, 217, 332, 361 Gram-positive, 221, 306, 315, 333, 342, 343, 344, 350, 353, 356, 374 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 306, 315, 333, 353 Granule, 333, 368 Granulocyte-Macrophage ColonyStimulating Factor, 80, 333 Granulocytes, 333, 371, 382 Granulomatous Disease, Chronic, 333, 367 Granulosa Cells, 79, 333 Growth factors, 324, 333, 354 Growth Inhibitors, 238, 333 Guanylate Cyclase, 333, 352 H Habitat, 333, 350, 352, 369 Hair Color, 333 Hair Dyes, 235, 333 Hair follicles, 333, 374, 382 Half-Life, 312, 333 Handwashing, 204, 266, 333 Haploid, 333, 360 Haptens, 14, 300, 334 Hazardous Substances, 56, 334 Headache, 334, 339, 379 Health Promotion, 266, 334 Health Status, 258, 334 Helicobacter, 38, 44, 64, 89, 216, 217, 229, 233, 334 Helminths, 106, 334, 351 Hemagglutinins, 214, 334 Heme, 23, 44, 91, 308, 319, 320, 334, 350, 361 Hemodialysis, 259, 321, 334, 342 Hemoglobin, 303, 313, 326, 334, 343, 361 Hemoglobin A, 313, 334, 361 Hemolytic, 215, 334, 377 Hemorrhage, 323, 334, 350, 365, 368, 374 Heparin, 325, 334 Hepatic, 28, 107, 121, 301, 335, 361 Hepatitis, 37, 200, 205, 248, 253, 259, 262, 266, 274, 335, 339 Hepatocytes, 335 Herbicide, 238, 335 Hereditary, 216, 335, 358 Heredity, 23, 330, 331, 335 Herpes, 260, 267, 335 Herpes Zoster, 335 Heterogeneity, 65, 89, 300, 335
Heterotrophic, 329, 335 Hirsutism, 319, 335 Histamine, 303, 335, 336 Histidine, 38, 52, 83, 235, 335 Histology, 335, 356 Homeostasis, 79, 183, 335 Homogeneous, 318, 335 Homologous, 15, 26, 40, 81, 93, 197, 227, 239, 245, 251, 301, 309, 335, 350, 364, 370, 376, 379 Homotypic, 7, 335 Hormonal, 318, 335 Hormone, 28, 213, 308, 318, 321, 326, 330, 335, 340, 347, 362, 368, 370, 371, 376, 377 Horseradish Peroxidase, 50, 325, 335 Humoral, 17, 20, 43, 206, 336 Humour, 336 Hybrid, 56, 96, 315, 336, 354 Hybridization, 67, 70, 77, 208, 211, 245, 336, 353 Hybridomas, 336, 340 Hydrochloric Acid, 313, 336 Hydrogen Bonding, 336, 353 Hydrogen Peroxide, 160, 332, 336, 344, 375 Hydrolases, 139, 336, 359 Hydrolysis, 21, 38, 307, 308, 312, 324, 336, 341, 357, 359, 361, 363, 379 Hydrophilic, 38, 231, 336 Hydrophobic, 38, 64, 152, 160, 231, 336, 344 Hyperaemia, 318, 336 Hypersensitivity, 89, 238, 301, 303, 325, 336, 368 Hypersensitivity, Immediate, 301, 336 Hypochlorous Acid, 158, 337 Hypotensive, 337, 342 Hypothalamic, 36, 337 Hypothalamus, 337, 360 I Ice Cream, 162, 233, 337 Id, 154, 175, 245, 287, 294, 296, 337 Iguanas, 174, 287, 337 Ileal, 41, 337 Ileum, 337, 342 Imaging procedures, 337, 378 Imidazole, 7, 309, 335, 337 Immune adjuvant, 302, 337 Immune function, 20, 55, 59, 164, 259, 337 Immune Sera, 337 Immune Tolerance, 59, 337 Immune-response, 44, 337
Index 393
Immunoassay, 50, 69, 192, 214, 325, 337 Immunochemistry, 21, 338 Immunocompromised, 260, 338 Immunodeficiency, 41, 86, 132, 265, 267, 280, 338 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 267, 280, 338 Immunodiffusion, 301, 338 Immunodominant Epitopes, 29, 338 Immunoelectrophoresis, 301, 338 Immunofluorescence, 12, 338 Immunogenic, 27, 43, 54, 206, 215, 221, 231, 234, 246, 338 Immunoglobulin, 82, 137, 304, 338, 349 Immunologic, 36, 202, 256, 309, 313, 337, 338, 345, 366 Immunomagnetic Separation, 70, 163, 338 Impairment, 338, 347 Implant radiation, 338, 340, 341, 365, 383 In situ, 58, 72, 114, 123, 207, 338 In Situ Hybridization, 123, 338 In vivo, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 28, 30, 31, 32, 49, 51, 52, 55, 56, 58, 79, 123, 124, 148, 162, 164, 192, 335, 338 Incision, 338, 341 Incubation, 209, 231, 338, 339, 358 Incubation period, 339, 358 Indicative, 32, 254, 339, 356, 381 Infancy, 339 Infantile, 126, 339 Infarction, 125, 318, 339, 