DRINKING WATER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Drinking Water: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83655-8 1. Drinking Water-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on drinking water. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DRINKING WATER .................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Drinking Water............................................................................. 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 61 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 64 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DRINKING WATER ........................................................................ 151 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 151 Finding Nutrition Studies on Drinking Water ......................................................................... 151 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 157 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 157 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DRINKING WATER .................................................. 159 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 159 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 159 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 162 General References ..................................................................................................................... 164 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON DRINKING WATER .................................................................... 165 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 165 Dissertations on Drinking Water .............................................................................................. 165 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 169 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON DRINKING WATER............................................................................... 171 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 171 Patents on Drinking Water........................................................................................................ 171 Patent Applications on Drinking Water.................................................................................... 209 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 246 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON DRINKING WATER .................................................................................. 247 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 247 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 247 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 248 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 271 Chapters on Drinking Water ..................................................................................................... 273 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON DRINKING WATER ....................................................................... 275 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 275 Bibliography: Multimedia on Drinking Water .......................................................................... 275 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON DRINKING WATER .................................................... 277 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 277 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 277 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 279 Academic Periodicals covering Drinking Water........................................................................ 280 CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 281 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 281 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 281 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 282 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 287 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 287 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 287 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 289 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 294 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 295 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 295
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Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 295 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 303 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 305 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 305 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 305 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 305 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 305 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 311 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 311 DRINKING WATER DICTIONARY ......................................................................................... 313 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 395
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with drinking water is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about drinking water, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to drinking water, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on drinking water. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to drinking water, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on drinking water. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DRINKING WATER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on drinking water.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and drinking water, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “drinking water” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Geographical Relation Between Alzheimer's Disease and Aluminium in Drinking Water Source: Lancet. 1(8629): 59-62. January 14, 1989. Summary: The study reported in this journal article examined the geographical relation between Alzheimer's disease and aluminum in drinking water in Great Britain. In a survey of 88 county districts in England and Wales, rates of Alzheimer's disease in people under the age of 70 years were estimated from the records of the computerized tomographic scanning units that served these districts. Rates were adjusted to compensate for differences in distance from the nearest scanning unit and for differences in the size of the population served by the units. Aluminum concentrations in water over the past 10 years were obtained from water authorities and water companies. The risk of Alzheimer's disease was 1.5 times higher in districts where the
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Drinking Water
mean aluminum concentration exceeded 0.11 mg/l than in districts where concentrations were less than 0.01 mg/l. There was no evidence of a relation between other causes of dementia, or epilepsy, and aluminum concentrations in water. 13 references. (AA-M). •
Making Sure Your Drinking Water is Safe Source: Digestive Health and Nutrition. 4(3): 14-17. May-June 2002. Contact: Available from American Gastroenterological Association. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, 7th Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (877) DHN-4YOU or (301) 654-2055, ext. 650. Email:
[email protected]. Summary: The United States water supply is arguably the safest in the world, but spot contaminations occur from time to time and cause gastrointestinal illness. This article describes the causes of and solutions to these occasional incidents and helps readers find out how to ensure the safety of their own water supply. Topics include the presence of minerals and trace elements in groundwater, water treatment methods, microbial agents that are resistant to existing treatment methods, problems with the parasites Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia, the bacterium Escherichia coli, Brainerd diarrhea, the possibility of Helicobacter pylori being transmitted through water, special precautions for people with compromised immune systems, home treatment systems, gastrointestinal symptoms that should trigger a visit to a health care provider, and information for people who get their water from a private well. The article concludes with a list of five websites and the telephone number of the Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-4791) for readers wanting to obtain additional information on water safety.
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Dental Caries Among 10-to-14-year-old children in Ugandan Rural Areas with 0.5 and 2.5 mg fluoride per Liter in Drinking Water Source: Clinical Oral Investigations. 5(1): 45-50. March 2001. Contact: Available from Springer-Verlag, New York Inc. Journal Fulfillment Services Department, P.O. Box 2485, Secaucus, NJ 07096-2485. Fax (202) 348-4505. Summary: This article reports on a study that reported on dental caries among Ugandan children residing in rural areas with either a low or high fluoride concentration in the drinking water, and to assess factors associated with caries. A random sample of 481 children aged 10 to 14 years was selected from Mpondwe (n = 81) and Kyabayenze (n = 82) in the Kasese district with 0.5 milligrams and from the Mutolere and Kagera (n = 163) and Kabindi (n = 155) in Kisoro with 2.5 milligrams of fluoride per liter in the drinking water. The children were examined for caries (cavities) using the DMFT (decayed, missing, filled teeth) index, as described by the World Health Organization in 1987. The mean DMFT was 0.34 in the in the whole material. In one low fluoride area, Kyabayenze, all children were caries-free compared to 75 to 86 percent in the other areas. In Kyabayenze, tea with sugar was taken significantly less frequently than in the other low-fluoride area. In the high-fluoride district, age and consumption of tea with sugar were positively and significantly correlated with caries. Multivariate analyses showed age to be the only significant risk indicator. 3 tables. 34 references.
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Acidic Drinking Water and Risk of Childhood-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Source: Diabetes Care. 25(9): 1534-1538. September 2002. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org.
Studies
5
Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to estimate the associations of acidity and concentration of selected minerals in household tap water with the risk of type 1 diabetes. The authors designed a population-based case control study with 64 cases of type 1 diabetes and 250 randomly selected control subjects. Acidity, color, and mineral content were measured in tap water from each participant's household. Tap water pH 6.2 to 6.9 was associated with a fourfold higher risk of type 1 diabetes compared with pH greater than 7.7. This result was similar after exclusion of individuals with the highly protective HLS-DQB1*0602 allele, but adjustment for maternal education, urban or rural residence, sex, and age tended to strengthen the estimated association. Higher tap water concentration of zinc was associated with lower risk of type 1 diabetes after adjustment for pH and other possible confounders, but the overall association was strictly not significant. The results suggest the possibility that quality of drinking water influences the risk of type 1 diabetes. The possible mechanisms by which water acidity or mineral content may be involved in the etiology of type 1 diabetes remains unknown, but the mechanisms are most likely indirect and may involve an influence on survival of microorganisms in the water. 3 tables. 26 references. •
Relation Between Aluminum Concentrations in Drinking Water and Alzheimer's Disease: An 8-Year Follow-Up Study Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 152(1): 59-66. 2000. Summary: This journal article describes a study that examined the effect of aluminum and silica in drinking water on the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia. Researchers analyzed data from a cohort of 3,777 people over age 64 years who lived at home in rural or urban parishes in France. Study participants were screened at baseline, and 102 people with dementia were excluded. At followup, researchers identified 253 cases of dementia, with 17 cases exposed to high aluminum levels, including 182 cases of AD with 13 cases of high aluminum levels. The relative adjusted risk of dementia was 1.99 for people exposed to an aluminum concentration of more than 0.1 mg/liter. Though this result was confirmed for AD, no dose-response relation was found. The adjusted adapted relative risk of dementia for people exposed to silica was 0.74. The researchers concluded that high concentrations of aluminum in drinking water may be a risk factor for AD. 8 tables, 36 references.
Federally Funded Research on Drinking Water The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to drinking water. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to drinking water. 2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Drinking Water
For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore drinking water. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for drinking water: •
Project Title: A NEW POINT-OF-USE DISINFECTION METHOD Principal Investigator & Institution: Hitchens, G Duncan.; Lynntech, Inc. College Station, Tx 77840 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1997; Project End 31-MAY-2002 Summary: Outbreaks of infectious diseases caused by waterborne microbes are a major public health concern. Infectious agents can be transmitted from many sources, including drinking water and recreational water and can occur even in highly purified water sources if not properly maintained. A potential means to combat the transmission of disease from water is through the widespread implementation of point-of-use disinfection systems. However, many existing disinfection methods are not viable as point-of-use treatments because of cost and process limitations. The aim of the work described in this proposal is to develop a small scale point-of- use ozone generator. Ozone is attractive because it is a potent biocide that produces relatively few harmful reaction by products; however, ozone is difficult and expensive to generate on a small scale. The Phase I study demonstrated the feasibility of a small scale seif-contained ozone generator that can be mass produced at low cost. The new method has the potential to provide an important water treatment capability to small or economically depressed communities, rural communities, high density neighborhoods and underdeveloped regions of the world. Hospitals requiring contaminant-free drinking water and ultra pure cleaning water could also benefit from this type of treatment. The Phase II will focus on: (l) optimization of the ozone generator's design; and, (2) optimization of the device's water disinfection arid operational capabilities. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: There is a considerable need for disinfection technology to complement existing point-of -use water purification methods. The market opportunity is substantial, given the large number of point-of-use devices used in health care facilities, restaurants, food service establishments, hotels and in the home. This market is estimated to be worth over $1.5 billion annually in the U.S. ($3 billion for the rest of the world). In support of the commercialization activities and long term commercialization goals, two patents on electrochemical ozone generation have issued to Lynntech, Inc. A third will issue in approximately 3 months. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: A NOVEL TECHNOLOGY FOR MTBE REMOVAL FROM DRINKING WATER Principal Investigator & Institution: Tennakoon, Charles L.; Lynntech, Inc. College Station, Tx 77840 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (Applicant?s abstract): Some 18 billion pounds of MTBE was produced in 1995, making it the second most widely produced organic chemical in the United States. Despite its advantages in reducing air pollution, it has now been found that both ground water surface water sources are being contaminated with MTBE. The most serious contamination to date occurred in ground ware supplies in California, where 20 production wells are closed due to high MTBE contamination. USEPA currently classifies MTBE as a possible carcinogen in its largest directive this year and has decided
Studies
7
to phase out the use of MTBE in gasoline. In the coming years, this nation faces a formidable task of ensuring that our drinking water supplies are free of MTBE. MTBE is not readily amenable to treatment by conventional techniques. It is high solubility in water (50g/L) limits adsorption on to activated carbon. Other oxidative techniques produce bromate ions far exceeding the allowed maximum concentration level (MCL) of 10mg/L in drinking water. Hence, efficient non-oxidative alternatives to remove MTBE from water are highly desirable and are urgently needed. The aim of this proposal is to develop a cartridge filter using a remarkably effective separation technology developed at Lynntech. Based upon the Phase I results, this technology would lead to the development of a cartridge that could supply MTBE safe drinking water for more than six months to household of four. Projected sale price of such a cartridge is about $25.00. During the Phase II, practical issues related to long-term stability, regenerability and reusability of the absorbent, large scale manufacturing, and production will be addressed. Phase II will also include designing and assembling prototype cartridges for further evaluation and demonstration to potential industrial partners. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ALUMINUM BIOAVAILABILITY FROM FOODS Principal Investigator & Institution: Yokel, Robert A.; Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 08-FEB-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: There is concern about brain aluminum accumulation over the life span that might contribute to Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders. The overall objective of the proposed research is to test the null hypothesis that the bioavailability of Al is comparable from foods and from drinking water. If the null hypothesis is accepted the concern about Al intake for typical Americans should focus on food and not drinking water. The specific aims are to produce food products containing 26Al in the normal chemical species for these foods and determine Al oral bioavailability from these selected representative foods, compared to Al oral bioavailability from drinking water. Foods to be produced are a baked good and a processed cheese, in which 26Al will be incorporated during food production, and spinach and tea, in which 26Al will be incorporated during their hydroponic production. Al bioavailability will be determined from the area under the serum 26Al concentration x time curve after bolus administration of the 26Al-containing food compared to the equivalent term obtained from serum 27Al concentration produced by continuous intravenous 27Al infusion throughout the study. 26Al will be analyzed by accelerator mass spectroscopy; 27Al by atomic absorption spectroscopy. It is hypothesized that oral Al bioavailability from food will be less than from water, due to Al binding to food components that inhibit its absorption. The results will resolve the controversy whether drinking water contributes a significant amount of the Al that is absorbed by the human. The results will suggest whether health-based standards to regulate Al in drinking water should be considered by regulatory agencies or whether reduction of absorbed Al in the human can be more effectively achieved by reducing Al in foods. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: METABOLISM
ANALYSIS
OF
METHYL
TERT-BUTYL
ETHER
(MTBE)
Principal Investigator & Institution: Steffan, Robert J.; Envirogen, Inc. 4100 Quakerbridge Rd Lawrenceville, Nj 08648
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Drinking Water
Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this Phase I SBIR research is to begin to elucidate the genetic and enzymatic mechanisms of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) metabolism. MTBE has been identified as the second most common contaminant of urban ground waters in the United States, and it threatens the health of millions of Americans who may consume it through their drinking water. The results of this research will allow us to 1) better understand and predict the fate of this important groundwater contaminant in the environment; 2) better understand how tertiary carbon molecules like MTBE are metabolized in higher organisms; and 3) develop improved water treatment methods to reduce the risk of human exposure to MTBE through drinking water sources. During the six-month Phase I project we will clone, express, and sequence MTBE degradation genes from a recently isolated MTBE-degrading bacterium, strain ENV735. During follow on work we will evaluate the regulation of the MTBE-degrading genes to better understand how to improve in situ degradation of MTBE in groundwater, and to identify mechanisms for improving the performance of drinking water treatment systems to reduce human MTBE exposure. We also will evaluate the biochemistry of MTBE-degrading enzymes to help understand how human cells may metabolize small tertiary carbon molecules like MTBE. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ARSENIC CONTAINING MIXTURES IN ANGIOSARCOMA INDUCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Pott O'brien, Wendy A.; None; Colorado State University Fort Collins, Co 80523 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-FEB-1997; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Description): This project will be executed at the Foothills Campus of Colorado State University by Wendy A. Pott, D.V.M. Dr. Pott's long-term goals involve integrating the disciplines of pathology, toxicology and biomedical engineering in the realm of cancer research. Her immediate goals involve investigating the roles of three common groundwater contaminants, individually and in combination, in the development of hepatic angiosarcoma. The research career development plan Dr. Pott will follow involves an interdisciplinary background of coursework and practical implementation of knowledge and development of skills in the laboratory and in the mathematical modelling arena. The long-term objectives of this project are 1) to evaluate the carcinogenic effects of sub-chronic exposure to three common groundwater contaminants-arsenic, vinyl chloride and 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) - implicated as etiologic agents in the development of angiosarcoma; and 2) to use data from these studies with physiologically-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PB-PK/PD) models and statistical and mathematical modelling techniques for the purpose of health risk characterization. The specific aims of this project are 1) to determine the extent to which arsenic alone will act to induce the development of angiosarcoma; 2) to evaluate whether synergistic carcinogenic activity may result when arsenic is combined with vinyl chloride and/or 1,2-DCE; 3) to develop PB-PK/PD models for target tissue dosimetry of single chemicals and combinations of chemicals following exposure to arsenic, vinyl chloride, and/or 1,2-DCE; and 4) to develop cell turnover and carcinogenesis models and integrate them with PB-PK/PD models to characterize cancer risks associated with exposure to arsenic, vinyl chloride and/or 1,2-DCE. These goals will be accomplished using a medium-term angiosarcoma bioassay to investigate the effects of each of the above-mentioned chemicals alone and in combination in
Studies
9
inducing hepatic angiosarcoma. Data gathered from these experiments will be used to develop models to determine cancer risks and safe drinking water levels of these chemicals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ARSENIC EFFECTS ON GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR ACTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Bodwell, Jack E.; Physiology; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, Nh 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 18-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this research project is to determine the contribution of arsenic (As) exposure to human disease risk. There is growing worldwide concern about the human health effects of chronic, low level arsenic exposure. Arsenic in drinking water has been associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, vascular and cardiovascular diseases, reproductive and developmental problems, and several kinds of cancer, notably lung, skin, bladder and liver cancer. We had previously shown that arsenic inhibited glucocorticoid hormonemediated transcriptional gene regulation. We hypothesize that direct biochemical disruption of OR function by arsenic contributes to the pathophysiology of the diseases associated with chronic arsenic exposure. Recent experiments demonstrated that mutant GRs lacking either the N-terminal domain or the C-terminal ligand-binding domain had a similar response to As as wild-type OR. This suggested that the effects of arsenic are primarily mediated through the middle DNA binding domain (DBD). We also have preliminary data suggesting that As binds stoichiometrically to GR at very low intracellular concentrations of As. The specific goal of this project is to determine the biochemical basis for effects of arsenic on GR signaling, focusing principally on As effects on the DBD of OR. In particular, using model mammalian hepatocyte-derived cell lines, wild-type and mutant forms of OR, genetic constructs containing model GRresponsive genes, and various biochemical and genetic techniques, we will examine this question in detail with the following specific aims: 1) Determine the arsenic-OR binding stoichiometry and site(s) of interaction using mass spectrometry and site-directed mutagenesis of OR; 2) Determine the effects of arsenic on the normal functions of the GR DBD, examining in particular whether As alters: a) the formation of cytosolic GR dimers or their transport to the nucleus using mutant and tagged GRs in combination with immunoprecipitation and Western analysis; b) OR monomer-timer interactions with their glucocorticoid response element (GRE) DNA recognition sequences using gel shift and BlAcore analyses; or c) the interaction of OR-GRE complexes with co-activators and other transcription factors using a Chromatin Immuno-Precipitation (ChIP) assay; and 3) mutational analysis of the OR DBD to confirm the key results of specific aims 1 and 2. The goal of these aims is to develop a more detailed understanding of the molecular basis for the effects of arsenic on steroid receptor signaling. This will be important for determining the contribution of these effects to the overall human health effects of arsenic. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ARSENIC EXPOSURE AND BLADDER CANCER IN MICHIGAN Principal Investigator & Institution: Nriagu, Jerome; Professor; Environmental Health Sciences; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007
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Summary: (provided by applicant): The objective of this proposal is to explore the factors that have contributed to the observed geographic co-clustering in bladder cancer mortality and arsenic concentrations in drinking water in Michigan. The focus will be on the spatial and spatio-temporal patterns of arsenic exposure and how these may relate to the incidence of bladder cancer in those areas of Michigan with elevated levels of arsenic in their drinking water. Reported arsenic concentrations in well waters in the study area range from 1 to 1310 mg/I, with most common levels being 5-50 mg/L. The project being proposed will consist of three components: (1) Construction of exposure scenarios with time dimension that will involve development of the novel space-time information system (STIS) model to be validated using a combination of space-and-timedependent concentrations of arsenic measured in the study, supplementary historical information on arsenic levels in water supplies, hydrogeochemistry of the area, and selfreported residence information and water drinking habits; (2) Biomonitoring of arsenic exposure to be based on analysis of toenails (known to indicate average exposure over a relatively long time) for arsenic and a number of confounding trace elements such as selenium, zinc, copper and antimony; (3) A population-based, case-control bladder cancer study which will be used as an outcome measure for exposure to arsenic in drinking water. Bladder cancer cases (700) and controls (700, matched to cases by sex, race, and +/- 5-year age groups) will be recruited from long-term residents of the 11 counties (Genesee, Huron, lngham, Jackson, Lapeer, Livingston, Oakland, Sanilac, Shiawassee, Tuscola and Washtenaw) with elevated levels of arsenic in their groundwater. Structured personal interviews will be administered to obtain information on lifetime residential history, current and past water consumption patterns, life-style risk factors (including cigarette smoking and alcohol use), medical history, occupational history, family history of cancer, and dietary habits. The study is designed to shed some light on the dose-response relations for exposure of the U.S. population to arsenic concentrations in the 5-100 mg/L range where no information currently exists. Current efforts by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to reduce the maximum contaminant level for arsenic in our drinking water have been bedeviled by contradictory and unvalidated predictions of the risks of chronic exposure to low levels (< 100 mg/L) of arsenic in water. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ARSENIC INDUCED MIOTIC ARREST ASSOCIATED APOPTOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: States, J Christopher.; Associate Professor; Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Louisville University of Louisville Louisville, Ky 40292 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Arsenic is a natural contaminant of drinking water in many parts of the world, is a known human carcinogen and is #1 on the EPA list of hazardous chemicals. Cancers most often associated with chronic arsenism are squamous and basal cell carcinomas of the skin. How arsenic causes cancer is unknown. However, the National Research Council Report on Arsenic in Drinking Water concluded that the most likely mode of action is induction of numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities. Arsenite, the carcinogenic form of arsenic found in drinking water, disrupts mitosis causing an anaphase delay and induces aneuploidy in normal diploid human fibroblasts and peripheral blood lymphocytes, and mitotic arrest associated apoptosis (MAAA) in p53 deficient human fibroblasts. The sensitivity of p53 deficient human cells to arsenite induced MAAA suggests that the mechanism of arsenite carcinogenesis is different than sunlight induced skin carcinogenesis in which
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p53 mutation is an early and common event. The hypothesis to be investigated is that p53 relieves the arsenite-induced anaphase block by activation of the G2 checkpoint response which inactivates cyclin B/cdc2 and derepresses the mitotic exit network and allow the cells to escape arsenite induced MAAA. It is the prevention of apoptosis in arsenic intoxicated cells that allows genetic instability (aneuploidy) after mitotic disruption. Identification of the cellular factors that interact with p53 or the p53 regulated genes to prevent mitotic arrest associated apoptosis and to allow cells to proceed through mitosis with a delay will provide valuable information regarding the mode of action of arsenite. The specific aims proposed are: 1.) Determine activation of the G2 checkpoint pathway in p53(+) and p53(-) cells arrested by arsenite in mitosis; 2.) Test by overexpression and targeted knockdown of G2 checkpoint proteins the role of G2 checkpoint activation in the escape from arsenite induced anaphase block; 3.) Test whether arsenic associated skin tumors are p53 wild type or mutant. The results of these studies will identify players mediating release from arsenite induced mitotic arrest, and will provide valuable information on the mechanism of arsenic induced carcinogenesis, clues to the usefulness of arsenite as a chemotherapeutic agent and valuable information on the mode of action of mitosis disrupting drugs in killing human cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIOSENSOR DETECTION OF WATER-BORNE CRYPTOSPORIDIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Sand, Theodore T.; Disan, Inc. Box 500948, 7396 Trade St San Diego, Ca 92150 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): The proposed Phase II study will continue the development of an innovative, immunoassay-based biosensor for the detection and quantitation of Cryptosporidium oocysts in drinking water. Current methods for detection and quantitation of this pathogen frequently are characterized as technically demanding, time-consuming and labor intense, leading to poor recoveries and false positives and false negatives. The Phase I results showed that the biosensor was capable of detecting 10 oocysts/ml in buffer at a two-fold signal-to-noise cutoff. Phase II activities will focus on improving the detection limit and developing an optimized immunoassay strip device and reader. Water samples collected from a variety of natural sources will be evaluated in the prototype detection system. The irmnunoassay itself should take less than 30 minutes to complete. The availability of more rapid, quantitative methods for detecting water-home pathogens will help to identify and manage the presence of these organisms for community water supplies, thereby minimizing the exposure of the public. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CALIFORNIA NEVADA ARSENIC AND LUNG CANCER STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Smith, Allan H.; Professor; Environmental Health Sciences; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 22-MAR-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Millions of people are exposed to drinking water contaminated with arsenic, and extensive epidemiological evidence has demonstrated that these exposures can cause cancer. In fact, at high concentrations the levels of risk exceed those of any other known environmental carcinogen. At relatively low exposures such as those commonly found in the U.S., cancer risks from lifetime exposure could be
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above 1 in 1000 people, even at the newly proposed drinking water standard of 10 micrograms/L. In certain susceptible subpopulations, such as those who smoke or have poor diets, the risks may be even greater. Furthermore, our studies in Chile suggest particularly high risks for those drinking arsenic-contaminated water as children. Unfortunately, cancer risks at low exposures are uncertain since risk estimates to date involve extrapolation from high dose levels to lower exposures where the shape of the dose-response relationship is unknown. Such extrapolations are highly controversial. We therefore propose a population-based case-control study to assess the association of lung cancer with low to moderate levels of arsenic in drinking water. Current evidence indicates that lung cancer may be responsible for more deaths due to ingested arsenic than all other cancer sites combined, including bladder cancer. It is therefore particularly important to obtain a clear picture of the dose-response relationship for this cancer. The study area includes Kings County, California, and six counties in Nevada. These counties incorporate the largest population in the U.S. exposed to water supplies containing between 50 and 100 micrograms/L of arsenic. Most other water supplies in the study region contain less than 5 micrograms/L and thus provide a marked contrast in exposure. A total of 271 lung cancer cases diagnosed in the study area between 2002 and 2004 will be identified with rapid case ascertainment from local hospitals. Tumor biopsies will be archived for a potential subsequent study of DNA alterations. Random digit dialing and the rolls of the Health Care Financing Administration will be used to identify two controls for each case, frequency-matched by age and sex. Telephone interviews of all study subjects will be conducted to gather information on lifetime residential history and drinking water sources which will be used in conjunction with water arsenic measurements to construct exposure histories. A strength of the study is that exposure can be reliably ascertained retrospectively since it is largely dependent on residential history. Information on cigarette smoking will also be obtained and synergistic effects with arsenic assessed. Dietary information, medical history, and demographic data will be collected and analyzed for potential susceptibility factors. The proposed study has over 83 percent statistical power to detect a relative risk of 1.7, the risk predicted by linear extrapolation from high dose studies. The study has public health importance since finding the hypothesized relative risk would identify important health effects from low levels of exposure, whereas not finding increased risks would contribute to assurance about public health protection from the new drinking water standard. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CARDIOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF ETHANOL Principal Investigator & Institution: Bhatnagar, Aruni; Professor; Medicine; University of Louisville University of Louisville Louisville, Ky 40292 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this project is to elucidate the mechanisms by which moderate consumption o alcohol protects against myocardial ischemic injury. Our working hypothesis is that chronic exposure t( ethanol establishing low levels of oxidative stress in the heart, which elicits an adaptive increase in the myocardial antioxidant defenses and aldehyde metabolism. To test this hypothesis, adult male rats will be fed 6 % ethanol in their drinking water for various periods of time up to 12 weeks. Hearts from these animals, and from control untreated rats, will be excised and perfused ex vivo. The sensitivity of these hearts to ischemia-reperfusion will be determined by subjecting them to 30 and 45 min. of global ischemia, followed by 30 min. of reperfusion. The post-ischemia recovery and myocyte necrosis will be measured.
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In a parallel series of experiments, the excised hearts will be homogenized and their proteins will be separated by 2-D gel electrophoresis. Changes in myocardial proteins due to chronic ethanol treatment will be identified by image analysis of the gels and by mass spectrometric analysis using matrix-assisted laser desporption ionization (MALDI) and electrospay ionization (ESI). From these experiments a data base wit be developed for categories of proteomic changes and coordinate changes in specific signal and metabolic pathways, and/or transcritional events will be identified. To elucidate the role of aldehyde metabolism, we will examine the extent and the nature of the cardiac metabolism of the prototype lipid peroxidation-derived aldehyde - 4-hydroxy trans-2nonenal in hearts removed from naive and ethanol-fed animals. To identify the contribution of the changes in aldehyde metabolism, we will examine whether pharmacologica inhibition of the pathways for aldehyde metabolism abrogates the cardioprotective effects of ethanol. The results of this exploratory project will form the basis of future detailed investigations into the mechanism, underlying the cardioprotective effects of ethanol and to identify the regulatory determinants underlying the dose-dependent transition from beneficial to the harmful effects of ethanol. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHEMOPREVENTION IN AN INDUCIBLE MOUSE MELANOMA MODEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Spanjaard, Remco A.; Associate Professor; Otolaryn & Head & Neck Surgery; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 25-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The number of cases of malignant cutaneous melanoma has been rising at an alarming rate over the last decades, at about 4% per year, and it has been estimated that up to 1 in 80 Americans will develop melanoma. Despite years of research, there are no viable treatment modalities for advanced melanoma, and mortality rates remain exceptionally high. This saddening fact emphasizes the urgent need for new effective drugs, not only to treat existing tumors, but also to inhibit occurrence of second primary cancers after convential treatment modalities, or prevent further transformation of premalignant cells in high-risk patients. This application aims to address these issues by assessing the chemopreventive activity of a promising selection of drugs in a novel, inducible murine melanoma model. This uniquely suitable model is the only one to allow synchronization of the onset of development of cutaneous melanoma on a genetic background, which accurately mimics that of human disease. By adding doxycyclin (Dox) to the drinking water, expression of H-RASV12G is induced in melanocytes on a p16INK4A-ARF null background. This cooperativity then results in development of largely non-metastatic, cutaneous melanomas in 25% of mice with an average latency of 60 26 days. The mouse model itself has already been thoroughly analyzed in terms of tumor pathology, which closely resembles that of human disease, and the essential role for H-Ras in maintaining tumor growth. However, these mice have never been used to develop new chemoprevention protocols. We will test the efficacy of the following drugs: suberohydroxamic acid (SHA), celecoxib, retinoic acid (RA) and lovastatin. These drugs were selected because they i) are non-toxic (except for RA, but 13-cisRA provides a less toxic clinical alternative), ii) are widely used already, iii) affect different biochemical pathways, iv) have shown promise as chemopreventive agents in other studies, and v) have shown potential to enhance each other's activity when combined. Our working
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hypothesis is that these drugs will inhibit tumor growth to some degree, but that the combination of at least some of these drugs will inhibit proliferation of premalignant melanoma cells to a much larger extent than any drug alone can achieve, without significantly increasing toxicity. We propose to induce 4-week old animals drugs, and determine chemopreventive antitumor efficacy by monitoring size, number and location of skin tumors. Specific Aim I proposes to establish an optimal chemoprevention drug protocol to suppress tumor development. Specific Aim II proposes to establish expression of key cell cycle regulatory genes in control, drug-responsive and nonresponsive transgenic tumors to determine whether expression is associated with tumor growth and responsiveness to therapy. The results of these experiments in this inducible melanoma model will allow us to assess whether our protocol should be considered for use in phase I trials in high risk patients, which is the long term goal of this application. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHEMOPREVENTION OF PULMONARY CARCINOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wattenberg, Lee; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 23-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: The long-term objectives of the present proposal are to obtain data from chemopreventive studies in the hamster that will be useful in identifying agents likely to have efficacy in preventing cancer of the respiratory tract in the human. One specific aim is to evaluate three agents administered as single compounds for their capacity to inhibit squamous cell carcinogenesis of the upper respiratory tract of the Syrian Golden hamster. The three agents and their routes of administration are: green tea extract powder administered in the drinking water, budesonide administered by aerosol and myo-inositol administered in the diet. A second specific aim is to evaluate the efficacy of administration of combinations of two agents on their capacity to inhibit squamous cell carcinogenesis of the upper respiratory tract of the Syrian Golden hamster. The combinations will be selected from the agents enumerated above and also aerosol difluoromethylornithine which previously has been shown to have an inhibitory effect in the hamster model. The use of agent combinations can be valuable in decreasing the dose of individual compounds and thus possibly reducing adverse effects. The sequence of studies of agent efficacy will be selected so as to coordinate their use in the Clinical Trials Section-Project 1. A third aim is to determine molecular changes during squamous cell carcinogenesis of the upper respiratory tract of the hamster and to compare these with squamous cell carcinogenesis of the respiratory tract in the human. The hamster model employed entails six intratracheal administrations of the carcinogen MNU. With this procedure approximately 90% of the animals receiving carcinogen but no protective agent develop infiltrating squamous cell carcinomas of the upper respiratory tract, inhibition of the occurrence of these cancers would indicate that the chemopreventive agent has considerable potency and is a potential compound to further evaluate for use in the human. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CHITIN CATABOLIC CASCADE IN VIBRIO CHOLERAE Principal Investigator & Institution: Roseman, Saul; Professor; Biology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1994; Project End 31-JUL-2006
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Summary: (provided by applicant): We are in our 8th cholerae pandemic, a disease that infects millions and kills over 100,000 humans annually. In one stage of its life cycle, the infective agent, Vibrio cholerae, lives as a commensal with copepods, a microcrustacean found in drinking water. Because the bacteria "burrow" into the cuticle, they escape the stomach acid barrier, to which free-living cells are sensitive. Thus, the chitinolytic properties of V. cholerae are directly relevant to human health and disease. In previous work with Vibrio furnissii, we found that chitin degradation involves a cascade, with at least three signalling systems and numerous genes and proteins, many of which were isolated. One of these was a sensor HK (histidine kinase) protein, which represents a breakthrough in this research. An in frame deletion of the sensor has a global effect on chitin utilization in that none of the characterized chitin cascade genes or processes were expressed. When the sequence of the V. cholerae genome became available, the predicted protein sequences of genes involved in chitin utilization that we had characterized in V. furnissii exhibited considerable identity to the corresponding ORFs in the V cholerae genome. For example, the V. furnissii sensor is 84% identical and 93% similar to VC0622 over the full length of the predicted protein sequences. The sensor is homologous to the E. coli ArcB sensor, part of a two component signal transduction system. Over 21 ORFs in the V. cholerae genome are annotated as related to chitin catabolism (independent of GlcNAc catabolism). Of these, ten were characterized in V. furnissii but nothing is known about the remainder. We shall determine which genes are regulated by VC0622, using first an in frame deletion of VC0622. A second goal is to isolate and characterize the sensor HK protein from V. cholerae. Finally, we plan to identify and characterize the cognate HPt and RR protein(s) that interact with the sensor. The work will rely heavily on molecular biological and biochemical techniques, as well as genomics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COMMUNITY EXPOSURE TO PERFLUOROOCTANATE Principal Investigator & Institution: Emmett, Edward A.; Emergency Medicine; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) This project is a partnership between environmental researchers at the University of Pennsylvania, local health care providers at Health South Hospital, Parkersburg WV, and the -Decatur Community Association, to address exposure of residents in the Little Hocking Water Association district (LHWAD) to C8. Little Hocking is a village in the Appalachian region near Parkersburg WV, located directly across the Ohio River and downwind of a plant with significant discharges of C8 to air, ground, and water. Residents of LHWAD have known exposures to C8 through air, residential drinking water domestic well water, and community water; some residents have occupational exposure (with possible domestic household contamination). There are other potential exposure sources. C8 is known to be very persistent in both the environment and in humans (serum half-life approximately 4 years). C8 can be toxic to the liver, causes testicular cancer and mammary hyperplasia and may have reproductive effects in experimental animals. Human data is limited but adverse effects have been reported from occupational exposure. Events surrounding C8 contamination in Little Hocking and surrounding areas have led to substantial community skepticism and lack of trust. Through this project the partners will measure C8 in a stratified sample of residents and identify the relative importance of the various potential exposure sources. To help assess C8 risk levels in residents will be compared with those in other population and occupational groups and by determining if early
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biomarkers of toxic effect are associated with higher C8 levels. This information will be shared with the community, and an implementation plan developed to reduce exposures. A community participation model will be used to involve stakeholders at all stages. Two-way communication, and education of community residents and local health practitioners will be emphasized. The effectiveness of communication and education and the level of participation of residents will be evaluated. Outcome measures to be evaluated include the reduction of levels of blood C8, and whether community trust is restored through an independent participatory study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COMMUNITY OPERATIONS
HEALTH
EFFECTS
OF
INDUSTRIAL
HOG
Principal Investigator & Institution: Wing, Steven B.; Associate Professor; Epidemiology; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Recent expansion of large scale confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) is generating a wide variety of health concerns in the USA and other nations. Air and ground water pollution from swine CAFOs are of particular concern in North Carolina, where industrial hog production has expanded rapidly since the 1980s. Airborne emissions are composed of hundreds of agents including hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, volatile organic compounds, and dusts or particulate matter that contains biological materials including proteins and endotoxins. Nitrates, pathogens, and antibiotic residues have been documented in ground water near swine CAFOs. The investigators propose a series of community-based participatory studies that will (1) quantify community exposures to hydrogen sulfide, volatile organic compounds, dusts, and endotoxins; (2) evaluate relationships between air emissions and perceptions of odor and irritation; (3) measure exposures to airborne emissions from livestock operations to strengthen the design of an already-funded health symptom survey; and (4) prospectively quantify relationships between ambient exposures and respiratory symptoms, lung function, and other health status measures among persons residing near swine CAFOs in North Carolina. They will also (5) conduct surveillance for nitrates and antibiotic residues in well water of study participants. Bacterial flora of any participants who report a history of drinking water contaminated by veterinary antibiotic residues will be tested for antibiotic resistance. Due to widespread distrust of biomedical research in poor and people of color communities where NC swine CAFOs are concentrated, community-based participatory research approaches are required for addressing these health issues. The proposed studies build on five years of communitydriven research conducted by Concerned Citizens of Tillery and the University of North Carolina School of Public Health, as well as on extensive research on chemical odorants and their effects, and on water quality, conducted by other project collaborators. This project will provide new scientific data on exposures and human health effects of swine CAFOs and increase the capacity of communities in eastern NC to improve public health conditions in an underdeveloped region of the United States. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--ANALYTICAL SERVICES Principal Investigator & Institution: Donnelly, K.C.; Texas A&M University System College Station, Tx 778433578
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: The specific aims of this facility core are: (1) to provide routine analytical support including sample preparation, extraction, and standard analytical measurements to all Center investigators; (2) to provide assistance to Center investigators in the development and implementation of a sampling strategy for field investigations conducted in support of epidemiologic studies; and, (3) to assist in the development and implementation of quality assurance project plans for all Center research. A major focus of the Field Services Facility (FSF) core will be to assist investigators conducting epidemiologic studies. Safety and sampling equipment are maintained for collecting air, soil, surface water, groundwater, or sediment samples. For mechanistic studies, the FSF will assist investigators in quantifying specific chemicals or metabolites of compounds that are responsible for a specific metabolic response. Routine analytical support, to include sample preparation, extraction and HPLC or GC/MS analysis will also be provided by the FSF. Resources will be provided to assist investigators in the development of a Quality Assurance/Quality Control plans for Center research. The capabilities of the FSF were initially developed as a component of the NIEHS Superfund Basic Research Grant at TAMU. This component includes a field sampling team consisting of research scientists, professors, and graduate students who have received the OSHA 40 hour Safety Training course and associated refresher training. In addition, safety equipment is maintained to permit Level C sampling, as well as sampling equipment to allow for collection of surface and subsurface soils, sediment, surface water, groundwater, drinking water, dust, and air samples. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) have been developed for each of these media. Sampling has been done at over 50 Superfund sites in all geographic regions of the United States; these samples have been used by several investigators in the CMBT research core. For the South Texas Pregnancy Project, quarterly sampling has been conducted at 65 sampling stations, totaling over 150 samples of soil, surface water, sediment, and Rio Grande River water. Current activities of the FSF have focused on complex mixture risk assessment, biological methods of detoxification, and epidemiological and environmental investigations of disease clusters. In support of planned expansion of epidemiological studies to El Paso County, Texas and northern Mexico, the FSF will include planning in the identification of sample collection areas and media, as well as actual collection and extraction of field samples. The main facilities of the FSF are in the Agronomy Field Lab adjacent to the College of Veterinary Medicine, consisting of two laboratories with over 1,800 square feet of space. The FSF also includes approximately 2,300 square feet of laboratory space in the Veterinary Medical Administration Building. These facilities include sample preparation, analysis, and storage areas. Analytical instrumentation such as HPLC, GC/MS and fraction collector. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--ANIMAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Gahring, Lorise C.; Associate Professor; University of Utah 200 S University St Salt Lake City, Ut 84112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The animal core will facilitate all aspects of the mouse studies proposed in this program project. This includes management of; 1) mouse strains to be used for genetic/microarray dissection of strain-specific responses to nicotine, 2) animal husbandry of genetically modified animals through homologous recombination, 3) genotyping of mouse strains and the generated backcrosses, 4) animals for immunohistochemical and protein chemistry studies, 5) timed-pregnant
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strains for tissue culture applications, 6) animals for peripheral immune cell function studies and 7) animals pertaining to inflammation and COPD modeling. This animal core therefore provides a central shared facility allowing for the coordinated use of animals for Project 2 (Drs. Rogers and Capecchi) and Project 3 (Drs. Hoidal and Gahring). This core will maintain barrier-sustained, disease-free colonies of conventional and neurologically and peripherally modeled mice. Further, this core will implement and maintain nicotine treatment of mice (oral administration in drinking water as well as the smoke inhalation model, 7 days per week) for Projects 2 and 3. Mouse colonies are presently housed in the University of Utah School of Medicine Animal Resource Center (ARC) facility that is free of infectious agents and constructed to support new barrier housing areas that operate with regulated environmental conditions. A second IACUC accredited mouse facility at the Veterans Administration research facility presently houses the smoking chamber that is used for inhalation studies. The housing and treatment of all mice by this core assures minimal experimental variability between projects. All animals will be uniquely identified including the use of implanted electronic chip identification transponder chips where applicable. Animal databases will be networked to all investigators and will be accessible between Projects to assure maximum utilization of animals and this resource. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--MARINE /FRESHWATER TOXINS AND HUMAN HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Fleming, Lora E.; Associate Professor; University of Miami Coral Gables University Sta Coral Gables, Fl 33124 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 22-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Description (provided by applicant): Benign and harmful algal blooms (HABS) have likely been occurring since the very beginnings of life on this planet. However, it appears that the incidence of harmful algal blooms has been on the rise in recent years. For the applicant's purposes, an algal bloom is harmful if its toxins become available to human populations, either directly or indirectly, through food, water and other routes of exposure. As indicated in the application, toxins may adversely affect both aquatic animals and humans, and thus it is advisable to follow both human and wildlife effects, because wildlife can ultimately become food sources for humans, but they can also serve as early warning sentinels of new toxins or new HABs. The traditional primary exposure route of concern to humans has been bio-accumulation in finfish (e.g., ciguatoxin) or shellfish (e.g., saxitoxin and brevetoxin). University of Miami Center scientists have been at the forefront of dealing with the human health aspects of these phenomena. However, anecdotal evidence has been accumulating about the toxic effects of other exposure routes (e g., aerosols and even drinking water), and in the next grant period, Center scientists will be conducting a definitive evaluation of such effects in both animal and human models. Awareness of these new routes of exposure came about as a consequence not only of our wildlife work on manatees, but also as a result of reports on out Marine and Freshwater Hotline and through work with the Florida Harmful Algal Bloom Taskforce, i.e., via our outreach activities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE-NEUROTOXICOLOGY/NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Graziano, Joesph H.; Columbia Univ New York Morningside 1210 Amsterdam Ave, Mc 2205 New York, Ny 10027
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: The developing nervous system is vulnerable to adverse effects due to exposures to a variety of substances in the environment, particularly metals and pesticides. At the same time, chronic exposure to low levels of neurotoxicants throughout life can lead to impaired neurologic functioning later in life, particularly in the elderly. As life expectancy increases, and the baby-boom generation approaches retirement age, neurodegenerative diseases such as IPD, Essential Tremor and Alzheimer's Disease will have a significant impact on quality of life, and will represent significant financial costs to the health care system. Collectively, the investigators in this research core are interested in understanding the extent to which, and mechanisms 295 whereby, populations exposed to known quantities of neurotoxicants suffer adverse consequences on the nervous system. The populations under investigation, which include birth cohorts in Yugoslavia and northern Manhattan, populations of adults and children chronically exposed to arsenic in drinking water in Bangladesh, and populations of the elderly in northern Manhattan, represent groups of individuals who have been remarkably well characterized for a variety of chemical exposures and other risk factors for adverse neurologic outcomes. At the same time, laboratory based scientists are exploring the mechanisms whereby the compounds of interest alter normal function. The overall goals of the Neurotoxicology/Neurodegenerative Disease Research Core are: I) to promote and facilitate interdisciplinary neuroscience-related research that will define the magnitude of effect of exposure to substances in the environment that are believed to be involved in the etiology of neurologic disease. These substances include metals (Pb, Mn, Fe and As), pesticides (chlorpyrifos, diazinon, propoxur, and others), 13- carboline alkaloids (harmane and harmine), and other factors; and 2) to unravel the cellular and molecular mechanisms whereby these substances exert their effects. The core is responsible for furthering the development of existing and new investigations of environmental exposures that affect the incidence and/or progression of diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The Specific Aims currently under investigation include: 1) to define the cellular and molecular events involved in chemical models of Parkinsonism and in IPD, with the goal of defining those that are common to each; 2) to elucidate the environmental risk factors associated with the onset of IPD, Essential Tremor, and Alzheimer's Disease; 3) to examine, in both humans and animal models, the relationship between environmental Pb exposure and brain function, with particular interest in the possible mediating effects of Pb on thyroid hormone fate and transport; 4) to determine whether exposure to arsenic in drinking water is associated with adverse neuropsychologic effects in children, and polyneuropathy in adults; and 5) to develop biomarkers of prenatal pesticide exposure in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--RESPIRATORY TOXICOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Plopper, Charles G.; Professor and Chairperson; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 22-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Description (provided by applicant): As a primary interface between the organism and its environment, the respiratory system is the target for a wide range of toxicants, including reactive gases, agricultural chemicals, and airborne pathogens and particles. Since it also receives the entire output of the right heart, it is also the target for a variety of circulating toxic compounds that enter the organism via the skin or gastrointestinal tract; as a consequence, agricultural chemicals that have the lungs as a target but are not
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incorporated into dusts or sprays can still cause toxicity by ingestion of contaminated food and drinking water or absorption through the skin. The overall goals of this research Core are to: (1) promote interdisciplinary research that will elucidate the cellular, metabolic, and molecular mechanisms that define and modulate the response of the respiratory system to environmental toxicants, and (2) provide information relative to the harmful effects of photochemical air pollution and other inhaled toxicants that will be useful in understanding the relative susceptibility of humans to harm from exposure to agricultural contaminants whose toxicity results from other metabolic pathways. Currently the Core members are pursuing projects focused on a number of areas of general concern for public health, especially as they relate to crosscontamination of urban and agricultural sectors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CRITICAL TIME PERIODS IN DENTAL FLUOROSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Jackson, Richard D.; Oral Health Research Institute; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: It is generally accepted that there has been an increase in the prevalence of dental fluorosis in both negligibly- and optimally-fluoridated communities in the United States. Data are available concerning the contribution various fluoride sources have made to this increase in prevalence. In contrast, little data are available concerning the possible time periods of susceptibility. Identification of the time periods of susceptibility, as well as the sources of fluoride, will make it possible to achieve the maximum level of caries prevention while minimizing the risk of dental fluorosis. The goal of this study is to expand upon the data collected by earlier investigators utilizing a population of children in the United States to test the hypothesis that the critical time periods during tooth formation when excessive fluoride intake may result in dental fluorosis can he identified. The specific aims will be to: 1, identify and recrnit approximately 300 children (7-12 years-of-age) who are lifetime residents of a community whose communal water supply has undergone an alteration in fluoride content which should result in a definable variation in the degree of dental fluorosis on the labial surfaces of the permanent teeth of these children; 2, examine, in the Year 2000, the labial surfaces of the available permanent dentition of these children using established dental fluorosis indices to identify the periods of susceptibility for the development of dental fluorosis and to also determine the prevalence of dental fluorosis; 3, gather retrospective data by means of a questionnaire to determine sources of fluoride ingestion during infancy and early childhood; and, 4, develop a data analysis plan to identify the time periods associated with the development of dental fluorosis in the permanent dentition and determine the prevalence of dental fluorosis in these children for comparison to data previously collected in the community by the investigators. These children will be essentially lifetime residents of Lowell, Indiana and will have used the communal water supply as their primary source of drinking water. They will be examined using the Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis and the Chronological Fluorosis Assessment. Data will also be collected to determine each panelist's level of fluoride ingestion during early childhood. Analyses of the data will allow the investigators to confirm the critical time periods for the development for the remaining dentition. This investigation will be the first in a series of studies relating to this topic to take advantage of this timely opportunity and this unique population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DENDRITIC CELL FUNCTION AND ETHANOL Principal Investigator & Institution: Schlueter, Annette J.; Pathology; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal investigates a largely unexplored mechanism by which ethanol (EtOH) consumption may lead to increased risk of infection, namely, impairment of dendritic cell (DC) function. The long-term objective of the planned experiments is to understand how EtOH-exposed DC contribute to dysfunctional immune responses. In collaboration with the other IRPG members (investigating EtOH-induced B, T, and NK cell dysfunction), these studies will ultimately lead to new therapies designed to decrease infectious morbidity in alcoholics. DC are critical for initiation of effective immune responses, as they provide antigenspecific activation of naive T cells. EtOH has been shown to affect antigen-presenting cell function in alcoholic humans and animal models of EtOH consumption, but the specific mechanisms and cell types responsible for this deficit have not been closely examined. Our laboratory studies the effect of EtOH on DC function in vivo using a model in which mice receive 20% EtOH in their drinking water. Mice maintained on this regimen for many months show no stress-induced changes, thus allowing evaluation of alterations induced by chronic EtOH exposure. EtOH-exposed mice show persistently decreased DC numbers, as well as altered DC function. The specific aims of this study focus on understanding the mechanisms by which EtOH exposure results in diminished DC numbers, and delineating aspects of DC function that are affected by EtOH. Investigations into the mechanism of diminished DC numbers include studies of the effect of EtOH on DC precursor differentiation, DC lifespan, sensitivity to apoptosis, and migration of newly formed DC into peripheral tissues. Investigations into mechanisms for loss of DC function include studies of the effect of EtOH on antigen processing, presentation, costimulatory molecule expression, cytokine secretion, migration in response to maturation stimuli, and the ability of EtOH-exposed DC to induce tolerance/anergy. All proposed experiments are performed using in vivo or very short term in vitro approaches. This serves to maintain the effect of "physiologically" relevant EtOH concentrations throughout the course of the study, and to allow assessment of DC function within their usual microenvironment. The results will lead to new information on the effect of EtOH on DC function. This in turn will elucidate new approaches for enhancing immunity and preventing infection in alcoholics, as the appropriate points of intervention become clear. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DOES PKU PROTECT AGAINST CANCER? Principal Investigator & Institution: Sidell, Neil; Professor; Gynecology and Obstetrics; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The disease phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by mutations in the gene coding for phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) which results in hyperphenylalaninemia and elevated levels of abnormal phenylalanine metabolites. Among these metabolites is phenylacetic acid, or the ionized form of the molecule phenylacetate (PA). Recently, PA has come under intense investigation due to its demonstrated anticancer activity against a variety of malignancies, including breast and prostate cancers. These findings suggest the possibility that PKU may offer protection against cancer through chronically elevated blood levels of PA. The investigator's
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overall objective is to test this hypothesis. This will be accomplished by studies involving two in vivo mouse models. Specific Aim 1 will assess the ability of therapeutic intervention with a PA analogue to inhibit estrogen-dependent carcinogenesis using the investigator's existing aromatase transgenic mouse colony. In these experiments, the PA derivative 4-chloro-PA will be chronically administered to the mice in their drinking water and its chemopreventative activity on the development of preneoplastic / neoplastic lesions assessed. Specific Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that PKU can protect against breast cancer using "PKU mice". These studies will utilize an established PKU mouse model (ENU2/2), which has a mutation in the gene coding for PAH and display a range of phenotypic characteristics comparable to those of affected human individuals. The ENU2/2 mice will be treated with the chemical carcinogen DMBA under different protocols and the resulting induction of mammary tumors compared with control mice of the same genetic background. Taken together, the information gained from these in vivo studies will determine whether the genetic disorder that results in PKU can protect against breast cancer whose etiology may involve hormonal and/or environmental factors (carcinogens). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECT OF CAPTOPRIL ON THE DIABETIC-HYPERTENSIVE HEART Principal Investigator & Institution: Heyliger, Clayton E.; Ponce School of Medicine G.P.O. Box 7004 Ponce, Pr 00731 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1986; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Description (provided by applicant): Hypertension and diabetes mellitus commonly occur together. Unfortunately, very few randomized, controlled trials of antihypertensive treatment have been carried out in diabetic patients. Thus, decisions regarding the efficacy of such treatment must be based upon evidence, often controversial, extrapolated from studies in non-diabetic populations. A classic example can be seen in studies on the effect of antihypertensive therapy on lipids. Although abnormal myocardial lipid metabolism is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus and is strongly implicated in diabetes-induced primary cardiomyopathy, studies on antihypertensive therapy-induced lipid abnormality are confined to the development of atheroscelerosis and ischemic heart disease. We believe that the effect of antihypertensive agents on lipid metabolism in the cardiovascular system is not limited to the blood where they either have no effect, adversely affect or have a beneficial effect on lipid levels, but also extends to the myocardium, where they also influence lipid levels. Further, this alteration in myocardial lipid metabolism is associated with changes in cardiac contractile performance. In this regard, it is our hypothesis that the beneficial effect of captopril on lipid metabolism in the circulation is not confined to the blood where it decreased total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low density lipoproteins (LDL) as well as increased high density lipoproteins (HDL), but is also beneficial to the myocardium where it likewise positively influences lipid metabolism. This study will, therefore, provide evidence to support this hypothesis. It will assess the effect of captopril on myocardial lipid metabolism of the diabetic-hypertensive rat. Specifically, it will assess the effect of this agent on myocardial levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and long chain acyl carnitines and CoAs. These lipids and lipid intermediates accumulate in the diabetic heart and are strongly implicated in its depressed contractile performance. The male spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) will be the animal model. It will be made diabetic with a single tail vein injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). Captopril will be administered in the drinking water (100 mg/kg) 3 days after diabetes induction.
