DOXEPIN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
ii
ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Doxepin: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00379-1 1. Doxepin-Popular works. I. Title.
iii
Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
[email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.
iv
Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on doxepin. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
v
About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
vi
About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
vii
Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DOXEPIN ................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Doxepin......................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DOXEPIN ......................................................................................... 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Finding Nutrition Studies on Doxepin........................................................................................ 47 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 48 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DOXEPIN ................................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 51 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 53 General References ....................................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON DOXEPIN ................................................................................................ 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Patents on Doxepin...................................................................................................................... 55 Patent Applications on Doxepin .................................................................................................. 57 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 58 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 61 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 63 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 65 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 67 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 69 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 71 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 71 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 71 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 77 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 79 DOXEPIN DICTIONARY .............................................................................................................. 81 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 115
1
FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with doxepin is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about doxepin, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to doxepin, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on doxepin. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to doxepin, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on doxepin. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
3
CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DOXEPIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on doxepin.
Federally Funded Research on Doxepin The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to doxepin. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to doxepin. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore doxepin.
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text
4
Doxepin
The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with doxepin, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “doxepin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for doxepin (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
5% doxepin cream to treat persistent lichenification in a child. Author(s): Thomson KF, Highet AS. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001 January; 26(1): 100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11260190
•
A behavioral and clinical evaluation of two psychotropic agents: doxepinhydrochloride and perphenazine-amitriptylin hydrochloride. Author(s): Naftulin DH, Ware JE Jr. Source: Psychosomatics. 1972 March-April; 13(2): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4603988
•
A case of immune complex hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure associated with doxepin use. Author(s): Wolf B, Conradty M, Grohmann R, Ruther E, Witzgall H, Londong V. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1989 March; 50(3): 99-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2925599
•
A case report of irritable bowel syndrome treated with doxepin. Author(s): Gartrell N, Mosbacher D. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1982 October; 139(10): 1351-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7124994
•
A clinical evaluation of doxepin (sinequan). (A new psychotherapeutic agent). Author(s): Ayd FJ Jr. Source: Dis Nerv Syst. 1969 June; 30(6): 396-401. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5809293
•
A comparative evaluation of doxepin and chlordiazepoxide in the treatment of psychoneurotic outpatients. Author(s): Sterlin C, Ban TA, Lehmann HE, Jarrold L. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1970 April; 12(4): 195-200. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4985940
journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
Studies
5
•
A comparative study of doxepin and placebo in depression. Author(s): Jeste DV, Vahia NS, Ravindranath S. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1973 October; 27(10): 759-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4590333
•
A comparative study of doxepin versus trifluoperazine in anxiety neurosis. Author(s): Kishore B, Kaur A, Verma RS. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1973 April 16; 60(8): 280-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4580466
•
A comparative study of the therapeutic effect and cardiotoxicity of dothiepin HCl and doxepin HCl in reactive depression. Author(s): Evans L, Cox J. Source: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol. 1981; 5(4): 389-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7034025
•
A comparative trial of doxepin and amitriptyline in depressive illness. Author(s): Bianchi GN, Barr RF, Kiloh LG. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1971 April 17; 1(16): 843-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4930593
•
A comparative trial of doxepin and diazepam in anxiety states. Author(s): Bianchi GN, Phillips J. Source: Psychopharmacologia. 1972; 25(1): 86-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4556910
•
A comparative trial of lorazepam and doxepin in the treatment of anxiety. Author(s): Haslam MT. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1974; 2(4): 240-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4841310
•
A comparative trial of the antidepressant, anxiolytic, and cardiovascular effects of trimipramine and doxepin in depressed hospitalized patients. Author(s): Assalian P, Rosengarten MD, Phillips R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1985 March; 46(3): 90-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2857709
•
A comparison of clomipramine and doxepin in neurotic depression. Author(s): Kornhaber A, Horwitz IM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1984 August; 45(8): 337-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6378895
6
Doxepin
•
A comparison of doxepin and chlordiazepoxide in the therapy of anxiety. Author(s): Simeon J, Spero M, Nikolovski OT, Fink M. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1970 April; 12(4): 201-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4985941
•
A comparison of doxepin with diazepam and amitriptyline in general practice. Author(s): Jones BL, Eastgate NO, Downey PG, Davies LJ. Source: N Z Med J. 1972 September; 76(484): 174-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4508743
•
A comparison of the cardiac safety and therapeutic efficacy of trimipramine versus doxepin in geriatric depressed patients. Author(s): Nair NP, Amin M, Schwartz G, Dastoor D, Thavundayil JX, Mirmiran J, MacDonald C, Phillips R. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1993 August; 41(8): 863-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7688008
•
A comparison study of moclobemide and doxepin in major depression with special reference to effects on sexual dysfunction. Author(s): Philipp M, Kohnen R, Benkert O. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1993 January; 7(3-4): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8468436
•
A controlled comparative study of doxepin and chlordiazepoxide in psychoneurotic anxiety. Author(s): Smith ME. Source: J Clin Pharmacol New Drugs. 1971 March-April; 11(2): 152-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4929291
•
A controlled comparison of clonidine and doxepin in the treatment of the opiate withdrawal syndrome. Author(s): Taschner KL. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1986 May; 19(3): 91-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3523550
•
A controlled comparison of doxepin h.s. and doxepin q.i.d. Author(s): Mendels J, Schless A. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1975 July; 15(7): 534-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1150909
Studies
7
•
A controlled trial of doxepin and diazepam in the treatment of anxiety accompanying gastro-intestinal disease. Author(s): Kasich AM. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1969 March; 23(3): 121-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4886867
•
A double blind comparison between doxepin and diazepam in the treatment of states of anxiety. Author(s): d'Elia G, von Knorring L, Marcusson J, Mattsson B, Perris C, Persson G. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1974; 255: 35-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4618718
•
A double-blind comparative trial of doxepin hydrochloride and chlordiazepoxide in anxiety and depression in general practice. Author(s): Montgomery BA, Cullinan TR, Bayley AJ. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1970 May; 24(5): 207-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4916190
•
A double-blind comparison of moclobemide and doxepin in depressed general practice patients. Author(s): Lingjaerde O, Jorgensen J, Storen R, Thomle S, Wendt Raeder L, Ruud LE, Schetelig E, Sveaas HK, Leivestad O. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1995 August; 92(2): 125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7572258
•
A double-blind parallel study to compare fluoxetine with doxepin in the treatment of major depressive disorders. Author(s): Tamminen TT, Lehtinen VV. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1989 January; 4 Suppl 1: 51-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2783699
•
A double-blind placebo-controlled study to compare the autonomic effects of fluvoxamine with those of amitriptyline and doxepin in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Wilson WH, Higano H, Papadatos Y, Kelwala S, Ban TA. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1983; 15 Suppl 3: 385S-392S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6407500
•
A double-blind sequential comparison of doxepin with amitriptyline in depressed patients. Author(s): Toru M, Takamizawa M, Kariya T, Kobayashi K, Takahashi R. Source: Psychosomatics. 1972 July-August; 13(4): 241-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4604002
8
Doxepin
•
A double-blind study comparing the efficacy and tolerability of mirtazapine and doxepin in patients with major depression. Author(s): Marttila M, Jaaskelainen J, Jarvi R, Romanov M, Miettinen E, Sorri P, Ahlfors U, Zivkov M. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1995 December; 5(4): 441-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8998395
•
A fatal intoxication due to doxepin. Author(s): Cordonnier J, Heyndrickx A, Jordaens L, Brijs R, De Keyser R. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1983 July-August; 7(4): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6632797
•
A preliminary controlled study of doxepin ("Sinequan") as an antianxiety drug. Author(s): Fielding JM, Mowbray RM, Davies B. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1969 October 25; 2(17): 851-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4900938
•
A report of a suicide involving digoxin and doxepin. Author(s): Dunn WA, Lockrey LA, McCain MW, Siek TJ. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1994 March-April; 18(2): 122-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8207933
•
A sequential comparison of doxepin (sinequan) and placebo in depressed patients. Author(s): Burrows GD, Mowbray RM, Davies B. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1972 February 19; 1(8): 364-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4554926
•
A study with Sinequan (Doxepin). Author(s): Koknel O, Eper O. Source: Dis Nerv Syst. 1971 June; 32(6): 405-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5570694
•
Absolute bioavailability and stereoselective pharmacokinetics of doxepin. Author(s): Yan JH, Hubbard JW, McKay G, Korchinski ED, Midha KK. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 2002 July; 32(7): 615-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12162857
Studies
9
•
Activity study of doxepin. A new antidepressant. Author(s): Krakowski AJ. Source: Psychosomatics. 1968 March-April; 9(2): 89-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5651876
•
Acute effects of maprotiline, doxepin and zimeldine with alcohol in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Stromberg C, Seppala T, Mattila MJ. Source: Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1988 January-February; 291: 217-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2966613
•
Acute stomatitis associated with doxepin therapy. Author(s): Salem RB, Fischer RG, Beghe C. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1981 December; 15(12): 992-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7338196
•
Adverse effects in a newborn infant breast-fed by a mother treated with doxepin. Author(s): Frey OR, Scheidt P, von Brenndorff AI. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1999 June; 33(6): 690-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10410181
•
Allergic contact dermatitis due to 5% doxepin cream. Author(s): Bilbao I, Aguirre A, Vicente JM, Raton JA, Zabala R, Diaz Perez JL. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 October; 35(4): 254-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8957654
•
Allergic contact dermatitis due to doxepin cream in a patient with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Author(s): Horn HM, Tidman MJ, Aldridge RD. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 August; 45(2): 115. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11553128
•
Allergic contact dermatitis from doxepin cream. Author(s): Rapaport MJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 December; 132(12): 1516-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8961889
•
Allergic contact dermatitis from doxepin cream. One-year patch test clinic experience. Author(s): Taylor JS, Praditsuwan P, Handel D, Kuffner G. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 May; 132(5): 515-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8624147
10
Doxepin
•
Allergic contact dermatitis from doxepin. Author(s): Wakelin SH, Rycroft RJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 April; 40(4): 214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10208510
•
Allergic contact dermatitis from topical doxepin. Author(s): Greenberg JH. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 October; 33(4): 281. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8654094
•
Allergic contact dermatitis from topical doxepin: Food and Drug Administration's postmarketing surveillance experience. Author(s): Bonnel RA, La Grenade L, Karwoski CB, Beitz JG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 February; 48(2): 294-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12582408
•
Alprazolam, amitriptyline, doxepin, and placebo in the treatment of depression. Author(s): Rickels K, Feighner JP, Smith WT. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1985 February; 42(2): 134-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2858187
•
Amitriptyline-perphenazine and doxepin in depressed outpatients: a controlled double-blind study. Author(s): Rickels K, Csanalosi I, Werblowsky J, Weise CC, Weinstock R, Brown AS, Winokur A, Von Poelnitz M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1982 October; 43(10): 419-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6749826
•
Another case of doxepin for irritable bowel syndrome. Author(s): Pies RW. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1983 March; 140(3): 368-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6829813
•
Anticholinergic activity in the serum of patients receiving maintenance amitriptyline or doxepin therapy. Author(s): Aaltonen L, Syvalahti E, Iisalo E, Peltomaki T. Source: Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh). 1985 January; 56(1): 75-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3976405
Studies
11
•
Anticholinergic activity of the tricyclic antidepressants desipramine and doxepin in nondepressed volunteers. Author(s): Peterson GR, Blackwell B, Hostetler RM, Kuzma R, Adolphe A. Source: Commun Psychopharmacol. 1978; 2(2): 145-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=668301
•
Antideessant activity of doxepin and amitriptyline. A double-blind evaluation. Author(s): Hackett E, Kline NS. Source: Psychosomatics. 1969 May-June; 10(3): 21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4898441
•