348, 367 Infection Control, 203, 339 Infectious Diarrhea, 260, 262, 339 Infectious Mononucleosis, 339, 349 Infiltration, 12, 22, 339 Inflammatory bowel disease, 32, 216, 260, 261, 262, 339 Influenza, 37, 200, 250, 253, 259, 339 Ingestion, 124, 200, 223, 251, 304, 334, 339, 360, 369 Inhalation, 17, 33, 300, 334, 339, 360 Initiation, 12, 14, 17, 51, 54, 87, 228, 339, 362, 371, 374, 378 Initiator, 198, 339 Inner ear, 312, 340, 381 Inorganic, 80, 221, 300, 313, 340, 341, 345, 349, 352 Inositol, 7, 22, 96, 152, 340, 370 Insecticides, 340, 358 Insight, 13, 54, 340 Insulin, 213, 340 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 340
Intensive Care, 103, 340 Interferon, 70, 98, 101, 142, 340 Interferon-alpha, 340 Interleukin-6, 91, 95, 97, 114, 340 Intermittent, 44, 340, 344, 358 Internal radiation, 340, 341, 365, 383 Interstitial, 310, 340, 341, 383 Intestinal Flora, 229, 248, 340 Intoxication, 340, 383 Intracellular Membranes, 320, 340, 347 Intramuscular, 341, 356 Intravenous, 110, 188, 298, 341, 356 Intrinsic, 15, 56, 301, 341 Invasive, 11, 20, 32, 49, 59, 122, 128, 216, 220, 249, 337, 341, 345 Invertebrates, 197, 341, 345 Ion Channels, 341, 352 Ion Exchange, 312, 341 Ion Transport, 51, 341, 348 Ions, 193, 194, 201, 218, 224, 307, 313, 322, 324, 336, 341, 359, 361 Iron Compounds, 167, 341 Irradiation, 206, 341, 383 Irrigation, 121, 162, 341 Irritants, 323, 341 Ischemia, 31, 329, 341, 350, 367 Isocitrate Dehydrogenase, 73, 341 Isoenzyme, 28, 342 J Jejunum, 41, 342 Joint, 12, 50, 122, 231, 255, 314, 342, 376 K Kallidin, 216, 310, 342 Kallikreins, 342 Kb, 278, 342 Keto, 230, 342 Kidney Failure, 342, 346 Killer Cells, 36, 342 Kinetic, 121, 342 L Labile, 36, 44, 46, 82, 316, 342 Laceration, 342, 376 Lacrimal, 342, 354 Lactobacillus, 81, 153, 158, 168, 169, 172, 228, 342 Lactobacillus acidophilus, 158, 342 Lactobacillus casei, 342 Large Intestine, 322, 340, 342, 366, 372 Laxative, 301, 343, 372 Lectin, 99, 343, 347 Leishmania, 34, 182, 206, 343 Leishmaniasis, 245, 343
394 Salmonella
Lens, 311, 343, 367 Leprosy, 245, 343 Lesion, 343, 344, 371, 380 Lethal, 41, 42, 51, 83, 88, 96, 99, 213, 220, 250, 307, 322, 343, 350, 368 Lethargy, 197, 343 Leucine, 343, 357 Leuconostoc, 343 Leukemia, 343 Leukocytes, 49, 90, 99, 138, 307, 309, 313, 333, 340, 343, 358, 379 Leukoplakia, 267, 343 Library Services, 294, 343 Life cycle, 329, 343 Ligands, 7, 18, 150, 214, 343 Ligation, 20, 67, 343 Linkage, 13, 312, 343, 352 Lipid, 38, 39, 44, 48, 61, 127, 200, 231, 305, 311, 324, 332, 340, 342, 343, 344, 355 Lipid Bilayers, 39, 344 Lipid Peroxidation, 344, 355 Lipoprotein, 234, 332, 344 Liquor, 344, 365 Litter, 173, 230, 344 Liver cancer, 126, 344 Liver scan, 344, 369 Localization, 21, 43, 98, 239, 344 Localized, 17, 43, 99, 192, 322, 335, 339, 344, 360, 376, 380, 381 Locomotion, 328, 344, 360 Long-Term Care, 204, 344 Low-density lipoprotein, 344 Lubricants, 344, 358 Luciferase, 52, 209, 344 Lumbar, 344, 364 Lumen, 29, 220, 344 Luminescence, 192, 344 Lupus, 345, 376 Lymph, 14, 62, 220, 313, 324, 325, 336, 339, 345, 346, 348 Lymph node, 14, 220, 313, 345, 346, 348 Lymphatic, 24, 325, 339, 345, 347, 372, 373, 377 Lymphatic system, 24, 345, 372, 373, 377 Lymphocyte, 86, 215, 304, 342, 345, 346 Lymphocytic, 261, 345 Lymphoid, 9, 10, 36, 58, 193, 246, 304, 337, 345 Lymphokine, 58, 345 Lymphoma, 103, 167, 267, 345 Lymphotoxin, 14, 345 Lysine, 27, 67, 345, 379
