TEVIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Stevia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84225-6 1. Stevia-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on stevia. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON STEVIA ....................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Stevia............................................................................................. 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND STEVIA ............................................................................................... 7 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 7 Finding Nutrition Studies on Stevia ............................................................................................. 7 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 13 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND STEVIA....................................................................... 15 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 15 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 15 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 18 General References ....................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON STEVIA ................................................................................................... 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 Patents on Stevia.......................................................................................................................... 21 Patent Applications on Stevia...................................................................................................... 34 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON STEVIA ....................................................................................................... 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 39 Chapters on Stevia ....................................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON STEVIA ......................................................................... 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 41 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 42 Academic Periodicals covering Stevia.......................................................................................... 43 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 47 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 49 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 51 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 53 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 54 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 57 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 57 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 57 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 63 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 63 STEVIA DICTIONARY .................................................................................................................. 65 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 83
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with stevia is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about stevia, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to stevia, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on stevia. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to stevia, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on stevia. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON STEVIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on stevia.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and stevia, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “stevia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Sweeteners: Herbal and Otherwise Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 19(4): 83, 85-88. July-August 2002. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Website: www.diabetes-self-mgmt.com. Summary: Current nutrition recommendations for people with diabetes emphasize the importance of managing all sources of carbohydrate in the diet, not just sugar, for optimal diabetes control. This means that people with diabetes can choose to eat foods that contain sugar, as long as they keep their total carbohydrate intake for each meal or snack the same as usual. This article reviews the use of sweeteners in the diet, including low calorie herbal sweeteners such as stevia. The author reviews where sweeteners come from, the sometimes-arbitrary terminology used ('natural'), honey, accounting for
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sweeteners in the meal plan, synthetic noncaloric sweeteners, herbal sweeteners, government approval for dietary supplements and food ingredients, stevia, thaumatin, hernandulcin, monellin, brazzein, mogroside, glycyrrhizin, miraculin, curculin, dihydrochalcones, less common sweeteners, and where to find accurate information about sweeteners. The author concludes that eating these sweeteners in food items will not automatically improve the quality of the diet, promote weight loss, or improve blood glucose control, but they can help provide for increased variety, help to satisfy the sweet tooth, and help patients meet their carbohydrate and calorie goals more easily.
Federally Funded Research on Stevia The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to stevia. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to stevia. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore stevia.
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with stevia, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “stevia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for stevia (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
Studies
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Absorption and metabolism of glycosidic sweeteners of stevia mixture and their aglycone, steviol, in rats and humans. Author(s): Koyama E, Sakai N, Ohori Y, Kitazawa K, Izawa O, Kakegawa K, Fujino A, Ui M. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2003 June; 41(6): 875-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12738193&dopt=Abstract
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Bactericidal activity of a fermented hot-water extract from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni towards enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other food-borne pathogenic bacteria. Author(s): Tomita T, Sato N, Arai T, Shiraishi H, Sato M, Takeuchi M, Kamio Y. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 1997; 41(12): 1005-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9492187&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of Stevia rebaudiana on glucose tolerance in normal adult humans. Author(s): Curi R, Alvarez M, Bazotte RB, Botion LM, Godoy JL, Bracht A. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 1986; 19(6): 771-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3651629&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro metabolism of the glycosidic sweeteners, stevia mixture and enzymatically modified stevia in human intestinal microflora. Author(s): Koyama E, Kitazawa K, Ohori Y, Izawa O, Kakegawa K, Fujino A, Ui M. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2003 March; 41(3): 359-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504168&dopt=Abstract
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Measurement of the relative sweetness of stevia extract, aspartame and cyclamate/saccharin blend as compared to sucrose at different concentrations. Author(s): Cardello HM, Da Silva MA, Damasio MH. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1999; 54(2): 119-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10646559&dopt=Abstract
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Metabolism of stevioside and rebaudioside A from Stevia rebaudiana extracts by human microflora. Author(s): Gardana C, Simonetti P, Canzi E, Zanchi R, Pietta P. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 October 22; 51(22): 6618-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14558786&dopt=Abstract
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Mutagenicity and human chromosomal effect of stevioside, a sweetener from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Author(s): Suttajit M, Vinitketkaumnuen U, Meevatee U, Buddhasukh D. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1993 October; 101 Suppl 3: 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8143647&dopt=Abstract
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Oral use of a topical preparation containing an extract of Stevia rebaudiana and the chrysanthemum flower in the management of hyperglycemia. Author(s): White JR Jr, Kramer J, Campbell RK, Bernstein R. Source: Diabetes Care. 1994 August; 17(8): 940. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7956646&dopt=Abstract
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Potential sweetening agents of plant origin. III. Organoleptic evaluation of Stevia leaf herbarium samples for sweetness. Author(s): Soejarto DD, Kinghorn AD, Farnsworth NR. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1982 September-October; 45(5): 590-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7153776&dopt=Abstract
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Stevia adds sweetness, but don't call it a sweetener. Author(s): Morris HJ. Source: U.S. News & World Report. 2001 August 6; 131(5): 50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11499372&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND STEVIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and stevia.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Stevia The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “stevia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “stevia” (or a synonym): •
FDA lifts import alert on stevia. Herb can be imported only as dietary supplement; future use as a sweetener is still unclear. Source: Blumenthal, M. HerbalGram (USA). (Aut 1995). (no. 35) page 17-18.
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Sugar substitutes have sour image; safety issues simmer. Source: Forman, A. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (September 1998). volume 21(9) page 1, 6.
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
A crude extract of Stevia rebaudiana increases the renal plasma flow of normal and hypertensive rats. Author(s): Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Source: Melis, M S Braz-J-Med-Biol-Res. 1996 May; 29(5): 669-75 0100-879X
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A guaianolide from Stevia breviaristata. Source: Oberti, J.C. Gil, R.R. Sosa, V.E. Herz, W. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1986. volume 25 (6) page 1479-1480. 0031-9422
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A rearranged germacranolide and other sesquiterpene lactones from Stevia jujuyensis. Source: Gil, R.R. Pacciaroni, A. del v. Oberti, J.C. Diaz, J.G. Herz, W. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. February 1992. volume 31 (2) page 593-596. 0031-9422
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Absolute configuration of longipinenyl epoxyangelates from the three Stevia species. Source: Torres Valencia, J.M. Cerda Garcia Rojas, C.M. Roman, L.U. Hernandez, J.D. Joseph Nathan, P. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. December 1998. volume 49 (8) page 2569-2572. 0031-9422
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An ent-kaurenolide from Stevia lucida. Source: Amaro Luis, J.M. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. April 1993. volume 32 (6) page 1611-1613. 0031-9422
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Analysis of anti-rotavirus activity of extract from Stevia rebaudiana. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima-shi 960-1295, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Takahashi, K Matsuda, M Ohashi, K Taniguchi, K Nakagomi, O Abe, Y Mori, S Sato, N Okutani, K Shigeta, S Antiviral-Res. 2001 January; 49(1): 15-24 0166-3542
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Analysis of Stevia glycosides by capillary electrophoresis. Author(s): Istituto Technologie Biomediche Avanzate, Segrate, Milano, Italy. Source: Mauri, P Catalano, G Gardana, C Pietta, P Electrophoresis. 1996 February; 17(2): 367-71 0173-0835
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Bactericidal activity of a fermented hot-water extract from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni towards enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other food-borne pathogenic bacteria. Author(s): Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Tomita, T Sato, N Arai, T Shiraishi, H Sato, M Takeuchi, M Kamio, Y MicrobiolImmunol. 1997; 41(12): 1005-9 0385-5600
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Beyerene derivatives and other terpenoids from Stevia aristata. Source: Zdero, C. Bohlmann, F. Schmeda Hirschmann, G. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1987 volume 26 (2) page 463-466. 0031-9422
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Bisabolene derivatives from Stevia salicifolia [Isolated from the aerial parts]. Source: Calderon, J.S. Angeles, E. Salmon, M. Garcia de la Mora, G.A. Phytochemistry. Oxford, Eng. : Pergamon Press. 1984. volume 23 (1) page 186-188. ill. 0031-9422
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Chronic administration of aqueous extract of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni in rats: endocrine effects. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Source: Oliveira Filho, R M Uehara, O A Minetti, C A Valle, L B Gen-Pharmacol. 1989; 20(2): 187-91 0306-3623
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Diterpene synthesis in Stevia rebaudiana: recruitment and up-regulation of key enzymes from the gibberellin biosynthetic pathway. Author(s): Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, London, Ontario, Canada. Source: Richman, A S Gijzen, M Starratt, A N Yang, Z Brandle, J E Plant-J. 1999 August; 19(4): 411-21 0960-7412
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Early uses of Stevia rebaudiana (Asteraceae) leaves as a sweetener in Paraguay. Source: Lewis, W.H. Econ-Bot. Bronx, N.Y. : New York Botanical Garden. July/Sept 1992. volume 46 (3) page 336-337. 0013-0001
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Effect of crude extract of Stevia rebaudiana on renal water and electrolytes excretion. Author(s): Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Source: Melis, M S Phytomedicine. 1999 October; 6(4): 247-50 0944-7113
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Effects of a new sweetener, Stevia, on performance of newly weaned pigs. Source: Munro, P.J. Lirette, A. Anderson, D.M. Ju, H.Y. Can-j-anim-sci. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada, 1957. Sept 2000. volume 80 (3) page 529-531. 0008-3984