Antidepressant plasma levels and clinical response in depressed patients treated with oxaprotiline and doxepin. Author(s): Hrdina PD, Lapierre YD, Horn E, Bakish D, Browne M. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1988 July; 3(3): 205-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3153709
•
Antidepressants in concomitant chronic back pain and depression: doxepin and desipramine compared. Author(s): Ward N, Bokan JA, Phillips M, Benedetti C, Butler S, Spengler D. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1984 March; 45(3 Pt 2): 54-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6321455
•
Anti-ulcer and secretion-inhibitory properties of the tricyclic derivative doxepin in rats and dogs. Author(s): Leitold M, Fleissig W, Merk A. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1984; 34(4): 468-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6547610
•
Bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia from doxepin overdose. Author(s): Donhowe SP. Source: Neurology. 1984 February; 34(2): 259. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6538026
•
Bioavailability investigation of two different oral formulations of doxepin. Author(s): Geister U, Gaupp M, Arnold P, Schaarschmidt D, Doser K, Renner J. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2001; 51(3): 189-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11304934
12
Doxepin
•
Biochemical studies on the in vitro effect of doxepin on Mg2+ & Na+, K+)-ATPases of human foetal & adult brain. Author(s): Saha UK, Sengupta T, Sirkar A, Sengupta D. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1989 February; 90: 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2542157
•
Cardiovascular effects of doxepin in cardiac patients with ventricular arrhythmias. Author(s): Giardina EG, Cooper TB, Suckow R, Saroff AL. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1987 July; 42(1): 20-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3595065
•
Cimetidine-doxepin interaction. Author(s): Brown MA, Haight KR, McKay G. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1985 August; 5(4): 245-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4019813
•
Cis- and trans-isomers of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin in the plasma of depressed patients treated with doxepin. Author(s): Hrdina PD, Bakish D, Swenson S, Lapierre YD. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1990 March; 12(2): 129-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2315969
•
Clinical and EEG studies of doxepin. An interim report. Author(s): Simeon J, Spero M, Fink M. Source: Psychosomatics. 1969 May-June; 10(3): 14-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4898439
•
Clinical evaluation of doxepin and amitriptyline in depressed patients. Author(s): Solis H, Molina G, Pineyro A. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1970 August; 12(8): 524-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4988840
•
Clinical evaluation of doxepin and diazepam in patients with gastrointestinal disease and anxiety. A controlled double blind study and long-term evaluation. Author(s): Kasich AM. Source: Psychosomatics. 1969 May-June; 10(3): 18-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4898440
•
Clinical evaluation of doxepin in anxious depressed outpatients. Author(s): Goldstein BJ, Pinosky DG. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1969 April; 11(4): 169-77. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4976335
Studies
13
•
Clinical experience with doxepin. Author(s): Nahunek K, Kamenicka V, Ceskova E, Rodova A, Svestka J, Misurec J. Source: Act Nerv Super (Praha). 1974 August; 16(3): 185-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4608288
•
Clinical importance of doxepin antidepressant plasma levels. Author(s): Green DO. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1978 May; 39(5): 481-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=641025
•
Clinical investigation with doxepin, a new antidepressant. Author(s): Belsasso G, Tapia HL, Grajales A. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1969 April; 11(4): 165-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4976334
•
Clomipramine and doxepin in depressive neurosis. Plasma levels and therapeutic response. Author(s): Linnoila M, Seppala T, Mattila MJ, Vihko R, Pakarinen A, Skinner T 3rd. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1980 November; 37(11): 1295-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7436691
•
Clovoxamine and doxepin in major depressive disorder: a double-blind controlled trial. Author(s): Lodge GJ, Freeman HL. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1986 June; 148: 718-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3535975
•
Cognitive and psychophysiologic response to doxepin and chlordiazepoxide. Author(s): Pishkin V, Fishkin SM, Shurley JT, Lawrence BE, Lovallo WR. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1978 March-April; 19(2): 171-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=630860
•
Combination of localized heat urticaria and cold urticaria. Release of histamine in suction blisters and successful treatment of heat urticaria with doxepin. Author(s): Neittaanmaki H, Fraki JE. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1988 March; 13(2): 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2463887
14
Doxepin
•
Comparative assays for doxepin and desmethyldoxepin using high-performance liquid chromatography and high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Author(s): Faulkner RD, Lee C. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1983 October; 72(10): 1165-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6644564
•
Comparative cardiac effects of maprotiline and doxepin in elderly depressed patients. Author(s): Ahles S, Gwirtsman H, Halaris A, Shah P, Schwarcz G, Hill MA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1984 November; 45(11): 460-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6208185
•
Comparative plasma levels of doxepin and desipramine in the elderly. Author(s): Gosselin C, Ancill RJ. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1989 December; 34(9): 921, 923-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2611758
•
Comparative trial of trimipramine versus doxepin in depressed hospitalised patients. Author(s): Assalian P, Rosengarten MD, Phillips R. Source: Drugs. 1989; 38 Suppl 1: 32-4; Discussion 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2693053
•
Comparison of cinnarizine, cyproheptadine, doxepin, and hydroxyzine in treatment of idiopathic cold urticaria: usefulness of doxepin. Author(s): Neittaanmaki H, Myohanen T, Fraki JE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1984 September; 11(3): 483-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6480953
•
Comparison of doxepin and thioridazine in outpatients. Author(s): Glick BS. Source: Dis Nerv Syst. 1973 January; 34(1): 37-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4709189
•
Contact allergy to doxepin. Author(s): Buckley DA. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 October; 43(4): 231-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11011930
Studies
15
•
Contributions of CYP2D6, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 to the biotransformation of E- and Z-doxepin in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Kirchheiner J, Meineke I, Muller G, Roots I, Brockmoller J. Source: Pharmacogenetics. 2002 October; 12(7): 571-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12360109
•
Controlled comparison of trebenzomine with doxepin as an antidepressantanxiolytic. Author(s): Pena-Ramos A, Muniz C, Goodman LI, Borgen LA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1979 February; 40(2): 104-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=368044
•
Controlled evaluation of psychotropic drugs in a private psychiatric practice. Doxepin vs. amitriptyline (Elavil). Author(s): Hackett E, Gold RL, Kline NS, Winick L. Source: Psychosomatics. 1967 May-June; 8(3): 162-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4859790
•
Conventional versus novel conditions for the in vitro dissolution testing of parenteral slow release formulations: application to doxepin parenteral dosage forms. Author(s): Gido C, Langguth P, Kreuter J, Winter G, Woog H, Mutschler E. Source: Pharmazie. 1993 October; 48(10): 764-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8265710
•
Delirium after abrupt withdrawal from doxepin: case report. Author(s): Santos AB Jr, Mccurdy L. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1980 February; 137(2): 239-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7352585
•
Depression and anxiety in heroin addicts: a placebo-controlled study of doxepin in combination with methadone. Author(s): Woody GE, O'Brien CP, Rickels K. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1975 April; 132(4): 447-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1091161
•
Detection of doxepin and its major metabolite desmethyldoxepin in hair following drug therapy. Author(s): Negrusz A, Moore CM, Perry JL. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1998 October; 22(6): 531-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9788530
16
Doxepin
•
Determination of carbamazepine by HPLC electrochemical detection and application for estimation of imipramine desipramine, doxepin and nordoxepin. Author(s): Messiha FS. Source: Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.). 1986 March-April; 3(2): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3718666
•
Determination of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin in human plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Author(s): Badenhorst D, Sutherland FC, de Jager AD, Scanes T, Hundt HK, Swart KJ, Hundt AF. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2000 May 26; 742(1): 91-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10892587
•
Determination of doxepin in autopsy material. Author(s): Norheim G. Source: Arch Toxikol. 1973 August 30; 31(1): 7-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4747546
•
Determination of therapeutic and toxic concentrations of doxepin and loxapine using gas-liquid chromatography with a nitrogen-sensitive detector, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of loxapine. Author(s): Vasiliades J, Sahawneh TM, Owens C. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1979 December 1; 164(4): 457-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=541421
•
Dosage schedule and plasma levels of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin. Author(s): Biggs JT, Preskorn SH, Ziegler VE, Rosen SH, Meyer DA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1978 October; 39(10): 740-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=711683
•
Dothiepin versus doxepin for reactive depression. Author(s): Evans L, Cox J. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1981 August 8; 2(3): 147-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7289941
•
Dothiepin versus doxepin in major depression: results of a multicenter, placebocontrolled trial. Prothiaden Collaborative Study Group. Author(s): Ferguson JM, Mendels J, Manowitz NR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1994 June; 55(6): 258-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8071282
Studies
17
•
Double blind clinical study comparing doxepin and imipramine in depression. Author(s): Hasan KZ, Akhtar MI. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1971 June; 13(6): 327-36. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4996218
•
Double-blind clinical study comparing alprazolam and doxepin in primary unipolar depression. Author(s): Ansseau M, Ansoms C, Beckers G, Bogaerts M, Botte L, De Buck R, Diricq S, Dumortier A, Jansegers E, Owieczka J, et al. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1984 December; 7(3-4): 287-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6151958
•
Double-blind comparative trial of doxepin and chlordiazepoxide in general practice. Author(s): Krasner EB. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1971 December; 25(12): 555-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4947165
•
Double-blind comparative trials of fluoxetine and doxepin in geriatric patients with major depressive disorder. Author(s): Feighner JP, Cohn JB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1985 March; 46(3 Pt 2): 20-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3882676
•
Double-blind comparison of doxepin and desipramine in patients with primary affective disorder. Author(s): Amsterdam JD, Caroff S, Potter L, Brunswick D, Conn JW, Rickels K. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1982 April; 65(4): 292-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7044045
•
Double-blind comparison of doxepin versus bupropion in outpatients with a major depressive disorder. Author(s): Feighner J, Hendrickson G, Miller L, Stern W. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1986 February; 6(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3081600
•
Double-blind crossover study comparing doxepin with diphenhydramine for the treatment of chronic urticaria. Author(s): Greene SL, Reed CE, Schroeter AL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1985 April; 12(4): 669-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3886724
18
Doxepin
•
Double-blind evaluation of doxepin hydrochloride (Sinequan) for preanaesthetic medication. Author(s): Dobkin AB, Desai AA. Source: Can Anaesth Soc J. 1972 March; 19(2): 129-37. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5029467
•
Doxepin affects acetylcholine induced cutaneous reactions in atopic eczema. Author(s): Groene D, Martus P, Heyer G. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 2001 April; 10(2): 110-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11260249
•
Doxepin and amitriptyline-perphenazine in mixed anxious-depressed neurotic outpatients: a collaborative controlled study. Author(s): Rickels K, Hutchison JC, Weise CC, Csanalosi I, Chung HR, Case WG. Source: Psychopharmacologia. 1972; 23(4): 305-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4554486
•
Doxepin and cimetidine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer: a double-blind comparative study. Author(s): Shrivastava RK, Shah BK, Siegal H. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1985; 7(2): 181-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3886141
•
Doxepin and cimetidine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer: an open clinical and endoscopic study. Author(s): Ruud TE, Hoff GS, Tonder M, Holter O. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1982 August; 43(8 Pt 2): 56-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7096279
•
Doxepin and diazepam in general practice and hospital clinic neurotic patients: A collaborative controlled study. Author(s): Rickels K, Perloff M, Stepansky W, Dion HS, Case WG, Sapra RK. Source: Psychopharmacologia. 1969; 15(4): 265-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4900799
•
Doxepin and hydroxyzine in treating anxiety: effects of failure and motivation on cognitive performance. Author(s): Pishkin V, Shurley JT. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1983 February; 44(2): 57-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6826532
Studies
19
•
Doxepin and imipramine in the treatment of depression: a double-blind crossover clinical study with EKG recordings. Author(s): Amin MM, Ban TA, Lehmann HE, Marcotte E. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1978 January; 14(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=343149
•
Doxepin and its metabolites in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in depressed patients. Author(s): Deuschle M, Hartter S, Hiemke C, Standhardt H, Heuser I. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1997 May; 131(1): 19-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9181631
•
Doxepin and tinnitus. Author(s): Golden RN, Evans DL, Nau CH Jr. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1983 September; 76(9): 1204-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6612411
•
Doxepin and visual hallucinations. Author(s): Norman TR, Judd F, Holwill BJ, Burrows GD. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1982 December; 16(4): 295-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6963177
•
Doxepin as a potent H2 and H2 antihistamine for epigastric distress. Author(s): Shen WW, Mahadevan J, Hofstatter L, Sata LS. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1983 July; 140(7): 957-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6859336
•
Doxepin as adjunctive therapy for depressed methadone maintenance patients: a double-blind study. Author(s): Titievsky J, Seco G, Barranco M, Kyle EM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1982 November; 43(11): 454-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7174622
•
Doxepin as adjuvant medication in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients: a comparative study. Author(s): Sterlin C, Augustin E, Ban TA, Jarrold L. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1971 January; 13(1): 50-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4992566
20
Doxepin
•
Doxepin as an adjunct in the treatment of chronic pain. Author(s): Aronoff GM, Evans WO. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1982 August; 43(8 Pt 2): 42-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7047506
•
Doxepin as an adjunct to smoking cessation: a double-blind pilot study. Author(s): Edwards NB, Murphy JK, Downs AD, Ackerman BJ, Rosenthal TL. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1989 March; 146(3): 373-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2645796
•
Doxepin causing false-positive urine test for amphetamine. Author(s): Merigian KS, Browning R, Kellerman A. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1993 August; 22(8): 1370. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8333649