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Rats will be sacrificed after 6 weeks of diabetes with sodium pentobarbital (75 mg/kg, i.p.). This study will present new findings about captopril therapy during diabetes plus hypertension. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECT OF ETHANOL ON THE MURINE B CELL COMPARTMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Waldschmidt, Thomas J.; Pathology; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Long-term alcohol consumption progressively leads to multiple immune defects. Chronic alcoholics display lesions in both innate and adaptive immunity, and experience increased rates of bacterial and viral infection. Of particular interest, extended alcohol intake leads to abnormalities within the B cell compartment. In many alcohol abusers, total circulating B cells are depressed and Ab titers in response to vaccination are poor. In addition to humeral deficiency, regulation of B cell activity is disrupted leading to increased levels of serum Ig and the presence of autoantibodies. Taken together, it is clear that alcohol leads to impaired B cell function, and in turn, life-threatening infections. In order to understand better the extent of B cell dysfunction, and the means by which ethanol effects these changes, it is essential to utilize experimental models. A large number of studies have employed rodent models where ethanol is administered in liquid diets over short periods. Although a range of immune defects have been documented with this approach, these findings are best applied to abnormalities that appear after binge drinking in humans given the short duration of consumption and induction of the stress response. In order to better mimic the condition of chronic alcoholism, we have established a long-term murine model where ethanol is provided in drinking water. Using this system, we have found that months of ethanol intake result in loss of mature splenic B cells and diminished T celldependent (TD) antibody (Ab) responses. We have further discovered abnormalities in B cell maturation and lymphoid structure. Importantly, these defects develop without evidence of systemic stress. Using this model, proposed experiments will fully document the effects of ethanol on the B cell compartment, and the underlying mechanisms leading to humeral dysfunction. Studies in Aim 1 will test a number of hypotheses to explain the attrition of B cells after long-term ethanol intake, including defects in maturation, half-life, and production of supportive chemokines and cytokines. Aim 2 will ask whether ethanol induces cell autonomous lesions in B cells leading to abnormal activation and differentiation. Experiments in Aims 3 and 4 will assess the capacity of ethanol-consuming mice to produce Abs after immunization with T cell independent and TD antigens, respectively. Importantly, Aim 4 will thoroughly examine the effects of ethanol on T cell-driven B cell differentiation including affinity maturation, somatic mutation, generation of memory cells, and formation of long-lived plasma cells. Collectively, these studies will expand our understanding of humeral defects common to chronic alcoholics, and offer novel insights with which to fashion better therapies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ETHANOL EFFECTS ON LIVER IN SELF-ADMINISTERING PRIMATES Principal Investigator & Institution: Cunningham, Carol C.; Professor; Biochemistry; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Most protocols that employ animal models for studying the development of alcoholic liver disease utilize the rat that is being administered ethanol as part of the diet. These models have provided much of the information we presently have on the mechanisms that contribute to development of liver damage associated with alcohol abuse. To date there are no animal models where voluntary ethanol consumption has led to irreversible liver damage; i.e., damage past the fatty liver stage. The studies proposed in this application are designed to determine if non-human primates that are self-administering ethanol will demonstrate liver pathology predictive of the development of alcoholic hepatitis and fibrosis. Eleven Macaca fascicularis monkeys will be given free access to ethanol in drinking water for 1 year. These animals have been previously trained to drink ethanol voluntarily and some have consumed up to 4g/kg/day, which is equivalent to 16 drinks a day by a human. The heavier drinkers averaged blood ethanol concentrations of 170 mg/dl in a previous protocol. In the proposed studies, light, moderate and heavy drinkers will be included, which are comprised of 6 females and 5 males. Evidence for liver damage will be sought by analyses of blood samples, which will include measurements of yglutamyltransferase, aspartate and alanine transaminases, bilirubin, albumin, globulin and other blood components. Urinary concentrations of isoprostanes will be measured to screen for ethanol-related oxidative stress. Liver needle biopsy samples, taken every 3 months, will be examined by light and electron microscopy for indices of liver damage, such as hepatocyte ballooning, Mallory body formation, inflammation and fibrosis. lmmunohistochemical analyses will be implemented to measure levels of inflammation, apoptosis and stellate cell activation. The objectives of this study are 1) to determine if the self-administering M. fascicularis will develop liver pathology past the fatty liver stage and 2) to evaluate the efficacy of using blood and urine samples to follow development of alcoholic liver disease in an animal model. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FURTHER STUDIES ON ANTI HIV 1 ACTIVITY OF INTERLEUKIN 16 Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhou, Paul; Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Res San Antonio, Tx 782450549 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: Interleukin 16 is a potent anti-HIV-1 agent. Previously, we demonstrated that at subnanomolar concentrations the C-terminal 130-amino acids (aa) of IL-16 constitutively secreted by CD4 transfectants renders these cells resistant to HIV-1. We and others also demonstrated that in CD4 T cells, IL-16 mediated HIV inhibition through repression of HIV LTR activity. In this proposal we will focus on three aspects of anti-HIV-1 activity of IL-16. First, we will search for more stable, potent version of IL16 and molecularly dissect its anti-HIV and chemoattractant activities. We will make gene constructs expressing several modified versions of human IL-16 with a heterologous signal peptide. Stable human CD4 transfectants will be generated. The expression, stability, secretion, and anti-HIV-1 activity of these various versions of IL-16 will be compared. We will also generate several single point mutants of IL-16 to dissect their anti-HIV and chemo attractant activities. Second, we will test the synergy between IL-16 and chemokines in anti-HIV-1 activity. We will generate retroviral gene constructs expressing IL-16 and methionine-modified RANTES or methionine-modified SDF-1beta. The recombinant retroviral particles produced by stable packaging cells will be used to transduce primary human CD4 T cells. The expression of transgenes and the effect of
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transgene products on both macrophage-tropic and T cell line-tropic HIV-1 replication, CD4, CXCR4 or CCR5 expression, and cell growth will be tested. In parallel, we will make rIL-16, rMet-SDFlbeta, and rMet-RANTES in bacteria. The synergy of these proteins in anti-HIV activity will be quantified. Third, we will develop an ex vivo procedure to regulate IL-16 and chemokine expression in a murine model. Using this model, the long-term regulation and safety of IL-16 and chemokine secretion in vivo will be evaluated. We will generate retroviral constructs co-expressing murine IL-16 and Met-RANTES or Met-SDF-lbeta under a tetracycline-inducible promoter. The inducibility of transgene expression will be tested in genetically manipulated mouse CD4 T cells in vitro. If the results are encouraging, we will transplant these cells into syngeneic mice. The level of transgene expression will be regulated by doxycycline administered in drinking water. TheserumlevelofIL16andchemokinesandpotentialsignsof inflammation will be closely monitored. We hope these studies will lead to an IL-16- and chemokine-based therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AIDS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GLUTATHIONE IN ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY AND DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Dalton, Timothy P.; Environmental Health; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Reduced glutathione (GSH) is one of the cell's major defenses against oxidative stress. Lowered GSH levels have been implicated in susceptibility to numerous complex diseases (including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, diabetes mellitus, cataracts, and AIDS) plus toxicity to environmental chemicals and heavy metal ions such as cadmium. Levels of GSH vary 10-fold between different cell types. The rate-limiting step in GSH biosynthesis is glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL). GCL activity exists as the GCL catalytic subunit (GCLC) or as the GCL holoenzyme, a heterodimer composed of GCLC and a modifier subunit GCLM. Using gene targeting, we have generated conventional Gclm(-/-) and Cre-inducible Gclc(-/-) knockout mouse lines. GSH levels in Gclm(-/-) mice are only ~10% of that in Gclm(+/+) littermates in all tissues surveyed, yet, surprisingly, they are viable and fertile. Liver-specific Gclc(-/-) mice die by age 4 weeks, but can be rescued by N-acetylcysteine in the drinking water. With these mice, we are in a unique position to address the hypothesis that Gclm(-/-) mice will be susceptible to both environmental and endogenous toxicants because although the amount of GCLC controls the potential maximum level of cellular GSH, the GCLC/GCLM ratio determines the actual level. Thus, we will: [a] Evaluate endogenous, genotoxicity and oxidative stress in untreated Gclm(+/+) and Gclm(-/-) mice; [b] Assess cadmium-induced liver and kidney toxicity in Gclm(+/+) and Gclm(-/) mice; and [c] Dissect the role of GCLC and GCLM in controlling GSH levels through inducible expression of GCLC and GCLM in double-knockout Gclc/Gclm(-/-) immortalized hepatocytes. By way of these studies, we will define further the role of GCLM and GSH during both heavy metal-induced as well as endogenously-induced oxidative stress, while evaluating the Gclm(-/-) mouse as a model for a compromised oxidative stress response. Further, we will delineate the roles of GCLC and GCLM in controlling GSH levels. These studies will provide valuable insight into understanding the etiology, preventive medicine, and the possible development of therapeutic intervention in the above-mentioned diseases and toxicities. For example, studies suggest that human genetic differences exist in toxicity to cadmium and other environmental toxicants that cause oxidative stress; moreover, the GCLC and GCLM
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genes are highly polymorphic. Our proposed research should therefore help focus future genotype-phenotype association studies between the appropriate DNA variant sites in the GCLC and GCLM genes and disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HEALIH EFFECTS AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF ARSENIC AND LEAD Principal Investigator & Institution: Graziano, Joseph H.; Professor Public Health And; Div/Environmental Hlth Scis; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: This proposal is submitted in response to RFA ES-99-001, entitled with Superfund Hazardous Substances Basic Research Program. The contamination of soils and drinking water with As and Pb are associated with major public health, remedial, and environmental policy problems. As is found in soil or water at the majority of Superfund sites while Pb is a soil-borne contaminant of concern at approximately 300. This proposal seeks to obtain new knowledge, and train multi-disciplinary pre- and post-doctoral students, concerning the bioavailability of soil Pb in humans, and the bioavailability and/or geochemistry at four Superfund sites in the U.S., two contaminated with Pb and two with As. It also encompasses epidemiologic and geochemistry studies of As in drinking water in Bangladesh which focus on carcinogenic, reproductive and childhood effects of As exposure. We also devote resources to the development of practical remediation strategies for As in wastewater in drinking water. The proposal includes four biomedical research projects: 1) Bioavailability of Soil Pb and As in Humans; 2) Genotoxic Mechanisms of As in Mammalian Cells; 3) A Cohort Study of Aresnicosis in Bangladesh; 4) Environmental As, Pregnancy, and Children's Health. The biomedical research is directly related to that which occurs in three non- biomedical projects: 5) As Mobilization and Bangladesh Groundwater; 6) Redistribution of As at Sites in NF and Maine; and 7) Assessment and Remediation for as Enrichments in Groundwater. The research projects are supported by three Research Support Core Labs: 8) Trace Metals; 9) Geochemistry; and 10) Hydrology An Administrative Core includes an Information Dissemination Program and a Government Liaison & Outreach Program. Finally, a Training Core coordinates multi- disciplinary education and interaction among pre- and post-doctoral trainees support by this proposal as well as other training grant. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HIGH CAPACITY SNP GENOTYPING IN ARSENIC INDUCED DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Jensen, Ronald H.; Professor in Residence; Cancer Center; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 06-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): It is well known that the causes of common multifactorial diseases are both genetic and environmental in origin. Epidemiological studies (including the investigators? own international investigations) have shown that consuming drinking water with high levels of inorganic arsenic results in high health risk. A current challenge is to identify genetic polymorphisms in a set of environmentally-associated genes that may independently confer modest risk, but collectively comprise high risk profiles that predispose an individual to poor health
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consequences from arsenic exposure. The primary objective of this planning grant is to form a consortium with the capability to meet this current challenge. To accomplish this objective, this project has 3 specific aims. The first specific aim is to organize a cohesive group of multidisciplinary researchers with a shared mutual understanding of the methodologies, issues and problems involved in carrying out molecular epidemiology studies. The proposed consortium has researchers from 4 institutions: University of California San Francisco, University of California Berkeley (UC Berkeley), Children?s Hospital Oakland Research Institute and National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH. The second specific aim is to create and perform a series of pilot studies designed to investigate concepts, hypotheses and technologies relevant to molecular epidemiology of arsenic-exposed populations. Three such studies are included in this application: (1) to determine the most feasible high output DNA SNP technology for investigating genotypic differences between individuals, (2) to identify the most appropriate set of specific genes and SNPs for investigations of arsenic-exposed populations, and (3) to develop appropriate methodologies for discriminating and prioritizing the results of the multiple statistical testing involved in epidemiology studies using SNP genotyping. After completion of these pilot projects, the third specific aim is to prepare and submit to NIH a detailed proposal to perform a molecular epidemiology study to systematically investigate genetic factors that influence susceptibility to arsenic-induced skin lesions in a population in India. About 400 blood samples for this population have already been collected and are held in frozen storage. As a result of this systematic study, individuals at particular risk for arsenic-induced effects will be identified and subject to intensified surveillance screening. In addition, mechanistic information will provide potential targets for preventive and curative interventions in exposed populations (e.g., nutrients or drugs). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMPLANTED MEMBRANES FOR CHARACTERIZATION AND MONITORING Principal Investigator & Institution: Engebretson, Daniel S.; Dakota Technologies, Inc. 2201-A 12Th St N Fargo, Nd 58102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Many localities across the Unites States rely upon groundwater as the source of drinking water. In our industrialized society, pollution threatens the groundwater supply and, therefore, poses a significant health risk to the population. This Phase I SBIR research proposal offers an innovative solution to current inadequacies in groundwater monitoring. With the proposed sampling membranes, it will be possible to better characterize a contaminated site before remediation begins by providing more cost-effective and timely data. Once remediation begins, the same tools can be used to actively monitor the status of the remediation and allow site managers to make better decisions about remediation strategies. In addition, both of these options can be employed at a significantly lower cost than current technologies. The proposed samplers are passive devices that can be easily deployed in the subsurface using either state-of-the-art direct push technology or conventional drilling. Also, the samplers can be retrofit into existing monitoring wells, making it possible to convert antiquated wells to state-of-the-art technology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IMPROVING THE MONKEY RESEARCH FACILITIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Kraiselburd, Edmundo N.; Professor & Director; None; University of Puerto Rico Med Sciences Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, Pr 00936 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The specific aim of this application is to help the UPR for repair, renovation, and modernization of its unique animal research resource (ARC) at the CS facility of the CPRC. The CPRC is an unrivaled national and international research resource for comparative studies in the biomedical and behavioral sciences that has received NCRR funding through a P40 award or the equivalent for the past three decades. The proposed renovations will improve the care of research animals and will provide much needed infrastructure support for the ongoing and planned biomedical and behavioral research program at CS. The free-ranging population of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on the island of CS provides scientists with an unparalleled opportunity for performing biomedical and behavioral research projects utilizing primates residing in a semi-natural habitat. This population has the most extensive computerized demographic and genetics database available to researchers anywhere in the world. The population management program for CS has been designed to optimize the health and well-being of the monkeys, to enhance the value of the colony for research. In addition, the goal is to provide healthy animals to the scientific community for biomedical research, including AIDS and SlV pathogenesis and vaccine development as well as the support of National defense programs. Many of the existing structures on CS island were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s and are in dire need of renovation. This application seeks funds to renovate the dock to the island and funds to repair the roads, drinking water purification system and the three feeding and trapping corrals on CS. Renovations and modernization of these facilities are essential in order to prevent the continued deterioration of the infrastructure on CS, to maintain and enhance animal health and well being, to retain AAALAC accreditation, to comply with federal regulations and guidelines, and to continue to promote the research program and resources of the UPR. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INDUCIBLE LIF RECEPTOR ABLATION IN ADULT MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Ware, Carol B.; Comparative Medicine; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: The ability to selectively, inducibly and reversibly target mutations to specific proteins in adult mice would be a powerful tool in the study of aging. Toward this goal, we have made a tetracycline responsive ablation of the gene for the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) in ES cells. This mutation has transmitted through the mouse germline and mating pairs heterozygous for the targeted mutation are now producing pups. Loss of LIFR using standard non-inducible gene targeting techniques is a perinatal lethal profoundly affecting many systems including bone (osteoporosis) and glial cell development (agliogenesis). Thus, we are now poised to address: 1. the utility of a tetracycline inducible gene ablation approach in the study of aging 2. identification of adult consequences of LIFR loss. The inducible targeting vector incorporates a complete set of tet-off elements so that a full length rat LIFR cDNA is incorporated homologously into exon 2 of the mouse LIFR effectively ablating the mouse gene with tetracycline control of the introduced rat LIFR homolog. Because rat LIFR insertion is targeted to be
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under appropriate control of the endogenous mouse LIFR promoter elements, expression of rat LIFR is on where murine LIFR is constitutively expressed in the absence of a tetracycline derivative, doxycycline (Dox) and silenced in the presence of Dox. Expression of rat LIFR is reactivated upon removal of Dox. Sensitivity of this system will be studied both by semi- quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) to measure whole tissue alterations in LIFR levels in response to Dox in the drinking water and by utilizing a beta-galactosidase reporter gene incorporated in the targeting construct which is also switched off in the presence of Dox. Beta-galactosidase will be visualized in situ by X-gal staining to analyze localized effects of Dox administration. Effects of Dox and preliminary analysis of biological consequences of adult LIFR ablation will be assessed in bone, the central nervous system, skeletal and cardiac muscle, lung, liver, pancreas, spleen and kidney. In summary, a new technique for adult genetic manipulation will be developed and characterized that will elucidate the role in aging of the multi-functional cytokines that utilize LIFR. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON DENTAL CARIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Bowen, William H.; Welcher Professor of Dentistry; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1995; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: The prevalence of dental caries has been reduced significantly in some segments of the population over the past 25 years. The observed reduction has been attributed largely to increased exposure to fluoride in drinking water and use of fluoridated dentrifrices. During the same time period the use of food preservatives e.g. benzoates, sorbates, propionates, salicylates has also increased dramatically. For example the consumption of benzoate in the U.S. has increased from 1.8 million tons in 1970 to 25.5 million in 1995. Thus humans are exposed to preservatives constantly; persons in the U.S. consuming the average amount of soda ingest 800 mg of benzoate daily. Food preservatives are weak acids and exert their anti-microbial effect in a manner similar to that of fluoride i.e. at low pH values they diffuse undissociated through the bacterial cell membrane and acidify the cytoplasm, rendering microorganisms sensitive to acid. Acid tolerance is a characteristic of cariogenic organisms. Weak acids may also affect bacterial membranes. We have preliminary data which show that benzoates reduces the production of glycosyltransferase by microorganisms without affecting the enzymatic activity. This observation is consistent with an earlier report (Bowen and Hewitt, 1971) which showed that fluoride in growth medium influences the production of glucosyltransferase by mutans streptococci. Data from preliminary studies conducted in rats show that benzoate and non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents e.g. ketoprofen (weak-acid) enhances the cariostatic effect of fluoride and also many suppress mutans populations. The purpose of the present study is to explore the effects of well-recognized food preservatives alone or in combination with fluoride on caries in our animal model. The outcome of this research could result in identifying a novel method of enhancing the effectiveness of fluoride. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IN-SITU REMOVAL OF PERCHLORATE WITH NANOSCALE PARTICLES Principal Investigator & Institution: Kim, Heekyung; Lynntech, Inc. College Station, Tx 77840
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Perchlorate has emerged in recent years to become a significant new threat to drinking water supplies and the environment and its contamination of groundwater has been estimated to potentially affect the drinking water supplies of at least 12 million people in the United States. The use of bioreactors based on anaerobic biochemical reduction processes has been evaluated as the most promising treatment technology. However, the treatment by bioreactors poses toxicological problems by the microbes, not generally accepted to the public and needs an additional treatment. These biochemical processes are naturally occurring but slow because of insufficient electron donors. Lynntech, Inc. proposes a technology, which uses nanoscale iron particles to generate dissolved hydrogen as the electron donor for the indigenous anaerobic microbes in the subsurface environment so that the natural biodegradation can be sufficient to remove perchlorate to a safe level. The nanoscale iron particles due to its size can reach pores easily, supply electrons to the anaerobic microbes in regions otherwise unreachable, and then are retrieved by pumping. This technology requires no construction of bioreactors specifically designed for the perchlorate removal but utilizes the subsurface environment as a naturally occurring anaerobic reactor so that the treatment cost will be drastically reduced. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: This technology will be used by regulatory agencies like EPA, DOE, DOD and NASA, of which facilities have been found to be contaminated with perchlorates. Successful development of this technology can potentially be used in treating water contaminated with other oxidized contaminants in water such as nitrate, bromate and chlorate. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LEAD EFFECTS ON SKELETAL STEM CELLS AND FRAC Principal Investigator & Institution: Schwarz, Edward M.; Associate Professor; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by the applicant): The unifying hypothesis of this Program Project is that Pb exposure causes osteoporosis, which at the cellular level is known to be the result of an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. This condition is also associated with defective skeletal repair, which represents a significant component of the disease, as it has been shown that ~24% of osteoporosis patients that sustain a hip fracture die from associated complications. Critical data in support of this theory are that animals feed Pb in their diet become osteoporotic. At present the mechanism of this Pb-induced osteoporosis and the effects of Pb on fracture healing are unknown. This project will test the hypotheses that 1) Pb-induced osteoporosis is caused by preferential inhibitory effects on bone stem cells (osteoblast >>osteoclast progenitors) and 2) this inhibition has significant effects on skeletal repair (fracture healing). To test this the investigators will utilize two different Pb exposure regimens: Chronic Pb exposure (adult mice continually fed Pb in their drinking water) and osteoporosis-induced exposure (adolescent mice are exposed to Pb during development to incorporate Pb into their bones following 2 month of a Pb free diet, to clear the systemic Pb, the mice are overiectomized to commence the osteoporosis-induced exposure). Utilizing these exposures regimens with the dosing of 0,200 or 500ppm of Pb in their drinking water, to achieve a blood Pb concentration of (<5, 15, and 40ug/dl respectively), the investigators will evaluate the effects of Pb on bone stem cells (Aim 1) and fracture healing (Aim 2). The effects of Pb exposure on osteoblast progenitor cells will be analyzed in nodule formation, alkaline phosphatase, and gene expression assays on primary bone marrow
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cells from mice. Effects on osteoclast progenitor cells will be evaluated in splenocyte CFU-M colony and osteoclastogenesis (TRAP) assays to determine osteoclast precursor frequency; and bone wafer resorption assays to evaluate effects on osteoclast activity. The effects of Pb exposure on fracture healing will be evaluated utilizing a stabilized tibia fracture model with quantitative radiology and histomorphometry at various time points after fracture. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LEAD TOXICITY--MIDBRAIN DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Pitts, David K.; Associate Professor; Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 13-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Substantial evidence indicates that lead (Pb) has a significant developmental impact on the midbrain dopaminergic (DA) system, and suggests that this system can be affected at low levels of exposure. Since the DA system is thought to play a role in cognition, attention, learning, and motor behavior, a role of the DA system in the neurotoxic effects of Pb is consistent with the neurological profile observed following childhood Pb exposure. Neurochemical reports have indicated that Pb alters DA turnover, DA release and the development of postsynaptic DA receptors. However, very little is known about the consequences of postnatal exposure on the dopaminergic system at the cellular level in vivo. The absence of any information concerning the effects of Pb on impulse generation in DA neurons or DA neuron viability represents a serious gap in our understanding of the impact of Pb on the DA system. The proposed experiments will examine the electrophysiological activity of the midbrain DAcontaining neurons and target neurons in the striatum and nucleus accumbens by using single-cell electrophysiological recording techniques. In addition, immunohistochemical techniques and specific behavioral assays will be used to examine the impact of Pb on DA neuron survival and the behaviors modulated by the DA system respectively. This approach will provide a thorough analysis of DA neuronal activity and provide the ability to correlate electrophysiological, immuno-histochemical and behavioral findings with blood and brain Pb levels. Two different exposure protocols will be used. In the pre-weaning protocol Pb will be provided to offspring via the milk of lactating dams that consume Pb-treated drinking water. In the post-weaning protocol Pb will be provided directly to weanlings via their drinking water. The overall hypothesis is that postnatal Pb exposure alters the electrophysiological activity and/or survival of midbrain DA neurons. The effects on the presynaptic component of the DA system (i.e., DA neurons) may then have an impact on the postsynaptic component, and this would be seen as changes in postsynaptic DA receptor responses and specific DArelated behaviors. Results obtained from these studies will be relevant to our understanding of the impact of low level Pb exposure on human brain development, and will provide more detailed insight into the neurological problems associated with such exposure at the cellular level. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: LOW COST DISINFECTION DEVICE FOR PERSONAL USE Principal Investigator & Institution: Andrews, Craig C.; Lynntech, Inc. College Station, Tx 77840 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003
32 Drinking Water
Summary: Lynntech, Inc., has innovative ozone based solution for a personal use device, to be used for the disinfection of small quantities of water. This water can be used for drinking, or may even be used as a disinfectant itself since the levels of ozone dissolved in the water provides disinfection qualities. The need for such a device just for drinking water alone is enormous. One billion people lack access to clean drinking water and 10,000 to 20,000 children succumb to preventable water related diseases worldwide. (UN Report on access to water, November 2000). Lynntech, Inc has already built miniature electrochemical cells, which produce ozone. However, in order to generate ozone for personal use a small quantity of deionized water is required. We will develop a miniature electrochemical deionizer to provide the water required by the electrochemical ozone generator and combine this deionization unit with existing electrochemical ozone generator technology to develop a pen sized water disinfection device. The system will require no maintenance, will be environmentally friendly, have no moving parts, and is designed for mass production. Working with a major home product manufacturer Lynntech has an existing commercialization pathway to take this novel device to production and worldwide distribution. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: The final outcome will be an inexpensive commercial personal disinfection device. The device has application in disinfecting small quantities of drinking water, disinfecting wounds, disinfecting skin before injections, disinfecting counters etc. It can also be used during disaster relief where providing clean drinking water is an important issue. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MAGNESIUM AND ASTHMA - CLINICAL TRIALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stern, Judith S.; Professor of Medicine and Nutrition; Nutrition; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 18-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Over the past twenty years a number of studies of acute bronchial asthma have shown that i.v. or nebulized MgS04 may improve symptoms over a course of hours. With respect to dietary supplementation, short term (3 wk) oral Mg has been associated with a significant decrease in symptoms but no significant effect on measurements like FEV1 or bronchial hyperactivity by methacholine challenge. Although a large number of studies have attempted to address this issue, we believe that major gaps still exist. One of the gaps is in the comparison of large numbers of asthmatics and non-asthmatics, with regards to dietary intake, and a variety of measures of Mg status. We will evaluate baseline Mg intake (diet, tap and bottled drinking water, vitamin-mineral supplements, laxatives, and antacids), and multiple measures of Mg status, such as total and free plasma Mg, and total and free erythrocyte Mg, and urinary Mg. Furthermore there are no large-scale studies evaluating the effects of Mg supplementation on asthma control and clinical markers, and markers of inflammation. We propose to assess the effects of one year of oral Mg on clinical markers of asthma control (asthma symptom diary, morning and evening peak flow and asthma quality of life questionnaire (QOL)), indirect biomarkers of inflammation (exhaled nitric oxide and serum eosinophil cationic protein) and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (methacholine challenge). Dietary Mg will be assessed using three different methods: I) food frequency questionnaire, 2) 4 day food diary - done every other day over a seven day period and 3) 24 hr recall. Our hypotheses are that l.) subjects with mild asthma, as defined by National Institutes of Health National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NIH NAEPP) clinical guidelines will have poorer Mg status than nonasthmatics, and 2.) that
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marginal Mg intake and status may modulate the severity of asthma. Thus subjects with asthma who have marginal intake/status and thus relatively lower total and free plasma Mg, lower erythrocyte total and free Mg, and lower urinary Mg will show improvement in the aforementioned clinical and indirect biomarkers. In contrast, Mg supplements will have little effect in subjects with highest intakes and Mg status. This study will use the services of the Clinical/Pulmonary Core to recruit, evaluate, assign and monitor subjects and the Inflammation Core for measures of inflammation. We do not anticipate that Mg supplementation will replace conventional treatment, but may complement and decrease the need for conventional medications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MANIPULATION IONOPHORES
OF
LEAD
USING
CARBOXYLIC
ACID
Principal Investigator & Institution: Pfeiffer, Douglas R.; Professor; Molecular/Cellula/Biochemistry; Ohio State University 1800 Cannon Dr, Rm 1210 Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The use of antibiotics in agricultural is often criticized because resistant strains of bacteria arise from the practice. There may be additional grounds for concern in the case of antibiotic ionophores, which are added to the feed of nearly all species that are employed by this industry. More specifically, these compounds are long know to be ionophores for physiological cations such as Na+, K+, and Ca2+, however, we have found that they are actually much more active and highly selective as ionophores for Pb2+. Since the compounds are known to carryover into the human diet, the prospect arises that the use of ionophores as feed additives impacts upon the pathophysiology of lead as a toxin in humans, as well as in the animals. The studies proposed here are designed to will test those possibilities from several perspectives. We will use rats as an animal model to determine it Pb2+ transporting ionophores increase or decrease lead absorption via the gut, when they are administered at levels that are typical of agricultural practices. We will also determine if Pb2+ transporting ionophores redistribute an existing lead burden between bone and soft tissues and between individual soft tissues, including heart, brain, kidney, liver, and testis. We will furthermore determine if Pb2+ transporting ionophores improve access of previously accumulated lead to circulating chelators, and thereby shorten the otherwise lengthy duration of chelation therapy for lead intoxication. We will administer the ionophores to rats in feed and drinking water, respectively. Lead levels in organs, blood, urine and feces will be determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. Ionophore levels will be determined by HPLC using post-column derivatization with vanillin or fluorescent reagents. These animal studies will be complimented by a physical-chemical investigation of ionophore mediated Pb2+ transport in phospholipid vesicles and by an analogous investigation of Pb2+ transport in cultured cells. The physical-chemical studies emphasize spectroscopic and solution chemical methods. Taken in total, the proposed studies will reveal if the use of ionophores in agriculture might pose an unrecognized threat to the public health. They may furthermore identify improved methods for the treatment of lead intoxication. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MEASUREMENT ERRORS IN CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Rosner, Bernard A.; Professor; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115
34 Drinking Water
Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 17-JUL-1989; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): The types of exposures studied in cancer epidemiology pose special challenges from a data analytic standpoint. For example, nutritional exposures form the basis for many etiologic hypotheses concerning cancer. However, nutrient intake is difficult to measure precisely. The degree of measurement error may mask true underlying relationships due to the regression dilution problem. It is the role of measurement error correction methods to estimate the relationship between cancer incidence and "true" nutrient intake. To accomplish this requires data from both a main study where disease and the surrogate exposure are measured, and a validation study where both the surrogate measure and the gold standard for nutrient intake are assessed. In this proposal, we seek to extend the previous work on measurement error correction which is based on intake reported at a single survey to the situation where diet is reported at multiple surveys over time. Another focus of this proposal is to extend previous measurement error models which were specified at the nutrient level to models specified at the food level, which is the level at which people actually report their intake. The issue is that different foods have different degrees of measurement error, which should be taken into account when considering measurement error both at the food and nutrient level. Another issue is that many nutrients have contributions from both foods and supplements which are likely to have differing degrees of measurement error. We also consider measurement error issues for non-nutritional exposures in cancer epidemiology. For example, proband studies using family registers for a specific type of cancer collect data from a cancer case and other nonaffected people in the same family. Special analytic methods are required to take account of the familial nature of the data. We propose to extend measurement error correction to be applicable to this type of data structure. Second, some exposuredisease relationships are inherently non-linear, and are best captured using splines (e.g., the relationship of skin cancer to low levels of arsenic in drinking water). We propose to extend measurement error correction methods to curves fitted with splines. Also, ROC curves are used in imaging studies for breast cancer detection but are based in imperfect continuous measures. We propose to assess the impact of measurement error on the estimation of the ROC curve. Finally, there is inevitably misclassification in the pathological classification of disease stage in some types of cancer (e.g., pancreatic cancer). We propose to investigate the impact of this misclassification on estimated racial differences in survival for persons with pancreatic cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISM OF ARSENIC-INDUCED DIABETES Principal Investigator & Institution: Styblo, Miroslav; Pediatrics; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant) This project examines the role of arsenicals in the induction of diabetes mellitus. Inorganic forms of arsenic (iAs) are highly toxic and are classified as human carcinogens. Drinking water contaminated with iAs, along with industrial emissions, are major sources of exposure to iAs for populations worldwide. Numerous epidemiological studies have linked environmental exposures to iAs to increased incidences of various types of cancer and noncancerous diseases. Among diseases associated with chronic exposure to iAs, diabetes mellitus remains a significant problem especially in arsenic-endemic areas with large populations exposed to this metalloid from drinking water (e.g., Taiwan and Bangladesh). The adverse health effects associated with chronic exposure to iAs are also being intensively studied in the
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U.S. where hundreds of thousands of residents drink water with iAs levels that exceed the current maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 50 milligrams of arsenic per liter of water. Mechanisms by which iAs induces cancer, diabetes mellitus or other noncancerous disease are unknown. iAs species that contain trivalent arsenic (iAs-III) are potent oxidants that induce oxidative stress in laboratory animals and cultured cells. iAs-III species are also inhibitors of numerous enzymes and receptors involved in key metabolic and cell signaling pathways. Interactions of iAs-III with catalytically-active thiols have been shown to underlie these effects. In humans, iAs is metabolized to yield methylarsenic (MAs) and dimethylarsenic (DMAs) metabolites. Because of the redox nature of the metabolic reactions, both trivalent and pentavalent arsenicals (iAs-III, iAsV, Mas-V, DMAs-III, DMAs-V) are intermediates of final metabolites in this pathway. Recent reports from this and other laboratories have shown that trivalent methylated metabolites (Mas-III and DMAs-III) are more potent cytotoxins and enzyme inhibitors than iAs-III. The thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin (TR/Trx) system that plays a key role in numerous regulatory mechanisms in the cell (e.g., antioxidant defense, activation of transcriptional factors and cellular receptors, cytokine expression or insulin excretion by B cells) has been shown to be a primary target for MAs-III in intact cells. In addition, unlike iAs-III, Mas-III and DMAs-III can damage DNA in intact cells. The investigators have shown that both Mas-III and DMAs-III are produced by human hepatic cells exposed to iAs and are present in the urine of individuals chronically exposed to iAs from drinking water. Thus, Mas-III and DMA-III, toxic products of iAs metabolism in humans, can significantly contribute to adverse affects associated with exposure to iAs. This pilot project is designed to examine effects of trivalent arsenicals, especially Mas-III and DMAs-III, on basic mechanisms that regulate utilization of glucose: (1) production of insulin in the pancreas and (2) metabolism of glucose in peripheral tissues. Effects of arsenicals will be examined in cultured cells (pancreatic B cell lines, adipocytes and skeletal muscle cells) and in mice. Induction of oxidative stress and inhibition of TR/Trx activities will be examined as possible mechanisms underlying the induction of diabetic symptoms. Arsenic metabolites responsible for these effects will be identified. In addition, the role of cellular and nutritional antioxidants in protection against arsenicinduced diabetes will be examined, providing information that may be critical for prevention and/or treatment of diabetes in arsenic-exposed individuals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISMS OF ALCOHOL RELATED INHIBITION OF NK ACTIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Meadows, Gary G.; Dorothy O. Kennedy Professor & Director,; Cancer Prevention Research Ctr; Washington State University 423 Neill Hall Pullman, Wa 99164 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1993; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: It is estimated that alcohol dependency affects over 10 million Americans and that the cost of alcohol related problems totals over 100 billion dollars. Alcohol consumption impairs both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in immunosurveillance against certain infectious diseases and cancer and are especially active in preventing tumor metastasis. NK cells also control the rate of progression of aids. We showed previously that alcohol consumption specifically results in impaired NK and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cytolytic activity when mice consume between 25-40% of their calories from ethanol administered in the drinking water. The objective of this proposal is to determine the mechanism(s) underlying this impaired cytolytic activity and to specifically test the hypothesis that
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alcohol consumption impairs cytolytic activity through disruption of protein kinase C cell signaling, which in turn modulates granule and cytotoxic mediator function. We will examine the effect that alcohol consumption has on NK granule cytotoxicity and the specific function of the cytolytic mediators, perforin, granzyme A, and granzyme B. We will also determine the effect of alcohol consumption on the activity and amount of these proteins in the two primary subpopulations of NK and LAK cells that contribute to inherent NK cell cytolytic activity (NK1.1+LGL1-cells) and to LAK cytolytic activity (NK1.1+LGL-cells). In vitro colorimetric enzymatic assays will characterize granzyme A and granzyme B proteolytic activity. Isolation of enriched NK1.1+ cells and the LGL1 subpopulations will utilize magnetic bead separation technology. Western blot analysis will be used to determine protein expression in granzymes, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) will be used to determine mRNA. Protein kinase C activity will be determined using standard assays. Cytolytic granules will be isolated from NK/LAK cells with nitrogen cavitation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISMS DEVELOPMENT
OF
ARSENIC
TOXICITY
IN
VASCULAR
Principal Investigator & Institution: Coffin, J Douglas.; Associate Professor; Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Montana University Hall 202 Missoula, Mt 598124104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAR-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) Arsenic is a prevalent toxin in ground water and soil around areas with extractive industries. Exposure to arsenic is linked to several developmental defects in the nervous system and limbs, pregnancy complications and miscarriage. Vascular defects are often the underlying basis for limb deformations and developmental anomalies in other systems and vascular abnormalities often form the basis for placentation defects linked to miscarriage. The overall goal of this project is to define the developmental mechanisms for how arsenic toxicity causes developmental defects and miscarriage, and to characterize the molecular mechanisms for arsenic mediated alteration of endothelial cell physiology. Our preliminary data suggest that arsenic and arsenic-metal mixtures dramatically alter endothelial cell physiology. We hypothesize that arsenite toxicity causes defects in vascular development, predisposing the embryo to other developmental anomalies and miscarriage. The following aims have been designed to test this hypothesis: (1) Characterize the molecular mechanisms for arsenic-mediated alteration of endothelial cell physiology. Cultured endotheiial cells will be exposed to arsenic and analyzed for alterations in the molecular regulatory pathways for vascular development. (2) Define the developmental mechanisms for how arsenic toxicity causes developmental defects. The effects of arsenic toxicity on angiogenesis and vasculogenesis will be assessed using quail-chick chimeras with arsenic-treated tissue transplants. The resulting growth and development of the quail angioblasts through vasculogenesis and angiogenesis will be analyzed by immunocytochemistry with QH-1. (3) Determine how arsenic exposure affects fecundity, placentation and vascular morphogenesis in vivo. Timed- pregnant mice will be exposed to arsenic and arsenic-metal mixtures in their drinking water. The rate of live births from treated mice will be compared to controls to assess fecundity. Embryos harvested at E4.5, E 7.5, E9.5, E10.5 and E15.5 from arsenic-treated tie2-LacZ transgenic (TgLacz) mice will be examined for vascular abnormalities. The key molecular regulatory elements for vascular development will be assayed in each group for comparison to the in vitro data collected in Specific Aim l.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISMS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE FROM ARSENIC EXPOSURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Beall, Howard D.; University of Montana University Hall 202 Missoula, Mt 598124104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: Arsenic is widely dispersed in the earth's crust and is released into the air, soil and water by human activities such as mining, smelting, manufacturing and pesticide application. Epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to arsenic in drinking water increases the risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD). Ingestion of arsenic produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in tissues. ROS/RNS may exacerbate CVD by altering vessel wall physiology through regulatory pathways that include eicosanoids, growth factors and nitric oxide. We propose an investigation of the potential for arsenic to increase morbidity and mortality from CVD with a focus on atherosclerosis, or coronary artery disease (CAD). The overall objective of this application is to identify the mechanisms and regulatory pathways involved in arsenic-induced CAD. The central hypothesis is that arsenic facilitates development of CAD. The specific aims for testing this hypothesis are 1. characterize arsenic-mediated formation of reactive species in endothelial cells, 2. define changes in expression of key atherogenic regulatory molecules in endothelial cells upon treatment with arsenic, and 3. determine the effects of arsenic on expression of key CAD regulatory molecules in the ApoE(-/-) atherosclerotic mouse model. An important ROS/RNS is peroxynitrite, a powerful oxidant that is capable of nitrating tyrosine residues. Peroxynitrite and nitrotyrosine formation will be the primary focus of the endothelial cell studies in Specific Aim 1. In Specific Aim 2 (endothelial cells) and Specific Aim 3 (mouse), expression of inflammatory regulators including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) will be assayed. The eicosaniod products of COX-2 and 5-LOX will also be measured along with pertinent growth factors and cytokines. Antioxidants and enzyme inhibitors will be used throughout these studies to elucidate the most important pathways in arsenic-induced atherogenesis. These studies will provide important data for determination of health risks associated with arsenic exposure and potential CAD prevention strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS OF METALS & PAH/METAL MIXTURES Principal Investigator & Institution: Dixon, Kathleen C.; Professor; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Taken from application) The long-range goal of this research is to understand the mechanisms of action of the carcinogenic metals/metalloids chromium and arsenic, and to determine the impact of these metals on the mutagenic activity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Both metals are important contaminants at Superfund sites, and in many cases they exist in complex mixtures with PAHs. Exposure by inhalation to chromate compounds has been associated with the development of lung cancer, particularly in cigarette smokers. Exposure to arsenite in drinking water has been associated with the development of skin cancer, as well as internal cancers of the
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lung, liver, and bladder. Chromate has been shown to be mutagenic in a variety of test systems; in contrast, arsenite and arsenate have generally tested negative for mutagenesis. However, there is evidence that arsenic is clastogenic and it appears to enhance the mutagenic activity of other agents in co-exposures. During the previous grant period, we demonstrated that chromate induces oxidative damage to DNA in a process that involves intracellular glutathione(GSH)-mediated reduction of chromate (CrVI). Furthermore, the mutagenic specificity of chromate is consistent with oxidative DNA damage in yeast, mammalian cells and the lungs of transgenic mice. In this renewal application, we propose to characterize further the mutagenic potential and mutagenic specificity of chromate, particularly with respect to the induction of deletion mutations. In addition, we propose to expand our investigation of mechanisms of metalinduced mutagenesis to include the analysis of the mutagenic potential of arsenic. We are particularly interested in determining the activity of these metals as co-mutagens in combination with PAHs, because environmental exposures often involve complex mixtures of the two classes of carcinogenic compounds. We propose to test the following two hypotheses: 1) Arsenic and chromium function as mutagens by mechanisms involving interaction with intracellular GSH and generation of reactive oxygen species. 2) Arsenic and chromium act as co-mutagens by potentiating the mutagenic activity of PAHs We propose to address these hypotheses by investigating the mutagenic, and co-mutagenic potential with PAHs, of arsenic and chromium in yeast, mammalian cells, and transgenic mice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MENTORED TRAINING IN RESEARCH ON ARSENIC Principal Investigator & Institution: Steinmaus, Craig M.; Medicine; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provide by applicant) The goal of this application is to support the candidate's development in patient-orientated research. This will be done through a program combining didactic teaching, mentoring, and scientific research focusing on the pharmacokinetics of ingested arsenic. Millions of people worldwide are exposed to arsenic in their drinking water, and recent evidence suggests that these exposures may lead to substantial risks of lung cancer. Currently, little is known about the human toxicokinetics or pulmonary toxicity of ingested arsenic. The candidate proposes three studies in arsenic exposed populations to increase our knowledge of these topics. The first will assess the role of 13 dietary and metabolic factors in arsenic methylation, the primary detoxification pathway of inorganic arsenic. Serum levels of these factors will be compared to arsenic methylation patterns based on the urinary excretion of arsenic metabolites. Previous studies have shown that individuals vary greatly in the degree they methylate arsenic, thus investigating factors that regulate methylation may allow susceptible sub- populations to be identified, and therefore may provide information useful in drinking water regulation. The second study is a cross-sectional cadaver study on the intracellular distribution of arsenic and its metabolites in human tissues. Tissue samples from the six organs will be collected from 20 subjects during routine autopsies performed by the coroners offices of arsenic exposed and unexposed population. The levels of arsenic and its metabolites will be determined in the subcellular components of each organ. Identifying specific patterns of arsenic accumulation may further support the hypothesis that ingested arsenic is a potent lung carcinogen, and may explain why the lung appears more susceptible to arsenic than other tissues. In addition, providing information on the distribution patterns of specific metabolites, particularly
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monomethylarsonous acid, may add new insight into the role of methylation in arsenic carcinogenesis. The final project is the design of an epidemiological study of lung cancer and low exposures of drinking water arsenic. Currently, little information is available on the cancer effects of arsenic at doses below 100 ug/L. This project will involve the development of all major aspects of study design and implementation with the ultimate goal of preparing an investigation that will provide dose-response data useful in drinking water regulation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MINIATURE SYSTEM FOR REMOVAL OF DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kim, Jinseong; Lynntech, Inc. College Station, Tx 77840 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The availability of safe drinking water is a significant health concern. The introduction of chlorination as a disinfection method caused a large drop in mortality from water borne diseases and was considered a major public health advance. Unfortunately, disinfection byproducts (DPBs) are formed when chlorine and other disinfectants are used in water treatment plants. Many disinfection byproducts can have serious health effects and are potential carcinogens. Current treatment options to minimize DPBs in drinking water are either inadequate or too costly to implement. A potential means to combat exposure to DPBs is through the widespread implementation of treatment methods near to the place where water is consumed (i.e., point-of-use treatment). In Phase I, we demonstrated a point-of-use water treatment device based on photocatalytic oxidation. The method has a high potential to degrade DPBs to benign end products and provide safe drinking water at a cost lower than current treatment options. Significant accomplishments of the Phase I study included demonstration of the device's potential for mass production as well as its multiple applications, including control of microbial contaminants. The Phase II will focus on optimization of the device's design and capabilities. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: There are many economic advantages to the point-ofuse water purification method described in this proposal. The proposed device can be used as a stand alone treatment method, or its commercial potential may be enhanced by integrating it with siilar water purification devices that are used by millions of consumers in the U.S. The market opportunity is substantial, given the large number of point-of-use devices that are used in health care facilities, homes, restaurants, food service establishments and hotels. The market is estimated to be worth over $1.5 billion annually in the U.S. Lynntech is well positioned to commercialize this technology, having secured intellectual property covering many aspects of the invention. Additionally, Lynntech's management team is experienced in commercializing new technology related to water treatment, healthcare and consumer products. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: There are many economic advantages to the point-ofuse water purification method described in this proposal Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MODELS SCHIZOPHRENIA
OF
ANTIPSYCHOTIC
PROPHYLAXIS
FOR
Principal Investigator & Institution: Powell, Susan B.; Psychiatry; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 08-AUG-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Clinical evidence suggests that a prolonged period of untreated psychosis may be associated with increased severity of symptoms and decreased overall quality of life. Taken together with the extremely debilitating nature of schizophrenia, there is a renewed interest in the early identification and treatment of psychotic disorders, including prodromal symptoms. While the efficacy, safety, and ethics of early intervention are being examined in the clinical arena, preclinical studies on the therapeutic potential and long-term consequences of prophylactic treatments in animals are warranted in order to inform this debate. Because some forms of schizophrenia appear to be attributable to early developmental perturbations, many animal studies have examined the influences of specific developmental manipulations on behaviors and neural circuitry relevant to schizophrenia. Two developmental rat models, isolation rearing and neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions, result in both sensorimotor gating deficits and locomotor hyperactivity. The use of these two complementary developmental manipulations is important because they differ in their timing and mode of insult, but result in similar behavioral and neuronal abnormalities. These models will allow the examination of the therapeutic potential of prophylactic treatment and the potential side effects of chronic treatment during ontogeny. Isolation rearing is a non-pharmacological, environmental perturbation that deprives the rats of social contact from weaning through adulthood. Neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions involve a discrete, neuroanatomical insult that has temporal and regional specificity. Studies in this application will test whether long-term early administration of antipsychotic medications will prevent the development of isolation rearing or neonatal hippocampal lesion-induced deficits in sensorimotor gating and locomotor habituation. Considering the potential sensitivity of the models to repeated handling, antipsychotic drugs will be administered through the drinking water for an 8 week period initially and then at different time points to determine the critical developmental window of antipsychotic treatment. The specific aims are: 1: To determine the optimal parameters and functional effects of early developmental antipsychotic administration in rats. 2. To assess the effects of prophylactic antipsychotic treatment on isolation rearing induced behavioral deficits. 3. To assess the effects of prophylactic antipsychotic treatment on neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion induced behavioral deficits. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR GENETICS OF NITRATE METABOLISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Crawford, Nigel M.; Professor; Biology; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1988; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: To understand how genes and the products they encode are differentially regulated in response to environmental and physiological changes, one must elucidate the molecular mechanisms that govern the regulatory networks and signal transduction pathways of the cell. The nitrate assimilation pathway in plants provides a versatile system for studying such mechanisms. Nitrate assimilation involves the uptake and then reduction of nitrate to ammonia by the enzymes nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR). The transport systems and reductases in this pathway and the genes that encode them are tightly controlled so that they respond to several key environmental, metabolic and hormonal signals. The mechanisms that control nitrate metabolism include transcription regulation and a phosphorylation-dependent inhibition of NR by 14-3-3 proteins. Our long range goal is to elucidate further the regulatory mechanisms and to identify and characterize the genes required for nitrate
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uptake and reduction. To pursue this objective, we propose to continue our studies of nitrate metabolism in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. A nitrate transporter gene CHLI has been cloned, characterized and shown to be one of at least two components of the low affinity nitrate uptake system. Subsequently, chlorate resistant mutants in two distinct complementation groups (CHL8 and CHL9) that are defective in high affinity nitrate uptake were isolated and studied. Our work on nitrate uptake will be continued by isolating and characterizing the CHL8 and CHL9 genes and determining their expression patterns and role/function in nitrate uptake, determining biochemical properties of the CHL8 and CHL9 gene products, determining the role CHL1 plays in high affinity uptake, and continuing our search for nitrate transport mutants. This work will further elucidate the mechanisms and regulation of nitrate transport. Our work on the regulation of nitrate reductase has advanced by the adaptation of two yeast (Pichia and two- hybrid) expression systems to study the phosphorylation-dependent regulation of NR by 14-3-3 proteins. The elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms and genes required for nitrate reduction will be continued by delineating the motifs and residues in both NR 14-3-3 proteins that are required for phosphorylation-dependent regulation of NR, determining the importance of these motifs on NR activity and regulation in vitro and in vivo, and identifying nitrate regulatory mutants using transposon mutagenesis. These studies have and will aid in the detection and reduction of nitrate, which is a prevalent health hazard in food and drinking water supplies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEURAL MECHANISMS OF ANOREXIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Watts, Alan G.; Associate Professor; Biological Sciences; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 06-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of these experiments is to define the organization of the neural networks responsible for anorexia in rats. The rationale is that understanding how these networks are constructed and interact during the adverse challenges that cause anorexia in animals will help us begin considering how the brain is involved with clinically-important anorexias. Increasing evidence suggests that animal anorexias can be categorized into two groups depending on whether or not they are sensitive to exogenous NPY treatment. Experiments are designed to address the neural circuits and mechanisms underlying the second group. To generate anorexia experimentally, the project will use the chronic dehydration that follows drinking hypertonic saline. This well-documented model has the advantage that its development and intensity can be simply and reliably controlled. Furthermore, the anorexia is quickly reversed when the animal drinks water. The theoretical basis for how underlying circuits are functionally organized is that the brain contains a tripartite system of neural networks that either stimulates, inhibits or disinhibits feeding. Three hypotheses will be addressed by five specific aims. These hypotheses are: 1) An inhibitory network generates anorexia during dehydration when its constituent neurons increase their expression of anorexic neuropeptides. Some of these neurons are located in the lateral hypothalamus (LHA) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). 2) During dehydration this inhibitory network generates anorexia by masking the effects of a leptin-sensitive NPY-containing neural networks that normally stimulate eating. 3) Sensory signals derived from drinking water activate a third network that generates compensatory feeding by disinhibiting the output of the leptin-sensitive stimulatory network. The constituents of this third network are currently unknown. Experiments
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will use excitotoxic lesions specifically targeted to the LHA and BST, central neuropeptide infusions, and neuroanatomical mapping of markers of rapid cellular activation. The goal is to correlate these manipulations and variables to behavioral end points associated with anorexia development and reversal. In situ hybridization will be used as a tool for exploring the dynamics of neuropeptide genes during anorexia, as a neuroanatomical probe for clarifying circuit organization, and for monitoring the extent of the excitotoxic lesions. Collectively, the experiments in this project are designed to make major contributions towards elucidating the organization and function of the neural circuits responsible for anorexia in animals in a way that will ultimately help to clarify the neural substrates of clinically important anorexias. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEURAL SUBSTRATES OF ANOREXIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Salter, Dawna; Biological Sciences; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of the project is to characterize the organization of central networks involved in anorexia. Anorexia is the loss of appetite, and is a serious complication that increases mortality in a number of human clinical conditions, including AIDS and cancer. Understanding the organization and interactions of circuits involved in generating and reversing anorexia will help us elucidate how these circuits function in both health and disease. Normally a state of negative energy balance elicits mechanisms to increase appetite and food intake. However, in anorexia these compensatory mechanisms fail. To accomplish the goal of this project, three experiments are proposed using a physiological model of anorexia resulting from dehydration (DE). DE-anorexia occurs after drinking hypertonic saline but is robustly reversed within minutes of returning access to drinking water. The experiments are: 1) To determine if DE inhibits eating in response to the orexigen Neuropeptide Y (NPY) when injected into the perifornical area of the lateral hypothalamus or the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus; 2) An analysis of neuronal activation in NPY neurons immediately after anorexia reversal by using imunohistochemical detection of the phosphorylated form of p42/44 mitogen-activated protein/extracellular sinai-regulated kinase (pERK1/2) and in-situ hybridization for NPY mRNA; 3) To determine if low leptin levels are necessary for compensatory feeding after anorexia reversal by providing exogenous leptin to revent the decrease of circulating levels. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NEW MEMBRANES FOR CARCINOGEN REMOVAL IN WATER TREATMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Nemser, Stuart; President; Compact Membrane Systems, Inc. Wilmington, De 18904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 17-JAN-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): The ozonation of drinking water is attractive for small communities that employ local wells or surface water sources, provided it can be done at a reasonable cost. Although chlorine is widely used and is cheaper to use than ozone, it's use results in the formation of carcinogenic trihalomethanes. Also, chlorine has been found to be ineffective in the treatment of cryptosporidium. Under a SBIR Phase I grant from the NIH, Compact Membrane Systems (CMS) demonstrated at lab-scale that CMS' membrane technology could be
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successfully used to achieve efficient ozone levels that would be commercially practical, while membrane lifetimes in excess of 1300 hours when exposed to ozone and water were also observed. In Phase II the investigator will a) scale-up device size for pilot-scale water treatment operations, b) employ CMS' membrane technology to enhance the device performance and longevity, c) demonstrate efficient ozonation of water streams spiked with Cryptosporidium with the aid of animal studies, d) undertake pilot-scale experiments at the local water treatment plant, and e) develop detailed economics with respect to system size and calculate cost trade-off for system size versus costs per 1000 gallons of water treated. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NONHEME IRON AND THE BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION OF METHANE Principal Investigator & Institution: Lippard, Stephen J.; Professor of Chemistry; Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Ma 02139 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1983; Project End 31-AUG-2002 Summary: The major objective of this research is to elucidate the chemical and physical properties of soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO), a system of three proteins used by methanotrophic bacteria to convert methane and oxygen selectively to methanol and water. Methanotrophs consume significant amounts of methane, a greenhouse gas and their sole source of carbon and energy. These organisms are used in bioremediation of the environment, for example, to remove chlorinated hydrocarbons from drinking water supplies. Understanding the principles by which the enzyme system hydroxylates methane can provide key insights into the development of synthetic catalysts for achieving this important industrial goal. A principle component of sMMO is the hydroxylase enzyme (MMOH), which house two non-heme, carboxylate-bridged diiron centers where reductive activation of dioxygen takes places, evolving species that ultimately oxidize methane. Related chemistry occurs at similar cores located in the small subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), an enzyme which catalyzes the first step in DNA biosynthesis and which is a target of anti-tumor and anti-viral agents. Among the specific aims of this project is to understand the details of how these nonheme iron centers achieve such remarkable transformations under physiological conditions. Advanced methodologies will be applied to trap and determine the structures of intermediates in the MMOH reaction cycle, including rapid freeze-quench EPR and ENDOR spectroscopic. and double-mixing stopped-flow experiments, and to examine the reactivity of time-resolved intermediates with substrates. In parallel with work on the enzyme, synthetic analogs of the carboxylate-bridged diiron cores of MMOH and RNR will be prepared to help understand their active sites and to reproduce steps in their catalytic cycles. Kinetic and mechanistic experiments will be performed the learn the factors which control alkane hydroxylation, alkene epoxidation, tyrosyl radical generation, oxidase and peroxidase activities of the bridged diiron centers. The other two components of the sMMO system, a reductase (MMOR) and a small coupling protein (MMOB), form complexes with MMOH and significantly alter its catalytic activity and redox properties. Additional goals are to determine the structures of both these proteins by NMR and X-ray diffraction methods and to investigate the formation of complexes between all three components by thermodynamic and kinetic measurements. The optical spectra of the flavin and [2Fe-2S] chromophores in MMOR will be used to track electron-transfer reactions through the system. Site-directed mutagenesis studies of all three proteins will be carried out to identify key amino acid
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residues postulated to be involved in complex formation, electron transfer, proton transfer, substrate access to the diiron center, and the hydroxylation chemistry. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NRG1 REGULATION OF CANDIDA ALBICANS VIRULENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Lopez-Ribot, Jose L.; Assistant Professor; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Candida albicans is the most common etiological agent of candidiasis, now the fourth leading cause of nosocomial infections. C. albicans is able to undergo reversible morphological transitions between unicellular yeast-like forms (blastospore) and filamentous forms (called hypha or pseudohypha depending on slight variations in the structure of the filament). These morphogenetic conversions are pivotal to its pathogenic potential. This belief is based upon the results obtained from a large number of virulence studies using C. albicans mutant strains unable to undergo this morphogenetic switch (i.e. delta cph1, delta efg1, delta tup1). However, all these strains are locked in one or other form so conclusions on the role of the morphogenetic transitions in virulence cannot be adequately addressed. Also, these mutant strains have been constructed using the URA-blaster technique with inherent problems that place serious questions on the genetic homogeneity between parental and disrupted strains. To overcome these problems, we have constructed a C. albicans strain which in which we have placed the recently discovered NRG1 gene under the control of a tetracyclineregulatable promoter. In C. albicans, Nrg1p is a DNA-binding protein that functions as a negative regulator of filamentation. Experiments confirmed the ability of doxycycline (DOX) to control the morphological transitions in this strain under a number of laboratory conditions. This gene expression system has also the advantage that it can be used in an animal host where expression of the gene of interest is regulated by simply adding DOX to the drinking water. The specific aims of this proposal are: i) to use this strain in a murine model of candidiasis in order to assess the role of NRG1 and the morphogenetic conversions in C. albicans virulence and ii) to identify downstream targets of Nrg1p under both planktonic and biofilm growing conditions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CATARACT FORMATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Varma, Shambhu D.; Professor; Ophthalmology; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1978; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The primary objective of the proposal is to study biochemical and pharmacological strategies for preventing cataractogenesis using diabetic and oxidative stress animal models and lens culture. We anticipate that certain physiological alpha keto acids could play such a preventive role, especially pyruvate. This is based on our observation that it inhibits polyol synthesis, glycation, AGE formation, and oxidative stress in lens culture and most importantly, its effectiveness against the actual cataract formation in galactosemic animals. We will now test the hypotheses (I) that exogenously administered pyruvate will inhibit cataractogenesis in diabetic rats with high lens aldose reductase (AR) activity, (2) that it will be effective also in diabetic mice with low lens AR, but being subject to ROS and glycation stress, causing structural and functional protein and lipid changes, (3) that the chaperone activity of the alpha-crystallin is decreased by the high levels of fructose, as
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in the diabetic lens, and (4) that pyruvate will also protect against the combined stress of diabetes and oxidation. The pyruvate effects are attributable to the reactivity of its keto group, situated adjacent to the carboxyl group. Therefore, we hypothesize (5) that other keto acids with greater cell permeability and lower metabolism should be physiologically more effective. Hypotheses #1 to #4 will be verified by the delay in cataract formation in diabetic animals given pyruvate in the diet and drinking water with reference to the controls with comparable hyperglycemia. Basal controls with and without pyruvate will also be run. GSH-peroxidase knockout mice will be used for specific aim #3. The levels of sorbitol, fructose, glycated proteins, AGE, ATP, GSH, malonaldehyde (MDA) and the chaperone activity of alpha-crystallin will be determined in all the groups. Hypothesis #5 will be verified by the relative activity of the keto acids in scavenging ROS, and their effectiveness in preventing lens damage in culture, as indexed by the cation pump activity, and the above biochemical parameters. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PCR-BASED AQUATIC MICROBE DETECTION IN HEALTH EDUCATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Graf, Karen M.; Edvotek, Inc. 14676 Rothgeb Dr Rockville, Md 20850 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Unsafe drinking water results in 9 million deaths annually, occurring primarily in developing countries lacking adequate sanitation. Water contamination is a significant public health concern in rural areas, especially in regions of heavy agriculture. Corroding pipelines allow biofilm formation and the subsequent contamination of urban drinking water. Health education is essential for increasing public awareness of this issue. In this proposal, Edvotek(R) will investigate the feasibility of inquiry-based health educational resources for microbial detection in water. A market survey of educators indicated that water classroom activities do not include DNA-based experiments. The proposed educational products will build on molecular biology concepts and equipment currently available in high schools. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) facilitates microbial detection in a rapid, cost-effective manner. In Phase I we will research an educational PCR-based system for the detection of Escherichia Coli, associated with contaminated water. We will also develop a microbial DNA water extraction system. The educational resources developed in this proposal will complement existing classroom experiments. Additionally, we propose strategies for connecting these products to the National Science Education Standards. The impacts of the proposed project are 1) a sensitivity to public health issues; and 2) an appreciation of biotechnology in everyday living. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PESTICIDE INDUCED DIFFERENTIATION OF BREAST CANCER CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Willard, Scott; Mississippi State University P. O. Box 6156 Mississippi State, Ms 39762 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Many pesticides, synthetic chemicals used in production agriculture to control insects (insecticides), fungi (fungicides) and weeds (herbicides), have been shown to have estrogenic activity in mammalian systems, including neoplasias of the breast. Epidemiological evidence from studies of rural
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communities have suggested that direct human expc, sure to these agents may account, at least in part, for the increased incidences for breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers in these sub-populations. With the pervasive use of these chemicals in production agriculture, exposure is not isolated to rural communities but may also manifest in urban societies via run-off in drinking water or chemical residues, remaining on vegetables and fruits. While pesticide-induced carcinogenesis has been suggested based on both in vivo and in vitro evidence, a consensus on whether exposure to relatively weak estrogenic pesticides is in fact physiologically relevant or even ultimately harmful has yet to be reached. Moreover, the dual actions of some endocrine-active pesticides as potential agonists and antagonists have resulted in a general confusion in the literature regarding the role that these compounds may play in cancer progression. While evidence mounts on both sides of the debate concerning the relevance of endocrineactive pesticides on cancer progression, it is becoming increasingly clear that endogenous cellular mechanisms exist which may augment the actions of pesticides, in addition to the fact that pesticides are more often found in mixtures not singularly, suggesting that low potency of one chemical by itself may be a poor measure of what can occur in vivo following pesticide exposure. An alternate explanation for the reported varied effects of endocrine-active pesticides on the mechanisms regulating cancer progression, particularly those influencing estrogen-sensitive pathways, is the fact that most cancer cell populations are heterogeneous and not homogeneous. Even in presumably homogeneous cancer cell lines, differential responses among individual cells have been observed and can mirror the heterogeneous nature of primary tumors. These differentially responsive subpopulations within a population of cancer ceils have been implicated as being responsible for the development of tumoral chemotherapeutic "resistance," and the subsequent recurrence of primary tumors post-treatment. However, the role of endocrine-active pesticides as potential effectors and/or differential regulators of individual cancer cells within a population have yet to be examined. The case for endocrine-active pesticides as variable modulators of cancer development may be greatly impacted by findings that might demonstrate differential responsiveness among individual cells within a population exposed to such agents alone or in relevant mixtures. The goal of this study is to examine how estrogenic and non-estrogenic endocrine-active pesticides alone or in combination (i.e., mixtures) may augment or inhibit endocrine responses in breast cancer cells, and whether these interactions might result in a differential selection (directly or indirectly) for an invasive phenotype. The rationale for this is that by understanding how pesticide mixtures may alter the endocrine behavior of cancerous cells, we may better understand the implications of pesticide exposure in relation to cancer risk. Moreover, by clarifying the responses of cells to pesticides within heterogeneous cancer cell societies, we may better appreciate how/why tumors become resistant or highly sensitive to chemotherapeutic or other targeted endocrine agents. The specific hypothesis to be tested is that pesticides alone and in combination can re-model breast cancer cell populations. To pursue the research objectives of this application, the following four Specific Aims have been formulated: 1. To examine the estrogen receptor- and non-estrogen receptor-mediated effects of pesticides (alone and in combination) on estrogen receptor expression and estrogen-sensitive gene transcription in breast cancer cells. 2. To elucidate whether endogenous cellular pathways may influence the actions of pesticides (alone or in mixtures) on estrogen-regulated gene transcription in breast cancer cells. 3. To determine whether endocrine-active pesticides (alone or in mixtures) may differentially regulate the responsiveness of subpopulations of cells within cancer cell societies. 4. To evaluate whether selected subpopulations of cancer cells (e.g., tamoxifen resistant phenotypes) are more or less responsive to endocrine-active pesticides (alone or in mixtures).
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHYTOFILTRATION OF ARSENIC-CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER Principal Investigator & Institution: Elless, Mark P.; Edenspace Systems Corporation 15100 Enterprise Ct, Ste 100 Dulles, Va 20151 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): Arsenic contamination of drinking water poses significant health risks to millions of people worldwide. Current cleanup technologies have substantial drawbacks, including high cost and high-volume toxic byproducts. Edenspace Systems Corporation proposes to propose to study the ability of a recently identified arsenic-hyperaccumulating fern to remove arsenic from drinking water. The investigator's preliminary research demonstrates that this fern is able to concentrate arsenic to levels more than 16,000 fold higher than the concentration in the soil solution and to rapidly remove arsenic from water containing 200 ug/L of arsenic, 4-fold higher than the current drinking water standard. In the proposed research, the investigators will study the ability of this fern to reduce arsenic levels below the proposed EPA drinking water limit of 5 ug/L by varying factors (plant density, water pH, chlorination/fluoridation, and arsenic species) that are likely to affect arsenic removal rates from drinking water and will also test both a batch and a flow-through technique for phytofiltration of arsenic-contaminated drinking water. This research will provide the foundation for development of a solar-powered (photosynthetic) hydroponics technique, enabling cost-effective, small-scale cleanup of arsenic-contaminated drinking water. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PILOT STUDY--MODELS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN DRINKING H2O Principal Investigator & Institution: Gurian, Patrick L.; University of Texas El Paso El Paso, Tx 79968 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Drinking water is an important source of exposure to environmental contaminants. Many organic compounds commonly found in drinking water (e.g., benzene, chloroform) are believed to be carcinogenic. Understanding current national exposures and the costs of reducing these exposures will allow us to prioritize among different health risks and focus efforts on those areas likely to have the greatest public health benefits. The specific objectives of this project are to develop joint statistical models of the concentrations of organic contaminants in U.S. drinking water, to estimate human exposure to these contaminants from drinking water, and to estimate the cost-effectiveness of efforts to reduce these exposures. Multivariate statistical models of organic contaminant concentrations in U.S. drinking water will be estimated using data in one or more publicly available databases on drinking water quality. A cross-validation approach will be used to identify the multivariate statistical model with the greatest predictive power. Predictions from the selected model will be used in conjunction with information on the distribution of the population served by public water supplies in the U.S. to develop a national distribution of human exposure to these contaminants. The cost-effectiveness of risk mitigation options will be estimated by a statistical simulation of the effects of potential future drinking water standards. Finished water concentrations at each of the nation's
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approximately 55,000 community water systems will be simulated from statistical concentrations exceeding their potential future standards, the costs and exposure reductions achieved by additional treatment processes will be simulated. Incorporating joint models of contaminant occurrence in such benefit-cost models is important because treatments implemented to reduce exposure to one contaminant often affect the concentrations of other contaminants. This project will develop more accurate models of current human exposures to organic contaminants in drinking water and will also improve estimates and benefits of reducing human exposure to these contaminants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PREVENTION OF CARTILAGE DEGRADATION BY GREEN TEA Principal Investigator & Institution: Haqqi, Tariq M.; Associate Professor; Medicine; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Many studies have shown that green tea possesses anti-inflammatory properties. We recently showed that DBA/1 mice given green tea polyphenols (GTP) in drinking water had clinically mild arthritis and little histological evidence of cartilage damage and bone erosion. Several factors, including proinflammatory cytokines, contribute to the destruction of an arthritic joint. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disorder in which the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 has been shown to play a decisive role. Its effects include the inhibition of attempted cartilage repair and enhanced degradation of cartilage matrix, induction of collagenases and the second messenger nitric oxide (NO). Data from our preliminary studies showed that when the green tea catechin epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was added to human chondrocyte cultures (1) inhibited IL-1 -induced cartilage matrix degradation; (2) inhibited IL-1 -induced production of NO; (3) inhibited IL-1 -induced activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB); and (4) mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) sub-groups c-jun amino terminal kinase (JNK) and p38-MAPK. Work proposed in this application is based on this solid preliminary data and is designed to understand in depth how EGCG inhibits IL-1-induced cartilage degradation. Using human chondrocytes we will investigate (1) the inhibition of IL-1-induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression by EGCG; (2) the modulation of stress responsive transcription factor NF-kB by EGCG; (3) modulation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and the transcription factor RUNX-2 by EGCG; (4) inhibition of the MAPK signal transduction pathways by EGCG; and (5) inhibition of MMP-1 3 gene expression by EGCG. Results of these studies are expected to define the molecular basis of the anti-inflammatory effects of EGCG on human chondrocytes. The long term objective of these studies is to explore the use of EGCG or compounds derived from it in inhibiting the onset and or progression of cartilage destruction in arthritis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PREVENTION OF PHOTOCARCINOGENESIS BY DIETARY ANTIOXIDANT Principal Investigator & Institution: Katiyar, Santosh K.; Assistant Professor; Dermatology; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chronic exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly UVB (290- 320 nm), is primarily responsible for more than 1,000,000 new cases of nonmelanoma skin cancer each year in the USA alone, making it the most
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hazardous environmental carcinogen known for humans. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop strategies to prevent the occurrence of these cutaneous malignancies. We and others have previously shown that a polyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea, and particularly its major and the most effective chemopreventive antioxidant constituent ()-epigallocatechin-3- gallate (EGCG), has remarkable preventive effects against UVinduced skin tumorigenesis in mouse model. The current proposal is designed to define the mechanism through which oral administration of EGCG to SKH-l hairless mice prevents photocarcinogenesis. The central hypothesis to be tested in this proposal is that UVB exposure to skin induces oxidative stress, which causes phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mitogen- activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways leading to the induction of photocarcinogenic events. The corollary to our hypothesis is that orally administered dietary antioxidant EGCG from green tea in drinking water to SKH- l hairless mice will prevent UVB radiation-induced oxidative stress, and thus oxidative stress-mediated phosphorylation of EGFR anc PK signaling pathways. The inhibition of UVB-induced oxidative stress-mediated phosphorylation of cellular signaling by EGCG will result in reduction of skin cancer incidence. Following specific aims are proposed to study in this project: (i) to determine the effect of single or multiple UVB exposures on cutaneous oxidative stress, and preventive effects by dietary antioxidant EGCG against UVB-induced oxidative stress, and (ii) to determine the effect of UVB-induced oxidative stress-caused phosphorylation of EGFR, and MAPK such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), JNK and p38 signaling pathways in vivo mouse skin. Preventive effects of EGCG will be determined on UVB- induced oxidative stress mediated phosphorylation of these cellsignaling events. Validation of this hypothesis would help in developing novel dietary intervention approaches and future strategies to prevent solar UV radiation- induced skin cancer development, which may result to protect and prolong the human health and lives. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PROTECTION FROM CARDIAC REPERFUSION INJURY BY ETHANOL Principal Investigator & Institution: Gray, Mary O.; Northern California Institute Res & Educ San Francisco, Ca 941211545 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Moderate alcohol intake has been shown to reduce coronary heart disease in numerous epidemiological studies. We propose that moderate ethanol consumption causes cardioprotection by increasing epsilonPKC protein expression in cardiac myocytes. To test this hypothesis, we will use multiple approaches to examine resistance of ischemia-reperfusion injury in hearts receiving ethanol in drinking water for at least 12 weeks. In addition, we will investigate the requirement for epsilonPKC function in ethanol-mediated cardioprotection using techniques routinely available in our laboratory with the following specific aims: Aim A: Examine epsilonPKC enzyme activity and subcellular localization in hearts from ethanol-fed mice and age-matched controls. We plan to identify ethanol-induced changes in epsilonPKC kinase function and distribution among subcellular compartments in adult cardiac myocytes and in left ventricular tissue from ethanol-fed mice and age-matched controls using immunofluorescence staining, confocal microscopy, immunoprecipitation, and western blotting techniques. Aim B: Determine whether acute isozyme-selective inhibition of epsilonPKC function blocks sustained ethanol-mediated cardioprotection. We will examine the effects of peptide modulators of PKC isozyme translocation and
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function introduced acutely into cultured adult cardiac myocytes or intact hearts on chronic ethanol-induced resistance to ischemia-reperfusion injury and PKC interactions with other signaling proteins. Aim C: Investigate the effects of moderate alcohol consumption on cardiac function and resistance to ischemia-reperfusion injury in epsilonPKC knockout mice. We will use adult cardiac myocytes and intact hearts to determine whether cardioprotection develops in epsilonPKC knockout mice in response to ethanol feeding and whether ethanol-mediated regulation of related signaling pathways is altered by the absence of epsilonPKC. One overall goal of this research is to understand the cellular mechanisms of cardioprotection mediated by chronic moderate alcohol consumption. A second goal is to identify therapeutic targets for sustained protection against coronary heart disease that do not require ethanol ingestion because of concerns regarding alcohol abuse and potential adverse effects on other organ systems in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REGULATION OF GH BY A TETRACYCLINE-REPRESSIBLE SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Morgan, William W.; Professor; Cellular & Structural Biology; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: The purpose is to develop and initially characterize a novel transgenic mouse model in which the circulating levels of GH are normal but can be titrated downwards using a tetracycline-repressible transactivators system. Aim 1 is to develop a knockoutknockin transgenic mouse model which will [1] knockout the endogenous murine GH gene and [2] insert a DNA construct which will place the expression of the tetracycline (Tet)- repressible transactivator protein (tTAr) under the control of the endogenous mouse GH promoter. The transactivator will in turn activated a minimal transactivatordependent (TD) promoter to drive the expression of the rat GH gene (rGH). With this strategy the endogenous GH promoter will essentially drive the expression of rat GH. Since all of the normal regulatory mechanisms will be intact, GH levels should approximately the normal levels found in the mouse and should show the pulsatile release characteristic of this hormone. Aim 2 will characterize and validate the model by first determining how well the knockout- knockin model recapitulates the normal secretion of GH. Plasma GH and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) will be measured in homozygous knockout-knockin ve3rsus wild-type mice. The rate of growth will also be assessed in these two groups of animals. Aim 2 will also determine if progressively higher dosages of Tet can be used to titrate the circulating levels of GH and IGF-1 in knockout-knockin mice. Initially, Tet will be administered in the drinking water. Should this approach prove to not be optimal, then subsequent studies will assess the ability of subcutaneously administered slow release tablets of Tet to titrate GH. The knockoutknockin mouse will e used in an ensuing R01 application to test the hypothesis that [1] reduced GH levels early in life may be advantageous to enhancing life span while [2] a moderate increase in GH levels in later life may also contribute to longevity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CHILDREN
RISK
FOR
ENAMEL
FLUOROSIS
AMONG
NORWEGIAN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Pendrys, David G.; Assistant Professor; Behav Scis & Community Health; University of Connecticut Sch of Med/Dnt Bb20, Mc 2806 Farmington, Ct 060302806
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: The increase in the prevalence of enamel fluorosis in the US, Norway, and elsewhere in the Western world has been a cause of concern within the dental research and public health community. Enamel fluorosis has important public health importance since fluoride is an important caries preventive agent. Thus there is need to very specifically identify early fluoride exposures responsible for this increase in enamel fluorosis prevalence. Findings in Norway have important relevancy to the US. Evidence suggests fluoride supplement use under pre-1994 US protocols was an important risk factor for enamel fluorosis. In 1994, a lower dosage protocol was accepted in the US, which is remarkably similar to a protocol under which current middle school age children in Norway were supplemented from infancy. This creates an opportunity to investigate whether there is continued fluorosis risk associated with this protocol, years in advance of our ability to conduct such an investigation in the US. In contrast to the US, Norway has never artificially fluoridated any of its drinking water supplies, and the presence of naturally occurring fluoride is relatively rare, so there is no fluoride "halo effect." Thus estimates of fluorosis risk associated with fluoride supplement and early fluoride dentifrice use derived from an investigation of a Norwegian population will represent conservative minimum estimates of the fluorosis risk potential of these fluoride sources in the US. This case-control study will investigate fluorosis risk factors among Norwegian children, age 11-13 years, living in Bergen, Norway. The methodology, including use of the Fluorosis Risk Index (FRI) and a mailed questionnaire, has been consistently used successfully in 5 previous risk factor studies. The FRI has consistently demonstrated good reliability. The questionnaire has consistently demonstrated a high response rate, high test/re-test reliability, and the ability in conjunction with FRI subject fluorosis categorization to identify strong associations between age-specific exposures and surface area-specific enamel fluorosis. Logistic regression analyses will be used to derive adjusted odds ratio estimates of the relative risk of enamel fluorosis associated with early fluoride exposures as well as adjusted estimates of attributable risk. Caries examination will allow comparison with fluorosis and early fluoride exposures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ROLE FOR VIRAL INFECTION IN ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Jerrells, Thomas R.; Professor; Pathology and Microbiology; University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Ne 681987835 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): A large proportion of the cases of pancreatitis in human beings are associated with alcohol consumption, but pancreatitis develops in only a minority of people who abuse alcohol. These observations support the argument that factors other than alcohol or alcohol metabolisms are involved in the development of alcoholic pancreatitis. The hypothesis that will be investigated by the research proposed in this exploratory/developmental grant application is that one co-factor for the development of acute and chronic alcoholic pancreatitis is an infection with a virus that has a tropism for the pancreas. This viral infection is hypothesized to initiate the damage in the pancreas and this damage is more severe in individuals who abuse alcohol through an alcohol-associated sensitization of the pancreas. A murine model of alcohol consumption that is done with the use of C57BL/6 and Balb/c mice provided ethanol (ETOH) in either a liquid diet or in the drinking water will be used for these studies. Specifically, mice provided ETOH and control mice (i.e., pair-fed and chow-fed) will be infected with coxsackievirus group B, stereotype 3 (CVB3) and pancreas damage
52 Drinking Water
and fibrosis will be evaluated. The hypotheses will be addressed by three specific aims: 1) To develop the model system to characterize the effects of ETOH and CVB3 infection of the pancreas; 2) To determine the effect of ETOH consumption on production of proinflammatory cytokines during the viral infection; 3) To determine the effects of chronic ETOH consumption, with an ETOH-in-drinking-water model system, on pathologic effects in the pancreas after viral infection. The development and characterization of this model system will provide a useful model of alcoholic pancreatitis that will allow follow-up studies to investigate mechanisms of ETOH to sensitize the pancreas to damage. The model system will also allow critical studies of possible therapeutic interventions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SES, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND COLORECTAL CANCER RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: Trentham-Dietz, Amy; Laboratory for Cancer Research; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): In addition to risk factors measured on an individual level, such as diet, family history of cancer and cancer screening behaviors, factors measured on a group or area level may influence health. To investigate associations between colorectal cancer incidence in women, socioeconomic status and environmental risk factors, we propose to link publicly-available data sets with risk factor information gathered as part of a recently completed case-control study. In particular, we hypothesize that (1) area variations in colorectal cancer incidence are explained by individual-level socioeconomic status indicators and other established risk factors including screening history; and (2) contaminants in drinking water - especially trihalomethanes, nitrates and pesticides - are associated with increased colorectal cancer risk. To address these hypotheses, we propose to geocode (assign a latitude and longitude to) 833 female colorectal cases diagnosed in 1997-2000 and 2,123 populationbased controls. Comprehensive risk factor questionnaire information from structured telephone interviews is available on all cases and controls. By geocoding these study participants, we can place each case and control on a map. We can then overlay this map with information concerning socioeconomic status (Census) and water quality (Wisconsin Departments of Natural Resources and Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection). Multi-level modeling and spatial analysis will be employed to take full advantage of the opportunities of this rich combined data source. This project will also provide the foundation for numerous future linkages between individual-level risk factor histories and publicly available datasets as well as the application of statistical techniques for assigning exposure to geographically defined, potentially carcinogenic compounds. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SOLAR WATER DISINFECTION: RANDOMIZED INTERVENTION TRIAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Colford, John M.; Public Hlth Bio & Epidemiology; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): More than one third of the population in rural and in peri-urban areas of developing countries have no access to sufficient or clean
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drinking water free of pathogens. Thus, waterborne gastroenteritis remains a major infrastructural and public health problem particularly, as effective treatment (filtration, chlorination, treatments plants) is often beyond financial means or environmental resources used for water purification (fire-boiling, burning carbon-based fuels) become scarce in those communities. In this context solar disinfection of drinking water is especially appealing using a combination of irradiation by direct sunlight and solar heating to kill the water-borne pathogens in contaminated drinking water. To date, the efficacy of the SODIS technology as a home-based, low-cost intervention to provide safe drinking water in low income countries is well established, and a large-scale promotion and dissemination program is under way in seven Latin American countries. The principal objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of home-based solar water disinfection (SODIS) in reducing the burden of gastrointestinal illness in children under 5 years in rural villages participating in a country-wide Bolivian SODIS program. We will conduct a community (cluster)-randomized controlled trial following a cohort of children under age 5 in each community. Totally, 22 communities will be selected from among those districts designated by the country-program to receive the SODIS intervention. A pair-matched design will be employed where communities are first ranked according to their baseline incidence of diarrheal disease and the intervention then assigned within each of the 11 consecutive pairs of communities randomly to one of them. In each cluster, 30 children (660 in total) will be enrolled and followed up for 12 months. Data on diarrheal illness will be obtained from morbidity diaries kept by mothers and validated through weekly home visits. Stool samples will be collected during the baseline morbidity surveys and at times of a diarrheal episode in a child during follow-up. Water quality monitoring of raw water sources used for drinking water and of water samples after treatment with the SODIS device will be conducted systematically. Mothers of participating children will be interviewed at baseline and during the trial with regard to current water use, behavioral and environmental exposures of their child in the home and within the community. This study will specifically estimate: (1) how much of the efficacy of the SODIS technology established in laboratory experiments and in two tightly controlled phase-Ill trials can be retained as effectiveness, i.e., under program conditions; (2) the preventive fraction of all-cause child-diarrhea attributable to SODIS; and (3) pathogen-specific attributable risks of diarrheal illness and the cost-effectiveness of SODIS will be calculated. The project is organized by the University of California, Berkeley, with its substantial experience in water intervention trials in U.S. and it benefits from the tradition of North-South collaboration in public health research of the Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland. It is run jointly with the Bolivian partners at the Universidad Mayor de San Simon and the Fondazion SODIS that coordinates the Bolivian SODIS program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SORBENTS FOR REMOVAL OF ARSENIC AND HEAVY METALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lovell, John S.; Ada Technologies, Inc. 8100 Shaffer Pky, Ste 130 Littleton, Co 801274124 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): In response to the recent Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announcement that affirmed a national standard for maximum arsenic content in drinking water of 10 parts per billion (ppb), ADA Technologies, Inc. is proposing to develop and commercialize a novel, low-cost sorbent for the removal of arsenic and other heavy metals from drinking water. ADA has assembled a project team with a complementary mix of experience and skills to develop the sorbent and to