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Effects of chronic administration of Stevia rebaudiana on fertility in rats. Author(s): Departamento de Biologia, Setor de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
[email protected] Source: Melis, M S J-Ethnopharmacol. 1999 November 1; 67(2): 157-61 0378-8741
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ent-Kaurane glycoside from Stevia subpubescens. Source: Roman, L.U. Torres, J.M. Reyes, R. Hernandez, J.D. Cerda Garcia Rojas, C.M. Joseph Nathan, P. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. July 1995. volume 39 (5) page 1133-1137. 0031-9422
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Eudesmanolides from Stevia aff. tomentosum. Source: Martinez Vazquez, M. Mexico, D.F. Gallegos, R.E. Joseph Nathan, P. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1990. volume 29 (4) page 1689-1690. 00319422
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Examination of steviol glucosides production by hairy root and shoot cultures of Stevia rebaudiana. Source: Yamazaki, T. Flores, H.E. Shimomura, K. Yoshihira, K. J-Nat-Prod. Downers Grove, Ill.: American Society of Pharmacognosy. July/August 1991. volume 54 (4) page 986-992. 0163-3864
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Features of development of Stevia rebaudiana shoots cultivated in the roller bioreactor and their production of steviol glycosides. Author(s): Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. Source: Bondarev, N Reshetnyak, O Nosov, A Planta-Med. 2002 August; 68(8): 759-62 0032-0943
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Flavonoids and eupahakonenin B from Stevia satureiaefolia [isolated from the aerial parts]. Source: Sosa, V.E. Oberti, J.C. Prasad, J.S. Herz, W. Phytochemistry. Oxford, Eng. : Pergamon Press. 1984. volume 23 (7) page 1515-1516. ill. 0031-9422
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Glucosylation of steviol and steviol-glucosides in extracts from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Source: Shibata, H. Sonoke, S. Ochiai, H. Nishihashi, H. Yamada, M. Plant-Physiol. Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists. January 1991. volume 95 (1) page 152-156. 0032-0889
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Grindelane diterpenoids from Stevia subpubescens. Author(s): Instituto de Investigaciones Quimico-Biologicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Apartado 137, Morelia, Michoacan, 58000 Mexico. Source: Roman, L U Cambron, J I del Rio, R E Hernandez, J D Cerda Garcia Rojas, C M Joseph Nathan, P J-Nat-Prod. 2000 February; 63(2): 226-9 0163-3864
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Guaianolides and germacradienolides from Stevia sanguinea. Source: Hernandez, Z.N.J. de Hernandez, L.R. Catalan, C.A.N. Gedris, T.E. Herz, W. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. October 1997. volume 46 (4) page 721-727. 0031-9422
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Guaianolides and other constituents from Stevia species. Source: Zdero, C. Bohlmann, F. Niemeyer, H.M. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1991. volume 30 (2) page 693-695. 0031-9422
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Guaianolides from Stevia sanguinea. Source: Gil, R.R. Pastoriza, J.A. Oberti, J.C. Gutierrez, A.B. Herz, W. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1989. volume 28 (10) page 2841-2843. 0031-9422
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Heliangolides from Stevia yaconensis var. aristifera. Source: Gil, R.R. Oberti, J.C. Gutierrez, A.B. Herz, W. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1990. volume 29 (12) page 3881-3884. 0031-9422
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Hydroxylation of ent-kaurenoic acid to steviol in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni-purification and partial characterization of the enzyme. Author(s): Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Japan. Source: Kim, K K Sawa, Y Shibata, H Arch-Biochem-Biophys. 1996 August 15; 332(2): 223-30 0003-9861
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In vitro metabolism of the glycosidic sweeteners, stevia mixture and enzymatically modified stevia in human intestinal microflora. Author(s): Department of Biology, Kashima Laboratory, Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd, 14 Sunayama, Hasaki-machi, Kashima-gun, Ibaraki, 314-0255, Japan. Source: Koyama, E Kitazawa, K Ohori, Y Izawa, O Kakegawa, K Fujino, A Ui, M FoodChem-Toxicol. 2003 March; 41(3): 359-74 0278-6915
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Isolation and preparation of two longipinene derivatives from Stevia subpubescens. Source: Roman, L.U. Hernandez, J.D. Castaneda, R. Cerda, C.M. Joseph Nathan, P. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1989. volume 28 (1) page 265-268. 0031-9422
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Isolation, identification and antimicrobial activity of ombuoside from Stevia triflora. Author(s): Departamento de Quimica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes (ULA), Merida, Venezuela. Source: Amaro Luis, J M Adrian, M Diaz, C Ann-Pharm-Fr. 1997; 55(6): 262-8 0003-4509
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Kaurenic acid derivatives from Stevia Eupatoria. Source: Ortega, A. Morales, F.J. Salmon, M. Phytochemistry. Oxford, Eng. : Pergamon Press. 1985. volume 24 (8) page 1850-1852. 0031-9422
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Labdane diterpenoids from Stevia seleriana. Source: Escamilla, E.M. Ortega, A. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1991. volume 30 (2) page 599-602. 0031-9422
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Leaf Ests from Stevia rebaudiana: a resource for gene discovery in diterpene synthesis. Author(s): Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, London, Ontario.
[email protected] Source: Brandle, J E Richman, A Swanson, A K Chapman, B P Plant-Mol-Biol. 2002 November; 50(4-5): 613-22 0167-4412
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Longipinane derivatives from Stevia connata. Author(s): Departamento de Quimica, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Apartado 14-740, Mexico, D. F., 07000 Mexico. Source: Sanchez Arreola, E Cerda Garcia Rojas, C M Roman, L U Hernandez, J D Joseph Nathan, P J-Nat-Prod. 2000 January; 63(1): 12-5 0163-3864
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Longipinene derivatives from Stevia origanoides. Source: Cerda Garcia Rojas, C.M. Sanchez Arreola, E. Joseph Nathan, P. Roman, L.U. Hernandez, J.D. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. March 1993. volume 32 (5) page 1219-1223. 0031-9422
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Longipinene diesters from Stevia lucida. Source: Guerra Ramirez, D. Cerda Garcia Rojas, C.M. Puentes, A.M. Joseph Nathan, P. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. May 1998. volume 48 (1) page 151-154. 0031-9422
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Measurement of the relative sweetness of stevia extract, aspartame and cyclamate/saccharin blend as compared to sucrose at different concentrations. Author(s): Department of Food and Nutrition, FCF-UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
[email protected] Source: Cardello, H M Da Silva, M A Damasio, M H Plant-Foods-Hum-Nutr. 1999; 54(2): 119-30 0921-9668
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Melampolides and germacranolides from Stevia amambayensis. Source: Schmeda Hirschmann, G. Zdero, C. Bohlmann, F. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1986. volume 25 (7) page 1755-1756. 0031-9422
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Preparation of a new longipinane derivative from Stevia serrata. Source: Roman, L.U. Loez Coria, M. Hernandez, J.D. Cerda Garcia Rojas, C.M. Sanchez Arreola, E. Joseph Nathan, P. J-nat-prod. Downers Grove, Ill. : American Society of Pharmacognosy. July 1993. volume 56 (7) page 1148-1152. 0163-3864
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Prochamazulene sesquiterpene lactones from Stevia serrata. Source: Calderon, J.S. Quijano, L. Gomez, F. Rios, T. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1989. volume 28 (12) page 3526-3527. 0031-9422
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Pseudoguaianolides related to confertin from Stevia isomeca. Source: Bohlmann, F. Umemoto, K. Jakupovic, J. Phytochemistry. Oxford, Eng. : Pergamon Press. 1985. volume 24 (5) page 1017-1019. 0031-9422
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Rebaudioside F, a diterpene glycoside from Stevia rebaudiana. Author(s): Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, ON, N5V 4T3, London, Canada.
[email protected] Source: Starratt, Alvin N Kirby, Christopher W Pocs, Robert Brandle, James E Phytochemistry. 2002 February; 59(4): 367-70 0031-9422
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Sesquiterpene lactones and other constituents of Stevia maimarensis and Synedrellopsis grisebachii. Source: Hernandez, L.R. Riscala, E.C. de. Catalan, C.A.N. Diaz, J.G. Herz, W. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. June 1996. volume 42 (3) page 681-684. 0031-9422
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Sterebins E, F, G and H, diterpenoids of Stevia rebaudiana leaves. Source: Oshima, Y. Saito, J. Hikino, H. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1988. volume 27 (2) page 624-626. 0031-9422
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Stevia: a bittersweet tale. Source: Schardt, D. Nutr-action-health-lett. [Washington, D.C. : Center for Science in the Public Interest,. April 2000. volume 27 (3) page 3. 0885-7792
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Steviol and steviol-glycoside: glucosyltransferase activities in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni--purification and partial characterization. Author(s): Faculty of Agriculture, Shimane University, Japan. Source: Shibata, H Sawa, Y Oka, T Sonoke, S Kim, K K Yoshioka, M Arch-BiochemBiophys. 1995 August 20; 321(2): 390-6 0003-9861
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Stevisalioside A, a novel bitter-tasting ent-atisene glycoside from the roots of Stevia salicifolia. Author(s): Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico D.F. Source: Mata, R Rodriguez, V Pereda Miranda, R Kaneda, N Kinghorn, A D J-Nat-Prod. 1992 May; 55(5): 660-6 0163-3864
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The effect of stevia as a feed sweetener on weight gain and feed consumption of broiler chickens. Source: Wood, D.J. Lirette, A. Crober, D.C. Ju, H.Y. Can-j-anim-sci. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada, 1957. June 1996. volume 76 (2) page 267-269. 0008-3984
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The first 12.8 beta-germacrolide and other constituents from Bolivian Stevia species. Source: Zdero, C. Bohlmann, F. King, R.M. Robinson, H. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1988. volume 27 (9) page 2835-2842. 0031-9422
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Transfructosylation of rebaudioside A (a sweet glycoside of Stevia leaves) with Microbacterium beta-fructofuranosidase. Author(s): Hokkaido Sugar Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. Source: Ishikawa, H Kitahata, S Ohtani, K Tanaka, O Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 1991 August; 39(8): 2043-5 0009-2363
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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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The following is a specific Web list relating to stevia; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Food and Diet Natural Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Refined Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sugar Alcohols Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND STEVIA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to stevia. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to stevia and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “stevia” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to stevia: •
A crude extract of Stevia rebaudiana increases the renal plasma flow of normal and hypertensive rats. Author(s): Melis MS. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 1996 May; 29(5): 669-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9033821&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of anti-rotavirus activity of extract from Stevia rebaudiana. Author(s): Takahashi K, Matsuda M, Ohashi K, Taniguchi K, Nakagomi O, Abe Y, Mori S, Sato N, Okutani K, Shigeta S. Source: Antiviral Research. 2001 January; 49(1): 15-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11166857&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic administration of aqueous extract of Stevia rebaudiana in rats: renal effects. Author(s): Melis MS. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1995 July 28; 47(3): 129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8569236&dopt=Abstract
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Contraceptive properties of Stevia rebaudiana. Author(s): Mazzei Planas G, Kuc J. Source: Science. 1968 November 29; 162(857): 1007. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5698837&dopt=Abstract
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Cytological effects of some medicinal plants used in the control of fertility. Author(s): Schvartzman JB, Krimer DB, Moreno Azorero R. Source: Experientia. 1977 May 15; 33(5): 663-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=862810&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of calcium and verapamil on renal function of rats during treatment with stevioside. Author(s): Melis MS, Sainati AR. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1991 July; 33(3): 257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1921423&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of crude extract of Stevia rebaudiana on renal water and electrolytes excretion. Author(s): Melis MS. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 1999 October; 6(4): 247-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10589443&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of chronic administration of Stevia rebaudiana on fertility in rats. Author(s): Melis MS. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999 November 1; 67(2): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10619379&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of Stevia rebaudiana natural products on rat liver mitochondria. Author(s): Kelmer Bracht A, Alvarez M, Bracht A. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1985 March 15; 34(6): 873-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2858211&dopt=Abstract
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Features of development of Stevia rebaudiana shoots cultivated in the roller bioreactor and their production of steviol glycosides. Author(s): Bondarev N, Reshetnyak O, Nosov A.