•
Doxepin effects on chronic pain, depression and plasma opioids. Author(s): Hameroff SR, Cork RC, Scherer K, Crago BR, Neuman C, Womble JR, Davis TP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1982 August; 43(8 Pt 2): 22-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6284720
•
Doxepin for treatment of mania. Author(s): Kaye NS. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1989 June; 146(6): 802-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2729435
•
Doxepin HCl (Sinequan)--current information. Author(s): Salter FJ, Pearson RE. Source: Mich Med. 1970 September; 69(17): 771-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5469843
•
Doxepin hydrochloride. Author(s): Hollister LE. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1974 September; 81(3): 360-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4604347
•
Doxepin I.M. in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Author(s): Pelc I. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1975 May; 17(5): 467-77. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=805031
Studies
21
•
Doxepin in a single bedtime dose in psychoneurotic outpatients. Author(s): Goldberg HL, Finnerty RJ, Nathan L, Cole JO. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1974 October; 31(4): 513-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4608913
•
Doxepin in smoking cessation. Author(s): Whelan AM, Davis SK. Source: Dicp. 1990 June; 24(6): 598-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2193458
•
Doxepin in the inpatient treatment of depressive states. Author(s): Ciureza T, Tudorache D, Ionescu R, Niturad A, Nica S, Oproiu L, Popovici I, Roman I, Curelaru S, Ionescu R. Source: Rev Roum Neurol Psychiatr. 1974; 11(3): 249-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4846959
•
Doxepin in the management of pruritus associated with allergic cutaneous reactions. Author(s): Smith PF, Corelli RL. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1997 May; 31(5): 633-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9161661
•
Doxepin in the prophylactic treatment of mixed 'vascular' and tension headache. Author(s): Morland TJ, Storli OV, Mogstad TE. Source: Headache. 1979 November; 19(7): 382-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=511541
•
Doxepin in the treatment of chronic urticaria. Author(s): Ledo A, Harto A, Sendagorta E. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1985 December; 13(6): 10589. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4078098
•
Doxepin in the treatment of chronic urticaria. Author(s): Harto A, Sendagorta E, Ledo A. Source: Dermatologica. 1985; 170(2): 90-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2858420
•
Doxepin in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. A double-blind clinical study comparing doxepin and placebo. Author(s): Andersen OK, Bergsaker-Aspoy J, Halvorsen L, Giercksky KE. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1984 October; 19(7): 923-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6397849
22
Doxepin
•
Doxepin in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. An open clinical and endoscopic study comparing doxepin and cimetidine. Author(s): Hoff GS, Ruud TE, Tonder M, Holter O. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1981; 16(8): 1041-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7038841
•
Doxepin in the treatment of female detrusor overactivity: a randomized double-blind crossover study. Author(s): Lose G, Jorgensen L, Thunedborg P. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1989 October; 142(4): 1024-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2795725
•
Doxepin in the treatment of hospitalized and ambulatory psychoneurotic patients. Author(s): Sterlin C, Ban TA, Lehmann HE, Jarrold L. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol. 1972 August; 6(3): 256-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4648468
•
Doxepin in the treatment of hospitalized and ambulatory psychoneurotic patients. Author(s): Sterlin C, Ban TA, Lehmann HE, Jarrold L. Source: Int Z Klin Pharmakol Ther Toxikol. 1972 February; 5(4): 417-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4558247
•
Doxepin in the treatment of nicotine withdrawal. Author(s): Edwards NB, Simmons RC, Rosenthal TL, Hoon PW, Downs JM. Source: Psychosomatics. 1988 Spring; 29(2): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3368563
•
Doxepin in the treatment of obsessive compulsive neurosis. Author(s): Ananth J, Solyom L, Solyom C, Sookm D. Source: Psychosomatics. 1975; 16(4): 185-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1105644
•
Doxepin in the treatment of primary insomnia: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, polysomnographic study. Author(s): Hajak G, Rodenbeck A, Voderholzer U, Riemann D, Cohrs S, Hohagen F, Berger M, Ruther E. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 June; 62(6): 453-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11465523
Studies
23
•
Doxepin in the treatment of psychoneurotic inpatients. Author(s): Sterlin C, Oliveros R, Ban TA, Jarrold L. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1971 September; 13(9): 580-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5000460
•
Doxepin in the treatment of psychoneurotic patients. Author(s): Beaubien J, Ban TA, Lehman HE, Jarrold L. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1970 April; 12(4): 192-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4985939
•
Doxepin in the treatment of psychoneurotic patients: a comparison between two clinical settings. Author(s): Ban TA, Lehmann HE, Sterlin C, Beaubien J, Jarrold L. Source: Int Z Klin Pharmakol Ther Toxikol. 1971 February; 4(2): 236-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5550420
•
Doxepin incorporated into a dermatologic cream: an assessment of both doxepin antipruritic action and doxepin action as an inhibitor of papules, in allergen and histamine-caused pruritus. Author(s): Greiding L, Moreno P. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1999 September-October; 27(5): 265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10568877
•
Doxepin increases serum cholesterol levels. Author(s): Roessner V, Demling J, Bleich S. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2004 January; 49(1): 74-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14763684
•
Doxepin induced torsade de pointes. Author(s): Strasberg B, Coelho A, Welch W, Swiryn S, Bauernfeind R, Rosen K. Source: Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : Pace. 1982 November; 5(6): 873-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6184690
•
Doxepin kinetics. Author(s): Ziegler VE, Biggs JT, Wylie LT, Rosen SH, Hawf DJ, Coryell WH. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1978 May; 23(5): 573-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=639432
24
Doxepin
•
Doxepin or diazepam for anxious and anxious-depressed outpatients? Author(s): Haskell DS, Gambill JD, Gardos G, McNair DM, Fisher S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1978 February; 39(2): 135-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=344303
•
Doxepin overdose. Success with physostigmine and failure with neostigmine in reversing toxicity. Author(s): Janson PA, Watt JB, Hermos JA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1977 June 13; 237(24): 2632-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=576990
•
Doxepin plasma concentrations in clinical practice. Could there be a pharmacokinetic explanation for low concentrations? Author(s): Joyce PR, Sharman JR. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 1985 July-August; 10(4): 365-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4042518
•
Doxepin plasma concentrations: is there really a therapeutic range? Author(s): Leucht S, Steimer W, Kreuz S, Abraham D, Orsulak PJ, Kissling W. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 August; 21(4): 432-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11476128
•
Doxepin plasma levels and anxiolytic response. Author(s): Norman TR, Burrows GD, Bianchi GN, Maguire KP, Wurm JM. Source: Int Pharmacopsychiatry. 1980; 15(4): 247-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7021450
•
Doxepin plasma levels and therapeutic response in depression: preliminary findings. Author(s): Ward NG, Bloom VL, Wilson L, Raskind M, Raisys VA. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1982 April; 2(2): 126-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7076877
•
Doxepin poisoning in a child. Author(s): Walter DC, Kauffman RE. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1980 February; 134(2): 202-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7352445
•
Doxepin poisoning. Author(s): Oliver JS, Watson AA. Source: Med Sci Law. 1974 October; 14(4): 280-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4444463
Studies
25
•
Doxepin premedication in G.I. endoscopy. Author(s): el-Manialawy M, Gaber A. Source: J Egypt Med Assoc. 1977; 60(7-8): 667-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=752696
•
Doxepin therapy for duodenal ulcer: a controlled trial in patients who failed to respond to cimetidine. Author(s): Shrivastava RK, Siegal H, Lawlor R, Shah BK, Dayican G. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1985; 7(3): 319-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3888393
•
Doxepin therapy for postprandial symptomatic hypoglycaemic patients: neurochemical, hormonal and metabolic disturbances. Author(s): Lechin F, van der Dijs B, Lechin A, Lechin M, Coll-Garcia E, Jara H, Cabrera A, Jimenez V, Gomez F, Tovar D, et al. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1991 April; 80(4): 373-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1673882
•
Doxepin toxicity in a child following topical administration. Author(s): Zell-Kanter M, Toerne TS, Spiegel K, Negrusz A. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000 March; 34(3): 328-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10917379
•
Doxepin treatment of depressed patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Light RW, Merrill EJ, Despars J, Gordon GH, Mutalipassi LR. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1986 July; 146(7): 1377-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3521524
•
Doxepin up-to-date: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy with particular reference to depression. Author(s): Pinder RM, Brogden RN, Speight TM, Avery GS. Source: Drugs. 1977 March; 13(3): 161-218. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=321205
•
Doxepin versus amitriptyline in depression: a sequential double-blind study. Author(s): Grof P, Saxena B, Cantor R, Daigle L, Hetherington D, Haines T. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1974 May; 16(5): 470-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4209062
26
Doxepin
•
Doxepin versus chlordiazepoxide: a double-blind study on anxious outpatients. Author(s): Kingstone E, Kolivakis T, Kossatz I. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1970 April; 12(4): 213-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4985942
•
Doxepin versus diazepam: a controlled evaluation in 100 chronic alcoholic patients. Author(s): Gallant DM, Bishop MP, Guerrero-Figueroa R, Selby M, Phillips R. Source: J Clin Pharmacol J New Drugs. 1969 January-February; 9(1): 57-65. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4885966
•
Doxepin versus imipramine in psychoneurotic depressed patients with sleep disturbance: a double-blind study. Author(s): Finnerty RJ, Goldberg HL, Rickels K. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1978 December; 39(12): 852-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=721790
•
Doxepin vs. chlordiazepoxide: a controlled comparison in neurotic outpatients. Author(s): Johnstone EE, Claghorn JL. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1968 October; 10(10): 514-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4971466
•
Doxepin with other drugs. Author(s): Ayd FJ Jr. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1973 April; 66(4): 465-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4708244
•
Doxepin withdrawal mania. Author(s): Galynker II, Rosenthal RN, Perkel C, Shwartz A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1995 March; 56(3): 122-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7883732
•
Doxepin: a useful adjunct in the treatment of heroin addicts in a methadone program. Author(s): Spensley J. Source: Int J Addict. 1976; 11(1): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1254367
•
Doxepin: effects on transport of biogenic amines in man. Author(s): Fann WE, Cavanaugh JH, Kaufmann JS, Griffith JD, Davis JM, Janowsky DS, Oates JA. Source: Psychopharmacologia. 1971; 22(2): 111-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5124185
Studies
27
•
Doxepin: is a single daily dose enough? Author(s): Goldberg HL, Finnerty RJ, Cole JO. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1974 September; 131(9): 1027-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4606452
•
Doxepin-cholestyramine interaction. Author(s): Geeze DS, Wise MG, Stigelman WH Jr. Source: Psychosomatics. 1988 Spring; 29(2): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3368570
•
Doxepin-cimetidine interaction: increased doxepin bioavailability during cimetidine treatment. Author(s): Abernethy DR, Todd EL. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1986 February; 6(1): 8-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3950073
•
Doxepin-induced acute glossitis. Author(s): Ives TJ, Stewart RB. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1980 November; 37(11): 1551-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7211862
•
Doxepin-induced cardiac dysrhythmia. Author(s): Meador-Woodruff JH, Majchrzak MJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1988 April; 8(2): 144-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2453531
•
Doxepin-induced recurrent acute hepatitis. Author(s): Keegan AD. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1993 October; 23(5): 523. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8297287
•
Doxepin-induced torsade de pointes tachycardia. Author(s): Alter P, Tontsch D, Grimm W. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2001 September 4; 135(5): 384-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11529713
•
Dystonic reactions to amitriptyline and doxepin. Author(s): Lee HK. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1988 May; 145(5): 649. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3358469
28
Doxepin
•
Early onset of response to doxepin treatment. Author(s): Barranco SF, Thrash ML, Hackett E, Frey J, Ward J, Norris E. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1979 June; 40(6): 265-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=376498
•
Effect of doxepin on basal gastric acid and salivary secretion in patients with duodenal ulcer. Author(s): Brown-Cartwright D, Brater DC, Barnett CC, Richardson CT. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1986 February; 104(2): 204-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3946946
•
Effect of doxepin on gastric secretion in man. Author(s): Giercksky KE, Oyen D, Andersen OK, Burhol P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1984 July; 19(5): 661-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6433435
•
Effect of doxepin on seizure frequency in depressed epileptic patients. Author(s): Ojemann LM, Friel PN, Trejo WJ, Dudley DL. Source: Neurology. 1983 May; 33(5): 646-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6682502
•
Effect of doxepin on serotonin metabolism in rat brain and serotonin uptake by human blood platelets. Author(s): Jamnicky B, Muck-Seler D, Deanovic Z. Source: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol. 1980; 4(3): 253-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6159660
•
Effect of doxepin on the norepinephrine pump. A preliminary report. Author(s): Oates JA, Fann WE, Cavanaugh JH. Source: Psychosomatics. 1969 May-June; 10(3): 12-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5822695
•
Effect of doxepin on uptake and efflux of serotonin human blood patelets in vitro. Author(s): Lingjaerde O. Source: Psychopharmacologia. 1976 May 28; 47(2): 183-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1273215
•
Effect of single and repeated doses of activated charcoal on the pharmacokinetics of doxepin. Author(s): Scheinin M, Virtanen R, Iisalo E. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1985 January; 23(1): 38-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3988390
Studies
29
•
Effect of topical doxepin cream on skin testing. Author(s): Karaz SS, Moeckli JK, Davis W, Craig TJ. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 December; 96(6 Pt 1): 9978. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8543759
•
Effectiveness of fluoxetine and doxepin in treatment of melancholia in depressed patients. Author(s): Sandor P, Baker B, Irvine J, Dorian P, McKessok D, Mendlowitz S. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 1998; 7(2): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9614594
•
Effects of doxepin on blood pressure and heart rate in patients with primary major affective disorder. Author(s): Linnoila M, Jobson KO, Gilliam JH, Paine RL. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1982 December; 2(6): 433-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7174869
•
Effects of doxepin on perception of laboratory-induced pain in man. Author(s): Loeser JD. Source: Pain. 1979 April; 6(2): 241-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=460930
•
Effects of doxepin on perception of laboratory-induced pain in man. Author(s): Chapman CR, Butler SH. Source: Pain. 1978 October; 5(3): 253-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=364370