54 Drinking Water
package it for use in small and large-scale water treatment systems. The sorbent will combine novel technology from ADA to chemically amend a substrate clay material to increase its capacity for arsenic with emerging technology from Texas A&M to bind the clay to sand or other materials that increase the porosity of the sorbent and allow its use in water treatment. The Texas A&M technology has been developed with funding from the NIEHS under the Superfund Basic Research Program (SBRP), addressing one of the recommendations in the solicitation to which this proposal responds. The expertise of CH2M-Hill, an internationally known architect/engineering firm, will be tapped to package the novel sorbent in configurations that are amenable to use in commercialscale water treatment systems. The overall goal of the project is to demonstrate the costeffective removal of arsenic from groundwater using the amended clay sorbent technology. Specific activities include the preparation of several variants of the new sorbent, completion of laboratory tests to optimize the formulation, design and fabrication of prototype hardware in two sizes, and ten-month field trials of both pilots on arsenic-contaminated waters in Colorado's San Luis Valley, an area with arsenic content in excess of the new EPA standard. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STAT ACTIVATION IN LEUKEMIAS Principal Investigator & Institution: Zuckerman, Kenneth S.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of South Florida 4202 E Fowler Ave Tampa, Fl 33620 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) The first purpose of this project is to understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for the constitutive activation of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signal transduction pathways in some cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The second purpose of this project is to determine the importance of constitutive JAK2/STAT5 activation in development and maintenance of the leukemic phenotype, both in vitro and in vivo. The primary hypotheses being tested are that specific activating mutations that lead to constitutive activation of JAK/STAT signal transduction pathways are responsible for the development and/or maintenance of leukemic cell survival and proliferation, and that, in leukemic cells expressing constitutively activated STAT5, inhibition of STAT5 activation or function. Three specific aims are proposed to test these hypotheses. Specific Aim 1 is to determine the mechanism(s) of constitutive activation in the HEL/Dami and Meg-01 human leukemic cell lines. Specific Aim 2 is to determine whether constitutive JAK/STAT signaling pathway activation plays an important role in maintenance of the leukemic phenotype of primary human AML cells. Specific Aim 3 is to determine the ability of double-stranded "decoy" oligonucleotides containing the STAT5 binding domain to inhibit the unregulated survival and proliferation of leukemic cells in vivo. The models to be tested include: (1) human HEL/Dami and Meg-01 cell lines implanted in sublethally irradiated NOD/SCID mice; (2) tet-off bcr/abl transgenic mice, which develop leukemia when mice are deprived of tetracycline in their drinking water (obtained from Dan Tenen); and (3) mice transplanted with bone marrow cells transfected with TEL/JAK2 or TEL/ABL retroviruses, which result in development of leukemias that have constitutively activated STAT5. These studies should lead to new understanding approaches for treatment of leukemias in which STAT activation plays a role in maintenance of the leukemic phenotype. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STUDY OF TRANSMISSIBLE FORMS OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE Principal Investigator & Institution: Camilli, Andrew; Associate Professor; Molecular Biol & Microbiology; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Vibrio cholerae, which lives in association with plankton in brackish, temperate waters the world over, is the causative agent of endemic and epidemic cholera. Hallmarks of the disease include prodigious watery diarrhea resulting from the action of secreted cholera toxin (CT), and infrequent but deadly explosive epidemics. The strong link between explosive epidemics and human crowding accompanied with untreated drinking water suggests a very efficient mode of fecal-oral transmission. We have discovered a heightened state of transmissibility of stool V. cholerae (referred to simply as "hyperinfectivity"), which persists even after shedding into water reservoirs. Knowledge of the molecular basis for this phenotype, and a general characterization of this transmissible form of V. cholerae, would contribute to the design of vaccines to prevent cholera at the initial stage of infection. Aim 1 of this proposal will use transcriptional profiling and proteomics to help define this transmissible form. Spotted DNA microarrays will be used to determine the transcriptome of stool V. cholerae incubated in pond water, and this will be compared to that of fresh stool V. cholerae to identify potential differences. The results will be validated by quantitatively assaying the steady state mRNA and protein levels from select genes. Microscopy and transcriptome data on stool V. cholerae predict a bacterial state of motility working in the absence of chemotactic signaling. This counterintuitive state is hypothesized to be responsible, at least in part, for the hyperinfective phenotype. In Aim 2 of this proposal, quantitative immunodetection using paralog-specific antisera will be used to test for reduced expression of all three CheW linker proteins and all three CheR methytransferases in fresh and pond water-incubated stool V. cholerae, as is predicted by current transcriptome data. In addition, capillary tube chemotaxis assays will be performed directly on V. cholerae from these samples to substantiate this hypothesis. Aim 2 will also test a second hypothesis, that ToxR regulated factors, which are essential for pathogenesis, are not playing a role in the hyperinfectious state. Finally, Aim 3 will use mutation and infectivity analyses to determine if other metabolic, physiologic or phenotypic properties of the bacteria contribute to the hyperinfective phenotype or, alternatively, to colonization of an environmental planktonic host, Anabaena variabilis. These studies will establish a basis for understanding the hyperinfective phenotype, and the properties in general, that are exhibited by fresh and pond water-incubated stool V. cholerae. In turn, this knowledge will enhance our understanding of transmission of this and perhaps other water-borne pathogens, it will aid in the development of new cholera vaccines that target the antigens of 'incoming' vibrios, and it may suggest new approaches for the prevention of the dissemination of this lethal organism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: UNIVERSITY
SUPERFUND
BASIC
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
AT
BOSTON
Principal Investigator & Institution: Ozonoff, David M.; Professor of Public Health & Chair; Environmental Health; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2005
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Summary: The Superfund Basic Research Program at Boston University consists of nine Research Projects focused on the theme of reproduction and development as affected by chlorinated and non-chlorinated organics in the environment. The projects are divided into two blocks, Epidemiologic Studies (2 projects) and Mechanistic Studies (7 projects), all dealing with some aspect of reproduction and development. A large scale cohort study of perchloroethylene exposure in drinking water will examine reproductive and developmental outcomes on Cape Cod. It is associated with a second project to develop new methods to locate geographic "hotspots" of increased risk in the same area. The mechanistic studies include both biomedical and non-biomedical studies of basic mechanisms whereby chlorinated ethylenes and halogenated and non-halogenated aromatic compounds affect basic cellular processes associated with reproduction and development (through the Ah Receptor, the Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor, and cytochrome P450 metabolizing enzymes), especially as regards interactions with hormone signaling. A field study of reproductive effects in turtles in freshwater ponds impacted by a Superfund site in the same area of Cape Cod studied in the epidemiological studies, and a project to develop new methods of remediation of chlorinated ethylene contaminated groundwater (the same chemicals involved in the epidemiological studies) round out the portfolio projects. These projects are supported by two Research Support Cores (Bioinformatics, and Cytotechniques, and three ancillary cores (Training, Outreach and Administration). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SUPERFUND TOXIC SUBSTANCES--EXPOSURE AND DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Monson, Richard R.; Professor of Epidemiology; Environmental Health; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, Ma 02460 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1992; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: Our theme is the understanding and assessment of risk to human health from exposure to hazardous substances. We approach this theme from the perspective of an interdisciplinary team that integrates exposure assessment, biologic pathogenesis, and epidemiologic studies. Our biomedical studies revolve around three classes of illness: reproductive health, cardio-respiratory health, and cancer. Our non-biomedical studies relate to health of the ecosystem and to factors that affect aquatic organisms. These studies encompass specific exposures to metals and to organo-chlorine compounds. Reproductive health is being evaluated in relation to environmental exposure to lead, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and related compounds; cardio-respiratory health is being evaluated in relation to occupational exposure to fuel oil ash, which contains a high level of vanadium and other metals; the occurrence of cancer and its precursors are being evaluated in relation to arsenic in drinking water supplies; the health of the ecosystem, specifically of aquatic organisms, is being evaluated in relation to the presence of metals, PCBs, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Our general goal is to evaluate the relation between chemicals in the environment and their relation to human ill health. Our objectives include the following: - to assess the use of calcium supplements to minimize the adverse effects of lead on the fetus - to assess uncertainties in development effects in children related to multiple environmental exposure to metals and organic compounds - to evaluate the effects of in utero exposure to ambient levels of PCBs on growth and development of the child and on female reproductive health. - to evaluate the cardiac and respiratory effects of fuel-ash oil on the human lung and to determine the mechanism through which vanadium and other metallic components of fuel-ash adversely effect the heart and the lung - to evaluate the nature of the association
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between arsenic and skin and skin bladder cancers and their precursors and to assess the epigenetic mechanisms through which arsenic may affect human health - to evaluate the effects of these and related chemicals on the aquatic ecosystem so that a comprehensive approach can be developed to assess the health of the ecosystem - to develop an approach for exposure assessment and health evaluation in the community that will enable enlightened interaction between scientists and the community. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE ROLE OF METALS IN OSTEOARTHRITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Jordan, Joanne M.; Associate Professor; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: Symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee and hip is common, the leading cause of disability and diminished quality of life among those 65 years of age and older, and responsible for a large proportion of the costs associated with joint replacement surgery and other direct and indirect health costs(I-10). As the population in the United States ages, this problem can only be expected to increase(9). Despite the high personal and societal costs of knee and hip OA, few modifiable risk factors for its occurrence or progression have been identified (11; 12). Heavy metals are ubiquitous, and exposure through drinking water, contaminated food, pesticides, and other means, is widespread in our society(13-18). This proposal introduces chronic metal exposures as novel, potentially modifiable risk factors for thc incidence and progression of knee and hip OA and its consequences. The study population is the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project, an ongoing longitudinal study of OA in African-Americans and Caucasians in a rural county of North Carolina. The research plan adds the collection of additional biological specimens, namely whole blood and toenails, to the already funded examinations of the cohort to establish a resource for current and future examinations of multiple metals in OA and OA-related outcomes. Whole blood will be analyzed for lead at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and toenails will be analyzed for mercury and selenium by instrtmaental neutron activation analysis at the University of Missouri-Columbia Research Reactor Center. Multiple logistic regression will be used to test associations between these metals and incidence and progression of radiographic knee and hip OA, knee and hip symptoms, and disability. By dovetailing this proposal with the funded cohort, costs are minimized, and efficiency and utility maximized. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: THE USE OF BIOFILMS TO COUNTER BIOTERRORISM Principal Investigator & Institution: James, Garth A.; Mse Technology Applications, Inc. Box 4078, 200 Technology Way Butte, Mt 59702 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 31-OCT-2001 Summary: (Verbatim from Applicant's Abstract): The possibility that terrorists will contaminate public drinking water supplies with biological agents, such as bacteria, viruses, or toxins, becomes greater every day. Recent cases of intentional food contamination with bacteria emphasize our vulnerability to these attacks. An innovative approach to counteracting this threat is to use bacterial biofilms for trapping and rendering these pathogenic biological agents ineffective. The goal of this, and subsequent research, is to build a system that uses natural biofilms to remove pathogens from contaminated drinking water. During Phase I, we will quantify the extent of pathogen attachment to biofilms. Specifically, we will use a test apparatus capable of
58 Drinking Water
measuring the amount of bioterrorism agents that can be captured by bacterial biofilms. The data generated from this research will be used to create a preliminary design of a treatment system. There is a definite need for a system such as this to prevent contamination of public or military drinking water systems. The expertise of the assembled team at MSE, and our partner, the Center for Bioflim Engineering, is unsurpassed in the field of biofilm attachment phenomenon, especially as it relates to drinking water issues. Together we can effectively develop this technology and move it towards commercialization. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: There is a definite need for systems that have the ability to effectively remove pathogenic substances from contaminated drinking water. A biofilm system will have many advantages over conventional systems because of its ability to trap and render ineffective a wide variety of pathogenic substances. Commercial applications for this system include the U.S. Military, hospitals, and water utilities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: URBANIZATION, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT IN COASTAL GHANA Principal Investigator & Institution: White, Michael J.; Professor and Chair; None; Brown University Providence, Ri 02912 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: This application responds to RFA TW 03-005 "Health, Environment and Economic Development." We will examine social and demographic processes that are closely linked to health and environmental outcomes. We will examine how urbanization influences environmental health risks, and how these in turn influence local thinking about environmental issues. To do so, we will employ an interdisciplinary research team, bringing together social scientists, field biologists, and health. We will conduct our work in coastal Ghana at a site with which we are familiar. We intend to (1) conduct focus groups and in-depth interviews with respondents located in the region, addressing questions of health behavior and demographic activity; (2) conduct exploratory drinking water quality measurements at the household and community level; (3) delineate watersheds of coastal water bodies; (4) develop a population growth and land use profile for the study area; (5) conduct preliminary analysis of the interrelationships among urbanization, lagoon water quality, fish catches and human health. This research is designed to help us frame a more ambitious interdisciplinary investigation in the near future. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: USE EPIDEMIOLOGIC*
OF
WATER
QUALITY
SURVEILLANCE
DATA
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Mueller, Beth A.; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Drinking water is of importance for cancer studies attempting to measure both environmental and dietary exposures. Potentially useful data exist in water quality databases that have been created as part of routine, federally mandated surveillance activities. In many states these databases have existed for several decades, containing information about levels of contaminants such as nitrates, arsenic, or pesticides in drinking water supplies. Given the suspected long latent period between exposure and tumor diagnosis, or the potential importance of cumulative
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effects, these data may provide an opportunity to obtain measurements of exposures relevant to time periods prior to diagnosis for subjects in research studies. Our general purpose is to evaluate whether water contaminant levels obtained from an historic water surveillance database in Washington State can be used to estimate past and current individual exposure. We propose to focus on selected contaminants (nitrates and arsenic) that have been potentially associated with cancer occurrence. In Phase I of this project, geographic information systems methods (GIS) will be used to measure the correlation of tap water nitrate levels measured at residences of subjects enrolled in a previous cancer study, with nitrate levels measured in public water supplies from the same geographic coordinate. This will allow us to evaluate the extent to which it may be possible to measure prior exposure to drinking water contaminants using existing water quality surveillance data. In Phase 2, we will identify a new sample of residences located in regions where newly diagnosed cancer cases reside and measure tap water nitrate and arsenic levels, and conduct a similar evaluation to learn whether recent exposures may be estimated using the surveillance database. Phase 2 will also include an interview in which the level of tap water use (vs. bottled water or other source) for drinking, food preparation, and other modes of exposure are determined. If these data are correlated with tap water levels of contaminants, this method may be used to estimate previous and current exposures using methods that are less expensive and easier to employ in the context of epidemiologic studies. These methods may also be applicable to environmental databases with other types of exposures, or for examining other exposures (like pesticides) within drinking water surveillance databases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VALIDATION OF FUMONISIN AND MICROCYSTIN BIOMARKERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wang, Jia-Sheng; None; Texas Tech University Box 42013 Lubbock, Tx 79409 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this research project is to study relationships between exposure to fumonisins and microcystins and human liver and esophageal cancer risks in high-risk populations. Fumonisins and microcystins are newly identified environmental biotoxins that are produced by toxicogenic fungi and cyanobacteria, respectively. Fumonisins are carcinogens and both fumonisins and microcystins are strong tumor promoters in animal models. Human populations in certain areas of world are exposed to higher levels of these toxins in their daily life mainly through contaminated dietary components and/or drinking water. Both of these toxins have been etiologically linked to high incidence of human primary liver cancer and esophageal cancer in several areas of South Africa and China. Although analytical methods for detecting these toxins in environmental samples have been reported and potential biomarkers, such as disruption of sphingolipids metabolism by fumonisins and inhibition of protein phosphatases by microcystins, have been found in animal models, validation of these biomarkers in humans, especially in high-risk populations, has not been done or reported. To date, methods are still lack for simultaneously detection of these toxins in environmental samples and human body fluids, which are critical for assessment of human cancer risks, because co-exposure to these biotoxins in high-risk populations has been widely reported. In this exploratory research project, we will develop and validate analytical array methods to simultaneously measure these biotoxins in both environmental samples and human body fluids. We will use molecular epidemiological tools to validate methods for biomarkers in body fluids of cases of primary liver cancer and esophageal cancer and controls. The working hypothesis
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underlying this research proposal is that long-term exposure to fumonisins and microcystins may induce synergistic carcinogenic effects in high-risk individuals and application of validated biomarkers can improve the quantitative estimation of human cancer risk from exposure to these biotoxins. The specific aims are: 1) to develop rapid and sensitive analytical array method(s) for measuring fumonisin and microcystin biomarkers based on previously developed immunoaffinity-HPLC method for aflatoxins and/or HPLC-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for microcystins; 2) to validate method(s) for measuring biomarkers of microcystins and fumonisins in food, water, and body fluids such as blood and urine samples collected from two one-week longitudinal biomonitoring studies in human subjects from high-risk areas of primary liver cancer and esophageal cancer, and 3) to perform molecular epidemiological studies in two high-risk populations of primary liver cancer and esophageal cancer in Qidong and Huaian, P.R. China, for exploring cancer risks from exposures to fumonisins and microcystins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: V-HA-RAS TRANSGENE EXPRESSION IN TGAC MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Nwosu, Veronica C.; North Carolina Central University 160 Alexander-Dunn Bidg. Durham, Nc 27707 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1977; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: The broad long term objective of this study is to better understand benzene toxicity relative to hematopoiesis and v-Ha-ras transgene activation in bone marrow cells and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) that lead to the onset of leukemia. The vHa-ras transgenic Tg.AC mouse is used to investigate environmental determinants of carcinogenesis. The transgene construct is composed of a zeta-globin promoter fused to a v-Ha-ras coding sequence and a 3'SV40 polyadenylation sequence. Procedures for clonal selection of murine HPC from bone marrow cells using defined culture media for quantification and characterization of erythroid and myeloid lineage of HPC are evaluated. Transgene expression in bone marrow cells and HPC derived from them is assayed by RT-PCR. The effect of benzene on hematopoiesis and transgene expression is studied by exposing groups of experimental and control mice to benzene (34 mg/kg body weight/day) in their drinking water for extended time periods. It is hypothesized that benzene will have a significant negative effect on hematopoiesis and will activate transgene expression beyond basal levels. It is also hypothesized that benzene toxicity cooperates with the expressed transgene to drive selection proliferation and differentiation of transformed neoplastic HPC. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: WATERBORNE EMERGING DIARRHEAL DISEASES STUDY (WEDDS) Principal Investigator & Institution: Griffiths, Jeffrey K.; Associate Professor; Family Medicine & Cmty Health; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Al 43415, the 'Waterborne Emerging Diarrheal Diseases Study' or WEDDS study, is designed to link environmental emerging waterborne disease pathogens, especially Cryptosporidium parvum, with disease in human hosts. The central hypothesis of this study is that drinking water that meets current public health standards is nonetheless a source of exposure to this class of emerging pathogens. The WEDDS specific aims remain:I. Construct, and clinically
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follow over time, a cohort of mfants and children and their families, closely monitoring their clinical and immunological status concerning Cryptosporidium via fecal sampling, serological testing, and assays of ceilular immunity.2. Quantify childhood population-wide infection rates with Cryptosporidium via repeated large, prospective, anonymous pediatric point-prevalence serological surveys.3. Evaluate the temporal and seasonal associations between indicators of Cryptosporidium contamination in three major drinking water supplies, and the various measures of human exposure, infection, and disease described in Specific Aims 1 and 2, and in HMO gastroenteritis datasets.4. Validate this approach by (4a) linking patient and environmental oocysts using molecular methods, and (4b) monitoring the presence of Giardia and microsporidia in water supplies.The specific aim of this supplemental proposal is to quantify the patterns and extent of gastroenteritis and cryptosporidiosis in Massachusetts elderly, using sophisticated mathematical tools, standardized serological testing, and geographical information systems mapping, and compare this information with that obtained from our other sentinel population, children, which are being studied in the parent WEDDS grant. In this study we will:1. Quantify the incidence of GI infectious a) among elderly in Massachusetts in 1990-2000 using HCFA records, and records of laboratoryconfirmed cases of cryptosporidiosis via the Massachusetts passive surveillance system; and b) among elderly in the Boston metropolitan area in 1998-2001 using records of gastrointestinal infections and seroprevalence of antibodies in samples obtained via an intervention trial based in Massachusetts nursing homes;2. Examine the link between the gastrointestinal illness and drinking water supply using Geographical Information Systems and spatial statistical analysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “drinking water” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for drinking water in the PubMed Central database: •
A prospective study of rural drinking water quality and acute gastrointestinal illness. by Strauss B, King W, Ley A, Hoey JR.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=57004
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Acute health effects after accidental exposure to styrene from drinking water in Spain. by Arnedo-Pena A, Bellido-Blasco J, Villamarin-Vazquez JL, Aranda-Mares JL, Font-Cardona N, Gobba F, Kogevinas M.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156662
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from food and drinking water: hemagglutination, hemolysis, and cytotoxicity for a human intestinal cell line (HT-29). by Handfield M, Simard P, Couillard M, Letarte R.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168143
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Ammonia- and Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacterial Communities in a Pilot-Scale Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution System. by Regan JM, Harrington GW, Noguera DR.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=126589
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Arsenic and drinking water. by Weir E.; 2002 Jan 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=99233
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Astrovirus survival in drinking water. by Abad FX, Pinto RM, Villena C, Gajardo R, Bosch A.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168609
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Chlorine Inactivation of Sphingomonas Cells Attached to Goethite Particles in Drinking Water. by Gauthier V, Redercher S, Block JC.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=91032
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Comparison of the recoveries of Escherichia coli and total coliforms from drinking water by the MI agar method and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencyapproved membrane filter method. by Brenner KP, Rankin CC, Sivaganesan M, Scarpino PV.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=167787
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Detection of Human and Animal Rotavirus Sequences in Drinking Water. by Gratacap-Cavallier B, Genoulaz O, Brengel-Pesce K, Soule H, Innocenti-Francillard P, Bost M, Gofti L, Zmirou D, Seigneurin JM.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=110603
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Detection of Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts in Drinking Water. by Isaac-Renton J, Bowie WR, King A, Irwin GS, Ong CS, Fung CP, Shokeir MO, Dubey JP.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=106314
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Disturbance of cerebral function in people exposed to drinking water contaminated with aluminium sulphate: retrospective study of the Camelford water incident. by Altmann P, Cunningham J, Dhanesha U, Ballard M, Thompson J, Marsh F.; 1999 Sep 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28231
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Diversity, persistence, and virulence of Aeromonas strains isolated from drinking water distribution systems in Sweden. by Kuhn I, Allestam G, Huys G, Janssen P, Kersters K, Krovacek K, Stenstrom TA.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168566
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Factors Influencing Numbers of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Other Mycobacteria in Drinking Water Distribution Systems. by Falkinham JO III, Norton CD, LeChevallier MW.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=92717
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Full-scale studies of factors related to coliform regrowth in drinking water. by LeChevallier MW, Welch NJ, Smith DB.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168000
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Inactivation of fecal bacteria in drinking water by solar heating. by Joyce TM, McGuigan KG, Elmore-Meegan M, Conroy RM.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=167810
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Influence of drinking water and diet on the stable-hydrogen isotope ratios of animal tissues. by Hobson KA, Atwell L, Wassenaar LI.; 1999 Jul 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22177
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Is drinking water a risk factor for endemic cryptosporidiosis? A case-control study in the immunocompetent general population of the San Francisco Bay Area. by Khalakdina A, Vugia DJ, Nadle J, Rothrock GA, Colford JM Jr.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153519
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Isolation of new bacterial species from drinking water biofilms and proof of their in situ dominance with highly specific 16S rRNA probes. by Kalmbach S, Manz W, Szewzyk U.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168733
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Longitudinal studies of Giardia contamination in two community drinking water supplies: cyst levels, parasite viability, and health impact. by Isaac-Renton J, Moorehead W, Ross A.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=167771
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Microbial Characterization of Biological Filters Used for Drinking Water Treatment. by Moll DM, Summers RS, Breen A.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=106460
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Microbial Load of Drinking Water Reservoir Tributaries during Extreme Rainfall and Runoff. by Kistemann T, Classen T, Koch C, Dangendorf F, Fischeder R, Gebel J, Vacata V, Exner M.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127524
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Phosphorus and bacterial growth in drinking water. by Miettinen IT, Vartiainen T, Martikainen PJ.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168622
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Potential Repair of Escherichia coli DNA following Exposure to UV Radiation from Both Medium- and Low-Pressure UV Sources Used in Drinking Water Treatment. by Zimmer JL, Slawson RM.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=126789
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Potential usefulness of bacteriophages that infect Bacteroides fragilis as model organisms for monitoring virus removal in drinking water treatment plants. by Jofre J, Olle E, Ribas F, Vidal A, Lucena F.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=167602
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Prevalence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts and characterization of Giardia spp. isolated from drinking water in Canada. by Wallis PM, Erlandsen SL, Isaac-Renton JL, Olson ME, Robertson WJ, van Keulen H.; 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168064
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Protozoan Bacterivory and Escherichia coli Survival in Drinking Water Distribution Systems. by Sibille I, Sime-Ngando T, Mathieu L, Block JC.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=124693
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Rapid and Sensitive Enumeration of Viable Diluted Cells of Members of the Family Enterobacteriaceae in Freshwater and Drinking Water. by Baudart J, Coallier J, Laurent P, Prevost M.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=126394
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Singlet Molecular Oxygen Evolution Upon Simple Acidification of Aqueous Hypochlorite: Application to Studies on the Deleterious Health Effects of Chlorinated Drinking Water. by Khan AU, Kasha M.; 1994 Dec 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=45437
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The influence of calcium and magnesium in drinking water and diet on cardiovascular risk factors in individuals living in hard and soft water areas with differences in cardiovascular mortality. by Nerbrand C, Agreus L, Lenner RA, Nyberg P, Svardsudd K.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=198279
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The Microbial Community Structure of Drinking Water Biofilms Can Be Affected by Phosphorus Availability. by Keinanen MM, Korhonen LK, Lehtola MJ, Miettinen IT, Martikainen PJ, Vartiainen T, Suutari MH.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=126554
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 6
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text
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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with drinking water, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “drinking water” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for drinking water (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of hemolytic-uremic syndrome associated with shiga toxin 2-producing Escherichia coli O121 infection caused by drinking water contaminated with bovine feces. Author(s): Yatsuyanagi J, Saito S, Ito I. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 October; 55(5): 174-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501259&dopt=Abstract
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A case-control study of childhood leukemia in Woburn, Massachusetts: the relationship between leukemia incidence and exposure to public drinking water. Author(s): Costas K, Knorr RS, Condon SK. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2002 December 2; 300(1-3): 23-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12685468&dopt=Abstract
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A child with chronic manganese exposure from drinking water. Author(s): Woolf A, Wright R, Amarasiriwardena C, Bellinger D. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 June; 110(6): 613-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055054&dopt=Abstract
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A community survey of self-reported gastroenteritis undertaken during an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis strongly associated with drinking water after much press interest. Author(s): Hunter PR, Syed Q. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 June; 128(3): 433-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113487&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of methods for determining lead content in drinking water: a portable anodic stripping voltammetry instrument method versus the standard EPA 239.2 method. Author(s): Savely SM, Emery RJ, Connor TH. Source: Aihaj : a Journal for the Science of Occupational and Environmental Health and Safety. 2000 July-August; 61(4): 557-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10976686&dopt=Abstract
journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A field based evaluation of household arsenic removal technologies for the treatment of drinking water. Author(s): Sutherland D, Swash PM, Macqueen AC, McWilliam LE, Ross DJ, Wood SC. Source: Environmental Technology. 2002 December; 23(12): 1385-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12523510&dopt=Abstract
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A geographical information system (GIS) as a tool for microbial risk assessment in catchment areas of drinking water reservoirs. Author(s): Kistemann T, Dangendorf F, Exner M. Source: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2001 March; 203(3): 225-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11279819&dopt=Abstract
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A map of natural fluoride in drinking water in Pakistan. Author(s): Ayyaz AK, Whelton H, O'Mullane D. Source: Int Dent J. 2002 August; 52(4): 291-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12212818&dopt=Abstract
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A new analytical tool to assess health risks associated with the virological quality of drinking water (EMIRA study). Author(s): Gofti-Laroche L, Gratacap-Cavallier B, Genoulaz O, Joret JC, Hartemann P, Seigneurin JM, Zmirou D. Source: Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research. 2001; 43(12): 39-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11464767&dopt=Abstract
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A prospective study of rural drinking water quality and acute gastrointestinal illness. Author(s): Strauss B, King W, Ley A, Hoey JR. Source: Bmc Public Health [electronic Resource]. 2001; 1(1): 8. Epub 2001 August 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11580869&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized, blinded, controlled trial investigating the gastrointestinal health effects of drinking water quality. Author(s): Hellard ME, Sinclair MI, Forbes AB, Fairley CK. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 August; 109(8): 773-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11564611&dopt=Abstract
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A review of the science behind drinking water standards for copper. Author(s): Fewtrell L, Kay D, MacGill S. Source: International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 2001 June; 11(2): 161-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11382348&dopt=Abstract
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A theoretical approach to assess microbial risks due to failures in drinking water systems. Author(s): Westrell T, Bergstedt O, Stenstrom TA, Ashbolt NJ. Source: International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 2003 June; 13(2): 18197. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12745338&dopt=Abstract
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Achieving compliance with the radium standards for drinking water in a midwestern community: a case study. Author(s): Oleckno WA, Nathan LM, Anderson BR. Source: Journal of Environmental Health. 2001 April; 63(8): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11381868&dopt=Abstract
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Acidic drinking water and risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes. Author(s): Stene LC, Hongve D, Magnus P, Ronningen KS, Joner G. Source: Diabetes Care. 2002 September; 25(9): 1534-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12196423&dopt=Abstract
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Age as a determinant of severity of dental fluorosis in children residing in areas with 0.5 and 2.5 mg fluoride per liter in drinking water. Author(s): Rwenyonyi CM, Birkeland JM, Haugejorden O, Bjorvatn K. Source: Clinical Oral Investigations. 2000 September; 4(3): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11000321&dopt=Abstract
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Aluminium as a risk factor in Alzheimer's disease, with emphasis on drinking water. Author(s): Flaten TP. Source: Brain Research Bulletin. 2001 May 15; 55(2): 187-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11470314&dopt=Abstract
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Ammonium perchlorate contamination of Colorado River drinking water is associated with abnormal thyroid function in newborns in Arizona. Author(s): Brechner RJ, Parkhurst GD, Humble WO, Brown MB, Herman WH. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2000 August; 42(8): 777-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10953814&dopt=Abstract
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An application of the holistochastic human exposure methodology to naturally occurring arsenic in Bangladesh drinking water. Author(s): Serre ML, Kolovos A, Christakos G, Modis K. Source: Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 2003 June; 23(3): 515-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12836844&dopt=Abstract
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An ecologic study of nitrate in municipal drinking water and cancer incidence in Trnava District, Slovakia. Author(s): Gulis G, Czompolyova M, Cerhan JR. Source: Environmental Research. 2002 March; 88(3): 182-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12051796&dopt=Abstract
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Analyses of micronuclei in exfoliated epithelial cells from individuals chronically exposed to arsenic via drinking water in inner Mongolia, China. Author(s): Tian D, Ma H, Feng Z, Xia Y, Le XC, Ni Z, Allen J, Collins B, Schreinemachers D, Mumford JL. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2001 November 23; 64(6): 473-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11732698&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of drinking water disinfection byproducts in Salmonella typhimurium. Author(s): Kargalioglu Y, McMillan BJ, Minear RA, Plewa MJ. Source: Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. 2002; 22(2): 113-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11835289&dopt=Abstract
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Antitumor effects in mice of low-dose (metronomic) cyclophosphamide administered continuously through the drinking water. Author(s): Man S, Bocci G, Francia G, Green SK, Jothy S, Hanahan D, Bohlen P, Hicklin DJ, Bergers G, Kerbel RS. Source: Cancer Research. 2002 May 15; 62(10): 2731-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12019144&dopt=Abstract
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Arsenic and drinking water. Author(s): Weir E. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 January 8; 166(1): 69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11800253&dopt=Abstract
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Arsenic contamination of groundwater and drinking water in Vietnam: a human health threat. Author(s): Berg M, Tran HC, Nguyen TC, Pham HV, Schertenleib R, Giger W. Source: Environmental Science & Technology. 2001 July 1; 35(13): 2621-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11452583&dopt=Abstract
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Arsenic in drinking water and adverse pregnancy outcome in an arseniasis-endemic area in northeastern Taiwan. Author(s): Yang CY, Chang CC, Tsai SS, Chuang HY, Ho CK, Wu TN. Source: Environmental Research. 2003 January; 91(1): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12550085&dopt=Abstract
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Arsenic in drinking water and pregnancy outcomes. Author(s): Ahmad SA, Sayed MH, Barua S, Khan MH, Faruquee MH, Jalil A, Hadi SA, Talukder HK. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 June; 109(6): 629-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11445518&dopt=Abstract
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Arsenic in drinking water and skin cancers: cell-type specificity (Taiwan, ROC). Author(s): Guo HR, Yu HS, Hu H, Monson RR. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2001 December; 12(10): 909-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11808710&dopt=Abstract
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Arsenic in drinking water and skin lesions: dose-response data from West Bengal, India. Author(s): Haque R, Mazumder DN, Samanta S, Ghosh N, Kalman D, Smith MM, Mitra S, Santra A, Lahiri S, Das S, De BK, Smith AH. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2003 March; 14(2): 174-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606883&dopt=Abstract
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Arsenic, drinking water, and health: a position paper of the American Council on Science and Health. Author(s): Brown KG, Ross GL; American Council on Science and Health. Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 2002 October; 36(2): 162-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12460751&dopt=Abstract
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Asbestos fibres in drinking water: are they carcinogenic or not? Author(s): Varga C. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2000 September; 55(3): 225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10985913&dopt=Abstract
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Bacteriological examinations of drinking water in the district of Melut (Upper Nile Province) South Sudan. Author(s): Mascher F. Source: J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1987; 31(1): 23-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3553321&dopt=Abstract
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Cadmium and zinc concentrations in drinking water supplies of Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Author(s): Maroof FB, Hadi DA, Khan AH, Chowdhury AH. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1986 September; 53(3): 233-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3764412&dopt=Abstract
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Calcium and magnesium in drinking water and risk of death from prostate cancer. Author(s): Yang CY, Chiu HF, Tsai SS, Cheng MF, Lin MC, Sung FC. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2000 May 12; 60(1): 1726. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10832615&dopt=Abstract
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Calcium and magnesium in drinking water and risk of death from rectal cancer. Author(s): Yang CY, Chiu HF. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1998 August 12; 77(4): 528-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9679753&dopt=Abstract
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Calcium and magnesium in drinking water and the risk of death from breast cancer. Author(s): Yang CY, Chiu HF, Cheng MF, Hsu TY, Cheng MF, Wu TN. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2000 June; 60(4): 23141. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10914689&dopt=Abstract
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Cancer mortality and the method of chlorination of public drinking water: St. Louis City and St. Louis County, Missouri. Author(s): Marienfeld CJ, Collins M, Wright H, Reddy R, Shoop G, Rust P. Source: Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology : Official Organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer. 1986 SeptemberDecember; 7(1-2): 141-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3795009&dopt=Abstract
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Chemical contamination of private drinking water supplies in the West Midlands, United Kingdom. Author(s): Harrison WN, Bradberry SM, Vale JA. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2000; 38(2): 137-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10778910&dopt=Abstract
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Childhood cancer incidence and arsenic exposure in drinking water in Nevada. Author(s): Moore LE, Lu M, Smith AH. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2002 May-June; 57(3): 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507173&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorination and safe storage of household drinking water in developing countries to reduce waterborne disease. Author(s): Sobsey MD, Handzel T, Venczel L. Source: Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research. 2003; 47(3): 221-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639033&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorination byproducts and nitrate in drinking water and risk for congenital cardiac defects. Author(s): Cedergren MI, Selbing AJ, Lofman O, Kallen BA. Source: Environmental Research. 2002 June; 89(2): 124-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12123645&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorination of drinking water and cancer mortality in Taiwan. Author(s): Yang CY, Chiu HF, Cheng MF, Tsai SS. Source: Environmental Research. 1998 July; 78(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9630438&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorination of drinking water and sex ratio at birth in Taiwan. Author(s): Yang CY, Cheng BH, Tsai SS, Wu TN, Hsu TY, Lin KC. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2000 August 11; 60(7): 471-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12607908&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine inactivation of Sphingomonas cells attached to goethite particles in drinking water. Author(s): Gauthier V, Redercher S, Block JC. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1999 January; 65(1): 355-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9872809&dopt=Abstract
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Chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in individuals exposed to arsenic through drinking water in West Bengal, India. Author(s): Mahata J, Basu A, Ghoshal S, Sarkar JN, Roy AK, Poddar G, Nandy AK, Banerjee A, Ray K, Natarajan AT, Nilsson R, Giri AK. Source: Mutation Research. 2003 January 10; 534(1-2): 133-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504762&dopt=Abstract
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Clues and uncertainties in the risk assessment of arsenic in drinking water. Author(s): Buchet J, Lison D. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2000; 38(1 Suppl): S81-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10717375&dopt=Abstract
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Community cancer assessment in response to long-time exposure to perchlorate and trichloroethylene in drinking water. Author(s): Morgan JW, Cassady RE. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2002 July; 44(7): 616-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12134524&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative analysis of results from studies of goitre in children from Bulgarian villages with nitrate pollution of drinking water in 1995 and 1998. Author(s): Vladeva S, Gatseva P, Gopina G. Source: Cent Eur J Public Health. 2000 August; 8(3): 179-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10965445&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative microbial character of consumed food and drinking water. Author(s): Wadhwa SG, Khaled GH, Edberg SC. Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 2002; 28(3): 249-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385500&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative risk analysis of six volatile organic compounds in California drinking water. Author(s): Williams P, Benton L, Warmerdam J, Sheehans P. Source: Environmental Science & Technology. 2002 November 15; 36(22): 4721-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487291&dopt=Abstract
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Compliance with advice to boil drinking water during an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis. Outbreak Investigation Team. Author(s): Willocks LJ, Sufi F, Wall R, Seng C, Swan AV. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2000 June; 3(2): 137-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10902259&dopt=Abstract
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Concentration of heavy metals in drinking water of different localities in district east Karachi. Author(s): Jaleel MA, Noreen R, Baseer A. Source: J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2001 October-December; 13(4): 12-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11873421&dopt=Abstract
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Concentrations of 20 volatile organic compounds in the air and drinking water of 350 residents of New Jersey compared with concentrations in their exhaled breath. Author(s): Wallace L, Pellizzari E, Hartwell T, Zelon H, Sparacino C, Perritt R, Whitmore R. Source: J Occup Med. 1986 August; 28(8): 603-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3746480&dopt=Abstract
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Consumption of drinking water with high nitrate levels causes hypertrophy of the thyroid. Author(s): van Maanen JM, van Dijk A, Mulder K, de Baets MH, Menheere PC, van der Heide D, Mertens PL, Kleinjans JC. Source: Toxicology Letters. 1994 June; 72(1-3): 365-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8202954&dopt=Abstract
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Contaminants in drinking water and cancer risks in Canadian cities. Author(s): Wigle DT, Mao Y, Semenciw R, Smith MH, Toft P. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1986 September-October; 77(5): 335-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3791113&dopt=Abstract
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Contamination of traditional drinking water sources during a period of extreme drought in the Zvimba communal lands, Zimbabwe. Author(s): Moran P, Nhandara C, Hove I, Charimari L, Katito C, Bradley M, Williams MA. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1997 November; 43(11): 316-21. Erratum In: Cent Afr J Med 1998 July; 44(7): 189. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9631097&dopt=Abstract
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Contrasting roles of rivers and wells as sources of drinking water on attack and fatality rates in a hepatitis E epidemic in Somalia. Author(s): Bile K, Isse A, Mohamud O, Allebeck P, Nilsson L, Norder H, Mushahwar IK, Magnius LO. Source: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994 October; 51(4): 466-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7943574&dopt=Abstract
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Control of legionella in drinking water. Author(s): Hayes J. Source: Lancet. 2000 August 26; 356(9231): 773. Erratum In: Lancet 2000 October 14; 356(9238): 1360. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11085723&dopt=Abstract
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Copper guideline values for drinking water: reviews in need of review? Author(s): Fitzgerald DJ. Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 1995 February; 21(1): 177-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7784628&dopt=Abstract
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Copper in drinking water, Nebraska, 1994. Author(s): Buchanan SD, Diseker RA 3rd, Sinks T, Olson DR, Daniel J, Flodman T. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 1999 OctoberDecember; 5(4): 256-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10633241&dopt=Abstract
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Copper in drinking water: not a strong risk factor for diarrhoea among young children. A population-based study from Sweden. Author(s): Pettersson R, Rasmussen F, Oskarsson A. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2003 April; 92(4): 473-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12801116&dopt=Abstract
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Correlation of musty odor and 2-MIB in two drinking water treatment plants in South Taiwan. Author(s): Lin TF, Wong JY, Kao HP. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2002 April 22; 289(1-3): 225-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12049398&dopt=Abstract
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Cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) contamination in drinking water and perinatal outcomes. Author(s): Pilotto LS, Kliewer EV, Davies RD, Burch MD, Attewell RG. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 1999 April; 23(2): 154-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10330729&dopt=Abstract
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Cyanobacterial toxins: removal during drinking water treatment, and human risk assessment. Author(s): Hitzfeld BC, Hoger SJ, Dietrich DR. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 March; 108 Suppl 1: 113-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10698727&dopt=Abstract
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Cyclospora outbreak associated with chlorinated drinking water. Author(s): Rabold JG, Hoge CW, Shlim DR, Kefford C, Rajah R, Echeverria P. Source: Lancet. 1994 November 12; 344(8933): 1360-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7968039&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased DNA repair gene expression among individuals exposed to arsenic in United States drinking water. Author(s): Andrew AS, Karagas MR, Hamilton JW. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2003 April 10; 104(3): 263-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12569548&dopt=Abstract
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Degree of fluorosis in areas of South Africa with differing levels of fluoride in drinking water. Author(s): Louw AJ, Grobler SR, van W Kotze TJ. Source: Gen Dent. 2002 July-August; 50(4): 352-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12640852&dopt=Abstract
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Dental caries among 10- to 14-year-old children in Ugandan rural areas with 0.5 and 2.5 mg fluoride per liter in drinking water. Author(s): Rwenyonyi CM, Birkeland JM, Haugejorden O, Bjorvatn K. Source: Clinical Oral Investigations. 2001 March; 5(1): 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11355098&dopt=Abstract
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Dental caries and developmental defects of enamel in relation to fluoride levels in drinking water in an arid area of Sri Lanka. Author(s): Ekanayake L, van der Hoek W. Source: Caries Research. 2002 November-December; 36(6): 398-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12459611&dopt=Abstract
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Dental fluorosis among persons exposed to high- and low-fluoride drinking water in western Norway. Author(s): Bardsen A, Klock KS, Bjorvatn K. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1999 August; 27(4): 259-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10403085&dopt=Abstract
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Dental fluorosis and caries experience in relation to three different drinking water fluoride levels in South Africa. Author(s): Grobleri SR, Louw AJ, van Kotze TJ. Source: International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children. 2001 September; 11(5): 3729. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11572269&dopt=Abstract
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Detection and enumeration of coliforms in drinking water: current methods and emerging approaches. Author(s): Rompre A, Servais P, Baudart J, de-Roubin MR, Laurent P. Source: Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2002 March; 49(1): 31-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11777581&dopt=Abstract
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Deterioration of drinking water quality in the distribution system and gastrointestinal morbidity in a Russian city. Author(s): Egorov A, Ford T, Tereschenko A, Drizhd N, Segedevich I, Fourman V. Source: International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 2002 September; 12(3): 221-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396523&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of trace amounts of off-flavor compounds in drinking water by stir bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption GC-MS. Author(s): Ochiai N, Sasamoto K, Takino M, Yamashita S, Daishima S, Heiden A, Hoffman A. Source: The Analyst. 2001 October; 126(10): 1652-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11693600&dopt=Abstract
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Development of a research strategy for integrated technology-based toxicological and chemical evaluation of complex mixtures of drinking water disinfection byproducts. Author(s): Simmons JE, Richardson SD, Speth TF, Miltner RJ, Rice G, Schenck KM, Hunter ES 3rd, Teuschler LK. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 December; 110 Suppl 6: 1013-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12634133&dopt=Abstract
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Developments in microbiological risk assessment for drinking water. Author(s): Gale P. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2001 August; 91(2): 191-205. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11473583&dopt=Abstract
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Different frames, different fears: communicating about chlorinated drinking water and cancer in the Canadian media. Author(s): Driedger SM, Eyles J. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2003 March; 56(6): 1279-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12600365&dopt=Abstract
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Distribution of free-living amoebae (FLA) during preparation and supply of drinking water. Author(s): Hoffmann R, Michel R. Source: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2001 March; 203(3): 215-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11279817&dopt=Abstract
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Disturbance of cerebral function in people exposed to drinking water contaminated with aluminium sulphate: retrospective study of the Camelford water incident. Author(s): Altmann P, Cunningham J, Dhanesha U, Ballard M, Thompson J, Marsh F. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 September 25; 319(7213): 807-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10496822&dopt=Abstract
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Diversity, persistence, and virulence of Aeromonas strains isolated from drinking water distribution systems in Sweden. Author(s): Kuhn I, Allestam G, Huys G, Janssen P, Kersters K, Krovacek K, Stenstrom TA. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1997 July; 63(7): 2708-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11799982&dopt=Abstract
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DNA damage in buccal epithelial cells from individuals chronically exposed to arsenic via drinking water in Inner Mongolia, China. Author(s): Feng Z, Xia Y, Tian D, Wu K, Schmitt M, Kwok RK, Mumford JL. Source: Anticancer Res. 2001 January-February; 21(1A): 51-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11299789&dopt=Abstract
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Does perchlorate in drinking water affect thyroid function in newborns or school-age children? Author(s): Crump C, Michaud P, Tellez R, Reyes C, Gonzalez G, Montgomery EL, Crump KS, Lobo G, Becerra C, Gibbs JP. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2000 June; 42(6): 603-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10874653&dopt=Abstract
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Domestic drinking water--an effective way to prevent anemia among low socioeconomic families in Brazil. Author(s): Dutra-de-Oliveira JE, de Almeida CA. Source: Food Nutr Bull. 2002 September; 23(3 Suppl): 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12362799&dopt=Abstract
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Domestic transmission routes of pathogens: the problem of in-house contamination of drinking water during storage in developing countries. Author(s): Jensen PK, Ensink JH, Jayasinghe G, van der Hoek W, Cairncross S, Dalsgaard A. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2002 July; 7(7): 604-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100444&dopt=Abstract
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Drinking water and cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Sauvant MP, Pepin D. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2002 October; 40(10): 1311-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12387296&dopt=Abstract
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Drinking water and contact lenses. Author(s): Edberg SC. Source: Ophthalmology. 2000 June; 107(6): 1027-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10857817&dopt=Abstract
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Drinking water and endemic gastrointestinal illness. Author(s): Sinclair MI, Fairley CK. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2000 October; 54(10): 728. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10990471&dopt=Abstract
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Drinking water and gastrointestinal disease: need of better understanding and an improvement in public health surveillance. Author(s): Ballester F, Sunyer J. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2000 January; 54(1): 3-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10692954&dopt=Abstract
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Drinking water chlorination and delivery outcome-a registry-based study in Sweden. Author(s): Kallen BA, Robert E. Source: Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.). 2000 July-August; 14(4): 303-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10908833&dopt=Abstract
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Drinking water composition and childhood-onset Type 1 diabetes mellitus in Devon and Cornwall, England. Author(s): Zhao HX, Mold MD, Stenhouse EA, Bird SC, Wright DE, Demaine AG, Millward BA. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 2001 September; 18(9): 709-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11606168&dopt=Abstract
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Drinking water contaminants and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a review. Author(s): Bove F, Shim Y, Zeitz P. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 February; 110 Suppl 1: 61-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834464&dopt=Abstract
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Drinking water contamination in Walkerton, Ontario: positive resolutions from a tragic event. Author(s): Holme R. Source: Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research. 2003; 47(3): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12638997&dopt=Abstract
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Drinking water in Minnesota. Author(s): Thornley S. Source: Minn Med. 2002 October; 85(10): 52-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12416316&dopt=Abstract
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Drinking water in schools. Author(s): Brander N. Source: Nurs Times. 2003 January 7-13; 99(1): 50-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12593288&dopt=Abstract
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Drinking water in South Africa: implications for fluoride supplementation. Author(s): Grobler SR, Dreyer AG, Blignaut RJ. Source: Sadj. 2001 November; 56(11): 557-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11885438&dopt=Abstract
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Drinking water quality and public health (position paper). Author(s): American Public Health Association. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2001 March; 91(3): 499-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11236438&dopt=Abstract
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Drinking water quality in the Ethiopian section of the East African Rift Valley I--data and health aspects. Author(s): Reimann C, Bjorvatn K, Frengstad B, Melaku Z, Tekle-Haimanot R, Siewers U. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2003 July 20; 311(1-3): 65-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12826384&dopt=Abstract
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Drinking water source and chlorination byproducts in Iowa. III. Risk of brain cancer. Author(s): Cantor KP, Lynch CF, Hildesheim ME, Dosemeci M, Lubin J, Alavanja M, Craun G. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 September 15; 150(6): 552-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10489993&dopt=Abstract
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Drinking water source and spontaneous abortion: A cross-sectional study in a rural Chinese population. Author(s): Cho SI, Li Q, Yang J, Chen C, Padungtod C, Ryan L, Christiani DC, XU X. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 1999 July-September; 5(3): 164-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10441254&dopt=Abstract
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Drinking water standards for radionuclides: the dilemma and a possible resolution. Author(s): Kocher DC. Source: Health Physics. 2001 May; 80(5): 486-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316079&dopt=Abstract
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Drinking water supply and management practices in British Columbia, 1997-98. Author(s): van Netten C, Pereira R, Brands R. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 2002 January-February; 93(1): 14-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925693&dopt=Abstract
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Drinking water turbidity and gastrointestinal illness in the elderly of Philadelphia. Author(s): Schwartz J, Levin R, Goldstein R. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2000 January; 54(1): 45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10692962&dopt=Abstract
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Drinking water, mortality, and life expectancy: an assessment of the east-west mortality gap in Europe. Author(s): Gulis G, Kross BC. Source: Cent Eur J Public Health. 1999 November; 7(4): 191-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10659381&dopt=Abstract
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Duplex RT-PCR for simultaneous detection of hepatitis A and hepatitis E virus isolated from drinking water samples. Author(s): Jothikumar N, Paulmurugan R, Padmanabhan P, Sundari RB, Kamatchiammal S, Rao KS. Source: Journal of Environmental Monitoring : Jem. 2000 December; 2(6): 587-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11296746&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of contamination of Sydney drinking water on hospital primary care presentations. Author(s): Bolton PG, Mira MW. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1999 March 1; 170(5): 236. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10092924&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of drinking water fluoridation on hearing of patients with otosclerosis in a low fluoride area: a follow-up study. Author(s): Vartiainen E, Karjalainen S, Nuutinen J, Suntioinen S, Pellinen P. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1994 July; 15(4): 545-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8588612&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of drinking water fluoridation on the prevalence of otosclerosis. Author(s): Vartiainen E, Vartiainen T. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1997 January; 111(1): 20-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9292125&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of high arsenic content in drinking water on rat brain. Author(s): Chaudhuri AN, Basu S, Chattopadhyay S, Das Gupta S. Source: Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1999 February; 36(1): 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10549161&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of long-term exposure to fluoride in drinking water on risks of bone fractures. Author(s): Li Y, Liang C, Slemenda CW, Ji R, Sun S, Cao J, Emsley CL, Ma F, Wu Y, Ying P, Zhang Y, Gao S, Zhang W, Katz BP, Niu S, Cao S, Johnston CC Jr. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2001 May; 16(5): 932-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11341339&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of monochloramine disinfection of municipal drinking water on risk of nosocomial Legionnaires' disease. Author(s): Kool JL, Carpenter JC, Fields BS. Source: Lancet. 1999 January 23; 353(9149): 272-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9929019&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of ozonation on the removal of cyanobacterial toxins during drinking water treatment. Author(s): Hoeger SJ, Dietrich DR, Hitzfeld BC. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 November; 110(11): 1127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417484&dopt=Abstract
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Effective dose to the public from 226Ra in drinking water supplies of Iran. Author(s): Sohrabi M, Beitollahi MM, Hafezi S, Asefi M, Bolourchi M. Source: Health Physics. 1999 August; 77(2): 150-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12877336&dopt=Abstract
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Effectiveness of flushing on reducing lead and copper levels in school drinking water. Author(s): Murphy EA. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1993 August; 101(3): 240-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8404761&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of chlorinated drinking water on human lipid metabolism. Author(s): Wones RG, Glueck CJ. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1986 November; 69: 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3545803&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of drinking water from the lower reaches of the Huangpu River on the risk of male stomach and liver cancer death. Author(s): Tao XG, Zhu HG, Yu SZ, Zhao QY, Wang JR, Wu GD, You XF, Li C, Zhai WL, Bao JP, et al. Source: Public Health Rev. 1991-92; 19(1-4): 229-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1844271&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of drinking water monochloramine on lipid and thyroid metabolism in healthy men. Author(s): Wones RG, Deck CC, Stadler B, Roark S, Hogg E, Frohman LA. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1993 March; 99: 369-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8319653&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of fluoridated drinking water on bone mass and fractures: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Author(s): Cauley JA, Murphy PA, Riley TJ, Buhari AM. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 1995 July; 10(7): 1076-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7484283&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of fluoride level in drinking water, nutritional status, and socio-economic status on the prevalence of developmental defects of dental enamel in permanent teeth in Saudi 14-year-old boys. Author(s): Rugg-Gunn AJ, al-Mohammadi SM, Butler TJ. Source: Caries Research. 1997; 31(4): 259-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9197931&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of mineral composition of drinking water on risk for stone formation and bone metabolism in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis. Author(s): Marangella M, Vitale C, Petrarulo M, Rovera L, Dutto F. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1996 September; 91(3): 313-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8869414&dopt=Abstract
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Electrochemical removal of bromide and reduction of THM formation potential in drinking water. Author(s): Kimbrough DE, Suffet IH. Source: Water Research. 2002 November; 36(19): 4902-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12448534&dopt=Abstract
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Elevated body lead burden from drinking water in end-stage chronic renal failure. Author(s): Kessler M, Durand PY, Hestin D, Cao Huu T, Renoult E, Prenat E, Chanliau J, Kaminski P, Duc M. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1995; 10(9): 1648-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8559484&dopt=Abstract
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Elevated salt and nitrate levels in drinking water cause an increase of blood pressure in schoolchildren. Author(s): Pomeranz A, Korzets Z, Vanunu D, Krystal H, Wolach B. Source: Kidney & Blood Pressure Research. 2000; 23(6): 400-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11070420&dopt=Abstract
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Enhanced frequency of micronuclei in individuals exposed to arsenic through drinking water in West Bengal, India. Author(s): Basu A, Mahata J, Roy AK, Sarkar JN, Poddar G, Nandy AK, Sarkar PK, Dutta PK, Banerjee A, Das M, Ray K, Roychaudhury S, Natarajan AT, Nilsson R, Giri AK. Source: Mutation Research. 2002 April 26; 516(1-2): 29-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11943608&dopt=Abstract
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Enhancement of platelet aggregation and thrombus formation by arsenic in drinking water: a contributing factor to cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Lee MY, Bae ON, Chung SM, Kang KT, Lee JY, Chung JH. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2002 March 1; 179(2): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11884240&dopt=Abstract
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Environmental lead and children's intelligence. Britain must replace its lead pipes to meet WHO standards for drinking water. Author(s): Millstone E, Russell J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 May 27; 310(6991): 1408-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7787568&dopt=Abstract
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EPA divided over radon risk in drinking water. Author(s): Miller L. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1994 January; 35(1): 9N-12N. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8271066&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemic and endemic seroprevalence of antibodies to Cryptosporidium and Giardia in residents of three communities with different drinking water supplies. Author(s): Isaac-Renton J, Blatherwick J, Bowie WR, Fyfe M, Khan M, Li A, King A, McLean M, Medd L, Moorehead W, Ong CS, Robertson W. Source: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999 April; 60(4): 578-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10348231&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiological evaluation of recurrent stomatitis, nitrates in drinking water, and cytochrome b5 reductase activity. Author(s): Gupta SK, Gupta RC, Seth AK, Gupta AB, Bassin JK, Gupta DK, Sharma S. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 July; 94(7): 1808-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10406239&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiological investigation on chronic copper toxicity to children exposed via the public drinking water supply. Author(s): Zietz BP, Dieter HH, Lakomek M, Schneider H, Kessler-Gaedtke B, Dunkelberg H. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2003 January 20; 302(1-3): 127-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12526904&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiological studies on human subjects exposed to arsenic in drinking water in southeast Hungary. Author(s): Borzsonyi M, Bereczky A, Rudnai P, Csanady M, Horvath A. Source: Archives of Toxicology. 1992; 66(1): 77-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1580796&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiology vs physiology? Drinking water magnesium and cardiac mortality. Author(s): Neutra RR. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1999 January; 10(1): 4-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9888272&dopt=Abstract
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Esophageal cancer mortality and total hardness levels in Taiwan's drinking water. Author(s): Yang CY, Chiu HF, Cheng MF, Tsai SS, Hung CF, Lin MC. Source: Environmental Research. 1999 November; 81(4): 302-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10581108&dopt=Abstract
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Estimation of optimal concentration of fluoride in drinking water under conditions prevailing in Chile. Author(s): Villa AE, Guerrero S, Villalobos J. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1998 August; 26(4): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9758425&dopt=Abstract
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Estimation of potential lifetime cancer risks for trihalomethanes from consuming chlorinated drinking water in Taiwan. Author(s): Hsu CH, Jeng WL, Chang RM, Chien LC, Han BC. Source: Environmental Research. 2001 February; 85(2): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11161657&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of a novel drinking water treatment and storage intervention in Nicaragua. Author(s): Macy JT, Quick RE. Source: Revista Panamericana De Salud Publica = Pan American Journal of Public Health. 1998 February; 3(2): 135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9542451&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of biomarkers of environmental exposures: urinary haloacetic acids associated with ingestion of chlorinated drinking water. Author(s): Kim H, Haltmeier P, Klotz JB, Weisel CP. Source: Environmental Research. 1999 February; 80(2 Pt 1): 187-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10092412&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of drinking water quality in Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu. Author(s): Jameel AA. Source: Indian J Environ Health. 2002 April; 44(2): 108-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14503382&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence for induction of oxidative stress caused by chronic exposure of Chinese residents to arsenic contained in drinking water. Author(s): Pi J, Yamauchi H, Kumagai Y, Sun G, Yoshida T, Aikawa H, Hopenhayn-Rich C, Shimojo N. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 April; 110(4): 331-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11940449&dopt=Abstract
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Excretion of volatile nitrosamines in a rural population in relation to food and drinking water consumption. Author(s): Levallois P, Ayotte P, Van Maanen JM, Desrosiers T, Gingras S, Dallinga JW, Vermeer IT, Zee J, Poirier G. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2000 November; 38(11): 1013-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11038239&dopt=Abstract
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Exposure to fluoridated drinking water and dental caries experience in Australian army recruits, 1996. Author(s): Hopcraft MS, Morgan MV. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2003 February; 31(1): 68-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542434&dopt=Abstract
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Exposure to high fluoride concentrations in drinking water is associated with decreased birth rates. Author(s): Freni SC. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 1994 May; 42(1): 109-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8169995&dopt=Abstract
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Exposure to tetrachloroethylene via contaminated drinking water pipes in Massachusetts: a predictive model. Author(s): Webler T, Brown HS. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1993 September-October; 48(5): 293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8215592&dopt=Abstract
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Faecal contamination of rural drinking water in a commercial farming area in Zimbabwe. Author(s): Heinanen A, Chandiwana SK, Makura O, Chimbari M, Bradley M. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1988 November; 34(11): 253-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3252973&dopt=Abstract
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Failure to find a relationship between mnestic skills of octogenarians and aluminum in drinking water. Author(s): Wettstein A, Aeppli J, Gautschi K, Peters M. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1991; 63(2): 97-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1889888&dopt=Abstract
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Family correlations of arsenic methylation patterns in children and parents exposed to high concentrations of arsenic in drinking water. Author(s): Chung JS, Kalman DA, Moore LE, Kosnett MJ, Arroyo AP, Beeris M, Mazumder DN, Hernandez AL, Smith AH. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 July; 110(7): 729-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117651&dopt=Abstract
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Fluoridated drinking water, oestrogen therapy and residual ridge resorption. Author(s): Klemetti E, Kroger H, Lassila L. Source: Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 1997 January; 24(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9049919&dopt=Abstract
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Fluoridation of drinking water. Author(s): Vaughan L. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 April 24; 306(6885): 1127. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8495174&dopt=Abstract
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Fluoridation of drinking water. Author(s): Breen DA, Chalmers JW, MacLean IH. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 April 24; 306(6885): 1127. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8495173&dopt=Abstract
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Fluoridation of drinking water. It's safe and it reduces dental decay. Author(s): Calman KC, Mouatt BR. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 August 7; 307(6900): 386. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8374438&dopt=Abstract
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Fluoride content of infant formulas prepared with deionized, bottled mineral and fluoridated drinking water. Author(s): Buzalaf MA, Granjeiro JM, Damante CA, de Ornelas F. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 2001 January-February; 68(1): 37-41, 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11324405&dopt=Abstract
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Fluoride content of teeth and bones of human fetuses: in areas with about 1 ppm of fluoride in drinking water. Author(s): Gedalia I, Zukerman H, Leventhal H. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1965 November; 71(5): 1121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5213647&dopt=Abstract
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Fluoride in drinking water and cancer mortality in Taiwan. Author(s): Yang CY, Cheng MF, Tsai SS, Hung CF. Source: Environmental Research. 2000 March; 82(3): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10702326&dopt=Abstract
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Fluoride in drinking water and caries progression in a Tanzanian child population. Author(s): Frencken JE, Truin GJ, van 't Hof MA, Konig KG, Kahabuka FK, Mulder J, Kalsbeek H. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1991 June; 19(3): 180-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1864072&dopt=Abstract
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Fluoride in drinking water and human urine in northern and central Poland. Author(s): Czarnowski W, Wrzesniowska K, Krechniak J. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1996 November 18; 191(1-2): 177-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8885430&dopt=Abstract
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Fluoride in drinking water and risk of hip fracture in the UK: a case-control study. Author(s): Hillier S, Cooper C, Kellingray S, Russell G, Hughes H, Coggon D. Source: Lancet. 2000 January 22; 355(9200): 265-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10675073&dopt=Abstract
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Fluoride in drinking water and the bone mineral density of women in Taiwan. Author(s): Lan CF, Lin IF, Wang SJ. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1995 December; 24(6): 1182-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8824861&dopt=Abstract
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Fluoride in our drinking water--analysis and supplementation. Author(s): Berg JH, Moorrees LL. Source: J Houston Dist Dent Soc. 1989 January; 60(6): 17-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2600420&dopt=Abstract
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Fluoride in whole saliva and dental caries experience in areas with high or low concentrations of fluoride in the drinking water. Author(s): Bruun C, Thylstrup A. Source: Caries Research. 1984; 18(5): 450-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6592047&dopt=Abstract
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Fluoride levels in drinking water in Texas. Author(s): Shannon IL. Source: Tex Med. 1970 August; 66(8): 48-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5451529&dopt=Abstract
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Fluoride levels in publicly supplied and bottled drinking water in the Island of Tenerife, Spain. Author(s): Hardisson A, Rodriguez MI, Burgos A, Flores LD, Gutierrez R, Varela H. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2001 August; 67(2): 163-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11429672&dopt=Abstract
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Fluorine concentration in drinking water and fractures in the elderly. Author(s): Jacqmin-Gadda H, Commenges D, Dartigues JF. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995 March 8; 273(10): 775-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7861569&dopt=Abstract
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Formaldehyde in drinking water: comparative hazard evaluation and an approach to regulation. Author(s): Owen BA, Dudney CS, Tan EL, Easterly CE. Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 1990 June; 11(3): 220-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2196634&dopt=Abstract
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Fortification of drinking water with iron: a new strategy for combating iron deficiency in Brazil. Author(s): Dutra-de-Oliveira JE, Marchini JS, Desai I. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 April; 63(4): 612-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8599328&dopt=Abstract
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From municipal sewage to drinking water: fate and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment in urban areas. Author(s): Heberer T, Reddersen K, Mechlinski A. Source: Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research. 2002; 46(3): 81-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12227607&dopt=Abstract
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Full-scale studies of factors related to coliform regrowth in drinking water. Author(s): LeChevallier MW, Welch NJ, Smith DB. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1996 July; 62(7): 2201-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8779557&dopt=Abstract
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Fungal flora in groundwater-derived public drinking water. Author(s): Gottlich E, van der Lubbe W, Lange B, Fiedler S, Melchert I, Reifenrath M, Flemming HC, de Hoog S. Source: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2002 May; 205(4): 269-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12068746&dopt=Abstract
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Gallbladder emptying after drinking water and its possible role in prevention of gallstone formation. Author(s): Math MV, Rampal PM, Faure XR, Delmont JP. Source: Singapore Med J. 1986 December; 27(6): 531-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3589727&dopt=Abstract
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Gastric cancer mortality and drinking water qualities in Taiwan. Author(s): Yang CY, Chiu HF, Chiu JF, Cheng MF, Kao WY. Source: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1997 October; 33(3): 336-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9353213&dopt=Abstract
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Gastric cancer mortality and nitrate levels in Wisconsin drinking water. Author(s): Rademacher JJ, Young TB, Kanarek MS. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1992 July-August; 47(4): 292-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1497383&dopt=Abstract
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Gastrointestinal effects associated with soluble and insoluble copper in drinking water. Author(s): Pizarro F, Olivares M, Araya M, Gidi V, Uauy R. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 September; 109(9): 949-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11673125&dopt=Abstract
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Gastrointestinal health effects associated with the consumption of drinking water produced by point-of-use domestic reverse-osmosis filtration units. Author(s): Payment P, Franco E, Richardson L, Siemiatycki J. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1991 April; 57(4): 945-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2059052&dopt=Abstract
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Genotoxic activity of organic chemicals in drinking water. Author(s): Meier JR. Source: Mutation Research. 1988 November; 196(3): 211-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3059175&dopt=Abstract
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Genotoxic properties of haloacetonitriles: drinking water by-products of chlorine disinfection. Author(s): Daniel FB, Schenck KM, Mattox JK, Lin EL, Haas DL, Pereira MA. Source: Fundamental and Applied Toxicology : Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 1986 April; 6(3): 447-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3699330&dopt=Abstract
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Genotoxic risk assessment of drinking water consumed in the city of Tehran, Iran. Author(s): Sabouni F, Zia'ee AA. Source: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1995 April; 28(3): 391-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7726647&dopt=Abstract
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Geographic variation of the mortality from cardiovascular disease and drinking water in a French small area (Puy de Dome). Author(s): Sauvant MP, Pepin D. Source: Environmental Research. 2000 November; 84(3): 219-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11097795&dopt=Abstract
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Geographical associations between drinking water chemistry and the mortality and morbidity of cancer and some other diseases in Norway. Author(s): Flaten TP, Bolviken B. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1991 February; 102: 75-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2038666&dopt=Abstract
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Geographical relation between Alzheimer's disease and aluminum in drinking water. Author(s): Martyn CN, Barker DJ, Osmond C, Harris EC, Edwardson JA, Lacey RF. Source: Lancet. 1989 January 14; 1(8629): 59-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2562879&dopt=Abstract
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Geography, drinking water chemistry, pesticides and herbicides and the etiology of Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Rajput AH, Uitti RJ, Stern W, Laverty W, O'Donnell K, O'Donnell D, Yuen WK, Dua A. Source: The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques. 1987 August; 14(3 Suppl): 414-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3676917&dopt=Abstract
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German studies on health effects of inorganic drinking water constituents. Author(s): Sonneborn M, Mandelkow J. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1981 April; 18: 47-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7233177&dopt=Abstract
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Giardia and Cryptosporidium in drinking water. Author(s): Isaac-Renton JL, Fogel D, Stibbs HH, Ongerth JE. Source: Lancet. 1987 April 25; 1(8539): 973-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2882356&dopt=Abstract
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GSTT1 and CYP2E1 polymorphisms and trihalomethanes in drinking water: effect on childhood leukemia. Author(s): Infante-Rivard C, Amre D, Sinnett D. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 June; 110(6): 591-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055050&dopt=Abstract
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HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) to guarantee safe water reuse and drinking water production--a case study. Author(s): Dewettinck T, Van Houtte E, Geenens D, Van Hege K, Verstraete W. Source: Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research. 2001; 43(12): 31-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11464766&dopt=Abstract
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Hair analysis does not support hypothesized arsenic and chromium exposure from drinking water in Woburn, Massachusetts. Author(s): Rogers CE, Tomita AV, Trowbridge PR, Gone JK, Chen J, Zeeb P, Hemond HF, Thilly WG, Olmez I, Durant JL. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1997 October; 105(10): 1090-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9349834&dopt=Abstract
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Halogenated hydrocarbons in New Orleans drinking water and blood plasma. Author(s): Dowty B, Carlisle D, Laseter JL, Storer J. Source: Science. 1975 January 10; 187(4171): 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1109227&dopt=Abstract
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Hard drinking water and ischemic heart disease: calcium, bloodlipids, and acute myocardial infarcts. Author(s): Hall P, Jungner I. Source: Journal of Medical Systems. 1993 August; 17(3-4): 277-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8254277&dopt=Abstract
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Has perchlorate in drinking water increased the rate of congenital hypothyroidism? Author(s): Lamm SH, Doemland M. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1999 May; 41(5): 409-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10337612&dopt=Abstract
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Health advisory values for drinking water contaminants and the methodology for determining acute exposure values. Author(s): Donohue JM, Lipscomb JC. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2002 April 8; 288(1-2): 43-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12013547&dopt=Abstract
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Health aspects of nitrate in drinking water. Author(s): Fraser P, Chilvers C. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1981 April; 18: 103-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6262908&dopt=Abstract
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Health aspects of toxic materials in drinking water. Author(s): McDermott JH, Kabler PW, Wolf HW. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1971 November; 61(11): 2269-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5112974&dopt=Abstract
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Health effects among newborns after prenatal exposure to ClO2-disinfected drinking water. Author(s): Tuthill RW, Giusti RA, Moore GS, Calabrese EJ. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1982 December; 46: 39-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7151766&dopt=Abstract
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Health effects and risks from 222Rn in drinking water. Author(s): Cross FT, Harley NH, Hofmann W. Source: Health Physics. 1985 May; 48(5): 649-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3988525&dopt=Abstract
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Health effects from radon-222 in drinking water in Algiers. Author(s): Amrani D, Cherouati DE. Source: Journal of Radiological Protection : Official Journal of the Society for Radiological Protection. 1999 September; 19(3): 275-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10503706&dopt=Abstract
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Health effects guidance for uranium in drinking water. Author(s): Cothern CR, Lappenbusch WL, Cotruvo JA. Source: Health Physics. 1983; 44 Suppl 1: 377-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6862914&dopt=Abstract
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Health impairments arising from drinking water polluted with domestic sewage and excreta in China. Author(s): Ling B. Source: Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg. 2000; 105: 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10842792&dopt=Abstract
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Health impairments arising from drinking water resources contaminated with Vibrio cholerae. Author(s): Ramamurthy T, Chakraborty S, Nair GB, Bhattacharya SK. Source: Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg. 2000; 105: 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10842790&dopt=Abstract
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Health implications of nitrate and nitrite in drinking water: an update on methemoglobinemia occurrence and reproductive and developmental toxicity. Author(s): Fan AM, Steinberg VE. Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 1996 February; 23(1 Pt 1): 35-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8628918&dopt=Abstract
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Health research needed to resolve scientific issues surrounding drinking water disinfection. Author(s): Kleffman D. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1986 November; 69: 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3816732&dopt=Abstract
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Health significance of chlorination byproducts in drinking water: the Houston experience. Author(s): Cech I, Holguin AH, Littell AS, Henry JP, O'Connell J. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1987 June; 16(2): 198-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3610447&dopt=Abstract
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High barium levels in public drinking water and its association with elevated blood pressure. Author(s): Brenniman GR, Kojola WH, Levy PS, Carnow BW, Namekata T. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1981 January-February; 36(1): 28-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7469488&dopt=Abstract
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High concentrations of fluoride and boron in drinking water wells in the Muenster region--results of a preliminary investigation. Author(s): Queste A, Lacombe M, Hellmeier W, Hillermann F, Bortulussi B, Kaup M, Ott K, Mathys W. Source: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2001 March; 203(3): 221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11279818&dopt=Abstract
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High lithium concentrations in drinking water and plasma of exposed subjects. Author(s): Zaldivar R. Source: Archives of Toxicology. 1980 December; 46(3-4): 319-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7236008&dopt=Abstract
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High nitrate content in drinking water: cytogenetic effects in exposed children. Author(s): Tsezou A, Kitsiou-Tzeli S, Galla A, Gourgiotis D, Papageorgiou J, Mitrou S, Molybdas PA, Sinaniotis C. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1996 November-December; 51(6): 458-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9012325&dopt=Abstract
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High sodium in drinking water and its effect on blood pressure. Author(s): Hallenbeck WH, Brenniman GR, Anderson RJ. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1981 December; 114(6): 817-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7315830&dopt=Abstract
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High-fluoride drinking water, fluorosis, and dental caries in adults. Author(s): Eklund SA, Burt BA, Ismail AI, Calderone JJ. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1987 March; 114(3): 324-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3470353&dopt=Abstract
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Holding effects on coliform enumeration in drinking water samples. Author(s): McDaniels AE, Bordner RH, Gartside PS, Haines JR, Brenner KP, Rankin CC. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1985 October; 50(4): 755-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4083877&dopt=Abstract
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Household exposures to drinking water disinfection by-products: whole blood trihalomethane levels. Author(s): Backer LC, Ashley DL, Bonin MA, Cardinali FL, Kieszak SM, Wooten JV. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2000 JulyAugust; 10(4): 321-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10981726&dopt=Abstract
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How safe is our drinking water? Author(s): Ford TE, Mac Kenzie WR. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2000 September 15; 108(4): 11-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11021256&dopt=Abstract
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How well does a telephone questionnaire measure drinking water intake? Author(s): Robertson B, Forbes A, Sinclair M, Black J, Veitch M, Pilotto L, Kirk M, Fairley CK. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 2000 December; 24(6): 619-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11215012&dopt=Abstract
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Human ingestion of chromium (VI) in drinking water: pharmacokinetics following repeated exposure. Author(s): Finley BL, Kerger BD, Katona MW, Gargas ML, Corbett GC, Paustenbach DJ. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 1997 January; 142(1): 151-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9007044&dopt=Abstract
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Hydrogeologic assessment of exposure to solvent-contaminated drinking water: pregnancy outcomes in relation to exposure. Author(s): Wrensch M, Swan S, Murphy PJ, Lipscomb J, Claxton K, Epstein D, Neutra R. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1990 July-August; 45(4): 210-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2400242&dopt=Abstract
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Hypernatraemia in the newborn infant--the role of high sodium in drinking water. Author(s): Kishan JA, Elzouki AY, Singh H, Mir NA. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1986 September; 6(3): 221. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2430516&dopt=Abstract
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Hypertension and drinking water constituents in Colorado. Author(s): Morton WE. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1971 July; 61(7): 1371-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5563256&dopt=Abstract
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Hypertension and drinking water. A pilot statewide ecological study in Colorado. Author(s): Morton WE. Source: J Chronic Dis. 1971 January; 23(8): 537-45. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5090326&dopt=Abstract
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Hyponatremic seizures secondary to oral water intoxication in infancy: association with commercial bottled drinking water. Author(s): Bruce RC, Kliegman RM. Source: Pediatrics. 1997 December; 100(6): E4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9374582&dopt=Abstract
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Identification and significance of phenazone drugs and their metabolites in groundand drinking water. Author(s): Reddersen K, Heberer T, Dunnbier U. Source: Chemosphere. 2002 November; 49(6): 539-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12430641&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of drinking water contaminants in the course of a childhood cancer investigation in Toms River, New Jersey. Author(s): Richardson SD, Collette TW, Price PC, Genicola FA, Jenks JW, Thruston AD Jr, Ellington JJ. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 1999 May-June; 9(3): 200-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10412669&dopt=Abstract
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Illness associated with contamination of drinking water supplies with phenol. Author(s): Kim DH, Lee SK, Chun BY, Lee DH, Hong SC, Jang BK. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 1994 June; 9(3): 218-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7993588&dopt=Abstract
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ILSI Europe Workshop on Assessing Health Risks From Environmental Exposure to Chemicals: the Example of Drinking Water. Summary Report. International Life Sciences Institute. Author(s): Hofer M, Shuker L. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2000; 38(1 Suppl): S3-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10717365&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of nitrates in drinking water on cancer mortality in Valencia, Spain. Author(s): Morales-Suarez-Varela MM, Llopis-Gonzalez A, Tejerizo-Perez ML. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1995 February; 11(1): 15-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7489769&dopt=Abstract
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Importance of bioavailable calcium drinking water for the maintenance of bone mass in post-menopausal women. Author(s): Costi D, Calcaterra PG, Iori N, Vourna S, Nappi G, Passeri M. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1999 December; 22(11): 852-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10710273&dopt=Abstract
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Important considerations in the development of public health advisories for arsenic and arsenic-containing compounds in drinking water. Author(s): Tchounwou PB, Wilson B, Ishaque A. Source: Rev Environ Health. 1999 October-December; 14(4): 211-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10746734&dopt=Abstract