Alternative Medicine 17
Source: Planta Medica. 2002 August; 68(8): 759-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221607&dopt=Abstract •
High-performance liquid chromatography of glycosides on a new type of hydroxyapatite column. Author(s): Kasai R, Yamaguchi H, Tanaka O. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1987 October 16; 407: 205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2828390&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effect of stevioside on calcium influx to produce antihypertension. Author(s): Lee CN, Wong KL, Liu JC, Chen YJ, Cheng JT, Chan P. Source: Planta Medica. 2001 December; 67(9): 796-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11745013&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effect of stevioside on tumor promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13acetate in two-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Author(s): Yasukawa K, Kitanaka S, Seo S. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 November; 25(11): 1488-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12419967&dopt=Abstract
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Oral use of a topical preparation containing an extract of Stevia rebaudiana and the chrysanthemum flower in the management of hyperglycemia. Author(s): White JR Jr, Kramer J, Campbell RK, Bernstein R. Source: Diabetes Care. 1994 August; 17(8): 940. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7956646&dopt=Abstract
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Stevioside effect on renal function of normal and hypertensive rats. Author(s): Melis MS. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1992 June; 36(3): 213-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1434679&dopt=Abstract
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Stevioside induces antihyperglycaemic, insulinotropic and glucagonostatic effects in vivo: studies in the diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. Author(s): Jeppesen PB, Gregersen S, Alstrup KK, Hermansen K. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2002 January; 9(1): 9-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11924770&dopt=Abstract
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Stevisalioside A, a novel bitter-tasting ent-atisene glycoside from the roots of Stevia salicifolia. Author(s): Mata R, Rodriguez V, Pereda-Miranda R, Kaneda N, Kinghorn AD.
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Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1992 May; 55(5): 660-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1517738&dopt=Abstract •
Tissue culture of Stevia rebaudiana, a sweetening plant. Author(s): Handro W, Hell KG, Kerbauy GB. Source: Planta Medica. 1977 September; 32(2): 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=905425&dopt=Abstract
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Toxicity study of an antidipsotropic Chinese herbal mixture in rats: NPI-028. Author(s): Keyler DE, Baker JI, Lee DY, Overstreet DH, Boucher TA, Lenz SK. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2002 April; 8(2): 175-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12006125&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
Alternative Medicine 19
The following is a specific Web list relating to stevia; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Herbs and Supplements Stevia Alternative names: Sweetleaf; Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Stevia Alternative names: Stevia rebaudiana Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Stevia Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON STEVIA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “stevia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on stevia, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Stevia By performing a patent search focusing on stevia, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
5Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on stevia: •
Extraction of sweet compounds from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Inventor(s): Kumar; Ashwani (Orleans, CA), Kutowy; Oleh (North Gower, CA), Zhang; Shi Qiu (Nepean, CA) Assignee(s): National Research Council of Canada (ottawa, Ca) Patent Number: 5,972,120 Date filed: July 17, 1998 Abstract: The invention disclosed relates to a process for the extraction of sweet compounds from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, by column extraction, followed by purification by filtration. The extraction is at temperatures in the range of 0 to 25.degree. C. Preferably, a pre-treatment step of microfiltration is used to clarify the extract. Purification is by ultrafiltration followed by nanofiltration. The filtration conditions are controlled to optimize the recovery of the sweet compounds. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for separating and recovering sweet compounds from plant materials of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni by aqueous extraction and membrane separation. The sweet compounds in Stevia have been identified by Kinghom and Soejarto, 1985, as including stevioside, rebaudioside A(RA), rebaudioside B(RB), rebaudioside C(RC), ducloside A and ducloside B. Extraction of components of value from plant material e.g. plant leaves for food and pharmaceuticals is widely practiced. Most of these processes use extraction by hot water and/or organic solvents for isolation of a particular compound or refining a class of compounds from the complex mixture. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05972120__
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Extraction, separation and recovery of diterpene glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana plants Inventor(s): Ahmed; Mohamed S. (Cairo, EG), Dobberstein; Robert H. (Wheaton, IL) Assignee(s): F. K. Suzuki International, Inc. (arlington Heights, Il) Patent Number: 4,361,697 Date filed: May 21, 1981 Abstract: A process for recovering diterpene glycosides from the Stevia rebaudiana plant includes the steps of sequentially extracting plant material with a first solvent of intermediate polarity to extract plant substances which tend to interfere with a liquid chromatographic separation of the glycosides, and then with a second solvent of high polarity to extract glycosides, and chromatographically separating the extracted glycosides by introducing them onto a liquid chromatography column having a packing of an oxygen-containing organic stationary phase covalently bonded through a silicon atom to an inorganic support, eluting them with a solvent of polarity higher than that of the first solvent but lower than that of the second solvent, and collecting individually eluate fractions rich in respective glycosides. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the extraction, separation and recovery of diterpene glycosides naturally occurring in the plant Stevia rebaudiana Bert. Hemsl.
Patents 23
(Compositae), herein referred to as S. rebaudiana. The desire for low calorie, or nocalorie, sweeteners led originally to the use of artificial sweeteners such as the cyclamates and saccharin, as substitutes for sucrose. Questions of their effects on health having arisen, a search for other non-sucrose sweeteners is in progress. The search has turned to sweeteners of natural origin, the rationale being that they would be less likely to have harmful effects. Many natural sweeteners, however, have disadvantages relating to the taste sensations they produce, such as a low degree of sweetness or an unpleasant aftertaste. Other disadvantages may include decomposition when heated during cooking. S. rebaudiana, a plant native to Paraguay, has been used as a sweetening agent. The leaves of this plant have been reported to contain at least eight structurally related diterpene glycosides (referred to hereinafter at times as DTG materials): steviolbioside, stevioside, rebaudiosides A to E and dulcoside A. Table 1 depicts their structural formulae. A number of these glycosides are sweet in taste. Stevioside, rebaudioside A and rebaudioside C (dulcoside C) are present in the largest quantities and are the sweetest of the DTG materials. Efforts have been made to recover and separate the sweetest components for commercial use as sweeteners. U.S. Pat. No. 4,082,858, issued to Morita et al., describes a process of separation and isolation of one of the sweettasting diterpene glycosides (rebaudioside A). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04361697__ •
Flavor enhancing and modifying materials Inventor(s): Dobberstein; Robert H. (Wheaton, IL), Suzuki; Fred K. (Arlington Heights, IL) Assignee(s): Stevia Company, Inc. (arlington Heights, Il) Patent Number: 4,612,942 Date filed: March 8, 1984 Abstract: Diterpene glycosides have been found to enhance and modify the flavor of orally consumable compositions, such as foodstuffs, smoking compositions, chewing compositions, oral hygiene compositions and medicinal compositions to improve or vary the sensory perceptions thereof. An orally consumable composition having an enhanced or modified flavor comprises an effective amount of a diterpene glycoside. A diterpene glycoside can be added to an orally consumable composition as a constituent of the leaf material of Stevia rebaudiana. One or more compounds which are not diterpene glycosides, which contribute an unpleasant or unsweet taste to the leaf material of Stevia rebaudiana, can be removed from the leaf material by heating the leaf material at a temperature in the range of about 60.degree. C. to about 200.degree. C. or by extraction with an organic solvent having a polarity greater than hexane but less than water. Excerpt(s): By the term "orally consumable composition", as used herein, is meant substances which are contacted with the mouth of man or animal, including substances which are taken into and subsequently ejected from the mouth and substances which are drunk, eaten, swallowed or otherwise ingested. There is a need for materials which can modify or enhance the flavor of orally consumable compositions such as foodstuffs, smoking compositions, chewing compositions, oral hygiene compositions and medicinal compositions to improve or vary the sensory perceptions thereof. In the art of flavoring foodstuffs and medicinal compositions, there is a continuing need for compositions which can modify and improve the flavor of such materials, because acceptance and demand for foodstuffs and medicinal products is generally related to the sensory
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perception of them. In the art of flavoring oral hygiene compositions, such as mouthwash and toothpaste, and in the art of flavoring chewing compositions, such as chewing tobacco, snuffs and chewing gum, there is a need to improve the flavor characterists of such chewing compositions with flavor modifiers or enhancers which are non-cariogenic and do not support the growth of tooth decay producing streptococci, lactobaccilli, or the like. In the art of flavoring smoking compositions, considerable emphasis has been placed on the development of improved flavors for low delivery smoking compositions. Low delivery smoking products generally produce 15 mg or less of tar. Tar is generally defined as the total particulate matter collected on a standard filter, minus the nicotine and water content. Smoking designs accomplishing low delivery, such as ventilated filters, often cause air dilution of the flavorants in the smoke. This dilution reduces the flavor and desirability of the smoking composition. There is a need for materials to enhance or modify flavors of low delivery and other smoking compositions. It is an object of this invention to provide an orally consumable composition having a modified or enhanced flavor. Another object of this invention is to provide a process for modifying or enhancing the flavor of an orally consumable composition, and additionally, another object of this invention is to provide a process for modifying or enhancing the taste, aroma and/or texture of foodstuffs, smoking compositions, chewing compositions, oral hygiene compositions and medicinal compositions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04612942__ •