•
Effects of doxepin on withdrawal symptoms in smoking cessation. Author(s): Murphy JK, Edwards NB, Downs AD, Ackerman BJ, Rosenthal TL. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1990 October; 147(10): 1353-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2205115
•
Efficacy of doxepin in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Author(s): Goldsobel AB, Rohr AS, Siegel SC, Spector SL, Katz RM, Rachelefsky GS, Drayton G, Indianer L, Peter JB, Barr RJ, et al. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1986 November; 78(5 Pt 1): 867-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3782654
30
Doxepin
•
Efficacy of oral doxepin and piroxicam treatment for interstitial cystitis. Author(s): Wammack R, Remzi M, Seitz C, Djavan B, Marberger M. Source: European Urology. 2002 June; 41(6): 596-600; Discussion 601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12074775
•
Electrocardiographic effects of fluoxetine and doxepin in patients with major depressive disorder. Author(s): Baker B, Dorian P, Sandor P, Shapiro C, Schell C, Mitchell J, Irvine MJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 February; 17(1): 15-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9004052
•
Excretion of doxepin and N-desmethyldoxepin in human milk. Author(s): Kemp J, Ilett KF, Booth J, Hackett LP. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1985 November; 20(5): 497-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4074620
•
Experiences with doxepin and trazodone in the therapy with outpatients suffering from depression. Author(s): Poldinger W. Source: Psychopathology. 1984; 17 Suppl 2: 30-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6371876
•
Facilitation of adaptation and acute tolerance to stressful sensory input by doxepin and scopolamine plus amphetamine. Author(s): Kohl RL, Sandoz GR, Reschke MF, Calkins DS, Richelson E. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1993 November; 33(11): 1092-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8300892
•
Five to fifteen years' maintenance doxepin therapy. Author(s): Ayd FJ Jr. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1986 January; 1(1): 53-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3559151
•
Gas chromatographic determination of doxepin in human urine following therapeutic doses. Author(s): Dusci LJ, Hackett LP. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1971 October; 61(2): 231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5116189
Studies
31
•
Geometric isomerization of doxepin during its N-demethylation in humans. Author(s): Ghabrial H, Prakash C, Tacke UG, Blair IA, Wilkinson GR. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 1991 MayJune; 19(3): 596-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1680624
•
GLC determination of doxepin plasma levels. Author(s): O'Brien JE, Hinsvark ON. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1976 July; 65(7): 1068-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=957116
•
Hemodialysis of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin in uremic patients. Author(s): Faulkner RD, Senekjian HO, Lee CS. Source: Artificial Organs. 1984 May; 8(2): 151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6732542
•
High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of trans-doxepin and desmethyldoxepin. Author(s): Dilger C, Salama Z, Jaeger H. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1988 October; 38(10): 1525-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3196396
•
I read in your June 1997 publication that one of the risk factors for hip fracture is current use of long-acting benzodiazepines. Could you list exactly which medications these are? I take Xanax and doxepin for fibromyalgia. My pharmacist could find no evidence that either of these drugs depletes bone calcium. How do they place me at increased risk for osteoporosis? Author(s): Robb-Nicholson C. Source: Harvard Women's Health Watch. 1998 January; 5(5): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9600042
•
Identification of phenolic doxepin glucuronides from patient urine and rat bile. Author(s): Shu YZ, Hubbard JW, McKay G, Midha KK. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 1990 November-December; 18(6): 1096-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1981519
•
Improvement of chronic neurotic excoriations with oral doxepin therapy. Author(s): Harris BA, Sherertz EF, Flowers FP. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1987 October; 26(8): 541-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3679664
32
Doxepin
•
Incontinence with doxepin. Author(s): Kimbrough JC. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1972 July 31; 221(5): 510. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5067967
•
Influence of doxepin used in preemptive analgesia on the nociception in the perioperative period. Experimental and clinical study. Author(s): Wordliczek J, Banach M, Dorazil M, Przewlocka B. Source: Polish Journal of Pharmacology. 2001 May-June; 53(3): 253-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11785926
•
Inhibition of rabbit monoamine oxidase by doxepin and related drugs. Author(s): Roth JA. Source: Life Sciences. 1975 April 15; 16(8): 1309-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=237165
•
Is amitriptyline + perphenazine superior to doxepin? Author(s): Dilsaver SC, Domino L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1983 May; 44(5): 195. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6853455
•
Is doxepin a safer tricyclic for the heart? Author(s): Roose SP, Dalack GW, Glassman AH, Woodring S, Walsh BT, Giardina EG. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1991 August; 52(8): 338-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1869496
•
Letter: Doxepin h.s. versus doxepin. Author(s): Mendels J. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1976 April; 16(4): 238. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1262533
•
Local anaesthetic effect of doxepin. Author(s): Blackwell B, Evans W, Gensler F. Source: Lancet. 1972 February 19; 1(7747): 443. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4110678
•
Long-term administration of Doxepin (Sinequan). (Clinical and laboratory survey of 40 patients). Author(s): Ayd FJ Jr. Source: Dis Nerv Syst. 1971 September; 32(9): 617-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5000098
Studies
33
•
Long-term treatment of chronic depression: 15-year experience with doxepin HCl. Author(s): Ayd FJ Jr. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1984 March; 45(3 Pt 2): 39-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6365900
•
Low serum levels of tricyclic antidepressants in amitriptyline- and doxepin-treated inpatients with depressive syndromes are associated with nonresponse. Author(s): Rao ML, Deister A, Laux G, Staberock U, Hoflich G, Moller HJ. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1996 May; 29(3): 97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8738313
•
Maintenance doxepin (sinequan) therapy for depressive illness. Author(s): Ayd FJ Jr. Source: Dis Nerv Syst. 1975 March; 36(3): 109-14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1112165
•
Maprotiline and doxepin in the treatment of depression. A double-glind multicentre comparison. Author(s): Vaisanen E, Naarala M, Kontiainen H, Merilainen V, Heikkila L, Malinen L. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1978 March; 57(3): 193-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=347885
•
Mechanism of action of doxepin in the treatment of chronic urticaria. Author(s): Figueiredo A, Ribeiro CA, Goncalo M, Almeida L, Poiares-Baptista A, Teixeira F. Source: Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 1990; 4(2): 147-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2141000
•
Mianserin and doxepin in the treatment of outpatient depression with anxiety. Author(s): Khan MC, Bennie EH, Stulemeijer SM, Ravens MA. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1983; 15 Suppl 2: 213S-218S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6824555
•
Multiple-dose doxepin kinetics in depressed patients. Author(s): Faulkner RD, Pitts WM, Lee CS, Lewis WA, Fann WE. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1983 October; 34(4): 509-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6617074
•
NMS-Like syndrome with a lithium/doxepin combination. Author(s): Rosenberg PB, Pearlman CA. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1991 February; 11(1): 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2040723
34
Doxepin
•
Nocturnal melatonin secretion and sleep after doxepin administration in chronic primary insomnia. Author(s): Hajak G, Rodenbeck A, Adler L, Huether G, Bandelow B, Herrendorf G, Staedt J, Ruther E. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1996 September; 29(5): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8895944
•
On the problems of switching from intravenous to oral administration in drug treatment of endogenous depression--a placebo-controlled double-blind trial with doxepin. Author(s): Adler L, Hajak G, Lehmann K, Kunert HJ, Hoffmann G, Issinger J, Boke J, Huether G, Ruther E. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1997 March; 30(2): 62-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9131726
•
Onset of action of amoxapine and doxepin in outpatients with "mixed anxiety/depression". Author(s): Hekimian LJ, Weise CC, Friedhoff AJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1983 July; 44(7): 248-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6863224
•
Oral topical doxepin rinse: analgesic effect in patients with oral mucosal pain due to cancer or cancer therapy. Author(s): Epstein JB, Truelove EL, Oien H, Allison C, Le ND, Epstein MS. Source: Oral Oncology. 2001 December; 37(8): 632-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11590072
•
Oral topical doxepin rinse: anesthetic effect in normal subjects. Author(s): Epstein JB, Truelove EL, Oien H, Le ND, Epstein MS. Source: Pain Res Manag. 2003 Winter; 8(4): 195-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14679413
•
Orthostatic effect of imipramine and doxepin in depressed geriatric outpatients. Author(s): Neshkes RE, Gerner R, Jarvik LF, Mintz J, Joseph J, Linde S, Aldrich J, Conolly ME, Rosen R, Hill M. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1985 April; 5(2): 102-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3988967
Studies
35
•
Outpatient methadone detoxification: effects of diazepam and doxepin as adjunct medications. Author(s): McCaul ME, Stitzer ML, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA. Source: Nida Res Monogr. 1984; 55: 191-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6443378
•
Pharmacokinetic evaluation of two doxepin products. Author(s): Wecker MT, Woodworth JR, Amsel LP, Hinsvark ON, Rotenberg KS. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1986; 8(3): 342-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3719617
•
Pharmacokinetic factors affecting antidepressant drug clearance and clinical effect: evaluation of doxepin and imipramine--new data and review. Author(s): Ereshefsky L, Tran-Johnson T, Davis CM, LeRoy A. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1988 May; 34(5): 863-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3286056
•
Pharmacokinetics of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin: an evaluation with the population approach. Author(s): Meyer-Barner M, Meineke I, Schreeb KH, Gleiter CH. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 July; 58(4): 253-7. Epub 2002 June 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12136371
•
Pharmacokinetics of doxepin in subjects with pruritic atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Drake LA, Cohen L, Gillies R, Flood JG, Riordan AT, Phillips SB, Stiller MJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 August; 41(2 Pt 1): 20914. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10426891
•
Pharmacologic modulation of the whealing response to histamine in human skin: identification of doxepin as a potent in vivo inhibitor. Author(s): Sullivan TJ. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1982 March; 69(3): 260-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6120966
•
Piroxicam and doxepin in pain management. Author(s): Pelton J. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1988 July; 149(1): 93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3407169
36
Doxepin
•
Piroxicam and doxepin--an alternative to narcotic analgesics in managing advanced cancer pain. Author(s): Cohn ML, Machado AF, Bier R, Cohn M. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1988 March; 148(3): 303-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3363962
•
Plasma levels of the cis- and trans-isomers of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin after administration of doxepin to patients. Author(s): Bogaert MG, Rosseel MT, Deberdt R, Vranckx C. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1981; 31(1): 113-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7194087
•
Post-amputation phantom pain and autonomous stump movements responsive to doxepin. Author(s): Iacono RP, Sandyk R, Bamford CR, Awerbuch G, Malone JM. Source: Funct Neurol. 1987 July-September; 2(3): 343-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3692275
•
Prediction of steady-state plasma levels of doxepin and imipramine from single dose levels in depressed outpatients. Author(s): Hrdina PD, Bakish D, Swenson S, Lapierre YD. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1991 March; 16(1): 25-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2049367
•
Preliminary double-blind clinical trial with a new antidepressive doxepin. Author(s): Gomez-Martinez I. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1968 March; 10(3): 116-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4966997
•
Pretreatment orthostatic hypotension in geriatric depression: predictor of response to imipramine and doxepin. Author(s): Jarvik LF, Read SL, Mintz J, Neshkes RE. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1983 December; 3(6): 368-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6358275
•
Protein binding of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin. Author(s): Virtanen R, Iisalo E, Irjala K. Source: Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh). 1982 August; 51(2): 159-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7113722
Studies
37
•
PSOP for response to imipramine and doxepin. Author(s): Schneider LS. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1985 February; 5(1): 58-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3973075
•
Psychomotor skills in depressed out-patients treated with L-tryptophan, doxepin, or chlorimipramine. Author(s): Seppala T, Linnoila M, Mattila MJ. Source: Ann Clin Res. 1978 August; 10(4): 214-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=707970
•
Psychotropic drug treatment of mixed anxiety and depression in nonpsychiatric office patients: expected and unexpected findings--comparing doxepin, chlordiazepoxide and placebo. Author(s): Goldstein BJ, Brauzer B, Steinbook RM, Jacobson AF. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1973 August; 66(8): 892-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4578609
•
Pulse-dosing and conventional application of doxepin: effects on psychopathology and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system. Author(s): Deuschle M, Schmider J, Weber B, Standhardt H, Korner A, Lammers CH, Schweiger U, Hartmann A, Heuser I. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 June; 17(3): 156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9169958
•
Quantitative determination of E- and Z-doxepin and E- and Z-desmethyldoxepin by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Adamczyk M, Fishpaugh JR, Harrington C. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1995 August; 17(4): 371-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7482692
•
Quantitative GLC determination of cis- and trans-isomers of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin. Author(s): Rosseel MT, Bogaert MG, Claeys M. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1978 June; 67(6): 802-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=660461
•
Radioimmunoassay for doxepin and desmethyldoxepin. Author(s): Virtanen R, Salonen JS, Scheinin M, Iisalo E, Mattila V. Source: Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh). 1980 October; 47(4): 274-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7468227
38
Doxepin
•
Radioimmunoassay for total doxepin and N-desmethyl doxepin in plasma. Author(s): Midha KK, Charette C. Source: Commun Psychopharmacol. 1980; 4(1): 11-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7190481
•
Rapid ultraviolet procedure for measuring doxepin and some doxepin metabolites in human urine. Author(s): Randolph WC, Walkenstein SS, Joseph GL, Intoccia AP. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1974 June; 20(6): 692-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4830173
•
Rectal doxepin and carbamazepine therapy in patients with cancer. Author(s): Storey P, Trumble M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1992 October 29; 327(18): 1318-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1406828
•
Relationship between tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels and clinical response in patients treated with desipramine or doxepin. Author(s): Brunswick DJ, Amsterdam JD, Potter L, Caroff S, Rickels K. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1983 June; 67(6): 371-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6880821
•
Relief of pruritus in patients with atopic dermatitis after treatment with topical doxepin cream. The Doxepin Study Group. Author(s): Drake LA, Fallon JD, Sober A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 October; 31(4): 613-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8089287