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Inactivation of fecal bacteria in drinking water by solar heating. Author(s): Joyce TM, McGuigan KG, Elmore-Meegan M, Conroy RM. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1996 February; 62(2): 399-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8593045&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence and geographical distribution of sudden infant death syndrome in relation to content of nitrate in drinking water and groundwater levels. Author(s): George M, Wiklund L, Aastrup M, Pousette J, Thunholm B, Saldeen T, Wernroth L, Zaren B, Holmberg L. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2001 December; 31(12): 1083-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903496&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of childhood diabetes mellitus in Yorkshire, northern England, is associated with nitrate in drinking water: an ecological analysis. Author(s): Parslow RC, McKinney PA, Law GR, Staines A, Williams R, Bodansky HJ. Source: Diabetologia. 1997 May; 40(5): 550-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9165223&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of goiter among children in a village with nitrate contamination of drinking water. Author(s): Gatseva P, Vladeva S, Pavlov K. Source: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1998; 40(3): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10658350&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of mesophilic Aeromonas within a public drinking water supply in northeast Scotland. Author(s): Gavriel AA, Landre JP, Lamb AJ. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 1998 March; 84(3): 383-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9721643&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of Norwalk virus infections during a prospective epidemiological study of drinking water-related gastrointestinal illness. Author(s): Payment P, Franco E, Fout GS. Source: Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 1994 October; 40(10): 805-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8000960&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of transitional cell carcinoma and arsenic in drinking water: a follow-up study of 8,102 residents in an arseniasis-endemic area in northeastern Taiwan. Author(s): Chiou HY, Chiou ST, Hsu YH, Chou YL, Tseng CH, Wei ML, Chen CJ. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 March 1; 153(5): 411-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11226969&dopt=Abstract
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Increase of specific symptoms after long-term use of chlorophenol polluted drinking water in a community. Author(s): Lampi P, Vohlonen I, Tuomisto J, Heinonen OP. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 March; 16(3): 245-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10870939&dopt=Abstract
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Increased silicon levels in dialysis patients due to high silicon content in the drinking water, inadequate water treatment procedures, and concentrate contamination: a multicentre study. Author(s): Birchall D, Bellia J, Roberts N. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1996 June; 11(6): 1188-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8966009&dopt=Abstract
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Increased silicon levels in dialysis patients due to high silicon content in the drinking water, inadequate water treatment procedures, and concentrate contamination: a multicentre study. Author(s): D'Haese PC, Shaheen FA, Huraib SO, Djukanovic L, Polenakovic MH, Spasovski G, Shikole A, Schurgers ML, Daneels RF, Lamberts LV, et al. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1995 October; 10(10): 1838-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8592591&dopt=Abstract
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Increased sodium concentrations in drinking water increase blood pressure in neonates. Author(s): Pomeranz A, Dolfin T, Korzets Z, Eliakim A, Wolach B. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2002 February; 20(2): 203-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11821704&dopt=Abstract
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Indirect human exposure to pharmaceuticals via drinking water. Author(s): Webb S, Ternes T, Gibert M, Olejniczak K. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2003 May 15; 142(3): 157-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12691710&dopt=Abstract
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Inequities in access to and use of drinking water services in Latin America and the Caribbean. Author(s): Soares LC, Griesinger MO, Dachs JN, Bittner MA, Tavares S. Source: Revista Panamericana De Salud Publica = Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2002 May-June; 11(5-6): 386-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12162835&dopt=Abstract
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Infantile methemoglobinemia: reexamining the role of drinking water nitrates. Author(s): Avery AA. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999 July; 107(7): 583-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10379005&dopt=Abstract
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Ingestion of chromium(VI) in drinking water by human volunteers: absorption, distribution, and excretion of single and repeated doses. Author(s): Kerger BD, Finley BL, Corbett GE, Dodge DG, Paustenbach DJ. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 1997 January; 50(1): 67-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9015133&dopt=Abstract
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Inhalation exposure to THMs from drinking water in south Taiwan. Author(s): Lin TF, Hoang SW. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2000 January 31; 246(1): 41-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10682375&dopt=Abstract
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Inorganic components of drinking water and microalbuminuria. Author(s): Mao Y, Desmeules M, Schaubel D, Berube D, Dyck R, Brule D, Thomas B. Source: Environmental Research. 1995 November; 71(2): 135-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8977622&dopt=Abstract
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Interlaboratory trial to determine the analytical state-of-the-art of bromate determination in drinking water. Author(s): Thompson KC, Guinamant JL, Ingrand V, Elwaer AR, McLeod CW, Schmitz F, De Swaef G, Quevauviller P. Source: Journal of Environmental Monitoring : Jem. 2000 October; 2(5): 416-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11254042&dopt=Abstract
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Intestinal effects of sulfate in drinking water on normal human subjects. Author(s): Heizer WD, Sandler RS, Seal E Jr, Murray SC, Busby MG, Schliebe BG, Pusek SN. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1997 May; 42(5): 1055-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9149062&dopt=Abstract
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Intrauterine growth retardation in Iowa communities with herbicide-contaminated drinking water supplies. Author(s): Munger R, Isacson P, Hu S, Burns T, Hanson J, Lynch CF, Cherryholmes K, Van Dorpe P, Hausler WJ Jr. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1997 March; 105(3): 308-14. Erratum In: Environ Health Perspect 1997 June; 105(6): 570. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9171992&dopt=Abstract
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Iodination of nutrients in the presence of chlorine based disinfectants used in drinking water treatment. Author(s): Bercz JP, Bawa R. Source: Toxicology Letters. 1986 December; 34(2-3): 141-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3798474&dopt=Abstract
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Iodine in drinking water varies by more than 100-fold in Denmark. Importance for iodine content of infant formulas. Author(s): Pedersen KM, Laurberg P, Nohr S, Jorgensen A, Andersen S. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1999 May; 140(5): 400-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229903&dopt=Abstract
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Iodine status of food and drinking water of a sub-Himalayan zone of India. Author(s): Sharma SK, Chelleng PK, Gogoi S, Mahanta J. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 1999 March; 50(2): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10616648&dopt=Abstract
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Iodine-rich drinking water of natural origin in China. Author(s): Zhao J, Chen Z, Maberly G. Source: Lancet. 1998 December 19-26; 352(9145): 2024. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9872282&dopt=Abstract
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Iron fortification of domestic drinking water to prevent anemia among low socioeconomic families in Brazil. Author(s): de Oliveira JE, Scheid MM, Desai ID, Marchini S. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 1996 May; 47(3): 213-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8735776&dopt=Abstract
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Irrigation water as a source of drinking water: is safe use possible? Author(s): van der Hoek W, Konradsen F, Ensink JH, Mudasser M, Jensen PK. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2001 January; 6(1): 46-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11251895&dopt=Abstract
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Is drinking water a hazard to our health? Author(s): Douglas RM, Pilotto LS. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1995 February 6; 162(3): 115-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7854219&dopt=Abstract
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Is drinking water a risk factor for endemic cryptosporidiosis? A case-control study in the immunocompetent general population of the San Francisco Bay Area. Author(s): Khalakdina A, Vugia DJ, Nadle J, Rothrock GA, Colford JM Jr. Source: Bmc Public Health [electronic Resource]. 2003 March 7; 3(1): 11. Epub 2003 Mar 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12689343&dopt=Abstract
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Is drinking water in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, safe for infant formula? Author(s): Dunne EF, Angoran-Benie H, Kamelan-Tano A, Sibailly TS, Monga BB, Kouadio L, Roels TH, Wiktor SZ, Lackritz EM, Mintz ED, Luby S. Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999). 2001 December 1; 28(4): 393-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11707678&dopt=Abstract
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Is drinking water sold in vending machines safe for people with HIV? Author(s): Fenton M. Source: Posit Living. 1998 November; 7(11): 17. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12492008&dopt=Abstract
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Is risk associated with drinking water in Australia of significant concern to justify mandatory regulation? Author(s): McKay J, Moeller A. Source: Environmental Management. 2001 October; 28(4): 469-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11494066&dopt=Abstract
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Isolation of Arcobacter butzleri in raw water and drinking water treatment plants in Germany. Author(s): Jacob J, Woodward D, Feuerpfeil I, Johnson WM. Source: Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed. 1998 June; 201(2): 189-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9686447&dopt=Abstract
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Isolation of Vibrio cholerae O139 from the drinking water supply during an epidemic of cholera. Author(s): Ramakrishna BS, Kang G, Rajan DP, Mathan M, Mathan VI. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1996 December; 1(6): 854-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8980601&dopt=Abstract
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Kashin-Beck disease and drinking water in Central Tibet. Author(s): La Grange M, Mathieu F, Begaux F, Suetens C, Durand MC. Source: International Orthopaedics. 2001; 25(3): 167-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11482534&dopt=Abstract
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Kidney stones and drinking water. Author(s): Popovtzer MM, Stein P, Rubinger D, Friedlaender MM. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1984 March 15; 310(11): 721. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6700649&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge, perception and behaviour of the general public concerning the addition of fluoride in drinking water. Author(s): Levallois P, Grondin J, Gingras S. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1998 May-June; 89(3): 162-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9654799&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of an association between endemic giardiasis and a drinking water source. Author(s): Mathias RG, Riben PD, Osei WD. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1992 September-October; 83(5): 382-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1473069&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of effect of drinking water barium on cardiovascular risk factors. Author(s): Wones RG, Stadler BL, Frohman LA. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1990 April; 85: 355-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2384067&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of effect of drinking water chlorine on lipid and thyroid metabolism in healthy humans. Author(s): Wones RG, Deck CC, Stadler B, Roark S, Hogg E, Frohman LA. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1993 March; 99: 375-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8319654&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of relation between levels of fluoride in drinking water and carcinoma in South Africa. Author(s): Bourne D, Aggett M. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1994 February; 84(2): 115-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8042086&dopt=Abstract
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Lead health effects in drinking water. Author(s): Marcus WL. Source: Toxicology and Industrial Health. 1986 December; 2(4): 363-407. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3590195&dopt=Abstract
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Lead in bones and drinking water in towns with hard and soft water. Author(s): Crawford MD, Clayton DG. Source: British Medical Journal. 1973 April 7; 2(5857): 21-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4695691&dopt=Abstract
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Lead in drinking water and health. Author(s): Matthew GK. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1981 April; 18: 61-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7233178&dopt=Abstract
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Lead in drinking water from water coolers and in fingernails from subjects in Kuwait City, Kuwait. Author(s): Bu-Olayan AH, Al-Yakoob SN, Alhazeem S. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1996 March 29; 181(3): 209-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8820436&dopt=Abstract
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Lead in drinking water in soft water areas--health hazards. Author(s): Moore MR. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1977 March; 7(2): 109-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=841299&dopt=Abstract
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Lead in drinking water in the Greater Bilbao Area (Basque Country, Spain). Author(s): Cirarda FB. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 1998 July; 15(5): 575-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9829042&dopt=Abstract
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Lead in drinking water of Vienna in comparison to other European countries and accordance with recent guidelines. Author(s): Haider T, Haider M, Wruss W, Sommer R, Kundi M. Source: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2002 July; 205(5): 399-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12173540&dopt=Abstract
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Lead in drinking water. Author(s): Rosov EA. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1989 June; 5(2): 145. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2748408&dopt=Abstract
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Lead in drinking water. Author(s): Hamilton EI. Source: British Medical Journal. 1973 June 16; 2(5867): 664-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4714861&dopt=Abstract
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Lead in drinking water. Author(s): Watson HE. Source: Lancet. 1967 December 30; 2(7531): 1419. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4170074&dopt=Abstract
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Lead in drinking water. Author(s): Parry WH. Source: Lancet. 1967 December 2; 2(7527): 1207-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4168396&dopt=Abstract
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Low-level arsenic excretion in breast milk of native Andean women exposed to high levels of arsenic in the drinking water. Author(s): Concha G, Vogler G, Nermell B, Vahter M. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1998 February; 71(1): 42-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9523248&dopt=Abstract
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Lung and kidney cancer mortality associated with arsenic in drinking water in Cordoba, Argentina. Author(s): Hopenhayn-Rich C, Biggs ML, Smith AH. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 August; 27(4): 561-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9758107&dopt=Abstract
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Lung cancer and arsenic concentrations in drinking water in Chile. Author(s): Ferreccio C, Gonzalez C, Milosavjlevic V, Marshall G, Sancha AM, Smith AH. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2000 November; 11(6): 673-9. Erratum In: Epidemiology 2001 March; 12(2): 283. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11055628&dopt=Abstract
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Lung cancer and arsenic exposure in drinking water: a case-control study in northern Chile. Author(s): Ferreccio C, Gonzalez Psych C, Milosavjlevic Stat V, Marshall Gredis G, Sancha AM. Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica / Ministerio Da Saude, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Escola Nacional De Saude Publica. 1998; 14 Suppl 3: 193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9819479&dopt=Abstract
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Lymphocyte replicating ability in individuals exposed to arsenic via drinking water. Author(s): Gonsebatt ME, Vega L, Montero R, Garcia-Vargas G, Del Razo LM, Albores A, Cebrian ME, Ostrosky-Wegman P. Source: Mutation Research. 1994 October-December; 313(2-3): 293-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7523914&dopt=Abstract
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Magnesium in drinking water and the risk of death from diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Yang CY, Chiu HF, Cheng MF, Tsai SS, Hung CF, Tseng YT. Source: Magnes Res. 1999 June; 12(2): 131-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10423708&dopt=Abstract
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Magnesium in drinking water and the risk of death from liver cancer. Author(s): Yang CY, Chiu HF, Tsai SS, Chang CC, Chuang HY. Source: Magnes Res. 2002 December; 15(3-4): 223-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635876&dopt=Abstract
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Magnesium in drinking water and the risk of delivering a child of very low birth weight. Author(s): Yang CY, Chiu HF, Tsai SS, Chang CC, Sung FC. Source: Magnes Res. 2002 December; 15(3-4): 207-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635874&dopt=Abstract
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Magnesium in drinking water in relation to morbidity and mortality from acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Rubenowitz E, Molin I, Axelsson G, Rylander R. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2000 July; 11(4): 416-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10874548&dopt=Abstract
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Magnesium in drinking water supplies and mortality from acute myocardial infarction in north west England. Author(s): Maheswaran R, Morris S, Falconer S, Grossinho A, Perry I, Wakefield J, Elliott P. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 1999 October; 82(4): 455-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10490560&dopt=Abstract
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Magnitude of arsenic toxicity in tube-well drinking water in Bangladesh and its adverse effects on human health including cancer: evidence from a review of the literature. Author(s): Khan MM, Sakauchi F, Sonoda T, Washio M, Mori M. Source: Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2003 January-March; 4(1): 7-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12718695&dopt=Abstract
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Mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity analysis of drinking water disinfection by-products. Author(s): Plewa MJ, Kargalioglu Y, Vankerk D, Minear RA, Wagner ED. Source: Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 2002; 40(2): 134-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12203407&dopt=Abstract
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Management of rural drinking water supplies and waste using the participatory hygiene and sanitation transformation (PHAST) initiative in Zimbabwe. Author(s): Musabayane N. Source: Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg. 2000; 105: 81-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10842797&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal exposure to nitrate from drinking water and diet and risk for neural tube defects. Author(s): Croen LA, Todoroff K, Shaw GM. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 February 15; 153(4): 325-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11207149&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal exposure to trichloroethylene in drinking water and birth-weight outcomes. Author(s): Rodenbeck SE, Sanderson LM, Rene A. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2000 May-June; 55(3): 188-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10908102&dopt=Abstract
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Meta-analysis of studies on individual consumption of chlorinated drinking water and bladder cancer. Author(s): Villanueva CM, Fernandez F, Malats N, Grimalt JO, Kogevinas M. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2003 March; 57(3): 166-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12594192&dopt=Abstract
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Metal content of drinking water supplied to the city of Maracaibo, Venezuela. Author(s): Tahan JE, Sanchez JM, Cubillan HS, Romero RA. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1994 April 29; 144(1-3): 59-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8209236&dopt=Abstract
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Microbiological quality of drinking water and using water of a Chao Phya River community, Bangkok. Author(s): Luksamijarulkul P, Pumsuwan V, Pungchitton S. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1994 December; 25(4): 633-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7667704&dopt=Abstract
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Microbiological quality of drinking water from office water dispensers. Author(s): Hunter PR, Barrell RA. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 1999 January; 2(1): 67-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10462902&dopt=Abstract
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Microbiological quality of drinking water of urban and rural communities, Brazil. Author(s): Nogueira G, Nakamura CV, Tognim MC, Abreu Filho BA, Dias Filho BP. Source: Revista De Saude Publica. 2003 April; 37(2): 232-6. Epub 2003 April 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700846&dopt=Abstract
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Microbiologically safe drinking water. Author(s): Botzenhart K. Source: Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg. 2000; 108: 45-52. English, German, Russian. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11225279&dopt=Abstract
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Model for estimation of human exposure to copper in drinking water. Author(s): Lagos GE, Maggi LC, Peters D, Reveco F. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1999 October 1; 239(1-3): 49-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10570833&dopt=Abstract
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Monitoring drinking water: the receding zero. Author(s): Fairley CK, Sinclair MI, Rizak S. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1999 October 18; 171(8): 397-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10590739&dopt=Abstract
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Monitoring of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Czech drinking water sources. Author(s): Dolejs P, Ditrich O, Machula T, Kalouskova N, Puzova G. Source: Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg. 2000; 105: 147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10842807&dopt=Abstract
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Mortality for certain diseases in areas with high levels of arsenic in drinking water. Author(s): Tsai SM, Wang TN, Ko YC. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1999 May-June; 54(3): 186-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10444040&dopt=Abstract
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Mortality in a population with long-term exposure to inorganic selenium via drinking water. Author(s): Vinceti M, Nacci G, Rocchi E, Cassinadri T, Vivoli R, Marchesi C, Bergomi M. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2000 October; 53(10): 1062-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11027940&dopt=Abstract
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Motor neuron disease on the Kii Peninsula of Japan: excess manganese intake from food coupled with low magnesium in drinking water as a risk factor. Author(s): Iwami O, Watanabe T, Moon CS, Nakatsuka H, Ikeda M. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1994 June 13; 149(1-2): 121-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8029710&dopt=Abstract
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Muddying the waters: fluoride in drinking water. Author(s): Mansfield P. Source: Lancet. 2000 May 6; 355(9215): 1645. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10821388&dopt=Abstract
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Muddying the waters: fluoride in drinking water. Author(s): Downey M. Source: Lancet. 2000 May 6; 355(9215): 1644-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10821387&dopt=Abstract
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Municipal drinking water and cryptosporidiosis among persons with AIDS in Los Angeles County. Author(s): Sorvillo F, Lieb LE, Nahlen B, Miller J, Mascola L, Ash LR. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1994 October; 113(2): 313-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7925668&dopt=Abstract
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Municipal drinking water nitrate level and cancer risk in older women: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Author(s): Weyer PJ, Cerhan JR, Kross BC, Hallberg GR, Kantamneni J, Breuer G, Jones MP, Zheng W, Lynch CF. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2001 May; 12(3): 327-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11338313&dopt=Abstract
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Mutagenic activity of concentrated drinking water samples. Author(s): Wilcox P, Williamson S. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1986 November; 69: 141-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3816719&dopt=Abstract
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Mutagenic drinking water and risk of male esophageal cancer: a population-based case-control study. Author(s): Tao X, Zhu H, Matanoski GM. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 September 1; 150(5): 443-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10472943&dopt=Abstract
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Mutagenicity and disinfection by-products in surface drinking water disinfected with peracetic acid. Author(s): Monarca S, Richardson SD, Feretti D, Grottolo M, Thruston AD Jr, Zani C, Navazio G, Ragazzo P, Zerbini I, Alberti A. Source: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry / Setac. 2002 February; 21(2): 309-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11833799&dopt=Abstract
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Mutation spectra in salmonella of chlorinated, chloraminated, or ozonated drinking water extracts: comparison to MX. Author(s): DeMarini DM, Abu-Shakra A, Felton CF, Patterson KS, Shelton ML. Source: Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 1995; 26(4): 270-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8575416&dopt=Abstract
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Narrow-mouthed water storage vessels and in situ chlorination in a Bolivian community: a simple method to improve drinking water quality. Author(s): Quick RE, Venczel LV, Gonzalez O, Mintz ED, Highsmith AK, Espada A, Damiani E, Bean NH, De Hannover EH, Tauxe RV. Source: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996 May; 54(5): 511-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8644907&dopt=Abstract
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National policy to control hazardous drinking water constituents in The Netherlands. Author(s): Verkerk PJ, Bos SG. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1981 April; 18: 335-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7233172&dopt=Abstract
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National primary drinking water regulations: Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. Final rule. Author(s): Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Source: Federal Register. 2002 January 14; 67(9): 1811-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11800007&dopt=Abstract
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Natural protection of spring and well drinking water against surface microbial contamination. I. Hydrogeological parameters. Author(s): Robertson JB, Edberg SC. Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 1997; 23(2): 143-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9226112&dopt=Abstract
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Natural protection of spring and well drinking water against surface microbial contamination. II. Indicators and monitoring parameters for parasites. Author(s): Edberg SC, LeClerc H, Robertson J. Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 1997; 23(2): 179-206. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9226113&dopt=Abstract
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Natural radioactivity of drinking water in Finland. Author(s): Asikainen M, Kahlos H. Source: Health Physics. 1980 July; 39(1): 77-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7419411&dopt=Abstract
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Natural radionuclides in drinking water supplies of Sao Paulo State, Brazil and consequent population doses. Author(s): de Oliveira J, Mazzilli BP, Sampa MH, Bambalas E. Source: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2001; 53(1): 99-109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11378932&dopt=Abstract
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Need for revision of nitrates standards for drinking water: a case study of Rajasthan. Author(s): Kumar S, Gupta AB, Gupta S. Source: Indian J Environ Health. 2002 April; 44(2): 168-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14503389&dopt=Abstract
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Need to revise the national drinking water regulation for copper. Author(s): Sidhu KS, Nash DF, McBride DE. Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 1995 August; 22(1): 95-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7494907&dopt=Abstract
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Neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone level and perchlorate in drinking water. Author(s): Li FX, Byrd DM, Deyhle GM, Sesser DE, Skeels MR, Katkowsky SR, Lamm SH. Source: Teratology. 2000 December; 62(6): 429-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11091365&dopt=Abstract
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Neonatal thyroxine level and perchlorate in drinking water. Author(s): Li Z, Li FX, Byrd D, Deyhle GM, Sesser DE, Skeels MR, Lamm SH. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2000 February; 42(2): 200-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10693082&dopt=Abstract
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New approaches to safe drinking water. Author(s): Barron G, Buchanan S, Hase D, Mainzer H, Ransom MM, Sarisky J. Source: The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics : a Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 2002 Fall; 30(3 Suppl): 105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12508511&dopt=Abstract
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New methods for the detection of viruses: call for review of drinking water quality guidelines. Author(s): Grabow WO, Taylor MB, de Villiers JC. Source: Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research. 2001; 43(12): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11464736&dopt=Abstract
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New policies and measures for saving a great manmade reservoir providing drinking water for 20 million people in the Republic of Korea. Author(s): Ahn KH. Source: Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg. 2000; 105: 427-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10842849&dopt=Abstract
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Nitrate contamination of drinking water: relationship with HPRT variant frequency in lymphocyte DNA and urinary excretion of N-nitrosamines. Author(s): van Maanen JM, Welle IJ, Hageman G, Dallinga JW, Mertens PL, Kleinjans JC. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996 May; 104(5): 522-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8743440&dopt=Abstract
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Nitrate exposure from drinking water and diet in a Danish rural population. Author(s): Moller H, Landt J, Jensen P, Pedersen E, Autrup H, Jensen OM. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1989 March; 18(1): 206-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2722365&dopt=Abstract
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Nitrate in drinking water and cancer in northern Jutland, Denmark, with special reference to stomach cancer. Author(s): Jensen OM. Source: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 1982 June; 6(3): 258-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7106030&dopt=Abstract
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Nitrate in drinking water and risk of childhood diabetes in The Netherlands. Author(s): Van Maanen JM, Albering HJ, Van Breda SG, Curfs DM, Ambergen AW, Wolffenbuttel BH, Kleinjans JC, Reeser HM. Source: Diabetes Care. 1999 October; 22(10): 1750. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10526751&dopt=Abstract
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Nitrate in drinking water and the incidence of gastric, esophageal, and brain cancer in Yorkshire, England. Author(s): Barrett JH, Parslow RC, McKinney PA, Law GR, Forman D. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 1998 March; 9(2): 153-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9578292&dopt=Abstract
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Nitrate in drinking water. A case-control study on primary brain tumours with an embedded drinking water survey in Germany. Author(s): Steindorf K, Schlehofer B, Becher H, Hornig G, Wahrendorf J. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1994 June; 23(3): 451-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7960368&dopt=Abstract
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Nitrate intake from drinking water on Tenerife island (Spain). Author(s): Caballero Mesa JM, Rubio Armendariz C, Hardisson de la Torre A. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2003 January 20; 302(1-3): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12526900&dopt=Abstract
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Nitrate levels in drinking water in rural New York State. Author(s): Gelberg KH, Church L, Casey G, London M, Roerig DS, Boyd J, Hill M. Source: Environmental Research. 1999 January; 80(1): 34-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9931225&dopt=Abstract
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Nitrates in drinking water: relationship to cardiac death. Author(s): Ridley PD, Curtis MJ. Source: European Heart Journal. 1990 December; 11(12): 1135. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2292265&dopt=Abstract
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N-nitrosoproline excretion by rural Nebraskans drinking water of varied nitrate content. Author(s): Mirvish SS, Grandjean AC, Moller H, Fike S, Maynard T, Jones L, Rosinsky S, Nie G. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1992 September-October; 1(6): 455-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1302557&dopt=Abstract
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Non-A non-B viral hepatitis: a common-source outbreak traced to sewage contamination of drinking water. Author(s): Chakraborty S, Datta M, Pasha ST, Kumar S. Source: J Commun Dis. 1982 March; 14(1): 41-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6815259&dopt=Abstract
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Non-carbonated soft drinks and drinking water. Author(s): Gracey M. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1987 June; 7(2): 149-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2441654&dopt=Abstract
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Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and nitrate in drinking water. Author(s): Ward MH, Mark SD, Cantor KP, Weisenburger D, Correa-Villasenor A. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2000 October; 54(10): 772-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11203341&dopt=Abstract
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Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and nitrate in drinking water: a study in Yorkshire, United Kingdom. Author(s): Law G, Parslow R, McKinney P, Cartwright R. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1999 June; 53(6): 383-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10396486&dopt=Abstract
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Norwalk-related viral gastroenteritis due to contaminated drinking water. Author(s): Taylor JW, Gary GW Jr, Greenberg HB. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1981 October; 114(4): 584-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6272571&dopt=Abstract
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Novel plant bioassays for monitoring the genotoxicity of drinking water from the inhabited areas of the Ukraine affected by the Chernobyl accident. Author(s): Kovalchuk O, Telyuk P, Kovalchuk L, Kovalchuk I, Titov V. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2003 May; 70(5): 84753. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12719806&dopt=Abstract
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Observation of steady state in blood and urine following human ingestion of hexavalent chromium in drinking water. Author(s): Paustenbach DJ, Hays SM, Brien BA, Dodge DG, Kerger BD. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 1996 December 6; 49(5): 45361. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8968407&dopt=Abstract
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Occurrence of microcystins in raw water sources and treated drinking water of Finnish waterworks. Author(s): Lahti K, Rapala J, Kivimaki AL, Kukkonen J, Niemela M, Sivonen K. Source: Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research. 2001; 43(12): 225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11464762&dopt=Abstract
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Occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms in the Saint Lawrence River (Canada) and comparison of health risks for populations using it as their source of drinking water. Author(s): Payment P, Berte A, Prevost M, Menard B, Barbeau B. Source: Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 2000 June; 46(6): 565-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10913979&dopt=Abstract
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Ohio drinking water source and cancer rates. Author(s): Kuzma RJ, Kuzma CM, Buncher CR. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1977 August; 67(8): 725-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=888988&dopt=Abstract
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On the drinking water situation on the Cape Verde Islands (Island of Santiago). Author(s): Buchrieser V, Brosch R, Buchrieser C, Miorini T, Sixl W. Source: J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1989; 33(1): 35-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2542397&dopt=Abstract
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On the drinking water situation on the Cape Verde Islands (Islands of Santiago). Author(s): Buchrieser V, Brosch R, Buchrieser C, Miorini T, Sixl W. Source: Geogr Med Suppl. 1988; 1: 33-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3049241&dopt=Abstract
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Operation of the coconut fiber/burnt rice husks filter for supplying drinking water to rural communities in Southeast Asia. Author(s): Frankel RJ. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1979 January; 69(1): 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=420360&dopt=Abstract
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Organic chemical contaminants in drinking water and cancer. Author(s): Wilkins JR 3rd, Reiches NA, Kruse CW. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1979 October; 110(4): 420-48. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=389042&dopt=Abstract
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Organic micropollutants in drinking water: an overview. Author(s): Cotruvo JA. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1985 December; 47: 7-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3911422&dopt=Abstract
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Organochlorine pesticides concentration in the drinking water from regions of extensive agriculture in Poland. Author(s): Badach H, Nazimek T, Kaminski R, Turski W. Source: Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine : Aaem. 2000; 7(1): 25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10865241&dopt=Abstract
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Our drinking water: a cause for concern? Author(s): Gibson B. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1991 January 15; 144(2): 226, 228. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1986840&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of fatal arsenic poisoning caused by contaminated drinking water. Author(s): Armstrong CW, Stroube RB, Rubio T, Siudyla EA, Miller GB Jr. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1984 July-August; 39(4): 276-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6497443&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of toxoplasmosis associated with municipal drinking water. The BC Toxoplasma Investigation Team. Author(s): Bowie WR, King AS, Werker DH, Isaac-Renton JL, Bell A, Eng SB, Marion SA. Source: Lancet. 1997 July 19; 350(9072): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9250185&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of toxoplasmosis associated with municipal drinking water--British Columbia. The British Columbia Toxoplasmosis Team. Author(s): Bell A, Gill R, Isaac-Renton J, King A, Martinez L, Roscoe D, Werker D, Eng S, Johnstone T, Stanwick R, et al. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 1995 September 30; 21(18): 161-3; Discussion 163-4. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8547919&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of viral gastroenteritis due to drinking water contaminated by Norwalklike viruses. Author(s): Kukkula M, Maunula L, Silvennoinen E, von Bonsdorff CH. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999 December; 180(6): 1771-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10558930&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of viral gastroenteritis due to sewage-contaminated drinking water. Author(s): Hafliger D, Hubner P, Luthy J. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2000 March 10; 54(1-2): 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10746582&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreaks of infectious disease associated with private drinking water supplies in England and Wales 1970-2000. Author(s): Said B, Wright F, Nichols GL, Reacher M, Rutter M. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2003 June; 130(3): 469-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12825731&dopt=Abstract
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Pancreatic cancer mortality and total hardness levels in Taiwan's drinking water. Author(s): Yang CY, Chiu HF, Cheng MF, Tsai SS, Hung CF, Tseng YT. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 1999 March 12; 56(5): 361-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10094247&dopt=Abstract
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Participant blinding and gastrointestinal illness in a randomized, controlled trial of an in-home drinking water intervention. Author(s): Colford JM Jr, Rees JR, Wade TJ, Khalakdina A, Hilton JF, Ergas IJ, Burns S, Benker A, Ma C, Bowen C, Mills DC, Vugia DJ, Juranek DD, Levy DA. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002 January; 8(1): 29-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11749745&dopt=Abstract
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Pattern of cardiac fibrosis in rabbits periodically fed a magnesium-restricted diet and administered rare earth chloride through drinking water. Author(s): Kartha CC, Eapen JT, Radhakumary C, Kutty VR, Ramani K, Lal AV. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 1998 July; 63(1): 19-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9764567&dopt=Abstract
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Patterns of dental fluorosis in a European country in relation to the fluoride concentration of drinking water. Author(s): Larsen MJ, Kirkegaard E, Poulsen S. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 1987 January; 66(1): 10-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3476536&dopt=Abstract
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PCR-mediated DNA fingerprinting of atypical campylobacter strains isolated from surface and drinking water. Author(s): Jacob J, Feuerpfeil I, Schulze E. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1996 September; 285(1): 106-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8946702&dopt=Abstract
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Perchlorate in drinking water. Author(s): Lamm SH, Li FX, Byrd DM. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2002 May; 44(5): 393. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12024682&dopt=Abstract
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Perchloroethylene-contaminated drinking water and the risk of breast cancer: additional results from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. Author(s): Aschengrau A, Rogers S, Ozonoff D. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 February; 111(2): 167-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573900&dopt=Abstract
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Perfluorooctane sulfonate contamination of drinking water in the Tama River, Japan: estimated effects on resident serum levels. Author(s): Harada K, Saito N, Sasaki K, Inoue K, Koizumi A. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2003 July; 71(1): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12945838&dopt=Abstract
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Pesticides in drinking water: what should be the standard? Author(s): Harrison WN, Watt BE, Vale JA. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2000; 38(2): 145-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10778911&dopt=Abstract
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Physical injury risks associated with drinking water arsenic treatment. Author(s): Frost FJ, Chwirka J, Craun GF, Thomson B, Stomps J. Source: Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 2002 April; 22(2): 235-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12022673&dopt=Abstract
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Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorodibenzofuran concentrations in human fat samples in a village after pollution of drinking water with chlorophenols. Author(s): Vartiainen T, Lampi P, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J. Source: Chemosphere. 1995 April; 30(8): 1429-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7743140&dopt=Abstract
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Poor efficacy of residual chlorine disinfectant in drinking water to inactivate waterborne pathogens in distribution systems. Author(s): Payment P. Source: Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 1999 August; 45(8): 709-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10528403&dopt=Abstract
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Population morbidity in a community with nitrate contamination of drinking water. Author(s): Gatseva P, Dimitrov I. Source: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1997; 39(4): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9575652&dopt=Abstract
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Potential hazards of hexavalent chromate in our drinking water. Author(s): Costa M. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2003 April 1; 188(1): 1-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12668116&dopt=Abstract
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Predicted intake of trace elements and minerals via household drinking water by 6year-old children from Krakow (Poland). Part 1: lead (year 2000). Author(s): Barton H, Zachwieja Z, Folta M. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2002 October; 19(10): 906-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12443552&dopt=Abstract
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Presence of Helicobacter pylori in drinking water is associated with clinical infection. Author(s): Baker KH, Hegarty JP. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(10): 744-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728039&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence and distribution of enamel defects and dental caries in a region with different concentrations of fluoride in drinking water in Sri Lanka. Author(s): Ekanayake L, van der Hoek W. Source: Int Dent J. 2003 August; 53(4): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12953893&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis A virus in drinking water workers and wastewater workers in Texas from 1996 to 1997. Author(s): Weldon M, VanEgdom MJ, Hendricks KA, Regner G, Bell BP, Sehulster LM. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2000 August; 42(8): 821-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10953820&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of dental caries and dental fluorosis in areas with negligible, optimal, and above-optimal fluoride concentrations in drinking water. Author(s): Driscoll WS, Horowitz HS, Meyers RJ, Heifetz SB, Kingman A, Zimmerman ER. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1986 July; 113(1): 29-33. Erratum In: J Am Dent Assoc 1986 September; 113(3): 370. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3461057&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of dental fluorosis in Sudanese children from two villages with 0.25 and 2.56 ppm fluoride in the drinking water. Author(s): Ibrahim YE, Affan AA, Bjorvatn K. Source: International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children. 1995 December; 5(4): 223-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8957835&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts and characterization of Giardia spp. isolated from drinking water in Canada. Author(s): Wallis PM, Erlandsen SL, Isaac-Renton JL, Olson ME, Robertson WJ, van Keulen H. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1996 August; 62(8): 2789-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8702271&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of thyroid diseases in Nevada counties with respect to perchlorate in drinking water. Author(s): Li FX, Squartsoff L, Lamm SH. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2001 July; 43(7): 630-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11464394&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of bacterial diarrhea by pasteurization of drinking water in Kenya. Author(s): Iijima Y, Karama M, Oundo JO, Honda T. Source: Microbiol Immunol. 2001; 45(6): 413-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11497215&dopt=Abstract
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Probabilistic risk assessment of nephrotoxic effect of uranium in drinking water. Author(s): Morris SC, Meinhold AF. Source: Health Physics. 1995 December; 69(6): 897-908. Erratum In: Health Phys 1998 February; 74(2): 274. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7493805&dopt=Abstract
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Protozoa in drinking water: is legislation the best answer? Author(s): Sinclair MI, Fairley CK, Hellard ME. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1998 September 21; 169(6): 296-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9785522&dopt=Abstract
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa: assessment of risk from drinking water. Author(s): Hardalo C, Edberg SC. Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 1997; 23(1): 47-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9097014&dopt=Abstract
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Public drinking water contamination and birth outcomes. Author(s): Bove FJ, Fulcomer MC, Klotz JB, Esmart J, Dufficy EM, Savrin JE. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1995 May 1; 141(9): 850-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7717362&dopt=Abstract
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Public drinking water contamination and birthweight, prematurity, fetal deaths, and birth defects. Author(s): Bove FJ. Source: Toxicology and Industrial Health. 1996 March-April; 12(2): 255-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8794538&dopt=Abstract
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Public health and regulatory considerations of the Safe Drinking Water Act. Author(s): Raucher RS. Source: Annual Review of Public Health. 1996; 17: 179-202. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8724223&dopt=Abstract
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Public health implications of new guidelines for lead in drinking water: a case study in an area with historically high water lead levels. Author(s): Watt GC, Britton A, Gilmour HG, Moore MR, Murray GD, Robertson SJ. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2000; 38(1 Suppl): S73-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10717374&dopt=Abstract
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Public notification to families with newborns at risk of methemoglobinemia from drinking water exposure, Clymer, New York, 1996-1998. Author(s): Boria W, Berke R, Clark M, Reisenweber GM. Source: Journal of Public Health Management and Practice : Jphmp. 1999 March; 5(2): 37-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10537817&dopt=Abstract
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Public response to elevated nitrate in drinking water wells in Wisconsin. Author(s): Schubert C, Knobeloch L, Kanarek MS, Anderson HA. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1999 July-August; 54(4): 242-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10433182&dopt=Abstract
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Quality drinking water and our immune systems. Author(s): Clappison RA. Source: Oral Health. 1996 June; 86(6): 27-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8948240&dopt=Abstract
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Quality of community drinking water and the occurrence of late adverse pregnancy outcomes. Author(s): Aschengrau A, Zierler S, Cohen A. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1993 March-April; 48(2): 105-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8476301&dopt=Abstract
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Quality of community drinking water and the occurrence of spontaneous abortion. Author(s): Aschengrau A, Zierler S, Cohen A. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1989 September-October; 44(5): 283-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2554824&dopt=Abstract
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Quality of drinking water from ponds in villages of Kolleru Lake region. Author(s): Rao AS, Rao PR, Rao NS. Source: Indian J Environ Health. 2001 January; 43(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12395505&dopt=Abstract
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Radium in drinking water and the risk of death from bone cancer among Ontario youths. Author(s): Finkelstein MM. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1994 September 1; 151(5): 565-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8069801&dopt=Abstract
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Radium in Wisconsin drinking water: an analysis of osteosarcoma risk. Author(s): Guse CE, Marbella AM, George V, Layde PM. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2002 July-August; 57(4): 294-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530595&dopt=Abstract
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Radon exposure at drinking water supply plants in Slovenia. Author(s): Vaupotic J. Source: Health Physics. 2002 December; 83(6): 901-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467298&dopt=Abstract
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Re: “Congenital malformations and maternal drinking water supply in rural South Australia: a case-control study”. Author(s): Arbuckle TE, Hewitt D, Sherman GJ. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1986 August; 124(2): 344. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3728454&dopt=Abstract
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Re: Altitude as a risk indicator of dental fluorosis in children residing in areas with 0.5 and 2.5 mg fluoride per litre in drinking water (Caries Res 1999;33:267--74). Author(s): van Palenstein Helderman WH, van't Hof MA. Source: Caries Research. 2001 March-April; 35(2): 162. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11322145&dopt=Abstract
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Re: aluminum in drinking water and cognitive decline in elderly subjects: the Paquid cohort. Author(s): Rondeau V, Jacqmin-Gadda H, Commenges D, Dartigues JF. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 August 1; 154(3): 288-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11479195&dopt=Abstract
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Re: Carcinogenicity of the drinking water mutagen 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone in the rat. Author(s): Erren TC, Pinger A, Jacobsen M, Piekarski C. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1997 November 19; 89(22): 1727-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9390547&dopt=Abstract
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Re: risk assessment of internal cancers from arsenic in drinking water. Author(s): Stohrer G. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 December; 109(12): A571. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11776955&dopt=Abstract
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Rectal cancer mortality and total hardness levels in Taiwan's drinking water. Author(s): Yang CY, Tsai SS, Lai TC, Hung CF, Chiu HF. Source: Environmental Research. 1999 May; 80(4): 311-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10330304&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrent acute respiratory tract infections in areas with high nitrate concentrations in drinking water. Author(s): Gupta SK, Gupta RC, Gupta AB, Seth AK, Bassin JK, Gupta A. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 April; 108(4): 363-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10753096&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrent diarrhea in children living in areas with high levels of nitrate in drinking water. Author(s): Gupta SK, Gupta RC, Gupta AB, Seth AK, Bassin JK, Gupta A, Sharma ML. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2001 July-August; 56(4): 369-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11572282&dopt=Abstract
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Re-engineering the urban drainage system for resource recovery and protection of drinking water supplies. Author(s): Gumbo B. Source: Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg. 2000; 105: 15-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10842788&dopt=Abstract
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Relation between aluminum concentrations in drinking water and Alzheimer's disease: an 8-year follow-up study. Author(s): Rondeau V, Commenges D, Jacqmin-Gadda H, Dartigues JF. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 July 1; 152(1): 59-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10901330&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between fluoride concentration in drinking water and mortality rate from uterine cancer in Okinawa prefecture, Japan. Author(s): Tohyama E. Source: J Epidemiol. 1996 December; 6(4): 184-91. Erratum In: J Epidemiol 1997 September; 7(3): 184. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9002384&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between microcystin in drinking water and colorectal cancer. Author(s): Zhou L, Yu H, Chen K. Source: Biomed Environ Sci. 2002 June; 15(2): 166-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12244757&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between mineral and trace element concentrations in drinking water and gastric cancer mortality in Japan. Author(s): Nakaji S, Fukuda S, Sakamoto J, Sugawara K, Shimoyama T, Umeda T, Baxter D. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2001; 40(2): 99-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11962262&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of lead in drinking water to bone lead levels twenty years later in Boston men: the Normative Aging Study. Author(s): Potula V, Serrano J, Sparrow D, Hu H. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1999 May; 41(5): 349-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10337604&dopt=Abstract
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Removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in drinking water treatment: a pilot-scale study. Author(s): Hsu BM, Yeh HH. Source: Water Research. 2003 March; 37(5): 1111-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553986&dopt=Abstract
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Removal of pollutants from surface water and groundwater by nanofiltration: overview of possible applications in the drinking water industry. Author(s): Van der Bruggen B, Vandecasteele C. Source: Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987). 2003; 122(3): 435-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12547533&dopt=Abstract
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Renal effects of uranium in drinking water. Author(s): Kurttio P, Auvinen A, Salonen L, Saha H, Pekkanen J, Makelainen I, Vaisanen SB, Penttila IM, Komulainen H. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 April; 110(4): 337-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11940450&dopt=Abstract
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Reproductive and developmental effects of disinfection by-products in drinking water. Author(s): Reif JS, Hatch MC, Bracken M, Holmes LB, Schwetz BA, Singer PC. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996 October; 104(10): 1056-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8930546&dopt=Abstract
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Reproductive outcomes in a population exposed long-term to inorganic selenium via drinking water. Author(s): Vinceti M, Cann CI, Calzolari E, Vivoli R, Garavelli L, Bergomi M. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2000 April 24; 250(1-3): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10811246&dopt=Abstract
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Resource protection and resource management of drinking water-reservoirs in Thuringia--a prerequisite for high drinking-water quality. Author(s): Willmitzer H. Source: Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg. 2000; 105: 125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10842804&dopt=Abstract
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Rise and fall of caries prevalence in German towns with different F concentrations in drinking water. Author(s): Kunzel W, Fischer T. Source: Caries Research. 1997; 31(3): 166-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9165185&dopt=Abstract
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Risk assessment of opportunistic bacterial pathogens in drinking water. Author(s): Rusin PA, Rose JB, Haas CN, Gerba CP. Source: Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 1997; 152: 57-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9297985&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors in HIV-associated diarrhoeal disease: the role of drinking water, medication and immune status. Author(s): Eisenberg JN, Wade TJ, Charles S, Vu M, Hubbard A, Wright CC, Levy D, Jensen P, Colford JM Jr. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 February; 128(1): 73-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895094&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of internal cancers from arsenic in drinking water. Author(s): Morales KH, Ryan L, Kuo TL, Wu MM, Chen CJ. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 July; 108(7): 655-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10903620&dopt=Abstract
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Role of disinfection in suppressing the spread of pathogens with drinking water: possibilities and limitations. Author(s): Schoenen D. Source: Water Research. 2002 September; 36(15): 3874-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12369533&dopt=Abstract
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Safe drinking water production in rural areas: a comparison between developed and less developed countries. Author(s): Cotruvo JA, Trevant C. Source: Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg. 2000; 108: 93-123. English, German, Russian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11225283&dopt=Abstract
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Safe drinking water. Author(s): Padiglione AA, Hellard ME, Sinclair MI, Fairley CK. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1997 June 16; 166(12): 670. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9216595&dopt=Abstract
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Safe drinking water. Author(s): Watson CR. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1997 March 17; 166(6): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9087181&dopt=Abstract
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Safe drinking water: a public health challenge. Author(s): Wigle DT. Source: Chronic Diseases in Canada. 1998; 19(3): 103-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9820833&dopt=Abstract
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Safe drinking water: An attainable goal, key to health and development, appears farther away. Author(s): Guerrant RL, Moore SR, Lima AA. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2000; 4(1): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10689206&dopt=Abstract
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Safe drinking water: the toxicologist's approach. Author(s): van Leeuwen FX. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2000; 38(1 Suppl): S51-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10717371&dopt=Abstract
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Sanitary survey of the drinking water supply of Kombinati suburb-Tirana, Albania. Author(s): Angjeli V, Reme B, Leno L, Bukli R, Bushati G. Source: Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg. 2000; 105: 187-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10842813&dopt=Abstract
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Selection criteria for wastewater treatment technologies to protect drinking water. Author(s): von Sperling M. Source: Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg. 2000; 105: 289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10842828&dopt=Abstract
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Selenium and iodine in soil, rice and drinking water in relation to endemic goitre in Sri Lanka. Author(s): Fordyce FM, Johnson CC, Navaratna UR, Appleton JD, Dissanayake CB. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2000 December 18; 263(1-3): 127-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11194147&dopt=Abstract
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Sensory detection of glutaraldehyde in drinking water-emergence of sensitivity and specific anosmia. Author(s): Cain WS, Schmidt R. Source: Chemical Senses. 2002 June; 27(5): 425-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052779&dopt=Abstract
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Sewage disinfection towards protection of drinking water resources. Author(s): Kolch A. Source: Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg. 2000; 105: 331-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10842834&dopt=Abstract
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Shima drinking water--a bacteriological analysis. Author(s): Grover PS, Thakur K. Source: J Commun Dis. 2001 March; 33(1): 44-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11898462&dopt=Abstract
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Should immunisation against hepatitis B take priority over provision of clean drinking water? Author(s): Puliyel JM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 July 17; 319(7203): 188. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10406768&dopt=Abstract
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Silica and aluminum in drinking water and cognitive impairment in the elderly. Author(s): Jacqmin-Gadda H, Commenges D, Letenneur L, Dartigues JF. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1996 May; 7(3): 281-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8728442&dopt=Abstract
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Sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei analysis in lymphocytes of men exposed to simazine through drinking water. Author(s): Suarez S, Rubio A, Sueiro RA, Garrido J. Source: Mutation Research. 2003 June 6; 537(2): 141-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12787819&dopt=Abstract
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Sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) among individuals chronically exposed to arsenic in drinking water. Author(s): Lerda D. Source: Mutation Research. 1994 April; 312(2): 111-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7510822&dopt=Abstract
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Social deprivation and the public health risks of community drinking water supplies in New Zealand. Author(s): Hales S, Black W, Skelly C, Salmond C, Weinstein P. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2003 August; 57(8): 581-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12883061&dopt=Abstract
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Solar disinfection of drinking water and diarrhoea in Maasai children: a controlled field trial. Author(s): Conroy RM, Elmore-Meegan M, Joyce T, McGuigan KG, Barnes J. Source: Lancet. 1996 December 21-28; 348(9043): 1695-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8973432&dopt=Abstract
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Solar disinfection of drinking water contained in transparent plastic bottles: characterizing the bacterial inactivation process. Author(s): McGuigan KG, Joyce TM, Conroy RM, Gillespie JB, Elmore-Meegan M. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 1998 June; 84(6): 1138-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9717300&dopt=Abstract
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Solar disinfection of drinking water protects against cholera in children under 6 years of age. Author(s): Conroy RM, Meegan ME, Joyce T, McGuigan K, Barnes J. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2001 October; 85(4): 293-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11567937&dopt=Abstract
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Solar disinfection: use of sunlight to decontaminate drinking water in developing countries. Author(s): McGuigan KG, Joyce TM, Conroy RM. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1999 September; 48(9): 785-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10482288&dopt=Abstract
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Studies on the influence of the copper content in the drinking water on the newborn copper burden and transaminases activity. Author(s): Gahnz G, Gebel T, Kevekordes S, Schlaadt E, Bolten C, Dunkelberg H. Source: Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed. 1999 December; 202(6): 501-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10631791&dopt=Abstract
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Study of the occurrence of 222Rn and 226Ra in drinking water in Spain. Author(s): Soto J, Fernandez PL, Gomez J, Rodenas C. Source: Health Physics. 1995 December; 69(6): 961-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7493814&dopt=Abstract
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Sudden cardiac death rate in an area characterized by high incidence of coronary artery disease and low hardness of drinking water. Author(s): Bernardi D, Dini FL, Azzarelli A, Giaconi A, Volterrani C, Lunardi M. Source: Angiology. 1995 February; 46(2): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7702199&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of arsenic and other heavy metals in food composites and drinking water and estimation of dietary intake by the villagers from an arsenic-affected area of West Bengal, India. Author(s): Roychowdhury T, Tokunaga H, Ando M. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2003 June 1; 308(1-3): 15-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12738198&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of bottled drinking water available in Manitoba, Canada. Author(s): Pip E. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 September; 108(9): 863-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11017891&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of New Jersey schools and day care centers for lead in plumbing solder. Identification of lead solder and prevention of exposure to drinking water contaminated with lead from plumbing solder. Author(s): Berkowitz M. Source: Environmental Research. 1995 October; 71(1): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8757239&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of trace elements in household and bottled drinking water samples collected in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Author(s): al-Saleh I, al-Doush I. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1998 May 27; 216(3): 181-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9646527&dopt=Abstract
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Survival of Campylobacter jejuni strains of different origin in drinking water. Author(s): Cools I, Uyttendaele M, Caro C, D'Haese E, Nelis HJ, Debevere J. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2003; 94(5): 886-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12694454&dopt=Abstract
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Tetrachloroethylene in drinking water and birth outcomes at the US Marine Corps Base at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. Author(s): Sonnenfeld N, Hertz-Picciotto I, Kaye WE. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 November 15; 154(10): 902-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11700244&dopt=Abstract
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Tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water and the risk of breast cancer. Author(s): Aschengrau A, Paulu C, Ozonoff D. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1998 August; 106 Suppl 4: 947-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9703477&dopt=Abstract
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Tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water in Massachusetts and the risk of colon-rectum, lung, and other cancers. Author(s): Paulu C, Aschengrau A, Ozonoff D. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999 April; 107(4): 265-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10090704&dopt=Abstract
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The association between area deprivation and dental caries in groups with and without fluoride in their drinking water. Author(s): Ellwood RP, O'Mullane DM. Source: Community Dent Health. 1995 March; 12(1): 18-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7697558&dopt=Abstract
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The concentrations of arsenic and other toxic elements in Bangladesh's drinking water. Author(s): Frisbie SH, Ortega R, Maynard DM, Sarkar B. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 November; 110(11): 1147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417487&dopt=Abstract
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The dynamics of lead in drinking water in U.S. workplaces and schools. Author(s): Maas RP, Patch SC, Gagnon AM. Source: American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 1994 September; 55(9): 829-32. Erratum In: Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1994 October; 55(10): 923. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7942517&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of fluoridated drinking water on axial bone mineral density--a populationbased study. Author(s): Kroger H, Alhava E, Honkanen R, Tuppurainen M, Saarikoski S. Source: Bone Miner. 1994 October; 27(1): 33-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7849544&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of chronic arsenic exposure from drinking water on the neurobehavioral development in adolescence. Author(s): Tsai SY, Chou HY, The HW, Chen CM, Chen CJ. Source: Neurotoxicology. 2003 August; 24(4-5): 747-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12900089&dopt=Abstract
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The epidemiology of chemical contaminants of drinking water. Author(s): Calderon RL. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2000; 38(1 Suppl): S13-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10717366&dopt=Abstract
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The fate of the haloacetates in drinking water--chemical kinetics in aqueous solution. Author(s): Urbansky ET. Source: Chemical Reviews. 2001 November; 101(11): 3233-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840985&dopt=Abstract
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The gastrointestinal tract and acute effects of copper in drinking water and beverages. Author(s): Pizarro F, Olivares M, Gidi V, Araya M. Source: Rev Environ Health. 1999 October-December; 14(4): 231-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10746735&dopt=Abstract
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The German Environmental Survey 1990/1992 (GerES II): reference concentrations of selected environmental pollutants in blood, urine, hair, house dust, drinking water and indoor air. Author(s): Seifert B, Becker K, Helm D, Krause C, Schulz C, Seiwert M. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2000 November-December; 10(6 Pt 1): 552-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11140439&dopt=Abstract
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The occurrence of Aeromonas species in drinking water supplies of an area of the Dolomite Mountains, Italy. Author(s): Legnani P, Leoni E, Soppelsa F, Burigo R. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 1998 August; 85(2): 271-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9750299&dopt=Abstract
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The prevalence of subjective symptoms after exposure to arsenic in drinking water in Inner Mongolia, China. Author(s): Guo X, Fujino Y, Chai J, Wu K, Xia Y, Li Y, Lv J, Sun Z, Yoshimura T. Source: J Epidemiol. 2003 July; 13(4): 211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12934964&dopt=Abstract
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The prevalence of Vibrio spp. in drinking water and environmental samples in Vellore South India. Author(s): Thomson CJ, Jesudason MV, Balaji V, Malathi B, Mukundan U, Amyes SG. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1998 August; 121(1): 67-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9747757&dopt=Abstract
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The quality of drinking water from private water supplies in Aberdeenshire, UK. Author(s): Reid DC, Edwards AC, Cooper D, Wilson E, Mcgaw BA. Source: Water Research. 2003 January; 37(2): 245-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502053&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between plaque index scores, fluoride content of plaque, plaque pH, dental caries experience and fluoride concentration in drinking water in a group of primary school children. Author(s): Hartshorne JE, Grobler SR, Louw AJ, Carstens IL, Laubscher JA. Source: J Dent Assoc S Afr. 1994 January; 49(1): 5-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9508968&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship of arsenic levels in drinking water and the prevalence rate of skin lesions in Bangladesh. Author(s): Tondel M, Rahman M, Magnuson A, Chowdhury IA, Faruquee MH, Ahmad SA. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999 September; 107(9): 727-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10464073&dopt=Abstract
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The role of humic substances in drinking water in Kashin-Beck disease in China. Author(s): Peng A, Wang WH, Wang CX, Wang ZJ, Rui HF, Wang WZ, Yang ZW. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999 April; 107(4): 293-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10090708&dopt=Abstract
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The slow poisoning of Bangladesh: metals in drinking water. Author(s): Josephson J. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 November; 110(11): A690-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12596705&dopt=Abstract
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Tirane, Albania: survey on drinking water quality and facilities. Author(s): Palombi L, Villa L, Divizia M, Cenko F, Siniari V, Rotigliano G, Buonomo E. Source: Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research. 2001; 43(12): 81-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11464774&dopt=Abstract
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To boil or not: drinking water for children in a periurban barrio. Author(s): Mclennan JD. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2000 October; 51(8): 1211-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11037211&dopt=Abstract
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Trace element levels in drinking water and cognitive function among elderly Chinese. Author(s): Emsley CL, Gao S, Li Y, Liang C, Ji R, Hall KS, Cao J, Ma F, Wu Y, Ying P, Zhang Y, Sun S, Unverzagt FW, Slemenda CW, Hendrie HC. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 May 1; 151(9): 913-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10791564&dopt=Abstract
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Trace element levels in drinking water and the incidence of colorectal cancer. Author(s): Kikuchi H, Iwane S, Munakata A, Tamura K, Nakaji S, Sugawara K. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1999 July; 188(3): 217-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10587013&dopt=Abstract
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Transmission of epidemic Vibrio cholerae O1 in rural western Kenya associated with drinking water from Lake Victoria: an environmental reservoir for cholera? Author(s): Shapiro RL, Otieno MR, Adcock PM, Phillips-Howard PA, Hawley WA, Kumar L, Waiyaki P, Nahlen BL, Slutsker L. Source: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999 February; 60(2): 271-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10072150&dopt=Abstract
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Transmission of intestinal blastocystosis related to the quality of drinking water. Author(s): Taamasri P, Mungthin M, Rangsin R, Tongupprakarn B, Areekul W, Leelayoova S. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000 March; 31(1): 112-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11023076&dopt=Abstract
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Transmission of parasite in San Francisco drinking water? Author(s): Baker R. Source: Beta. 1995 September; : 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11362883&dopt=Abstract
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Trichloroacetic acid as a biomarker of exposure to disinfection by-products in drinking water: a human exposure trial in Adelaide, Australia. Author(s): Froese KL, Sinclair MI, Hrudey SE. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 July; 110(7): 679-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117645&dopt=Abstract
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Type 1 diabetes in sardinia is not linked to nitrate levels in drinking water. Author(s): Casu A, Carlini M, Contu A, Bottazzo GF, Songini M. Source: Diabetes Care. 2000 July; 23(7): 1043-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10895879&dopt=Abstract
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Type of disinfectant in drinking water and patterns of mortality in Massachusetts. Author(s): Zierler S, Danley RA, Feingold L. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1986 November; 69: 275-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3816730&dopt=Abstract
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U.S. drinking water challenges in the twenty-first century. Author(s): Levin RB, Epstein PR, Ford TE, Harrington W, Olson E, Reichard EG. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 February; 110 Suppl 1: 43-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834462&dopt=Abstract
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Uncertainties in risk assessment for the determination of drinking water pollutant concentrations: Cryptosporidium case study. Author(s): Fewtrell L, Macgill SM, Kay D, Casemore D. Source: Water Research. 2001 February; 35(2): 441-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11228997&dopt=Abstract
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Unsuitability of World Health Organisation guidelines for fluoride concentrations in drinking water in Senegal. Author(s): Brouwer ID, Dirks OB, De Bruin A, Hautvast JG. Source: Lancet. 1988 January 30; 1(8579): 223-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2893047&dopt=Abstract
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Uptake of radium-226 from drinking water into human deciduous teeth. Author(s): Samuels LD. Source: Archives of Oral Biology. 1966 June; 11(6): 581-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5225864&dopt=Abstract
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Uranium and other natural radionuclides in drinking water and risk of leukemia: a case-cohort study in Finland. Author(s): Auvinen A, Kurttio P, Pekkanen J, Pukkala E, Ilus T, Salonen L. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2002 November; 13(9): 825-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462547&dopt=Abstract
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Uranium and thorium series radionuclides in drinking water from drilled bedrock wells: correlation to geology and bedrock radioactivity and dose estimation. Author(s): Isam Salih MM, Pettersson HB, Lund E. Source: Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2002; 102(3): 249-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12430963&dopt=Abstract
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Uranium contents and associated effective doses in drinking water from Biscay (Spain). Author(s): Herranz M, Abelairas A, Legarda F. Source: Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine. 1997 June; 48(6): 857-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9204529&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary excretion of arsenic species after exposure to arsenic present in drinking water. Author(s): Kurttio P, Komulainen H, Hakala E, Kahelin H, Pekkanen J. Source: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1998 April; 34(3): 297-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9504979&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary fluoride concentration in 6- to 9-year-old children drinking water with a very low fluoride level. Author(s): Shannon IL, Sanders DM. Source: Caries Research. 1979; 13(1): 18-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=283885&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary fluoride levels and prevalence of dental fluorosis in three Brazilian cities with different fluoride concentrations in the drinking water. Author(s): Heintze SD, Bastos JR, Bastos R. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1998 October; 26(5): 316-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9792123&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary fluoride levels of children residing in communities with naturally occurring fluorides in the drinking water. Author(s): Collins EM, Segreto VA. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1984 September-October; 51(5): 352-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6592187&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary levels of trichloroacetic acid, a disinfection by-product in chlorinated drinking water, in a human reference population. Author(s): Calafat AM, Kuklenyik Z, Caudill SP, Ashley DL. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 February; 111(2): 151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573897&dopt=Abstract
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Urolithiasis--a study of drinking water hardness and genetic factors. Author(s): Churchill DN, Maloney CM, Bear J, Bryant DG, Fodor G, Gault MH. Source: J Chronic Dis. 1980; 33(11-12): 727-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7430324&dopt=Abstract
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US drinking water: fluoridation knowledge level of water plant operators. Author(s): Lalumandier JA, Hernandez LC, Locci AB, Reeves TG. Source: J Public Health Dent. 2001 Spring; 61(2): 92-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11474920&dopt=Abstract
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Use of computer models to assess exposure to agricultural chemicals via drinking water. Author(s): Gustafson DI. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1995 October 27; 171(1-3): 35-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7481752&dopt=Abstract
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Use of mechanism-based structure-activity relationships analysis in carcinogenic potential ranking for drinking water disinfection by-products. Author(s): Woo YT, Lai D, McLain JL, Manibusan MK, Dellarco V. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 February; 110 Suppl 1: 75-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834465&dopt=Abstract
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Use of microbial risk assessment in setting US drinking water standards. Author(s): Macler BA, Regli S. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1993 June 1; 18(4): 245-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8347424&dopt=Abstract
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Use of non-carbonated soft drinks to provide safe drinking water. Author(s): Gracey M, Burke V, Robinson J. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1985 March; 5(1): 3-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2409896&dopt=Abstract
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Use of quantitative analysis of urine to assess exposure to asbestos fibers in drinking water in the Puget Sound region. Author(s): Boatman ES, Merrill T, O'Neill A, Polissar L, Millette JR. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1983 November; 53: 131-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6662083&dopt=Abstract
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Use of routinely collected data on trihalomethane in drinking water for epidemiological purposes. Author(s): Keegan T, Whitaker H, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Toledano MB, Elliott P, Fawell J, Wilkinson M, Best N. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2001 July; 58(7): 447-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11404449&dopt=Abstract
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Using ecological data to estimate a regression model for individual data: the association between arsenic in drinking water and incidence of skin cancer. Author(s): Guo HR, Lipsitz SR, Hu H, Monson RR. Source: Environmental Research. 1998 November; 79(2): 82-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9841806&dopt=Abstract
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Using the example of Istanbul to outline general aspects of protecting reservoirs, rivers and lakes used for drinking water abstraction. Author(s): Tanik A. Source: Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg. 2000; 105: 133-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10842805&dopt=Abstract
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UV disinfection in drinking water supplies. Author(s): Hoyer O. Source: Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg. 2000; 108: 79-92. English, German, Russian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11225282&dopt=Abstract
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Variability of mineral intakes from drinking water: a possible explanation for the controversy over the relationship of water quality to cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Gillies ME, Paulin HV. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1983 March; 12(1): 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6840957&dopt=Abstract
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VOC concentration in Taiwan's household drinking water. Author(s): Kuo HW, Chiang TF, Lo II, Lai JS, Chan CC, Wang JD. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1997 December 3; 208(1-2): 41-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9496647&dopt=Abstract
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VOCs, pesticides, nitrate, and their mixtures in groundwater used for drinking water in the United States. Author(s): Squillace PJ, Scott JC, Moran MJ, Nolan BT, Kolpin DW. Source: Environmental Science & Technology. 2002 May 1; 36(9): 1923-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12026972&dopt=Abstract
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Volatilization of chemicals from drinking water to indoor air: role of the kitchen sink. Author(s): Howard C, Corsi RL. Source: J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 1996 September; 46(9): 830-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8806217&dopt=Abstract
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Water fluoridation in South Africa: what should the optimum concentration of fluoride in the drinking water be? A review of the literature. Author(s): du Plessis JB. Source: J Dent Assoc S Afr. 1995 December; 50(12): 605-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9461887&dopt=Abstract
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Water fluoridation--dental caries--osteoporosis. Old and new views on the fluoridation of drinking water. Author(s): Groot EH. Source: Nutr Metab. 1977; 21 Suppl 1: 208-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=917389&dopt=Abstract
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Water pressure: rewriting the safe Drinking Water Act. Author(s): Tibbetts J. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996 September; 104(9): 930-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8899373&dopt=Abstract
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Water systems to report drinking water quality to all customers: how can health professionals prepare for the questions that these reports will generate? Author(s): McCarty K, Swallow J, Vanderslice R, Combs WS Jr. Source: Medicine and Health, Rhode Island. 2000 May; 83(5): 140-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10874815&dopt=Abstract
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Waterborne gastrointestinal illness at a ski resort. --Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from drinking water--. Author(s): Eden KV, Rosenberg ML, Stoopler M, Wood BT, Highsmith AK, Skaliy P, Wells JG, Feeley JC. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 1977 May-June; 92(3): 245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=866562&dopt=Abstract
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When experience challenges received wisdom: the case of drinking water. Author(s): Parvis LF. Source: Journal of Environmental Health. 2001 November; 64(4): 36-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936032&dopt=Abstract
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WHO drinking water quality guidelines for selected herbicides. Author(s): Kello D. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 1989; 6 Suppl 1: S79-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2599158&dopt=Abstract
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WHO International Drinking Water Standards revised. Author(s): Lewis WM, Waddington JI. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1981 April; 18: 285-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7233167&dopt=Abstract
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Workshop report. Health risks of drinking water chlorination by-products: report of an expert working group. Author(s): Mills CJ, Bull RJ, Cantor KP, Reif J, Hrudey SE, Huston P. Source: Chronic Diseases in Canada. 1998; 19(3): 91-102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9820832&dopt=Abstract
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Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in children due to untreated drinking water. Author(s): Sato K, Komazawa M. Source: Contrib Microbiol Immunol. 1991; 12: 5-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1935113&dopt=Abstract
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You and your drinking water: health implications for the use of cation exchange water softeners. Author(s): Das G. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988 August; 28(8): 683-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3216034&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DRINKING WATER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and drinking water.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Drinking Water The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “drinking water” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on drinking water: •
Alterations in ovarian follicular progesterone secretion by elevated exposures to the drinking water disinfection by-product dibromoacetic acid: examination of the potential site(s) of impact along the steroidogenic pathway. Author(s): Reproductive Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
[email protected] Source: Goldman, Jerome M Murr, Ashley S Toxicology. 2002 February 28; 171(2-3): 8393 0300-483X
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Arsenic in drinking water and skin cancers: cell-type specificity (Taiwan, ROC). Author(s): Graduate Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
[email protected] Source: Guo, H R Yu, H S Hu, H Monson, R R Cancer-Causes-Control. 2001 December; 12(10): 909-16 0957-5243
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Arsenic in drinking water. Source: Anonymous J-Environ-Health. 2001 September; 64(2): 36, 44 0022-0892
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Bioavailability of aluminium in alum-treated drinking water and food. Source: Stauber, J.L. Davies, C.M. Adams, M.S. Buchanan, S.J. Florence, T.M. Watersupply. Oxford : Blackwell Science Ltd. 1999. volume 17 (3/4) page 225-231. 0735-1917
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Biodisposition of dibromoacetic acid (DBA) and bromodichloromethane (BDCM) administered to rats and rabbits in drinking water during range-finding reproduction and developmental toxicity studies. Author(s): Argus Research Laboratories, Inc., Horsham, Pennsylvania 19044, USA. Source: Christian, M S York, R G Hoberman, A M Diener, R M Fisher, L C Gates, G A Int-J-Toxicol. 2001 Jul-August; 20(4): 239-53 1091-5818
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Caries experience and caries predictors--a study of Tanzanian children consuming drinking water with different fluoride concentrations. Author(s): Department of Odontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway. Source: Awadia, A K Birkeland, J M Haugejorden, O Bjorvatn, K Clin-Oral-Investig. 2002 June; 6(2): 98-103 1432-6981
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Chemical composition of hard- and softrock groundwaters from central Norway with special consideration of fluoride and Norwegian drinking water limits. Source: Saether, O.M. Reimann, C. Hilmo, B.O. Taushani, E. Environ-geol. Berlin, Germany : Springer Verlag Berlin. October 1995. volume 26 (3) page 147-156. 1073-9106
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Chronic arsenism from drinking water in some areas of Xinjiang, China. Source: Wang, L.F. Huang, J.Z. Arsenic in the environment /. New York : Wiley, c1994. 1994. volume 27 page 159-172. ISBN: 0471579297 (pt 1 : alk paper)
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Drinking water and health. Source: Fundingsland, S. Lundstrom, D. NDSU-Ext-Serv-Publ-North-Dakota-StateUnivolume Fargo, N.D. : The University. June 1988. (HE-429) 6 page
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Drinking water in South Africa: implications for fluoride supplementation. Author(s): Oral and Dental Research Institute, School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, Bellville.
[email protected] Source: Grobler, S R Dreyer, A G Blignaut, R J SADJ. 2001 November; 56(11): 557-9 10294864
Nutrition
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•
Drinking water quality in Minnesota. Source: Machmeier, R.E. [Minnesota Extension Service folders]. St. Paul, Minn. : The Service, <1983-1990 >. [1981?]. (AG-FO-0814) 4 page
•
Effects of Fedex on hunger mortality, weight gain and feed conversion of fattening turkeys [Drinking water, supplement, feed composition, health, Nicholas breed, Yugoslavia]. Istrazivanje djelovanja Fedexa na “gladni mortalitet”, priraste i konverziju hrane purica u tovu. Source: Bozickovic, P. Serman, V. Vicic, N. Raguz Duric, R. Krivec, G. Krmiva. Zagreb : “Krmiva”. November 1983. volume 25 (11) page 219-224. ill. 0023-4850
•
Effects of increasing zinc supplementation in drinking water on growth and thyroid gland function and histology in broiler chicks. Author(s): University of Yuzuncu Yil, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Histology Dept., Van, Turkey. Source: Donmez, H H Karsl, M A Meral, I Donmez, N Simsek, N Dtsch-TierarztlWochenschr. 2002 October; 109(10): 438-42 0341-6593
•
Effects on human health of exposure to selenium in drinking water. Source: Valentine, J.L. Reisbord, L.S. Kang, H.K. Schluchter, M.D. Selenium in biology and medicine : proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Selenium in Biology and Medicine, held May 27-June 1, 1984, Xiangshan (Fragrance Hills) Hotel Beijing, People's Republic of China. New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold, c1987. page 675-687. ISBN: 0442221088
•
Estimation of human exposure to and uptake of arsenic found in drinking water. Source: Xu, H. Grimvall, A. Allard, B. Arsenic in the environment /. New York : Wiley, c1994. 1994. volume 27 page 173-183. ISBN: 0471579297 (pt 1 : alk paper)
•
Feasibility study to relate arsenic in drinking water to skin cancer in the United States. Source: Andelman, J.B. Barnett, M. Environmental epidemiology / [edited by] Frederick C. Kopfler, Gunther F. Craun. Chelsea, Mich. : Lewis Publishers, c1986. page 89-107. ISBN: 0873710738
•
Fluoride in drinking water. Source: Wetzlich, S. Environ-Toxicol-Newsl. Berkeley, Calif. : Cooperative Extension, University of California. June 1991. volume 11 (3) page 7-8.
•
Health evaluation of arsenic exposure via drinking water. Source: Valentine, J.L. Rep-Calif-Water-Resour-Cent-Univ-Calif. Davis, Calif. : The Center. December 1987. (67) page 57. 0575-4968
•
Impact of including DL-methionine in drinking water for Angora goats. Source: Carneiro, H. Sahlu, T. Owens, F.N. Res-rep-P. Stillwater, Okla. : Agriculture Experiment Station, Division of Agriculture, Oklahoma State University. Sept 1994. (939) page 126-128. 0361-5804
•
Inorganic contaminants in drinking water correlated with disease occurrence in Nebraska. Source: Bednar, C.M. Kies, C. Water-Resour-Bull. Bethesda, Md. : American Water Resources Association. July/August 1991. volume 27 (4) page 631-635. 0043-1370
•
Municipal drinking water nitrate level and cancer risk in older women: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Author(s): Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, University of Iowa, USA.
154 Drinking Water
Source: Weyer, P J Cerhan, J R Kross, B C Hallberg, G R Kantamneni, J Breuer, G Jones, M P Zheng, W Lynch, C F Epidemiology. 2001 May; 12(3): 327-38 1044-3983 •
Physical injury risks associated with drinking water arsenic treatment. Author(s): Lovelace Clinic Foundation, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA.
[email protected] Source: Frost, F J Chwirka, J Craun, G F Thomson, B Stomps, J Risk-Anal. 2002 April; 22(2): 235-43 0272-4332
•
Predicted impact of transgenic, herbicidetolerant corn on drinking water quality in vulnerable watersheds of the mid-western USA. Author(s): USDA-Agricultural Research Service, University of Georgia, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA 31793, USA. Source: Wauchope, R D Estes, T L Allen, R Baker, J L Hornsby, A G Jones, R L Richards, R P Gustafson, D I Pest-Manag-Sci. 2002 February; 58(2): 146-60 1526-498X
•
Providing supplemental nutrients in drinking water to growing cattle. Source: Schutte, I.W.M. Zorrilla Rios, J. McCann, J. Owens, F.N. Annu-Rep-Okla-AgricExp-Stn. Stillwater, Okla. : The Station. June 1990. (129) page 141-146. 0361-8722
•
US drinking water: fluoridation knowledge level of water plant operators. Author(s): Department of Community Dentistry, Case Western Reserve University, School of Dentistry, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4905, USA.
[email protected] Source: Lalumandier, J A Hernandez, L C Locci, A B Reeves, T G J-Public-Health-Dent. 2001 Spring; 61(2): 92-8 0022-4006
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “drinking water” (or a synonym): •
Alterations in ovarian follicular progesterone secretion by elevated exposures to the drinking water disinfection by-product dibromoacetic acid: examination of the potential site(s) of impact along the steroidogenic pathway. Author(s): Reproductive Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
[email protected] Source: Goldman, Jerome M Murr, Ashley S Toxicology. 2002 February 28; 171(2-3): 8393 0300-483X
•
Arsenic in drinking water and skin cancers: cell-type specificity (Taiwan, ROC). Author(s): Graduate Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
[email protected] Source: Guo, H R Yu, H S Hu, H Monson, R R Cancer-Causes-Control. 2001 December; 12(10): 909-16 0957-5243
•
Bioavailability of aluminium in alum-treated drinking water and food. Source: Stauber, J.L. Davies, C.M. Adams, M.S. Buchanan, S.J. Florence, T.M. Watersupply. Oxford : Blackwell Science Ltd. 1999. volume 17 (3/4) page 225-231. 0735-1917
•
Biodisposition of dibromoacetic acid (DBA) and bromodichloromethane (BDCM) administered to rats and rabbits in drinking water during range-finding reproduction and developmental toxicity studies. Author(s): Argus Research Laboratories, Inc., Horsham, Pennsylvania 19044, USA. Source: Christian, M S York, R G Hoberman, A M Diener, R M Fisher, L C Gates, G A Int-J-Toxicol. 2001 Jul-August; 20(4): 239-53 1091-5818
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•
Caries experience and caries predictors--a study of Tanzanian children consuming drinking water with different fluoride concentrations. Author(s): Department of Odontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway. Source: Awadia, A K Birkeland, J M Haugejorden, O Bjorvatn, K Clin-Oral-Investig. 2002 June; 6(2): 98-103 1432-6981
•
Chemical composition of hard- and softrock groundwaters from central Norway with special consideration of fluoride and Norwegian drinking water limits. Source: Saether, O.M. Reimann, C. Hilmo, B.O. Taushani, E. Environ-geol. Berlin, Germany : Springer Verlag Berlin. October 1995. volume 26 (3) page 147-156. 1073-9106
•
Chronic arsenism from drinking water in some areas of Xinjiang, China. Source: Wang, L.F. Huang, J.Z. Arsenic in the environment /. New York : Wiley, c1994. 1994. volume 27 page 159-172. ISBN: 0471579297 (pt 1 : alk paper)
•
Drinking water and health. Source: Fundingsland, S. Lundstrom, D. NDSU-Ext-Serv-Publ-North-Dakota-StateUnivolume Fargo, N.D. : The University. June 1988. (HE-429) 6 page
•
Drinking water in South Africa: implications for fluoride supplementation. Author(s): Oral and Dental Research Institute, School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, Bellville.
[email protected] Source: Grobler, S R Dreyer, A G Blignaut, R J SADJ. 2001 November; 56(11): 557-9 10294864
•
Drinking water quality in Minnesota. Source: Machmeier, R.E. [Minnesota Extension Service folders]. St. Paul, Minn. : The Service, <1983-1990 >. [1981?]. (AG-FO-0814) 4 page
•
Effects of Fedex on hunger mortality, weight gain and feed conversion of fattening turkeys [Drinking water, supplement, feed composition, health, Nicholas breed, Yugoslavia]. Istrazivanje djelovanja Fedexa na “gladni mortalitet”, priraste i konverziju hrane purica u tovu. Source: Bozickovic, P. Serman, V. Vicic, N. Raguz Duric, R. Krivec, G. Krmiva. Zagreb : “Krmiva”. November 1983. volume 25 (11) page 219-224. ill. 0023-4850
•
Effects of increasing zinc supplementation in drinking water on growth and thyroid gland function and histology in broiler chicks. Author(s): University of Yuzuncu Yil, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Histology Dept., Van, Turkey. Source: Donmez, H H Karsl, M A Meral, I Donmez, N Simsek, N Dtsch-TierarztlWochenschr. 2002 October; 109(10): 438-42 0341-6593
•
Effects on human health of exposure to selenium in drinking water. Source: Valentine, J.L. Reisbord, L.S. Kang, H.K. Schluchter, M.D. Selenium in biology and medicine : proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Selenium in Biology and Medicine, held May 27-June 1, 1984, Xiangshan (Fragrance Hills) Hotel Beijing, People's Republic of China. New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold, c1987. page 675-687. ISBN: 0442221088
•
Estimation of human exposure to and uptake of arsenic found in drinking water. Source: Xu, H. Grimvall, A. Allard, B. Arsenic in the environment /. New York : Wiley, c1994. 1994. volume 27 page 173-183. ISBN: 0471579297 (pt 1 : alk paper)
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•
Feasibility study to relate arsenic in drinking water to skin cancer in the United States. Source: Andelman, J.B. Barnett, M. Environmental epidemiology / [edited by] Frederick C. Kopfler, Gunther F. Craun. Chelsea, Mich. : Lewis Publishers, c1986. page 89-107. ISBN: 0873710738
•
Fluoride in drinking water. Source: Wetzlich, S. Environ-Toxicol-Newsl. Berkeley, Calif. : Cooperative Extension, University of California. June 1991. volume 11 (3) page 7-8.