Lysosome, 345, 358 Lytic, 196, 217, 345, 371, 382 M Macrophage Activation, 51, 345 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 345, 369 Maintenance therapy, 262, 346 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 215, 346 Malaise, 310, 346 Malaria, 131, 245, 250, 346 Malaria, Falciparum, 346 Malaria, Vivax, 346 Malignancy, 346, 356 Malignant, 305, 344, 346, 351, 365, 369 Malnutrition, 265, 301, 346 Malondialdehyde, 6, 346 Mannitol, 110, 151, 346 Mastitis, 346, 371 Mediastinitis, 136, 346 Mediastinum, 346 Mediate, 39, 54, 56, 95, 216, 342, 346 Medical Records, 346, 368 Medical Staff, 133, 346 MEDLINE, 279, 347 Megacolon, 146, 262, 347 Megakaryocytes, 22, 309, 347 Meiosis, 309, 347, 350, 376 Melanin, 347, 359, 380 Melanocytes, 347 Melanoma, 110, 147, 199, 347 Melena, 197, 347 Membrane Proteins, 46, 144, 347 Memory, 18, 25, 42, 43, 58, 303, 321, 347 Meninges, 312, 323, 347 Meningitis, 65, 131, 146, 176, 280, 344, 347 Meningoencephalitis, 280, 347 Mental Disorders, 190, 347 Mental Health, iv, 4, 190, 278, 281, 347, 364 Mental Processes, 322, 347, 364 Mercury, 241, 328, 347 Mesenchymal, 333, 347 Mesenteric, 14, 62, 348, 383 Mesenteric Lymphadenitis, 348, 383 Mesentery, 348, 358 Metaphase, 309, 348 Metastasis, 11, 187, 348 Metastatic, 25, 110, 188, 348, 370 Metastatic cancer, 188, 348 MI, 62, 64, 73, 103, 116, 143, 224, 298, 348 Microbe, 37, 197, 202, 246, 348, 378
Index 395
Microbiological, 6, 54, 169, 212, 226, 255, 348 Microorganism, 41, 194, 198, 213, 219, 239, 241, 244, 316, 348, 356, 382 Micro-organism, 216, 218, 219, 333, 348, 370 Microscopy, 24, 28, 33, 40, 48, 335, 348, 353 Microsomal, 28, 152, 348 Microsome, 159, 167, 170, 268, 348 Microspheres, 7, 192, 338, 348 Migration, 29, 32, 48, 82, 153, 345, 348 Mineralocorticoids, 300, 318, 348 Mitochondria, 341, 348, 350, 354 Mitosis, 305, 348 Mitosporic Fungi, 306, 349 Modeling, 83, 349, 363 Modification, 43, 75, 99, 239, 330, 349, 365 Molasses, 212, 349 Monitor, 22, 199, 311, 349, 353 Monoclonal, 35, 69, 82, 89, 101, 129, 137, 336, 338, 341, 349, 365, 383 Monoclonal antibodies, 35, 349 Monocyte, 5, 120, 304, 349 Mononuclear, 29, 339, 349, 379 Mononucleosis, 259, 349 Morphogenesis, 76, 349 Morphological, 33, 324, 329, 347, 349 Morphology, 345, 349 Motility, 40, 70, 75, 161, 349, 371 Mucins, 349, 368 Mucocutaneous, 343, 349 Mucosa, 30, 31, 32, 41, 55, 84, 133, 261, 325, 330, 345, 349, 351, 374 Mucus, 168, 323, 349, 380 Multidrug resistance, 38, 56, 349 Multivalent, 9, 43, 46, 228, 350 Mung bean, 134, 153, 171, 350 Mustard Gas, 205, 341, 350 Mutagen, 28, 206, 350 Mutagenesis, 10, 18, 25, 34, 53, 77, 121, 158, 159, 167, 169, 172, 238, 350, 363 Mutagenic, 16, 28, 37, 235, 301, 350 Mutagenicity, 16, 28, 35, 121, 122, 151, 152, 162, 164, 167, 170, 235, 268, 350 Myalgia, 339, 350 Mycobacterium, 13, 37, 45, 48, 206, 208, 239, 245, 250, 260, 306, 343, 350, 379 Mycosis, 350 Mycotic, 117, 130, 139, 144, 206, 350 Myocardial Reperfusion, 350, 367 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 350, 367 Myocarditis, 322, 350
Myocardium, 348, 350 Myoglobin, 11, 350, 361 N Naive, 58, 350 Nasal Cavity, 351, 382 Nasal Mucosa, 339, 351 Nasal Septum, 351, 382 Natural killer cells, 36, 127, 170, 351 Natural selection, 308, 351 Nausea, 298, 330, 351, 380 NCI, 1, 187, 189, 277, 314, 351 Necrosis, 305, 339, 345, 348, 350, 351, 367, 368 Need, 3, 39, 50, 57, 199, 212, 214, 216, 220, 223, 225, 229, 253, 257, 260, 265, 273, 280, 288, 300, 332, 345, 351, 378 Nematoda, 334, 351 Neonatal, 42, 103, 131, 183, 351 Neoplasia, 351 Neoplasm, 187, 351, 356, 369 Neoplastic, 215, 303, 336, 345, 351, 354 Nerve, 280, 303, 321, 325, 351, 353, 355, 362, 367, 370, 374, 379, 382 Nervous System, 312, 351, 357, 365, 375 Neural, 41, 183, 336, 351 Neurologic, 266, 351 Neuromuscular, 299, 351, 361, 380 Neurons, 41, 321, 329, 351, 352, 375, 376 Neuropathy, 303, 351 Neurotoxic, 306, 351, 377 Neurotransmitters, 41, 352 