•
Review of clinical and animal studies comparing the cardiovascular effects of doxepin and other tricyclic antidepressants. Author(s): Luchins DJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1983 August; 140(8): 1006-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6346907
•
Role of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) in the stereospecific metabolism of E- and Zdoxepin. Author(s): Haritos VS, Ghabrial H, Ahokas JT, Ching MS. Source: Pharmacogenetics. 2000 October; 10(7): 591-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11037801
Studies
39
•
Sedative properties of doxepin in comparison with diazepam. Author(s): Grundstrom R, Holmberg G, Ledermann H, Livstedt B. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1977 October 20; 54(2): 165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=412211
•
Self-potentiating allergic contact dermatitis caused by doxepin hydrochloride cream. Author(s): Shelley WB, Shelley ED, Talanin NY. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 January; 34(1): 143-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8543684
•
Sensitive and quantitative determination of plasma doxepin and desmethyldoxepin in chronic pain patients by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Author(s): Davis TP, Veggeberg SK, Hameroff SR, Watts KL. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1983 April 8; 273(2): 436-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6863457
•
Simultaneous determination of doxepin and nordoxepin in serum using highperformance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Emm T, Lesko LJ, Perkal MB. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1987 August 7; 419: 445-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3667805
•
Simultaneous liquid chromatographic analysis of amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, desipramine, doxepin, and nordoxepin. Author(s): Kabra PM, Mar NA, Marton LJ. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1981 April 9; 111(2-3): 123-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7226545
•
Single dose pharmacokinetics of doxepin in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Virtanen R, Scheinin M, Iisalo E. Source: Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh). 1980 November; 47(5): 371-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7293791
•
Solar urticaria: demonstration of histamine release and effective treatment with doxepin. Author(s): Neittaanmaki H, Jaaskelainen T, Harvima RJ, Fraki JE. Source: Photodermatol. 1989 February; 6(1): 52-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2471960
40
Doxepin
•
Specific responses to imipramine and doxepin in psychoneurotic depressed patients with sleep disturbance. Author(s): Finnerty RJ, Goldberg HL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1981 July; 42(7): 275-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7240113
•
Steady-state kinetics of doxepin and imipramine in Saudi patients with interethnic comparison. Author(s): el-Yazigi A, Chaleby K. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1988; 95(1): 63-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3133701
•
Stereoselective and simultaneous measurement of cis- and trans-isomers of doxepin and N-desmethyldoxepin in plasma or urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Yan J, Hubbard JW, McKay G, Midha KK. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1997 March 28; 691(1): 131-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9140766
•
Stereoselective in vivo and in vitro studies on the metabolism of doxepin and Ndesmethyldoxepin. Author(s): Yan JH, Hubbard JW, McKay G, Midha KK. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 1997 December; 27(12): 1245-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9460230
•
Stereoselective measurement of E- and Z-doxepin and its N-desmethyl and hydroxylated metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Author(s): Haritos VS, Ghabrial H, Ahokas JT, Ching MS. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999 December 24; 736(1-2): 201-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10677000
•
Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of doxepin isomers. Author(s): Midha KK, Hubbard JW, McKay G, Hawes EM, Korchinski ED, Gurnsey T, Cooper JK, Schwede R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992; 42(5): 539-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1607001
•
Stimulus intensity control in depression: a study of the comparative effect of doxepin and amitriptyline on cortical evoked potentials. Author(s): Friedman J, McCallum P, Meares R. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1980 June; 14(2): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6932866
Studies
41
•
Systemic adverse effects from topical doxepin cream. Author(s): Jones ME, Skaufle ML. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2001 April; 35(4): 505-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11302417
•
Systemic contact dermatitis to doxepin. Author(s): Brancaccio RR, Weinstein S. Source: J Drugs Dermatol. 2003 August; 2(4): 409-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12884464
•
The addition of topical doxepin to corticosteroid therapy: an improved treatment regimen for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Berberian BJ, Breneman DL, Drake LA, Gratton D, Raimir SS, Phillips S, Sulica VI, Bernstein JE. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 February; 38(2): 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10192169
•
The antipruritic effect of 5% doxepin cream in patients with eczematous dermatitis. Doxepin Study Group. Author(s): Drake LA, Millikan LE. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1995 December; 131(12): 1403-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7492129
•
The effect of amitriptyline, doxepin, fluvoxamine, and paroxetine treatment on heart rate variability. Author(s): Rechlin T. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1994 December; 14(6): 392-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7884019
•
The effects of doxepin HCl on sleep and depression. Author(s): Roth T, Zorick F, Wittig R, McLenaghan A, Roehrs T. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1982 September; 43(9): 366-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7118845
•
The effects of doxepin, alone and together with alcohol, in relation to driving safety. Author(s): Milner G, Landauer AA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1973 April 28; 1(17): 837-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4725755
42
Doxepin
•
The effects of topical doxepin on responses to histamine, substance P and prostaglandin E2 in human skin. Author(s): Sabroe RA, Kennedy CT, Archer CB. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 September; 137(3): 386-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9349334
•
The identification of urinary metabolites of doxepin in patients. Author(s): Shu YZ, Hubbard JW, Cooper JK, McKay G, Korchinski ED, Kumar R, Midha KK. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 1990 September-October; 18(5): 735-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1981729
•
The influence of cimetidine versus ranitidine on doxepin pharmacokinetics. Author(s): Sutherland DL, Remillard AJ, Haight KR, Brown MA, Old L. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1987; 32(2): 159-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3582480
•
The N-demethylation of the doxepin isomers is mainly catalyzed by the polymorphic CYP2C19. Author(s): Hartter S, Tybring G, Friedberg T, Weigmann H, Hiemke C. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 2002 July; 19(7): 1034-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12180536
•
The noisy elderly patient: prevalence, assessment, and response to the antidepressant doxepin. Author(s): Friedman R, Gryfe CI, Tal DT, Freedman M. Source: Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 1992 October-December; 5(4): 187-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1358090
•
The place of doxepin among the anxiolytic-sedative drugs. Author(s): Sterlin C, Ban TA, Jarrold L. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1972 April; 14(4): 195-204. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4623598
•
The quaternary ammonium-linked glucuronide of doxepin: a major metabolite in depressed patients treated with doxepin. Author(s): Luo H, Hawes EM, McKay G, Korchinski ED, Midha KK. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 1991 MayJune; 19(3): 722-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1680645
Studies
43
•
The sleep-improving effects of doxepin are paralleled by a normalized plasma cortisol secretion in primary insomnia. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, cross-over study followed by an open treatment over 3 weeks. Author(s): Rodenbeck A, Cohrs S, Jordan W, Huether G, Ruther E, Hajak G. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2003 December; 170(4): 423-8. Epub 2003 September 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13680082
•
The use of doxepin in the treatment of symptoms of anxiety neurosis and accompanying depression: a collaborative controlled study. Author(s): Goldberg HL, Finnery RJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1972 July; 129(1): 74-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4556088
•
Therapeutic superiority of maprotiline versus doxepin in geriatric depression. Author(s): Gwirtsman HE, Ahles S, Halaris A, DeMet E, Hill MA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1983 December; 44(12): 449-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6361005
•
Thrombocytopenia following doxepin treatment. Author(s): Nixon DD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1972 April 17; 220(3): 418. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5067116
•
Topical application of doxepin hydrochloride can reduce the symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome: a case report. Author(s): McCleane G. Source: Injury. 2002 January; 33(1): 88-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11879844
•
Topical application of doxepin hydrochloride, capsaicin and a combination of both produces analgesia in chronic human neuropathic pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): McCleane G. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 June; 49(6): 574-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10848721
•
Topical application of the tricyclic antidepressant doxepin can reduce dysuria and frequency. Author(s): McCleane G. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 2004; 38(1): 88-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15204434
44
Doxepin
•
Toxic reaction from topically applied doxepin in a child with eczema. Author(s): Vo MY, Williamsen AR, Wasserman GS. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1995 December; 131(12): 1467-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7492150
•
Transient ophthalmoparesis with doxepin overdosage. Author(s): LeWitt PA. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1981 June; 9(6): 618. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7259127
•
Treatment of hospitalized alcoholics with doxepin and diazepam. A controlled study. Author(s): Butterworth AT, Watts RD. Source: Q J Stud Alcohol. 1971 March; 32(1): 78-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4925863
•
Treatment of the depressive reaction: a clinical evaluation of a new psychotherapeutic drug, Doxepin (Sinequan). Author(s): Gillmer RE. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1970 December 12; 44(48): 1386-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5515515
•
Trial of a new psychotropic drug doxepin. Author(s): Lang WR. Source: N Z Med J. 1970 September; 72(460): 184-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5273564
•
Trial of an anti-anxiety compound--doxepin (Sinequan). Author(s): Fielding JM, Mowbray RM, Davies B. Source: Psychopharmacologia. 1969; 15(2): 134-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4900547
•
Two combined, multicenter double-blind studies of paroxetine and doxepin in geriatric patients with major depression. Author(s): Dunner DL, Cohn JB, Walshe T 3rd, Cohn CK, Feighner JP, Fieve RR, Halikas JP, Hartford JT, Hearst ED, Settle EC Jr, et al. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1992 February; 53 Suppl: 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1531827
Studies
45
•
Urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylene glycol in the prediction of pain and depression relief with doxepin: preliminary findings. Author(s): Ward NG, Bloom VL, Fawcett J, Friedel RO. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1983 January; 171(1): 55-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6848650
•
Urticarial vasculitis with asymptomatic chronic hepatitis C infection: response to doxepin, interferon-alfa, and ribavirin. Author(s): Kelkar PS, Butterfield JH, Kalaaji AN. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2002 September; 35(3): 281-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12192209
•
Ventricular arrhythmias induced by doxepin and amitriptyline: case report. Author(s): Todd RD, Faber R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1983 November; 44(11): 423-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6643406
•
Viloxazine in the treatment of depressive neurosis: a controlled clinical study with doxepin and placebo. Author(s): McEvoy JP, Sheridan WF, Stewart WR Jr, Ban TA, Wilson WH, Guy W, Schaffer JD. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1980 November; 137: 440-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7008890
47
CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DOXEPIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and doxepin.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Doxepin The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “doxepin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
48
Doxepin
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “doxepin” (or a synonym): •
Effects on opioid-induced rate reductions by doxepin and bupropion. Author(s): University of Minnesota, Department of Psychology, Minneapolis 55455. Source: Macenski, M J Cleary, J Thompson, T Pharmacol-Biochem-Behavolume 1990 October; 37(2): 247-52 0091-3057
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
•
The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
•
The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
•
The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
•
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
•
Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
•
Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
Nutrition
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
49
51
CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DOXEPIN Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to doxepin. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to doxepin and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “doxepin” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to doxepin: •
Acupuncture and myofascial pain: treatment failure after administration of tricyclic antidepressants. Author(s): Biedermann HJ, Lapeer GL, Mauri M, McGhie A. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1986 April; 19(4): 397-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3635665
•
Chronic urticaria: a Canadian perspective on patterns and practical management strategies. Author(s): Sharma JK, Miller R, Murray S. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 2000 April; 4(2): 89-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11179931
•
Demographics, assessment and management of pain in the elderly. Author(s): Davis MP, Srivastava M.
52
Doxepin
Source: Drugs & Aging. 2003; 20(1): 23-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12513114 •
Effects of tricyclic antidepressant drugs on the electrophysiological properties of drug Purkinje fibers. Author(s): Muir WW, Strauch SM, Schaal SF. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1982 January-February; 4(1): 82-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6176805
•
Fifteen cases of embrujada: combining medication and suggestion in treatment. Author(s): Casper EG, Philippus MJ. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1975 May; 26(5): 271, 274. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1126677
•
Is there a role for hemoperfusion/hemodialysis as a treatment option in severe tricyclic antidepressant intoxication? Author(s): Frank RD, Kierdorf HP. Source: Int J Artif Organs. 2000 September; 23(9): 618-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11059884
•
Omeprazole, SCH 28080 and doxepin differ in their characteristics to inhibit H+/K+ATPase driven proton accumulation by parietal cell membrane vesicles. Author(s): Beil W, Staar U, Schunemann P, Sewing KF. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1988 December 1; 37(23): 4487-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2849447
•
Pharmacokinetics of a novel diltiazem HCl extended-release tablet formulation for evening administration. Author(s): Sista S, Lai JC, Eradiri O, Albert KS. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 October; 43(10): 1149-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14517197
•
Pruritus in the elderly: management by senior dermatologists. Author(s): Fleischer AB Jr. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1993 April; 28(4): 603-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8463462
•
Psychotropic drug use in psychiatric inpatients: recent trends and changes over timedata from the AMSP study. Author(s): Grohmann R, Engel RR, Geissler KH, Ruther E.