•
Health evaluation of arsenic exposure via drinking water. Source: Valentine, J.L. Rep-Calif-Water-Resour-Cent-Univ-Calif. Davis, Calif. : The Center. December 1987. (67) page 57. 0575-4968
•
Impact of including DL-methionine in drinking water for Angora goats. Source: Carneiro, H. Sahlu, T. Owens, F.N. Res-rep-P. Stillwater, Okla. : Agriculture Experiment Station, Division of Agriculture, Oklahoma State University. Sept 1994. (939) page 126-128. 0361-5804
•
Inorganic contaminants in drinking water correlated with disease occurrence in Nebraska. Source: Bednar, C.M. Kies, C. Water-Resour-Bull. Bethesda, Md. : American Water Resources Association. July/August 1991. volume 27 (4) page 631-635. 0043-1370
•
Municipal drinking water nitrate level and cancer risk in older women: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Author(s): Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, University of Iowa, USA. Source: Weyer, P J Cerhan, J R Kross, B C Hallberg, G R Kantamneni, J Breuer, G Jones, M P Zheng, W Lynch, C F Epidemiology. 2001 May; 12(3): 327-38 1044-3983
•
Physical injury risks associated with drinking water arsenic treatment. Author(s): Lovelace Clinic Foundation, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA.
[email protected] Source: Frost, F J Chwirka, J Craun, G F Thomson, B Stomps, J Risk-Anal. 2002 April; 22(2): 235-43 0272-4332
•
Predicted impact of transgenic, herbicidetolerant corn on drinking water quality in vulnerable watersheds of the mid-western USA. Author(s): USDA-Agricultural Research Service, University of Georgia, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA 31793, USA. Source: Wauchope, R D Estes, T L Allen, R Baker, J L Hornsby, A G Jones, R L Richards, R P Gustafson, D I Pest-Manag-Sci. 2002 February; 58(2): 146-60 1526-498X
•
Providing supplemental nutrients in drinking water to growing cattle. Source: Schutte, I.W.M. Zorrilla Rios, J. McCann, J. Owens, F.N. Annu-Rep-Okla-AgricExp-Stn. Stillwater, Okla. : The Station. June 1990. (129) page 141-146. 0361-8722
•
US drinking water: fluoridation knowledge level of water plant operators. Author(s): Department of Community Dentistry, Case Western Reserve University, School of Dentistry, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4905, USA.
[email protected] Source: Lalumandier, J A Hernandez, L C Locci, A B Reeves, T G J-Public-Health-Dent. 2001 Spring; 61(2): 92-8 0022-4006
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15 7
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
•
The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
•
The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
•
The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
•
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
•
Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
•
Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to drinking water; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation:
158 Drinking Water
•
Minerals Chromium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Copper Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Selenium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Zinc Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10071,00.html
•
Food and Diet Water Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DRINKING WATER Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to drinking water. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to drinking water and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “drinking water” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to drinking water: •
“Beer potomania” in non-beer drinkers: effect of low dietary solute intake. Author(s): Thaler SM, Teitelbaum I, Berl T. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1998 June; 31(6): 1028-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9631849&dopt=Abstract
•
“I feel as if I have come to my parents home.”. Author(s): De AM. Source: Health Millions. 1993 April; 1(2): 18-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12286467&dopt=Abstract
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•
A study of method robustness for arsenic speciation in drinking water samples by anion exchange HPLC-ICP-MS. Author(s): Day JA, Montes-Bayon M, Vonderheide AP, Caruso JA. Source: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2002 August; 373(7): 664-8. Epub 2002 July 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12185580&dopt=Abstract
•
Altitude as a risk indicator of dental fluorosis in children residing in areas with 0.5 and 2.5 mg fluoride per litre in drinking water. Author(s): Rwenyonyi C, Bjorvatn K, Birkeland J, Haugejorden O. Source: Caries Research. 1999 July-August; 33(4): 267-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10343089&dopt=Abstract
•
Assessing the exposure of pregnant women to drinking water disinfection byproducts. Author(s): Barbone F, Valent F, Brussi V, Tomasella L, Triassi M, Di Lieto A, Scognamiglio G, Righi E, Fantuzzi G, Casolari L, Aggazzotti G. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2002 September; 13(5): 540-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192223&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of the oestrogenic effects of infant milk formulae, oestradiol and the phytoestrogen coumestrol delivered continuously in the drinking water to ovariectomised mice. Author(s): Pocock VJ, Sales GD, Milligan SR. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2002 May; 40(5): 643-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11955670&dopt=Abstract
•
Dental caries and dental fluorosis among schoolchildren who were lifelong residents of communities having either low or optimal levels of fluoride in drinking water. Author(s): Selwitz RH, Nowjack-Raymer RE, Kingman A, Driscoll WS. Source: J Public Health Dent. 1998 Winter; 58(1): 28-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9608443&dopt=Abstract
•
Drinking water quality management: a holistic approach. Author(s): Rizak S, Cunliffe D, Sinclair M, Vulcano R, Howard J, Hrudey S, Callan P. Source: Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research. 2003; 47(9): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12830937&dopt=Abstract
•
Drinking water source and chlorination byproducts. II. Risk of colon and rectal cancers. Author(s): Hildesheim ME, Cantor KP, Lynch CF, Dosemeci M, Lubin J, Alavanja M, Craun G.
Alternative Medicine 161
Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1998 January; 9(1): 29-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9430265&dopt=Abstract •
Effects of increasing zinc supplementation in drinking water on growth and thyroid gland function and histology in broiler chicks. Author(s): Donmez HH, Karsl MA, Meral I, Donmez N, Simsek N. Source: Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2002 October; 109(10): 438-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12448974&dopt=Abstract
•
Managing the ecosystem to improve human health: integrated approaches to safe drinking water. Author(s): Forget G, Sanchez-Bain WA. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 1999 January-March; 5(1): 38-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10092746&dopt=Abstract
•
Measurement of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) induced hydroxyl radical generation in household drinking water. Author(s): Asplund KU, Jansson PJ, Lindqvist C, Nordstrom T. Source: Free Radical Research. 2002 December; 36(12): 1271-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12607817&dopt=Abstract
•
Neural tube defects and drinking water disinfection by-products. Author(s): Klotz JB, Pyrch LA. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1999 July; 10(4): 383-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401872&dopt=Abstract
•
Speciation and preservation of inorganic arsenic in drinking water sources using EDTA with IC separation and ICP-MS detection. Author(s): Gallagher PA, Schwegel CA, Wei X, Creed JT. Source: Journal of Environmental Monitoring : Jem. 2001 August; 3(4): 371-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11558469&dopt=Abstract
•
Stunting syndrome in broilers: effect of electrolytes in drinking water on performance and intestinal glucose transport. Author(s): Shapiro F, Nir I, Shinder D, Silanikove N. Source: British Poultry Science. 1999 September; 40(4): 501-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10579409&dopt=Abstract
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
•
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
•
Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
•
drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
•
HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to drinking water; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Ascariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Guinea Worm Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hookworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine 163
Loiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphatic Filariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pinworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com River Blindness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Roundworms Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stroke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Threadworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trichinosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Visceral Larva Migrans Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whipworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Alternative Therapy Naturopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
•
Herbs and Supplements Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Glycyrrhiza1 Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
164 Drinking Water
Humulus Alternative names: Hops; Humulus lupulus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Leonurus Alternative names: Motherwort; Leonurus cardiaca Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Phytolacca Alternative names: Poke root, Endod; Phytolacca dodecandra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pygeum Alternative names: African Prune; Pygeum africanum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Sassafras Alternative names: Sassafras albidum (Nuttall) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Strontium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Taraxacum Alternative names: Dandelion; Taraxacum officinale (Dhudhal) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Trigonella Alternative names: Fenugreek; Trigonella foenum graecum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON DRINKING WATER Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to drinking water. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “drinking water” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on drinking water, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Drinking Water ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to drinking water. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
A Retrospective Analysis of the Formation of the National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations. by Schnare, David Walter, Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1978, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7900500
•
An Analysis of Development Approaches in the Rural Water Sector in Sudan: Case Studies of Rural Water Supply Programs and Projects in Darfur and Kordofan during the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade by Livingstone, Andrew John, Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1992, 269 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN73028
•
Applications of Artificial Neural Networks in Drinking Water Treatment Process Modelling and Control by Baxter, Christopher Wayne; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 2002, 191 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ68542
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Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water by Newcombe, Remembrance Louisa; Phd from University of Idaho, 2003, 244 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3089434
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Best Practices in Drinking Water Quality Regulation: Elements of an Australian Model by Moeller, Anthony Leonard; Phd from University of South Australia (australia), 2002, 528 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3035685
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Carcinogenesis of Drinking Water Disinfection By-products: Studies of Additivity of Mixtures and Modes of Action by Mcdorman, Kevin Shawn; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2002, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061705
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Chlorination Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer by Do, Minh T.; Msc from University of Ottawa (canada), 2002, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ76574
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Comparative Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Drinking Water Disinfection Byproducts by Kargalioglu, Yahya; Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 2002, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3044133
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Contingent Valuation in Korean Environmental Planning: a Pilot Application to Drinking Water Quality in Seoul (water Quality) by Kwak, Seung Jun, Phd from Vanderbilt University, 1992, 200 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9300058
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Creating Contradictions, Recreating Women: Struggles over Meanings and Spaces of Women's Participation in a Rajasthan (india) Drinking Water Supply Project by O'reilly, Kathleen Mary; Phd from The University of Iowa, 2002, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058431
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Dermal and Inhalation Exposure to Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water by Xu, Xu; Phd from Rutgers the State U. of N.j. - New Brunswick and U.m.d.n.j., 2002, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066800
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Development of a Randomized Sampling Methodology for Characterization of Chlorine Residual in Drinking Water Distribution Systems by Speight, Vanessa Lynn; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2003, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086626
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Drinking Water Politics in Rural Mexico: Negotiating Power, Justice, and Social Suffering by Ennis-mcmillan, Michael C., Phd from Michigan State University, 1998, 373 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9909291
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Environmental Accidents and Their Human Service Implications: Lessons from the Camelford Drinking Water Contamination Case by Becker, Steven M., Phd from Bryn Mawr College, the Grad. Sch. of Social Work and Social Research, 1996, 509 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9703651
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Examination of the Behaviour of Aluminum-based Coagulants during Organic Matter Removal in Drinking Water Treatment by Exall, Kirsten Nicole; Phd from Queen's University at Kingston (canada), 2002, 214 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ65671
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Exposure Assessment and Disinfection Management Implications of Trihalomethane and Coliform Levels in a Mexico City Drinking Water Supply by Patel-coleman, Kanan; Denv from University of California, Los Angeles, 2003, 156 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081195
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Exposure Misclassification in Reproductive Epidemiology Studies Investigating Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water by Bodo, Karina Aranyka Michelle; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 2002, 402 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ68548
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From Science to Policy Practice and Public Discourse: Claimsmaking and Chlorinated Drinking Water by Driedger, Suzanne Michelle; Phd from Mcmaster University (canada), 2001, 300 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ71850
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Health Effects of Drinking Water Pollution in Cherepovets, Russia by Egorov, Andrey Igorevich; Sd from Harvard University, 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f754465
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Health Implications of Elevated Nitrate Levels in Drinking Water in Cass County, Michigan by Mcanneny, Cathleen Mary, Phd from Michigan State University, 1995, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9619866
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Identification and Fate of Mixed Ozonation/chlorination and Ozonation/chloramination By-products in Drinking Water Treatment by Hartmann, Caroline M.; Phd from University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2002, 226 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3056236
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Implementing the Safe Drinking Water Act in California by Bellavita, Christopher, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1979, 461 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8014609
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Improving Filtration for Removal of Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Particles from Drinking Water by Amburgey, James E.; Phd from Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002, 296 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061398
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Individual Particle Analysis of Suspended Particulate Matter in New York City Drinking Water Reservoirs by Scanning Electron Microscopy Interfaced with X-ray Microanalysis and Image Analysis by Peng, Feng; Phd from State University of New York Col. of Environmental Science & Forestry, 2002, 279 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072237
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Iron Release from Corrosion Scales in Old Iron/steel Drinking Water Distribution Pipes by Sarin, Pankaj; Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 2002, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3070045
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Local Drinking Water Protection Planning: a Model for Increased Community Action and Evaluation with Communities in North-central Idaho by Owen, Amy L.; Phd from University of Idaho, 2003, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3089427
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Making Rural Drinking Water Supply Programs Work in Ghana and Togo: the Role of Community Participation and the Limits of the Conventional Program Delivery Approach (rural Communities, Water Supply) by Kendie, Stephen Bugu, Phd from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1993, 440 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9420335
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Mechanistic Studies of N-nitrosodimethylamine (ndma) in Model Drinking Waters by Choi, Junghoon; Phd from The University of Iowa, 2002, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058396
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Ozonation, Ultrafiltration, and Biofiltration for the Control of Nom and Dbp in Drinking Water by Chen, Kuan-chung; Phd from Michigan State University, 2003, 200 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092125
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Perchlorate Removal from Drinking Water with a Hydrogen-based, Hollow-fiber Membrane Biofilm Reactor by Nerenberg, Robert; Phd from Northwestern University, 2003, 260 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087953
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Pregnancy Loss in Rats Caused by Bromodichloromethane: a Drinking Water Disinfection By-product by Bielmeier, Susan Ruth; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2003, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086496
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Regulating the Quality of Drinking Water: an Economic Analysis of the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 by Raucher, Robert Lawrence, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1980, 340 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8105294
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Separation and Characterization of Unknown Halogenated Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water by Zhang, Xiangru; Phd from University of Illinois at Urbanachampaign, 2002, 260 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3070492
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The Economics of Safe Drinking Water by Mancini, Kristin Elizabeth, Phd from Yale University, 1997, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9818547
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The Evaluation of the Capability for Cadmium to Exacerbate or Induce Autoimmune Disease in Three Rodent Models Exposed Via Drinking Water by Leffel, Elizabeth Katherine; Phd from Virginia Commonwealth University, 2002, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3042812
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The Formation of Di- and Trichloroacetic Acid (tcaa and Dcaa) during Beverage Preparation and Its Impact on Quantitative Exposure Assessment for Drinking Water Disinfection By-products by Balko, Justin Peter Craig; Msc from University of Alberta (canada), 2002, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ69683
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The Optimal Policy Decisions to Mitigate Water Contamination Damages for Municipal Drinking Water Users: an Application to the Grand River Watershed in Ontario by Gbegbelegbe Dofonsou, Sika; Msc from University of Guelph (canada), 2002, 237 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ71784
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The Relationship between Participation and Project Outcomes: a Study of Rural Drinking Water Projects in India by Prokopy, Linda Stalker; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2002, 247 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3047056
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The Search for Purity: a Retrospective Policy Analysis of the Decision to Chlorinate Cincinnati's Public Water Supply, 1890 - 1920 (ohio, Chlorination, Water Disinfection, Water Quality, Drinking Water) by O'toole, Colleen K., Phd from University of Cincinnati, 1986, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8622259
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'this Poisoning of Our Drinking Water': the American Fluoridation Controversy in Historical Context, 1950--1990 by Reilly, Gretchen Ann; Phd from The George Washington University, 2001, 270 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3006987
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Two-step Granular-activated Carbon Filtration in Drinking Water Treatment by Vahala, Riku Tapani; Dtech from Teknillinen Korkeakoulu (helsinki) (finland), 2002, 81 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f687569
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Willingness to Pay for Drinking Water in Developing Countries: a Case Study of Espirito Santo, Brazil by Rosado, Marcia Alves, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1998, 91 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9921001
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Willingness to Pay for Drinking Water Quality Improvements: a Contingent Valuation Study for Southwestern Minnesota by Cho, Yongsung, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1996, 146 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9706195
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON DRINKING WATER Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “drinking water” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on drinking water, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Drinking Water By performing a patent search focusing on drinking water, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on drinking water: •
Adapter for use in connection with combined coolers and dispensers for liquids, particularly water Inventor(s): Stray; Jens (Kristiansand, NO) Assignee(s): Biogreen A/S (NO) Patent Number: 6,557,735 Date filed: January 16, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to an adapter in connection with combined coolers and dispensers for liquids, particularly drinking water, which coolers and dispensers are intended for receiving a bottle-shaped container placed bottom-up on the top of the combined cooler and dispenser. The adapter comprises a support for supporting a container for a liquid, a chamber extending downwardly from the support, the chamber having an opening in its wall, a lower part with a bottom, a vertical pipe arranged in the bottom of the lower part of the adapter, which pipe is open or can be opened at its lower end and is closed at its upper end and which at its upper part has a flange which is open towards the inside of the pipe, the flange being intended to be connected to a flexible hose between the flange and the container which is to be placed in the adapter and where the vertical pipe is intended to communicate with the pipe system in the combined cooler and dispenser. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an adapter for use in connection with combined coolers and dispensers for liquids, particularly water. In the later years a number of offices, private and public institutions, hotels, ships etc. have installed combined coolers and dispensers for drinking water and for other types of drinks. One kind of such combined coolers and dispensers comprises a unit where a rather large bottle-shaped container is placed bottom up on the top of the combine cooler and dispenser. The bottle-shaped container has a standardized shape and a volume of 5 gallons (18.9 liters). The upper part of the combined cooler and dispenser unit has a downwardly extending top surface with an opening in its centre with a shape corresponding to the outer bottleneck part of the bottle-shaped standardized container. When the container is placed on the top of the combined cooler and dispenser unit, the container is thus supported by the top surface of the combined cooler and dispenser. In the outlet of the container there is arranged a valve which automatically opens when the container is placed bottom-up on the top of the combined cooler and dispenser. When the valve in the outlet opening of the container is in open position, the inner volume of the container will communicate with a reservoir in the cooling unit and with the dispensing unit where water can be tapped into drinking cups or the like. When using the above mentioned standardized bottle-shaped container, water tapped from the container has to be substituted by air. Air is supplied to the container as water is being tapped from the dispensing unit. It has, however, been found that by using this kind of container, the air supplied to the container may contain bacteria and as the container which its content is normally kept at room temperature, the bacteria which enters the container may multiply in number and may give rise to infections when drinking the water. Further, the use of bottle-shaped containers are not very efficient for transport and storage, as such containers occupy far more space than for instance brick-shaped containers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06557735__
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Aggregate job performance in a multiprocessing system by incremental and ondemand task allocation among multiple concurrently operating threads Inventor(s): Young; Honesty Cheng (Saratoga, CA), Lindsay; Bruce Gilbert (San Jose, CA), Chow; Jyh-Herng (San Jose, CA), Hornibrook; John Frederick (Toronto, CA), Peddle; Geoffrey (San Jose, CA), Shekita; Eugene Jon (San Jose, CA), Somani; Amit (San Jose, CA), Verma; Surendra Kumar (Bellevue, WA) Assignee(s): International Business Machines Corporation (Armonk, NY) Patent Number: 6,304,866 Date filed: June 27, 1997 Abstract: In a multiprocessing system, multiple concurrently operating task execution units are operated to perform an aggregate task by using incremental and on-demand sub-task allocation. A command is received to perform a machine-executed task divisible into multiple sub-tasks, i.e., an "aggregate task". A granularity is then established, for dividing the aggregate task into sub-tasks. Preferably, the granularity is not too large to permit potentially uneven sub-task allocation, and not too small to incur excessive overhead in allocating sub-tasks. Having established the granularity, multiple task execution units are independently operated on-demand to sequentially self-allocate and execute sub-tasks of the aggregate tasks. Each sub-task is sized according to the established granularity. Operating "on-demand", each task execution unit sequentially allocates and executes one sub-task at a time, then proceeding to the next unexecuted sub-task. Thus, the multiprocessing system operates like multiple people drinking water from a common glass through individual straws--although each drinker works independently, all finish simultaneously, thus completing the aggregate task as expeditiously as possible. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to multiprocessing computer database systems. More particularly, the invention concerns a method, apparatus, and article of manufacture for performing an aggregate database processing task with multiple concurrently operating task execution units, using incremental and on-demand sub-task allocation. This is also referred to as "straw model" data processing. Most database tasks cannot be judged by their accuracy alone. Task completion time is of paramount importance to purchasers, testers, developers, and other users of computer programs. The time to complete a task or sub-task has a number of names, including throughput, response time, execution time, and task completion time. By any name, engineers and scientists are constantly seeking new ways to minimize their applications' task completion time. Reducing task completion time is especially challenging in "multiprocessing environments", which refer to computer systems where multiple computers, digital data processing units, threads, or other processes perform concurrent tasks. For ease of discussion, the term "program execution threads" is used to refer to these and other arrangements, where some or all of hardware device performs a specific task by executing an instruction stream. "Threads" is a known shorthand term. In multithread systems, one important consideration is how to apportion the work among the various concurrently operating threads. Typically, workload is apportioned by somehow logically dividing the data to be processed. For example, a block of data might be divided evenly into a number of parts equal to the number of available threads, so that each thread can independently process a separate portion of the data. This is called "static" or "a priori" partitioning. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06304866__
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Apparatus for low cost water disinfection Inventor(s): Gadgil; Ashok J. (El Cerrito, CA), Drescher; Anushka (Berkeley, CA) Assignee(s): WaterHealth International, Inc. (El Cerrito, CA) Patent Number: 6,419,821 Date filed: February 25, 2000 Abstract: A low cost system for providing drinking water includes a feed water container with a simple ceramic filter covering an outlet of the feed water container. The preferred filter is generally cylindrically shaped with a bore extending partially therethrough, in a configuration commonly referred to as a "ceramic candle" filter in developing countries. Under force of gravity, feed water filters through the ceramic to a storage container below. The filtered water is irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) energy either as it flows or after collection in the storage container. In one embodiment, filtered water is temporarily collected in an intermediate holding tank, where it can be irradiated constantly on in batches and periodically released to the lower container. Filtration through ceramic provides clear water with a low UV extinction coefficient for more efficient UV disinfection. Additionally, gravity fed filtration through ceramic provides a slow rate of water flow and a consequently high UV dose for a given UV intensity. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates in general to water disinfection for human consumption. More particularly, the invention relates to low cost water filtration and disinfection to provide drinking water in situations where resources are limited. In developing countries, drinking water is often difficult to obtain. Currently, every hour, more than four hundred children in the developing world die from water-borne diseases. Ordinarily, women and children haul water from open wells, rivers or lakes for daily use. They also are primarily responsible for gathering firewood. It is simply not feasible for them to gather enough wood to boil their drinking water, and chemical disinfection is cumbersome and often impractical in communities without a water system and without a supply chain of chemicals for disinfection. Diseases like cholera often spread through contaminated water. Vaccines are expensive and practically difficult to administer on a widespread basis. Furthermore, mutant strains of old diseases have made current vaccines ineffective. Similar concerns occur whenever people are camping, or in any post-disaster situations. Thus, the need for a portable, easy to use, but effective water disinfector exists around the world. A wide variety of water disinfection systems are currently available. Typical systems, however, are unsuitable for disinfecting drinking water in developing countries. Many systems, for example, are designed to treat industrial water use or large-scale (e.g., municipal) water supply. These systems tend to be impractically expensive and complex for small scale use, e.g., for use by less than a dozen persons. Other systems are developed for household use in industrial countries or for developing country populations with a pressurized tap water supply. In this case, the systems tend to operate under pressure from the municipal water supply, and therefore are unsuitable for use in places without running water. Furthermore, such systems tend not to address some of the pathogens commonly found in developing countries, especially in subtropical and tropical climates. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06419821__
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Apparatus for making fluoridated and drinking water Inventor(s): Kuo; Joseph (Taichung, TW) Assignee(s): Kintech Technology Co., Ltd. (Taichung, TW) Patent Number: 6,342,155 Date filed: July 17, 2000 Abstract: An apparatus includes a housing, a filter assembly, a water storage tank, a circulating unit connected to the storage tank for receiving water from the storage tank and for returning the water from the circulating unit to the storage tank, a UV sterilizing unit connected to the circulating unit and adapted to sterilize the water flowing through the circulating unit, a fluoridating unit connected to the circulating unit and adapted to add fluorine to the water flowing through the circulating unit, and a water supply part connected to the circulating unit adapted to supply the sterilized and fluoridated drinking water. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an apparatus for making fluoridated and sterilized drinking water. The aforesaid apparatus 10 is disadvantageous in that the apparatus 10 can not provide fluoridated drinking water. Moreover, since the active carbon in the active carbon filter 12 can react with oxygen in the water that passes therethrough, the oxygen level in the water is reduced considerably, thereby adversely affecting the quality of the drinking water. Furthermore, the quality of the water in the storage tank 15 tends to worsen when the apparatus 10 is inactive for a long period of time due to a rapid growth of germs in the storage tank 15. Therefore, the object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for making fluoridated and sterilized drinking water that is capable of overcoming the aforementioned problems. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06342155__
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Automatic vending machine with functional water generator Inventor(s): Kown; Dong Heon (Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): EcoAid Corp. (Seoul, KR) Patent Number: 6,453,799 Date filed: December 18, 2000 Abstract: Provided is a cup-beverage automatic vending machine which can supply beverages in a sanitary manner by additionally installing an apparatus for generating functional water such as ozone water or electrolyzed water in a high concentration to a conventional automatic vending machine. The automatic vending machine includes a water supplier for supplying drinking water, a plurality of ingredient containers for storing beverage ingredients, a mixing tub for mixing the drinking water supplied from the water supplier and the beverage ingredients supplied from the ingredient containers, a discharge duct through which the mixed beverage is discharged, and a functional water generator for generating functional water in the water supplier by facing electrodes provided to operate in water. According to the automatic vending machine, the functional water such as ozone water or electrolyzed water is generated in the drinking water stored in the water tank or in the water supply duct, and simultaneously sterilize, disinfect, deodorize and wash the drinking water as well as the containers and conduits installed in the machine, thereby achieving a sanitary automatic vending machine.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an automatic vending machine for drinks, and more particularly, to a cup-beverage automatic vending machine which can supply beverages in a sanitary manner by additionally installing an apparatus for generating functional water such as ozone water or electrolyzed water in a high concentration to a conventional automatic vending machine. However, in the automatic vending machine using a UV lamp, a sufficient sterilizing efficiency cannot be attained. Also, such contamination as developed after radiating by the UV lamp is unavoidable. However, an ozone gas requires a considerable time to be dissolved in water, and the time is dependent upon the shape and size of the ozone gas when it is brought into contact with water. In particular, ozone gas particles with small size are advantageously dissolved in water. Thus, in the automatic vending machine based on a method in which ozone gas is generated in the air and then dissolved in water, a separate device is required for making ozone gas into fine particles. Further, the undissolved ozone gas emanated into the air would be harmful to the user. Thus, it is necessary to remove the harmful ozone gas using a separate device, which increases financial burden of equipment. Also, the user's safety cannot be ensured due to the emanated ozone gas. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06453799__ •
Cap for containers used on drinking water dispensers Inventor(s): Kim; Charles Y. J. (#317-511 West 7th Ave., Vancouver, BC, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,308,849 Date filed: August 13, 1999 Abstract: The cap snaps onto the neck of a container used on a water dispenser and has an inner cylinder, which engages a probe in the dispenser when the container is installed on a dispenser. The end of the inner cylinder is closed by a membrane which is frangible and grooved such that the probe breaks the membrane into a plurality of petals which are displaced and deformed as the probe moves through the cap. The membrane extends into the inner cylinder and is turned inside out as the probe passes through. In a preferred embodiment the membrane has an outer rim, a first frustoconical portion, a second rim, a second, smaller frusto-conical portion extending in a direction opposite the direction of the first frusto-conical portion and a flat end. Excerpt(s): The subject invention is in the field of caps for containers for liquids, particularly caps for bottles which contain drinkable liquids and which are inverted when being installed on and removed from dispensers specifically designed to accommodate such containers. A typical and preferred container has a neck which, when the container is inverted fits into an opening in the top of the dispenser. A capped tube, known as a probe or liquid supply tube is part of the dispenser and, when a container is installed in the dispenser, extends upward into the neck of the container. Caps are commercially available for use on the necks of such containers to limit leakage while the container is being installed on and removed from the dispenser. Such caps have an outer cylindrical portion, which fits snugly over the neck and holds the cap in place and an inner cylindrical portion which engages the probe. The free end of the inner cylindrical portion is made closed, is opened as the probe passes through the inner cylindrical portion and closes again when the probe is removed from the inner cylindrical portion when the container is removed from the dispenser. The subject invention is an improved configuration of the opening/closing end of the inner cylinder of the type of cap described. There are two basic types of caps made for the purpose
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described above: two part caps as typified by the cap described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,392,939, Hidding et al and one part caps as typified by the cap described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,687,867, Lamoureux. The subject cap is a one-piece cap and the Lamoureux patent is the closest known prior art to the subject invention. The free end of the inner cylinder of the Lamoureux cap is conical and frangible and projects out of the inner cylinder, termed the guiding portion in that patent. The Lamoureux end projects in the direction in which the probe moves through it when a container is installed on a dispenser. Experience has shown that the Lamoureux cap does not close as consistently and reliably as desired and allows tolerable but undesired leakage when a container still containing some liquid is removed from a dispenser. Accordingly, the primary objective of the subject invention is to provide, for containers used on drinking water dispensers, a cap having improved sealing capability when the container is removed from a dispenser. The subject invention is a cap for containers used on drinking water dispensers. The cap prevents leakage when the container is being installed on and removed from a dispenser. The cup has the basic shape of a cylindrical cup and has an inner cylindrical portion extending into the cap from the closed end. The cylindrical wall of the cup is sized and shaped to fit on the neck of a container and engage features on the neck to hold the cap securely In place on the container. The inner cylinder is sized to fit closely on the probe of a liquid dispenser and its free end (i.e. its end away from the closed end of the cap) is closed off by a frangible portion and the subject invention lies in the configuration of the frangible portion. The frangible portion comprises a flat rim, a first frusto-conical portion extending into the cylindrical portion, a second rim, a second frusto-conical portion extending into the first frusto-conical portion and an end. There are radial grooves in the frangible portion so that when it is broken open by contact with the probe of a dispenser it breaks predictably into a plurality of petals. The frangible portion is turned "inside out" when the probe extends through the cap and into the container. When the container is removed, the retraction of the probe from the cap tends to restore the frangible portion to its "right side out" configuration. However, the restoration is partial, with the petals pressed firmly against each other, providing a reliable, consistent seal. The partially restored petals tend to lie in a plane but bulge somewhat toward the container. The result of this is that the static pressure of liquid remaining in the container increases the contact pressures between the petals, reinforcing the sealing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06308849__ •
Controlling chlorination of wastewater and chloramination of drinking water Inventor(s): Harp; Danial L. (Berthoud, CO), Franklin; Stanley (Loveland, CO), Wiese; Patrick (Loveland, CO) Assignee(s): Hach Company (Loveland, CO) Patent Number: 6,315,950 Date filed: September 4, 1998 Abstract: A method is described for precisely controlling chlorination of wastewater and chloramination of drinking water. The method involves analyzing the water for the presence of residual monochloramine without interference of dichloramine, organic amines, organic chloramines or nitrites. A color-forming reagent is added to a sample of the water which will develop a colored compound upon reaction with monochloramine, after which the sample may be colorimetrically analyzed to determine the amount of
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monochloramine present. The method is very accurate and avoids the problems associated with conventional tests used for chlorination control. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to chlorination of wastewater and chloramination of drinking water. More particularly, this invention relates to processes and techniques for controlling chlorination of wastewater and chloramination of drinking water to maximize the efficiency of disinfection. Traditionally, treated domestic wastewater is disinfected by the addition of chlorine. In recent years, many drinking water facilities have converted to chloramination to disinfect potable water. Chlorine reacts quickly with ammonia (present or added) and any organic nitrogen present in the water to form monochloramine, dichloramine (from ammonia) and organic chloramines (from organic nitrogen compounds). The relative amounts of mono-, di- and organic chloramines formed during the chloramination process depend on the ratio of chlorine-to-nitrogen, pH, temperature, mixing efficiency, and time of contact. Monochloramine and dichloramine (inorganic chloramines) are very effective biocides, but organic chloramines, as a class, have poor disinfection properties. Although a superior disinfectant, dichloramine formation is usually avoided since more chlorine is unnecessarily consumed and results in a corresponding decrease in total oxidant concentration. Also, the presence of dichloramine can lead to pungent odors in the chlorine contact chambers of some secondary treatment facilities. Dichloramine is not desirable in potable water since its presence can affect both taste and odor. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06315950__ •
Corrosion inhibition method suitable for use in potable water Inventor(s): Riggs, Jr.; Olen L. (Yukon, OK) Assignee(s): A.S. Incorporated (Oakland, CA) Patent Number: 6,416,712 Date filed: December 19, 2000 Abstract: Effective corrosion inhibitors having minimal organic content, particularly suitable for use in municipal drinking water systems, are described. The corrosion inhibiting additive is a stannous salt of a non-carbon acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for inhibiting corrosion of corrodible metals present in contact with water in distributive water systems, particularly those associated with distribution of drinking water. In 1992, the United States Environmental Protection Agency adopted a standard for lead and copper in municipal drinking water. The standard sets action levels for lead and copper in standing samples collected from faucets with the highest risk for elevated lead and copper levels. The action level for lead is 15.mu.g/liter of water; the action level for copper is 1.3 mg/liter of water. The source of these and other metals in drinking water is primarily corrosion of plumbing system components, which include copper and leadbased solder as well as carbon steel and brass. Current anticorrosion additives, which include phosphate salts and/or zinc salts, have been in use for many years, but do not always provide adequate protection. There remains a need for improved corrosion inhibitors which are not themselves likely to present a health hazard when added to water. Co-owned U.S. Pat. No. 5,202,028 and No. 5,510,057 describe the use of stannous salts, such as stannous octanoate or stannous chloride, typically in combination with other additives, in an alcoholic solvent medium, for reducing metal corrosion in, for example, cooling water tower systems. Additional solubilizing agents were also
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generally used. However, these additional components, including the alcoholic solvent, would be undesirable or even prohibited for use in drinking water supplies. Alcoholic solvents can provide a food source for the growth of bacteria and thus impact the sterility of drinking water supplies. Reduction in microbial growth would be beneficial in industrial water supplies as well. Accordingly, there is a need for effective corrosion inhibitors which minimize organic content. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06416712__ •
Device for mechanically gripping and loading cylindrical objects Inventor(s): Haddix; Scott K. (Waukesha, WI), Grams; Robert S. (Waukesha, WI) Assignee(s): ABB Automation Inc. (New Berlin, WI) Patent Number: 6,371,717 Date filed: May 11, 2000 Abstract: A device for mechanically gripping, transporting, loading and unloading cylindrical containers of various sizes for attachment to a robotic arm. The containers may be bottles including drinking water bottles. The device includes a plurality of gripping mechanisms for gripping the containers. Support pins are also provided for supporting the rotational motion of full bottles. A system for efficiently removing empty containers from racks and simultaneously loading full containers is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of gripping, transporting, loading and unloading objects such as cylindrical containers for fluids, and specifically to a device that is capable of loading and unloading empty, partially filled, or completely filled, water bottles. Water bottles come in a variety of sizes. Those commonly used for drinking water include three (3), four (4) and five (5) gallon bottles. However, it is to be understood that the present invention could be used with any size container or bottle. Large water bottles, and especially those that are filled or partially filled, are difficult to pick up, hold and transport, due to their unique cylindrical shape and weight. Often, there is typically a requirement of not marring the exterior surface of each bottle during loading and unloading. Moreover, drinking water bottles are often recycled and refilled. Filled bottles are loaded into racks for storage and transport to customers. The same racks are returned to the water processing facility with empty bottles. The empty bottles must be removed from each rack before filled bottles are reloaded. At the end of a water processing conveyor line, water bottles often arrive filled with specially filtered or processed water. While each cylindrical, bottle-shaped, container serves the primary purpose of confining the water or other fluid during shipping, the container may also serve the function of identifying the product through the use of trademarks or other product information applied directly on the container. On more elaborately printed water bottles, there may appear indicia advertising the product or its benefits. Three, four, and five gallon water bottles are commonly placed on top of a water cooler or water-dispensing device. These devices are often found in offices, homes and other highly visible areas. Therefore the container must be aesthetically attractive and visually appealing. Accordingly, it is of utmost importance that each container, and especially its product indicia, not be damaged or scuffed during removal from the conveyor line and loading for shipment. It is also important that the empty bottles returned for re-filling be treated with similar care. In most instances the tasks of removing empty containers from the racks and loading full containers from a conveyor into the racks for storage or shipping have been carried out manually. While having some advantages, such as insuring that the containers are not damaged,
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manually handling containers is relatively a strenuous and tedious task. The continued lifting and moving of multiple, heavy filled containers can cause workers to strain and injure their backs. Further, depending upon the output speed and configuration of the conveyor line, many workers may be required to remove and properly load the filled containers. In an effort to reduce workforce size and injury costs, there has been a significant move toward automating this process by utilizing robots. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06371717__ •
Device for treating drinking water to make it hostile to dental plaque Inventor(s): Owades; Joseph L. (3097 Wood Valley Rd., Sonoma, CA 95476), Owades; Ruth M. (3097 Wood Valley Rd., Sonoma, CA 95476) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,610,275 Date filed: February 13, 2002 Abstract: A device for treating potable water contains a mixed buffer of a cation exchange resin in the hydrogen ion form and an anion exchange resin, a chelating agent and a sparingly soluble calcium salt, all contained in a porous, flow-through bag. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of oral hygiene. In particular, the present invention provides a device for treating drinking water to make it hostile to dental plaque. Dental plaque is a general term for the diverse microbial (predominantly bacterial) community found on teeth surfaces. Normally it is maintained by the host, by reversible hydrogen bonds including van der Waals forces. But irreversible adhesion to tooth surfaces occurs when there is a shift in the composition of the plaque microflora. Acidogenic species, such as Streptococci mutans and lactobacilli, flourish when there is a low pH in the plaque. Such pH's can be below 4.5. Mouthwashes and oral rinses have been in use for many years for controlling build-up of dental plaque. Most commercially available mouthwashes contain a fairly high percentage--up to thirty percent being typical--of ethyl alcohol. While these alcohol-containing mouthwashes are considered generally safe and effective, the inclusion of alcohol has several disadvantages. High alcohol mouthwashes have been linked in some cases to increased incidents of mouth and throat cancer. Also, alcohol-containing mouthwashes can be a poison hazard to a small child, and a health hazard to persons who cannot tolerate alcohol for health reasons. Alcohol-containing mouthwashes also are inappropriate for persons who may avoid alcohol because of religious convictions. Alcohol in a mouthwash also may irritate protective layers of the mouth and throat, and dry out inflamed tissues. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06610275__
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Drinking bowl for a pet animal Inventor(s): Callingham; John Charles (Suite 6, 296-298 Great North Road, Abbotsford, New South Wales 2046, AU) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,463,880 Date filed: August 24, 2001
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Abstract: A bowl (1) for containing drinking water for a pet animal, the bowl (1) including a first surface at least partially defining a depression (2) for holding the drinking water and a second surface (3) exposed to air, the first and second surfaces (2, 3) being separated by a water permeable material so that water may pass through the first surface (2) to the second surface (3), and wherein evaporation of water from the second surface (3) acts to cool the drinking water contained within the depression (2). Excerpt(s): This invention relates to drinking bowls for pet animals. The present invention has been developed primarily as a drinking bowl for a pet animal, such as a domestic cat or dog, and will be described hereinafter with reference to this application. Owners of pet animals have, in the past, provided troughs or bowls to contain drinking water for their animal. Such troughs or bowls suffer from the disadvantage that once emptied, whether as a result of the animal having consumed all the water or as a result of evaporation, spillage, or any other means, the owner must take action to refill the bowl or otherwise the animal will go thirsty. Many pet owners however do not remain at home all day with their animal and as such cannot regularly monitor the water available for their pet. Thus a risk exists that the animal may be deprived of water for an extended period of time. This can have dire consequences, particularly in the hot summer months. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06463880__ •
Drinking water additive for birds and method of administering the same Inventor(s): Miyazaki; Hiroshi (2-22-11, Kamishakujii, Nerima-ku, Tokyo 177-0044, JP), Marubashi; Toshihiro (1928-9, Hashiecho, Isezaki-shi, Gunma 372-0001, JP), Iwasaki; Kazuya (Kopo S1 211, 77-192, Suehirocho, Kuroiso-shi, Tochigi 325-0061, JP), Horikawa; Hiroshi (117-924, Awacho, Kuroiso-shi, Tochigi 325-0073, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,422,174 Date filed: April 10, 2000 Abstract: Disclosed is a poultry drinking water additive containing live bacteria of the genus Bacillus and monosaccharides, which can alleviate body weight loss of poultry for meat production after feed withdrawal before slaughter, and which can reduce harmful bacteria such as of the genus Salmonella in the intestine of poultry for meat production and layers during the period of fasting by feed withdrawal. Also disclosed are a method for orally administering the poultry drinking water additive to poultry, a method for alleviating body weight loss of poultry for meat production using this method, and a method for reducing harmful bacteria in the intestine of poultry for meat production or layers. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a poultry drinking water additive which is effective in alleviating body weight loss of poultry, in particular poultry for meat production, after feed withdrawal before slaughter of the poultry, and which is effective in reducing harmful bacteria, such as of the genus Salmonella, in the intestine of poultry. The present invention also relates to a method for administering such an additive to poultry, a method for alleviating body weight loss of poultry for meat production, as well as a method for reducing harmful bacteria in the intestine of poultry for meat production or layers. It is known that live bacteria of the genus Bacillus have effects of improving physical condition of poultry (JP-B-61-59092) and suppressing pathogenic bacteria (JP-A-9-163937). In particular, it is already known that Bacillus subtilis C-3102
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(FERM BP-1096) is useful for promoting weight gain of poultry (JP-B-3-79988) and for reducing bacteria of the genus Salmonella in the intestine of poultry (Japanese Patent No. 2528055). However, it is merely known that live bacteria of the genus Bacillus exhibit such effect when the bacteria are mixed in with powdered feed. It is not known to add the live bacteria to drinking water, much less to administer the live bacteria to poultry for meat production after feed withdrawal before slaughter. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06422174__ •
Drinking water UV disinfection system and method Inventor(s): Garrett; Kurt Anthony (Raleigh, NC), Horton, III; Isaac B. (Raleigh, NC) Assignee(s): Remotelight, Inc. (Raleigh, NC) Patent Number: 6,447,721 Date filed: November 28, 2000 Abstract: An ultraviolet (UV) disinfection system and method for treating fluids including a configuration and design to function effectively with at least one UV light source or lamp that is not submerged in the fluid. The UV light source is positioned outside the fluid to be disinfected via exposure to at least one UV dose zone outside the fluid being treated wherein UV light is projected into the at least one dose zone. The UV light source may be presented in a vertical riser configuration, wherein the UV light source is positioned above the fluid to be treated and projecting a UV dose zone downward toward and into the fluid to be treated, with the fluid moving upward toward the UV light source. Alternatively, the UV light source may be presented in a non-vertical riser configuration, wherein the UV light source is positioned above the fluid stored at least temporarily within a reservoir and projecting a UV dose zone downward toward and into the static fluid to be treated, and is particularly effective where the fluid is pre-treated or purified drinking water. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a system and method for ultraviolet disinfection and, more particularly, to a system and method for ultraviolet disinfection of drinking water. It is well known in the art to use ultraviolet light (UV) for the disinfection treatment of water. Ultraviolet light, at the germicidal wavelengths, alters the genetic (DNA) material in cells so that bacteria, viruses, molds, algae and other microorganisms can no longer reproduce. The microorganisms are considered dead, and the risk of disease from them is eliminated. As the water flows past the UV lamps in UV disinfection systems, the microorganisms are exposed to a lethal dose of UV energy. UV dose is measured as the product of UV light intensity times the exposure time within the UV lamp array. Microbiologists have determined the effective dose of UV energy to be approximately about 34,000 microwatt- seconds/cm2 needed to destroy pathogens as well as indicator organisms found in water. Typical prior art disinfection systems and devices emit UV light at approximately 254 nm, which penetrates the outer cell membrane of microorganisms, passes through the cell body, reaches the DNA and alters the genetic material of the microorganism, destroying it without chemicals by rendering it unable to reproduce. Ultraviolet light is classified into three wavelength ranges: UV-C, from about 200 nanometers (nm) to about 280 nm; UV-B, from about 280 nm to about 315 nm; and UV-A, from about 315 nm to about 400 nm. Generally, UV light, and in particular, UV-C light is "germicidal," i.e., it deactivates the DNA of bacteria, viruses and other pathogens and thus destroys their ability to multiply and cause disease, effectively resulting in sterilization of the microorganisms. Specifically, UV "C" light causes damage to the nucleic acid of microorganisms by forming covalent bonds
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between certain adjacent bases in the DNA. The formation of these bonds prevents the DNA codon from being read correctly for replication, and the organism is neither able to produce molecules essential for life process, nor is it able to reproduce. In fact, when an organism is unable to produce these essential molecules or is unable to replicate, it dies. UV light with a wavelength of approximately between about 250 to about 260 nm provides the highest germicidal effectiveness. While susceptibility to UV light varies, exposure to UV energy for about 20 to about 34 milliwatt-seconds/cm.sup.2 is adequate to deactivate approximately 99 percent of the pathogens. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06447721__ •
Filter cartridge, particularly for jug water purifiers Inventor(s): Moretto; Leonida (Vicenza, IT) Assignee(s): Laica S.R.L. (Vincentino, IT) Patent Number: 6,428,687 Date filed: August 15, 2000 Abstract: In a device for shutting off the flow of a fluid through a duct, preferably in a system for filtering drinking water, means for shutting off the duct comprise at least one obturator (14,22,35,43) disposed over a corresponding orifice (11) of the duct and means (15,23,36) for restraining the obturator (14,22,35,43) in a position such that the corresponding orifice (11) is not shut off, the restraining means being exposed to the flow of fluid through the duct and being able to undergo a change of state consequent upon the period of exposure to the flow in order to release the obturator (14,22,35) so that it shuts off the duct after a predetermined flow of fluid has taken place through the duct. Excerpt(s): The present invention. relates to an improved filter cartridge, particularly for jug or carafe water purifiers, according to the preamble to the main claim. The use of filtering systems with replaceable cartridges for cleansing the drinking water of organoleptically unpleasant odours and flavours is widespread. Typically, activatedcarbon filters are used and these have to be replaced after a predetermined number of filtering cycles. The cartridge contains a bed of activated carbon and in turn separates two compartments of a jug, for holding water to be filtered and filtered water, respectively. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06428687__
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Filter for holding and raising ground water Inventor(s): Tost; Rainer (Cottbus, DE), Marten; Klaus (Dormagen, DE), Tost; Peter (Cottbus, DE), Tost; Annebarbel (Cottbus, DE), Fahle; Werner (Cottbus, DE), Thiele; Lothar (Leichlingen, DE), Kohlstadt; Hans-Peter (Velbert, DE), Tost; Frank (Cottbus, DE) Assignee(s): Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien (Duesseldorf, DE), Lausitzer Braunkohle (Senftenberg, DE) Patent Number: 6,372,135 Date filed: November 6, 1997 Abstract: The invention relates to a filter in which dust-containing silica sand is held together by a polyurethane binder, the polyurethane binder containing an organotin
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compound with a molecular weight of more than 600 as catalyst and a mixture of highly dispersed silica and/or bentonites with a thickened aluminosilicate as modifier. The filter is particularly suitable for the production of drinking water from ground water in surface mining regions. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a filter of polyurethane-bonded solid layer of silica sand for holding and raising ground water, for treating industrial water and drinking water and for the infiltration of water into the ground and to the production and use of the filter in surface mining regions. One such filter for surface mining regions is known from DD 109 319. This document describes a filter produced from dry granular components suitable as a filter material and a two-component polyurethane adhesive, the ratio by weight being at least 20:1. Gravel sand with a particle size of 1.6 to 3.5 mm is preferably used as the granular filter material. The mixture of the two constituents is preferably cured in the presence of a catalyst at temperatures not exceeding 120.degree. C. The known filter has the disadvantage that it is not suitable for the production of drinking water because the filtrate foams and contains organically bound carbon in unacceptable quantities. In addition, dust-containing silica sand filters produced with a polyurethane adhesive without a modifying agent turn soft when stored in water. In addition, European patent application 0 468 608 describes a drainage element of a mixture consisting of 20 to 30 parts by weight of dried filter gravel as aggregate and 1 part by weight of a polyurethane-based resin as binder. The dust in the filter gravel interferes with the production of the drainage elements. Where the unidentified polyurethane binder is used, the drainage element is difficult if not impossible to demold. The percentage of useable elements is very small. In addition, the concentration of binder distinctly increases in the downward direction in the individual elements. It is not possible to achieve uniform strength throughout the drainage element. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06372135__ •
Filter for purifying domestic drinking water Inventor(s): Farmer; Richard William (Gibsonia, PA), Carr; Charles Joseph (Coraopolis, PA) Assignee(s): Calgon Carbon Corporation (Pittsburgh, PA) Patent Number: 6,475,386 Date filed: April 26, 2000 Abstract: An improved filter is provided for lowering levels of contaminants in domestic drinking water. The filter contains an oxidized activated carbon and at least one other type of adsorbent to remove cationic species and at least one other contaminant. The filter further achieves an efficient use of the adsorbents by including an envelope containing part or all of the adsorbents, which envelope minimizes the potential for flow by-pass. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a filter for the removal of contaminants from domestic drinking water. In particular, the present invention relates to a gravity-flow filter containing adsorbents to remove a plurality of contaminant species from domestic drinking water. Complaints have been noted that domestic drinking water, in particular from household water taps, often carries a disagreeable taste or has an odor of chlorine. In addition, drinking water also may have low levels of chlorinated organics which are a result of the chlorination of the drinking water sources and, in some older homes, of lead leached from household piping systems. Many filters have been proposed or used
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to eliminate these objections or to remove these contaminants. Since the types of contaminants are diverse, different filtering materials, each designed to eliminate a particular objection, must be incorporated in the same filter. In a filter of limited size, a combination of filtering materials means a compromise sometimes must be adopted, leading to an inefficient removal of one or more contaminants. The use of gravity-flow filters for domestic water purification using carafes or pitchers is well known. Typically, the carafe consists essentially of an upper chamber, a lower chamber, and a gravity-flow filter which is disposed tightly but removably between the chambers such that the filtered water is separated from the feed water. The carafe treats water in batches. Feed water is poured into the upper chamber and permeates by gravity through the gravityflow filter. The filtered water is collected in the lower chamber. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06475386__ •
Gravity-flow water filtration device Inventor(s): Cutler; Willard A. (Big Flats, NY), Hickman; David L. (Big Flats, NY), Solsky; Stanley D. (Painted Post, NY) Assignee(s): Corning Incorporated (Corning, NY) Patent Number: 6,454,941 Date filed: December 15, 1999 Abstract: A replaceable gravity-flow cyst-reducing water filter cartridge for placement in a water filter carafe, comprising a filter cartridge housing with a cap having a plurality of untreated water inlet ports, wherein the cap is sealingly attached to a top rim of the housing. The filter housing further comprises a gooseneck conduit that is connected to a lower region of the filter housing, with the gooseneck conduit having at one end a treated water outlet port that opens into a side surface of the filter housing. The filter housing also includes a packed bed of ion-exchange resin that is disposed in an upper region of the filter housing and a high surface area cyst-reducing filter element that is disposed in the lower region of the filter housing. The filter element provides at least 99.95% removal of 3-4.mu.m particles when tested in accordance with NSF standard 53, Drinking Water Treatment Units--Health Effects (September 1997). A bottom surface of the ion-exchange resin is in full contact with one side of a bottom screen, which is attached at the periphery to the side surface of the housing. The filter housing further has a first chamber separating the packed bed of ion-exchange resin from the cyst-reducing filter element and a second chamber proximate to the bottom surface of the filter housing, which is in fluid communication with the gooseneck conduit. The housing also includes an air vent conduit that is connected to the upper region of the filter housing, wherein the air vent conduit has an entry end that opens into the first chamber and an exit end that opens to the outside of the housing. The exit end is positioned above the treated water outlet port of the gooseneck conduit and the exit end is further covered with a hydrophobic membrane. The packed bed of ionexchange resin and the cyst-reducing filter element each correspond in shape to the shape of the filter housing. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to water filtration devices, which include a cyst-reducing water filter capable of reducing parasites and other impurities in drinking water and yet capable of delivering a substantial water flow rate at relatively low (gravity-assisted or gravity-flow) water pressures. While the invention may be used in other types of water filtration devices, it is especially suited for use in gravity-flow water carafes, and will be particularly described in that connection. Until recently, water filter
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carafes of commercially available design have not been capable of parasite reduction, which requires much finer filtration. Nor have they been effective for the significant reduction of organic chemicals, pesticides and insecticides, which requires more carbon. While such additional removal attributes are desirable, they have not been technically feasible in the filter sizes required and at the filter cost currently available in the market. In addition to the concerns about drinking water taste and odor, consumers are beginning to be more concerned with the quality of drinking water, thus increasing the demand for gravity-flow filter carafes. This is because such water filter carafes are relatively low in cost and operate in a simple manner. Water from a tap is simply poured into the top of the filtration unit and is allowed to flow through a replaceable filter cartridge to a treated water reservoir for later use. A typical commercially available cyst-reducing water filter cartridge consists of a filter housing which contains a packed bed mixture of ion-exchange resin for the removal of unwanted ions, for example, lead, copper, and hard water ions, as well as carbon granules for the removal of adsorbable/catalyzable constituents such as chlorine and undesirable tastes and odors. Further, the filter housing contains a high surface area cyst-reducing filter element that is capable of removing harmful parasites and dirt that are present in water from a municipal water source. Without the cyst-reducing filter element, the housing containing the packed bed mixture that is commercially available for use in gravity-flow water carafes typically have physical volumes on the order of 165 cm.sup.3 (10 in.sup.3). This suggests that a filter incorporating the additional cyst function using the current designs would require more volume than that mentioned above. Gravity cyst-reducing filters should be able to achieve the production of a reasonable quantity of filtered water in a reasonable time, preferably, approximately 1 liter in less than 12 minutes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06454941__ •
Ground water thermal transfer method and apparatus Inventor(s): Reynolds; Ray D. (South Wells Highway 93, Wells, NV 89835) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,390,023 Date filed: December 26, 2000 Abstract: A drinking water facility for animals includes an elongate tank with an open upper end at or above ground level extending to a closed end below ground frost line with a water inlet source into the tank below the frost line. A pipe located within the tank serves as a conduit to cause a constant current through the pipe and exterior to pipe to prevent freezing of water in the tank. An induced Bernoulli effect aid in the proper circulation of water. Excerpt(s): There are no patent applications filed by me related to the within application. The invention is more particularly in the field of such systems wherein the temperature of the water in such basins is maintained by use of soil temperature at a level below the frost line (the level above which soil is frozen and below which the soil is not frozen). There have been a number of attempts to harness the thermal energy existing below the frost line to prevent water from freezing. All of the attempts have been in essentially in the same manner. All of these attempts rely on one or another method of merely mixing warmer water entering a basin, such as a livestock watering tank, at a position below the frost line, or relying upon mingling of the water throughout the entire tank or basin. Under very severe cold conditions there is a general complete stagnation of any water flow, particularly at the top of the tank.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06390023__ •
Installation for producing solar thermal energy Inventor(s): Witt; Michael T. (Eschenweg 6, D-76275 Ettlingen, DE), Witt; Ilse (Ettlingen, DE), Witt; Janine (Ettlingen, DE) Assignee(s): Witt; Michael T. (Ettlingen, DE) Patent Number: 6,367,257 Date filed: February 21, 2001 Abstract: An installation for producing solar thermal energy includes a floating thermal storage water heater provided with an absorber layer on the inside thereof and with transparent thermal insulation on the upper surface thereof. Solar rays penetrate the transparent thermal insulation and are converted into heat in the absorber layer. Heat is used to warm the water in the thermal storage water heater. The heated water can be removed in the form of a heat-carrying fluid and can, for instance, be used to provide electricity and drinking water using a steam generator, a turbo group and a condenser. Water that flows back out of the steam generator can initially be directed into a warm water recirculation heater in order to minimize heat loss. The thermal storage water heater is embedded in the warm water recirculation heater. Preferably, both storage devices are designed in such a way that their volumes can be modified. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an installation for producing solar thermal energy, having an absorber layer for conversion of sunlight into thermal energy and a transparent heat-carrying liquid for transporting the heat produced in said absorber layer for further use, said absorber layer being situated within said heat-carrying liquid. Installations for producing solar thermal energy are known in various conformations. Examples include solar tower power plants or parabolic trough power plants, which make solar energy usable by thermal conversion on a commercial scale. However, such power plants have very large surface area requirements. In addition, the use of same is limited to latitudes where high direct solar radiation is assured, because they can make little use of the diffuse portion of the sunlight. On a smaller scale, facilities for producing solar thermal energy are known in the form of solar collectors for residential water heating, said collectors preferably being installed on the roof. However, such a decentralized use of solar energy serves more to reduce residential energy costs than to replace fossil energy fuel as the primary energy source. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06367257__
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Luminescent tool, its auxiliary member and method of preserving bioluminescent composition used in the tool and the auxiliary member Inventor(s): Watarai; Teruo (Chiba, JP), Tatsumi; Hiroki (Chiba, JP), Eisaki; Naoki (Chiba, JP), Sakakibara; Tatsuya (Chiba, JP), Nakano; Eiichi (Saitama, JP), Arai; Ayumi (Chiba, JP), Suzuki; Masaru (Chiba, JP), Kajiyama; Naoki (Chiba, JP) Assignee(s): Kikkoman Corporation (Chiba, JP) Patent Number: 6,521,304 Date filed: June 18, 1999
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Abstract: The present invention relates to luminescent playthings such as candles, table lights, pen lights, illumination, illuminating playthings for camp, illuminating playthings for night fishing, fish-gathering lamps, safety candles, neon lights, luminescent inks, luminescent pens, luminescent coatings or luminescent writing implements, in which a soft light of an indescribable tone of color not obtainable from flames of conventional candles is emitted via seawater, lake and marsh water, river water, ground water, tap water or mineral drinking water by utilizing 3 components of luciferin, luciferase and ATP or 4 components of these components plus a metal salt, out of components necessary for bioluminescence in fireflies. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to luminescent playthings which can be used preferably as candles, table lights, pen lights, illuminations, illuminating playthings for camps or night fishings, fish-gathering lamps, safety candles, neon lights, luminescent inks, luminescent pens, luminescent coatings or luminescent writing implements, in which a soft light with indescribable color tone not obtainable from flames of conventional candles is emitted via (or by adding) seawater, lake and marsh water, river water, ground water (including well water and hot-spring water), tap water, mineral drinking water, and the like (which are, in the present invention, referred to hereinafter as environmental water) by utilizing 3 components of luciferin, luciferase and ATP, or 4 components of these components plus a metal salt, out of components necessary for bioluminescence in fireflies or the like. Conventionally, a table is decorated with candles in Christmas Eve or a birthday party, or in a wedding reception a candlelight service is conducted where the bride and groom light a candle in each table for invited guests, or in a coffee bar, people drink tea and have a meal in a table decorated with candles under a slightly different atmosphere in dark illumination in a coffee bar or the like. Under soft lights of these candles, foods and human faces look beautiful and the atmosphere becomes more enjoyable. The object of the present invention is to provide a luminescent plaything for emitting a soft light with indescribable color tone not obtainable from conventional candles, to an ancillary material thereof, and to a method of storing a luminescent composition used therein. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06521304__ •
Luminescing bottle Inventor(s): Kurdian; Varant (1411 Brand Blvd., Unit #1, Glendale, CA 91202) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,474,467 Date filed: September 7, 2001 Abstract: A sealable plastic bottle that can be relatively effortlessly manipulated at anytime and any place to cause a pleasing and highly colorful chemiluminescent reaction to occur. The bottle can be securely sealed and can be used to carry drinking water or soft drinks and one that can conveniently be used at the same places for the same activities and at the same times as conventional plastic water bottles and like sealed drink containers. Additionally, the bottle includes a removable closure cap and is uniquely constructed so as to provide secure containment of chemiluminescent fluids between the inner and outer walls of the bottle construction. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to plastic bottles. More particularly, the invention concerns a luminescent plastic bottle of the type used to contain drinking water and soft drinks. In recent years small, readily portable bottles containing drinking
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water and soft drinks have become extremely popular. Such bottles are routinely carried by travelers, joggers, bicyclists, hikers and other active people and range in size from approximately 8 fluid ounce bottles to larger approximately 70 fluid ounce bottles. Typically, the prior art plastic water bottles are generally cylindrical in shape having mildly compressible sidewalls. The phenomenon known as chemiluminescense, which is defined as luminescence due to chemical reaction, is well known and chemiluminescent devices of various types have been developed in the past. By way of example, a common use of chemiluminescense is in the manufacture of emergency lighting devices. Such devices typically comprise a tubular member with a central partition dividing the tube into two compartments. Each compartment contains one of the chemiluminescent fluids so that when the partition is broken or displaced, the two chemicals can intermix to produce the chemiluminescent reaction. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06474467__ •
Method and apparatus for temporarily increasing the transport capacity of the water supply system in case of a calamity Inventor(s): Rozeboom; Robert Henry (Soest, NL), Ruiter; Petrus Jacobus (Utrecht, NL) Assignee(s): N.V. Waterleidingsbedri JF Midden Nederland (Utrecht, NL) Patent Number: 6,397,873 Date filed: February 9, 2000 Abstract: Method and apparatus for temporarily increasing the transport capacity of the water supply system in case of a calamity, in which despite the occurrence of a calamity an amount of drinking water is to be transported to the service area of a pumping station or transport line which has failed.In case of a calamity, at least one mobile apparatus for raising the pressure in the transport line is temporarily connected to the residual supply system to take over the failing transport function.The apparatus has a transportable housing with a pump coupled to a motor, comprising means for setting the pump on two sides into communication with a water transport line via connecting lines, and has a capacity sufficient for deployment in a municipal, regional or still larger water supply system. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method and apparatus for temporarily increasing the transport capacity of the water supply system in case of a calamity, in which despite the occurrence of a calamity an amount of drinking water is to be transported to the service area of a pumping station or transport line which has failed. For customers served by waterworks, it is of vital importance that during the occurrence of any calamity, the level of supply remains above a certain minimum. To that end, in the Netherlands, the VEWIN standards have been established. The guideline for supply assurance as drawn up by the VEWIN reads: In case of failure of one element of the drinking water system, in centers of consumption, the residual supply capacity of the system must, on a daily basis, be greater than 75% of the maximum daily capacity. A calamity is defined as the failure of one element which cannot be repaired within 24 hours and has an effect on a large group of consumers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06397873__
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Method for treatment of organic matter contaminated drinking water Inventor(s): Masten; Susan Jane (East Lansing, MI), Yavich; Alexander A. (Grand Rapids, MI) Assignee(s): Board of Trustees of Michigan State University (East Lansing, MI) Patent Number: 6,365,048 Date filed: July 19, 2000 Abstract: A process for treating water to reduce pollutants using a fluidized bed (41) supporting microorganisms, ozonated pollutants and a carbon source for the microorganisms is described. The process provides very efficient degradation of the pollutants in drinking water, for instance. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process which enables the treatment of organic matter contaminated drinking water. In particular, the present invention uses a combination of the addition of a carbon source to a fluidized bed bioreactor and ozonated organic matter to biodegrade the ozonated organic matter and carbon source and thus purify the water. The use of beds containing microorganisms in an aerobic biological environment which degrades pollutant organic matter in water is well known in the prior art. Further, the use of ozone to oxidize the organic matter for biodegradation is well known in the prior art. U.S. Pat. No. 5,851,399 to Leitzke describes such a process using a fixed bed reaction vessel. U.S. Pat. No. 3,779,909 to Wisfeld et al also describes a similar fixed bed process. Various other patents are as follows: U.S. Pat. No. 5,954,963 to Matheson; U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,118 to Besten; U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,826 to Worden et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,711,887 to Gastman et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,512,178 to Dempo; U.S. Pat. No. 5,505,856 to Campen et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,466,374 to Bachhofer et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,346,617 to Costello; U.S. Pat. No. 5,336,413 to van Staveren; U.S. Pat. No. 5,211,847 to Kanow; U.S. Pat. No. 4,693,827 to Mordorski U.S. Pat. No. 4,255,266 to Moreaud et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,178,239 to Lowther; and U.S. Pat. No. 3,836,456 to Fries. U.S. Pat. No. 4,693,827 Mordoski describes a fixed bed method for accelerating the start-up of biological nitrification systems for wastewater treatment and preventing reducing the effects of toxic and inhibitory materials or excursions of pH, temperature, or dissolved oxygen upon nitrifying organisms. A rapidly metabolized soluble or miscible organic material containing little or no nitrogen is added to the carbon-consuming step of the process. Heterotrophic organisms consume the added material together with soluble ammonia to generate additional organisms. The soluble ammonia concentration in the wastewater is reduced to a nontoxic, less toxic, or less inhibitory level. The goal is to increase the removal of ammonia nitrogen from wastewater by adding rapidly metabolized carbon source. The carbon source provides growth of heterotrophic microorganisms that consume ammonia nitrogen which is incorporated into cellular matter (the C:H:O:N ratio of bacterial cells is typically about 52:6:26:12). This reference describes the use of additional rapidly metabolized carbon source to increase biomass concentration; the use of chemical compounds such as carbon supplements (alcohols, organic acids, and the like) for the degradation; and that the carbon source is added to the water stream just prior to or directly to the stage which removes carbonaceous materials from water. The patented method pertains to the removal of ammonia nitrogen, but not to the removal of organic matter initially present in water. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06365048__
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Method of and apparatus for producing power and desalinated water Inventor(s): Bronicki; Lucien Y. (Yavne, IL), Fisher; Uriyel (Haifa, IL) Assignee(s): Ormat Industries Ltd. (Yavne, IL) Patent Number: 6,539,718 Date filed: June 4, 2001 Abstract: Apparatus for producing power and desalinated water from geothermal fluid according to the present invention comprises: a geothermal power plant that produces power from geothermal fluid supplied thereto; means for supplying sea water to the condenser of said geothermal power plant that produces heated sea water; and a desalination plant to which the heated sea water is supplied and which produces drinking water. Preferably, the geothermal power plant that produces power comprises an organic Rankine cycle geothermal power plant that produces power. Alternatively, the geothermal power plant that produces power comprises an organic combined cycle Rankine cycle geothermal power plant that produces power. In a further alternative, the geothermal power plant that produces power comprises a closed cycle steam geothermal power plant that produces power. In a still further alternative, the geothermal power plant that produces power comprises an ammonia cycle geothermal power plant that produces power. As far as the desalination plant is concerned, the desalination plant preferably comprises a multi-flash desalination plant. In an alternative, the desalination plant comprises a reverse osmosis desalination plant. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of and apparatus for producing power and desalinated water, and more particularly, to a method of and apparatus for producing power and desalinated water from geothermal fluid. Recently, new requirements to provide electric power in an environmentally friendly manner and to supply fresh water have become more important. Usually methods and apparatus to produce electricity use fuels that produce pollution and are expensive. In addition, isolated locations such as islands also are very sensitive to pollution and often have reduced availability of fresh water. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved method of and apparatus for producing power and desalinated water wherein the disadvantages as outlined are reduced or substantially overcome. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06539718__
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Method of drinking water disinfection Inventor(s): Shmidt; Joseph L. (New York, NY), Mitilineos; Alexander G. (St. Petersburg, RU), Pimenov; Alexander V. (St. Petersburg, RU) Assignee(s): Electrophor, Inc. (Dobbs Ferry, NY) Patent Number: 6,514,413 Date filed: April 18, 2001 Abstract: A method for disinfecting and purifying tap water and untreated water using a composite, bactericidal adsorption material as a filter. The method provides efficient and reliable disinfection, with simultaneous purification of water from heavy metal ions and organic matter and improvement of taste and odor. Water is filtered through a composite material containing granules of iodinated anion-exchange resin, granulated activated carbon and silver containing adsorbent, all uniformly distributed between
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amphoteric fibers. The exterior surface area of the iodine containing anion-exchange resin granules is not more than 1% of the exterior surface area of the amphoteric fibers, and the equivalent content of silver exceeds the equivalent content of iodine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a water disinfection method wherein composite bactericidal adsorption materials are used for the treatment of drinking water from the tap and other fresh water sources. During the last two decades, various adsorbents have been used to disinfect water. The most common of them are activated carbon materials and ion exchange resins with bactericidal compounds, such as iodine, bromine and silver. The strong bactericidal properties of iodine and silver make them ideal disinfectants for small scale water supply systems. It is known in the prior art of drinking water disinfection to use powdered activated carbon with particle sizes from 0.1 to 2000.mu.m, as a carrier for silver in metallic form or as a nitrate salt (West German Patent Application No. 3229340, published 1984, B01I20/20), or to use activated carbon impregnated with silver salt (USSR Patent No. 971 464, published 1982, B01I20/20). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06514413__ •
Method of producing a concentrate comprising a sulfonamide in solution, a 2,4diaminopyrimidine in stable suspension within said solution Inventor(s): Soderlund, Jr.; William A. (St. Peter, MN), Strobel; Michael A. (Northfield, MN) Assignee(s): Pharmaceutical Solutions, Inc. (Northfield, MN) Patent Number: 6,410,543 Date filed: February 12, 2001 Abstract: A palatable antimicrobial drug concentrate comprising: (a) a sulfonamide and/or sulfonamide salt in aqueous solution; (b) a 2,4-diaminopyrimidine in stable suspension within said solution; and (c) a suspending agent. The invention has a long room temperature shelf life and is sufficiently stable to be administered via the drinking water of animals. Excerpt(s): The instant invention relates to an antimicrobial concentrate that comprises a sulfonamide and/or sulfonamide salt in combination with a diaminopyrimidine. More specifically, the instant invention relates to a palatable antimicrobial concentrate, that may be orally administered to animals via their drinking water, that comprises the following components: (a) a sulfonamide and/or salt thereof in solution; (b) a diaminopyrimidine in stable suspension within said solution; and (c) a suspending agent. The use of sulfonamides (sulfa drugs) for treating bacterial infections is known. The Merk Veterinary Manual, sixth edition, 1986, pages 1540 through 1544, provides general background on these drugs. It is believed that sulfonamides are effective antibacterial agents because they competitively inhibit an enzymatic step (dihydropterate synthetase) wherein para-aminobenzoic acid is incorporated into the synthesis of dihydrofolic acid (folic acid). Because folic acid synthesis is reduced, the level of tetrahydrofolic acid (folinic acid) formed from folic acid is also reduced. Folinic acid is an essential component of various coenzymes responsible for single carbon metabolism in cells. Thus, sulfonamides create a domino effect in the body that ultimately results in the suppression of protein synthesis, the impairment of metabolic processes, and an inhibition in the growth and multiplication of organisms that cannot utilize preformed folic acid. The effect is bacteriostatic and, in high concentrations, bactericidal. 2,4-Diaminopyrimidines, such as trimethoprim, are also known
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antimicrobial agents that have found utility in the treatment of various bacterial and protozoal infections. U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,909,522 and 3,021,332 are two references directed to the formation and use of 2,4-diaminopyrimidines. It is believed that these compounds act by inhibiting an enzyme that facilitates the conversion of folic acid to folinic acid and, thereby, interfering with the biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins in bacteria. Typically, 2,4-diaminopyrimidines have a high selectivity for inhibiting the folate synthesis in protozoal enzymes as opposed to folate coenzyme synthesis in host cells. Thus, 2,4-diaminopyrimidines are widely used in veterinary antimicrobial compositions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06410543__ •
Microbiological removal of bromine salts from fluid streams Inventor(s): Kroon; Alexander Gerardus Maria (Amersfoort, NL), Van Ginkel; Cornelis Gijsbertus (Wageningen, NL) Assignee(s): Akzo Nobel N.V. (Arnhem, NL) Patent Number: 6,610,204 Date filed: July 13, 2000 Abstract: A process for the removal of undesirable bromine salts from fluid streams, especially waste and/or drinking water, comprising the step of exposing the fluid stream to a micro-organism which biochemically aids the reduction of the undesirable bromine salts, characterized in that the microorganisms belong to the group of pure and/or enrichment strains of bacteria grown on one or more of the following: perchlorate, chlorate, and bromate, or belong to bromate respiring bacteria. Excerpt(s): Fluid streams including "drinking" water, as well as effluents, originating from various chemical processes at production sites can contain mixtures of chlorate and bromate. This creates an environmental problem, since it has been demonstrated that bromate has carcinogenic properties and that chlorate is highly toxic to bladder wrack. Chlorate and bromate can be removed from industrial effluents by chemical reduction, but this is expensive and introduces new chemicals into the environment. Bromate is formed as a by-product of the ozonation of bromide-containing waters. Ozonation is one of the promising alternatives to chlorination, since it avoids the formation of hazardous adsorbable organic halogen (AOX) by-products. The level of bromate found in ozonated drinking water depends on many factors, including the natural level of bromide in the source water and the ozone dose. Typical concentrations of bromate found in ozonated water are in the range of 3-50.mu.g/l The World Health Organisation (WHO) has proposed a level of 0.5.mu.g/l bromate for drinking water in the last revision of their guidelines (WHO, 1993), but based on the present analytical feasibilities a provisional level of 25.mu.g/l was recommended. Because these concentrations may be exceeded by the common ozonation practice, efficient methods to decrease the level of bromate in ozonated water are needed. It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved process for dealing with this problem. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06610204__
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Modular combat load system Inventor(s): Bylo; John Michael (Ventura, CA) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 6,494,336 Date filed: October 17, 2001 Abstract: A modular combat load system which is portable, light weight and easily moved from one location to another and which allows the military to supply troops with mission critical consumable supplies, such as drinking water, in a combat environment. The system has sixteen modular combat load units stacked on a pallet. Each modular combat unit has a water/fuel module positioned at the upper end of the unit, a mission requirements module which comprises the lower portion of unit and a field pack module assembly which is positioned within a cavity formed within the interior of the mission requirements module. The field pack module assembly holds a plurality of field pack storage units which are stacked on top of one another within the tray. The field pack storage units are of sufficient size to hold one day of consumable supplies for use by a soldier in a combat environment. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a system for supplying the military with mission critical consumable supplies in a combat environment. More specifically, the present invention relates to a modular combat load system which is portable, light weight and is easily moved from one location to another location and which provides an efficient means for supplying the military with mission critical consumable supplies, such as drinking water, in a hostile or combat environment. Currently, the supply of combat loads to military ground forces ashore is unique among supply scenarios in that it is driven by a time critical need for system responsiveness to unplanned material requests that are often emergency situations dealing with life and death. In particular, the timely resupply of consumables to troops ashore is a unique requirement of the military when in a combat or hostile environment and is substantially different from standard assault logistics operations. There is also a need for a modular combat load system which comprises a one-way disposable system which allows for standardized multi-product containers that will increase the range capability of the combat service support function and improve the efficiency of the cargo delivery process. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06494336__
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Multipurpose fryer Inventor(s): Song; Young Joo (97-64 Eungam-Dong, Eunpyung-Ku, Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,363,834 Date filed: August 9, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a multipurpose fryer that can be used for cooking various foods. The fryer is composed of; a heater arranged in lower portion in the fryer; a net screen arranged over the heater; and a control unit arranged at an upper portion on the fryer, which is connected to both terminals of the heater to control the power supply; characterized by a space formed on an inclined mid-bottom of the fryer, which has an outlet communicated with a valve provided on an outer side of the fryer;
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and an auxiliary container defined as space beneath the mid-bottom and upper portion of end-bottom of the fryer and is extended to vertical direction along the side wall of the fryer, wherein its open portion is disjointably fitted by the control unit, its inside is provided with a auxiliary heater connected to the control unit, and a side of its lower portion is communicated with another valve provided on another side of the fryer. The fryer enables reducing energy consumption, thereby it can supply drinking water or washing water that is heated up by heat release from the fryer. Besides, using an additional pot for boiling or keeping warm food can also use it for multipurpose cooker and use it for water heater at need conveniently. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a fryer for cooking food, and more particularly to a multipurpose fryer having a auxiliary container provided at a side of the fryer to fill water therein, whereby can supply drinking water or washing water that is heated up by heat release from the fryer, which can be used to boil and to keep boiling the food by utilizing additional a cooking pot, and which may be used for supplier hot water if circumstances require. The fryer for home-life or professional is typically formed cubic or cylindrical, which heated up the oil therein to fry the food by 160 to 220.degree. C., using such a method that there is installed gas burner beneath the fryer or installed heater inside it, whereas fragmentary chips of frying food is collected on the bottom of the fryer. The common fryer is simply used to fry the food with hot oil, and therefore the heat release therefrom is wasted without reuse, causing excessive energy consuming. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06363834__ •
Nitrone inhibition of cancer development Inventor(s): Floyd; Robert A. (Oklahoma City, OK), Nakae; Dai (Nara, JP), Kotake; Yashige (Oklahoma City, OK), Hensley; Kenneth L. (Oklahoma City, OK) Assignee(s): Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (Oklahoma City, OK) Patent Number: 6,569,902 Date filed: March 28, 2001 Abstract: PBN (.alpha.-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone), and its derivatives nitrone-based free radical traps, significantly reduce preneoplastic nodule development as well as inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) formation at very low levels. The involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer development has been strongly implicated for many years. The involvement of ROS has been strongly implicated in cancer development is a model system where feeding a choline deficiency (CD) diet to rats leads to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Administering PBN in the drinking water inhibits HCC formation. Preneoplastic nodule growth in the liver is significantly suppressed by administering PBN, or some of its natural metabolites, in the diet. The effectiveness of PBN in preventing HCC development in the CD liver model is considered due to its prevention of tumor development after the target cells have already been initiated, i.e. genetically changed into tumor cells. Administration of PBN (or its potent derivatives) to humans that may already have microscopic tumor preneoplastic nodules should prevent the eventual frank tumor formation. Excerpt(s): Chronic feeding of a choline-deficient-L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet containing no carcinogens exerts a strong hepatocarcinogenicity in rats through the development of apparently preneoplastic, focal lesions in the background presence of repeating hepatocyte death and regeneration as well as fibrosis. Oxidative stress appears
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to play major roles in its underlying mechanisms in association with alteration on the status of various signaling molecules. Phenyl N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN), a radical trapper, has been shown to inhibit the development of preneoplastic lesions in the early phase of this dietary hepatocarcinogenesis by apparently inhibiting oxidative stress, inducible cyclo-oxygenase activity and fibrogenesis (Floyd et al., 1998). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in cancer development for many years. A prime example where ROS are strongly implicated is the model system where feeding a choline deficiency (CD) diet to rats leads to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development, i.e. in the complete absence of exposure to any exogenous known carcinogen. Utilizing this model, the present invention concerns novel observations that make it possible to link ROS with key signal transduction pathways that have been shown to be fundamental in cancer initiation and development. The present inventors have shown that mitochondria from CD-livers are changed such that they mediate a significantly higher yield of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 production. Additionally, for the first time the present inventors have shown that PBN (.alpha.-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone) and its derivatives are nitrone-based free radical traps and, significantly reduce preneoplastic nodule development as well as inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) formation at very low levels of the compound. PBN and the like are the most potent anti-carcinogens ever studied in this model. To understand these observations the inventors postulate that the CD-regimen mediates changes in mitochondrial membranes such that they produce enhanced levels of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 and that PBN and the like significantly inhibit the excess H.sub.2 O.sub.2 production by acting at Complex I. The present inventors further postulate that excess H.sub.2 O.sub.2 causes an enhanced inactivation of the PTEN tumor suppressor protein, which causes a loss of its phosphatase activity and thereby mediates a shift toward the activation of the AKT-kinase pathway resulting in a decrease in apoptosis-mediated processes but an increase in oncogenic events. The inventors also propose that the cells in preneoplastic nodules which develop in CDlivers are predisposed toward ontogenesis (as opposed to apoptosis) because of the action of excess H.sub.2 O.sub.2 and certain growth factors (most likely TGF.beta.sub.1) and that PBN and the like alter these processes through both inhibition of excess H.sub.2 O.sub.2 production and also by suppression of enhanced signal transduction processes. The inventors believe that PBN and the like act to cause preneoplastic nodule cells to become predisposed toward apoptic processes leading to inhibition of tumor development. The compound PBN was first synthesized in the 1950's, but in 1968 it was discovered to be very useful to trap and stabilize free radicals in chemical reactions and hence it was termed a spin-trap (Janzen 1971). Although PBN is the prototype spin-trap several other nitrones have been synthesized and found useful to trap and characterize free radicals in chemical reactions. These spin traps were used in chemical reactions first, but in the mid-1970's they began to be used to trap free radicals in biochemical and biological systems (Floyd et al. 1978; and Poyer et al. 1978, for example). Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that PBN is readily and rapidly distributed almost equally to all tissues, has a half-life in rats of about 132 minutes and is eliminated mostly in the urine. Relatively few metabolism studies have been done, but it is known that some ring hydroxylation (primarily in the para position) of the compound occurs in the liver. Novelli first showed that PBN could be used to protect experimental animals from septic shock (Novelli et al. 1986), and indeed this was later confirmed by other groups (Pogrebniak et al. 1992). The use of PBN and derivations as pharmacological agents began after discoveries in 1988 that showed that PBN had neuroprotective activity in experimental brain stroke models (Floyd 1990; Floyd et al. 1996; and Carney et al. 1991). These results were repeated and extended, (i.e. see References Clough et al. 1991; Cao et al. 1994; Folbergrovaet al. 1995; Pahlmark et al. 1996, for example). The present inventors have summarized the extensive neuroprotective pharmacological research effort on PBN
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and derivatives (Floyd 1997; Hensley et al. 1996). In addition to neurodegenerative diseases, PBN has been shown to protect in other pathological conditions where ROSmediated processes are involved, including diabetes and many other conditions. The mechanistic basis of why PBN and some of its derivatives are so neuroprotective in experimental stroke and several other neurodegenerative models has not been completely elucidated yet. However, it is clear that its action cannot simply be explained by its ability to trap free radicals. In fact the present inventors' research effort on the mechanistic basis of PBN's action now shows that it is acting by suppressing gene induction (Floyd 1997; Hensley et al. 1996; Miyajima et al. 1995; Tabatabaie et al. 1996; and Hensley et al. 1997), most likely by acting on oxidation-sensitive signal transduction processes (Robinson et al. 1999). In fact PBN seems to be acting by suppressing signal transduction enhanced ROS formation by mitochondria (Hensley et al. 1998). These findings and ideas have arisen from the study of neurodegenerative processes. It should be emphasized, however, that PBNs action in preventing CD carcinogenesis may be different than those found in the neurodegenerative disease models. A specific mechanism of action does not limit the present invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06569902__ •
Pet drinking device provided with in-cage and out-cage spouts for drinking water Inventor(s): Cheng; Chen-Hui (No. 172, Lun-Mei Rd., Chang Hua City, Chang Hua Hsien, TW) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,561,129 Date filed: July 29, 2002 Abstract: A pet drinking device includes a water container, a spout seat, and a retainer. The spout seat is detachably fastened to a water outlet of the water container and is provided with at least one in-cage spout and one out-cage spout. The retainer is used to hold securely the spout seat and to fasten the pet drinking device to a pet cage such that the in-cage spout is located in the pet cage and that the out-cage spout is extended out of the pet. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. Not applicable. Not applicable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06561129__
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Photocatalytic nuisance organism inhibitor agents Inventor(s): Linkous; Clovis A. (Merritt Island, FL) Assignee(s): University of Central Florida (Orlando, FL) Patent Number: 6,472,346 Date filed: January 25, 2000 Abstract: Inexpensive, and easy to use self cleaning mixtures that use photoactive agents such as titanium dioxide(TiO.sub.2) and tungsten oxide(WO.sub.3) along with mixing the agents with co-catalysts such as carbon(C), Fe(iron), Cu(copper), Ni(nickel) and CO.sub.2 P. In addition, the co-catalyst loading can include up to approximately 5% carbon to maximize the inhibiting algae growth. The mixtures can be used to inhibit various growth organisms such as but not limited to algae, fungus, bacteria and mold.