Neutralization, 98, 214, 352 Neutrons, 301, 341, 352, 365 Neutrophil, 42, 352 Niacin, 352, 379 Niche, 18, 232, 352 Nicotinamide Mononucleotide, 81, 352 Nisin, 164, 165, 169, 352 Nitrates, 230, 352 Nitric acid, 352 Nitric Oxide, 19, 51, 55, 59, 75, 79, 88, 94, 118, 144, 352 Nitrogen, 19, 45, 64, 76, 99, 212, 221, 303, 332, 352, 379 Norepinephrine, 41, 352 Nosocomial, 65, 103, 352, 364 Nuclear, 5, 250, 315, 317, 324, 326, 329, 351, 353, 354 Nuclei, 299, 301, 317, 324, 331, 345, 348, 352, 353, 363 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 208, 336, 353 Nucleic Acid Probes, 208, 353
396 Salmonella
Nucleolus, 353, 368 Nucleotidases, 336, 353 Nucleus, 305, 307, 314, 319, 320, 321, 326, 329, 347, 349, 352, 353, 363, 374 Nursing Care, 353, 356 Nutritive Value, 212, 353 O Occult, 139, 353 Ocular, 5, 353 Ofloxacin, 150, 353 Ointments, 240, 353, 356 Olfactory Bulb, 353, 382 Oligo, 204, 353 Oligonucleotide Probes, 208, 353 Oligosaccharides, 71, 163, 168, 204, 354 Oliguria, 342, 346, 354 Oncogenes, 354, 364 Oocytes, 34, 354 Opacity, 321, 354 Open Reading Frames, 16, 18, 237, 354 Operon, 56, 66, 69, 76, 77, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 99, 100, 182, 235, 354, 362, 367 Opportunistic Infections, 266, 280, 354 Opsin, 354, 367 Orbicularis, 160, 354 Organelles, 88, 100, 313, 320, 347, 354 Organoleptic, 226, 354 Ornithine, 171, 354, 365 Ornithine Decarboxylase, 171, 354 Osmolarity, 45, 151, 346, 354 Osmoles, 354 Osmosis, 355 Osmotic, 135, 301, 354, 355 Osteoblasts, 12, 355 Ovalbumin, 14, 355 Ovarian Follicle, 333, 355 Ovaries, 231, 355, 371 Ovary, 326, 355 Ovulation, 333, 355 Oxidation, 205, 218, 299, 305, 319, 332, 344, 355 Oxidative Stress, 37, 56, 355 Oxygenation, 11, 355 P Pachymeningitis, 347, 355 Palate, 355, 374 Palliative, 319, 355, 377 Pancreas, 299, 309, 314, 322, 340, 355, 379 Pancreatic, 314, 355 Pancreatic Juice, 314, 355 Pancreatitis, 131, 216, 355 Papain, 356
Papilloma, 194, 356 Papillomavirus, 37, 99, 194, 356 Paraffin, 72, 356 Parasite, 32, 39, 356 Parasitic, 228, 280, 299, 319, 323, 334, 356 Paratyphoid Fever, 229, 251, 356, 369, 380 Parenteral, 64, 187, 216, 240, 356 Paroxysmal, 356, 358, 382, 383 Partial remission, 356, 367 Particle, 40, 241, 356, 378 Patch, 14, 46, 343, 356 Pathologic, 109, 305, 308, 318, 336, 356, 364 Pathologic Processes, 305, 356 Pathologies, 215, 356 Pathophysiology, 260, 356 Patient Care Management, 261, 356 Patient Education, 286, 292, 294, 298, 356 Pediococcus, 356 Penicillin, 88, 196, 218, 227, 302, 357 Pepsin, 212, 357 Pepsin A, 357 Peptic, 217, 357 Peptic Ulcer, 217, 357 Peptide, 14, 27, 30, 39, 63, 75, 89, 96, 215, 228, 234, 314, 325, 327, 336, 357, 361, 363 Peptide Fragments, 39, 357 Peptide Hydrolases, 63, 336, 357 Peptidylprolyl Isomerase, 141, 357 Perception, 35, 357, 369 Perforation, 126, 357 Pericarditis, 114, 132, 357 Pericardium, 357, 376 Perineum, 357, 374 Periodontitis, 27, 357 Peripheral blood, 29, 162, 340, 357 Peripheral Nerves, 343, 357 Peripheral Nervous System, 357, 375 Peripheral stem cells, 332, 357 Periplasm, 99, 357 Peritoneal, 220, 259, 357, 358 Peritoneal Cavity, 358 Peritoneal Dialysis, 259, 358 Peritoneum, 348, 357, 358 Peritonitis, 202, 358 Peroxidase, 37, 344, 358 Peroxide, 34, 358 Pertussis, 46, 358, 382 Pesticides, 173, 200, 235, 340, 358 Petroleum, 235, 356, 358 PH, 63, 72, 74, 92, 161, 358 Phagocyte, 55, 88, 94, 358 Phagocytosis, 7, 54, 113, 163, 358
Index 397