Alternative Medicine 53
Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2004 March; 37 Suppl 1: S27-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15052512 •
Systematic review of treatments for atopic eczema. Author(s): Hoare C, Li Wan Po A, Williams H. Source: Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England). 2000; 4(37): 1-191. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11134919
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
•
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
•
Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
•
drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
•
HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to doxepin; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Depression Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
54
Doxepin
Hives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •
Herbs and Supplements Antidepressants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fiber Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
55
CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON DOXEPIN Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “doxepin” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on doxepin, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Doxepin By performing a patent search focusing on doxepin, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
5Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
56
Doxepin
will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on doxepin: •
Method and composition for transdermal administration of pharmacologic agents Inventor(s): Murdock; Robert W. (Selah, WA), Williams; C. Donald (Yakima, WA) Assignee(s): Pharmaceutical Applications Associates, LLC (Yakima, WA) Patent Number: 6,290,986 Date filed: June 29, 1998 Abstract: A method and composition for transdermal delivery of pharmaceuticals or combinations of pharmaceuticals is provided. The pharmaceuticals are delivered using a matrix of a lecithin gel such as a lecithin organogel. A number of psychopharmaceuticals can be used including fluoxetine, sertraline, carbamazepine, paroxetine, amitriptyline, trazadone, venlafaxine, propranolol, buproprion, valproic acid, nefazodone, ketoprofen, gabapentin, piroxican, doxepin, guaifenesin, pemoline and doxepin and combinations. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to transdermal administration of pharmacologic agents, and in particular to transdermal administration of drugs including antidepressant serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors (as SSRIs) such as fluoxetine, antidepressants such as buproprion and reboxetine, tricyclic antidepressant medications that have neuropathic pain treatment efficacy such as amitriptyline and doxepin, mood stabilizers such as carbamazepine, or valproic acid, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) medications such as pemoline anti-inflammatory or analgesic medications such as ketoprofen or piroxicam, treatments for impotence such as sildenafil and or anti-convulsants believed to possess neuropathic pain treatment efficacy such as gabapentin, carbamazepine, or combinations thereof such as using a gel matrix, preferably a lecithin organogel and/or a polymer gel. In the past, patients suffering from a wide variety of conditions have been successfully treated by administration of pharmacologic agents. A vast majority of such patients receive doses of these agents orally. Unfortunately, in some situations, oral administration of such agents has been infeasible or ineffective. In some cases, oral administration is associated with side effects, particularly gastrointestinal side effects, sedation, or weight gain which cannot be tolerated well by the patient. In other cases, malabsorption of oral preparation have resulted in subtherapeutic plasma levels. In other cases, the agents have relatively short plasma half-lives, necessitating inconveniently frequent dosing. In general, oral delivery involves a time delay as the pharmaceutical is absorbed via the digestive system before entering the bloodstream. A number of agents which have traditionally been administered orally or by injection have been inappropriate or suboptimal for some patients when so-administered. There are a number of medications which in at least some patients are not tolerated well when orally administered (e.g. which cause undesirable gastrointestinal or other side effects) and/or which provide undesirably high or low concentrations or delayed concentrations in a target tissue. In some cases, dosages which are appropriate for oral administration, upon being distributed more or less uniformly throughout the body, are undesirably low in a particular tissue to achieve desired results. Oral or injection administration may result in to slow or too rapid increase in blood plasma levels, e.g. may involve an undesirably long time delay as the pharmaceutical is absorbed by the digestive system before entering the bloodstream, or may result in a "spike" in blood plasmal levels followed by an undesirably low level, where a more constant level would be preferable. Some
Patents 57
pharmaceuticals are particularly prone to cause or contribute to liver damage when administered orally. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06290986__
Patent Applications on Doxepin As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to doxepin: •
Compositions and method for treating affective, painful or allergic disorders Inventor(s): Bernstein, Joel E.; (Deerfield, IL) Correspondence: Stacy A. Baim; Jones, Day, Reavis & Pogue; 77 West Wacker; Chicago; IL; 60601-1692; US Patent Application Number: 20040097488 Date filed: November 14, 2002 Abstract: Therapeutic compositions of doxepin having a preponderance of the cis doxepin isomer over the trans doxepin isomer provide therapeutic effects for affective, painful, or allergic disorders without the substantial sedative effects commonly experienced with compositions having a preponderance of the trans doxepin isomer. Excerpt(s): Doxepin hydrochloride is a tricyclic compound most frequently used to treat the affective disorders depression and anxiety, but also less commonly employed as a secondary or tertiary treatment modality for a variety of painful (e.g. headache and neuropathic pain) and allergic (e.g. urticaria) disorders. While doxepin is generally recognized as effective for the treatment of such disorders, its use is limited by the systemic side effects associated with its ingestion or topical application. Principal among the systemic side effects accompanying doxepin administration, and most limiting to its usefulness as a drug, is sedation which occurs in from 20% to over 60% of subjects depending upon dosage and route of doxepin administration. According to USP 25, 2002. United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., Rockville, Md. p. 614, doxepin hydrochloride U.S.P. is a geometric isomer mixture "containing not less than 13.6% and not more than 18.1%" of the cis isomer and "not less than 81.4% and not more than 88.2%" of the trans isomer. In an attempt to discover a compound that might have similar effectiveness to doxepin hydrochloride U.S.P. but less associated sedation, the applicant has evaluated the cis isomer, which as mentioned above constitutes less than 18.1% of doxepin hydrochloride. Applicant has discovered that cis doxepin hydrochloride, while purportedly more potent than doxepin hydrochloride U.S.P. in animals, quite surprisingly produces substantially less sedation at therapeutically effective dosages. The invention includes pharmaceutical compositions of cis doxepin suitable for administration to patients with affective disorders, painful disorders, or allergic disorders. In accordance with the invention, formulations are provided that incorporate a preponderance of the cis doxepin isomer over the trans isomer into pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles suitable for use in human patients. Such formulations include those for application to the skin, such as solutions, creams,
6
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
58
Doxepin
ointments, gels, lotions, or pastes. Such formulation also include those for application to mucous membranes, including ophthalmic and nasal solutions and solutions and suspensions, suppositories, and plasticized formulations suitable for oral and vaginal applications. Cis doxepin may also be formulated in sterile solutions or suspensions suitable for intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, or cerebrospinal injection. In each of the foregoing formulations, whether for application to the skin, application to the mucous membranes, or for injection, the cis doxepin isomer may be present in the amount of about 0.01% to about 10% by weight, and preferably about 0.05% to about 5% by weight, and any trans doxepin isomer that may be present is in an amount less than that of the cis doxepin isomer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with doxepin, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “doxepin” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on doxepin. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning doxepin. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
59
APPENDICES
61
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
7
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
62
Doxepin
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
63
NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
8
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
64
Doxepin
•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “doxepin” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 1239 16 973 2 12 2242
HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “doxepin” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
10
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
11
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
Physician Resources
65
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
15 Adapted 16
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
67
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on diseasex can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to diseasex. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to diseasex. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas.
68
Doxepin
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “diseasex” (or synonyms). Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to diseasex. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. NORD (The National Organization of Rare Disorders, Inc.) NORD provides an invaluable service to the public by publishing short yet comprehensive guidelines on over 1,000 diseases. NORD primarily focuses on rare diseases that might not be covered by the previously listed sources. NORD’s Web address is http://www.rarediseases.org/. A complete guide on diseasex can be purchased from NORD for a nominal fee.
Patient Resources
69
Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to diseasex. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with diseasex. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about diseasex. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “diseasex” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received
70
Doxepin
your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “diseasex”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “diseasex” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “diseasex” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
71
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
18
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
72
Doxepin
libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
19
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
73
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
74
Doxepin
•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
75
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
76
Doxepin
•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
77
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on doxepin: •
Basic Guidelines for Doxepin Doxepin overdose Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002638.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Doxepin Agitation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Blurred vision Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003029.htm Breathing slowed and labored Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Coma Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm
78
Doxepin
Convulsions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Drowsiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003208.htm Emesis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Incoordination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003198.htm Irregular heartbeat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003081.htm Low blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003083.htm Muscle rigidity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Restlessness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Stupor Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm Urinary hesitancy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003143.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Doxepin Blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003398.htm Gastric lavage Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003882.htm Pulse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003399.htm
•
Background Topics for Doxepin Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Shock Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000039.htm
Online Glossaries 79
Unconscious Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000022.htm Vital signs Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002341.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
81
DOXEPIN DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adjunctive Therapy: Another treatment used together with the primary treatment. Its purpose is to assist the primary treatment. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Agarose: A polysaccharide complex, free of nitrogen and prepared from agar-agar which is produced by certain seaweeds (red algae). It dissolves in warm water to form a viscid solution. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and
82
Doxepin
stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antaganize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent loxapine that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both. It also blocks dopamine receptors. [NIH]
Dictionary 83
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amputation: Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anesthesia adjuvants. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU]
84
Doxepin
Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidepressive Agents: Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several monoamine oxidase inhibitors are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (antidepressive agents, secondgeneration) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]
Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihistamine: A drug that counteracts the action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU]
Dictionary 85
Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atopic Eczema: Generic term for acute or chronic inflammatory conditions of the skin, typically erythematous, edematous, papular, vesicular, and crusting; often accompanied by sensations of itching and burning. [NIH] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophil: A type of white blood cell. Basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its
86
Doxepin
composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biogenic Amines: A group of naturally occurring amines derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of the natural amino acids. Many have powerful physiological effects (e.g., histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, tyramine). Those derived from aromatic amino acids, and also their synthetic analogs (e.g., amphetamine), are of use in pharmacology. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral
Dictionary 87
capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bupropion: A unicyclic, aminoketone antidepressant. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not well understood, but it does appear to block dopamine uptake. The hydrochloride is available as an aid to smoking cessation treatment. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH]
88
Doxepin
Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects. [NIH] Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawl. [NIH] Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholestyramine: Strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium as Cl(-) anion. It exchanges chloride ions with bile salts, thus decreasing their concentration and that of cholesterol. It is used as a hypocholesteremic in diarrhea and biliary obstruction and as an antipruritic. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P450. [NIH] Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative with histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity and considerable antiemetic properties. [NIH]
Dictionary 89
CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to imipramine that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine. [NIH]
Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU]
90
Doxepin
Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]
Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Convulsants: Substances that act in the brain stem or spinal cord to produce tonic or clonic convulsions, often by removing normal inhibitory tone. They were formerly used to stimulate respiration or as antidotes to barbiturate overdose. They are now most commonly used as experimental tools. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the
Dictionary 91
internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc. [NIH] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Demethylation: Process that releases substantial amounts of carbon dioxide in the liver. [NIH]
92
Doxepin
Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of the calcium ion in membrane functions. It is also teratogenic. [NIH] Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Dothiepin: A tricyclic antidepressant with some tranquilizing action. [NIH]
Dictionary 93
Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dumping Syndrome: Gastrointestinal nonfunctioning pylorus. [NIH]
symptoms
resulting
from
an
absent
or
Duodenal Ulcer: An ulcer in the lining of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH]
Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dystrophic: Pertaining to toxic habitats low in nutrients. [NIH] Dysuria: Painful or difficult urination. [EU] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers:
94
Doxepin
1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermolysis Bullosa: Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It is effective in the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, anxiety, panic disorders, and alcohol amnestic disorders. [NIH] Foetal: Of or pertaining to a fetus; pertaining to in utero development after the embryonic period. [EU] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH]
Dictionary 95
Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrectomy: An operation to remove all or part of the stomach. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glossitis: Inflammation of the tongue. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glucuronides: Glycosides of glucuronic acid formed by the reaction of uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. Their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and bilirubin metabolism to a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the urine and bile. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Hallucinogens: Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations, and other alterations of mood and thinking. Despite the name, the feature that distinguishes these agents from other classes of drugs is their capacity to induce states of altered perception, thought, and feeling that are not experienced otherwise. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage;
96
Doxepin
craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemoperfusion: Removal of toxins or metabolites from the circulation by the passing of blood, within a suitable extracorporeal circuit, over semipermeable microcapsules containing adsorbents (e.g., activated charcoal) or enzymes, other enzyme preparations (e.g., gel-entrapped microsomes, membrane-free enzymes bound to artificial carriers), or other adsorbents (e.g., various resins, albumin-conjugated agarose). [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histamine Release: The secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. Once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH]
Dictionary 97
Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite cetirizine, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]
Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease.