Low-calorie beverage composition Inventor(s): Hatai; Ryuichi (Tokushima, JP), Takaichi; Akihisa (Naruto, JP) Assignee(s): Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 5,830,523 Date filed: September 3, 1996 Abstract: A low-calorie beverage composition containing an inorganic electrolyte component and an organic acid component, the composition being characterized by containing a stevia extract as a sweetener amount of 2 to 15 mg per mEq/l of inorganic electrolyte cation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a low-calorie beverage composition, and more particularly to a low-calorie beverage composition containing an inorganic electrolyte component and an organic acid component. Low-calorie drinks for sports are known as beverage compositions for making up for the water and the electrolyte lost by sweating in sports and the like. This kind of low-calorie beverage compositions contain an inorganic electrolyte, or inorganic and organic electrolytes to compensate for the cations of Na, K, Mg, Ca and the like and the anions such as Cl and phosphate ions, all released by sweating. However, if the inorganic electrolyte is supplied in an amount sufficient to compensate for the cations and/or anions depleted, the resulting beverage is given an undesirable taste such as bitter taste, harsh taste, astringent taste or the like, and leaves a bad taste in one's mouth when taken. A sweetener is used to avoid such undesirable aftertaste. While natural saccharides, e.g. sugar are the most preferred sweeteners in terms of taste, an excessive supply of natural saccharide results in superfluity of calorie. Therefore a synthetic sweetener is usually used conjointly with sugar or like saccharide to reduce the calorie so that a low-calorie beverage composition is obtained. Synthetic sweeteners heretofore used, for example, aspartame, saccharine, etc. are inferior in the quality of sweet taste to natural saccharides and, after addition,
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impair the taste stability of the beverage, deteriorating the taste thereof in a few months. Moreover, because of the foregoing drawback of synthetic sweeteners, the amount of natural saccharide can not be sufficiently reduced, and the natural saccharide must be used currently in excess of specified quantity. For this reason, the calorie of a beverage can not be diminished to a level sufficient to meet the demand from the youth, and the problem of osmotic pressure increasing due to the saccharide used can not be obviated so that difficulty tends to be entailed in decreasing the osmotic pressure to about 160 to about 300 (mosmol) considered to be the optimum in view of absorbency. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05830523__ •
Low-calorie compounded cocoa composition Inventor(s): Kondou; Tsutomu (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): M & C Sweeteners, Llc (blair, Ne) Patent Number: 6,045,850 Date filed: May 8, 1998 Abstract: A low-calorie compounded cocoa composition comprising cocoa powder, erythritol, and a sweetener of high sweetness (e.g., Stevia and Aspartame). It is lower in calories than conventional compounded cocoa composition containing sucrose as a sweetener and is pleasant to the taste. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to low-calorie compounded cocoa composition. More particularly, it relates to low-calorie compounded cocoa composition which comprises erythritol, a sweetener of high sweetness and, if desired, maltitol, is lower in calories and pleasant to the taste, and has improved dispersibility and solubility. Commercially available compounded cocoa compositions contain cocoa powder, sucrose as a main sweetener, and other ingredients such as dairy products, emulsifiers, edible salt, flavors, vegetable fats and oils, etc. Compounded cocoa compositions, as dissolved in water, warm water or milk for drinking, are widely preferred for its mild taste and a mellow aroma. Containing about 10% by weight of sucrose as a sweetener, the conventional compounded cocoa compositions have as high calories as about 53 kcal/100 g, and such a high intake of calories is unfavorable from the standpoint of prevention of obesity and adult diseases. Not confined to compounded cocoa, the use of sucrose has come to be problematical in other beverages. Accordingly, many sucrose-free foods featuring low calories have been developed in the beverage field and come on the market. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06045850__
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Method for recovery of stevioside Inventor(s): Kumar; Sampath (Lincroft, NJ) Assignee(s): Bruno; Charles F. (east Brunswick, Nj), Levy; Harold (new York, Ny), Rogers; Edna Y. (new York, Ny), Sorkin; Harry W. (new York, Ny) Patent Number: 4,599,403 Date filed: October 7, 1985 Abstract: An improved method for the recovery of stevioside from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni plants is provided which does not require the use of dangerous chemicals or special separation equipment such as ion exchange or chromatography. In the process
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the raw material, preferably in comminuted form is first extracted with water, the resulting aqueous extract is treated with a di- or tricarboxylic acid chelating agent to remove metallic and other impurities as well as to lower the pH to less than about 4. Subsequently a calcium-containing agent is added to precipitate out other impurities. The aqueous extract is essentially neutralized with an acid and is then subject to extraction with a water-immiscible solvent. Purified stevioside crystals are recovered by cooling the water layer obtained from said solvent extraction step. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with the recovery of stevioside from the Stevia rebaudiana Bert. Hemsl. (Compositae), hereinafter referred to as Stevia rebaudiana. More particularly, the invention pertains to an improved method for recovery of stevioside from the Stevia rebaudiana plant without the need to use chemicals that might in turn end up as undesirable impurities in the stevioside product or which require the use of equipment that render commercial operations uneconomic. Stevioside of a natural origin is gaining favor as a low calorie or nutritive sweetener. It has been used commercially in Japan for many years and recently in Brazil to sweeten a variety of foods. The present investigation was undertaken in order to find a commercially viable method for the isolation of purified stevioside, since it is present only to an extent of 8-10% in the Stevia rebaudiana leaves. U.S. Pat. No. 4,361,697 which issued on Nov. 30, 1982 to Dobberstein and Ahmed discloses a process for the recovery of diterpene glycosides, including stevioside from the Stevia rebaudiana plant. A variety of solvents, having different polarities, were used in a sequential treatment that concluded with a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation procedure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04599403__ •
Method for the recovery of steviosides from plant raw material Inventor(s): Giovanetto; Roger H. (2220 39 Avenue NE, T2E6P7 Calgary, Alberta, CA) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,892,938 Date filed: July 20, 1988 Abstract: The invention relates to a method for recovering steviosides from dried plant material of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni by extraction and purification. An extract is obtained through treatment in water at a temperature from room temperature to about 65.degree. C. with stirring and subsequent filtration and centrifugation. This extract is treated with calcium hydroxide, whereupon a precipitate is obtained by means of filtration or centrifugation. This precipitate is treated with a strongly acidic ion exchange resin and subsequently with a weakly basic ion exchange resin, filtered and dried. Excerpt(s): The invention is directed to a method for the recovery of steviosides from dried plant raw material of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni by extraction and purification, undesirable impurities being removed by chemical treatment and the purification being accomplished with anionic and cationic exchange resins. Steviosides are used as serviceable artificial sweeteners and are added to low-calorie foods or as replacement for natural sugar. Artificial sweeteners were developed for use by diabetics and to decrease the calorie content of food preparations, especially for a low-calorie diet. These sweeteners are frequently sweeter than natural sugar and may, in order to achieve the same measure of sweetening action, be used in small amounts. Numerous sweeteners are synthetic in nature, for example, saccharin, cyclamates and aspartames. The use of
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some of these is prohibited or limited, because pharmacological investigations have shown that they can produce cancer. On the ohter hand, the steviosides are fully usable and have shown no disadvantageous effects in clinical trials. Conventional methods for the extraction and purification of steviosides are associated almost exclusively with the use of organic solvents, such as methanol, ethanol or ether, and many require that the steviosides be absorbed at first on a resin with subsequent elution with an organic solvent. The concentrated, evaporated solutions from this method usually are treated with methanol or ethanol to bring about the final crystallization of the end mixture. Other methods make use of iron or aluminum salts to remove impurities. These two materials require a further treatment with sodium hydroxide to remove residues of the iron or aluminum salts. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04892938__ •
Method for treating digestive organ disorders Inventor(s): Dozono; Fumio (3040, Ohaza-Homanbo, Takajo-cho, Kitamorokata-gun, Miyazaki-ken, JP) Assignee(s): Dozono; Fumio (miyazaki, Jp), Sato; Naohiko (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 5,250,301 Date filed: January 28, 1992 Abstract: A liquid internal medicine contains only an extract from stems of natural Stevia plants. The medicine is particularly effective for curing disorders of the digestive organs. The medicine contains a liquid obtained by fermenting a concentrate of an extract from Stevia stems, and is administered to patients as is or after dilution. As the medicine contains only the natural component, it is free of any side effects when applied to patients. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a liquid internal medicine which is prepared from a raw material of an extract of Stevia stems, and to a method of preparing the same. More precisely, it relates to a liquid internal medicine which is obtained by fermenting an extract from Stevia stems and is especially effective to disorders of digestive organs, and also for a method of preparing such a liquid internal medicine. Use of a Stevia extract as a sweetening agent has been well-known prior to completion of the present invention. The present inventor has participated in the study of extracts from Stevia for many years, and he has already developed various inventions and filed patent applications to claim them. For instance, there may be mentioned a method of ripening a concentrated liquid, extracted from Stevia leaves by a special method, to prepare a sweetener (Japanese Published Kokai No. 3-127959); a horticultural manure obtained by fermenting an extract from a mixture of leaves and Stevia stems and a method of preparing the same (Japanese Published Kokia No. 3-220109); a bath lotion obtained by fermenting an extract from Stevia stems and a method of preparing the same (Japanese Published Kokai No. 3-151321); and a remedy for skin diseases and blood circulation promoting agent, obtained by concentrating, fermenting and ripening an extract from completely ripened Stevia stems, and a method of preparing the same (Japanese Published Kokai No. 4-66535). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05250301__