Phagosomes, 13, 48, 51, 61, 95, 358 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 312, 326, 330, 358 Pharmacologic, 303, 309, 333, 358, 378 Pharynx, 339, 351, 359 Phenotype, 58, 88, 94, 98, 122, 246, 330, 359 Phenylalanine, 357, 359, 380 Pheophytins, 171, 359 Pheromones, 35, 359, 382 Phospholipases, 359, 371 Phospholipids, 327, 340, 344, 359 Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases, 336, 359 Phosphorus, 310, 359 Phosphorylase, 89, 359 Phosphorylated, 168, 316, 359 Phosphorylation, 300, 359 Photocoagulation, 315, 359 Phylogeny, 27, 359 Physical Examination, 188, 260, 359 Physiologic, 32, 309, 333, 359, 366 Physiology, 22, 32, 34, 246, 324, 359 Phytic Acid, 152, 359 Phytotoxin, 360, 368 Pigment, 233, 308, 347, 350, 354, 360 Pigmentation, 222, 360 Pituitary Gland, 99, 318, 327, 360 Placenta, 326, 360, 362 Plague, 18, 360, 379 Plant Diseases, 325, 360 Plant Growth Regulators, 333, 360 Plants, 97, 151, 159, 160, 165, 169, 212, 225, 248, 271, 308, 309, 313, 315, 319, 320, 331, 332, 335, 343, 349, 352, 356, 360, 361, 364, 369, 373, 378, 379 Plasma, 14, 23, 51, 230, 301, 304, 312, 314, 320, 330, 331, 334, 342, 348, 360, 366, 367 Plasma cells, 14, 304, 360 Platelet Activation, 360, 372 Platelet Aggregation, 303, 352, 360 Platelet Transfusion, 174, 360 Platelets, 22, 352, 360, 377 Platyhelminths, 334, 360 Pleural, 136, 346, 360 Point Mutation, 271, 360 Policy Making, 332, 361 Polymerase, 6, 8, 112, 163, 210, 235, 361, 362, 367, 371 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 8, 112, 163, 361 Polymers, 308, 361, 363
Polymorphic, 19, 63, 361 Polymorphism, 19, 66, 75, 85, 92, 102, 109, 118, 184, 361, 368 Polymyxin, 39, 77, 94, 96, 361 Polypeptide, 100, 234, 239, 302, 316, 336, 350, 352, 357, 361, 363, 383 Polysaccharide, 13, 46, 129, 169, 229, 230, 304, 312, 361 Polyunsaturated fat, 164, 361 Porins, 28, 129, 168, 361 Porphyria, 44, 361 Porphyrins, 361 Posterior, 354, 355, 361, 369 Postsynaptic, 362, 371, 375 Post-translational, 239, 362 Potentiation, 362, 371 Poultry Products, 102, 202, 214, 247, 362 Practicability, 26, 362 Practice Guidelines, 281, 362 Precipitation, 212, 362 Preclinical, 11, 21, 362 Precursor, 44, 303, 305, 323, 325, 352, 359, 362, 373, 379, 380 Presumptive, 109, 362 Prevalence, 136, 232, 362 Primary tumor, 11, 362 Probe, 72, 192, 208, 211, 212, 244, 245, 354, 362 Progeny, 317, 362 Progesterone, 362, 374 Progression, 215, 303, 362, 379 Progressive, 22, 312, 321, 323, 333, 351, 360, 362 Projection, 320, 352, 353, 362 Proline, 22, 154, 210, 316, 357, 362 Promoter, 9, 24, 50, 87, 93, 210, 219, 221, 362 Promotor, 171, 362 Prone, 6, 363 Prophase, 309, 350, 354, 363, 376 Prophylaxis, 363, 381 Proportional, 325, 330, 363 Prostaglandins, 32, 305, 363 Protease, 36, 57, 60, 70, 82, 87, 98, 238, 363 Protective Clothing, 225, 363 Protein C, 26, 27, 40, 46, 73, 193, 301, 302, 305, 307, 315, 344, 363, 380 Protein Conformation, 302, 363 Protein Engineering, 22, 363 Protein S, 45, 60, 71, 78, 84, 220, 256, 309, 322, 326, 330, 363, 368, 374, 377 Protein Subunits, 45, 363
398 Salmonella
Proteolytic, 301, 315, 316, 325, 342, 356, 363, 368 Proteus, 208, 222, 266, 363 Protocol, 21, 43, 363 Protons, 301, 336, 363, 365 Proto-Oncogenes, 215, 354, 364 Protozoa, 261, 308, 317, 323, 343, 348, 364, 373, 379 Protozoal, 206, 364 Protozoan Infections, 261, 364 Proximal, 45, 80, 322, 351, 364 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 26, 56, 99, 158, 193, 222, 224, 227, 240, 364 Psoas Abscess, 138, 364 Psoriasis, 262, 350, 364 Psychology, 322, 364 Public Policy, 279, 364 Publishing, 59, 259, 364 Pulmonary, 280, 309, 314, 318, 342, 364, 375 Pulmonary Artery, 309, 364 Pulmonary Edema, 314, 342, 364 Pulse, 349, 364 Purifying, 205, 251, 365 Purines, 307, 365, 370 Purpura, 303, 365 Purulent, 299, 365 Putrescine, 354, 365, 373 Pylorus, 323, 365 Pyogenic, 280, 326, 365, 370 Pyridoxal, 354, 365, 379 Pyridoxal