98
Doxepin
[EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoprofen: An ibuprofen-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large
Dictionary 99
intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lichenification: Hypertrophy of the epidermis, resulting in thickening of the skin with exaggeration of the normal skin markings, giving the skin a leathery barklike appearance, which is caused by prolonged rubbing or scratching. It may arise on seemingly normal skin, or it may develop at the site of another pruritic cutaneous disorder. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lorazepam: An anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent. [NIH] Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in schizophrenia. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental
100
Doxepin
stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A (RIMA) that has antidepressive properties. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike physostigmine, does not cross the blood-brain barrier. [NIH]
Dictionary 101
Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nortriptyline: A metabolite of amitryptyline that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU]
102
Doxepin
Ophthalmoplegia: Paralysis of one or more of the ocular muscles due to disorders of the eye muscles, neuromuscular junction, supporting soft tissue, tendons, or innervation to the muscles. [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overdosage: 1. The administration of an excessive dose. 2. The condition resulting from an excessive dose. [EU] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that
Dictionary 103
last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. [NIH]
Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of chlorpromazine. [NIH] Phantom: Used to absorb and/or scatter radiation equivalently to a patient, and hence to estimate radiation doses and test imaging systems without actually exposing a patient. It may be an anthropomorphic or a physical test object. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacist: A person trained to prepare and distribute medicines and to give information about them. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an antiarrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear,
104
Doxepin
although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Piroxicam: 4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1dioxide. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that is well established in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Its usefulness has also been demonstrated in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long half-life enables it to be administered once daily. The drug has also been shown to be effective if administered rectally. Gastrointestinal complaints are the most frequently reported side effects. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH]
Dictionary 105
Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring
106
Doxepin
secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Psychotropic Drugs: A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents). [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Quality of Health Care: The levels of excellence which characterize the health service or health care provided based on accepted standards of quality. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH]
Dictionary 107
Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retreatment: The therapy of the same disease in a patient, with the same agent or procedure repeated after initial treatment, or with an additional or alternate measure or follow-up. It does not include therapy which requires more than one administration of a therapeutic agent or regimen. Retreatment is often used with reference to a different modality when the original one was inadequate, harmful, or unsuccessful. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribavirin: 1-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Scopolamine: An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. [NIH]
108
Doxepin
Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. [NIH]
Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin test: A test for an immune response to a compound by placing it on or under the skin. [NIH]
Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smoking Cessation: Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for sodium ions. Fast sodium current is associated with the action potential in neural membranes. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a
Dictionary 109
subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]
Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stump: The end of the limb after amputation. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic
110
Doxepin
postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU]
Dictionary 111
Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Tranquilizing Agents: A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought, or behavior. Included here are the anti-anxiety agents (minor tranquilizers), antimanic agents, and the antipsychotic agents (major tranquilizers). These drugs act by different mechanisms and are used for different therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trifluoperazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to chlorpromazine. It is used as an antipsychotic and an antiemetic. [NIH] Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to imipramine, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in curare; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety. [NIH]
112
Doxepin
Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GABA levels in the brain or by altering the properties of voltage dependent sodium channels. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venlafaxine: An antidepressant drug that is being evaluated for the treatment of hot flashes in women who have breast cancer. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH]
Dictionary 113
Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU]
115
INDEX A Abdomen, 81, 86, 87, 94, 99, 109 Abdominal, 81, 98, 102, 103 Abdominal Pain, 81, 98 Acetylcholine, 18, 81, 88, 101 Acute renal, 4, 81, 96 Adaptation, 30, 81, 88 Adjunctive Therapy, 19, 81 Adjustment, 81 Adjuvant, 19, 81 Adrenal Cortex, 81, 91 Adrenal Medulla, 81, 94, 101 Adrenergic, 81, 82, 83, 84, 92, 94, 105, 109, 111 Adverse Effect, 41, 81, 104, 108 Aerosol, 81, 109 Agarose, 81, 96 Agonist, 81, 92, 101 Agoraphobia, 82, 97, 103 Albumin, 82, 96 Algorithms, 82, 86 Alimentary, 82, 98, 103 Alkaline, 82, 87 Alkaloid, 82, 85, 87, 100, 101, 107, 111 Allergen, 23, 82 Alpha-1, 82 Alternative medicine, 82 Amine, 82, 96 Amino Acids, 82, 86, 106 Amitriptyline, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 25, 27, 32, 33, 39, 40, 41, 45, 56, 82 Amnestic, 82, 94 Amoxapine, 34, 82 Amphetamine, 20, 30, 83, 86, 92 Ampulla, 83, 93 Amputation, 36, 83, 109 Anaesthesia, 83 Anaesthetic, 32, 83 Analgesic, 34, 56, 83, 97, 98, 100, 102 Androgens, 81, 83, 91 Anemia, 4, 83 Angina, 83, 105 Angina Pectoris, 83, 105 Antagonism, 83, 92 Antiallergic, 83, 91 Anti-Anxiety Agents, 83, 105, 106, 111 Antibiotic, 83, 105 Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 83, 105
Antibody, 83, 84, 89, 97, 99 Anticholinergic, 10, 11, 82, 83, 88, 104 Anticonvulsant, 83, 87, 88, 99, 103, 112 Antidepressant, 5, 9, 11, 13, 15, 35, 38, 42, 43, 52, 56, 82, 84, 87, 89, 92, 94, 97, 99, 111, 112 Antidepressive Agents, 84, 106 Antiemetic, 84, 88, 92, 97, 111 Antigen, 83, 84, 89, 96, 97, 99, 100 Antihistamine, 19, 84 Anti-inflammatory, 56, 84, 91, 95, 97, 98, 104 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 84, 91 Antimetabolite, 84, 107 Antineoplastic, 84, 91 Antipruritic, 23, 41, 84, 88, 91 Antipsychotic, 82, 84, 88, 99, 103, 111 Antipyretic, 84, 98 Antispasmodic, 84, 102, 107 Antitussive, 84, 92, 102 Antiviral, 85, 98, 107 Anxiety, 5, 6, 7, 12, 15, 18, 20, 29, 33, 34, 37, 43, 44, 57, 83, 85, 94, 97, 99, 101, 102, 105 Anxiolytic, 5, 15, 24, 42, 85, 88 Arachidonic Acid, 85, 105 Arteries, 85, 86, 100 Astrocytes, 85, 99, 100 Asymptomatic, 45, 85 Atopic, 18, 35, 38, 41, 53, 85 Atopic Eczema, 18, 53, 85 Atropine, 85, 107 Atypical, 85, 101 Autopsy, 16, 85 B Back Pain, 11, 85 Bacterial Physiology, 81, 85 Bacterium, 85, 90, 96 Barbiturate, 85, 90 Base, 85, 98 Basophil, 85, 96 Benign, 85, 95 Benzodiazepines, 31, 85 Bile, 31, 85, 86, 88, 94, 95, 99, 109 Bile Acids, 86, 109 Bile Acids and Salts, 86 Biliary, 86, 88 Bilirubin, 82, 86, 95
116
Doxepin
Bioavailability, 8, 11, 27, 86 Biochemical, 12, 52, 84, 86, 102, 108 Biogenic Amines, 26, 86 Biological response modifier, 86, 98 Biotechnology, 3, 63, 86 Biotransformation, 15, 86 Bladder, 86, 91, 97, 111, 112 Bloating, 86, 98 Blood Coagulation, 86, 87 Blood Platelets, 28, 86, 108, 110 Blood pressure, 29, 78, 86, 95, 97, 108 Blood vessel, 86, 87, 96, 108, 112 Blood-Brain Barrier, 86, 100, 104 Bowel, 87, 92, 109 Bowel Movement, 87, 92, 109 Brain Stem, 87, 90 Bronchial, 87, 96 Bronchitis, 87, 88 Buccal, 87, 109 Bupropion, 17, 48, 87 C Calcium, 31, 87, 88, 89, 92 Capsaicin, 43, 87 Capsules, 87, 92 Carbamazepine, 16, 38, 56, 87 Carbohydrate, 87, 91, 95 Carbon Dioxide, 87, 91, 107 Cardiac, 6, 12, 14, 27, 87, 94, 109 Cardioselective, 87, 105 Cardiotoxicity, 5, 87 Cardiovascular, 5, 12, 38, 52, 83, 87, 108 Case report, 4, 15, 43, 45, 87, 89 Case series, 87, 89 Caudal, 88, 97, 104 Cell, 52, 82, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 96, 98, 99, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111 Cell membrane, 52, 88, 94, 108 Central Nervous System, 81, 83, 88, 92, 94, 95, 96, 100, 103, 104, 107, 108 Central Nervous System Infections, 88, 96 Cerebrospinal, 19, 58, 88 Cerebrospinal fluid, 19, 88 Cetirizine, 88, 97 Chlordiazepoxide, 4, 6, 7, 13, 17, 26, 37, 88 Chlorpromazine, 88, 103, 111 Cholesterol, 23, 86, 88, 109 Cholestyramine, 27, 88 Cholinergic, 82, 84, 88, 101 Chronic, 11, 17, 19, 20, 21, 25, 26, 29, 31, 33, 34, 39, 43, 45, 51, 85, 88, 97, 109
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 25, 88 Cimetidine, 12, 18, 22, 25, 27, 42, 88 Cinnarizine, 14, 88 CIS, 36, 37, 40, 57, 89 Clinical study, 17, 19, 21, 32, 45, 89 Clinical trial, 3, 36, 63, 89, 90, 93, 106 Clomipramine, 5, 13, 89 Clonic, 89, 90 Cloning, 86, 89 Cochlear, 89, 110, 112 Cochlear Diseases, 89, 110 Colitis, 89, 98 Colloidal, 82, 89, 109 Colon, 89, 98, 99 Complement, 89, 90 Complementary and alternative medicine, 51, 54, 90 Complementary medicine, 51, 90 Computational Biology, 63, 90 Concomitant, 11, 90 Conjugated, 86, 90, 91, 96 Conjugation, 86, 90 Conjunctiva, 90, 104 Consciousness, 83, 90, 106 Constipation, 84, 90, 98 Contact dermatitis, 9, 10, 39, 41, 90 Contraindications, ii, 90 Controlled study, 7, 8, 15, 18, 43, 44, 90 Convulsants, 56, 90 Convulsions, 78, 83, 85, 90 Cortex, 90, 91 Cortical, 40, 91, 108 Corticosteroid, 41, 91 Cortisol, 43, 82, 91 Cranial, 91, 95, 98, 112 Craniocerebral Trauma, 91, 96, 110 Cutaneous, 18, 21, 51, 90, 91, 99 Cyclic, 91, 105 Cyproheptadine, 14, 91 Cystitis, 30, 91 Cytochrome, 38, 88, 91 Cytoplasm, 88, 91 D Decarboxylation, 86, 91, 96 Degenerative, 91, 96, 102 Demethylation, 31, 42, 91 Depressive Disorder, 7, 13, 17, 30, 92, 99 Dermatitis, 9, 10, 14, 35, 38, 41, 92, 93, 97 Dermis, 92, 111 Detoxification, 35, 92, 95 Dextroamphetamine, 83, 92