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Method of counteracting harmful effects of histamine Inventor(s): Sato; Minoru (Miyagi-ken, JP), Sato; Naohiko (32-14 Chofugaoka 2-chome, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, JP), Takeuchi; Masaaki (Miyagi-ken, JP) Assignee(s): Sato; Naohiko (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,156,318 Date filed: April 4, 2000 Abstract: Harmful effects of histamine are counteracted by the administration of an antihistaminic substance comprising a water extract of a plant tissue of Stevia. Standing of the extract naturally cause fermentation to form one or more organic acids, such as lactic acid and acetic acid, thereby enhancing the antihistaminic action. The addition of at least one organic acid to the extract immediately after extraction can also enhance the antihistaminic action. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method of counteracting harmful effects of histamine. More specifically, a method of counteracting the harmful effects of histamine by the administration of an antihistaminic substance of Stevia origin having the action of repressing various harmful effects to humans and animals is disclosed. Recently, pollen has been produced in large amounts by excessive tree planting of Japanese cedars and Japanese cypresses. Moreover, industrialization has increased air pollution or the amount of chemical substances released, so that pollenosis, which is an allergic disease due to combined pollution of the chemical substances and the pollen, has been widely spread. Against such an allergic disease, masks are worn. However, the wearing of masks is only symptomatic therapy, and it is impossible to prevent infection through eyes which cannot be covered with masks. On the other hand, stevioside and rebaudioside, primarily contained in leaves of Stevia, have a strong sweet taste in small amounts, and are used as natural sweeteners low in calories in substitution for sugar. Stevia is therefore known as a raw material for natural sweeteners low in calories. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06156318__
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Method of extracting selected sweet glycosides from the Stevia rebaudiana plant Inventor(s): Ippolito; Robert Maurice (Edmonton, CA), Laidler; James Kenneth (Edmonton, CA), Payzant; John Donald (Edmonton, CA) Assignee(s): Alberta Research Council (edmonton, Ca) Patent Number: 5,962,678 Date filed: February 6, 1998 Abstract: Individual sweet glycosides are obtained from the stevia rebaudiana plant. A mixture of sweet glycosides extracted from the stevia rebaudiana plant are processed to remove impurities by using two ion exchange columns. After removing the mixed sweet glycosides from the second column with methanol the solution is dried. Upon refluxing the dried solids in a methanol solution and then cooling the solution, Stevioside precipitates out. The filtrate is further concentrated and cooled to precipitate out Rebaudioside A. This Rebaudioside A can be further purified as can the previously obtained Stevioside. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of extracting selected sweet glycosides from the stevia rebaudiana plant. Japanese Patent 63173531, which issued in 1988 to Nakazato, describes a method of extracting sweet glycosides from the stevia rebaudiana
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plant. This method includes the following steps. The first step is to extract a liquid solution of sweet glycosides from the stevia rebaudiana plant. Secondly, the liquid solution of sweet glycosides is passed through a non-polar porous resin, such as amberlite XAD-2 and eluting with a water soluble organic solvent, preferably methanol. Thirdly, the eluted solution is concentrated and dried to give a powdery material. This procedure isolates a mixture of sweet glycosides, but it does not isolate pure single compound sweet glycosides and it especially does not isolate pure Rebaudioside A. Subsequent patents, such as Korean Patent 9007421, have added to or varied the Nakazato process in an attempt to improve the purity and yield. Korean Patent 9007421, which issued in 1990 to Pacific Chemical Company, passes the eluted solution through a column which is packed with positive ion-exchange resin (preferably Diaion SK1B) and negative ion-exchange resin (Amberite IRA 904). Again it appears this is isolating a mixture of sweet glycosides, but it does not isolate pure single compound sweet glycosides and it especially does not isolate pure Rebaudioside A. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05962678__ •
Method of making a natural sweetener based on Stevia rebaudiana, and use thereof Inventor(s): Kienle; Udo (Weidachstrasse 12, 7000 Stuttgart 70, DE) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,112,610 Date filed: September 24, 1990 Abstract: A method of making a natural sweetener based on Stevia rebaudiana includes extraction of plant parts of Stevia rebaudiana with a solvent to provide an extract, and subjecting the extract to an extraction with a supercritical gas to obtain an extraction residue which is freed from undesired and taste-impairing constituents. Excerpt(s): The invention refers to a method of making a natural sweetener based on Stevia rebaudiana, and use thereof. Aside from these two compounds, further compounds could be identified which contribute to the sweetness intensity. In order to make sweeteners from Stevia rebaudiana, the plant parts, usually the dried leaves, are extracted with water or with an organic solvent such as alcohol. The extracts are then subjected to various refining steps for purifying and enrichment of the components effecting the sweetness intensity. These refining steps may encompass the following process types: precipitation of contaminants by means of inorganic salts and subsequent treatment of the extract with ion-exchangers, precipitation of the contaminations through controlled variation of the pH value, precipitation of undesired accompanying substances through aggregation on polymers or fixed adsorbents, purification through chromatographic steps, purification through adsorption on pigments; liquid extraction; electrophoresis, membrane filtration. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05112610__
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Method of raising edible animals Inventor(s): Sato; Minoru (Miyagi-ken, JP), Sato; Naohiko (32-14, Chofugaoka 2-chome, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Sato; Naohiko (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,500,471 Date filed: December 4, 2000 Abstract: In a method of raising an edible animal, a finely pulverized product of a plant tissue of Stevia is added to feed in an amount of 0.5% to 7% by weight, thereby preventing exudation of meat juice from meat of the edible animal, decreasing fat content without turning meat of the edible animal stale, producing DHA-containing meat of the edible animal, or preventing an egg of the fowl (preferably, a hen's egg) from being broken. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for raising edible animals such as edible domestic animals and hatchery fish, wherein a dried fine powder of plant tissues such as stems and leaves of Stevia is added to feed in small amounts. Fish meat and domestic animal meat of the animals raised by the method of the invention has a reduced exudation of meat juice when stored, thus being able to provide goodtasting, excellent edible meat. Further, when fowls are raised by the method of the invention, eggs thereof are prevented from being broken. It is known that Stevia leaves contain strong sweetening components such as stevioside and rebaudioside. On the other hand, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (TOKU KAI SHO) No. 62-108790 (1987) discloses that addition of a fine Stevia powder in which a Stevia leaf powder was mixed with a Stevia stem powder at a ratio of 10% to 40% to feed for cattle, horse and swine caused production of fat-rich, concentrated, good-tasting milk in milk cows. Japanese Examined Patent Publication (TOKU KO HEI) No. 7-13022 discloses medicines containing as active ingredients fermented, concentrated solutions extracted from Stevia stems for treating disorders of digestive organs of domestic animals and for improving physical conditions thereof, which treat adaptive diseases, oligopepsia, hyperacidity, diarrhea, loose feces, gingivostomatitis, constipation and intestinal disorders, increase digestion and appetite, and improve hair gloss, meat quality, milk quality, estrus and occurrence of menstruation, by drinking. As materials to be added to feed, fermented Stevia solutions have been used, active ingredients of which have been extracted from stems of Stevia with boiling water and fermented over a period of half a year or more. This takes a lot of labor and time, naturally resulting in an increase in cost to cause unsuitable use as feed for industrial animals. Then, finely pulverized products of the whole plant tissues of Stevia including stems and leaves have been studied. The studies have revealed effects not taught in the prior art, such as a reduction in exudation of meat juice of fish meat or domestic animal meat, keeping of freshness, retardation of putrefaction and prevention of egg breakage. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06500471__
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Methods of enhancing vitality of plants trees and crops with stevia Inventor(s): Sasaki; Yoshinori (Ohita-ken, JP), Sato; Naohiko (32-14, Chofugaoka 2Chome, Chofu-shi, Tokyo-to, JP), Tanaka; Masafumi (Kumamoto-ken, JP) Assignee(s): Sato; Naohiko (tokyo-to, Jp) Patent Number: 6,277,419 Date filed: February 17, 2000 Abstract: Stevia particles of at least 10.mu.m diameter and/or liquid extract is applied to soil in which plants are cultivated and/or to the plants. The Stevia is applied in a quantity per unit area effective for at least one of the following effects: enhancing root growth of plants, prolonging freshness and tastiness of edible agricultural products yielded by the plants, decreasing the dropping of fruit before harvest time, aiding the sustaining and multiplying of microbes in the soil beneficial to the plants, countering soil damage which would otherwise occur due to repeated plantings, moderating the absorption of fertilizer by the plants in the event of excessive application of fertilizers, and making the plants more resistant to harmful microbes in the soil. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to enhancing growth of plants, trees, and/or crops. More specifically, the invention relates to methods of enhancing growth of plants, trees, and crops with Stevia. It is generally known that Stevia contains such very strong sweet substances such as Stevioside and Rebaudioside. In JP62-108790 and 62-108791, the mixture of the pulverized leaves and stalk of the Stevia plant, where the pulverized leaves portion shall be between 10% and 40% by weight and it is strictly required that the particles be no greater than 0.3.mu.m in diameter, is disclosed for use in the cultivation of plants. When applied as an additive to the fertilizers, the mixture acts to bring out the natural taste and sweetness, and also improves the taste, flavor, luster, corpulence, and size of fruits and other agricultural products. The invention hereunder relates to use of the plant tissues of the leaves and stalk of Stevia, which enhance the vital and resistant powers of plants, trees, and crops, and which accelerate the growth of the roots of plants, trees, and crops. It is understood that the term "plants" as used herein, when not referring to a specific plant, is intended to encompass all plantlike, including trees. It has been determined according to the invention that use of Stevia in the form of particles of diameter at least 10.mu.m or in the form of a liquid extract of Stevia results in effects neither disclosed by nor obvious from the prior art, which, moreover, does not disclose or make obvious any agricultural use of a liquid extract of Stevia. In further accordance with the invention, particular modes of application of pulverized Stevia of particular diameters much greater than in the prior art and of liquid extracts of Stevia and particular effects resulting from applying these to plants and/or to the soil in which the plants are planted have been determined. The Stevia powder or liquid extract may be applied to the plants and/or to the soil in which the plants are planted. Practically speaking, it is convenient to refer to application of the Stevia powder or extract to the soil. On this basis, for example, applications per unit area are determined. It is to be understood, however, that recitations of application of Stevia particles or liquid extract to the soil are not intended to exclude application of the Stevia particles and/or liquid extract to the plants as well because, of course, the plants are not shielded during application of the Stevia particles or liquid extract. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06277419__