Phosphate, 365, 379 Q Quality of Life, 47, 365 Quinolones, 115, 138, 365 R Rabies, 250, 365 Race, 348, 365 Radiation, 11, 185, 327, 328, 329, 337, 340, 341, 365, 369, 383 Radiation therapy, 327, 328, 329, 340, 341, 365, 383 Radioactive, 310, 320, 333, 336, 338, 340, 341, 344, 349, 353, 365, 369, 383 Radioisotope, 354, 365, 378 Radiolabeled, 341, 365, 383 Radiotherapy, 310, 341, 365, 383 Randomized, 88, 135, 262, 323, 366 Reagent, 11, 230, 314, 326, 336, 344, 366 Recombination, 81, 91, 92, 317, 366 Reconstitution, 40, 46, 366 Rectal, 70, 176, 261, 366
Rectum, 305, 310, 322, 328, 329, 339, 342, 366 Recuperation, 222, 366 Red blood cells, 326, 334, 366, 369, 372 Reductase, 37, 91, 185, 366, 377 Refer, 1, 310, 316, 322, 329, 335, 344, 349, 350, 352, 366 Refraction, 366, 373 Refractory, 262, 323, 366 Refusal to Treat, 266, 366 Regeneration, 327, 366 Regimen, 18, 44, 64, 323, 366 Regulon, 21, 43, 56, 76, 366 Relapse, 85, 262, 366 Reliability, 245, 366 Remission, 262, 346, 366 Renin, 303, 367 Reperfusion, 31, 350, 367 Reperfusion Injury, 31, 367 Repressor, 56, 354, 367 Research Design, 43, 367 Resolving, 24, 92, 367 Respiration, 348, 349, 367 Respiratory Burst, 19, 367 Restoration, 22, 350, 366, 367, 369 Resuscitation, 92, 135, 367 Retina, 317, 343, 367, 368, 381 Retinal, 280, 354, 367 Retinol, 367, 368 Retrospective, 106, 368 Retrospective study, 106, 368 Reversion, 235, 368, 379 Rhabdomyolysis, 142, 368 Rheumatism, 142, 368 Rheumatoid, 142, 368 Rheumatoid arthritis, 142, 368 Rhinitis, 216, 310, 368, 371 Ribose, 300, 352, 368 Ribosome, 45, 368, 378 Ribotyping, 63, 76, 83, 88, 102, 368 Ricin, 50, 368 Rigidity, 360, 368 Risk factor, 105, 106, 140, 217, 266, 368 Ristocetin, 368, 381 Rod, 45, 80, 306, 307, 325, 326, 342, 344, 363, 364, 368, 371, 383 Rodenticides, 358, 368 Rotavirus, 37, 198, 262, 368 S Saliva, 26, 43, 230, 368 Salivary, 26, 320, 322, 368 Salivary glands, 320, 322, 368
Index 399
Salmonella Food Poisoning, 255, 369 Salmonella Vaccines, 59, 184, 196, 202, 369 Salpingitis, 202, 369 Sanitary, 222, 369 Saponins, 369, 374 Saprophyte, 306, 369 Sarcoma, 267, 369 Scans, 188, 369 Schizoid, 369, 383 Schizophrenia, 369, 383 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 369, 383 Sclera, 317, 369, 381 Screening, 7, 53, 62, 69, 130, 162, 209, 233, 251, 253, 259, 315, 370 Seafood, 168, 274, 286, 370 Sebaceous, 341, 370, 382 Second Messenger Systems, 352, 370 Secondary tumor, 348, 370 Secretory, 21, 42, 48, 59, 193, 301, 370, 375 Segregation, 307, 366, 370 Selenium, 151, 162, 370 Self Care, 258, 370 Semisynthetic, 302, 312, 370 Sensor, 11, 52, 95, 183, 370 Sepsis, 18, 20, 112, 174, 370 Septic, 25, 123, 138, 199, 363, 370 Septicaemia, 370, 371 Septicemia, 17, 41, 142, 259, 370 Sequence Analysis, 33, 77, 370 Sequencing, 13, 15, 19, 21, 361, 370 Serine, 57, 210, 314, 342, 370, 379 Serologic, 257, 337, 371 Serotonin, 371, 379 Serotypes, 47, 63, 68, 85, 88, 100, 126, 142, 151, 158, 196, 271, 356, 369, 371 Serratia, 371 Sex Characteristics, 303, 371, 376 Shedding, 43, 100, 167, 371 Shigellosis, 40, 371 Shock, 25, 61, 73, 135, 181, 199, 216, 242, 303, 371, 379 Side effect, 25, 188, 300, 371, 378 Sigma Factor, 17, 45, 49, 50, 64, 92, 98, 181, 371 Signal Transduction, 33, 35, 163, 340, 371 Signs and Symptoms, 366, 372, 380 Silage, 342, 344, 372 Skeletal, 115, 303, 368, 372 Skeleton, 299, 342, 372 Skull, 372, 376 Sludge, 212, 372