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The agents can be combined together, and/or each agent can be combined with various coatings, such as but not limited to a cement or a polymer binder. The coatings can be applied to surfaces that are exposed to water such as but not limited to an aquarium, liners on the inner walls of swimming pools, drinking water tanks, and the like. Additionally, the coatings can be used as surfacing agent in contact with water within solar water heaters, piping adjacent to pool pumps, and the like. Additionally, the photoactive agent can be used as a non-toxic algae-retardant marine paint. Furthermore, the coatings can be applied to surfaces such as bathroom fixtures, toilets, bathtubs, sinks, and used on tiles in kitchens, bathrooms, and the like. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to inhibiting the growth of fresh water and sea water plant life, and in particular to self cleaning photocatalytic surfacing agents and in particular to applying co-catalysts such as C, Co.sub.2 P, Co, Ni, Fe, Mn and Cu by various methods to photocatalysts such as TiO.sub.2 (titanium dioxide) and WO.sub.3 (tungsten oxide), and is a related to U.S. Application Ser. No. 09/263,309 filed Mar. 5, 1999 to the same inventor and assignee and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,268, which is a Divisional Application of Ser. No. 08/859,348 filed on May 20, 1997, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,067 to the same inventor and same assignee as this invention, both of which are incorporated by reference. This invention also relates to U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,992 issued on May 21, 1996 by the same inventor thereof, whose subject matter is incorporated by reference. Undesirable nuisance plant growth such as algae, bacteria, mold and fungus, have been a common problem for surfaces adjacent to freshwater and seawater areas. For example, swimming pools, fountains and other manmade vessels that hold water are subject to fouling by algae. Past methods for preventing algae type plants have had numerous problems. Usual current surfacing agents for treating algae growth are generally toxins that can also be toxic to humans above threshold concentrations. For example, tributyl tin and cuprous oxide have been shown to be effective toxins and have been incorporated into marine paints for the hulls of boats. While the gradual release of toxins when the boat is underway can be acceptable, a boat in port can generate unacceptable concentrations of toxin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06472346__ •
Pipes for conveying drinking water Inventor(s): Siour; Daniel (Sartrouville, FR), Denizart; Olivier (Millery, FR) Assignee(s): ATOFINA (Puteaux, FR) Patent Number: 6,511,724 Date filed: March 8, 1996 Abstract: The invention relates to pipes for conveying drinking water, including a main layer made of polyolefin covered on the outside with a layer of a thermoplastic polymer which is impervious to hydrocarbons, such as, for example, polyamides, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethyl/vinyl alcohol copolymers or polyesters. These pipes are particularly useful for pipes buried in soils that may be contaminated with hydrocarbons. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pipes for conveying drinking water and more particularly polyolefin pipes. Mains for distributing drinking water, in particular buried mains are made of polyolefin pipes such as polyethylene or polypropylene. These pipes have many advantages. They do not corrode, they are delivered as coils of great length; it suffices to unroll them. Polyethylene and polypropylene have no need of plasticizers; they are highly suitable for drinking water. However, some soils can be
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contaminated or risk being contaminated by essentially nonpolar hydrocarbons like toluene, benzene, fuel or motor spirit. Since polyolefins are nonpolar materials, they are permeable to these contaminants, which migrate through the wall of the pipe and contaminate the water. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06511724__ •
Portable water disinfection system Inventor(s): Mitchke; Curtis M. (Albuquerque, NM), Herrington; Rodney E. (Albuquerque, NM), Cushman; Timothy A. (Sandia Park, NM), White; John F. (Rio Rancho, NM), Hickerson; John K. (Albuquerque, NM) Assignee(s): Miox Corporation (Albuquerque, NM) Patent Number: 6,524,475 Date filed: May 24, 2000 Abstract: A portable oxidant generator for generating oxidants suitable for sterilizing contaminated drinking water, thereby providing potable water. The oxidant generator optionally comprises an electrolytic cell and a power supply or source for powering the generator. In a preferred embodiment, the cell holds an electrolyte solution such that the solution contacts an anode and a cathode. The power supply provides electrical charge that is passed to the electrolyte solution and/or other electrolyte substance. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the power supply includes an energy storage device that is charged to predetermined voltage. The energy storage device is preferably charged by a generator that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The present invention optionally includes an electrolyte storage compartment in the cap. The present invention also optionally includes a total dissolved solids measuring device to determine if the water to be treated requires reverse osmosis filtration to remove high concentrations of ions the water to be treated. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to water disinfecting systems, and more particularly, to an apparatus for generating disinfecting solutions to be added to potentially contaminated water to render that water potable. Maintaining the sterility of drinking water supplies is a major factor in reducing the health risks to human populations. While large metropolitan water systems can make use of highly toxic chlorine gas for sterilizing drinking water, such systems are impractical in remote locations, which lack highly trained personnel and the equipment to maintain the systems. There are many settings in which sophisticated systems are not practical. For example, campers or military personnel in the field cannot be expected to operate such a system to provide potable drinking water from streams or other potentially contaminated water sources. To be effective in such rural settings, a system must be capable of running for long periods of time with little or no maintenance. In addition, the raw materials required by the system must be readily available. Systems based on the electrolytic production of chlorine and/or other chlor-oxygen species based germicidal agents are particularly attractive for use in the present invention. These systems require only electricity and common salt as raw materials. One such system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,761,208 to Gram, et al. entitled Electrolytic Method and Cell for Sterilizing Water, which is incorporated herein by reference. The system of the present invention utilizes an electrolytic cell to generate an oxidant solution including chlorine in the form of hypochlorous acid and other chlor-oxygen species. Other embodiments of the present invention produce an oxidant solution that is predominantly sodium hypochlorite. The oxidant solution is produced from a brine
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solution using common salt. This oxidant solution may be added directly to the drinking water at a dilution ratio compatible with the concentration of the oxidant produced in the device and the demand of the water. The oxidant produced is more effective at inactivation of microorganisms than is conventional chlorination technology, including chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite, and calcium hypochlorite. At adequate dilution ratios, the water is sterilized without causing the water to become unpalatable. This technology is particularly attractive because of its simplicity and long maintenance free operation time. Studies have been conducted to demonstrate the microorganism inactivation effectiveness of the oxidant, commonly referred to as mixed-oxidant solution. Linda V. Venczel, Michael Arrowood, Margaret Hurd, and Mark D. Sobsey with the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, N.C. have conducted research and published a paper entitled, Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts and Clostridium perfringens Spores by a Mixed-Oxidant Disinfectant and by Free Chlorine, published in Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 1997, p. 1598-1601. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06524475__ •
Post mix beverage dispenser with sterilizer Inventor(s): Kown; Dong Heon (Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): Ecoaid Corp. (Seoul, KR) Patent Number: 6,405,900 Date filed: March 28, 2001 Abstract: Provided is a post mix beverage dispenser which can supply beverages in a sanitary manner by additionally installing an apparatus for generating functional water such as ozonated water or electrolyzed water in a high concentration to a conventional post mix beverage dispenser. The post mix beverage dispenser equipped with a sterilizer, including a water supplier for supplying the drinking water; an ingredient container for storing a beverage ingredient; an ingredient supply tube connected to the ingredient container for supplying the beverage ingredient; a carbon dioxide tank for storing and supplying carbon dioxide gas; a mixing tub for mixing the drinking water supplied from the water supplier and the carbon dioxide supplied from the carbon dioxide tank to produce carbonated water; a discharge pump for discharging the beverage ingredient; a dispensing valve opened by the action of a dispensing lever for discharging the carbonated water in the mixing tub and the beverage ingredient; a dispensing nozzle for discharging the carbonated water and the beverage ingredient into a cup; and a functional water generator for generating functional water in the water supplier by facing electrodes provided to operate in water. According to the post mix beverage dispenser, the functional water such as ozonated water or electrolyzed water is generated in the drinking water stored in the water supplier, that is, in the water tank or water supply duct, and simultaneously sterilize, disinfect, deodorize and wash the drinking water as well as the containers and conduits installed in the machine, thereby achieving a sanitary post mix beverage dispenser. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a post mix beverage dispenser that can supply various beverages in a sanitary manner by additionally installing an apparatus for generating functional water such as ozonated water or electrolyzed water. The greatest concern in such a beverage dispenser is sanitation. In particular, the water stored in the water tank is easily contaminated, resulting in serious deterioration. Also, the water leaking out from the dispensing valves or nozzles when poured into a cup must be often withdrawn. The problem of ill sanitation is raised also in the automatic
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vending machine of cup beverage that has a structure similar to a post mix beverage dispenser. The post mix beverage dispenser is sterilized by using chemicals such as chlorine (Cl.sub.2) gas. In this case, however, the sterilization process is complicated and time-consuming and the effect and safety of the sterilization cannot be trusted. Further, the cost of chlorine sterilization is high for the management and personal expenses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06405900__ •
Process for producing improved alkaline drinking water and the product produced thereby Inventor(s): Arnold; George (Seattle, WA), Abramowitz; Robert M. (Mercer Island, WA) Assignee(s): Advanced H.sub.2 O, Inc. (Bellevue, WA) Patent Number: 6,572,902 Date filed: April 25, 2001 Abstract: A process for producing improved alkaline water includes filtering potable source water to remove selected particles and then purifying the filtered water. Selected alkaline minerals are added to the purified water, with the resulting mineralized water being then electrolyzed to produce streams of acidic water and alkaline water, the alkaline water having a pH within the range of 9-10, a TDS range of 22-240 ppm (parts per million) and alkalinity in the range of 12-216 ppm. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to alkaline drinking water, and more specifically concerns a process for producing an improved alkaline drinking water using electrolysis, as well as the product produced by the process. Alkaline drinking water, for the purposes of this explanation, is water having a pH above 9.0, although water with a pH above 7.0 is by general definition alkaline. Alkaline drinking water is usually produced by electrolysis of potable source water, which results in separate alkaline and acidic (pH below 7.0) streams of water. Alkaline drinking water can be produced, alternatively, by adding alkaline minerals to potable source water, such as tap water. Alkaline drinking water is known to have certain health benefits, including antioxidant properties. This has been demonstrated by a number of laboratory studies, including a study by Shirahata et al, entitled "Electrolyzed-Reduced Water Scavenges Active Oxygen Species and Protects DNA from Oxidative Damage", Biochem. Biophys. Res.Commun., 234, Pages 269-274 (1997). Other studies have confirmed such findings of antioxidant properties and other health benefits of alkaline water. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06572902__
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Production of potable water and freshwater needs for human, animal and plants from hot and humid air Inventor(s): Faqih; Abdul-Rahman Abdul-Kader M. (Makkah, SA) Assignee(s): Fakieh Research & Development (Makkah, SA) Patent Number: 6,574,979 Date filed: March 19, 2001 Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for extracting freshwater from atmospheric humidity in extremely hot and humid climates and supplying freshwater to a small group of people, a building, a farm, or forestation area. The freshwater is
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treated to provide drinking water by disinfecting to eliminate microorganisms and filtration to remove suspended particulates from air, erosion or corrosion products, and disinfected waste. Compact units provide drinking water for individuals, passengers in cars, vans, trucks, or recreational boats, or crewmembers on a seagoing cargo ship whether from atmospheric humidity or from moisture-laden gases. Furthermore, systems are disclosed for the ample supply of freshwater with minimal treatment for small- to large-sized buildings in a manner that alleviates the heat load on buildings. Collection of freshwater from hot humid ambient air is also provided for other uses, such as irrigation and farm animal drinking. Various methods are used for condensation of water vapor suspended in the air as alternative to conventional refrigeration cycles using CFC refrigerants. Devices are disclosed using naturally occurring brackish cold water, circulation of cooling water cooled by thermoelectric cooling or thermoacoustic refrigeration as well as evaporative cooling and transpiration cooling. Water produced by the systems may flow under gravitational forces entirely or with the assistance of boasting pumps. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to harvesting freshwater from atmospheric humidity in regions suffering from freshwater shortage compounded with extended periods of extremely high temperature and very high humidity to supply potable water as well as freshwater for other human uses, irrigation, and animal and poultry farms and to alleviate the heat loading for buildings. The invention also relates to collection of water from moisture rich gases in situations of emergency and when trusted freshwater is lacking. Extreme heat in tropical regions is usually accompanied by extremes of high humidity, especially at low altitude where bayous, marshlands, swamps, shallow lakes, heavy vegetations, and forests are abundant; tropical islands, such as the Caribbean Islands; arid land and deserts nearby ocean shorelines or seashores; such as the regions in the Arabian Peninsula near the Red Sea and the Gulf. The absolute humidity in regions by and near the shores of oceans and seas could reach up to twenty-five (25) grams of water per cubic meter of air. Generally, natural freshwater resources are scarce or limited in very hot and humid deserts and arid lands due to low precipitation and high salinity of surface and underground water. Heat strokes are also common in areas where there is no shade and building material does not provide proper protection from brunt of the harsh climate. Rural and nomadic life conditions are deteriorating due to environmental changes caused by expanding developments elsewhere. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06574979__ •
Pulsed light sterilization of drinking water and drinking water containers Inventor(s): Toch; Ted H. (Coto de Caza, CA), Salisbury; Kenton J. (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): Purepulse Technologies, Inc. (San Diego, CA) Patent Number: 6,433,344 Date filed: April 10, 2000 Abstract: An approach for sterilizing microorganisms at a drinking water container employs a flashlamp system including means for generating pulses of light, and for deactivating microorganisms within the drinking water container by illuminating the drinking water container with the pulses of light having been generated; a photosensitive detector positioned so as to receive a portion of each of the pulses of light as a measure of an amount of light illuminating the drinking water container, for generating an output signal in response thereto; and a control system, coupled to the flashlamp system and the photo-sensitive detector, for determining, in response to the output
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signal, whether the pulses of light are sufficient to effect a prescribed level of deactivation of microorganisms in the drinking water container. In accordance with this approach sterilizing microorganisms involves steps of generating a pulse of light; deactivating microorganisms at the drinking water container by directing the pulse of light having been generated at the drinking water container; receiving a portion of the pulse of light as a measure of an amount of the pulse of light illuminating the drinking water container; generating an output signal in response to the receiving of the portion of the pulse of light; and determining, in response to the generating of the output signal, whether the pulse of light is sufficient to effect a prescribed level of deactivation of microorganisms in the drinking water container. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to sterilization of drinking water and drinking water containers by inactivation of microorganisms located therein and/or thereon. More particularly, the present invention relates to sterilization of drinking water and drinking water bottles using pulsed light sterilization of sealed drinking water bottles. Also described herein, are methods and apparatus for the sterilization of drinking water and drinking water containers by deactivation of microorganisms in drinking water or on said drinking water containers including sterilization of drinking water after being sealed within a drinking water container, using high-intensity, short-duration pulses of incoherent, polychromatic light in a broad spectrum. Finally, the present invention relates to monitoring and controlling key pulsed light parameters to verify sterilization has been achieved. Various methods of sterilization are known to those of skill in the art, including for example, heat sterilization, e.g., autoclaving, irradiation sterilization, e.g., using gamma radiation, and chemical sterilization. These conventional methods are unsuited to the sterilization of drinking water for a variety of reasons. A typical drinking water purification process as currently practiced in the art treats water with a series of filters and perhaps other water treatment devices. After filtration and treatment the drinking water is containerized. For example, a water source is provided which introduces drinking water into a multimedia filter which the directs the filtered water into, for example, an activated carbon filter which directs the twice filtered water into a cartridge filter, for example, a 1.mu.m filter. This thrice filtered drinking water can then be treated with UV radiation or ozone treated before being introduce to a drinking water container which is filled and capped. This allows ample opportunity for post filtration/treatment contamination of the drinking water. Numerous other water treatment schemes have been tried but none have the advantage of being able to treat drinking water after it has been sealed within its container. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06433344__ •
Sanitary fitting Inventor(s): Gloor; Herbert (Unterkulm, CH) Assignee(s): KWC AG (Unterkulm, CH) Patent Number: 6,631,735 Date filed: November 28, 2001 Abstract: The sanitary fitting is intended for two different qualities of water and, for this purpose, has outlet connecting branches (20, 21) which are separate from one another and into which two channel systems (50, 56), which are routed separately from one another through a common fitting housing (1), open out. Each channel system (50, 56) is provided with a valve arrangement (53, 17), each valve arrangement being functionally separate from the other and of which the top valve arrangement (17), assigned to the
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channel system (56), has a closure body (41) which executes a lifting movement and of which the actuating element (44) forms the top termination of the sanitary fitting. In order for it to be possible for the actuating element to be easily operated even with a comparatively high pressure in the channel system (56) which is to be closed, as is the case, for example, in drinking water enriched with carbon dioxide, a pressure-equalizing channel (82), which is routed through the valve closure body (41), connects the channel system (56) to a pressure-equalizing space (80), which is provided on the rear end surface (81) of the valve closure body (41). Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a sanitary fitting with two outlet connecting branches which are intended for different qualities of water, separate from one another and into which two channel systems, which are routed separately from one another through a common fitting housing, open out, each channel system being provided with at least one valve arrangement, each valve arrangement being functionally separate from the other, and to a lifting-valve arrangement which is suitable for such a sanitary fitting. Sanitary fittings of this type are known from EP-A-0 501 989 and DE-A-196 08 482. These sanitary fittings have three separate supply lines, on the one hand for cold and hot service water, with a common outlet for mixed water, and on the other hand a supply line for drinking water, which has been prepared in a filter device arranged on the inflow side and/or in a separate apparatus for admixing carbon dioxide. For the separate removal of service water and drinking water, these prior publications have different design solutions, both using a valve arrangement in which an actuating element executes a lever movement and a rotary movement of a closure body brings about continuous opening of the outlet channel. This has the disadvantage that, in particular for the removal of drinking water which is subjected to relatively high pressure, e.g. carbonated, the actuation of the valve arrangement and metering of the quantity of drinking water flowing out require particular care and attention. On the other hand, there is the advantage that the pressure in the channel system which is to be shut off does not have any significant effect on the actuating force of the lever movement. The base part 3 is closed by a screwed-in flange border 37 of a bottom connecting branch 2 and forms, together therewith, a bottom standing surface 6, which is intended for abutment against an essentially horizontally running sink edge (not illustrated) or a sink unit. The fitting housing 1 is fixed by being secured with clamping action by means of a nut which can be screwed onto the external thread 7 of the connecting branch 2 and is supported on the underside of the sink edge or of the unit top. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06631735__ •
Steroidal sapogenins for the control of coccidiosis in animals Inventor(s): Walker; Reuben D. (Naperville, IL) Assignee(s): Distributors Processing, Inc. (Porterville, CA) Patent Number: 6,569,843 Date filed: July 20, 2000 Abstract: Steroidal sapogenins and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, useful in the prevention of coccidiosis in animals and methods of administering an effective amount of steroidal sapogenin or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof in the diet or drinking water of the animal.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of steroidal sapogenins in the feed or water of animals to control disease (coccidiosis) caused by species of the coccidia Eimeria. Coccidiosis is a common disease in animals, resulting in intestinal lesions, diarrhea, enteritis and death. Coccidiosis is an economically important disease in domestic livestock production. As a result of extensive research with plant extracts the inventor has attained the following invention. According to the present invention steroidal sapogenins extracted from plants belonging to the Lilliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Dioscoraceae families have been discovered to effective control the damaging effects of the disease coccidoisis and its negative effects on the animal when added to the feed or water of the animal. The following examples of steroidal sapogenins extracted from plants are given merely as illustrative of the present invention and are not to be considered limiting. Agavogenin, Chlorogenin, 9-Dehydrohecogenin, 9Dehydromanogenin, Digitogenin, Disosgenin, Gitogenin, Hectogenin, Kammogenin, Kryptogenin, Lilagenin, Manogenin, Markogenin, Mexogenin, Neotigogenin, Nologenin, Pennogenin, Rockogenin, Samogenin, Sarsasapogenin, Smilagenin, Texogenin, Tigogenin, Yamogenin and yuccagenin. This invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not to be construed as imposing any limitation on the scope thereof. On the contrary, it is to be clearly understood that resort may be had various other embodiments, modifications and equivalents thereof which readily suggest themselves to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention and/or the scope of the appended claims. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06569843__ •
Warm drinking water conduit system Inventor(s): Ebster; Wilfried (Taufkirchen, DE) Assignee(s): Gewofag Gemeinnutzige Wohnungsfursorge AG (Munchen, DE) Patent Number: 6,453,938 Date filed: April 3, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to a warm drinking water conduit system, with at least one drinking water heater/storage tank for warm drinking water, with a fresh water supply conduit for supplying cold drinking water into the tank and with a heat exchanger connected to a heating circuit and intended for heating the supplied cold drinking water in the tank to a predetermined temperature and for maintaining the warm drinking water temperature in a conduit system connected to the tank and having tapping points for the extraction of warm drinking water, the warm drinking water circulating in the conduit system by means of a pumping device, wherein the drinking water heater/storage tank is tied into the warm drinking water circulation circuit, the circulation temperature in the entire conduit system being maintained at a level such that the warm drinking water is largely free of microorganisms, in particular legionellae, and that the tank is thermally disinfected of microorganisms in rota in a largely reduced conduit branch during a relatively short time span by means of an increased circulation temperature. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a warm drinking water conduit system according to the preamble of claim 1. There are known drinking water conduit systems which have hitherto not sufficiently ensured that, above all, microorganisms harmful to health, in particular legionellae, do not multiply in warm drinking water. This applies mainly to relatively large conduit systems with central drinking water heater/store, where there may be stagnant water with temperatures of between 30.degree. C. and 45.degree. C.
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When water contaminated in this way with legionellae is extracted from the conduit system, for example, by showers, whirlpools or air-conditioning systems in which breathable aerosols are formed, there is known to be a considerable risk of influenza-like illnesses and pneumonia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06453938__ •
Water filtration device and method Inventor(s): Cutler; Willard A. (Big Flats, NY) Assignee(s): Corning Incorporated (Corning, NY) Patent Number: 6,405,875 Date filed: December 15, 1999 Abstract: A gravity-flow cyst-reducing water filtration device, comprising a removable high surface area cyst-reducing filtration member that provides at least 99.95% removal of 3-4.mu.m particles when tested in accordance with NSF standard 53, Drinking Water Treatment Units--Health Effects (September 1997). The cyst-reducing filtration member is adapted for connection to a bottom rim of a filtration cartridge sleeve of a water filter carafe, the cartridge sleeve being integral with a bottom surface of an untreated water reservoir of the water filter carafe. The cartridge sleeve further comprises an air vent hole that is located proximate to a top rim of the cartridge sleeve, wherein the cartridge sleeve further contains a filtration cartridge that is filled with an ion-exchange resin and carbon granules. The filtration cartridge further has at least one untreated water inlet port located in a cap that is attached to the filtration cartridge at a top end, and at least one treated water outlet port located at a bottom end of the filtration cartridge, wherein the untreated water inlet port of the filtration cartridge is in fluid communication with the untreated water reservoir of the water filter carafe, and wherein the cyst-reducing filtration member is in fluid communication with the treated water outlet port of the filtration cartridge. Further, the water filtration device comprises a membrane that is adapted for attachment to the air vent hole. The membrane has at least one hydrophobic side, which hydrophobic side faces the inside of the cartridge sleeve upon attachment. The water filtration device further comprises sealing means for forming a water-tight seal between the cyst-reducing filtration member and the cartridge sleeve of the carafe. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to water filtration devices, which include a cyst-reducing water filter capable of reducing parasites and other impurities in drinking water and yet capable of delivering a substantial water flow rate at relatively low (gravity-assisted) water pressures. While the invention may be used in other types of water filtration devices, it is especially suited for use in existing gravity-flow water carafes, and will be particularly described in that connection. Until recently, water filter carafes of commercially available design have not been capable of parasite reduction, which requires much finer filtration. Nor have they been effective for the significant reduction of organic chemicals, pesticides and insecticides, which requires more carbon. While such additional removal attributes are desirable, they have not been technically feasible in the filter sizes required and at the filter cost currently available in the market. In addition to the concerns about drinking water taste and odor, consumers are beginning to be more concerned with the quality of drinking water, thus increasing the demand for gravity-flow filter carafes. This is because such water filter carafes are relatively low in cost and operate in a simple manner. Water from a tap is simply poured into the top of the filtration unit and is allowed to flow through a replaceable filter cartridge to a treated water reservoir for later use. A typical commercially available
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cyst-reducing water filter cartridge consists of a filter housing which contains a packed bed mixture of ion-exchange resin for the removal of unwanted ions, for example, lead, copper, and hard water ions, as well as carbon granules for the removal of adsorbable/catalyzable constituents such as chlorine and undesirable tastes and odors. Further, the filter housing contains a high surface area cyst-reducing filter element that is capable of removing harmful parasites and dirt that are present in water from a municipal water source. Without the cyst-reducing filter element, the housing containing the packed bed mixture that is commercially available for use in gravity-flow water carafes typically have physical volumes on the order of 165 cm.sup.3 (10 in.sup.3). This suggests that a filter incorporating the additional cyst function using the current designs would require more volume than that mentioned above. Gravity cyst-reducing filters should be able to achieve the production of a reasonable quantity of filtered water in a reasonable time, preferably, approximately 1 liter in less than 12 minutes. Although filter designs and materials capable of effective cyst reduction exist, many households currently utilize water carafes that are not capable of cyst reduction. Consumers who have already invested in a water filter carafe that is capable of filtering out lead, copper and zinc as well as removing undesirable tastes and odors are reluctant to discard their existing water filter carafe for a more recently available cyst-reducing filter, since they would lose their original investment and moreover add to already overcrowded landfills. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06405875__ •
Water making apparatus Inventor(s): Hodgson; Thomas Clarence (Lynfield, NZ), Mikulicic; Anton Rudolf (Titirangi, NZ) Assignee(s): Watermaster Technologies Limited (Auckland, NZ) Patent Number: 6,588,225 Date filed: October 16, 2000 Abstract: This invention is directed towards apparatus for the production of water from air, and in particular for the production of drinking water. The apparatus includes an air intake device adapted to move air into the apparatus, an evaporator adapted to freeze the water contained in the air issuing from the air intake device and defrosting means adapted to defrost the water frozen by the adapter; the volume of air passing over the frosting surface of the evaporator; evaporator being controlled by either the air intake device or the evaporator. In an alternative form the apparatus may include an air intake device adapted to move air into the apparatus, an air temperature controller to control the temperature of the air entering the apparatus, an evaporator adapted to freeze water contained in the air issuing from the temperature controller and a defroster adapted to defrost the water frozen by the evaporator. The apparatus of the invention may be employed for removing sufficient quantities of water from the air for general household use, as well as enabling the heating of this water if desired. Excerpt(s): The invention is directed to an apparatus for the production of water from air. In particular, the invention is directed to an apparatus for the production of drinking water. There are many known systems for removing water from the air. These tend to be devices which are commonly called "dehumidifiers". For example, New Zealand Patent No. 270431 to EBAC Limited, entitled "dehumidifiers" is a case in point. This New Zealand patent discloses a device for extracting moisture from the air in a building. The invention to which this New Zealand patent is directed is described as being a
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dehumidifier in which a refrigerant is circulated by a compressor through an evaporator, which becomes cold, and a condenser, which becomes warm, and air is passed over the evaporator so that any moisture in the air condenses on the evaporator, following which the air passes over the condenser to be warmed before leaving the dehumidifier. If the water that collects on the evaporator freezes, the dehumidifier periodically enters a defrost mode which allows the ice to melt. Therefore, creation of ice on the evaporator is a problem of operating a dehumidifier of this type. Such dehumidifiers are not directed to the production of drinking water but are rather directed to the removal of moisture from the air. Devices which are directed specifically to the production of the water are also known. One device called the "WATERMAKER" is manufactured by Electric and Gas Technology, Inc. of Dallas, Tex., U.S.A. This device operates by drawing room air into the device through a disposable air filter. This filtered air then passes through cooling coils that are made of a refrigerator alloy coated with polyurethane. These coils are kept at a temperature of approximately 39.degree. F. Some of the moisture in the filtered air will condense on these coils resulting in droplets of distilled water. The water droplets run down the coils and collect in a funnel that feeds the water into a holding tank. This tank is held inside a cooled box which has its own cooling system and is fully insulated. There are a number of difficulties with this technology. The apparatus requires humid air in the surrounding atmosphere. Once the air has been dehumidified, the apparatus stops. In addition, once ice forms on the coils, the melting of this ice is achieved by using hot gas from the condenser in a manner which is inefficient. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06588225__ •
Water purification system and method Inventor(s): Conway; David A. (Plandome, NY), Sorensen; Peter (Havre, MT), Doyle; Sean (Phoenix, AZ), Smith; Thomas J. (Meyersville, NJ) Assignee(s): WaterChef, Inc. (Glen Head, NY) Patent Number: 6,348,155 Date filed: October 30, 1998 Abstract: A system and method for purifying water in large quantities for drinking. The system comprises a housing having a water inlet, filtering means connected to the water inlet for filtering sediment and particulate matter from the water, an inlet pump to keep the water flowing through the housing at a predetermined pressure and a mixed bed multimedia unit connected to the filtering means for removing pollutants and controlling organic growth from the water. There is also an ultra-violet treatment means connected to the mixed bed multimedia unit for subjecting the water in the system to ultraviolet radiation and carbon block filtration means disposed for a final filtering prior to dispensing the water at one or more dispensing. There is also a bottle washing means provided within the housing for cleaning water bottles prior to filling with the purified water. The system can supply drinking water for entire communities, yet is portable enough to be easily transported to disaster areas. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a water purification system and a method for purifying water for drinking. In particular, this invention relates to a water purification system and method in which a large quantity of bathing-quality water is purified to potable water for use by entire communities. Contaminated drinking water is a large problem in developing countries and leads to widespread infection and disease. In nations where water is scarce, purified drinking water is often too expensive for the
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average citizen to buy. In addition, the quantities of purified drinking water available are limited. This situation also exists temporarily in areas that have been hit by natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, etc. In disaster areas, water is often brought to the disaster site in large containers. This method is extremely expensive and very cumbersome. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06348155__
Patent Applications on Drinking Water As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to drinking water: •
Administering bacilus laterosporus to increase poultry feed conversion and weight gain Inventor(s): Porubcan, Randolph S.; (Shakopee, MN) Correspondence: Jeffrey L. Wendt; 600 Town Center One; 1450 Lake Robbins Drive; The Woodlands; TX; 77380; US Patent Application Number: 20030099624 Date filed: April 23, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed is a process for improving feed conversion and weight gain in poultry, including chickens, wherein Bacillus laterosporus, or any microorganism with a similarity index, based on its cellular fatty acid profile, of greater than 0.5 to Bacillus laterosporus (including Bacillus laterosporus strain CM-33 (ATCC Accession No. PTA3952)) is administered to poultry. Strain CM-33 of Bacillus laterosporus was isolated from soil and has a similarity index of 76% to Bacillus laterosporus. The administration of strain CM-33 is preferably divided into daily doses of about 2.0 million colony forming units (cfu)/day and continued for about 40 days of the growth cycle. The cells or spores can be administered through the bird's drinking water or by other methods, including spraying them onto the bird's feed. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority priority under 35 U.S.C. 120 to Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/303,196 filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office on Jul. 5, 2001 of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Beneficial microorganisms can be fed to animals raised for human consumption, for the purpose of suppressing deleterious organisms or directly promoting the animal's growth. The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) lists 41 probiotic microorganisms that are recommended for direct-feeding to animals. Official Publication (1989), Association of American Feed Control Officials Incorporated. 27 of these microorganisms (65% of the total) are classified as lactic acidproducing bacteria. Lactic acid-producing bacteria had been previously mentioned as having probiotic activity. However, only five species of Bacillus bacteria were on the list, and Bacillus laterosporus was not mentioned. U.S. Pat. No. 5,045,314 discusses that certain strains of Bacillus laterosporus may control nematodes in ruminant animals, including goats. But such use was not mentioned for poultry, as they are not generally
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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affected by nematode parasites. Twenty-seven strains of B. laterosporus are discussed, but only four, including strain ATCC 64, possessed nematicidal effect, and such effect was enhanced significantly by heat or enzyme treatment of the B. laterosporus, which caused activation of a specific toxin compound. There is, therefore, no suggestion or motivation to use any strain of Bacillus laterosporus for growth promotion in poultry, where nematodes are not considered a problem. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Apparatus and method for the purification of water Inventor(s): Tanny, Gerald; (Rehovot, IL), Hulley, Peter; (Peterborough, GB), Wiseburgh, Peter; (Jerusalem, IL) Correspondence: Attention of Gregory A. Sebald; MERCHANT & GOULD P.C.; P.O. Box 2903; Minneapolis; MN; 55402-0903; US Patent Application Number: 20020134732 Date filed: March 8, 2002 Abstract: A domestic apparatus for purifying drinking water, comprising a feed water inlet and a purified water outlet, a filter device comprising prefilter means (52) and microporous membrane filter means (53) interposed between said inlet and said outlet, and means for driving the water through said filter at a constant flow rate (51). A method of purifying drinking water, which comprises causing the water to flow at a constant flow rate through a purification filter device comprising prefilter means and microporous membrane filter means. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an apparatus for purifying water, that is or may be infected by microorganisms, and rendering it potable and to a method of operating said. In many localities, no safe and reliable water supply is available. A water distribution system may be lacking, or, frequently, such a system may exist but deliver water that is not or may not be safe and fit for drinking because it is contaminated, particularly by microorganisms. The problem of providing safe, potable water in such localities, has received wide attention and found a variety of solutions in the art. Filtration is one of the means that can be used. In most cases, the filters used in water purification apparatus operate at constant pressure mode, via a filter is placed on a source of constant pressure and allowed to filter water until its rate of filtration is below some predetermined unacceptable value. In some cases, some degree of flow rate control is provided. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 5,503,735 discloses a liquid purification system which provides a reverse osmosis filter membrane in a filter cartridge. Not all of the water passes through the membraae and the water not passing through the membrane passes through a pressure relief valve which can be adjusted to vary the water pressure and flow rates in the system. Devices which maintain a constant flow rate and variable pressures are employed in the systems in which water flows, for instance, in irrigation systems. Processes for controlling the flow-through speed of the filter infiltration devices are also known. One such device is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,238,559. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Apparatus and method for the recovery and purification of water from the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines Inventor(s): Jagtoyen, Marit; (Lexington, KY), Kimber, Geoffrey M.; (Cheltenham, GB) Correspondence: FROST BROWN TODD LLC; 2200 PNC Center; 201 East Fifth Street; Cincinnati; OH; 45202; US Patent Application Number: 20020148221 Date filed: December 19, 2001 Abstract: An apparatus and method of use with internal combustion engines, such as used for land vehicles, for the on-board recovery and purification of water. The source of water is from the vehicle's exhaust, where it is collected by condensation. The water recovery system consists of a device for cooling the exhaust so as to condense out the water, such as a counter-current flow heat exchanger in combination with a chiller (a refrigerant-cooled heat exchanger), which cools the exhaust below its dew point. Exhaust condensate is collected at the outlet of the chiller. These cooling devices may be coupled with the vehicle's air conditioning system. The condensed water then flows through the water purification portion of the present invention. The water purification system can rely upon solids filtration and different forms of activated carbons and activated carbon fiber composite materials which can be used in combination with ion exchange resins to provide a water purification train which is integrated with the water recover unit on board the vehicle. The water can be purified to have a TOC of less than 2 ppm to meet EPA drinking water standards, as well as Department of Defense triservice requirements for long-term consumption as specified in TB Med 577. Potable water can be produced at a rate of approximately up to 0.7 gallons/gallon fuel utilizing a HMMWV diesel engine. This allows production of about 15 gallons per day of potable water on-board the HMMWV (based on consumption of about 30 gallons of fuel per day). Excerpt(s): This application is based on and claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/257,732, filed Dec. 22, 2000. The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for the recovery and purification of water from the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines, such as those used in land transit vehicles, (e.g., cars). More particularly, an on-board, portable device produces potable water from vehicle exhaust gases. Several devices have been utilized over the years to attempt to provide a feasible system for producing potable water from vehicle engine exhaust. These attempts have been generally unsuccessful. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Apparatus for recirculating vortex water fountain Inventor(s): Hatton, Randy M.; (Eagle Nest, NM) Correspondence: ROBERTS ABOKHAIR & MARDULA; SUITE 1000; 11800 SUNRISE VALLEY DRIVE; RESTON; VA; 20191; US Patent Application Number: 20030070991 Date filed: October 4, 2002 Abstract: An apparatus for treating water through a magnetic field is provided. The apparatus comprises an ampul capable of holding water, the ampul having an upper wide body and a lower narrow neck. The ampul has the surface structure and
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configuration to promote the water flow in a vortex. A water inlet located inside the ampul at its upper wide body portion is used to introduce water into the ampul. The water inlet is capable of dispensing water delivered to the ampul along the sides of the vortexing ampul thereby facilitating the flow of water in a vortex pattern. One or more valves are optionally connected to the lower neck portion of the ampul to control the flow of water. A plurality of pairs of axially placed magnets are transversely aligned around the neck of the ampul. A recirculating ampul for collecting the "living water" from the ampul is included for dispensing drinking water or for other uses. One or more flow valves connected to the apparatus control the flow of supply water through the apparatus. A collar of paramagnetic material is located close to the axially placed magnets. The apparatus includes a circulating system that pumps processed water from the recirculating container to the ampul for reprocessing. The circulating system comprises one or more pumps, a conduit connected to the recirculating ampul at one end and the vortexing ampul at the other end. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/330129, filed Oct. 16, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. This invention relates to an apparatus for processing liquids. More particularly, to an apparatus designed for manufacturing "living water". Magnetic treatment of fluids is known in the prior art. Typically, a magnetic field that reacts with magnetic fluid sensitive particles within a fluid is applied to the fluid passing through a pipe. This coupling leads to a multitude of beneficial effects. Many fluids traveling through conduits contain magnetic field sensitive particles that tend to cling to the inside walls of the pipe. Such fluids include beer, wine, liquor, soda, juices, hydrocarbon fuels, and even water. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Assembly and method for purifying water at a point of use and apparatus and method for testing same Inventor(s): Carlson, Robert F.; (Brookline, MA), Pozzo, William M.; (North Easton, MA), Anderson, George E.; (Barrington, RI), Talukdar, Kushal K.; (Wayland, MA), Baldasarre, Thomas J.; (Mansfield, MA) Correspondence: Pandiscio & Pandiscio; 470 Totten Pond Road; Waltham; MA; 02451; US Patent Application Number: 20030173307 Date filed: March 6, 2003 Abstract: A cavitation assembly for purification of drinking water includes a generally cylindrically-shaped open-ended tube for flow of water therethrough, the tube comprising a transducer for converting electrical energy to acoustic energy and transmitting ultrasound through the water in the tube to induce cavitation in the water in the tube. A water moving means flows the water through the tube, and an electrical power source provides electrical power to the tube. The cavitation inactivates microorganisms in the water. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/364,014, filed Mar. 13, 2002, in the names of Robert F. Carlson, Thomas J. Baldasarre, and Kushal K. Talukdar. The invention relates to the purification of drinking water and is directed more particularly to an assembly and method for effecting purification at the point of use; and further, to an apparatus and method for testing the
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assembly. Attention has been focused on enhancing the safety of drinking water. Federal standards for bacteriological quality in drinking water have evolved steadily since the beginning of the last century, culminating in the Safe Water Drinking Act of 1974 and two significant amendments thereto, in 1986 and 1996. Over the years, domestic public water systems have improved the standards under which they operate, and water at the point of entry (POE) of distribution has generally been considered safe. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Automatic device for purifying drinking water Inventor(s): Fahrasmane, Alain; (Bouglainval, FR), Bernard, Michel; (Montigny Le Bretonneux, FR) Correspondence: William A Drucker; 1299 Pennsylvania Avenue NW; Washington; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20030106845 Date filed: September 11, 2002 Abstract: The inventive device comprises an electrodialysis unit (5) comprising the following: two electrodes (37, 37') for generating a continuous electric field between them and, between the electrodes, a plurality of ion-exchanger membranes (44, 45) which select of positive or negative ions (45), a plurality of membrane separator frames (41), each of which is arranged between two membranes (44, 45) so that the water to be treated can pass over the surface of the adjacent membranes, and two separator frames (40) for separating the electrodes and the membranes, which are arranged between the two electrodes (37, 37') and the adjacent membranes (44) to allow the water to pass along the electrodes, the water to be treated only being guided into the separator frames (41) between two ion exchange membranes and the purified water being guided into the frames (40) separating the electrodes and the membranes, before being guided to the exit (33) of the electrodialysis unit. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a device for purifying drinking water. It can be applied in particular, but not exclusively, to the purification of distributed drinking water for domestic or public consumption with a capacity of between several litres and several cubic litres per day. Despite the implementation of a purification and treatment process, the distributed drinking water may still contain polluting elements which induce relatively harmful effects in terms of appearance (suspended materials), odour and taste (chlorine, organic compounds), health (presence of bacteria, limestone, nitrates, pesticides, organic compounds, heavy metals, etc). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Automatic water supply device Inventor(s): Winney, Mark V.; (Las Vegas, NV) Correspondence: WEISS & MOY PC; 4204 NORTH BROWN AVENUE; SCOTTSDALE; AZ; 85251; US Patent Application Number: 20020162513 Date filed: May 4, 2001
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Abstract: An automatic water supply device and method therefore, comprising a water container, a pressure sensitive diaphragm refill valve, and a garden hose adapter. In a preferred embodiment, a pet is supplied automatically with fresh drinking water as needed. In another preferred embodiment, a tile saw cooling system is supplied with a constant flow of clean water. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to automatic water supply devices and, more specifically, to a pet watering device and the method for supplying a pet automatically with fresh drinking water as needed as well as a water recovery device for a tile saw and the method for supplying a constant flow of clean water to a tile saw cooling system. The prior art illustrates, various automatic water supply devices for different applications. One application comprises an automatic watering device to keep domestic pets and livestock replenished with water for an extended period of time, without involvement by an owner or a caretaker. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,582,132 issued to Morton, U.S. Pat. No. 5,782,202 issued to Strickland, U.S. Pat. No. 4,470,371 issued to Strickland, U.S. Pat. No. 4,274,365 issued to Peters, U.S. Pat. No. 4,138,967 issued to Tamborrino, U.S. Pat. No. 3,138,140 issued to Byrd, and U.S. Pat. No. 649,436 issued to Cooper, all utilize a system with a standard ball cock float system with different designs or a similar float system, which is incorporated into the shape of the water dish itself. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Bactericidal descaler, particularly for treating drinking water Inventor(s): Favarin, Francesco; (Carrare, IT) Correspondence: MODIANO & ASSOCIATI; Via Meravigli, 16; MILANO; 20123; IT Patent Application Number: 20030024867 Date filed: May 24, 2002 Abstract: A bactericidal descaler particularly for the treatment of water used for drinking, comprising a coil which is supplied electrically with a square-wave AC voltage or with a half-wave rectified voltage. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a bactericidal descaler particularly for treating potable water, i.e. drinking water. Devices are currently known which perform various water treatments, including devices whose function is to change the chemicalphysical composition of the water, but with the aim of eliminating the deposition of scale in pipes, which can compromise their optimum heat exchange and thus increase energy consumption. Accordingly, devices are known which need to premix the water that is used with salts, which vary the degree of hardness of the water, allowing a slight reduction in calcium salts. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Bactericide solution and method of making same Inventor(s): McLaughlin, Francis Benjamin; (Bloomfield, MI) Correspondence: JAMES D. STEVENS; REISING, ETHINGTON, BARNES, KISSELLE, ET AL; P.O. BOX 4390; TROY; MI; 48099; US Patent Application Number: 20030157188 Date filed: February 19, 2003
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Abstract: A bactericide useful as a shelf life extender for produce and other food products. The bactericide is an aqueous solution formed from water, copper sulfate pentahydrate and a reagent, which can either be an acid or hydrogen peroxide. The bactericide is applied as a coating on the food product and is especially useful in extending the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. Other applications of the bactericide include treatment of drinking water, bacteria and algae control in pools and natural bodies of water, and as a disinfectant in cleansers. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional application No. 60/357,968, filed Feb. 20, 2002, and U.S. Provisional application No. 60/362,331, filed Mar. 8, 2002. The entire contents of these two provisional applications are hereby incorporated by reference. This invention relates generally to bactericides and especially to bactericide solutions applied to fruits, vegetables, and other food products to extend their shelf life. Food products for human and other animal consumption typically have only a limited shelf life; meaning that they become spoiled or otherwise loose their appeal or nutritional value after a period of time. This shelf life varies with different parameters of the food product including the particular type of food involved and the temperature at which it is maintained. This limited shelf life is the result of microbiological processes that occur to break down the food over time. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
DEVICE FOR TREATING DRINKING WATER TO MAKE IT HOSTILE TO DENTAL PLAQUE Inventor(s): Owades, Joseph L.; (Sonoma, CA), Owades, Ruth M.; (Sonoma, CA) Correspondence: Norman P. Soloway; HAYES SOLOWAY P.C.; 130 W. Cushing Street; Tucson; AZ; 85701; US Patent Application Number: 20030152529 Date filed: February 13, 2002 Abstract: A device for treating potable water contains a mixed buffer of a cation exchange resin in the hydrogen ion form and an anion exchange resin, a chelating agent and a sparingly soluble calcium salt, all contained in a porous, flow-through bag. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of oral hygiene. In particular, the present invention provides a device for treating drinking water to make it hostile to dental plaque. Dental plaque is a general term for the diverse microbial (predominantly bacterial) community found on teeth surfaces. Normally it is maintained by the host, by reversible hydrogen bonds including van der Waals forces. But irreversible adhesion to tooth surfaces occurs when there is a shift in the composition of the plaque microflora. Acidogenic species, such as Streptococci mutans and lactobacilli, flourish when there is a low pH in the plaque. Such pH's can be below 4.5. Mouthwashes and oral rinses have been in use for many years for controlling build-up of dental plaque. Most commercially available mouthwashes contain a fairly high percentage --up to thirty percent being typical--of ethyl alcohol. While these alcohol-containing mouthwashes are considered generally safe and effective, the inclusion of alcohol has several disadvantages. High alcohol mouthwashes have been linked in some cases to increased incidents of mouth and throat cancer. Also, alcohol-containing mouthwashes can be a poison hazard to a small child, and a health hazard to persons who cannot tolerate alcohol for health reasons. Alcohol-containing mouthwashes also are inappropriate for persons who may
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avoid alcohol because of religious convictions. Alcohol in a mouthwash also may irritate protective layers of the mouth and throat, and dry out inflamed tissues. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Evaporation process for producing high-quality drinking water and high-grade brine from any-grade salt water Inventor(s): Vinz, Peter; (Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DE) Correspondence: BANNER & WITCOFF; 1001 G STREET N W; SUITE 1100; WASHINGTON; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20020166758 Date filed: July 3, 2002 Abstract: The invention consists of a cost-effective process and facilities for obtaining high quality drinking water and high-grade brine as a chemical raw material from raw water regardless of how much salt it contains. When combined with a thermal powergeneration process, the plant also produces electric power with a fuel utilization of over 85%.The applied evaporation process using waste heat works with a water vaporsaturated air circulation across a range of temperatures with recuperative preheating of the salt water. Plants like this can consist of a large number of evaporation modules and thus be adjusted according to any demand of high quality drinking water. The evaporation modules work at up to 4 system pressure levels and can use the waste heat of the higher system pressure levels in the subsequent system pressure levels.Heat consumption values of less than 10 kWh per m.sup.3 of drinking water can thus be achieved. The modular design and the use of commercially available gas turbines/generator sets are allowing a performance range from 3.0 m.sup.3 to 1000 m.sup.3 of high quality drinking water per hour. Lower rates of drinking water production can be obtained using the waste heat from combustion engines. Excerpt(s): The invention constitutes an evaporation process and a number of advantageous developments of the process for producing high quality drinking water and high-grade brine as a chemical raw material from raw water regardless of its initial salt content. If the evaporation process is combined with a thermal power generation process, the combination plant produces electric power at highly efficient rates of fuel utilization. The process constituting the invention employs a vapor-saturated circulatory flow of carrier gas across one or more evaporation/condensation temperature ranges. These are arranged one above the other. The carrier gas is absorbing water vapor in an evaporation column and is releasing it in a condensation column, thus producing a distillate. The raw water fed in is serving as a coolant. It is heating up, when it absorbs the heat, that is generated by the condensation of the distillate. Additional thermal measures are compensating the heat losses transferred by the circulation of the carrier gas. An evaporation process like this consisting of an evaporation unit is described in EP 0531 293 B1, in which, to compensate for heat losses transferred with the carrier gas, two heat exchange devices with identical performance are used, through which all of the circulating carrier gas passes. One of these heat exchange devices is located in the condensation column and the other in the evaporation column. The purpose of this is to heat up the vapor-depleted total flow of carrier gas in the condensation column by using condensation heat and transferring the absorbed heat in the evaporation column back to the evaporating medium, thus counteracting the heat losses transferred. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Feed supplement for increasing the plasma amino acid level of ruminant livestock and method of administration Inventor(s): Peisker, Manfred; (Idstein, DE), Baricco, Giuseppe; (Torino, IT) Correspondence: STERNE, KESSLER, GOLDSTEIN & FOX PLLC; 1100 NEW YORK AVENUE, N.W.; WASHINGTON; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030165591 Date filed: February 26, 2003 Abstract: A feed supplement for increasing the plasma amino acid level of animals, including animal feed and liquid lysine base, where the liquid lysine base has a concentration between about 45% and about 55%, and has a pH level of between about 9.5 and about 10.5, a chloride content between about 0.10% and about 0.15%, a bulk density of between about 1.14 and about 1.17 g/cm.sup.3, and a maximum moisture level of between about 42% and about 48%. The animal feed may either be dry feed, liquid feed, drinking water or milk replacers, or a combination thereof.The present invention also includes a method of increasing the plasma amino acid level of animals, including the steps of providing animal feed, and supplementing the animal feed with an amino acid supplement comprising liquid lysine base having a concentration between about 45% and about 55%, and having a pH level of between about 9.5 and about 10.5. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/359,691, filed Feb. 27, 2002. This invention relates to a feed supplement and method of administration for increasing the plasma amino acid level of ruminant livestock. Amino acids, the basic components of proteins, have long represented the most economical and efficient means for adapting the protein composition of the diets of animals bred for productive purposes to the increasing needs dictated by genetic improvement and the qualitative demands of the market for products of animal origin. Consequently, amino acids, particularly lysine and methionine, are commonly provided to animals in variable amounts according to the amino acid composition of the base feed and of the required nutritional objectives. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Fiber-water with added value delivery systems/elements/additives, addressing specific dietary use(s), and/or medical use(s) for humans and animals Inventor(s): Stillman, Suzanne Jaffe; (Los Angeles, CA) Correspondence: CROSBY HEAFEY ROACH & MAY; 1901 AVENUE OF THE STARS, SUITE 700; LOS ANGELES; CA; 90067; US Patent Application Number: 20030064104 Date filed: September 16, 2002 Abstract: A shelf-stable, ready to use, water-like composition for humans/animals; as an adjunct to fiber-water, and/or safe drinking water, consumed directly, tube feedings, or in the preparation/reconstitution of food(s)/beverage(s). Fortified Fiber-Water is fiberwater, with added delivery systems: Encapsulations/particles, of different size(s), shape(s), material(s), colors, non-visible, serving one or more functions: improved taste, odor-masking; controlled release applications; bio-availability of actives, avoid
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hygroscopicity; minimized interactions, improved thermal, oxidative, and shelf-life; decorative. Viscosity changing elements, (with one or more viscosity changing additives, with or without encapsulations, particles) to enhance delivery of active medicants/ingredients of categories: pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, dietary supplements, therapeutics, diagnostics, etc. Composition ensures hydration, simultaneously providing soluble fiber (fiber-water), with additives contained within the delivery systems, having the ability to target specific health goals/needs: weight loss, diabetes, cholesterol/heart, gastrointestinal tract disorders/improvement, osteoporosis, cancer, pain, stress, relaxant, stimulant etc. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part application of, and claims priority from, U.S. Ser. No. 10/204,572, filed Aug. 21, 2002 which was a continuation of, and claims priority from, PCT/US01/05630 filed Feb. 22, 2001, which in turn claims priority from U.S. Ser. No. 09/510,400, filed Feb. 22, 2000 and issued Jun. 19, 2001 as U.S. Pat. No. 6,248,390. In modern society, regardless of age, people are obliged to live with a multiplicity of various injurious, and stressful, conditions that affect the body. Moreover, as we extend "life span" there is a remarkable, and rapid, increase in the population of the elderly (seniors) living under these circumstances, and further there exists a high incidence of acute, and/or chronic, diseases therefore providing an increasing need for addressing health desires and challenges, ameliorating and/or preventing disease, and/or maintaining and promoting health, and establishing well being and wellness. It is therefore the goal of the inventor, with all the aforesaid in mind, taken to heart, and being a focus, while noticing with keen observance, that there must be new delivery systems by which to deliver active ingredients that is acceptable, desirable, and foremost ethical for which to deliver target specific, and target general, substances that will offer the greatest return on investment. an investment in health. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Floated biological treatment apparatus and process for purifying refractory wastewater or raw water Inventor(s): Horng, Ren-Yang; (Hsinchu, TW), Peng, Mine-Jine; (Hsinchu, TW), Shao, Hsin; (Hsinchu, TW), Chang, Wang-Kuan; (Keelung, TW), Chuang, Shun-Hsing; (Hsinchu, TW), You, Huey-Song; (Hsinchu, TW), Chiou, Chung-Fan; (Hsinchu, TW) Correspondence: SUGHRUE, MION, ZINN, MACPEAK & SEAS, PLLC; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20037-3213; US Patent Application Number: 20030080054 Date filed: December 4, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a floated biological treatment apparatus and a process for purifying refractory wastewater or raw water for drinking water. The treatment apparatus of the present invention includes a supporting plate for dividing the treatment apparatus into upper and lower portions. The upper portion is formed into a reactor, and porous compressible carriers are filled with the reactor in an amount of 80 vol % to 100 vol % of the reactor volume. The lower portion is provided with a liquid inlet for introducing the refractory wastewater or raw water and a gas inlet. The reactor is provided with at least one top carrier blocking plate at the top, such that the carriers can be limited by the top carrier blocking plate to be retained in the reactor, and the carriers can become a floating state. By means of the process or apparatus of the present invention, the cost for treating refractory organic material can be reduced, the treatment efficiency can be enhanced, and the quality of the effluent can be improved. In
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addition, since the carriers are in a floating state, they will have the advantages of low abrasion. The clogging problems can be prevented, and the gas and the influent can be evenly distributed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a water treatment apparatus and process, and more particularly to a floated biological treatment apparatus and a process for purifying refractory wastewater and raw water. Treating wastewater in a biological manner can be classified into two categories: fixed bed operation and fluidized bed operation. The fixed bed operation suffers from clogging in the reactor, which severely affects treatment efficiency. The fluidized bed operation suffers from severe abrasion of carriers because of vigorous stirring of the carriers. This causes biofilms on the carrier surfaces unstable, which in turn affects the treated water quality. Refractory wastewater, such as secondary treated water, contains refractory organic material that cannot be removed by the conventional secondary biological wastewater treatment. To achieve a high quality standard of effluent water, chemical treatment is generally preformed. However, this increases the cost and complicates the follow-up treatment. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Fluid dispensing apparatus Inventor(s): Finnegan, Robert Martin; (Waterford, IE) Correspondence: Akerman Senterfitt & Eidson; Post Office Box 3188; West Palm Beach; FL; 33402-3188; US Patent Application Number: 20030074194 Date filed: June 6, 2002 Abstract: A dispenser (40) for drinking water which comprises communications means (42, 44) for relaying sensed data or inputted data to a remote location (110). The sensed data may relate to usage and/or to operation of the apparatus. The apparatus may also include means for generating said sensed data, such as for example means for measuring flow of fluid through said fluid supply path. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to fluid dispensing apparatus, and more particularly to apparatus for dispensing fluid from containers. Many different types of fluid dispensing apparatus have previously been proposed, and aspects of the present invention will now be described with particular reference to so-called "water coolers" or "bottled-water dispensers". Water coolers or bottled water dispensers. as referred to herein. are defined as apparatus adapted for the dispense of water (not necessarily cooled water) from a container--which need not necessarily be a bottle. However, it should be noted that the teachings of this invention are not limited to this particular field, and could be applied for example to other types of fluid dispensing apparatus which may or may not include a cooling function (or indeed to apparatus for dispensing other types of fluid). As shown, the water dispenser I comprises a cabinet 3 onto which a water bottle 5 has been mounted. The water bottle is typically of plastic so that it is relatively inexpensive to manufacture, but it could instead be of glass or other suitable material. The water bottle engages with a socket 6 provided on a top surface of the dispenser. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Fluorescence test for measuring heterotrophic bacteria in water Inventor(s): Hermansen, Leonila Fijardo; (Haslum, NO), Tryland, Ingun; (Oslo, NO) Correspondence: DUNLAP, CODDING & ROGERS P.C.; PO BOX 16370; OKLAHOMA CITY; OK; 73114; US Patent Application Number: 20030138906 Date filed: October 24, 2002 Abstract: A rapid method for measuring heterotrophic bacteria (or total viable organisms--TVO) in samples of drinking water. The water samples are diluted to reduce the masking effect of fast-growing bacteria over slow-growing bacteria. Subsamples are mixed with a growth medium, incubated, and analyzed for fluorescence whereby a semi-quantitative or pass-fail determination of heterotrophic bacteria in the water sample can be made. Excerpt(s): The present application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional application No. 60/337,360, filed Nov. 5, 2001. The present invention relates to a rapid method for measuring heterotrophic bacteria, or total viable organisms, in a water sample, and more particularly, in a drinking water sample. The heterotrophic plate count (HPC) is a useful general indicator of the microbial quality of drinking water, particularly for monitoring the effects of water treatment processes and for monitoring the water quality during distribution. However, the analysis times for standard HPC methods are long (27 days) and generally do not allow technicians to take corrective actions on waters having substandard quality. Therefore, there is a need for more rapid methods for effectively monitoring the numbers of heterotrophic bacteria (also referred to as Total Viable Organisms or TVO) in drinking water. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Fortified drinking water Inventor(s): Nunes, Raul Victorino; (Loveland, OH), Marcano, Adrian Monsalve; (Caracas, VE), Mellican, Renee Irvine; (Bradenton, FL), Mehansho, Haile; (Fairfield, OH) Correspondence: THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DIVISION; WINTON HILL TECHNICAL CENTER - BOX 161; 6110 CENTER HILL AVENUE; CINCINNATI; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20030049352 Date filed: May 16, 2002 Abstract: A drinking water composition fortified with minerals and/or vitamins, including iron and zinc, having clarity, color and flavor improvements. The drinking water contains at least 5 ppm of a bioavailable iron compound which is stable to oxidation in the drinking water composition, without the need for excessive amounts of reducing agents or for fruit and/or botanical flavors and colorants to mask the metal taste or after-taste of the iron. Vitamins such as the B vitamins, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E can optionally be added to the drinking water. A method is disclosed for fortifying the drinking water with certain bioavailable zinc and iron compounds without producing undesirable clarity, color or metal taste or after-taste. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to Provisional Application Serial No. 60/294,760, filed May 31, 2001. The present invention relates to drinking water compositions supplemented with iron or zinc compounds, or mixtures of iron and zinc compounds that have excellent bioavailability. The drinking water containing the iron
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and zinc compounds does not have an off-flavor/aftertaste, is stable, and overcomes the problem of discoloration caused by the addition of these minerals to water. The compositions can also include optionally other minerals, vitamins, and other nutrients. The present invention further relates to packaged drinking water, preferably made from oxygen-barrier materials to ensure the stability of the mineral-fortified drinking water. The present invention further relates to a method of making the drinking water fortified with iron and zinc that avoids objectionable color, taste, and precipitates in the water. In many countries, the average diet does not contain sufficient levels of iron, zinc, iodine, vitamin A or the B vitamins. Iron deficiency is well documented. Although iron deficiency is one of the few nutritional deficiencies in the U.S., it is common in most developing countries. Recent evidence suggests that nutritional zinc deficiency may be common among the people of many developing countries where they subsist on diets of plant origin (e.g. cereal and legume). Marginal zinc deficiency may be widespread even in the U.S. because of self-imposed dietary restrictions, use of alcohol and cereal proteins, and the increasing use of refined foods that decrease the intake of trace minerals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
High performance thermoelectric systems Inventor(s): Harrison, Howard R.; (Mississauga, CA), Brown, Jeffrey Russell; (Toronto, CA) Correspondence: HB INNOVATION LTD.; 2085 HURONTARIO STREET, SUITE 300; MISSISSAUGA; ON; L5A 4G1; CA Patent Application Number: 20020162339 Date filed: May 6, 2002 Abstract: A high performance thermoelectric system is taught which is capable of rapidly cooling a thermal load with a thermoelectric module. A thermal ballast is in simultaneous thermal communication with both the thermoelectric module and the thermal load, and compensates for the difference between the characteristics of the thermoelectric module and the demands of the thermal load, allowing a thermoelectric module to handle significantly larger thermal loads than would normally be possible, albeit for a reduced period of time. Also taught is a means to implement a demand cooler for drinking water. Also taught is a means to implement a high performance cooler for removable fluid containers, adaptable to the rapid cooling of wine bottles and the like. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. patent application serial No. 60/288,418 filed May 4, 2001, which application is pending. Thermoelectric modules have been around for a number of years and offer several advantages over compressor based cooling systems including small size, portability, durability, and environmental safety. However one significant drawback of these devices is their relatively low cooling (or heating) rates. There have been several attempts to improve the cooling rates through various thermoelectric module configurations (e.g. parallel and/or serial configurations), and improved thermoelectric module technical designs to provide higher heat pumping rates and higher temperature differentials across the module. Also, designers have attempted to improve the thermal interfaces between the thermoelectric module, heat sink, and load to improve the overall performance of the system. More recent developments include the use of a thermal battery to store the cold
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(or lack of heat) or heat produced by a thermoelectric module, or some other type of cooling or heating device, for later use. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Letter and number shaped bottle Inventor(s): Roderick, Mikelyn; (Tarzana, CA) Correspondence: ALBERT O COTA; 5460 WHITE OAK AVE; SUITE A-331; ENCINO; CA; 91316; US Patent Application Number: 20030141269 Date filed: January 2, 2002 Abstract: A letter or number shaped bottle (10) that is filled with a potable fluid (80) such as a natural-spring drinking water or a fruit juice. The letter bottles are constructed of hollow letter shaped structures (12) that range from A to Z, and the number bottles are constructed of hollow number shaped structures (14) that range from 1 to 0, The hollow structures (12, 14) each include an upper bottle opening (36) having integrally attached a tubular neck (38) to which is releasably attached a bottle cap (50) which when removed, the fluid (80) in the bottle can be consumed. Before or after the fluid is consumed the letter bottles can be used as a teaching aid to teach individuals, and particularly school-age children, the alphabet. Likewise, the number bottles can be used to teach correct number sequencing. The invention also includes a tray (70) that allows a set of letter (12), number (14), and/or punctuation mark (15) bottles to be stored or displayed in selected arrangements. Excerpt(s): The invention pertains to the general field of hand-held water bottles, and more particularly to a set of hand-held water bottles that are molded in the shape of the letters of the alphabet or a series of numbers. The need for children to learn at an early age basic tools, such as the alphabet and numbers, is requisite for future learning. Many devices and games have been developed to help facilitate the learning process. Some of these devices attempt to make the learning process fun, while others simply rely on traditional teaching and testing methods. Although tests have been conducted, all that has been learned is that certain children respond better to certain teaching methods. And while it is true that not every child will respond to the same teaching method, it has been found that integrating learning into a child's daily routine, separate from what is perceived as "school", has been especially beneficial. If a child is able to pursue his/her daily regimen, including tasks that are considered non-learning, but still being taught at the same time, the results are positive. When a child is able to actually partake of a fundamentally "normal" daily task, such as eating or drinking, the chance of anything learned while at the same time being remembered increases. Since this fact is well known, companies have attempted to create items that will allow a child to learn while they eat or drink. One of the most obvious requirements, from a child's and a parent/teacher's point of view, is that if an item can teach and be fun and entertaining at the same time, the chances of successful learning improve dramatically. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Medical grade water production system Inventor(s): Sizelove, Mark L.; (St. Helena, CA), Taylor, Michael A.; (Napa, CA) Correspondence: KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR LLP; 2040 MAIN STREET; FOURTEENTH FLOOR; IRVINE; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20030042201 Date filed: June 19, 2002 Abstract: A point-of-use apparatus and methods for producing medical grade drinking water. Preferred embodiments encompass the use of one or more beneficial reagent delivery devices with which the medical grade drinking water can be fortified with various vitamins, minerals, and various pharmaceutical products. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application serial No. 60/299,688, filed Jun. 19, 2001, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. An increasing number of debilitated individuals are able to live within the community rather than being restricted to hospital environments. These individuals suffer from a number of medical conditions, including chronic diseases, immunosuppressing diseases or conditions cause by disease or resulting from various therapeutic regimes, and simply, advanced age. Such debilitated individuals are highly susceptible to the deleterious effects of water-borne contaminants that do not generally harm non-debilitated individuals. Moreover, more of these individuals are in the general public rather than living in a protective hospital settings. Thus, the population of debilitated individuals in the general public is increasing. There are numerous types of water-borne contaminants. For example, a number of otherwise non-pathogenic agents including parasites, protozoa, fungi, bacteria and viruses can be considered water-borne contaminants to individuals whose immune systems are unable to combat them. Various chemical agents can also have deleterious effects on debilitated individuals, thus making these agents water-borne contaminants. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method and apparatus for electrolytic disinfection of water Inventor(s): Miyazaki, Tomoyoshi; (Kobe-shi, JP), Fukamizu, Tadashi; (Kobe-shi, JP) Correspondence: Angelo J Bufalino; Vedder Price Kaufman & Kammholz; 222 North LaSalle Street; Chicago; IL; 60601; US Patent Application Number: 20020189954 Date filed: March 27, 2002 Abstract: An electrolytic water disinfection method and apparatus for disinfecting water, using water containing hypochlorite and silver ions, or hypochlorite, silver ions and copper ions in solution.This method and apparatus is useful for disinfecting in a quick, safe and unfailing way, water, such as swimming pool water, washing water for food materials, sanitizing water for machines and implements or containers and drinking water in ships, without any conventional drawbacks. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an electrolytic water disinfecting method and apparatus for swimming pool water, washing water for food materials, sanitizing water for machines and implements or containers and drinking water in ships. In the case of a swimming pool, water is generally disinfected by a chlorine component of a sodium hypochlorite solution pumped in. However, it is difficult to control the
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concentration of the solution in this method. Too small an injection of the solution cannot achieve sufficient disinfecting effect and may still cause microorganism and algae propagation. Excessive injection, on the other hand, may cause some harmful results such as damaged eyes or decolorized hair. Especially in a hot swimming pool in winter, due to its closed windows and high water temperature, chlorine in water evaporates and the room is filled with chlorine gas, which is harmful for human health and may erode metallic articles inside. In addition, there are viruses which can survive chlorine disinfection, as seen in the case of molluscum contagiosum viruses in a swimming pool. Moreover, evaporation of chlorine during a long-term voyage causes a non-sterilized state in drinking water tanks of ships, which may have an adverse effect on crew's health. To study water disinfection and sterilization effects, the present inventors compared the use of water containing hypochlorite and silver ions, or hypochlorite and silver ions and copper ions in solution with that of hypochlorite alone. They found the former achieves far stronger effects, while reducing hypochlorite used, i.e., keeping lower chlorite concentration in water disinfected. To be specific, water containing hypochlorite and silver ions, or hypochlorite and silver ions and copper ions in solution achieves strong disinfection and sterilization effects; i.e., the water bonds with enzyme in the cells of lower organisms such as micro organisms or algae, effectively inhibits physiological action which transforms sources of nutrition into energy and destroys their cells by coagulating the protein. The water also has a deterrent effect on infectious bacteria propagation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method and apparatus for treatment of drinking water Inventor(s): Myers, Anthony G.; (Franklin, WI), Mueller, Paul; (Monmouth, OR) Correspondence: SWANSON & BRATSCHUN L.L.C.; 1745 SHEA CENTER DRIVE; SUITE 330; HIGHLANDS RANCH; CO; 80129; US Patent Application Number: 20020121479 Date filed: November 9, 2001 Abstract: An apparatus and method for the treatment and purification of drinking water combines the use of an ion-exchange resin and a membrane filter (12) in a single process tank. The ion-exchange resin is removed from the process tank (14) and regenerated for reuse. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/247,124, filed Nov. 10, 2000, incorporated herein by reference. The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for the treatment of drinking water, and more particularly to a treatment process utilizing a regeneratable ion-exchange resin in combination with an immersed membrane filter in a single process tank. Treatment and purification of raw water in order to make it suitable for drinking can be accomplished by a number of methods. The specific contaminants of a given water stream may lend itself to the use of a particular treatment. Ion-exchange resins are used in water treatment systems in order to remove dissolved compounds, some of which are organic. Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration membranes are used to remove particulates. For a water stream that contains both these components, one treatment must be used, followed by the second. The need for two separate steps is time-consuming, requires additional equipment, and increases the overall cost of the treatment system. Accordingly, there remains a need for an improved drinking water treatment system
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that can remove particulates and dissolved organic compounds and which is cost- and time-effective compared to present systems. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for determining the amount of metal in water and kit therefor Inventor(s): Bodkin, Joseph B.; (State College, PA), Barnes, Hubert L.; (State College, PA) Correspondence: Hubert L. Barnes; 213 East Mitchell Ave.; State College; PA; 168033655; US Patent Application Number: 20020187558 Date filed: June 5, 2001 Abstract: The present invention is a colorimetric method, and kit therefore, for determining the level of elemental contaminants in a water source. In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises: (a) sampling a discrete amount of water to be tested, (b) contacting the water sample with a solid material having high specificity for reversibly binding to, or complexing with, the element to be detected, (c) separating the element-containing solid from the water sample, (d) eluting the element from the element-containing solid with an eluting solution, (e) adding a cation-containing solution capable of freeing the element to be detected from the eluting compound, (f) adding a buffer, (g) adding a colorimetric material capable of indicating the amount of metal present in the solution, (h) adding an oxidation-fixing reagent, and (i) estimating the amount of metal in the sample by comparing the solution to provided color standards. The invention is particularly useful as a kit for applying the method for testing home drinking water for lead content. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method and apparatus for detecting elemental contaminants, and in particular, heavy metal contaminants in water. More specifically, the invention relates to a colorimetric water testing kit for determining the amount of metal in a water sample at concentrations as low as the parts per billion level. Contamination of the environment has been increasing steadily for years as the use of metals, chemicals, pesticides, and bacterial organisms has increased. Even though the toxicity of various elements has been known for centuries, it is only recently that there has been a serious increase in interest in minimizing human exposure to their compounds. Current public awareness of such pollutants and their associated hazards has created a consumer demand for products that are capable of determining the presence of, or concentration of, unwanted and potentially dangerous solutes including metals. Some of the more toxic metals include lead, cadmium, mercury, barium, chromium and beryllium. Lead, in particular, has been subject to much attention due to its presence in fuels, articles or paints commonly found in the home, and especially because of its common occurrence in drinking water. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method for production of enhanced traceable immunizing drinking water and other liquid and gas products, devices for production and use thereof, and use of the enhanced products for immunizing living beings Inventor(s): Tribelsky, Zamir; (Mevasseret Zion, IL), Ende, Michael; (Moshav Shoeva, IL) Correspondence: LOWE HAUPTMAN GILMAN AND BERNER, LLP; 1700 DIAGONAL ROAD; SUITE 300 /310; ALEXANDRIA; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030188740 Date filed: May 27, 2003 Abstract: A method for the production of enhanced traceable optp-physiological polished liquids, and gases or solids or combination for immunizing living beings, devices using the method, use, and preferred mode for utilization are disclosed. A multi processing platform is proposed according to the invention harnessing time domain optronics of light & sound, wherein the transient sound produced by light is measured, referenced or calibrated against the light produced by sound for the formation adequate energy levels or densities or fluence rates for the purpose of dissociation of noxious or innocuous species or combination constituents components while keeping their geometrical integrity above their predetermined resonance levels, thus intact for later traceable recognition and triggering of positive decisive action by immune systems. Excerpt(s): Scientist engineers bio-technologists, and producers and end users where for many years puzzled by the opulence of the immune system's resources. More specifically, although it is already known that the Human body could recognize and mount unique responses to vast varieties of (externally) invading threatening antigens-but how these processes are governed, and not all of their specie specific calibration standards have been understood. Further more, strict limitations exist as to the knowledge for the assimilation and command controlling of some "education" procedures relating to the programmability and the remarkable poly-abilities of the inherent, active and acquired modular orientation, recognition, marking, and/or sorting and/or signaling or triggering of the Major Histo-compatibility Complex (MHC type I, II) especially beneficial for the production of ammunifying poly-bio-compound to be held contained, mixed and/or integrated within liquids and gasses or solids or combinations for economical globalization of mass transport and distribution intakes by population for the purpose of protection and strengthening or vitalizing of immune system operational, maintenance and production performance. Current methods and means for the production of synthetic, and or natural or combination of modulators, controllers, and/or triggers for the immune system have failed to provide a complete and comprehensive repeatable solution against global varieties of threatening and constantly evoluting noxious species. Further more, never has yet being available a single frame work for the production in situ or for the pre-post-production of a potent Polly-bio-compound, such as in the methodology of the present invention, and said method for its economic manufacturing is aimed at positively enhancing the environment in which we live-in, aimed at, and for the purpose of ammunifying the immune system of Human and Animals, and plants through such global, accessible, and universal distribution platform reaching all populations on earth--Drinking water, and through the enhancement of such water as an environmental protection tool, the method of the present invention, enhance and protect public health, conserve energy, and may be used for wide varieties of beneficial production applications, especially beneficial for the furnishing of enhanced drinking water, and breathing air (liquids and gasses) as proposed in the method according to the present invention. The current limitation
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imposed by known method and means for the natural, and synthetic production of antibodies have failed to implement economically a global solution for an accepted efficient solution and have left large population segments exposed to the threats of random, cyclic, Recurrent or non recurrent eventualities in which through out domestic, industrial, agricultural and medical domains--aspects of the immune system operates unresolved, without vital controllability or without the necessary tools for performing re-calibration, referencing, rehearsing and educating of the immune system (i.e. both active, inherent, and the acquired types or activity characteristics) and its relevant associated MHC (1, 2, 3) (Major Histo-Compatibility Complex). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for removing oil, petroleum products and/or chemical, pollutants from liquid and/or gas and/or surface Inventor(s): Petrik, Viktor Ivanovich; (Sankt-Petersburg, RU) Correspondence: KENYON & KENYON; ONE BROADWAY; NEW YORK; NY; 10004; US Patent Application Number: 20030024884 Date filed: May 3, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to the field of ecology, in particular to the struggle against pollution of the environment with oil, petroleum products, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, other chemical pollutants, i.e. to purification of a water area, waste waters, industrial machinery, polluted soil and grounds etc., and also to the field of objects used to satisfy the vital requirements of humans and to medicine.A method for removing chemical pollutants includes preparing a carbonaceous mixture of an expanded graphite and carbonaceous nanocrystals of a graphite-containing feedstock, dispersing it onto the surface and/or into a liquid and/or placing on a surface and/or passing a liquid or gas through a filter, and collecting the carbonaceous mixture saturated with the pollutants. The method is used for collecting oil and petroleum products from the surface of water, for filtering drinking water, is used for removing volatile fractions of petroleum products or gaseous condensate from free basins of storage reservoirs, for neutralizing exhaust gases of internal combustion engines as the base of a matrix of a neutralizer of exhaust gases, for filtering cigarette smoke, for purifying blood plasma, for external use in the case of skin integument diseases characterized by discharges.The invention makes it possible to enhance the effectiveness of the removal of oil and petroleum products and also to ensure the removal of other chemical pollutants. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the field of ecology, in particular to the struggle against pollution of the environment with oil, petroleum products, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, other chemical pollutants, i.e., to purification of a water area, waste waters, industrial machinery, polluted soil and ground, etc., and also to the field of objects used to satisfy the vital requirements of humans and to medicine. Known are methods for removing different chemical pollutants from different mediums, for example, methods for purifying water and solid surfaces with the use of a "Primesorb" absorbent (U.S.A.). These are sorption processes with the use of an expensive substance having low absorbing capability. As a rule, the known methods for removing chemical pollutants serve for the achievement of a concrete narrow object relating to purification of either a liquid or a gas or a solid surface.