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Stevia extract-containing medicine Inventor(s): Dozono; Fumio (3040, Oaza-Homanbo, Takajo-cho, Kitamorokata-gun, Miyazaki-ken, JP) Assignee(s): Dozono; Fumio (miyazaki, Jp), Sato; Naohiko (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 5,262,161 Date filed: September 30, 1991 Abstract: A medicine for skin diseases contains a fermented and condensed extract from the stems of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni as an active ingredient. The medicine is prepared by condensing and fermenting an extract from the ripened stems of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni by multi-stage condensation followed by fermentation and ripening of the condensed extract. It is effective for various skin diseases and other diseases caused by blood circulation insufficiency. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a medicine for the treatment of skin diseases and a method of preparing them. More precisely, it relates to a medicine for skin diseases obtained by fermentation of an extract from stems of an herb plant Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni (botanical name), as well as to a method of preparing them. It has been well known prior to the filing date of the application of the present invention that an extract from Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni is usable as a sweetener. The present inventor traced the above-mentioned inventions and further studied them, whereupon he has found that the substance obtained by fermenting an extract from stems of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni has an excellent blood circulation promoting property and is useful as a medicine for skin diseases. He has now completed the present invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05262161__
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Stevia rebaudiana with altered steviol glycoside composition Inventor(s): Brandle; Jim (London, CA) Assignee(s): Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada AS Represented by the Ministerof (london, Ca) Patent Number: 6,255,557 Date filed: December 28, 1998 Abstract: This invention relates to Stevia plants characterized by exhibiting a high level of total glycosides, and a high ratio between rebaudioside A and stevioside. Preferably the Stevia plants comprise a level of total steviol glycoside of at least 14%, or of about 14.4% to about 18.8%, and the ratio of rebaudioside A:stevioside is of at least 9.1:1, or of about 9.3:1 to about 11.0:1. This invention also discloses a method for producing Stevia plants characterized in that the level of total steviol glycoside is at least of about 14%, and the ratio of rebaudioside A: stevioside is of at least about 9.1:1, comprising selecting at least two intermating genotypes of Stevia each comprising a ratio of rebaudioside A:stevioside of at least about 9:1:1, and a total steviol glycoside level of at least about 14%; allowing said at least two intermating genotypes to cross pollinate to produce a seed; collecting said seed; and growing said Stevia plant. Also disclosed are seeds and plants obtained from Stevia plants exhibiting high levels of total glycosides and high ratios between rebaudioside A to stevioside. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of increasing the proportion of a desired steviol glycoside in Stevia. More specifically, this invention relates to increasing
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the levels of rebaudioside A within Stevia leaves. The worldwide demand for high potency sweeteners is increasing and, with blending of different sweeteners becoming a standard practice, the demand for alternatives is expected to increase. The sweet herb of Paraguay, Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, produces an alternative sweetener with the added advantage that Stevia sweeteners are natural plant products. In addition, the sweet steviol glycosides have functional and sensory properties superior to those of many high potency sweeteners. Stevia rebaudiana Bert. is one of 154 members of the genus Stevia and one of only two that produce sweet steviol glycosides. There is a large effort aimed at establishing Stevia as a crop in Japan as well as a number of other countries. However, no large scale mechanized production has been established and Stevia sweeteners are not yet found in mainstream food products in most countries of the world. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06255557__ •
Sweetening compound, method of recovery, and use thereof Inventor(s): Fujita; Isamu (Kashihara, JA), Iwamura; Junichi (Yao, JA), Morita; Toyoshige (Takatsuki, JA) Assignee(s): F. K. Suzuki International, Inc. (arlington Heights, Il) Patent Number: 4,082,858 Date filed: June 2, 1976 Abstract: A sweetening compound is recovered from Stevia rebaudiana plant material in the form of colorless crystals having 450 times the sweetness of sucrose. Sweetened products for oral ingestion are provided by admixing the sweetening compound with a foodstuff or a pharmaceutical. The sweetening compound is recovered from the plant material by extraction with water, concentration, extraction with an alkanol, chromatography, and collection of fractions rich in the compound, preferably followed by concentration of the rich fractions and recrystallization of the product. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a natural sweetening compound, the recovery thereof from Stevia rebaudiana plant material, and the use thereof as a sweetener for foodstuffs and pharmaceuticals. In view of the questionable safety of the artificial sweeteners, such as the cyclamates and saccharin, it has become more desirable to provide natural sweeteners, particularly, which may serve to replace sucrose. Various natural sweeteners have disadvantages in their degree of sweetness, sugar-toxin, fermentation, souring, and browning by Meillard reaction with amino acids. The sweetener, glycyrrhizin, found in the licorice plant, has 250 times the sweetness of sucrose, but it has an unpleasant taste and slow latent sweetness. Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Hemsl. (Compositae), herein referred to as Stevia rebaudiana, is a plant native to Paraguay, and the plant has long been used as a sweetening agent. The sweetening compound, stevioside, has been recovered from the plant, and it has 300 times the sweetness of sucrose. Stevioside has the disadvantage that it is sparingly soluble in water, so that it is difficult to dissolve in foods. Also, it has slow latent sweetness, strong bitterness, and an unpleasant after-taste. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04082858__
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Variety of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Inventor(s): Bu; Yucheng (Osaka, JP), Morita; Toyoshige (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Morita Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd. (osaka, Jp) Patent Number: 6,031,157 Date filed: January 26, 1998 Abstract: The present invention provides seeds for cultivation of a new variety of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni, the new variety, a sweetening obtained from dried leaves of the new variety and a process for production of the sweetening. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a seed for cultivation of a new variety of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni capable of growing leaves containing Rebaudioside A at a high proportion, a new variety of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni capable of being cultivated by seed propagation and also a sweetening produced therefrom and a process for producing the sweetening. Stevia is a perennial plant of compositae, of which the provenance is Paraguay and the scientific name is Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Stevia contains sweetening components of about 300 times the sweetness of sugar and therefore is cultivated for use in sweetening ingredients as a natural sweetening. As the sweetening components of Stevia, Stevioside (C.sub.38 H.sub.60 O.sub.18, molecular weight of 804), Rebaudioside A (C.sub.44 H.sub.70 O.sub.23, molecular weight of 966), Rebaudioside C, D, E and Dulcoside A, etc are known. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06031157__
Patent Applications on Stevia As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to stevia: •
Cranberry based dietary supplement and dental hygiene product Inventor(s): Selzer, Jonathan; (New Haven, CT), St. John, Franklin M.; (Wallingford, CT) Correspondence: John L. Cordani; Carmody & Torrance Llp; 50 Leavenworth Street; P.O. Box 1110; Waterbury; CT; 06721-1110; US Patent Application Number: 20030108627 Date filed: September 25, 2001 Abstract: A cranberry based dietary supplement or dental hygiene product is revealed with enhanced flavor characteristics. Cranberry sources are combined with extracts of the fruit of Lou Han Kuo and/or extracts from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana and/or extracts from the leaves of Chinese Blackberry. The resulting product is a pleasant tasting dietary supplement, which is easily absorbed by the body in liquid form, and provides substantially therapeutic effects. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cranberry based compositions with improved taste, and to a method for using such compositions as dietary supplements,
6
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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therapeutic supplements and/or as dental hygiene products. The uses of cranberry as a therapeutic supplement are manifold and well documented in the scientific literature. Current research around the world is substantiating further claims for traditional herbal medicines. The most well documented therapeutic effect of cranberry concerns urinary tract infections. For many years it has been recognized that cranberry juice helps to relieve and possible cure urinary tract infections such a bladder and urethra infections. Originally, this effect was considered to be a result of lowered urinary pH (increased acidity) after ingestion of cranberry. The lowered pH was thought to make the urine an inhospitable milieu for the growth of pathogenic bacteria, such as E. Coli. The bacteria would not grow and would be washed through the system and excreted from the body with the urine. It has recently been discovered, that certain components of cranberry, the proanthocyanidins, possess specific properties which inhibit the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria to the wall of the urinary tract. Without a hold, the bacteria are easily flushed with the urine and excreted. In some cases, cranberry has been at least as, if not more, effective in preventing urinary tract infections than the commonly prescribed antibiotics. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Effervescent composition including stevia Inventor(s): Wehling, Fred; (Minneapolis, MN) Correspondence: Allison Johnson; Allison Johnson, P.A.; 6016 Logan Avenue South; Minneapolis; MN; 55419; US Patent Application Number: 20030170301 Date filed: March 11, 2002 Abstract: A tablet that includes stevia, water soluble binder, water soluble lubricant, active agent, and effervescent agent. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to formulating effervescent compositions that include stevia. Effervescent compositions, when placed in water, evolve gas bubbles as they disintegrate. Effervescent compositions often exist in powder and tablet forms. Effervescent tablets are a useful dosage form for delivering active agents because they can be packaged in discreet and controlled quantities. Effervescent tablets are often mass-produced using punch and die presses. The process of producing tablets, known as "tableting" or "compressing" requires the presence of a lubricant. The lubricant assists in reducing the friction that arises during the processes of compressing and ejecting the tablet. The absence of a lubricant can cause the tablet composition to stick to the punch face and the die wall of the tablet making apparatus, which can lead to irregular shaped tablets and a non-uniform distribution of ingredients within the tablet. These problems can be exacerbated in high speed tableting processes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Method for raising edible animals Inventor(s): Sato, Minoru; (Miyagi-ken, JP), Sato, Naohiko; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: Jordan And Hamburg; 122 East 42nd Street; New York; NY; 10168; US Patent Application Number: 20010003592 Date filed: December 4, 2000