Small intestine, 8, 14, 23, 32, 41, 42, 99, 308, 314, 323, 325, 335, 337, 340, 342, 372, 379 Smallpox, 225, 372, 381 Smooth muscle, 216, 303, 318, 335, 337, 342, 372, 375 Sneezing, 358, 371, 372 Social Behavior, 372, 382 Social Environment, 365, 372 Social Work, 266, 372 Sodium, 21, 183, 195, 200, 348, 372 Soft tissue, 115, 309, 329, 372 Solid tumor, 25, 199, 222, 223, 372 Solvent, 251, 326, 332, 355, 372 Soma, 372 Somatic, 251, 336, 347, 348, 357, 372 Sorbitol, 346, 372 Soybean Oil, 361, 373 Spasmodic, 358, 373 Spatial disorientation, 322, 373 Specialist, 288, 322, 373 Specificity, 17, 27, 29, 62, 95, 209, 210, 231, 245, 300, 338, 373 Spectrometer, 226, 373 Spectrum, 25, 65, 66, 73, 86, 93, 96, 116, 220, 373, 383 Sperm, 216, 303, 314, 373 Sperm Motility, 216, 373 Spermatozoon, 373 Spermidine, 354, 373 Spheroplasts, 173, 373 Spinal cord, 280, 312, 314, 323, 325, 347, 351, 355, 357, 373 Spirochete, 373, 376 Spleen, 24, 79, 220, 320, 345, 373 Sporadic, 128, 144, 373 Spores, 33, 205, 226, 306, 373 Sputum, 208, 373 Stabilization, 7, 96, 152, 373 Staging, 369, 373 Sterile, 240, 374 Sterilization, 237, 374 Steroid, 28, 266, 308, 369, 374 Stimulant, 335, 342, 374 Stimulus, 323, 324, 327, 341, 374, 377 Stomach, 38, 44, 217, 259, 299, 306, 322, 326, 329, 330, 335, 351, 357, 358, 359, 365, 372, 373, 374 Stomach Ulcer, 38, 374 Stomatitis, 262, 374 Stool, 67, 110, 188, 298, 342, 374, 376 Strand, 6, 66, 102, 103, 109, 208, 361, 374
400 Salmonella
Streptococci, 25, 216, 262, 374 Streptococcus, 54, 123, 216, 240, 245, 352, 374 Streptomycin, 151, 374 Stress, 19, 38, 45, 56, 82, 135, 183, 206, 240, 258, 260, 330, 351, 355, 368, 374, 381 Stroke, 190, 278, 374 Stupor, 343, 374 Subacute, 339, 375 Subclinical, 339, 375 Subcutaneous, 312, 323, 329, 356, 375 Subspecies, 16, 19, 89, 99, 100, 137, 144, 373, 375, 381 Substance P, 150, 326, 366, 368, 370, 374, 375 Substrate, 22, 38, 50, 60, 64, 154, 201, 230, 248, 312, 325, 336, 375 Substrate Specificity, 22, 375 Suction, 328, 375 Sulfotransferases, 28, 375 Superoxide, 34, 60, 88, 92, 94, 367, 375 Superoxide Dismutase, 88, 92, 94, 375 Supplementation, 20, 162, 171, 183, 375 Suppression, 80, 97, 318, 375 Suppressive, 171, 187, 375 Suppurative, 144, 312, 329, 375 Surfactant, 200, 326, 375 Sympathomimetic, 326, 352, 375 Symptomatic, 50, 298, 355, 375 Synapses, 352, 353, 375 Synaptic, 371, 375, 376 Synergistic, 30, 98, 168, 376 Synovial, 124, 376 Synovial Membrane, 376 Synovitis, 202, 376 Syphilis, 253, 376 Systemic, 9, 17, 26, 27, 29, 31, 42, 43, 44, 47, 49, 51, 54, 59, 82, 86, 94, 98, 99, 100, 101, 123, 128, 140, 147, 193, 200, 220, 249, 303, 305, 309, 322, 326, 339, 341, 365, 370, 374, 376, 378, 381, 383 Systemic disease, 47, 370, 376 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 140, 147, 376 T Tachycardia, 306, 376 Tachypnea, 306, 376 Temporal, 17, 376 Tenesmus, 323, 376 Terminator, 315, 376 Testis, 326, 376 Testosterone, 28, 366, 376
Tetani, 46, 376 Tetanic, 376 Tetanus, 46, 98, 250, 305, 376 Tetanus Toxin, 46, 250, 376 Tetracycline, 220, 377 Tetrahydrocannabinol, 310, 377 Therapeutics, 27, 127, 170, 377 Thermal, 183, 207, 322, 352, 361, 377 Thiamine, 5, 60, 81, 83, 91, 377 Thioredoxin, 38, 377 Thoracic, 107, 144, 377 Threonine, 370, 377 Threshold, 15, 377 Thrombin, 327, 360, 363, 377 Thrombocytes, 360, 377 Thrombomodulin, 363, 377 Thrombosis, 148, 363, 374, 377 Thrombus, 318, 339, 350, 360, 377 Thymus, 180, 315, 337, 345, 377 Thyroid, 377, 380 Thyroid Gland, 377 Thyroiditis, 144, 377 Tolerance, 14, 71, 79, 87, 115, 299, 378 Tooth Preparation, 300, 378 Topical, 196, 249, 306, 326, 336, 356, 378 Torsion, 339, 378 Toxicity, 25, 231, 323, 347, 368, 378 Toxicology, 21, 27, 34, 122, 165, 170, 175, 235, 280, 378 Toxins, 36, 37, 50, 57, 200, 214, 215, 286, 304, 309, 315, 324, 339, 347, 349, 370, 378, 381 Toxoid, 98, 305, 378 Toxoplasmosis, 259, 280, 306, 378 Trace element, 151, 315, 378 Tracer, 34, 335, 378 Transcriptase, 8, 82, 378 Transcription Factors, 5, 354, 378 Transduction, 40, 87, 371, 378 Transfection, 309, 378 Transfer Factor, 337, 378 Transfusion, 378 Translation, 17, 45, 181, 250, 326, 378 Translational, 15, 17, 43, 57, 239, 378 Translocating, 68, 80, 153, 172, 379 Translocation, 38, 96, 107, 326, 379 Transmitter, 299, 341, 352, 375, 379 Transplantation, 117, 310, 337, 346, 379 Transposons, 56, 379 Trauma, 240, 334, 351, 355, 379 Treatment Failure, 130, 379 Triad, 261, 379