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for removing toxic substances in water Inventor(s): Santina, Peter F.; (Walnut Creek, CA) Correspondence: Thomas M. Freiburger; 25th Floor; 650 California Street; San Francisco; CA; 94108; US Patent Application Number: 20030196961 Date filed: May 21, 2003 Abstract: Arsenic and TOC are removed from drinking water or wastewaters by use of finely-divided metallic iron in the presence of powered elemental sulfur or other sulfur compounds such as manganese sulfide, followed by an oxidation step. A premix may be produced for this process, by adding the iron, sulfur and oxidizing agent to water in a predetermined pH range. The iron and sulfur are mixed for a period of time dependent upon the temperature and pH of the water and the presence of complexing or sequestering minerals and organic acids in the water. An oxidizing agent is added to the mixture and agitating is continued. In a preferred embodiment the oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide. Water is decanted from the mixture after a sufficient reaction time, to produce a concentrated premix. This premix can be added to water intended for drinking or to industrial effluents containing toxic materials. Use of various gradations and mixtures of this sulfur-modified iron (SMI) premix have been successfully demonstrated to remove the following toxic substances from water: arsenic (arsenite and arsenate); disinfection byproducts and precursors; copper; chrome VI; sulfate; and chlorinated solvents including trichloroethene. Metals removed may be present in the untreated water in either the dissolved state or as a fine particulate. SMI has been fabricated using sulfur in the amount of up to 50% of the weight of the iron. SMI premix has been manufactured using a wetted but non-fluid mix at room temperature and at elevated temperature. SMI has been successfully demonstrated in pressure and gravity contact beds in both upflow and downflow modes. It has been prepared in uniformlygraded media similar in size and gradation to commercially-available filter media. Spent SMI can be recycled as a non-hazardous material as feed material to a steel production facility. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/952,876, filed Sep. 14, 2001, now ______, which was a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/624,713, filed Jul. 25, 2000, which was a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/241,258, filed Feb. 1, 1999, U.S. Pat. No. 6,093,328, which was a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/742,652, filed Nov. 4, 1996, U.S. Pat. No. 5,866,014, which was a division of application Ser. No. 08/352,383, filed Dec. 8, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,575,919. This invention is directed to a method and system which removes several regulated, toxic mineral and organic precursor substances from drinking water or wastewater by causing them to be absorbed and adsorbed onto sulfur-activated sponge iron particles, which may be referred to as "sulfur-modified iron". Specifically, the method and system removes from water trace amounts of (1) dissolved, colloidal, and particulate arsenic, selenium, and lead; and (2) naturally-occurring organic compounds (TOC, total organic carbon in the water), which, when oxidized, form "disinfection byproducts"; and (3) other potentially harmful minerals. The subject matter of this invention is related to some extent to that of U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,940,549 and 5,200,082, which are directed to removal of selenium from agricultural drain water and from refinery effluents and other industrial waste waters. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,575,919, 5,866,014 and 6,093,328.
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for treating hog and animal waste Inventor(s): Williams, Derek P.; (Wilmington, NC), Williams, Christopher S.; (Wilmington, NC), Hokanson, Allan E.; (Cincinnati, OH) Correspondence: COATS & BENNETT, PLLC; P O BOX 5; RALEIGH; NC; 27602; US Patent Application Number: 20030057160 Date filed: September 26, 2001 Abstract: An animal treatment method comprises flushing the animal waste from a barn to a holding tank where the waste is mixed with an alkaline solution to kill pathogens. After neutralization, the solution is separated into solids and liquids. The liquid is treated and recycled as flushing water to clean the barns and/or drinking water for the animals. The solids are separated into digested and undigested feed. The digested feed is further processed for use as a fertilizer and the undigested feed is processed for use as animal feed. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to treating animal waste, especially waste from hog houses. A natural byproduct of tending animals is a certain amount of waste, including feces and urine. For factory farms that handle large numbers of animals, the amount of waste produced can be staggering. Hogs in particular are known for their copious waste production. A typical hog barn or house is about one hundred sixty feet long and forty feet wide, housing about eight hundred hogs. Hog barns come in at least two forms. A first form comprises a sloped floor within the barn that is periodically flushed with water. The water flows around the feet of the hogs and washes waste down the slope within the hog barn into a holding area where it is then pumped or allowed to flow into a lagoon. A second form comprises a slotted floor with a two feet deep cavity thereunder. Approximately eighteen inches of lagoon water fills the cavity to suppress odor. Waste drops through the slots into the standing water. Periodically, the pool is flushed or drained into a lagoon, and the cavity is refilled from the lagoon. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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METHOD OF AND DESALINATED WATER
APPARATUS
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PRODUCING
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Inventor(s): Fisher, Uriyel; (Haifa, IL), Bronicki, Lucien Y.; (Yavne, IL) Correspondence: NATH & ASSOCIATES; 1030 15th STREET; 6TH FLOOR; WASHINGTON; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20020178723 Date filed: June 4, 2001 Abstract: Apparatus for producing power and desalinated water from geothermal fluid according to the present invention comprises: a geothermal power plant that produces power from geothermal fluid supplied thereto; means for supplying sea water to the condenser of said geothermal power plant that produces heated sea water; and a desalination plant to which the heated sea water is supplied and which produces drinking water. Preferably, the geothermal power plant that produces power comprises an organic Rankine cycle geothermal power plant that produces power. Alternatively,
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the geothermal power plant that produces power comprises an organic combined cycle Rankine cycle geothermal power plant that produces power. In a further alternative, the geothermal power plant that produces power comprises a closed cycle steam geothermal power plant that produces power. In a still further alternative, the geothermal power plant that produces power comprises an ammonia cycle geothermal power plant that produces power. As far as the desalination plant is concerned, the desalination plant preferably comprises a multiflash desalination plant. In an alternative, the desalination plant comprises a reverse osmosis desalination plant, Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of and apparatus for producing power and desalinated water, and more particularly, to a method of and apparatus for producing power and desalinated water from geothermal fluid. 2. Background of the Invention Recently, new requirements to provide electric power in an environmentally friendly manner and to supply fresh water have become more important. Usually methods and apparatus to produce electricity use fuels that produce pollution and are expensive. In addition, isolated locations such as islands also are very sensitive to pollution and often have reduced availability of fresh water. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved method of and apparatus for producing power and desalinated water wherein the disadvantages as outlined are reduced or substantially overcome. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method of installing cables and cable for installation in a drinking water pipe Inventor(s): Leppert, Hans-Detlef; (Monchengladbach, DE), Lysson, Hans-Jurgen; (Korschenbroich, DE), Nothofer, Klaus; (Erdrath, DE), Teschner, Wolfgang; (Wunstorf, DE) Correspondence: SUGHRUE MION, PLLC; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20037-3213; US Patent Application Number: 20020118932 Date filed: February 22, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a method of installing cables, in particular glass-fiber cables, in drinking water pipes and also to a cable suitable for drinking water pipe installation. In order to avoid contamination of the cable and to exclude contamination of the drinking water, provision is made that the cable is covered with a protective sheathing that is stripped off prior to contact with the drinking water. A cable suitable for this purpose can be covered already during its production process with the strippable protective sheathing. Excerpt(s): The invention is based on a priority application DE 101 09 114.1 which is hereby incorporated by reference. The invention relates to a method of installing cables, in particular glass-fibre cables, in drinking water pipes and to a cable for installation in a drinking water pipe. To lay cables of all types, all the possibilities have to be utilized, in particular if recourse can be made to already existing channels or pipelines. Drinking water pipes are also suitable in principle for cable installation. For hygienic and health reasons, however, strict attention must be paid in this case to ensuring that the cable to be laid meets very high sterility requirements. Any contaminants on the cable surface that may be due to the production process, storage or installation within the water pipe are unacceptable. An installation permit issued by the water works requires the reliable maintenance of appropriate hygiene standards. Cleaning the cable immediately prior to
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contact with the drinking water does not always satisfy these requirements. Only specific contaminants can be removed by the type of cleaning operation. It is, however, important to remove both dust and grease residues, and, for example, oil contaminants, paint contaminants or other contaminants engendered by the installation. The object of the invention is to provide a method of the generic kind that is distinguished by its reliable cleaning effect for any type of contamination. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method of producing a concentrate comprising a sulfonamide in solution, a 2,4diaminopyrimidine in stable suspension within said solution Inventor(s): Soderlund, William A. JR.; (St. Peter, MN), Strobel, Michael A.; (Northfield, MN) Correspondence: Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering; 2445 M Street, NW; Washington; DC; 20037-1420; US Patent Application Number: 20020183287 Date filed: June 24, 2002 Abstract: A palatable antimicrobial drug concentrate comprising: (a) a sulfonamide and/or sulfonamide salt in aqueous solution; (b) a 2,4-diaminopyrimidine in stable suspension within said solution; and (c) a suspending agent. The invention has a long room temperature shelf life and is sufficiently stable to be administered via the drinking water of animals. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/780,371, filed on Feb. 12, 2001 which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/304,954 filed on May 5, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,211,185, which is assigned to the assignee of the present invention, and which is incorporated herein. The instant invention relates to an antimicrobial concentrate that comprises a sulfonamide and/or sulfonamide salt in combination with a diaminopyrimidine. More specifically, the instant invention relates to a palatable antimicrobial concentrate, that may be orally administered to animals via their drinking water, that comprises the following components: (a) a sulfonamide and/or salt thereof in solution; (b) a diaminopyrimidine in stable suspension within said solution; and (c) a suspending agent. The use of sulfonamides (sulfa drugs) for treating bacterial infections is known. The Merk Veterinary Manual, sixth edition, 1986, pages 1540 through 1544, provides general background on these drugs. It is believed that sulfonamides are effective antibacterial agents because they competitively inhibit an enzymatic step (dihydropterate synthetase) wherein para-aminobenzoic acid is incorporated into the synthesis of dihydrofolic acid (folic acid). Because folic acid synthesis is reduced, the level of tetrahydrofolic acid (folinic acid) formed from folic acid is also reduced. Folinic acid is an essential component of various coenzymes responsible for single carbon metabolism in cells. Thus, sulfonamides create a domino effect in the body that ultimately results in the suppression of protein synthesis, the impairment of metabolic processes, and an inhibition in the growth and multiplication of organisms that cannot utilize preformed folic acid. The effect is bacteriostatic and, in high concentrations, bactericidal. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method of reducing contaminants in drinking water Inventor(s): Levy, Ehud; (Roswell, GA) Correspondence: JOHN S. PRATT, ESQ; KILPATRICK STOCKTON, LLP; 1100 PEACHTREE STREET; SUITE 2800; ATLANTA; GA; 30309; US Patent Application Number: 20030038089 Date filed: September 26, 2002 Abstract: This invention provides a method making water safer for use by humans and animals by reducing the levels of a number of different contaminants present in the water, by contacting the water with a first purification medium comprising alumina; and contacting the water with a second purification medium comprising zirconia. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/819,999, filed Mar. 18, 1997, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The invention relates to methods for water filtration using a combination of filtration media. More particularly, the invention relates to methods for water filtration wherein the water passes through filtration media containing alumina and through a filtration media containing zirconia. The chemistry of potable drinking water varies significantly from location to location throughout the United States. Many municipal drinking water plants are delivering drinking water from wells and ground water that contains arsenic, lead, VOC (Volatile Organic Chemicals) such as chloroform, mercury and other contaminants. Arsenic and VOC have also been found in drinking water in many other countries. Arsenic species are being used or have been used in the manufacture of medicine and cosmetics among other things, and have been used as agricultural insecticides. They have also been used as desiccants, in rodenticides and in herbicides. Arsenic contaminants are primarily found as an arsenate or an arsenite in drinking water. Chloroform, as a member of the trihalomethanes family, is often a major byproduct of chlorination-disinfection processes used in water treatment. These contaminants are considered health hazards which can cause cancer, skin discoloration, liver disease and a host of other health problems. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method of reducing elution of lead in lead-containing copper alloy, and drinking water service fittings made of lead-containing copper alloy Inventor(s): Kawamoto, Masashi; (Kita-kyushu-shi, JP), Imamoto, Mituo; (Kita-kyushushi, JP), Gotou, Akira; (Kita-kyushu-shi, JP) Correspondence: SHAW PITTMAN LLP; 1650 TYSONS BOULEVARD; McLEAN; VA; 22102; US Patent Application Number: 20020170632 Date filed: July 2, 2002 Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a processing method for preventing elution of lead in a lead-containing copper alloy to prevent lead from eluting from a faucet metal, etc. made of a lead-containing copper alloy, and a drinking water service fitting made of a lead-containing copper alloy in which elution of lead has been prevented. By forming a chromate film on the surface of a lead-containing copper alloy material, it is possible to reduce elution of the lead left in a limited amount on the surface. A drinking water service fitting made of a lead-containing copper alloy is
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immersed in an alkaline etching solution in a pre-processing step for a nickel chromium plating step to selectively remove lead on the surface of the lead-containing copper alloy material and is then activated in a solution such as sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid. Nickel plating is subsequently effected, and then chromium plating is effected in a sargent chromium or chromium fluoride bath, and a chromate film may be formed by immersing the drinking water service fitting in a chromate solution. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a processing method for reducing elution of lead from a lead-containing copper alloy, a plating method for reducing elution of lead in a lead-containing copper alloy, and a drinking water service fitting made of a leadcontaining copper alloy which exhibits reduced elution of lead. The drinking water service fittings include those which are directly connected to a feed water pipe, such as water heater, water cooler, ice-maker, water purifier, hot water boiler, vending machine, pole tap, low tank, valve (faucet metals), joint, pipe, sink, wash stand, stool, bath tub, housing unit, etc. Hitherto, faucet metals have been generally manufactured by casting or forging a copper alloy such as bronze or brass, cutting and polishing to shape, and then nickel chromium plating, etc. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods of using silica hydride mineral Inventor(s): Howard, Clinton H.; (Irving, TX) Correspondence: CARSTENS YEE & CAHOON, LLP; P O BOX 802334; DALLAS; TX; 75380 Patent Application Number: 20030190374 Date filed: April 4, 2002 Abstract: The exact health benefits of silica hydride minerals, traditionally found in glacial streams, have long been the subject of speculation. Geochemical analysis indicates that such colloidal silica hydrides in water possess a silica-water interface that provides a hydrated surface and adsorbs other elements or compounds such as potassium, iron, magnesium, lithium, calcium, and hydrogen. Dietary supplements with similar properties have been formulated. When the silica-water interface of such compounds is saturated with reduced hydrogen, the compounds take on an overall negative charge and act as a reducing agent or antioxidant when in solution. When consumed, hydride ions introduced into the body by the silica hydride supplement donate electrons to body fluids. With proper dosages, the benefits of consuming silica hydride include reduction of lactic acid build-up, increasing cellular hydration, reduction of free radical damage, enhancement of mitochondrial bioenergetic capacity, increasing antioxidant activity, and enhancing the properties of drinking water. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods of using silica hydride minerals. More particularly, this invention relates to methods of using silica hydride minerals that have beneficial effects on lactic acid buildup during exercise, cellular hydration, free radical damage, mitochondrial bioenergetic capacity, antioxidant activity, and the suitability of water for conversion into optimal cellular body fluids. Amorphous silicate minerals, many of which are in the nanoparticle size range, were once common in natural water sources and abundant in glacial stream waters. Not only do the silica mineral particles bond water and other elements for transport; they also can be adsorbed with reduced hydrogen, which releases electrons, providing antioxidant or reducing potential to surrounding fluids. In one region of West Pakistan the people are known to enjoy
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excellent health and amazing longevity. A team of cardiologists found the heart health of the people to be exceptionally good and evidence of the people's delayed aging. The cardiologists attributed the good health and longevity in significant part to the abundance of colloidal silicate minerals in the glacial streams the people used for irrigation of food crops and drinking water. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Microbial identification chip based on DNA-DNA hybridization Inventor(s): Cho, Jae-Chang; (East Lansing, MI), Tiedje, James; (Lansing, MI) Correspondence: MEDLEN & CARROLL, LLP; Suite 350; 101 Howard Street; San Francisco; CA; 94105; US Patent Application Number: 20020187490 Date filed: February 11, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides methods and compositions for the identification of microbial species from a variety of sources, including clinical specimens, food, environmental samples, waste or drinking water samples and industrial samples. In particularly preferred embodiments, the present invention provides a DNA "chip" containing bacterial genomic sequences arranged in a microarray for bacterial identification. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority benefit to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/296,982, filed Jun. 7, 2001. The present invention provides methods and compositions for the identification of microbial species from a variety of sources, including clinical specimens, food, environmental samples, waste or drinking water samples and industrial samples. In particularly preferred embodiments, the present invention provides a DNA "chip" containing bacterial genomic sequences arranged in a microarray for bacterial identification. Bacterial identification methods currently used include analysis of morphological, physiological, biochemical, and genetic data. In the last two decades, molecular methods, especially 16S rRNA gene sequencing, have developed into reliable aids for the identification of diverse bacteria. Although the 16S rRNA method has served as a powerful tool for finding phylogenetic relationship between bacteria because of its molecular clock properties and the large database for sequence comparison, the molecule is too conserved to provide good resolution at the species and subspecies levels (See e.g., Woese, Microbiol. Rev., 51:221-271 [1987]; DeParasis and Roth, Phytopathol., 80:618-621 [1990]; Fox et al., Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 42:166-170; Martinez-Murcia et al., Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 42:412-421 [1992]; Stackebrandt and Goebel, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 44:846-849 [1994] and Weisburg et al., J. Bacteriol., 173:697-703 [1991]). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Microbiological control in animal processing Inventor(s): McNaughton, James L.; (Quantico, MD), Howarth, Jonathan N.; (Baton Rouge, LA) Correspondence: SIEBERTH & PATTY; 2924 BRAKLEY DRIVE SUITE A 1; BATON ROUGE; LA; 70816 Patent Application Number: 20030113402 Date filed: December 21, 2001 Abstract: Fecal bacterial contamination in an animal is reduced by providing it with drinking water containing a microbiocidally-effective amount of halogen-based microbiocide resulting from mixing with water (A) a product formed in water from (i) bromine, chlorine, or bromine chloride, or any two or more thereof, (ii) a water-soluble source of sulfamate anion, and (iii) a water-soluble base; (B) at least one 1,3-dihalo-5,5dialkylhydant- oin in which one of the halogen atoms is a chlorine atom and the other is a chlorine or bromine atom, and in which each alkyl group, independently, contains in the range of 1 to about 4 carbon atoms; (C) at least one 1,3-dibromo-5,5dialkylhydantoin in which one of the alkyl groups is a methyl group and the other alkyl group contains in the range of 1 to about 4 carbon atoms; or (D) any two or more of (A), (B), and (C). Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser. No. 09/893,581, filed Jun. 28, 2001. Reference is hereby made to the following applications: application Ser. No. 09/088,300, filed Jun. 1, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,068,861 issued May 30, 2000; application Ser. No. 09/296,499, filed Apr. 22, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,387 issued Aug. 29, 2000; application Ser. No. 09/323,348, filed Jun. 1, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,038 B1 issued Oct. 16, 2001; application Ser. No. 09/404,184, filed Sep. 24, 1999; application Ser. No. 09/442,025, filed Nov. 17, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,441 issued Oct. 23, 2001; application Ser. No. 09/451,319, filed Nov. 30, 1999; application Ser. No. 09/451,344, filed Nov. 30, 1999; application Ser. No. 09/456,781, filed Dec. 8, 1999; application Ser. No. 09/483,896, filed Jan. 18, 2000; application Ser. No. 09/484,687, filed Jan. 18, 2000; application Ser. No. 09/484,844, filed Jan. 18, 2000; application Ser. No. 09/484,891, filed Jan. 18, 2000; application Ser. No. 09/484,938, filed Jan. 18, 2000; application Ser. No. 09/487,816, filed Jan. 18, 2000; application Ser. No. 09/506,911, filed Feb. 18, 2000; application Ser. No. 09/658,839, filed Sep. 8, 2000; application Ser. No. 09/663,788, filed Sep. 18, 2000; application Ser. No. 09/663,948, filed Sep. 18, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,299,909 B1 issued Oct. 9, 2001; application Ser. No. 09/732,601, filed Dec. 7, 2000; application Ser. No. 09/775,516, filed Feb. 2, 2001; application Ser. No. 09/778,228, filed Feb. 6, 2001; application Ser. No. 09/785,890, filed Feb. 16, 2001; application Ser. No. 09/893,581, filed Jun. 28, 2001; application Ser. No. 09/974,622, filed Oct. 9, 2001; and application Ser. No. [______ Case SU-7222-B______], filed [______ concurrently herewith______] entitled "Microbiological Control in Poultry Processing" of which the owner is one of the two owners of the present application. Animal processing for meat products is an area in which microbiological control is of vital importance. By the very nature of the processing involved there are numerous opportunities for the live animals to be exposed to various pathogens in the form of mobile bacteria. The thought of handling, processing and consuming bacteria-infested meat is revolting in the extreme. Furthermore, new government rules and standards require that additional attention be paid to both production and processing areas to assure reduced contamination of consumer meat. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Modular combat load system Inventor(s): Bylo, John Michael; (Ventura, CA) Correspondence: NAVAIRWD COUNSEL GROUP; 575 "I" AVE, SUITE 1 (CODE K00000E); BUILDING 36, ROOM 2308; POINT MUGU; CA; 93042-5049; US Patent Application Number: 20030089712 Date filed: December 13, 2002 Abstract: A modular combat load system which is man-portable, light weight and easily moved from one location to another and which allows the military to supply troops with mission critical consumable supplies, such as drinking water, in a combat environment. The system has sixteen modular combat load units stacked on a pallet. The modular combat load system may be a disposable modular combat load unit which includes a mission requirements unit load container designed to hold a plurality of individual disposable combat modular storage units of varying size. Each individual storage unit may be used for storage and transport of food, water, medical supplies, ammunition and other consumables used by military troops in a combat zone. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a system for supplying the military with mission critical consumable supplies in a combat environment. More specifically, the present invention relates to a modular combat load system which is portable, light weight and is easily moved from one location to another location and which provides an efficient means for supplying the military with mission critical consumable supplies, such as drinking water, in a hostile or combat environment. Currently, the supply of combat loads to military ground forces ashore is unique among supply scenarios in that it is driven by a time critical need for system responsiveness to unplanned material requests that are often emergency situations dealing with life and death. In particular, the timely re-supply of consumables to troops ashore is a unique requirement of the military when in a combat or hostile environment and is substantially different from standard assault logistics operations. There is also a need for a modular combat load system which comprises a one-way disposable system which allows for standardized multi-product containers that will increase the through put, range capability of the combat service support function and improve the efficiency of the cargo delivery process. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Pathogen detection system for drinking water Inventor(s): Ranger, Hubert O.; (Milwaukee, WI) Correspondence: Robert A. Van Someren; Fletcher, Yoder & Van Someren; P.O. Box 692289; Houston; TX; 77269-2289; US Patent Application Number: 20020182657 Date filed: May 30, 2001 Abstract: A technique for detecting a pathogen in drinking water. The technique utilizes a water sampler to periodically divert samples from a drinking water supply. A detector is used to determine the presence of a pathogen in the sample and to provide a signal to an appropriate warning device.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the detection of certain biological agents, and particularly to a system of detecting pathogens in drinking water. Water is an essential resource upon which our survival depends. As a result, maintaining readily available sources of drinking water is a necessity. Additionally, great emphasis has been placed on monitoring and maintaining pure drinking water to avoid the illnesses and other problems associated with the use of poor quality water as drinking water. In recent history, substantial attention has been given to protecting drinking water supplies from trace elements and chemicals. For example, laws, regulations and public attention have been directed to reducing or eliminating lead in various water supplies by removing lead sources, such as lead water pipes that permit lead to leach into the drinking water. Multiple other elements have been regulated or otherwise controlled to reduce or eliminate their presence in sources of drinking water. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Pet travel container kit Inventor(s): Ciguere, Angela; (Newport, RI) Correspondence: Eugene Lieberstein; 2151 Long Ridge Road; Stamford; CT; 06903; US Patent Application Number: 20020185390 Date filed: June 6, 2001 Abstract: The travel container of the present invention is a disposable package in the form of a kit for the storage of drinking water and a predefined quantity of pet food to be mixed with the stored drinking water to form a predefined meal for a pet dog or pet cat when traveling on a short excursion. The travel container includes, in combination, an open receptacle having a relatively deep compartment with a flat bottom and a large opening for storing a supply of pet food and/or for use as a reservoir for providing water for the canine pet dog to drink from, a cover lid for closing the open receptacle and a separate sealed pouch in which a source of water is stored in the container. The supply of pet food and the source of water are present in proportional amounts to form a predefined convenience pet meal upon adding the water to the pet food. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a mobile disposable travel container kit for a pet canine or feline which can be used as a drinking bowl from which the pet can drink water and for separately storing a portioned quantity of pet food with a fixed supply of water for ready mixing in proper proportion to one another in the disposable container so as to provide nourishment for the pet without fuss or inconvenience when in transit. When a pet is taken along on a trip the pet will at some point need to be provided with water as well as pet food particularly if the trip extends over a long time interval. Ordinarily the owner of the pet will either purchase pet food such as dry pet food from an available grocery food outlet or bring it along on the trip. The purchase of canine pet food in small quantities for a limited excursion such as a one day trip or for an intraday trip is generally not available and if the pet owner is not traveling in a car additional items will also need to be separately purchased such as a mixing bowl, a source of water and an appropriate mixing utensil. For a pet feline a liter box is also essential. The separate purchase of all of these items is time consuming, inconvenient and wasteful in that a much larger purchase of pet food may need to be made than is needed and all or some of the purchased items may have to be disposed of at the end of the trip. Alternatively, all or some of these items can be brought along on the trip if it is not impractical or inconvenient to do so and if space is available. The preparation of these items for a trip may also be time consuming and inconvenient. In any event, the pet
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owner wants to be able to provide an appropriate meal for the pet which the pet is accustomed to eating and in a proper amount without fuss or inconvenience. Although many containers are commercially available which can be used for holding and dispensing different items of food and/or water such containers as are presently commercially available are designed for consumption of food by a human and not for pets. Moreover, such containers are not properly designed for a pet dog or cat to drink water from and do not provide pet food and water in predefined quantities to facilitate convenient mixing into a predefined pet meal for a canine pet dog or feline pet cat without fuss. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Polyamphoteric polymers for raw water treatment Inventor(s): Braden, Michael L.; (Sugar Land, TX), Staples, Christine A.; (Lakewood, CO), Johnson, Brian S.; (Warrenville, IL) Correspondence: Margaret Meta Brumm; Patent & Licensing Department; ONDEO Nalco Company; ONDEO Nalco Center; Naperville; IL; 60563-1198; US Patent Application Number: 20020179538 Date filed: March 23, 2001 Abstract: Methods for treating raw water using polyamphoteric polymer coagulants are provided. The amphoteric polymers can be added to the raw water separately or together with metal salt based coagulants. The amphoteric polymer coagulants can be added to the raw water, before and after the clarification unit operation, prior to filtration. The methods of the present invention can be used in a variety of different raw water treatment applications, such as raw water used in municipal drinking water treatment facilities. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for treating raw water. More specifically, the present invention relates to methods for treating raw water using polyamphoteric polymers; optionally in combination with metal salt coagulants. Water treatment processes employ a variety of different treatment agents to treat water for a number of different applications, such as industrial, commercial, residential, recreational and the like. The water for treatment can include wastewater and raw water. Wastewater essentially includes water derived during and/or after use. For example, wastewater includes industrial wastewater which result from industrial processes, such as those relating to agricultural, paper, and food processes. After or during use, the wastewater may contain an unacceptable level of contaminants, such as, solids, metals, organics, acids, bases and other like contaminants. To treat the wastewater, a number of different coagulants, flocculants and other water treatment agents can be effectively used. Commonly known and used wastewater treatment agents include metal salts and organic polymers, such as polyamines, epichlorohydrin-dimethyla- mine ("Epi-DMA"), ethylene dichloride-ammonia ("EDC-ammonia"), melamine formaldehyde and polydiallylmethyl ammonium chloride ("polyDADMAC"). The metal salts and organic polymers can be added separately or in any combination thereof to treat the wastewater. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Process for producing improved alkaline drinking water and the product produced thereby Inventor(s): Abramowitz, Robert M.; (Mercer Island, WA), Arnold, George; (Seattle, WA) Correspondence: Clark A. Puntigam; JENSEN & PUNTIGAM, P.S.; 1020 United Airlines Bldg.; 2033 Sixth Avenue; Seattle; WA; 98121-2584; US Patent Application Number: 20020158018 Date filed: April 25, 2001 Abstract: A process for producing improved alkaline water includes filtering potable source water to remove selected particles and then purifying the filtered water. Selected alkaline minerals are added to the purified water, with the resulting mineralized water being then electrolyzed to produce streams of acidic water and alkaline water, the alkaline water having a pH within the range of 9-10, a TDS range of 22-240 ppm (parts per million) and alkalinity in the range of 12-216 ppm. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to alkaline drinking water, and more specifically concerns a process for producing an improved alkaline drinking water using electrolysis, as well as the product produced by the process. Alkaline drinking water, for the purposes of this explanation, is water having a pH above 9.0, although water with a pH above 7.0 is by general definition alkaline. Alkaline drinking water is usually produced by electrolysis of potable source water, which results in separate alkaline and acidic (pH below 7.0) streams of water. Alkaline drinking water can be produced, alternatively, by adding alkaline minerals to potable source water, such as tap water. Alkaline drinking water is known to have certain health benefits, including antioxidant properties. This has been demonstrated by a number of laboratory studies, including a study by Shirahata et al, entitled "Electrolyzed-Reduced Water Scavenges Active Oxygen Species and Protects DNA from Oxidative Damage", Biochem. Biophys. Res.Commun., 234, Pages 269-274 (1997). Other studies have confirmed such findings of antioxidant properties and other health benefits of alkaline water. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Production of potable water and freshwater needs for human, animal and plants from hot and humid air Inventor(s): Faqih, Abdul-Rahman Abdul-Kader M.; (Makkah, SA) Correspondence: NIXON PEABODY, LLP; 8180 GREENSBORO DRIVE; SUITE 800; MCLEAN; VA; 22102; US Patent Application Number: 20030159457 Date filed: February 5, 2003 Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for extracting freshwater from atmospheric humidity in extremely hot and humid climates and supplying freshwater to a small group of people, a building, a farm, or forestation area. The freshwater is treated to provide drinking water by disinfecting to eliminate microorganisms and filtration to remove suspended particulates from air, erosion or corrosion products, and disinfected waste. Compact units provide drinking water for individuals, passengers in cars, vans, trucks, or recreational boats, or crewmembers on a seagoing cargo ship whether from atmospheric humidity or from moisture-laden gases. Furthermore,
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systems are disclosed for the ample supply of freshwater with minimal treatment for small- to large-sized buildings in a manner that alleviates the heat load on buildings. Collection of freshwater from hot humid ambient air is also provided for other uses, such as irrigation and farm animal drinking. Various methods are used for condensation of water vapor suspended in the air as alternative to conventional refrigeration cycles using CFC refrigerants. Devices are disclosed using naturally occurring brackish cold water, circulation of cooling water cooled by thermoelectric cooling or thermoacoustic refrigeration as well as evaporative cooling and transpiration cooling. Water produced by the systems may flow under gravitational forces entirely or with the assistance of boasting pumps. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to harvesting freshwater from atmospheric humidity in regions suffering from freshwater shortage compounded with extended periods of extremely high temperature and very high humidity to supply potable water as well as freshwater for other human uses, irrigation, and animal and poultry farms and to alleviate the heat loading for buildings. The invention also relates to collection of water from moisture rich gases in situations of emergency and when trusted freshwater is lacking. Extreme heat in tropical regions is usually accompanied by extremes of high humidity, especially at low altitude where bayous, marshlands, swamps, shallow lakes, heavy vegetations, and forests are abundant; tropical islands, such as the Caribbean Islands; arid land and deserts nearby ocean shorelines or seashores; such as the regions in the Arabian Peninsula near the Red Sea and the Gulf. The absolute humidity in regions by and near the shores of oceans and seas could reach up to twenty-five (25) grams of water per cubic meter of air. Generally, natural freshwater resources are scarce or limited in very hot and humid deserts and arid lands due to low precipitation and high salinity of surface and underground water. Heat strokes are also common in areas where there is no shade and building material does not provide proper protection from brunt of the harsh climate. Rural and nomadic life conditions are deteriorating due to environmental changes caused by expanding developments elsewhere. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Synthetic resin liquid container Inventor(s): Higuchi, Mitsuo; (Yamanashi, JP) Correspondence: REED SMITH LLP; Suite 1400; 3110 Fairview Park Drive; Falls Church; VA; 22042; US Patent Application Number: 20030006240 Date filed: June 18, 2002 Abstract: A synthetic resin liquid container for containing drinking water, juice, milk and other liquids is provided. The synthetic resin liquid container has a body that can substantially reduce its volume when a vertical and/or twisting stress is applied to the body, and a form-retaining means to be used after compression of the container body for keeping it compressed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a synthetic resin liquid container for containing drinking water, juice, milk and other liquids. Therefore, recycling these synthetic resin containers, which are difficult to incinerate, has been suggested. And now, separate collection of garbage is generally carried out by separating garbage into several categories such as "food garbage", "synthetic resin container" and others. The problem is to collect empty synthetic resin containers since such containers are bulky
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and thus occupy a lot of space so that transporting these empty containers is like carrying air. Further, the fact that recycling service companies are generally paid based on the weight of garbage they recovered may contribute to their unwillingness for collecting such containers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Thermal transfer method and apparatus Inventor(s): Reynolds, Ray D.; (Wells, NV) Correspondence: Herbert C. Schulze; PMB36; 2790 Wrondel Way; Reno; NV; 89502; US Patent Application Number: 20020162512 Date filed: March 13, 2002 Abstract: Facilities and methods for providing an ice and frost free facility at or above ground level for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to, animal drinking water and surfaces at or above ground level include fluid reservoirs and conduits partially above and partially below a ground frost line with a water conduit passing through the reservoirs and conduits and with means to direct flow of fluid within the reservoirs and conduits utilizing the difference in temperatures of the earth above and below the frost line. An induced Bernoulli effect aids in the proper flow of the fluid. Excerpt(s): This application is related to, and is a continuation in part of my presently pending application Ser. No. 09/749,224, filed Dec. 26, 2000, now ______. The invention is most particularly in the fields of new, novel, unique, and useful methods for causing automatic and continuous circulation of a fluid in a basin in the soil which extends through zones both above and below the frost line, and in a method and apparatus for enhanced and expanded thermal transfer through a body of water or other substance in a basin or other container or otherwise at least a portion of the exterior of which is thermally conductive and is subjected to a circulating fluid mass which carries thermal energy from the earth to said exterior. There have been a number of attempts to harness the thermal energy existing below the frost line to prevent water from freezing. All of the attempts have been in essentially in the same manner. All of these attempts rely on one or another method of merely mixing warmer water entering a basin, such as a livestock watering tank, at a position below the frost line, or relying upon mingling of the water throughout the entire tank or basin. Under very severe cold conditions there is a general complete stagnation of any water flow, particularly at the top of the tank. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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UV water disinfector Inventor(s): Gadgil, Ashok; (El Cerrito, CA), Kazakevicius, Eduardas; (Vilnius, LT), Drescher, Anushka; (Berkeley, CA) Correspondence: KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR LLP; 620 NEWPORT CENTER DRIVE; SIXTEENTH FLOOR; NEWPORT BEACH; CA; 92660; US Patent Application Number: 20020117631 Date filed: January 10, 2002 Abstract: A device that permits the in-home UV treatment of drinking water such as tap water is disclosed. The device employs a bare low-energy UV lamp suspended below a
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reflector and above a free surface of water flowing within the device. The water is supplied from a tap or other store of drinking water and proceeds through the device by the force of gravity. The device itself is not pressurized. The flow of water within the device is exposed to UV radiation from the UV lamp and is disinfected as a result. In the illustrated embodiment, the device is of a small size to permit its use, for example, directly at a tap for drinking water within the home. The flow rate of the device is commensurate with the normal flow rate of tap water, preferably less than about 8 liters per minute. The lamp power for safely disinfecting the water can be less than 20 watts, and in the illustrated embodiment the lamp is a low-pressure Hg lamp. Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority benefit under 35 U.S.C.sctn. 119(e) to provisional application No. 60/261,120, filed Jan. 11, 2001. The present invention is related to the UV disinfection of water and other liquid streams. In particular, the present invention provides a UV disinfector for use in the disinfection of tap water and other sources of drinking water used in the home. Methods used heretofore to disinfect water include the use of chlorine and other chemical agents as well as irradiation. However, certain pathogenic organisms, such as Cryptosporidium parvum, are resistant to chemical-based disinfection. Additionally, organisms such as Cryptosporidium, which is present in most municipal drinking water systems, have recently been shown to present a significant health risk to immunocompromised individuals even at the very low levels at which such pathogens are present in municipal drinking water. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
WARM DRINKING WATER CONDUIT SYSTEM Inventor(s): Ebster, Wilfried; (Taufkirchen, DE) Correspondence: KANESAKA & TAKEUCHI; 1423 Powhatan Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20020139420 Date filed: April 3, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to a warm drinking water conduit system, with at least one drinking water heater/storage tank for warm drinking water, with a fresh water supply conduit for supplying cold drinking water into the tank and with a heat exchanger connected to a heating circuit and intended for heating the supplied cold drinking water in the tank to a predetermined temperature and for maintaining the warm drinking water temperature in a conduit system connected to the tank and having tapping points for the extraction of warm drinking water, the warm drinking water circulating in the conduit system by means of a pumping device, wherein the drinking water heater/storage tank is tied into the warm drinking water circulation circuit, the circulation temperature in the entire conduit system being maintained at a level such that the warm drinking water is largely free of microorganisms, in particular legionellae, and that the tank is thermally disinfected of microorganisms in rota in a largely reduced conduit branch during a relatively short time span by means of an increased circulation temperature. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a warm drinking water conduit system according to the preamble of claim 1. There are known drinking water conduit systems which have hitherto not sufficiently ensured that, above all, microorganisms harmful to health, in particular legionellae, do not multiply in warm drinking water. This applies mainly to relatively large conduit systems with central drinking water heater/store, where there
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may be stagnant water with temperatures of between 30.degree. C. and 45.degree. C. When water contaminated in this way with legionellae is extracted from the conduit system, for example, by showers, whirlpools or air-conditioning systems in which breathable aerosols are formed, there is known to be a considerable risk of influenza-like illnesses and pneumonia. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Water filtering apparatus Inventor(s): May, Randall; (Mountain View, AR), Haynes, Ronald W.; (Shirley, AR), Sale, David William; (Heber Springs, AR) Correspondence: WILLIAM J. SAPONE; COLEMAN SUDOL SAPONE P.C.; 714 COLORADO AVENUE; BRIDGE PORT; CT; 06605; US Patent Application Number: 20030070968 Date filed: October 12, 2002 Abstract: A drinking water filter assembly has a filter cartridge which includes a filter element contained in a pressure vessel for unitary disposal, the cartridge received on a base containing attachment fittings for ease in installation and replacement with limited exposure to contaminants during a filter change. A flow powered flow meter is provided which measures the quantity of flow through the filter for alerting the user to replace the filter cartridge. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority in U.S. Provisional patent application No. 60/329,278, filed Oct. 13, 2001. This invention relates to a water filtering apparatus particularly suited for use in the home. The water filtering apparatus may be counter top or under sink mounted. The quality of drinking water is of concern to those obtaining water from public water systems as well as those obtaining water from private wells. There can be a wide variation in the amount and type of contaminants contained in drinking water, such as those occurring with seasonal runoff, or those present as byproducts from water chlorination. To assure individual water quality, local filters may be used for removing contaminants from drinking water, mounted on or under a counter top, or on a faucet. These have gained in popularity. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Water heating device for use with portable power supplies and methods related thereto Inventor(s): Hollyday, Thomas J.; (Weston, MA), Helinek, David H.; (Framingham, MA) Correspondence: EDWARDS & ANGELL, LLP.; P.O. BOX 9169; BOSTON; MA; 02209; US Patent Application Number: 20030026604 Date filed: June 20, 2002 Abstract: Featured is a device particularly suitable for heating water in a container, such as a pail or bird bath, so as to maintain a source of drinking water for domesticated animals, wild animals and livestock. A water heating device according to the present invention includes a housing, a heat generating mechanism that is disposed within the housing and electrically coupled to a portable power supply and a mechanism that
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thermally couples the heat generating mechanism and the housing so that at least some of the generated heat energy is coupled to the housing. The housing is configured and arranged so as to be immersible in water and so that at least a portion of the heat energy being thermally coupled to the housing is dispersed or transmitted to the water. Also, the heat generating mechanism is configured and arranged so the heat energy being dispersed or transmitted to the fluid is sufficient to maintain a liquid supply of a least a portion of the water within the container for a predetermined time. Also featured is a heating device in combination with a portable power supply, a system for heating water and methods for providing a supply of drinking fluid for consumption by domesticated animals, wild animals as well as livestock. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/299,674 filed Jun. 20, 2001, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. All animals, including pets, livestock and in the wild, require water for survival and to assist in the converting of solid feed or food into useable products for providing energy to the animal. Each of the different animal types typically are supplied water in different types of watering vessels, for example, bird baths, troughs, pet dishes and drinking buckets. These watering vessels can be located out doors or in unheated structures (e.g., horse barn), so the water therein is subject to freezing when the ambient air temperature drops below the freezing temperature of the liquid. Over time, a number of techniques have been developed or relied upon to prevent the water from freezing in these watering vessels. One technique involves having an animal caretaker make periodic visits or trips to the watering vessel to break up any ice layer that may have formed so that the animal can access the liquid underneath the layer of ice as well as relying on the animal's ability to break through the ice layer, for example with the nose of a horse or a cow. Alternatively, or in addition to the breaking up of the ice layer, the animal caretaker may add warm water to the watering vessel in an attempt to raise the bulk temperature of the water and forestall the formation of an ice layer on the surface of the water. These techniques are very labor intensive and are not practical for all types of animal watering situations such as for example a remotely located waterer for wild animals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Water treatment method for reducing levels of Cr+6 Inventor(s): Stapp, William E.; (Oakland, CA) Correspondence: PERKINS COIE LLP; P.O. BOX 2168; MENLO PARK; CA; 94026; US Patent Application Number: 20020195405 Date filed: January 25, 2002 Abstract: A treatment effective for removing or substantially reducing the amount of Cr.sup.+6 present in drinking water or wastewater is described. The method includes adding a stannous salt of a non-carbon acid, in an amount effective to reduce most or substantially all of the chromic ion in the water. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for reducing the levels of oxidized chromium ion, particularly Cr.sup.+6, in drinking or wastewater. Currently, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) allows up to 100 parts per billion (ppb) total chromium (including chromium in any of its predominant oxidative states, including Cr.sup.+2, Cr.sup.+3, Cr.sup.+4, Cr.sup.+5 and Cr.sup.+6) in drinking water. Many states have considerably lower allowances; for example, the state standard in
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California is 50 ppb total chromium. The USEPA currently allows up to 2.77 parts per million (ppm) daily and 1.30 ppm as a monthly average chromium ion in discharge wastewater. A growing concern about the carcinogenicity of Cr.sup.+6 is prompting some states to consider dramatically reducing the amount of Cr.sup.+6 allowed in drinking and wastewater. California, for example, recently signed into law a requirement for the Department of Health Services to adopt a Cr.sup.+6 MCL by Jan. 1, 2004. A standard of less than 1 ppb Cr.sup.+6 in drinking water has been considered in some states. Additionally, the USEPA is considering lowering the allowable chromium ion in discharge by approximately 50%. Since many water sources, such as reservoir and well sources, contain levels of Cr.sup.+6 considerably above these levels, the proposed new standards would force many water treatment facilities to further treat water to remove Cr.sup.+6 levels. The USEPA has currently approved Coagulation/Filtration, Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis, and Lime Softening treatment methods for removing chromium from drinking water. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Water treatment unit Inventor(s): Stroh, Norbert; (Magstadt, DE), Schliebmann, Ursula; (Stuttgart, DE), Trosch, Walter; (Stuttgart, DE), Sternad, Warner; (Stuttgart, DE) Correspondence: Morriss Bateman; O'Bryant & Compagni; Suite 300; 5882 South 900 East; Salt Lake City; UT; 84121; US Patent Application Number: 20030150822 Date filed: January 29, 2003 Abstract: The invention at hand relates to an improved wastewater treatment plant consisting of a reactor and a filter device, such as for gaining drinking water or wastewater treatment. Excerpt(s): The invention at hand relates to a device for the treatment of water, particularly wastewater and drinking water, as well as a method for performing the treatment of water using this device. In the water treatment process, the treatment of water occurs with the goal of adjusting its consistency to the respective use, as well as to certain requirements. Methods for the treatment of drinking water include, for instance, methods for the precipitation, filtration, aeration, de-ironization, de-manganification, neutralization, disinfection, phosphatization, de-nitrification, and flouridization. Wastewater is water modified in its natural composition (drain water) by residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, or other use, as well as the less polluted rain and snowmelt water draining from landscapes, whereby the type and concentration of the pollutants greatly depends on the origin of the wastewater. Physical, chemical and/or biological methods are used in the wastewater treatment that often must be used in combination in order to achieve a high degree of treatment efficiency. In chemical methods, pollutants are transferred into a form that is easier to remove, or into pollutant-free reaction products. Reactions are used, for example, that result in the oxidation, reduction, or the formation of hard to remove compounds. In the biological method, the organic matters are metabolized to harmless compounds by means of microorganisms and microbes with a new formation of biomass. Generally, wastewater treatment is differentiated by aerobe and anaerobe wastewater treatment. The aerobe wastewater treatment occurs with the goal of essentially reducing oxygen-consuming substances, whereby organic substances are reduced by means of the formation of carbon dioxide, water, nitrates, and sulfates. Prerequisite for the aerobe working
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systems is a sufficient aeration with air (or air enriched with oxygen, or pure oxygen). The anaerobe wastewater treatment is also increasingly gaining importance, i.e., the geological degradation of organic matter under the exclusion of oxygen, whereby both obligate anaerobe microorganisms, for which oxygen is toxic, and facultative anaerobe microorganisms may be used. The anaerobe degradation is comprised of fermentation processes (such as alcohol, acetic acid, lactic acid, acetone, butanol fermentations, etc.). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with drinking water, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “drinking water” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on drinking water. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning drinking water. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON DRINKING WATER Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to drinking water. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on drinking water include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “drinking water” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on drinking water: •
Health intervention in less developed nations Source: New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 1995. 140 pp. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513. Telephone: (800) 451-7556 or (919) 677-0977 / fax: (919) 677- 1303. $70.00. Summary: This book contains essays focusing on various aspects of health interventions in developing countries; it covers the biological and social impacts on the individuals and on the communities in which they live. The essays address the recurring costs of providing international aid to the health systems in the developing countries; the impact of nutrition intervention programs, the effect of the United Nation's International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade; and the relationships between economic development, modernization, and health intervention.
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Dentistry, dental practice, and the community. (5th ed.) Source: Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders Company. 1999. 384 pp. Contact: Available from W. B. Saunders Company, 625 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Telephone: (215) 238-7800 or (800) 545- 2522. $39.95 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This book provides a comprehensive analysis of dentistry's social and professional role. It is divided into five sections. The first section is about dentistry and the community and includes chapters on the dental professions, the public served by dentists, professional ethics, dental public health, and the promotion of oral health. Section II is about dental practice and includes chapters on infection control and mercury safety, the structure of dental practice, financing dental care, dental personnel, dental care in Canada, and dental literature. Section III deals with methods of oral epidemiology and begins with chapter on research designs. It also includes separate chapters on measuring the following: oral disease, dental caries, periodontal diseases, dental fluorosis, and other oral conditions. Section IV covers the distribution of oral diseases and conditions with chapters about tooth loss, dental caries, periodontal diseases, dental fluorosis, and oral cancer and other oral conditions. Section V is about prevention of oral diseases in public health. It includes chapters on fluoride, fluoridation of drinking water, other uses of fluoride, fissure sealants, diet and plaque control, prevention of periodontal diseases, and tobacco and oral cancer.