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Abstract: Disclosed is a method for raising an edible animal, in which a finely pulverized product of a plant tissue of Stevia is added to feed in an amount of 0.5% to 7% by weight, thereby preventing exudation of meat juice from meat of the edible animal, decreasing fat content without turning meat of the edible animal stale, producing DHA-containing meat of the edible animal, or preventing an egg of the fowl (preferably, a hen's egg) from being broken. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for raising edible animals such as edible domestic animals and hatchery fishes, wherein a dried fine powder of plant tissues such as stems and leaves of Stevia is added to feed in small amounts. Fish meat and domestic animal meat of the animals raised by the method of the invention are retarded in exudation of meat juice when stored, thus being able to provide goodtasting, excellent edible meat. Further, when fowls are raised by the method of the invention, eggs thereof are prevented from being broken. It is known that Stevia leaves contain strong sweetening components such as stevioside and rebaudioside. On the other hand, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (TOKU KAI SHO) No. 62-108790 (1987) discloses that addition of a fine Stevia powder in which a Stevia leaf powder was mixed with a Stevia stem powder at a ratio of 10% to 40% to feed for cattle, horse and swine caused production of fat-rich, concentrated, good-tasting milk in milk cows. Japanese Examined Patent Publication (TOKU KO HEI) No. 7-13022 discloses medicines containing as active principles fermented, concentrated solutions extracted from Stevia stems for treating disorders of digestive organs of domestic animals and for improving physical conditions thereof, which treat adaptive diseases, oligopepsia, hyperacidity, diarrhoea, loose feces, gingivostomatitis, constipation and intestinal disorders, increase digestion and appetite, and improve hair gloss, meat quality, milk quality, estrus and occurrence of menstruation, by drinking. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Sweetener and process for producing the same Inventor(s): Katabami, Tadashi; (Hunabashi-shi, JP), Kitazume, Masato; (Chiba-shi, JP) Correspondence: Armstrong,westerman & Hattori, Llp; 1725 K Street, NW; Suite 1000; Washington; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20030138538 Date filed: September 18, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a sweetener which has mild sweetness like sugar while maintaining a high sweetness intensity of a Stevia sweetener and also has a sharp head-taste of sweetness, a sharp after-taste of sweetness, as well as reduction of the bitterness and astringency of after-taste peculiar to the Stevia sweetener, and a process for producing the same. The sweetener contains steviol glucosides comprising.beta.-1,4-galactosyl rebaudioside A having one to three.beta.-1,4-bonded galactosyl groups in a molecule and rebaudioside A, wherein the following expressions (1) and (2) are satisfied:[(GRA+RA)/(X)].gtoreq.0.4 (1)[(GRA)/(RA)].gtoreq.1.0 (2)wherein GRA represents the weight percentage of the.beta.-1,4-galactosyl rebaudioside A having one to three.beta.-1,4-bonded galactosyl groups in a molecule, RA represents the weight percentage of the rebaudioside A, and X represents the weight percentage of the steviol glucosides. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a sweetener which has a high sweetness intensity and excellent sweetness quality and also contains, as a main component,
Patents 37
rebaudioside A and.beta.-1,4-galactosyl rebaudioside A which are useful as sweeteners for various foods and drinks, and to a process for producing the same. Heretofore, sugar (sucrose) has widely been used as a sweetener for foods and drinks. In particular, coffee drinks, including canned coffee, and carbonated beverages contain large amounts of sugar. Recently, because of the trend of increasing interest in health and low calorie foods and drinks, there is a tendency for ingestion of sugar, which can cause obesity, diabetes, and dental caries, to be reduced, and a sweetener having a high sweetness intensity is replaced by sugar. Such a sweetener having a high sweetness intensity is a Stevia sweetener derived from an extract of a perennial plant, of the aster family, originating in Paraguay, South America, for example, Stevia rebaudiana BERTONI. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with stevia, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “stevia” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on stevia. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning stevia. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON STEVIA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to stevia. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on stevia include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “stevia” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “stevia” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “stevia” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Baking with Stevia II, More Recipes for the Sweet Leaf by Rita Depuydt, Rita E. DePuydt; ISBN: 0965607313; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965607313/icongroupinterna
•
Baking With Stevia: Recipes for the Sweet Leaf by Rita E. Depuydt; ISBN: 0965607305; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965607305/icongroupinterna
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La stevia rebaudiana by Barbara Simonsohn (Author); ISBN: 2853271404; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2853271404/icongroupinterna
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Low-Carb Cooking With Stevia : The Naturally Sweet & Calorie-Free Herb by James Kirkland; ISBN: 1928906141; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1928906141/icongroupinterna
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Miracle of Stevia: Discover the Healing Power of Nature's Herbal Sweetener by James A. May, et al; ISBN: 0758202202; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0758202202/icongroupinterna
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Recetas Dulces con Stevia Sin-Azucar - Naturalmente (Spanish) by Jeffrey Goettemoeller, et al; ISBN: 189061212X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/189061212X/icongroupinterna
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Stevia Rebaudiana : Natures Sweet Secret by David Richard; ISBN: 1890612154; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890612154/icongroupinterna
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Stevia Sweet Recipes: Sugar-Free-Naturally by Jeffrey Goettemoeller, Susan Cavaciuti (Illustrator); ISBN: 1890612138; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890612138/icongroupinterna
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Stevia: Naturally Sweet Recipes for Desserts, Drinks, and More by Rita Depuydt, James A. Mays; ISBN: 1570671338; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570671338/icongroupinterna
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Stevia: Natures Sweetener by Rita Elkins; ISBN: 1580540139; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580540139/icongroupinterna
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Stevia: The Genus Stevia (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles) by A. Douglas Kinghorn (Editor); ISBN: 0415268303; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415268303/icongroupinterna
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Sugar-Free Cooking With Stevia: The Naturally Sweet & Calorie-Free Herb (Revised 3rd Edition) by James Kirkland, Tanya Kirkland; ISBN: 192890615X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/192890615X/icongroupinterna
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The Stevia Cookbook: Cooking With Nature's Calorie-Free Sweetener by Ray Sahelian, Donna Gates; ISBN: 0895299267; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895299267/icongroupinterna
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The Stevia Story: A Tale of Incredible Sweetness & Intrigue by Linda Bonvie, et al; ISBN: 0963845810; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963845810/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Stevia In order to find chapters that specifically relate to stevia, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and stevia using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “stevia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON STEVIA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover stevia.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on stevia is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “stevia” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to stevia. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “stevia” (or synonyms). The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date
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at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “stevia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “stevia” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to stevia, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “stevia” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “stevia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on stevia:
Periodicals and News
•
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How Sweet It Is Source: University of California, Berkeley, Wellness Letter. 16(12):3. September 2000. Contact: Health Letter Associates. P.O. Box 412, Prince Street Station, New York, NY 10012-0007. Summary: This article defines and describes the four sugar substitutes currently used in the United States. An herbal extract and several reduced-calorie sugar alcohols are also discussed. The sugar substitutes reviewed are aspartame, acesulfame-K, saccharin, and sucralose. Stevia, an herbal extract sold as a dietary supplement, is available in healthfood stores, by mail order, and on the Internet. The sugar alcohols include xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, and maltitol. The article cautions that even though sugar substitutes do not cause tooth decay or affect blood sugar, there is no evidence that they keep people from gaining weight.
Academic Periodicals covering Stevia Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to stevia. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering stevia that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
7
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
8
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “stevia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 84 1 87 1 2 175
HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “stevia” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
10
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
11
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
15 Adapted 16
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on stevia can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to stevia. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to stevia. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “stevia”:
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•
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Other guides Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancer.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to stevia. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to stevia. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with stevia.
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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about stevia. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “stevia” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “stevia”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “stevia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “stevia” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