117
Diagnostic procedure, 55, 92 Dialyzer, 92, 96 Diarrhea, 88, 92, 98 Digestion, 82, 86, 87, 92, 99, 109 Digestive system, 56, 92 Diltiazem, 52, 92 Diphenhydramine, 17, 92 Direct, iii, 92, 97, 107 Dopamine, 82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 92, 100, 101 Dosage Forms, 15, 92 Dothiepin, 5, 16, 92 Double-blind, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 34, 36, 43, 44, 93 Drug Tolerance, 93, 110 Duct, 83, 93, 107 Dumping Syndrome, 91, 93 Duodenal Ulcer, 18, 21, 22, 25, 28, 93 Duodenum, 85, 93, 109 Dysmenorrhea, 93, 104 Dysphoric, 92, 93 Dystrophic, 9, 93, 94 Dysuria, 43, 93 E Eczema, 44, 93 Edema, 90, 93, 98 Effector, 81, 89, 93 Efficacy, 6, 8, 25, 29, 30, 56, 93 Electrolyte, 91, 93, 100, 108 Emollient, 93, 101 Emphysema, 88, 93 Endogenous, 34, 92, 93, 95 Endoscope, 93 Endoscopic, 18, 22, 93 Endoscopy, 25, 93 Environmental Health, 62, 64, 93 Enzymatic, 86, 87, 89, 93, 96 Enzyme, 93, 96, 100, 103, 113 Epidermis, 92, 93, 99 Epidermolysis Bullosa, 9, 94 Epigastric, 19, 94, 102 Epinephrine, 81, 86, 92, 94, 101 Erythema, 90, 94, 112 Erythrocytes, 83, 94, 107 Esophagus, 92, 94, 109 Exocytosis, 94, 96 Exogenous, 86, 93, 94, 95 Extracorporeal, 94, 96 F Family Planning, 63, 94 Fat, 85, 86, 91, 94, 95 Fatigue, 94, 103 Fatty acids, 82, 94, 105
Fetus, 94 Flatus, 94, 95 Fluoxetine, 7, 17, 29, 30, 56, 94 Fluvoxamine, 7, 41, 94 Foetal, 12, 94 Forearm, 86, 94 G Gallbladder, 81, 86, 92, 94 Ganglia, 81, 84, 94, 101 Gas, 16, 30, 39, 40, 87, 94, 95, 98, 101, 109 Gastrectomy, 91, 95 Gastric, 28, 78, 88, 92, 95, 96, 103, 106 Gastric Acid, 28, 88, 95 Gastrin, 88, 95, 97 Gastrointestinal, 12, 56, 89, 93, 94, 95, 104, 106, 108, 109 Gastrointestinal tract, 89, 95, 108 Gels, 58, 95 Gene, 86, 95 Geriatric, 6, 17, 34, 36, 42, 43, 44, 95 Gland, 81, 95, 97, 102, 104, 108 Glossitis, 27, 95 Glucocorticoids, 81, 91, 95 Glucuronic Acid, 95, 112 Glucuronides, 31, 95 Governing Board, 95, 105 Gravis, 95, 100 H Half-Life, 95, 104 Hallucinogens, 95, 106 Headache, 21, 57, 95, 96 Headache Disorders, 96 Heartbeat, 78, 96 Hemodialysis, 31, 52, 92, 96 Hemoglobin, 83, 94, 96 Hemolytic, 4, 96 Hemoperfusion, 52, 96 Hemorrhage, 91, 95, 96 Hemostasis, 96, 108 Hepatitis, 27, 45, 96 Hepatocytes, 96 Histamine, 13, 23, 35, 39, 42, 84, 86, 88, 91, 92, 96, 97, 106 Histamine Release, 39, 96 Histidine, 96 Hormonal, 25, 91, 97 Hormone, 91, 94, 95, 97, 107 Hydrogenation, 85, 97 Hydrolysis, 86, 97 Hydroxyzine, 14, 18, 97 Hypersensitivity, 82, 92, 97, 107 Hypertension, 97, 98, 105
118
Doxepin
Hyperthyroidism, 97, 105 Hypnotic, 85, 92, 97, 99 Hypotension, 36, 84, 90, 97 Hypothalamus, 37, 97, 104, 110 I Ibuprofen, 97, 98 Idiopathic, 14, 29, 97 Imidazole, 96, 97, 106 Imipramine, 16, 17, 19, 26, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 89, 97, 111 Immune response, 81, 84, 91, 97, 108, 109 Immunology, 29, 35, 81, 97 Impotence, 56, 97 In vitro, 12, 15, 28, 40, 97 In vivo, 35, 40, 97 Incontinence, 32, 97, 107 Infection, 45, 86, 97, 99, 107, 109, 112 Inflammation, 82, 84, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 96, 98, 104, 109, 112 Ingestion, 57, 98, 104 Inhalation, 81, 98, 104 Innervation, 98, 102 Inpatients, 23, 33, 52, 98 Insomnia, 22, 34, 43, 98 Interferon, 45, 98 Interferon-alpha, 98 Interstitial, 30, 98 Intestinal, 7, 98, 99 Intestines, 81, 95, 98 Intoxication, 8, 52, 98, 113 Intracellular, 97, 98, 105, 106 Intracranial Hypertension, 96, 98, 110 Intramuscular, 58, 98, 103 Intravenous, 34, 58, 98, 103 Ions, 85, 88, 93, 98, 100, 108 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 4, 10, 98 K Kb, 62, 98 Ketoprofen, 56, 98 Kinetics, 23, 33, 40, 98 L Large Intestine, 92, 98, 107, 108 Lesion, 99, 111 Lichenification, 4, 99 Lithium, 33, 84, 99 Liver, 57, 81, 82, 85, 86, 89, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 99 Localized, 13, 97, 99, 104, 111, 112 Lorazepam, 5, 99 Loxapine, 16, 82, 99 Lumbar, 85, 99 Lymphatic, 97, 99
M Malabsorption, 56, 99 Mania, 20, 26, 99 Manic, 84, 99 Maprotiline, 9, 14, 33, 43, 99 Mediate, 92, 99, 106 Mediator, 99, 108 MEDLINE, 63, 99 Membrane, 85, 88, 89, 90, 92, 94, 96, 99, 100, 104 Menopause, 99, 104, 105 Mental, iv, 3, 13, 45, 62, 64, 94, 99, 106, 107 Metabolite, 15, 42, 86, 89, 97, 99, 101 Microbe, 99, 111 Microbiology, 81, 85, 99 Microglia, 85, 99, 100 Mineralocorticoids, 81, 91, 100 Moclobemide, 6, 7, 100 Molecular, 63, 65, 86, 90, 100, 106, 111 Molecular Structure, 100, 111 Monoamine, 32, 83, 84, 92, 100, 111 Morphine, 100, 102 Motility, 100, 108 Motion Sickness, 100, 107 Mucosa, 100, 109 Muscle relaxant, 83, 100, 103 Myasthenia, 100 Mydriatic, 100, 107 Myocardial infarction, 100, 105 N Narcosis, 100 Narcotic, 36, 100 Nausea, 84, 92, 100, 103 NCI, 1, 61, 89, 100 Neostigmine, 24, 100 Nervous System, 83, 88, 99, 101, 105, 109, 110, 111 Neuromuscular, 81, 101, 102, 111 Neuromuscular Junction, 81, 101, 102 Neurons, 94, 100, 101, 110, 112 Neurosis, 5, 13, 22, 43, 45, 101 Neurotransmitter, 81, 92, 96, 101, 109, 110, 111 Niacin, 101, 111 Nicotine, 22, 101 Nitrogen, 16, 81, 82, 83, 101, 111 Norepinephrine, 28, 81, 82, 92, 101 Nortriptyline, 39, 101 Nucleic acid, 101, 107 O Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 94, 101 Ocular, 101, 102
119
Ointments, 58, 92, 101 Ophthalmic, 58, 101 Ophthalmoplegia, 11, 102 Opiate, 6, 100, 102 Opium, 100, 102 Optic Chiasm, 97, 102 Orthostatic, 34, 36, 84, 102 Osteoarthritis, 98, 102, 104 Osteoporosis, 31, 102 Outpatient, 33, 35, 102 Overdosage, 44, 102 Overdose, 11, 24, 77, 90, 102 Oxidation, 86, 91, 102 Oxidation-Reduction, 86, 102 P Palate, 102, 109 Pancreas, 81, 92, 102 Panic, 94, 97, 102 Panic Disorder, 94, 97, 102 Parenteral, 15, 103 Parietal, 52, 103 Parietal Lobe, 103 Paroxetine, 41, 44, 56, 103 Patch, 9, 103, 111 Pemoline, 56, 103 Pepsin, 88, 103 Pepsin A, 88, 103 Perception, 29, 95, 103, 107 Perioperative, 32, 103 Perphenazine, 4, 10, 18, 32, 103 Phantom, 36, 103 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 92, 103 Pharmacist, 31, 103 Pharmacokinetic, 24, 35, 103 Pharmacologic, 35, 56, 95, 103, 111 Phenytoin, 87, 103 Phosphorus, 87, 104 Physiologic, 82, 95, 104, 105, 106 Physostigmine, 24, 100, 104 Pilot study, 20, 104 Piroxicam, 30, 35, 36, 56, 104 Pituitary Gland, 91, 104 Plant Oils, 101, 104 Plants, 82, 85, 87, 101, 104, 111 Plasma, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19, 20, 24, 31, 36, 38, 39, 40, 43, 56, 82, 88, 96, 100, 104 Pneumonia, 90, 104 Poisoning, 24, 98, 100, 104 Polymorphic, 42, 104 Posterior, 85, 102, 104 Postmenopausal, 102, 104 Postoperative, 104
Postprandial, 25, 104 Potentiating, 39, 82, 104 Practice Guidelines, 64, 105 Precursor, 85, 92, 93, 101, 105, 111 Premedication, 25, 105, 107 Presynaptic, 101, 105, 110 Presynaptic Terminals, 105 Prevalence, 42, 105 Projection, 101, 105 Prone, 57, 105 Propranolol, 56, 105 Prostaglandin, 42, 105 Prostaglandins A, 105 Protein S, 86, 106 Proteins, 82, 84, 88, 89, 101, 103, 104, 106, 108 Pruritic, 35, 93, 99, 106 Pruritus, 21, 23, 38, 52, 92, 97, 106 Psychiatric, 15, 52, 106 Psychic, 99, 101, 106, 108 Psychoactive, 106, 113 Psychopathology, 30, 37, 106 Psychotomimetic, 83, 92, 106 Psychotropic, 4, 15, 37, 44, 52, 106 Psychotropic Drugs, 15, 106 Public Policy, 63, 106 Pulmonary, 86, 106, 112 Pulmonary Artery, 86, 106, 112 Q Quality of Health Care, 106, 111 Quaternary, 42, 106, 107 R Radiation, 83, 103, 106 Randomized, 22, 43, 93, 106 Ranitidine, 42, 106 Receptor, 81, 84, 88, 92, 97, 106, 108 Receptors, Serotonin, 106, 108 Rectum, 87, 89, 92, 94, 95, 97, 98, 107 Red blood cells, 94, 96, 107 Refer, 1, 87, 89, 107, 111 Regimen, 41, 93, 107 Respiration, 87, 90, 107 Retreatment, 36, 107 Rheumatoid, 98, 104, 107 Rheumatoid arthritis, 98, 104, 107 Ribavirin, 45, 107 Rigidity, 78, 104, 107 Risk factor, 31, 107 S Saliva, 107 Salivary, 28, 92, 107 Salivary glands, 92, 107
120
Doxepin
Scatter, 103, 107 Schizoid, 107, 113 Schizophrenia, 99, 107, 113 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 107, 113 Scopolamine, 30, 107 Screening, 89, 108 Secretion, 11, 28, 34, 43, 88, 91, 95, 96, 100, 106, 108 Sedative, 39, 42, 57, 82, 85, 88, 92, 97, 99, 108, 111 Seizures, 87, 103, 108 Senile, 102, 108 Serotonin, 28, 56, 82, 84, 86, 89, 91, 94, 101, 103, 106, 108, 111 Sertraline, 56, 108 Serum, 10, 23, 33, 39, 82, 89, 100, 108 Side effect, 56, 57, 81, 84, 88, 99, 104, 108, 111 Skeleton, 105, 108 Skin test, 29, 108 Small intestine, 93, 97, 98, 108 Smoking Cessation, 20, 21, 29, 87, 108 Smooth muscle, 96, 100, 108, 109 Sodium, 100, 108, 112 Sodium Channels, 108, 112 Spastic, 98, 108 Species, 87, 94, 108, 113 Spinal cord, 85, 87, 88, 90, 101, 109 Sterile, 58, 109 Steroid, 86, 91, 95, 109 Stimulant, 83, 91, 92, 96, 103, 109 Stomach, 81, 92, 94, 95, 97, 98, 100, 103, 108, 109 Stomatitis, 9, 109 Stool, 89, 97, 98, 109 Stress, 91, 98, 100, 107, 109, 112 Stump, 36, 109 Stupor, 78, 100, 109 Subacute, 97, 109 Subarachnoid, 95, 109 Subclinical, 97, 108, 109 Subcutaneous, 58, 93, 103, 109 Substance P, 99, 108, 109 Suction, 13, 109 Suppression, 91, 109 Suspensions, 58, 109 Sympathomimetic, 83, 92, 94, 101, 109, 111 Symptomatic, 25, 83, 88, 110 Symptomatic treatment, 83, 88, 110 Synaptic, 101, 110 Synaptic Transmission, 101, 110 Systemic, 41, 57, 86, 94, 97, 98, 109, 110
T Tachycardia, 27, 110 Teratogenic, 92, 110 Third Ventricle, 97, 110 Thoracic, 85, 110 Thrombocytopenia, 4, 43, 110 Tinnitus, 19, 110, 112 Tissue, 56, 84, 85, 86, 87, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104, 107, 108, 109, 110 Tolerance, 30, 110 Tone, 90, 110 Tonic, 90, 110 Tooth Preparation, 81, 111 Topical, 10, 25, 29, 34, 38, 41, 42, 43, 57, 111 Toxic, iv, 16, 44, 85, 90, 93, 101, 111 Toxicity, 24, 25, 87, 104, 111 Toxicology, 8, 15, 64, 111 Toxin, 110, 111 Tranquilizing Agents, 106, 111 Transdermal, 56, 111 Transfection, 86, 111 Transmitter, 81, 85, 92, 99, 101, 111 Treatment Failure, 51, 111 Tricyclic, 11, 32, 33, 38, 43, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 82, 84, 89, 92, 97, 99, 111 Trifluoperazine, 5, 111 Trimipramine, 5, 6, 14, 111 Tryptophan, 37, 108, 111 Tubocurarine, 100, 111 Tyramine, 86, 111 U Ulcer, 11, 93, 111 Urethra, 111, 112 Uridine Diphosphate, 95, 111, 112 Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid, 95, 112 Urinary, 42, 45, 78, 91, 97, 107, 112 Urine, 20, 30, 31, 38, 40, 86, 95, 97, 111, 112 Urticaria, 13, 14, 17, 21, 29, 33, 39, 51, 57, 88, 97, 112 V Vaccine, 81, 112 Vagina, 112 Vaginal, 58, 112 Valproic Acid, 56, 112 Vascular, 21, 92, 96, 97, 112 Vasculitis, 45, 112 Vasodilator, 92, 96, 112 Vein, 98, 112 Venlafaxine, 56, 112 Ventricle, 106, 110, 112
121
Ventricular, 12, 45, 112 Vesicular, 85, 112 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 110, 112 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 110, 112 Veterinary Medicine, 63, 112
Virulence, 111, 113 Viruses, 85, 99, 107, 112, 113 Vitro, 113 Vivo, 113 W Withdrawal, 6, 15, 22, 26, 29, 113
122
Doxepin
123
124
Doxepin