Index 401
Trichinosis, 259, 379 Tropism, 24, 379 Trypanosomiasis, 245, 379 Trypsin, 314, 325, 379 Tryptophan, 22, 316, 332, 371, 379 Tryptophan Synthase, 22, 379 Tularemia, 17, 379 Tumor model, 11, 379 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 70, 80, 98, 142, 345, 379 Tumor suppressor gene, 7, 22, 215, 379 TYPHI, 19, 21, 29, 40, 43, 46, 49, 61, 62, 63, 70, 71, 72, 76, 83, 85, 87, 95, 99, 103, 106, 110, 111, 112, 115, 121, 126, 127, 128, 130, 131, 133, 137, 138, 139, 142, 143, 146, 153, 158, 161, 165, 170, 200, 212, 222, 228, 238, 246, 256, 272, 280, 369, 379 Typhoid fever, 17, 19, 21, 83, 112, 143, 219, 257, 356, 369, 379, 380 Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines, 369, 380 Tyrosine, 129, 168, 170, 380 U Ubiquitin, 239, 380 Ulcer, 217, 312, 357, 374, 380 Ulcerative colitis, 32, 260, 261, 262, 339, 380 Unconscious, 303, 320, 337, 380 Unresectable, 107, 380 Uracil, 208, 380 Uraemia, 356, 380 Urea, 22, 354, 380 Uremia, 259, 342, 380 Ureters, 380 Urethra, 380 Urethritis, 261, 380 Urinary, 101, 174, 259, 307, 312, 314, 331, 354, 363, 364, 380 Urinary tract, 174, 259, 307, 312, 363, 364, 380 Urinary tract infection, 174, 259, 307, 363, 364, 380 Urine, 188, 208, 297, 307, 309, 322, 342, 354, 380 Urogenital, 331, 380 Urticaria, 303, 381 Uterus, 313, 355, 362, 381 Uvea, 381 Uveitis, 4, 381 V Vaccination, 43, 55, 64, 98, 119, 181, 185, 203, 206, 216, 217, 220, 229, 234, 240, 246, 249, 259, 381
Vaccinia, 195, 381 Vaccinia Virus, 195, 381 Vacuole, 100, 113, 381 Vagina, 313, 321, 342, 381 Vaginal, 43, 381 Vancomycin, 203, 381 Variola, 381 Vascular, 123, 303, 325, 337, 339, 342, 352, 355, 360, 377, 381 Vasculitis, 356, 381 Vasodilatation, 342, 381 Vasodilator, 310, 335, 350, 381 Vector, 25, 26, 42, 46, 80, 87, 97, 102, 103, 216, 221, 222, 223, 234, 249, 250, 378, 381 Vein, 188, 303, 341, 353, 381 Venereal, 376, 381 Venoms, 320, 381 Venous, 148, 363, 381 Venules, 309, 311, 381 Vertebrae, 364, 373, 381 Vesicular, 333, 335, 348, 372, 381 Veterinary Medicine, 37, 125, 138, 152, 169, 279, 382 Vibrio, 33, 36, 47, 240, 242, 258, 261, 274, 286, 314, 382 Vibrio cholerae, 33, 36, 47, 242, 261, 314, 382 Viral vector, 238, 382 Virulent, 7, 13, 40, 55, 61, 63, 78, 87, 102, 197, 206, 225, 237, 244, 382 Viscera, 303, 348, 372, 382 Visceral, 343, 358, 382 Vitamin A, 340, 368, 382 Vitro, 6, 8, 12, 13, 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 38, 44, 46, 51, 53, 56, 58, 67, 70, 71, 78, 79, 89, 144, 162, 165, 168, 184, 206, 220, 335, 338, 361, 368, 382 Vomeronasal Organ, 35, 353, 382 Vulgaris, 180, 382 W War, 53, 205, 313, 350, 382 Weight Gain, 198, 230, 382 White blood cell, 304, 314, 339, 343, 345, 349, 351, 352, 360, 382 Whooping Cough, 358, 382 Withdrawal, 197, 198, 383 X Xenograft, 32, 303, 379, 383 X-ray, 53, 188, 312, 317, 328, 329, 341, 350, 353, 365, 369, 383 X-ray therapy, 341, 383
402 Salmonella
Y Yeasts, 329, 340, 359, 383 Yersinia, 13, 45, 56, 124, 127, 154, 169, 215, 216, 218, 259, 260, 261, 262, 360, 383 Yersinia enterocolitica, 124, 261, 383
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, 383 Z Zoonoses, 280, 365, 383 Zygote, 317, 383 Zymogen, 314, 363, 383
Index 403
404 Salmonella