18
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
19
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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STEVIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH]
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Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Aspartame: Flavoring agent sweeter than sugar, metabolized as phenylalanine and aspartic acid. [NIH]
Dictionary 67
Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Hydroxide: Ca(OH)2. A white powder that has many therapeutic uses. Because of
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its ability to stimulate mineralization, it is found in many dental formulations. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carbonated Beverages: Drinkable liquids combined with or impregnated with carbon dioxide. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH]
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Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments,
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etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]
DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate
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objects. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enhancers: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Erythritol: A four-carbon sugar that is found in algae, fungi, and lichens. It is twice as sweet as sucrose and can be used as a coronary vasodilator. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU]
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Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]
Food Coloring Agents: Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU]
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Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gibberellin: One of a class of plant hormones that promote elongation. Synthesis occurs mainly in leaves and roots. They function by stimulating cell division and the hydrolisis of sugars to glucose and fructose, and stimulate extensive growth, especially of internodes. [NIH]
Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH]
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Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of
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digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lichens: Any of a group of plants formed by a mutual combination of an alga and a fungus. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Mitochondria: Yellow discoloration of the liver due to fatty degeneration of liver parenchymal cells; the cause may be chemical poisoning. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Low-calorie diet: Caloric restriction of about 800 to 1,500 calories (approximately 12 to 15 kcal/kg of body weight) per day. [NIH] Lucida: An instrument, invented by Wollaton, consisting essentially of a prism or a mirror through which an object can be viewed so as to appear on a plane surface seen in direct view and on which the outline of the object may be traced. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH]
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Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH]
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Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Plana: The radiographic term applied to a vertebral body crushed to a thin plate. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized
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regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Renal Plasma Flow: The amount of plasma that perfuses the kidneys per unit time, approximately 10% greater than effective renal plasma flow (renal plasma flow, effective). It should be differentiated from the renal blood flow (RBF) which refers to the total volume of blood flowing through the renal vasculature, while the renal plasma flow refers to the rate of plasma flow (RPF). [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its
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outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Rotavirus: A genus of Reoviridae, causing acute gastroenteritis in birds and mammals, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. [NIH] Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sequential treatment: One treatment after the other. [NIH] Serrata: The serrated anterior border of the retina located approximately 8.5 mm from the limbus and adjacent to the pars plana of the ciliary body. [NIH] Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU]
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Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of
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toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation
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occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH]
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INDEX A Adsorption, 29, 65 Adsorptive, 65 Adverse Effect, 65, 79 Affinity, 65, 79 Agonist, 65, 76 Algorithms, 65, 67 Alkaline, 65, 67 Alkaloid, 65, 76 Alternative medicine, 42, 65 Aluminum, 27, 65 Amine, 65, 74 Amino Acids, 33, 65, 66, 67, 78 Analogous, 66, 78, 81 Anaphylatoxins, 66, 69 Anionic, 26, 66 Anions, 24, 66, 75 Anode, 66 Antibiotics, 35, 66 Antibody, 65, 66, 69, 74 Antigen, 65, 66, 69, 74 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 66, 69 Anti-infective, 66, 72 Anti-Infective Agents, 66, 72 Antimicrobial, 11, 66 Antioxidants, 66, 72, 77 Aqueous, 9, 16, 22, 26, 66, 67 Arrhythmia, 66, 81 Arteries, 66, 67, 70, 76 Arterioles, 66, 68 Aspartame, 5, 11, 24, 25, 43, 66 Aspartic, 66, 67 Aspartic Acid, 66, 67 Astringent, 24, 67 Attenuated, 67, 70 B Bacteria, 5, 8, 35, 65, 66, 67, 70, 72, 76, 80, 81 Bactericidal, 5, 8, 67, 71 Base, 67, 70, 71, 75 Bile, 67, 75 Biotechnology, 4, 10, 42, 49, 67 Bladder, 35, 67, 81 Blood Coagulation, 67 Blood Glucose, 4, 67 Blood pressure, 67, 79 Body Fluids, 67, 79 Branch, 61, 67, 79, 80
Breakdown, 67, 70, 72 Bronchial, 67, 74 C Calcium, 16, 17, 26, 67, 69, 81 Calcium channel blocker, 67, 81 Calcium Hydroxide, 26, 67 Capillary, 8, 68, 73, 81 Carbohydrate, 3, 68, 73, 76 Carbon Dioxide, 68, 70 Carbonated Beverages, 37, 68 Carcinogenesis, 17, 68 Cathode, 66, 68, 71 Cations, 24, 68, 75 Cell, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80 Cell Division, 67, 68, 73, 78 Cellulose, 68, 78 Centrifugation, 26, 68 Chemotactic Factors, 68, 69 Cholinergic, 68, 76 Chromosomal, 6, 68 Chronic, 9, 16, 68, 74, 75, 80 Ciliary, 68, 79 Ciliary Body, 68, 79 Clear cell carcinoma, 68, 70 Clinical trial, 4, 27, 49, 68 Cloning, 67, 69 Colloidal, 69, 71 Complement, 66, 69 Complementary and alternative medicine, 15, 19, 69 Complementary medicine, 15, 69 Computational Biology, 49, 69 Constipation, 30, 36, 69 Consumption, 12, 69, 70, 72 Contamination, 69, 79 Contraindications, ii, 69 Coronary, 69, 70, 71, 76 Coronary Thrombosis, 70, 76 Crystallization, 27, 70 Curative, 70, 80 Cyclamates, 23, 26, 33, 70 D Dairy Products, 25, 70 Databases, Bibliographic, 49, 70 Decarboxylation, 70, 74 Density, 68, 70 Dental Caries, 37, 70
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DES, 66, 70 Developed Countries, 70, 72 Diagnostic procedure, 21, 42, 70 Diarrhea, 30, 70 Diarrhoea, 36, 70, 72 Diffusion, 70, 81 Digestion, 30, 36, 67, 70, 75, 80 Dilution, 24, 27, 70 Diploid, 70, 78 Direct, iii, 70, 75, 78 Disinfectant, 70, 71 Diuretic, 71, 75, 79 Drug Interactions, 71 E Effector, 69, 71 Electrolysis, 66, 68, 71 Electrolyte, 24, 71, 74, 79 Electrons, 67, 68, 71, 75 Electrophoresis, 8, 29, 71 Embryo, 71, 78 Enamel, 70, 71 Endotoxins, 69, 71 Enhancers, 24, 71 Environmental Health, 6, 48, 50, 71 Enzymatic, 67, 69, 70, 71, 74 Enzyme, 10, 71, 72, 78, 81 Erythritol, 25, 71 Ethanol, 27, 71, 72 Ether, 27, 71 Evacuation, 69, 71, 75 Excipients, 71, 72, 77 Exogenous, 65, 71 Extracellular, 71, 79 Extraction, 22, 23, 26, 28, 29, 33, 72 F Faecal, 70, 72 Family Planning, 49, 72 Fat, 30, 36, 72, 76 Feces, 30, 36, 69, 72 Fermentation, 28, 32, 33, 72 Fertilizers, 31, 72 Filtration, 22, 26, 29, 72 Flatus, 72 Flavoring Agents, 72, 77 Food Additives, 72 Food Coloring Agents, 72 Food Preservatives, 72 Friction, 35, 72 Fructose, 72, 73 Fungi, 71, 72, 76 G Gas, 29, 35, 68, 70, 72, 74, 80
Gastric, 72, 74 Gastroenteritis, 72, 79 Gastrointestinal, 71, 73 Gastrointestinal tract, 71, 73 Gene, 11, 67, 73 Gibberellin, 9, 73 Glomerular, 73, 75 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 73, 75 Glucose, 5, 67, 68, 73, 74, 79 Glucose tolerance, 5, 73 Glucose Tolerance Test, 73 Glycoside, 9, 12, 17, 23, 32, 73 Glycosidic, 5, 10, 73 Goats, 70, 73 Governing Board, 73, 78 Growth, 24, 31, 35, 66, 72, 73, 77 H Haploid, 73, 78 Hemodiafiltration, 73, 81 Hemodialysis, 73, 74, 75, 81 Hemofiltration, 73, 74, 81 Hepatic, 73, 74 Heredity, 73, 74 Histamine, 28, 66, 74 Histidine, 74 Hormone, 70, 74 Hydrogen, 65, 67, 68, 74, 76 Hyperglycemia, 6, 17, 74 I Id, 13, 18, 54, 60, 62, 74 In vitro, 5, 10, 74 In vivo, 17, 74 Indicative, 39, 74, 81 Infarction, 70, 74, 76 Infection, 28, 66, 68, 72, 74, 75, 80 Ingestion, 33, 35, 37, 73, 74, 76, 78 Inorganic, 22, 24, 29, 74 Insulin, 73, 74 Internal Medicine, 27, 74 Intestinal, 5, 10, 30, 36, 73, 74 Intestine, 74, 78, 80 Intracellular, 74, 75 Ion Exchange, 25, 26, 28, 68, 75 Ions, 24, 67, 71, 74, 75 K Kb, 48, 75 Keratolytic, 70, 75 Kidney Failure, 75 L Labile, 69, 75 Latent, 33, 75 Laxative, 75, 79
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Library Services, 60, 75 Lichens, 71, 75 Liver, 16, 67, 72, 73, 74, 75 Liver Mitochondria, 16, 75 Localized, 70, 74, 75, 77 Locomotion, 75, 78 Low-calorie diet, 26, 75 Lucida, 8, 11, 75 Lymphatic, 74, 75 M Mannitol, 43, 75 Meat, 30, 36, 76 MEDLINE, 49, 76 Membrane, 22, 29, 69, 76, 77, 78 Menstruation, 30, 36, 76 Methanol, 27, 28, 29, 76 MI, 63, 76 Microorganism, 76, 82 Micro-organism, 70, 76, 77 Mineralization, 68, 76 Molecular, 34, 49, 51, 67, 69, 73, 76 Molecule, 36, 66, 67, 69, 71, 73, 76 Myocardium, 76 N Necrosis, 74, 76 Need, 3, 23, 26, 40, 42, 55, 76, 80 Neurons, 76, 80 Nicotine, 24, 76 Nutritive Value, 72, 76 O Oliguria, 75, 76 Oral Health, 77 Oral Hygiene, 23, 77 Organelles, 68, 77 Osmolarity, 75, 77 Osmosis, 77 Osmotic, 25, 77 Ovary, 77, 78 P Palliative, 77, 80 Perception, 24, 77 Perennial, 34, 37, 77, 81 Pharmaceutic Aids, 72, 77 Pharmacologic, 77, 80 Phenylalanine, 66, 77 Phospholipids, 72, 77 Phosphorus, 67, 77 Physiologic, 65, 76, 77 Pigments, 29, 77 Plana, 77, 79 Plants, 16, 22, 25, 27, 31, 32, 40, 65, 67, 68, 73, 75, 77, 78, 81
Plasma, 73, 75, 78 Poisoning, 72, 75, 78 Pollen, 28, 78 Polymers, 29, 78 Practice Guidelines, 50, 78 Precipitation, 29, 78 Progressive, 73, 76, 78 Protein S, 67, 78 Proteins, 65, 66, 67, 69, 76, 78, 79, 81 Proteolytic, 69, 78 Public Policy, 49, 78 Purifying, 29, 78 Putrefaction, 30, 78 R Rectum, 72, 78 Refer, 1, 31, 69, 72, 75, 78 Renal Plasma Flow, 8, 15, 78 Retina, 68, 78, 79 Rigidity, 78, 79 Rotavirus, 8, 15, 79 S Saccharin, 5, 11, 23, 26, 33, 43, 79 Screening, 68, 79 Secretion, 74, 79 Sequential treatment, 26, 79 Serrata, 11, 68, 79 Serrated, 79 Serum, 66, 69, 79 Side effect, 27, 65, 79, 80 Silicon, 22, 79 Silicon Dioxide, 79 Smooth muscle, 66, 74, 79 Sodium, 27, 79 Solvent, 22, 23, 26, 27, 29, 71, 76, 77, 79 Sorbitol, 43, 75, 79 Specialist, 55, 79 Species, 8, 10, 12, 72, 79, 80, 81 Sperm, 78, 80 Stimulant, 74, 80 Stomach, 72, 73, 74, 80 Streptococci, 24, 80 Subacute, 74, 80 Subclinical, 74, 80 Subspecies, 79, 80 Suction, 72, 80 Symptomatic, 28, 80 Synaptic, 76, 80 Synaptic Transmission, 76, 80 Systemic, 67, 74, 80 T Therapeutics, 80
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Tissue, 18, 28, 30, 36, 66, 68, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80 Tolerance, 73, 80 Topical, 6, 17, 67, 71, 80 Toxic, iv, 76, 80 Toxicity, 18, 71, 80 Toxicology, 5, 50, 80 Toxins, 66, 71, 74, 81 Trace element, 79, 81 Transfection, 67, 81 Trees, 31, 81 Tuberculosis, 69, 81 U Ultrafiltration, 22, 74, 81 Unconscious, 74, 81 Ureters, 81 Urethra, 35, 81
Urinary, 35, 76, 81 Urinary tract, 35, 81 Urinary tract infection, 35, 81 Urine, 35, 67, 71, 76, 81 Uterus, 76, 81 V Vagina, 70, 76, 81 Vascular, 74, 81 Vasodilator, 71, 74, 81 Venules, 68, 81 Verapamil, 16, 81 Veterinary Medicine, 49, 81 Virus, 71, 81 Vitro, 81 Vivo, 82 W Weight Gain, 12, 82
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