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The OrganWise guys: Basic training for better health Source: Duluth, GA: Wellness Incorporated. 1999. 32 pp. Contact: Available from Wellness Incorporated, 3000 Coles Way, Atlanta, GA 30350. Telephone: (770) 495-0374 / fax: (770) 495-0375. $14.95. Summary: This illustrated book for children describes various organs of the body and what they do to keep the body healthy. It provides rules for health, including exercise, a low-fat, high-fiber diet, and drinking water, why they are important, and how to follow them.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “drinking water” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “drinking water” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “drinking water” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
25 Years of the Safe Drinking Water Act: History and Trends by Barry Leonard (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0756710715; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0756710715/icongroupinterna
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2nd World Water Congress: Drinking Water Treatment: Selected Proceedings of the 2nd World Water Congress of the International Water Assoc., Berlin, Germany, 15-19 October 2001 (Water Science and Technology: Water Supply) by The IWA Programme Committee (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 1843394170; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843394170/icongroupinterna
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3rd World Water Congress: Drinking Water Treatment: Selected Proceedings of the 3rd World Water Congress of the International Water Assoc., Melbourne, Aust., 7-12 April 2002 (Water Science and Technology) by The IWA Programme Committee (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 1843394294; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843394294/icongroupinterna
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4th Report, Session 1995-96: Drinking Water: [HL]: [1995-96]: House of Lords Papers: [1995-96] by Jennifer Hilton Hilton of Eggardon, Jack Lewis Lewis of Newnham (1996); ISBN: 0104031964; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0104031964/icongroupinterna
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A Consumer's Guide to Drinking Water: Where It Comes From, How It's Made Safe and What to Do If Something Goes Wrong by Mark Obmascik, Mike Keefe (Illustrator) (2001); ISBN: 1583210458; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583210458/icongroupinterna
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A data base for use in the epidemiological surveillance of potential changes in drinking water quality in South Africa : final report to the Water Research Commission by D. E. Bourne; ISBN: 0947447784; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0947447784/icongroupinterna
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A Dynamic Reactor to Study Disinfection of Drinking Water by Susan Springthorpe, Syed Sattar; ISBN: 1583211780; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583211780/icongroupinterna
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A Legislative history of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments, 1983-1992, together with a section-by-section index; ISBN: 0160402042; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160402042/icongroupinterna
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment by Mike Broadwell, John Michael Broadwell; ISBN: 1566703069; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566703069/icongroupinterna
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A review and analysis of existing Alberta data on drinking water quality and treatment facilities for the Northern River Basins Study by Dennis S. Prince; ISBN: 0662235584; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0662235584/icongroupinterna
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A simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of THMs in drinking water by David A. Reckhow; ISBN: 0898676401; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898676401/icongroupinterna
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Activated Carbon in Drinking Water Technology: Cooperative Research Report; ISBN: 0915295008; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0915295008/icongroupinterna
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Adsorption Techniques in Drinking Water Treatment (Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology, Vol 7, No 7/8) by Paul V. Roberts (Editor) (1988); ISBN: 0930376293; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0930376293/icongroupinterna
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Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking Water by Ian R. Falconer (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 0122479904; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0122479904/icongroupinterna
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Alternative Disinfection Technologies for Small Drinking Water Systems; ISBN: 0898676355; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898676355/icongroupinterna
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Aluminum in Drinking Water & Alzheimer's Disease; ISBN: 0898678587; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898678587/icongroupinterna
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Aluminum in Drinking Water & Alzheimer's Disease: A Resource Guide; ISBN: 0898676746; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898676746/icongroupinterna
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America's Threatened Drinking Water: Hazards and Solutions by Patrick J. Sullivan, et al (2002); ISBN: 1553696166; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1553696166/icongroupinterna
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An Epidemiological Study of Gastrointestinal Health Effects of Drinking Water by Pierre Payment, Jack Siemiatycki (2000); ISBN: 1583210040; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583210040/icongroupinterna
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Analytical Chemistry of Arsenic in Drinking Water by Andrew D. Eaton, et al (1998); ISBN: 0898679079; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898679079/icongroupinterna
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Analyzing Organics in Drinking Water (No. 20218) by American Water Works Assn. Staff (1981); ISBN: 0898672562; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898672562/icongroupinterna
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Aquifer Storage Recovery of Treated Drinking Water by R. David G. Pyne (1996); ISBN: 0898678595; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898678595/icongroupinterna
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Are Chemicals in Drinking Water Menacing Your Health? by Raymond W. Bernard (1996); ISBN: 0787311154; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0787311154/icongroupinterna
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Arsenic in Drinking Water by National Research Council (1999); ISBN: 0309063337; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309063337/icongroupinterna
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Arsenic in Drinking Water by World Health Organization (Editor), World Health Organization; ISBN: 1900222663; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1900222663/icongroupinterna
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Arsenic in Drinking Water: 2001 Update by National Research Council Subcommittee on Arsenic in Drinking W, et al; ISBN: 0309076293; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309076293/icongroupinterna
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Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water by Tatiana Bianchelli (Editor) (2004); ISBN: 1590337239; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1590337239/icongroupinterna
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Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water by Coagulation/Filtration and Lime Softening Plants by Keith A. Fields, et al (2000); ISBN: 0756726565; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0756726565/icongroupinterna
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Arsenic: Answers to Questions Commonly Asked by Drinking Water Professionals by Bryan Black (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 158321058X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/158321058X/icongroupinterna
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Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Waters: Perspectives for Improved Approaches and Methods by Oecd, World Health Organization (2003); ISBN: 9264099468; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9264099468/icongroupinterna
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Assessment of Blue-Green Algal Toxins in Raw and Finished Drinking Water by Wayne W. Carmichael (2001); ISBN: 1583210768; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583210768/icongroupinterna
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Awwa Research Foundation,Cooperative Research Report: Occurrence and Removal of Volatile Organic Chemicals from Drinking Water/Activated Carbon in D (1984); ISBN: 9994180002; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9994180002/icongroupinterna
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Back to basics guide to safe drinking water by Constance Hardesty; ISBN: 0898675146; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898675146/icongroupinterna
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Basic Microbiology for Drinking Water Personnel by Dennis Hill (Editor), Des Moines Water Works (2001); ISBN: 1583211217; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583211217/icongroupinterna
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Biohazards of Drinking Water Treatment by Richard A. Larson (Editor); ISBN: 0873711106; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873711106/icongroupinterna
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Budget hearing on FY 1997 request for DOE, NOAA, and EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD); and Safe Drinking Water Act R&D reauthorization : hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment of the Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, second session, March 21, 1996; ISBN: 0160541697; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160541697/icongroupinterna
•
Building Construction (Drinking Water Supply) by Christian Meuli, et al (2000); ISBN: 3908001951; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3908001951/icongroupinterna
•
Californiaªs Drinking Water: State and Local Agencies Need to Provide Leadership to Address Contamination of Groundwater by Gasoline Components and Additives by Kurt R. Sjoberg (1999); ISBN: 0788180843; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788180843/icongroupinterna
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Chemistry & Treatment of Arsenic in Drinking Water by Ramesh Narasimhan, et al (2004); ISBN: 1583212760; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583212760/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine dioxide : drinking water, process water, and wastewater issues : sympoisum proceedings, September 14-15, 1995, New Orleans, LA; ISBN: 0898678730; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898678730/icongroupinterna
•
Chlorine Dioxide: Drinking Water Issues; ISBN: 0898676738; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898676738/icongroupinterna
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Classifying Drinking Water Contaminants for Regulatory Consideration: For Regulatory Consideration by National Research Council Committee on Drinking Water
252 Drinking Water
Contamina, et al (2001); ISBN: 0309074088; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309074088/icongroupinterna •
Comparative Genotoxicity Assessment of Dbps in Drinking Water by R. A. Minear, et al; ISBN: 1583212590; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583212590/icongroupinterna
•
Comparative Health Effects Assessment of Drinking Water Treatment Technologies/Pbn 89-108971 (1988); ISBN: 9992303255; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9992303255/icongroupinterna
•
Compilation of selected acts within the jurisdiction of the Committee on Commerce : environmental law : including Clean Air Act, Solid Waste Disposal Act, Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, Toxic Substances Control Act, Noise Control Act of 1972, Safe Drinking Water Act. Superfund. SARA; ISBN: 0160474906; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160474906/icongroupinterna
•
Compilation of selected acts within the jurisdiction of the Committee on Energy and Commerce : environmental law : including Clean Air Act, Solid Waste Disposal Act, Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, Toxic Substances Control Act, Noise Control Act of 1972, Safe Drinking Water Act. Superfund. SARA; ISBN: 0160401070; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160401070/icongroupinterna
•
Compliance With the Safe Drinking Water Act (State Legislative Report, Vol 15, No 7); ISBN: 1555162630; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555162630/icongroupinterna
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Contaminated Drinking Water and Your Health by William L. Lappenbusch; ISBN: 9997690230; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9997690230/icongroupinterna
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Control of Microorganisms in Drinking Water by Srinivasa Lingireddy (Editor), American Society of Civil Engineers; ISBN: 0784406359; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0784406359/icongroupinterna
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Controlling Organics in Drinking Water Seminar (No. 20148) by Awwa Staff (1981); ISBN: 0898672597; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898672597/icongroupinterna
•
Controlling Radionuclides and Other Contaminants in Drinking Water/20277; ISBN: 0898675839; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898675839/icongroupinterna
•
Copper in Drinking Water by Committee on Copper in Drinking Water, et al; ISBN: 0309069394; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309069394/icongroupinterna
•
Corrosion and Corrosion Control in Drinking Water Systems by E. A. Vik (Editor), T. Hedberg (Editor); ISBN: 1877914266; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1877914266/icongroupinterna
•
Critical Assessment of Radon Removal Systems for Drinking Water Supplies by Joseph A. Drago; ISBN: 0898679532; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898679532/icongroupinterna
•
Cryptosporidium: Answers to Questions Commonly Asked by Drinking Water Professionals by Michelle Frey, et al; ISBN: 0898679370; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898679370/icongroupinterna
Books
253
•
Crytosporidium: A Drinking Water Supply Concern by Holmann (1993); ISBN: 9995128187; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9995128187/icongroupinterna
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Database for planning and monitoring of basic minimum services : public distribution system and drinking water supply; ISBN: 8185542449; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8185542449/icongroupinterna
•
DECHEMA Corrosion Handbook, Carboxylic Acid Ester, Drinking Water, Nitric Acid by Gerhard Kreysa (Editor), et al (1999); ISBN: 3527266615; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527266615/icongroupinterna
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Determination of Microcystin-LR in Drinking Waters by HPLC 1994 (Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials) by Standing Committee of Analysts (1994); ISBN: 0117529273; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117529273/icongroupinterna
•
Development of Source-Specific Indicator Organisms for Drinking Water by Sharon Long, et al (2002); ISBN: 1583212507; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583212507/icongroupinterna
•
Diatomaceous Earth Filtration for Safe Drinking Water by George P. Fulton (2000); ISBN: 0784404291; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0784404291/icongroupinterna
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Disinfection Alternatives for Safe Drinking Water by Edward A. Bryant, et al; ISBN: 0471290688; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471290688/icongroupinterna
•
DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS IN DRINKING WATER: CURRENT ISSUES by M. Fielding (Editor), M. Farrimond (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0854047786; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0854047786/icongroupinterna
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Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water: Formation, Analysis, and Control by Yuefeng F. Xie; ISBN: 1566769744; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566769744/icongroupinterna
•
Disinfection dilemma : microbiological control versus by-products : proceedings of the Fifth National Conference on Drinking Water, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, September 13-15, 1992; ISBN: 0898677092; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898677092/icongroupinterna
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Don't Drink the Water: The Essential Guide to Our Contaminated Drinking Water and What You Can Do About It by Lono Kahuna Kupua Ho'Ala, et al (1998); ISBN: 096288829X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096288829X/icongroupinterna
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Drilled Wells (Manuals on Drinking Water Supply) by Peter Ball (2002); ISBN: 3908001986; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3908001986/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking to Your Death: Man-Made Chemical Contaminants in Drinking Water; ISBN: 1568060300; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568060300/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water - Professional Practice Notes: Public Supplies; ISBN: 0900103787; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0900103787/icongroupinterna
254 Drinking Water
•
Drinking Water & Groundwater Remediation Cost Evaluation: Granular Activated Carbon by Robert M. Clark, Jeffrey Q. Adams; ISBN: 0873713532; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873713532/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water (The Food Guide Pyramid) by Helen Frost, Gail Saunders-Smith (Editor); ISBN: 0736805346; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0736805346/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water 1993: A Report by the Chief Inspector, Drinking Water Inspectorate; ISBN: 0117529486; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117529486/icongroupinterna
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Drinking Water 1995: A Report by the Chief Inspector, Drinking Water Inspectorate by Michael Rouse; ISBN: 0117532746; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117532746/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water 1996: A Report by the Chief Inspector, Drinking Water Inspectorate by Michael Rouse (1997); ISBN: 0117534021; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117534021/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water 1997: a Report by the Chief Inspector, Drinking Water Inspectorate by Michael Rouse; ISBN: 0117534684; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117534684/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking water and cardiovascular disease : [proceedings]; ISBN: 0930376161; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0930376161/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water and Drinking Water Treatment (1995); ISBN: 3540581782; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540581782/icongroupinterna
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Drinking Water and Groundwater Remediation Cost Evaluation: Air Stripping/Manual With Disk by Robert M. Clark, Jeffrey Q. Adams (1991); ISBN: 0873713524; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873713524/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water and Health by National Research Council, Safe Drinking Water Committee; ISBN: 0309026199; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309026199/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water and Health by National Research Council. Safe Drinking Water Committee, National Rese Assembly Of Life Sciences; ISBN: 0309031982; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309031982/icongroupinterna
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Drinking Water and Health: Disinfectants and Disinfectant By-Products by Assembly of Life Science (Editor), et al (1987); ISBN: 0309037417; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309037417/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water and Health: Selected Issues in Risk Assessment (Drinking Water and Health, Vol 9) by Safe Drinking National Research Council (1989); ISBN: 0309038979; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309038979/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water and Human Health; ISBN: 0899701809; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0899701809/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water and Infectious Disease: Establishing the Links by Paul R. Hunter (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0849312590; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849312590/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water and Materials: Field Observations and Methods of Investigation (Ellis Horwood Books in Water and Wastewater Treatment) by D. Schoenen, et al
Books
255
(1985); ISBN: 0853129290; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0853129290/icongroupinterna •
Drinking water atlas of China = [Chung-kuo sheng huo yin yung shui ti t°u chi]; ISBN: 7503107537; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/7503107537/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Chemistry: A Laboratory Manual by Barbara A. Hauser; ISBN: 1566704863; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566704863/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Dentrification With Entrapped Microbial Technology (1994); ISBN: 089867705X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089867705X/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking water detoxification; ISBN: 0815507232; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815507232/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Equipment in Mexico: A Strategic Entry Report, 1998 by Inc Icon Group International, The Waste Management Research Group; ISBN: 0741805774; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741805774/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Filters: What You Need to Know (1988); ISBN: 9998052505; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9998052505/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Handbook for Public Officials by American Water Works Association; ISBN: 0898676908; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898676908/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Hazards by John Cary Stewart; ISBN: 0943163161; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0943163161/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Hazards: How to Know If There Are Toxic Chemicals in Your Water and What to Do If There Are by John Cary Stewart; ISBN: 0943163153; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0943163153/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Health Advisory: Munitions by Welford C. Roberts, William R. Hartley (Editor); ISBN: 0873717546; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873717546/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Health Advisory: Pesticides by Office of Drinking Water and Office of Pesds Us Epa, et al; ISBN: 0873712358; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873712358/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Health Advisory: Volatile Organic Compounds by Drinking Water Health Advisory, United States; ISBN: 0873714369; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873714369/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Inspectorate: Annual Report 1999 (2000); ISBN: 0117535540; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117535540/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Inspectorate: Annual Report 2000 (2001); ISBN: 0117536008; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117536008/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Materials: Field Observations and Methods of Investigation by D. Schoenen, et al; ISBN: 0470202580; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0470202580/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Microbiology (1987); ISBN: 0685347249; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0685347249/icongroupinterna
256 Drinking Water
•
Drinking Water Microbiology; ISBN: 3540971629; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540971629/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Microbiology (Ccms, No 128) by Dean O. Cliver (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 0930376285; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0930376285/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Microbiology: Progress and Recent Developments (Brock Springer Series in Contemporary Bioscience) by Gordon A. McFeters (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 0387971629; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387971629/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Quality - Taking Responsibility by Susan L. Conner (Illustrator), et al; ISBN: 0966252098; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966252098/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Quality : Taking Responsibility Coloring Book by Susan L. Conner, et al; ISBN: 0966252020; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966252020/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking water quality enhancement through source protection; ISBN: 0250401886; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0250401886/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Quality in Scotland 1991 (1993); ISBN: 074800680X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/074800680X/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Quality in Scotland 1992 (1993); ISBN: 0748008462; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0748008462/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Quality in Scotland 1994 (1994); ISBN: 0748030344; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0748030344/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Quality in Scotland 1995 (1996); ISBN: 0748030921; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0748030921/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Quality in Scotland 1996 (1998); ISBN: 0748058362; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0748058362/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Quality in Scotland 1997 (1998); ISBN: 0748071792; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0748071792/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Quality Management by Robert Maurice Clark; ISBN: 1566761786; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566761786/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking water quality, Victoria, 1984-1989; ISBN: 072419827X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/072419827X/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Quality: Problems and Solutions by N. F. Gray; ISBN: 0471948187; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471948187/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Regulation and Health by Frederick Pontius (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0471415545; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471415545/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Standards: A Bibliography (Public Administration Series) by Mary Vance; ISBN: 079200406X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/079200406X/icongroupinterna
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Drinking Water Supplies, Protection Through Watershed Management by Raymond J. Burby; ISBN: 0250406233; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0250406233/icongroupinterna
Books
257
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Drinking Water Supply and Agricultural Pollution: Preventive Action by the Water Supply Sector in the European Union and the United States (Environment & Policy, V. 11) by Geerten J. I. Schrama (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0792351045; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792351045/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Treatment Technologies: Comparative Health Effects Assessment by Epa Staff, Epa (1990); ISBN: 0865872171; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865872171/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water Treatment: Small System Alternatives: Proceedings of the Third National Conference on Drinking Water, St. John'S, Newfoundland, Canad by Peter Toft, et al; ISBN: 0080369367; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080369367/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking water, 1991 : a report; ISBN: 0117526762; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117526762/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water: A Community Action Guide by Cynthia McGrath (1986); ISBN: 0937345032; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0937345032/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water: An Endangered Resource (1988); ISBN: 9998052513; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9998052513/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water: Consumers Often Not Well-Informed of Potentially Serious Violations (1992); ISBN: 1568065434; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568065434/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water: Information on the Quality of Water Found at Community Water Systems and Private Wells by Luther Atkins (1997); ISBN: 0788172026; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788172026/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water: Refreshing Answers to All Your Questions (Louise Lindsey Merrick Natural Environment Series, No 21) by James M. Symons, Maria Ramirez (Illustrator) (1995); ISBN: 0890966591; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890966591/icongroupinterna
•
Drinking Water: Stronger Efforts Needed to Protect Areas Around Public Wells from Contamination (1993); ISBN: 0788111418; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788111418/icongroupinterna
•
Eating Fire and Drinking Water by Arlene J. Chai (1998); ISBN: 0449911438; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0449911438/icongroupinterna
•
Emerging Pathogens and Drinking Water Supply by J. de Louvois (Editor), J. Dadswell (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0901144428; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0901144428/icongroupinterna
•
Endangered Species Act : review of federal agency actions and court orders under section 7 provisions : hearing before the Subcommittee on Drinking Water, Fisheries, and Wildlife of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, March 2, 1995; ISBN: 0160475775; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160475775/icongroupinterna
•
Endangered Species Act reauthorization : field hearings before the Subcommittee on Drinking Water, Fisheries, and Wildlife of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, June 1, 1995--Roseburg, OR, June 3, 1995--Lewiston, ID, August 16, 1995--Casper, WY; ISBN:
258 Drinking Water
0160525179; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160525179/icongroupinterna •
Endangered Species Act reauthorization : field hearings before the Subcommittee on Drinking Water, Fisheries, and Wildlife of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, June 1, 1995--Roseburg, OR, June 3, 1995--Lewiston, ID, August 16, 1995--Casper, WY; ISBN: 0160528909; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160528909/icongroupinterna
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Endocrine Disruptors and Pharmaceuticals in Drinking Water by Peter Weyer, David Riley; ISBN: 1583211225; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583211225/icongroupinterna
•
Estimating the cost of compliance with drinking water standards : a user's guide; ISBN: 0898678285; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898678285/icongroupinterna
•
European Standards for Drinking Water (1970); ISBN: 9241540257; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241540257/icongroupinterna
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Evaluation of alternative drinking water treatment processes at pilot scale by means of mutagenicity testing; ISBN: 0898674409; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898674409/icongroupinterna
•
Evaluation of Riverbank Filtration As a Drinking Water Treatment Process by Jack Z. Wang, et al; ISBN: 1583212698; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583212698/icongroupinterna
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Exposure to Contaminants in Drinking Water: Estimating Uptake through the Skin and by Inhalation by Stephen S. Olin (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0849328047; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849328047/icongroupinterna
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Farming for Drinking Water: Nitrate Pollution of Water: An Assessment of a Regulatory Regime (Avebury Studies in Green Research) by Sue Elworthy; ISBN: 1856286509; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1856286509/icongroupinterna
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Federal environmental law constraints on drinking water supply development : final report by Kenneth Rubin; ISBN: 0898676290; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898676290/icongroupinterna
•
Federalism and Environmental Protection: Case Studies for Drinking Water and Ground-Level Ozone by United States (1997); ISBN: 0160493102; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160493102/icongroupinterna
•
Federalism and Environmental Protection: Case Studies for Drinking Water and Ground-Level Ozone by Terry Dinan, Natalie Tawil (1997); ISBN: 0788149849; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788149849/icongroupinterna
•
Fluoride in Drinking Water (WHO Drinking Water) by K. Bailey, et al; ISBN: 1900222965; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1900222965/icongroupinterna
•
Formation and Control of Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water by Philip C. Dr Singer (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0898679982; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898679982/icongroupinterna
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Fundamentals of Drinking Water by Barbara Hauser; ISBN: 0849341299; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849341299/icongroupinterna
Books
259
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Fundamentals of Drinking Water Particle Counting by Erika E. Hargesheimer, et al (2000); ISBN: 1583210423; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583210423/icongroupinterna
•
Future Investment in Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure by Perry Beider, et al (2003); ISBN: 0756729831; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0756729831/icongroupinterna
•
Government, Communities and Non-Governmental Organizations in Social Sector Delivery: Collective Action in Rural Drinking Water Supply by Shahrukh Rafi Khan (1999); ISBN: 0754610039; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0754610039/icongroupinterna
•
Groundwater in southwest Michigan : a guide for citizens and public officials concerned with protecting our underground drinking water supplies by R. N. Passero; ISBN: 0931123062; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0931123062/icongroupinterna
•
Groundwater Quality Monitoring: A Practical Guide for Drinking Water Source Protection by Foster Chilton, et al; ISBN: 0419258906; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0419258906/icongroupinterna
•
Guidelines for Canadian drinking water quality, 1978; ISBN: 0660104296; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0660104296/icongroupinterna
•
Guidelines for Drinking Water Drinking Water Quality Control in Small Community Supplies; ISBN: 9241541709; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241541709/icongroupinterna
•
Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality: Health Criteria and Other Supporting Information; ISBN: 9241541695; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241541695/icongroupinterna
•
Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality: Recommendations; ISBN: 9241541687; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241541687/icongroupinterna
•
Guidelines for Drinking Water, Drinking Water Surveillance and Control of Community Water Supply by World Health Organization (1997); ISBN: 9241545038; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241545038/icongroupinterna
•
Guidelines to Canadian Drinking Water (1989); ISBN: 0660132710; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0660132710/icongroupinterna
•
Handbook for CCL Microbes of Drinking Water by Martha A., Mph Embrey, et al (2002); ISBN: 1583211608; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583211608/icongroupinterna
•
Handbook of Drinking Water Quality, 2nd Edition by John DeZuane (Author); ISBN: 047128789X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047128789X/icongroupinterna
•
Hand-dug Shallow Wells (Drinking Water Supply) by Seamus Collins (2000); ISBN: 3908001978; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3908001978/icongroupinterna
•
Hardness of drinking water and public health : proceedings of the European Scientific Colloquium, Luxembourg, May 1975; ISBN: 0080208983; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080208983/icongroupinterna
260 Drinking Water
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Hazards to Drinking Water Supplies by Alfred Z. Keller, Henry C. Wilson (Editor); ISBN: 0387196943; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387196943/icongroupinterna
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Hazards to Drinking Water Supplies (1992); ISBN: 3540196943; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540196943/icongroupinterna
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Health Advisories for Drinking Water Contaminants by United States; ISBN: 087371931X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087371931X/icongroupinterna
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Health Dangers in Our Drinking Water: Index of New Information and Research Bible by Jay Klingenhagen (Editor), et al (1995); ISBN: 0788305018; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788305018/icongroupinterna
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Health Effects of Drinking Water Contaminants by United States; ISBN: 0873712234; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873712234/icongroupinterna
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Identification and Occurrence of Ozonation By-Products in Drinking Water; ISBN: 0898676916; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898676916/icongroupinterna
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Identification and Treatment of Tastes and Odors in Drinking Water; ISBN: 0898673925; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898673925/icongroupinterna
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Identifying Future Drinking Water Contaminants: Based on the 1998 Workshop on Emerging Drinking Water Contaminants by National Research Council (1999); ISBN: 0309064325; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309064325/icongroupinterna
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Impact of Safe Drinking Water Act regulations on small drinking water systems : hearing before the Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, second session, March 14, 1994; ISBN: 0160470323; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160470323/icongroupinterna
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Impact of Wet-Pipe Fire Sprinkler Systems on Drinking Water Quality by Steven J. Duranceau, et al (1998); ISBN: 0898679435; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898679435/icongroupinterna
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Implementation of the 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act amendments : hearing before the Subcommittee on Health and Environment of the Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, second session, October 8, 1998; ISBN: 0160578698; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160578698/icongroupinterna
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Implementation of the Safe Drinking Water Act : hearing before the Subcommittee on Superfund, Ocean, and Water Protection of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, May 17, 1991; ISBN: 0160371597; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160371597/icongroupinterna
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Influence and Removal of Organics in Drinking Water by I.H. Suffet, et al; ISBN: 0873713869; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873713869/icongroupinterna
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Inorganics in Drinking Water and Cardiovascular Disease (Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology, Vol 9) by Edward J. Calabrese, et al (1985); ISBN:
Books
261
0911131108; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0911131108/icongroupinterna •
International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade : proceedings of the Interregional Seminar on Women and the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade : Cairo, 12-16 March 1984; ISBN: 9211270030; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9211270030/icongroupinterna
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International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade Directory by Worldwater (1984); ISBN: 0727704133; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0727704133/icongroupinterna
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International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade Directory (1994); ISBN: 0727712071; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0727712071/icongroupinterna
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International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade: National Decade Plans; ISBN: 9241560762; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241560762/icongroupinterna
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International Standards for Drinking Water; ISBN: 9991380221; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9991380221/icongroupinterna
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Introduction to Drinking Water (IWEM Booklet) by Norman Nicolson (1990); ISBN: 187075218X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/187075218X/icongroupinterna
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Iron & Manganese Removal: Simple Methods for Drinking Water (Working Papers on Water Supply & Environmental Sanitation) by Peter Hartmann (2002); ISBN: 3908156009; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3908156009/icongroupinterna
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Is Our Water Safe to Drink?: A Guide to Drinking Water Hazards and Health Risks by J. Gordon Millichap MD FRCP; ISBN: 0962911550; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962911550/icongroupinterna
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Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies With Reclaimed Water by Committee to Evaluate the Viability of Augmenting Potable Water Suppli, National Research Council (1998); ISBN: 0309064163; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309064163/icongroupinterna
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IWSA International Specialised Conference on Activated Carbon in Drinking Water Treatment (1996); ISBN: 0735191956; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0735191956/icongroupinterna
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IWSA International Specialized Conference on Drinking Water Distribution with or Without Disinfectant Residual (1998); ISBN: 0735192022; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0735192022/icongroupinterna
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Lead in drinking water : a survey in Great Britain, 1975-1976 : report of an interdepartmental working group; ISBN: 0117512303; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117512303/icongroupinterna
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Lead in Drinking Water in Schools and Non-Residential Buildings (1994); ISBN: 0756732301; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0756732301/icongroupinterna
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Legal and Institutional Factors Affecting the Implementation of the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (Water Series No. 23) (1989); ISBN:
262 Drinking Water
9211043050; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9211043050/icongroupinterna •
Management Guide (Manuals on Drinking Water Supply) by Urs Frohlich (2002); ISBN: 3908001935; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3908001935/icongroupinterna
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Manual for the Certification of Laboratories Analyzing Drinking Water by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1997); ISBN: 1892209055; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1892209055/icongroupinterna
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Medical Dangers to Health and Energy in Our Drinking Water in the United States: Index of New Information by Ahri (1994); ISBN: 0788300709; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788300709/icongroupinterna
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Meeting clean water and drinking water infrastructure needs : hearing before the Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session, April 23, 1997; ISBN: 0160555485; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160555485/icongroupinterna
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Microbial Ecology: Purity of Drinking Water (Ellis Horwood Series in Water and Wastewater Technology) by K.P. Flint; ISBN: 0135851831; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0135851831/icongroupinterna
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Microbial Pathogens and Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water: Health Effects and Management of Risks by Gunther F. Craun, et al (2001); ISBN: 1578811171; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1578811171/icongroupinterna
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Microbiological Aspects of Biofilms and Drinking Water by James Thomas Walker, et al; ISBN: 084930590X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/084930590X/icongroupinterna
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Minimizing Chlorate Ion Formation in Drinking Water When Hypchlorite Ion Is the Chlorinating Agent (1995); ISBN: 0898677815; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898677815/icongroupinterna
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Modeling Water Quality in Drinking Water Distribution Systems by Robert Maurice Clark, Walter M. Grayman (1998); ISBN: 0898679729; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898679729/icongroupinterna
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Moratorium on the listing provisions of the Endangered Species Act : hearing before the Subcommittee on Drinking Water, Fisheries, and Wildlife of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, on S. 191. and S. 503. March 7, 1995; ISBN: 0160477115; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160477115/icongroupinterna
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National Invasive Species Act of 1996 : hearing before the Subcommittee on Drinking Water, Fisheries, and Wildlife of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, second session, on S. 1660, to provide for ballast water management to prevent the introduction and spread of nonindigenous species into the waters of the United States, and for other purposes, September 19, 1996; ISBN: 0160540348; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160540348/icongroupinterna
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Natural Disaster Mitigation in Drinking Water and Sewerage Systems: Guidelines for Vulnerability Analysis by Pan American Health Organization (Editor), Pan American Health Organization; ISBN: 9275122504; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9275122504/icongroupinterna
Books
263
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Natural Mineral Water, Spring Water and Bottled Drinking Water; ISBN: 0110828909; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0110828909/icongroupinterna
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Natural Organic Matter and Disinfection By-Products: Characterization and Control in Drinking Water (Acs Symposium Series, No 761) by Sylvia E. Barrett (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0841236763; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841236763/icongroupinterna
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Natural Organic Matter in Drinking Water: Origin, Characterization and Removal by Awwa Research Foundation (1994); ISBN: 089867753X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089867753X/icongroupinterna
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Natural Organic Matter in Drinking Water: Recommendations to Water Utilities by Billy H. Kornegay, et al (2000); ISBN: 1583210326; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583210326/icongroupinterna
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New dimensions in safe drinking water : an overview of the 1986 SDWA amendments and proposed primary drinking water regulations; ISBN: 089867378X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089867378X/icongroupinterna
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New Horizons in Drinking Water: Annual Conference Proceedings: June 17-21, 2001 Washington, D. C. by Awwa Staff (1902); ISBN: 1583211152; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583211152/icongroupinterna
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Nitrate and Nitrite in Drinking Water (WHO Drinking Water) by H. Hoering, D. Chapman (2002); ISBN: 1900222957; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1900222957/icongroupinterna
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Occurrence of Herbicides/Pesticides in Drinking Water by Michelle Frey (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 1583210601; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583210601/icongroupinterna
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Off-Flavours in Drinking Water and Aquatic Organisms by P.-E. Persson (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0080418619; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080418619/icongroupinterna
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Online Monitoring for Drinking Water Utilities by Erika E. Hargesheimer (Editor), et al (2002); ISBN: 1583211837; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583211837/icongroupinterna
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Options for Community Response to the Safe Drinking Water Act: A Report by Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs. Safe Drinking Water Policy, David J. Eaton (1979); ISBN: 0899406351; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0899406351/icongroupinterna
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Options for Leak and Break Detection and Repair of Drinking Water Systems by Lawrence A. Smith (Editor), et al (2000); ISBN: 1574770918; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1574770918/icongroupinterna
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Options for Remote Monitoring and Control of Small Drinking Water Facilities by Albert J. Pollack (Editor), et al (1999); ISBN: 1574770721; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1574770721/icongroupinterna
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Organic Carcinogens in Drinking Water: Detection, Treatment, and Risk Assessment by Neil M. Ram (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0471809594; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471809594/icongroupinterna
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Organic Micropollutants in Drinking Water and Health by H.A.M. De Kruijf, H.J. Kool (Editor); ISBN: 0444425837; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444425837/icongroupinterna
264 Drinking Water
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Organo-phosphorus Pesticides in River and Drinking Water: Tentative Method, 1980 (Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials); ISBN: 0117516600; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117516600/icongroupinterna
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Organophosphorus pesticides in sewage sludge; Organophosphorus pesticides in river and drinking water : an addition, 1985; ISBN: 011751912X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/011751912X/icongroupinterna
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Ozonation of Drinking Water and of Wastewater by Christiane Gottschalk (Author), et al; ISBN: 352730178X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/352730178X/icongroupinterna
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Ozone and Chlorine Dioxide Technology for Disinfection of Drinking Water by Graham; ISBN: 0815508026; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815508026/icongroupinterna
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Ozone and Chlorine Dioxide Technology for Disinfection of Drinking Water (Pollution Technology Review : 67) (Chemical Technology Review : 164) by J. Katz (Editor); ISBN: 0815508093; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815508093/icongroupinterna
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Ozone Drinking Water Treatment Handbook by Rip G. Rice; ISBN: 0873712277; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873712277/icongroupinterna
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Pesticide Residues in Food & Drinking Water: Human Exposure and Risks (Agrochemicals and Plant Protection) by Denis Hamilton (Editor), Stephen Crossley (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 0471489913; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471489913/icongroupinterna
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Pesticides in Drinking Water by David I. Gustafson (Author) (1993); ISBN: 0471284971; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471284971/icongroupinterna
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Pharmacokinetics in Risk Assessment: Drinking Water and Health by Safe Drinking National Research Council (1987); ISBN: 0309037751; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309037751/icongroupinterna
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Pipe Material Selection in Drinking Water Systems: Selected Proceedings of the International Seminar on Pipe Material Selection in Drinking Water Systems by T. Hedberg (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 1900222620; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1900222620/icongroupinterna
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Plain Talk About Drinking Water by James M. Symons; ISBN: 1583211268; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583211268/icongroupinterna
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Plain Talk About Drinking Water: Questions and Answers About the Water You Drink by James M. Symons; ISBN: 0898678609; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898678609/icongroupinterna
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Planning for tomorrow : proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on Drinking Water, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, October 16-18, 1994; ISBN: 0898678722; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898678722/icongroupinterna
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Plumbing Materials and Drinking Water Quality (Pollution Technology Reviews, No 128) by Thomas J. Sorg, Frank A., Jr. Bell (1986); ISBN: 0815510667; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815510667/icongroupinterna
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Point-Of-Use/Entry Treatment of Drinking Water (Pollution Technology Review, No 188) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, American Water Works Association (1991); ISBN: 081551249X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/081551249X/icongroupinterna
Books
265
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Point-Of-Use/Point-Of-Entry: For Drinking Water Treatment by Benjamin W. Lykins, et al; ISBN: 0873713540; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873713540/icongroupinterna
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Precious Liquid: Drinking Water and Culture in the Valley of Mexico by Wadsworth Publishing (2003); ISBN: 0534612857; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0534612857/icongroupinterna
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Preliminary Assessment of Water Utility Monitoring Needs Under the Safe Drinking Water Act by Wade Miller Associates (1988); ISBN: 0898674492; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898674492/icongroupinterna
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Priorities for the reauthorization of the Safe Drinking Water Act : hearing before the Subcommittee on Health and Environment of the Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, second session, January 31, 1996; ISBN: 0160524377; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160524377/icongroupinterna
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Protecting drinking water supplies through watershed management : a casebook for devising local programs by Todd L. Miller; ISBN: 088040048X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/088040048X/icongroupinterna
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Protecting drinking water supplies through watershed management : a guidebook for devising local programs; ISBN: 0880400501; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880400501/icongroupinterna
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Protection from drinking water contamination : hearing before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, May 10, 1991; ISBN: 0160355214; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160355214/icongroupinterna
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Providing Safe Drinking Water in Small Systems: Technology, Operations, and Economics by Joseph A. Cotruvo (Editor), et al; ISBN: 156670393X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/156670393X/icongroupinterna
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Quality and Treatment of Drinking Water I by Jiri Hrubec (Editor), B. Allard; ISBN: 0387581782; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387581782/icongroupinterna
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Quality and Treatment of Drinking Water II by Hrubec; ISBN: 3540625747; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540625747/icongroupinterna
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Radionuclides in Drinking Water; ISBN: 089867414X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089867414X/icongroupinterna
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Radon, Radium, and Uranium in Drinking Water by C. Richard Cothern, Paul A. Rebers (Editor); ISBN: 0873712072; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873712072/icongroupinterna
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Rapid Pcr-Based Monitoring of Infectious Enteroviruses in Drinking Water by Kelly A. Reynolds, et al (2001); ISBN: 1583211012; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583211012/icongroupinterna
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Reauthorization of the Safe Drinking Water Act : hearing before the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, May 3, 1993, Providence, Rhode Island; ISBN: 0160411009; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160411009/icongroupinterna
266 Drinking Water
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Reduction of water losses in drinking water supply systems in developing countries by R. G. Niemeyer; ISBN: 3803904544; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3803904544/icongroupinterna
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Regulating Drinking Water Quality by Charles E. Gilbert, Edward J. Calabrese (Editor); ISBN: 0873715950; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873715950/icongroupinterna
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Regulations under the Clean Air, Clean Water, and Safe Drinking Water acts, and the need for reform : hearing before the Subcommittee on National Economic Growth, Natural Resources, and Regulatory Affairs of the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, May 26, 1995; ISBN: 0160537843; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160537843/icongroupinterna
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Relative Dominance of Haloacetic Acids and Trihalomethanes in Treated Drinking Water by Philip C. Singer (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1583211179; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583211179/icongroupinterna
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Removal of Algal Toxins from Drinking Water Using Ozone and Gac by Gayle Newcombe, Charles Rosen (2002); ISBN: 1583212256; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583212256/icongroupinterna
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Removal of Organic Contaminants from Drinking Water; ISBN: 9999473725; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9999473725/icongroupinterna
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Removal of Organic Contaminants from Drinking Water (No. 905020); ISBN: 0915295016; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0915295016/icongroupinterna
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Research Plan for Arsenic in Drinking Water by Lawrence W. Reiter; ISBN: 0756704545; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0756704545/icongroupinterna
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Resource Mobilization for Drinking Water and Sanitation in Developing Nations: Proceedings by F.W. Montenari, et al (1987); ISBN: 0872626296; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0872626296/icongroupinterna
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Reverse Osmosis Treatment of Drinking Water by Talbert N. Eisenberg, E Joe Middlebrooks; ISBN: 0250406179; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0250406179/icongroupinterna
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Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology: United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Drinking Water Health Advisories by George W. Ware (Editor) (1988); ISBN: 0387968741; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387968741/icongroupinterna
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Risk and uncertainty analysis for radon in drinking water : final report by Douglas J. Crawford-Brown; ISBN: 0898676134; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898676134/icongroupinterna
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Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water (Compass Series) by National Research Council (1999); ISBN: 0309062926; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309062926/icongroupinterna
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Road salt, drinking water, and safety; improving public policy and practice by Robert C. Terry; ISBN: 0884103021; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0884103021/icongroupinterna
Books
267
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Safe Drinking Water Act by Edward J. Calabrese, et al; ISBN: 0873711386; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873711386/icongroupinterna
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Safe Drinking Water Act : hearing before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, on H.R. 1701. April 19, 1993; ISBN: 0160412021; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160412021/icongroupinterna
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Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1993 : hearing before the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, on S. 1547, a bill to reauthorize and amend Title XIV of the Public Health Service Act (commonly known as the "Safe Drinking Water Act"), and for other purposes, October 27, 1993; ISBN: 0160439205; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160439205/icongroupinterna
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Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1995 : hearing before the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, on S. 1316, a bill to reauthorize and amend Title XIV of the Public Health Service Act (commonly known as the "Safe Drinking Water Act"), and for other purposes, October 19, 1995; ISBN: 0160523699; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160523699/icongroupinterna
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Safe Drinking Water Advisor: A Compliance Assistance Resource by Awwa Staff (2002); ISBN: 1583212825; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583212825/icongroupinterna
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Safe Drinking Water: Actd Amendments of 1986 a Bna Special Report No. 45 Edfr05, Vol 17 No. 20 Part 2 by W. Kelly (1986); ISBN: 9997806875; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9997806875/icongroupinterna
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Safe Drinking Water: Critical Choices for Utilities and Public Officials: Participant Guide by American Water Works Association (1995); ISBN: 0898677939; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898677939/icongroupinterna
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Safe Drinking Water: Current and Future Problems: Proceedings of a National Conference in Washington, D.C. by Washington, D.c National Conference on Drinking Water Policy Problems, Clifford S. Russell; ISBN: 0801821819; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801821819/icongroupinterna
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Safe Drinking Water: The Impact of Chemicals on a Limited Resource by Rip G. Rice (Editor); ISBN: 0961403209; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961403209/icongroupinterna
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Safe water : a fact book on the Safe drinking water act for non-community water systems; ISBN: 0898672244; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898672244/icongroupinterna
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Safety on Tap: A Citizens Drinking Water Handbook by League of Women Voters Education Fund St, David Gray Loveland (1987); ISBN: 0899594026; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0899594026/icongroupinterna
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Salmon and steelhead recovery in the Pacific Northwest : hearing before the Subcommittee on Drinking Water, Fisheries, and Wildlife of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, second session, June 11, 1996; ISBN: 0160539897; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160539897/icongroupinterna
268 Drinking Water
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Salmon spill policy on the Columbia and Snake rivers : hearing before the Subcommittee on Drinking Water, Fisheries, and Wildlife of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, June 22, 1995; ISBN: 0160521742; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160521742/icongroupinterna
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Scientific Assessment of EC Standards for Drinking Water Quality: Monitoring, Sampling Frequency and Reference Methods of Analysis by G. Ziglio, G. Premazzi; ISBN: 9282627152; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282627152/icongroupinterna
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Sequential Disinfection Design Criteria for Inactivation of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Drinking Water by Hanbin Li (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 1583210938; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583210938/icongroupinterna
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Series of Proceedings and Reports: Assessing and Managing Health Risks from Drinking Water Contamination: Approaches and Applications - Proceedings of a Symposium Held at Rome, September 1994 (Series of Proceedings and Reports) by Eric G. Reichard (Editor), Giovanni A. Zapponi (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 0947571698; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0947571698/icongroupinterna
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Setting Priorities for Drinking Water Contaminants by National Research Council Committee on Drinking Water Contamina, et al (1999); ISBN: 0309062934; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309062934/icongroupinterna
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Simple Methods for the Treatment of Drinking Water by Gabriele Heber; ISBN: 3528020210; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3528020210/icongroupinterna
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Sources, Occurrence, & Control of Chlorine Dioxide By-Product Residuals in Drinking Water; ISBN: 0898677696; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898677696/icongroupinterna
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Spring Catchment (Series of Manuals on Drinking Water Supply) by Christian Meuli, Karl Wehrle (2002); ISBN: 390800196X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/390800196X/icongroupinterna
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Summary of State Drinking Water Regulations and Plan Review GuideLines/Pbn90513 (1986); ISBN: 0915295113; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0915295113/icongroupinterna
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Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality in Rural Areas by Barry Lloyd, et al; ISBN: 0582063302; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0582063302/icongroupinterna
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Survey of Bromide in Drinking Water & Impacts on Dbp Formation by Gary L. Amy (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0898677831; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898677831/icongroupinterna
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Tapping Your Own Resources: A Decision-Maker's Guide for Small Town Drinking Water (1993); ISBN: 0925532096; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0925532096/icongroupinterna
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Taste & Odor in Drinking Water Supplies (1989); ISBN: 0898674670; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898674670/icongroupinterna
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Taste and Odor in Drinking Water Supplies Phases I and II (Catalog Number 90542) (1988); ISBN: 9990738106; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9990738106/icongroupinterna
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Taste and Odor in Drinking Water Supplies-Phase III; ISBN: 0898678641; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898678641/icongroupinterna
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Technologies for Upgrading Existing or Designing New Drinking Water by Center For Environment U S. Epa; ISBN: 0877628246; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877628246/icongroupinterna
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The Bacteriological examination of drinking water supplies, 1982; ISBN: 0117516759; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117516759/icongroupinterna
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The Cost of compliance with the proposed federal drinking water standards for radionuclides : final report; ISBN: 089867610X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089867610X/icongroupinterna
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The Determination of Diquat and Paraquat in River and Drinking Waters, Spectrophotometric Methods Tentive 1987 (Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials); ISBN: 0117520756; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117520756/icongroupinterna
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The Drinking Water Book: A Complete Guide to Safe Drinking Water by Colin Ingram (1991); ISBN: 0898154367; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898154367/icongroupinterna
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The Drinking Water Dictionary by James M. Symons (Editor), et al (2000); ISBN: 158321013X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/158321013X/icongroupinterna
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The Drinking Water Handbook by Frank R. Spellman, Joanne Drinan; ISBN: 1566768330; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566768330/icongroupinterna
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The Drinking Water in Containers Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1994: Food (Statutory Rule: 1994: 185); ISBN: 0337911851; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0337911851/icongroupinterna
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The Drinking Water in Containers Regulations 1994: Food (Statutory Instruments: 1994: 743) (1994); ISBN: 0110437438; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0110437438/icongroupinterna
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The International drinking water supply and sanitation decade : review of national baseline data, as at 31 December 1980; ISBN: 9241700858; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241700858/icongroupinterna
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The International drinking water supply and sanitation decade : review of regional and global data (as at [sic] 31 December 1983); ISBN: 9241700920; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241700920/icongroupinterna
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The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade directory; ISBN: 0727701290; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0727701290/icongroupinterna
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The Nitrate issue : a study of the economic and other consequences of various local options for limiting nitrate concentrations in drinking water; ISBN: 0117521728; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117521728/icongroupinterna
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The Safe Drinking Water Act: A Case Study of an Unfunded Federal Mandate by Terry Dinan (1995); ISBN: 0788126121; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788126121/icongroupinterna
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The Sierra Club Guide to Safe Drinking Water by Scott Alan Lewis (1996); ISBN: 087156355X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087156355X/icongroupinterna
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The Surface Waters (Abstraction for Drinking Water) (Classification) (Scotland) Regulations 1996: Water, Scotland (Statutory Instruments: 1996: 3047 (S. 233)) (1997); ISBN: 0110554914; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0110554914/icongroupinterna
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The Surface Waters (Abstraction for Drinking Water) (Classification) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1996: Water and Sewerage (Statutory Rule: 1996: 603) (1996); ISBN: 0337925631; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0337925631/icongroupinterna
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The Surface Waters (Abstraction for Drinking Water) (Classification) Regulations 1996: Water Resources, England and Wales (Statutory Instruments: 1996: 3001) (1996); ISBN: 0110633466; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0110633466/icongroupinterna
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Trace Contaminants in Drinking Water Chemicals by Michael J. Macphee, et al (2002); ISBN: 1583212477; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583212477/icongroupinterna
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Treatment of Drinking Water for Organic Contaminants: Proceedings of the Second National Conference on Drinking Water, Edmonton, Canada, April 7 & 8, by Peter M. Huck, Peter Toft (Editor); ISBN: 0080318762; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080318762/icongroupinterna
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Treatment Techniques for Controlling Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water (20221) by Municipal Environmental Research Laborat; ISBN: 0898672791; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898672791/icongroupinterna
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Trihalomethane Reduction in Drinking Water: Technologies, Costs, Effectiveness, Monitoring, Compliance (Pollution Technology Review, No 114) by Gordon Culp; ISBN: 0815510020; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815510020/icongroupinterna
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Troubled Water: The Poisoning of America's Drinking Water-How Government and Industry Allowed It to Happen, and What You Can Do to Ensure a Safe Supp by Jonathan King; ISBN: 0878575715; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878575715/icongroupinterna
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Unit Processes in Drinking Water Treatment by Willy J. Masschelein; ISBN: 0824786785; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824786785/icongroupinterna
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Upgrading Existing or Designing New Drinking Water Treatment Facilities (Pollution Technology Review, No 198) by James E. Smith, et al (1991); ISBN: 0815512627; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815512627/icongroupinterna
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Vannkvalitet og helse : analyse av en mulig sammenheng mellom aluminium i drikkevann og aldersdemens = Water quality and health : study of a possible relation between aluminium in drinking water and dementia by Tiril Vogt; ISBN: 8253723709; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8253723709/icongroupinterna
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Water Fit to Drink: A Guide to the Hidden Hazards of Drinking Water and What You Can Do to Ensure a Safe, Good-Tasting Supply for the Home by Carol Keough; ISBN:
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087857297X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087857297X/icongroupinterna •
Water Lifting (Manuals on Drinking Water Supply) by Erich Baumann (2002); ISBN: 3908001994; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3908001994/icongroupinterna
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Water Quality in Latin America: Balancing the Microbial and Chemical Risks in Drinking Water Disinfection by Gunther F. Craun (Editor), G. Unther Craun (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 0944398480; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0944398480/icongroupinterna
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Water Sanitation and Health: Resolving Conflicts Between Drinking Water Demands and Pressures from Society's Wastes (World Health Organisation Water) by I. Chorus (Editor), et al (2000); ISBN: 393281634X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/393281634X/icongroupinterna
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Water, sanitation, health, for all? : prospects for the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade, 1981-90; ISBN: 0905347277; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0905347277/icongroupinterna
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Water, Sanitation, Health: For All: Prospects for the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade, 1981-90 by Anil Agarwal (1981); ISBN: 9992291737; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9992291737/icongroupinterna
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Your Drinking Water Is Being Polluted; ISBN: 1857502582; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1857502582/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “drinking water” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
A critique on disinfection of drinking water. Author: Kapoor, Surinder Kumar.; Year: 1969; Urbana, Ill., Univ. of Illinois, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1969
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A guide to the microscopical examination of drinking water; with an appendix on the microscopical examination of air. Author: Macdonald, John Denis,; Year: 1907; London, Churchill, 1883
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A preliminary survey of radiostrontium and radiocaesium in drinking water in the United Kingdom [by] N. G. Stewart [et al.]. Author: United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority. Research Group.; Year: 1959; Harwell, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, 1959
10
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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A study of the bacteriology of drinking water supplies in tropical climates, by Wm. Wesley Clemesha [and others]. Author: Clemesha, William Wesley.; Year: 1852; Madras, Government Press, 1909
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Carbon tetrachloride contamination of public drinking water: hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Ninety-fifth Congress, first session, April 13, 1977. Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations.; Year: 1948; Washington: U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1977
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Communities with fluoridated drinking water. Author: Mead Johnson; Company.; Year: 1964; [Evansville, Ind., 1964]
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Disparities in access, use, and expenditure in drinking water in Latin America and the Caribbean. Jamaica. Author: Public Policy and Health Program (Pan American Health Organization); Year: 2001; Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization, Public Policy and Health Program, Health and Human Development Division [and] Basic Sanitation Program, Health and Environment Division, c2001
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Essay: lead pipes used as conduits for drinking water, contrasted with pure block tin pipes; brief history of lead diseases. Author: Jackson, Charles T. (Charles Thomas),; Year: 1876; New York, Oliver, 1852
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Fluoridated drinking water and the occurrence of cancer Author: Hoover, Robert N.,; Year: 1977; [s.l.]: Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 1975
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Investigation of the use of chemicals in foods and cosmetics; report pursuant to H. Res. 74, 82d Cong., 1st sess. Fluoridation of public drinking water. Author: United States. Congress. House. Select Committee to Investigate the Use of Chemicals in Food Products.; Year: 1883; [Washington, 1952]
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Manual for evaluating public drinking water supplies; a manual of practice recommended by the Public Health Service. Author: United States. Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service. Bureau of Water Hygiene.; Year: 1969; Cincinnati, 1969
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Manual of standards of quality for drinking water supplies. Author: Indian Council of Medical Research.; Year: 1656; New Delhi, 1962
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Peri psychroposias, of drinking water, against our novelists, that prescribed it in England. Whereunto is added Peri thermoposias of warm drink, and is an answer to a Treatise of warm drink printed in Cambridge. Author: Short, Richard,; Year: 1928; London, John Crook, 1656
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Public Health Service drinking water standards. Author: United States. Public Health Service.; Year: 1962; Washington [For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1962, reprinted 1963]
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Safe drinking water act - 1973. Hearings. House of Representatives, Ninety-third Congress, first session, on H. R. 5368, H. R. 1059, H. R. 5448, and H. R. 5995, bills to amend the Public Health Service act and the Federal food, drug, and cosmetic act to assure that the public is provided with safe drinking water, and for other purposes, March 8 and 9, 1973. Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Public Health and Environment.; Year: 1973; Washington, U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1973
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Safe drinking water act amendments of 1977: hearing. Ninety-fifth Congress, first session on H. R. 5829 and H. R. 6160. H. R. 5830 and H. R. 6159. H. R. 2317. April 22, 1977. Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign
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Commerce. Subcommittee on Health and the Environment.; Year: 1974; Washington: U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1977 •
Summary of major provisions of the Safe drinking water act (H. R. 13002) as reported by the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.; Year: 1975; Washington: U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1974
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The microscopy of drinking water, by George Chandler Whipple. revised by Gordon Maskew Fair. and Melville Conley Whipple. Author: Whipple, George Chandler,; Year: 1962; New York, J. Wiley; sons, inc.; London, Chapman; Hall, limited, 1927
Chapters on Drinking Water In order to find chapters that specifically relate to drinking water, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and drinking water using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “drinking water” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on drinking water: •
Water Treatment Source: in Gutch, C.F.; Stoner, M.H.; Corea, A.L. Review of Hemodialysis for Nurses and Dialysis Personnel. 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby. 1999. p. 72-90. Contact: Available from Harcourt Publishers. Foots Cray High Street, Sidcup, Kent DA14 5HP UK. 02083085700. Fax 02083085702. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.harcourt-international.com. PRICE: $37.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815120990. Summary: Dialysis, the process of cleansing the blood of accumulated waste products, is a complex treatment. This chapter on water treatment in hemodialysis is from a nursing text that poses questions and then answers those questions with the aim of giving a good understanding of the basic principles, basic diseases, and basic problems in the treatment of kidney patients by dialysis. The author of the chapter notes that improved dialysis technology has made high purity water critical for dialysis fluid preparation. Fortunately, the science of water purification has made some parallel advances. Enhanced membranes for reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration (UF) devices to screen out endotoxins as well as bacteria, and improved monitoring systems are available and in use in the renal (kidney) community. The author discusses filtration, reverse osmosis, deionization, standards for water purification, and cost factors. The author notes that the best kind of water processing for an individual dialysis unit depends on the quality of available tap water and its solute content. Feed water should be analyzed on a regular basis for chemical and bacteriologic content and should meet the EPA Drinking Water Standard. One sidebar outlines factors included in premarket notification for water purification products. 4 figures.
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Prevention: Practical Aspects Source: in Wilson, N.H.F.; Roulet, J.; Fuzzi, M., eds. Advances in Operative Dentistry: Challenges of the Future. Volume 2. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 2001. p. 29-42. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $98.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867154039. Summary: This chapter on the practical aspects of preventing dental caries (cavities) is from a book that captures the state of the art views and approaches of European opinion leaders in the field of operative dentistry. After the authors consider and dismiss a 'perfect scenario' in which professional prevention services were provided to entire population, they address practical approaches. Topics include fluoridation of the drinking water, oral self care (toothbrushing and flossing), and personalized professional prevention. The chapter concludes with a brief case report to illustrate the points made. The authors stress that dentists must recommend oral self care, assess patient risk factors, and offer personalized professional prevention. With such an approach, oral health care may offer compliant patients the opportunity of a lifetime for healthy teeth and supporting tissues. The chapter is illustrated with full color photographs and charts. 20 figures. 29 references.
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Hepatitis Source: in Complete Directory for Pediatric Disorders. Millerton, NY: Grey House Publishing, Inc. 2002. p. 434-437. Contact: Available from Grey House Publishing, Inc. 185 Millerton Road, Millerton, NY 12546. Website: www.greyhouse.com. PRICE: $165.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1930956614. Summary: This entry from a directory of pediatric disorders covers hepatitis, an inflammatory condition of the liver that may result from viral, bacterial, or parasitic infection; certain blood disorders; or exposure to certain drugs, toxins, or alcohol. Viral infection is most frequently the cause of hepatitis. The entry describes each type of hepatitis (A, B, C, D and E), including symptoms and findings, transmission, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment considerations. Hepatitis A virus is thought to be the most common cause of hepatitis in children, with an extremely high prevalence rate in underdeveloped countries. This form of hepatitis is usually spread by fecal-oral contamination through drinking water, food, or direct contact. Hepatitis A is an acute, self limited form of hepatitis, with a return to general health typically within one month, although relapses do occur. The entry then lists national associations and support groups, web sites, books and children's books, newsletters, and pamphlets related to hepatitis. The acquisition information for each item is provided.
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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON DRINKING WATER Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on drinking water. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Drinking Water The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in drinking water (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on drinking water: •
Arsenic in drinking water [electronic resource]: recent regulatory developments and issues Source: Mary Tiemann; Year: 2001; Format: Electronic resource; Washington, DC: National Council for Science and the Environment, [2001]
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Drinking water [motion picture] Source: [Hugh Harman Productions for U.S. Navy]; Year: 1945; Format: Motion picture; United States: Hugh Harman Productions, 1945
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Drinking water criteria document for chloramines [electronic resource] Source: Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Office of Science and Technology [and] Office of Water; Year: 1994; Format: Electronic resource; [Cincinnati, Ohio]: Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Office of Science and Technology, [1994]
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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON DRINKING WATER Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover drinking water.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on drinking water is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “drinking water” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to drinking water. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “drinking water” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for drinking water: •
Aluminum in drinking water tied to Alzheimer's Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 14, 2003
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Acidic drinking water may increase risk of type 1 diabetes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 13, 2002
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Drinking water linked to lower heart disease risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 08, 2002
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Polluted drinking water linked to low birth weights Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 22, 2001
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Polluted drinking water linked to low birth weight Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 19, 2001
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EPA to tighten limit on arsenic in drinking water Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 01, 2001
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Senate bill would limit chromium 6 in drinking water Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 04, 2001
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EPA lowers allowable arsenic levels in drinking water Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 18, 2001 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “drinking water” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology
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oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “drinking water” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to drinking water, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “drinking water” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “drinking water” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on drinking water: •
Wonderful World of Water: A Drink to Your Health Source: Mayo Clinic Women's Healthsource. 3(8): 1, 2. August 1999. Contact: Available from Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905. Summary: This health newsletter article describes the benefits of adequate amounts of fluid intake, notably water. The author notes that many Americans don't drink enough water and that the 'eight glasses of water a day' rule is not an adequate guideline for what can be rather individualized water needs. The author first reviews the roles of water in the body, to regulate body temperature, remove wastes, carry nutrients and oxygen to the cells, cushion the joints, help prevent constipation, lessen the burden on the kidneys and liver by removing some of the toxins, and help dissolve vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients to make them accessible to the body. Besides helping the body run smoothly, there is some evidence that water helps prevent certain diseases. For example, people who have had kidney stones can often prevent further stones from forming by drinking lots of fluids. The author then guides readers in determining how much water will meet their own individual needs. Eight glasses is the average; people will then need to adjust that to take into consideration exercise or other activities that
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cause perspiration, and the role of drinking dehydrating beverages such as those with alcohol and caffeine. Another section of the article considers the safety and purity of tap water; the EPA's Safe Drinking Water Hotline number is provided (800-426-4791). The author concludes by encouraging readers to pay attention to their fluid intakes and make a conscious effort to stay hydrated. One sidebar reviews the use of bottled water. •
10 Things You Should Know About Oral Health: Information for New and Expectant Mothers Source: Closing the Gap. p. 9. July 1999. Contact: Available from Office of Minority Health Resource Center. P.O. Box 37337, Washington, DC 20013-7337. (800) 444-6472. Summary: With reasonable and proper care before and during pregnancy, new mothers can avoid oral health problems while protecting the oral health of their children. This newsletter article summarizes 10 things every new or expectant mother should do or know about oral health: visit the dentist, take vitamins, check the status of community drinking water, clean the baby's mouth, take the baby to the dentist, take care of baby teeth, prevent early childhood caries (baby bottle tooth decay), address special health care needs (such as cleft lip and palate), prevent oral and facial injuries, and encourage healthy eating habits. Under each topic, the authors provide brief, practical suggestions on how to achieve and maintain optimal oral health. The authors conclude by introducing a patient education guide for health education professions, Bright Futures in Practice, which addresses the oral health needs of children from birth to 21 years by presenting guidelines on oral health promotion and disease prevention. One sidebar lists the people who should see a dentist more often than the standard recommendations.
Academic Periodicals covering Drinking Water Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to drinking water. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering drinking water that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for drinking water. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with drinking water. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to drinking water: Carbohydrates and Electrolytes •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Infalyte; Kao Lectrolyte; Naturalyte; Oralyte; Pedialyte; Pedialyte Freezer Pops; Rehydralyte; Resol$ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202112.html
Copper Supplements •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Note: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202164.html
Sodium Fluoride •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fluoritab; Fluorodex; Flura; Flura-Drops; Flura-Loz; Karidium; Luride; Pediaflor; Pharmaflur; Phos-Flur http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202527.html
Vitamins and Fluoride •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Adeflor; Cari-Tab; Mulvidren-F; Poly-Vi-Flor; Tri-ViFlor; Vi-Daylin/F http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202600.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.
PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html.
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Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “drinking water” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “drinking water” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
Health Food and HIV Contact: South Pacific Commission, Community Health Services Programme, Pacific Islands AIDS and STD Programme, BP D5 98848, Noumea Cedex. Summary: This pamphlet for Pacific Islanders explains which foods are best for people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) to build a strong healthy body and why. It recommends a mixture of foods from the three important food groups: foods that build the body, foods that protect the body, and foods that give energy as well as the number of servings required. It encourages drinking water, regular exercise, and keeping a healthy body weight, and discourages the use of alcohol, tobacco, kava, and betel nut. The pamphlet discusses food safety during preparation, cooking, and storage; common health problems associated with HIV; and foods that help these problems. The pamphlet also discusses the nutritional needs of women and children with HIV/AIDS. Recipes using local ingredients are included.
•
America's children and the environment: Measures of contaminants, body burdens, and illnesses. (2nd ed.) Source: Washington, DC: Office of Children's Health Protection, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003. 171 pp. Contact: Available from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Children's Health Protection, Room 2512 Ariel Rios North, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W., Mail Code 1107A, Washington, DC 20004. Telephone: (202) 564-2188 / fax: (202) 564-2733 / Web site: http://yosemite.epa.gov/ochp/ochpweb.nsf/homepage. Available from the Web site at no charge. Summary: This report brings together quantitative information on trends in levels of environmental contaminants; concentrations of contaminants measured in the bodies of children and women; and childhood illnesses that may be influenced by exposure to environmental contaminants. Report sections discuss environmental contaminants of outdoor and indoor air, drinking water, pesticides, and land contaminants; body burdens of concentrations of lead, mercury, and cotinine; and childhood illnesses such
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as respiratory diseases, childhood cancer, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Section four of the report discusses emerging issues such as mercury in fish and attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder. Special features, part five of the report, focuses on lead in California schools, pesticides in Minnesota schools, and birth defects in California. Each section contains references. Also included is a section on future directions of measurements used in this report as well as a glossary of terms. The appendices include data tables, data and methods used, and environmental health objectives in Healthy People 2010 and in the Environmental Protection Agency's strategic plan. •
Lead poisoning in children: South Bend and comparison cities Source: South Bend, IN: School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University at South Bend. 1991. 97 pp. Contact: Available from Indiana University at South Bend, School of Public and Environmental Affairs, 1700 Mishawaka Avenue, South Bend, IN 46634. Telephone: (219) 237-411. Summary: This report discusses the problem of lead poisoning in children, calling it an invisible epidemic. It discusses lead poisoning frequencies in metropolitan areas, demographic and social problem correlates, environmental correlates such as air pollution and toxic emissions, leaded air emissions in South Bend, lead in drinking water problems, and need for community intervention. It ends with five appendices: bibliographic abstracts, children in leaded environments, report contributors, a predistribution overview, and a post- distribution overview.
•
Review of fluoride risks and benefits: Report of the Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Fluoride of the Committee to Coordinate Environmental Health and Related Programs, Public Health Service Source: Washington, DC: Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1991. ca. 200 pp. Summary: This report reviews and evaluates public health benefits and risks of fluorides from drinking water and other sources. It deals with properties of fluoride and assessments of health benefits and health risks associated with fluoride based on human and animal studies. The report contains a list of references and eight appendices.
•
Health effects of ingested fluoride Source: Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 1993. 181 pp. Contact: Available from National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20002 / Web site: http://www.nap.edu. $35.00 plus $4.00 shipping and handling. Summary: This report reviews the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards related to fluoridated drinking water, examines the health effects of ingested fluoride, and addresses the question of whether the maximum contaminant level of 4 milligrams (mg) of fluoride per liter of drinking water is appropriate. The report discusses various kinds of toxicity that have been attributed to fluoride ingestion, including dental fluorosis; bone fracture; reproductive, renal, gastrointestinal, and immunologic toxicities; genotoxicity; and carcinogenicity. The report also assesses the current EPA drinking water standard for fluoride to determine whether it is protective of public health. The document is intended for use by EPA in deciding whether to maintain or revise its current drinking water standard for fluoride.
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•
Managing for results: Measuring program results that are under limited federal control Source: Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office. 1998. 24 pp. Contact: Available from U.S. General Accounting Office, P.O. Box 37050, Washington, DC 20013. Telephone: (202) 512-6806 or (202) 512-2537 TDD / fax: (202) 512-2837 / email:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.gao.gov. First copy available at no charge; additional copies $2.00. Summary: This report seeks to assist Federal agencies in developing measurable goals by presenting six case studies of agencies or programs that were successful in doing so. The case studies cover the following: Job Training Partnership Act training programs, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Safe Drinking Water Program, and Title 1 Education Assistance program. The case studies describe each program or agency's functions, its strategic goals, its intermediate and end outcomes, and a detailed discussion of its successful strategies to develop goals. A bibliography of references and other GAO-published products complete the report.
•
Assessing the Public Health Threat Associated With Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis: Report of a Workshop Contact: US Government Printing Office, PO Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA, 15250-7954, (202) 512-1800, http://www.access.gpo.gov. Summary: This report updates and consolidates the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's recommendations for preventing waterborne cryptosporidiosis. It discusses surveillance systems and epidemiologic study designs; public health responses when oocysts are detected in drinking water; cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised persons; and water sampling methods and interpretation of results. The report also provides suggestions for persons and organizations who must assist with these issues involving waterborne cryptosporidiosis.
•
The nation's health and safety: A status report Source: Washington, DC: Coalition for Consumer Health and Safety. 1995-. biennial. Contact: Available from Coalition for Consumer Health and Safety, c/o Consumer Federation of America, 1424 16th Street, N.W., Suite 604, Washington, DC 20036. Telephone: (202) 387-6121. Summary: This statistical report provides data on mortality and morbidity, economic costs, the causes of health and safety threats, and related federal expenditures for product or substance-related threats to public health and safety. The seven areas surveyed are: motor vehicle safety, home and product safety, indoor air quality, nutrition, food and drinking water safety, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and AIDS.
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine 14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
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(NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “drinking water” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 25634 611 937 82 4 27268
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “drinking water” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
18
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 19 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 20
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story.
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more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
21
After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on drinking water can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to drinking water. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to drinking water. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “drinking water”:
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•
Guides on drinking water Drinking Water http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/drinkingwater.html
•
Other guides Alcohol and Youth http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholandyouth.html Alcohol Consumption http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholconsumption.html Alcoholism http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholism.html Arsenic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arsenic.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to drinking water, the following was listed: •
General/Overview Drinking Water and Health: What You Need to Know Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwhealth.html Ground Water and Drinking Water: Frequently Asked Questions Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/safewater/faq/faq.html Local Drinking Water Information Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwinfo.htm Tox Town Source: National Library of Medicine http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/ TOXNET Databases Source: National Library of Medicine http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ Water http://www-nehc.med.navy.mil/downloads/ep/Posters/gwlittle.pdf Water on Tap: A Guide to the Nation's Drinking Water Supply Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/wot/ontap.html
•
Specific Conditions/Aspects Arsenic in Well Water Related to Atherosclerosis Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3001554
Patient Resources
Bottled Water: Better Than the Tap? Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2002/402_h2o.html Don't Use Solder that Contains Lead for Work on Drinking Water Systems Source: Consumer Product Safety Commission http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/5056.html Drinking Water Contaminants Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/hfacts.html E. Coli in Drinking Water Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/safewater/ecoli.html Locating Safe Drinking Water [After a Disaster] Source: Federal Emergency Management Agency http://www.fema.gov/rrr/waterf.shtm MTBE in Drinking Water Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw000/mtbe.html National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Asbestos Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwh/c-ioc/asbestos.html National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Mercury Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/dwh/c-ioc/mercury.html Perchlorate: Questions and Answers Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/clo4qa.html Private Drinking Water Wells Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/safewater/pwells1.html Private Wells: Guidance for What to Do After the Flood Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water http://www.epa.gov/safewater/consumer/whatdo.htm Radon in Drinking Water: Questions and Answers Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/safewater/radon/qa.html Risks from Food and Drink: Health Information for International Travel Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/travel/food-drink-risks.htm Safe Food and Water: A Guide for People with HIV Infection Source: National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/brochure/food.htm Statement on Water Fluoridation Source: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health/waterfluoridation.asp
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Sulfate in Drinking Water Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/safewater/sulfate.html •
Children Children and Drinking Water Standards Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/safewater/kids/child.html Contaminants to Which Children May Be Particularly Sensitive Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/kids/cdwstble.html Explorers' Club: Water Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/kids/water.htm Ground Water and Drinking Water: Kids' Stuff Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/safewater/kids/index.html Groundwater Sources of Contamination Source: Groundwater Foundation http://www.groundwater.org/GWBasics/contamination_sources.htm Water Science for Schools Source: U.S. Geological Survey http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/ What's Up With Our Nation's Waters? http://www.epa.gov/owow/monitoring/nationswaters/waters.pdf
•
Journals/Newsletters On Tap Source: National Drinking Water Clearinghouse http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/ndwc/ndwc_ontap.htm
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Law and Policy Drinking Water Standard for Arsenic Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water http://www.epa.gov/safewater/ars/ars_rule_factsheet.html EPA and Agriculture Working Together to Improve America's Waters Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/epahome/headline_121602.htm EPA Announces Arsenic Standard For Drinking Water of 10 Parts per Billion Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/epahome/headline_110101.htm It's Your Drinking Water: Get to Know It and Protect It! http://www.epa.gov/safewater/consumer/itsyours.pdf
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Proposed Ground Water Rule Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/safewater/gwr.html •
Organizations Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water http://www.epa.gov/watrhome/ National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/default.htm National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.niehs.nih.gov/ U.S. Geological Survey, Office of Water Quality http://water.usgs.gov/owq/
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Pictures/Diagrams Arsenic in Ground Water of the United States Source: U.S. Geological Survey http://co.water.usgs.gov/trace/arsenic/
•
Prevention/Screening Actions You Can Take to Reduce Lead in Drinking Water Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/safewater/Pubs/lead1.html Emergency Disinfection of Drinking Water Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/safewater/faq/emerg.html Preventing Cryptosporidiosis: A Guide to Water Filters and Bottled Water Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/cryptosporidiosis/factsht_crypto_pre vent_water.htm Protect Water For Life Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/epahome/headline_103102.htm Signs of Common Water Quality Problems Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/safewater/faq/signs.html Water Treatment Units Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/faq/water.htm
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating
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unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on drinking water. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
A Guide to Quality Drinking Water for People With HIV/AIDS And Their Friends Contact: Everpure, Incorporated, 660 Blackhawk Drive, Westmont, IL, 60559, (630) 6544000. Summary: This brochure reviews the importance of safe drinking water, especially for those with HIV/AIDS and other subgroups who may have compromised immune systems. For people with HIV, cryptosporidium is one of the most dangerous waterborne parasites. AIDS advocacy groups recommend that people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWAs) either boil their drinking water, drink only tap water that has been filtered through a certified filtration system, or buy bottled water. This guide shows how the reader can rate drinking water quality, offers advice on finding a solution if a problem arises, and evaluates commercially available water products and treatment systems.
Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Blue Thumb Word Scramble Summary: Solve this word game and see how much you know about water. You can link to other great games and fun activities on that can help you learn more about drinking water. Source: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5707
•
Blue Thumb Word Search Summary: Kids can learn more about keeping drinking water pure and have some fun playing a related word game. Source: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5914
Patient Resources
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Copper and Human Health -- Quick Facts Summary: Answers general questions about the role of copper in the human body. Topics covered include sources of copper; copper in drinking water; copper toxicity; and copper exposure. Source: Nonprofit/Professional Entity--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4631
•
EnviroMapper Summary: This interactive web site allows users to view and query several types of environmental information, including drinking water, toxic and air releases, hazardous waste, water discharge permits, and Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4862
•
FAQ - About Drinking Water Summary: This site contains answers from consumers about their drinking water -- its sources, treatment and safety. It also provides a link to EPA's Safe Drinking Water Hotline. Source: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2968
•
Information Collection Rule (ICR) Data Summary: Data collected under the Information Collection Rule (ICR) -- a national research project to support development of national drinking water standards which protect public health -- available online. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5218
•
Kids' Stuff -- Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water Summary: Sponsored by the Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, this web site contains resources that are intended teach children about drinking water, including water filtration and building aquifers and Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4381
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•
National Drinking Water Clearinghouse Summary: The National Drinking Water Clearinghouse (NDWC) at West Virginia University is a public service organization that collects, develops, and distributes timely drinking water-related information. Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7550
•
Water on Tap: A Consumer's Guide to the Nation's Drinking Water Summary: This consumer information report provides information about the quality of U.S. drinking water safety, and addresses a variety of concerns that apply to many regions and situations. Source: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2967 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to drinking water. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources
A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to drinking water. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with drinking water. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about drinking water. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “drinking water” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “drinking water”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “drinking water” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “drinking water” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
23
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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DRINKING WATER DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many
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immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic beta-Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic betaantagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety. [NIH] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH]
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Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobe: Living or active only in the presence of oxygen; taking place in the presence of oxygen. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Aflatoxins: A group of closely related toxic metabolites that are designated mycotoxins. They are produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Members of the group include aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, aflatoxin M1, and aflatoxin M2. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Alanine Transaminase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-
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oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2. [NIH]
Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allo: A female hormone. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alum: A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called aluminum sulfate. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Alveolar Process: The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration.
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Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that is used as an expectorant and a diuretic. [NIH]
Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphase: The third phase of cell division, in which the chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles of the spindle. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneuploidy: The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of chromosomes or chromosome pairs. In a normally diploid cell the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is monosomy (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is trisomy (symbol: 2N+1). [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the
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tumor. [NIH] Angiosarcoma: A type of cancer that begins in the lining of blood vessels. [NIH] Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility. [NIH] Animal Husbandry: The science of breeding, feeding, and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Animals, Wild: Animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. It does not include wild animals in zoos for which animals, zoo is available. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anosmia: Absence of the sense of smell; called also anosphrasia and olfactory anaesthesia. [EU]
Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU]
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Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]
Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Antihypertensive Agents: Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are diuretics (especially diuretics, thiazide), adrenergic beta-antagonists, adrenergic alpha-antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, ganglionic blockers, and vasodilator agents. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in
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the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatase: An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogenproducing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arsenicals: Inorganic or organic compounds that contain arsenic. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH]
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Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Asbestosis: A lung disorder caused by constant inhalation of asbestos particles. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH]
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Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bactericide: An agent that destroys bacteria. [EU] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Sequence: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence. [NIH] Baths: The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc. [NIH] Beer: An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation. [NIH] Behavioral Sciences: Disciplines concerned with the study of human and animal behavior. [NIH]
Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzoates: Salts and esters of benzoic acid that possess antibacterial and antifungal properties. They are used as preservatives in pharmaceutical formulations including oral preparations, cosmetics, and food. [NIH] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Berylliosis: A lung disease caused by exposure to metallic beryllium or its soluble salts. [NIH]
Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight
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9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as berylliosis. [NIH]
Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Bioassay: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Bioavailable: The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biochemical reactions: In living cells, chemical reactions that help sustain life and allow cells to grow. [NIH] Biodegradation: The series of processes by which living organisms degrade pollutant chemicals, organic wastes, pesticides, and implantable materials. [NIH] Biofilms: Films of bacteria or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Biofilms consist of multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Bioluminescence: The emission of light by living organisms such as the firefly, certain mollusks, beetles, fish, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop. [NIH] Biomedical Engineering: Application of principles and practices of engineering science to biomedical research and health care. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Bioreactors: Tools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical
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conversion capacity of a biological system. They can be classical fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or enzyme bioreactors. For production of proteins or enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant cells are usually chosen. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bioterrorism: The use of biological agents in terrorism. This includes the malevolent use of bacteria, viruses, or toxins against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Birth Rate: The number of births in a given population per year or other unit of time. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Body Burden: The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bone Cements: Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells, stromal cells,
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megakaryocytes, and the immediate precursors of most blood cells. [NIH] Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Bony Callus: The bony deposit formed between and around the broken ends of a fractured bone during normal healing. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis. [NIH] Cadaver: A dead body, usually a human body. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes
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smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calibration: Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency, or other output. [NIH] Camping: Living outdoors as a recreational activity. [NIH] Campylobacter: A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]
Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Carbohydrates: The largest class of organic compounds, including starches, glycogens, cellulose, gums, and simple sugars. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary
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for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogenicity: The ability to cause cancer. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catechin: Extracted from Uncaria gambier, Acacia catechu and other plants; it stabilizes collagen and is therefore used in tanning and dyeing; it prevents capillary fragility and abnormal permeability, but was formerly used as an antidiarrheal. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caudate Nucleus: Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] CDC2: It is crucial for entry into mitosis of eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Celecoxib: A drug that reduces pain. Celecoxib belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied for cancer prevention. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are
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made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Physiology: Characteristics and physiological processes of cells from cell division to cell death. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chelation: Combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. [EU] Chelation Therapy: Therapy of heavy metal poisoning using agents which sequester the metal from organs or tissues and bind it firmly within the ring structure of a new compound which can be eliminated from the body. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH]
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Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chimeras: Organism that contains a mixture of genetically different cells. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorine Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain chlorine as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenecity. [NIH] Chlorophenols: Phenols substituted with one or more chlorine atoms in any position. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chloroplasts: Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, which is associated with the membrane of thylakoids. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of higher plants. [NIH] Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholera Toxin: The enterotoxin from Vibrio cholerae. It is a protein that consists of two major components, the heavy (H) or A peptide and the light (L) or B peptide or choleragenoid. The B peptide anchors the protein to intestinal epithelial cells, while the A peptide, enters the cytoplasm, and activates adenylate cyclase, and production of cAMP. Increased levels of cAMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells. [NIH] Cholera Vaccines: Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with vibrio cholerae. The original cholera vaccine consisted of killed bacteria, but other kinds of vaccines now exist. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is
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important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chondrocytes: Polymorphic cells that form cartilage. [NIH] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromic: Catgut sterilized and impregnated with chromium trioxide. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic granulocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic myeloid leukemia. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Ciguatoxin: A toxin found in flesh of marine animals, especially some fishes, at some times, in some localities. It is probably of algal origin, causes paresthesia, gastrointestinal symptoms, neuromuscular blockade, and respiratory paralysis due to interference with membrane function. The poisoning is also called ciguatera. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Cleft Lip: Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH]
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Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulants: Exogenous substances used to promote blood coagulation. The endogenous blood coagulation factors are considered to be coagulants only when administered as drugs. [NIH]
Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Coccidia: A subclass of protozoans commonly parasitic in the epithelial cells of the intestinal tract but also found in the liver and other organs. Its organisms are found in both vertebrates and higher invertebrates and comprise two orders: Eimeriida and Eucoccidiida. [NIH]
Coccidiosis: Protozoan infection found in animals and man. It is caused by several different genera of Coccidia. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagenases: Enzymes that catalyze the degradation of collagen by acting on the peptide
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bonds. EC 3.4.24.-. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Commensal: 1. Living on or within another organism, and deriving benefit without injuring or benefiting the other individual. 2. An organism living on or within another, but not causing injury to the host. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH]
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Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computer Systems: Systems composed of a computer or computers, peripheral equipment, such as disks, printers, and terminals, and telecommunications capabilities. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that
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has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Corrosion: Irreversible destruction of skin tissue. [NIH] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cotinine: 1-Methyl-5-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrrolidinone antidepressant. Synonym: Scotine. [NIH]
fumarate.
Stimulant
proposed
as
Coumarin: A fluorescent dye. [NIH] Coumestrol: A coumarin derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has estrogenic activity. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Crowding: Behavior with respect to an excessive number of individuals, human or animal, in relation to available space. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Cryptosporidium: A genus of coccidian parasites of the family Cryptosporidiidae, found in the intestinal epithelium of many vertebrates including humans. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanobacteria: A subgroup of the oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular photosynthetic bacteria possessing chlorophyll a and carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing both carbon dioxide (in the presence of light) and nitrogen. Formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as algae. By the late 19th century, however, it was realized that the blue-green algae were unique and lacked the traditional nucleus and chloroplasts of the green and other algae. The comparison of nucleotide base sequence data from 16S and 5S rRNA indicates that cyanobacteria represent a moderately deep phylogenetic unit within the gram-negative bacteria. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU]
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Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH] Cytochrome b5: A cytochrome occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum that acts as an intermediate electron carrier in some reactions catalyzed by mixed function oxidases, e.g., fatty acid desaturation. It further activates molecular oxygen for an attack on the substrate. MW 16kDa. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Cytotoxins: Substances elaborated by microorganisms, plants or animals that are specifically toxic to individual cells; they may be involved in immunity or may be contained in venoms. [NIH]
Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Day Care: Institutional health care of patients during the day. The patients return home at night. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced
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ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]
Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]
Dental Plaque: A film that attaches to teeth, often causing dental caries and gingivitis. It is composed of mucins, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Dentition: The teeth in the dental arch; ordinarily used to designate the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. [EU] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased
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risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide. [NIH]
Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Difluoromethylornithine: DFMO. An anticancer drug that has been shown to reduce the risk of cancer in animals. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH]
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Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Dispenser: Glass, metal or plastic shell fitted with valve from which a pressurized formulation is dispensed; an instrument for atomizing. [NIH] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretics, Thiazide: Diuretics characterized as analogs of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1dioxide. All have a common mechanism of action and differ primarily in the dose required to produce a given effect. They act directly on the kidney to increase the excretion of sodium chloride and water and also increase excretion of potassium ions. [NIH] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Dosimetry: All the methods either of measuring directly, or of measuring indirectly and computing, absorbed dose, absorbed dose rate, exposure, exposure rate, dose equivalent, and the science associated with these methods. [NIH] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH]
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Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Ecosystem: A dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Eicosanoids: A class of oxygenated, endogenous, unsaturated fatty acids derived from arachidonic acid. They include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid compounds (HETE). They are hormone-like substances that act near the site of synthesis without altering functions throughout the body. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH]
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Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encephalocele: Cerebral tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull. The majority of congenital encephaloceles occur in the occipital or frontal regions. Clinical features include a protuberant mass that may be pulsatile. The quantity and location of protruding neural tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. Visual defects, psychomotor developmental delay, and persistent motor deficits frequently occur. [NIH]
Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]
Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing
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radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermal growth factor receptor: EGFR. The protein found on the surface of some cells and to which epidermal growth factor binds, causing the cells to divide. It is found at abnormally high levels on the surface of many types of cancer cells, so these cells may divide excessively in the presence of epidermal growth factor. Also known as ErbB1 or HER1. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH]
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Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ethylenes: Derivatives of ethylene, a simple organic gas of biological origin with many industrial and biological use. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]
Extender: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight, used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular
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proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Injuries: General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face. [NIH]
Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetal Death: Death of the young developing in utero. [NIH] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fibula: The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral
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cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluoridation: The addition of fluorine usually as a fluoride to something, as the adding of a fluoride to drinking water or public water supplies for prevention of tooth decay in children. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fluorosis: Discoloration of the tooth enamel due to fluorine. [NIH] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Focus Groups: A method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions. [NIH] Foetoplacental: Pertaining to the fetus and placenta. [EU] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease. [NIH]
Food Contamination: The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage. [NIH]
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Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fracture Healing: The physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. It includes bony callus formation and normal replacement of bone tissue. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallate: Antioxidant present in tea. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglionic Blockers: Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH]
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Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the gastrointestinal system. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Targeting: The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia
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lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase: One of the enzymes active in the gamma-glutamyl cycle. It catalyzes the synthesis of gamma-glutamylcysteine from glutamate and cysteine in the presence of ATP with the formation of ADP and orthophosphate. EC 6.3.2.2. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH]
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Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Graphite: An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Habituation: Decline in response of an organism to environmental or other stimuli with repeated or maintained exposure. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hazardous Substances: Substances which, upon release into the atmosphere, water, or soil, or which, in direct contact with the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, or as additives to food, cause health risks to humans or animals through absorption, inhalation, or ingestion. The concept includes safe handling, transportation, and storage of these substances. [NIH] Hazardous Waste: Waste products which, upon release into the atmosphere, water or soil, cause health risks to humans or animals through skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. Hazardous waste sites which contain hazardous waste substances go here. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Behavior: Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their
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health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural. [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: Syndrome of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure, with pathological finding of thrombotic microangiopathy in kidney and renal cortical necrosis. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic
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alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterodimer: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus. Species of lentivirus, subgenus primate lentiviruses, formerly designated T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). It is acknowledged to be the agent responsible for the acute infectious manifestations, neurologic disorders, and immunologic abnormalities linked to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hookworms: A parasitic infection that may affect workers exposed to warm moist soil in which the larvae of the worm lives. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental
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immunology. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human Activities: Activities performed by humans. [NIH] Humeral: 1. Of, relating to, or situated in the region of the humerus: brachial. 2. Of or belonging to the shoulder. 3. Of, relating to, or being any of several body parts that are analogous in structure, function, or location to the humerus or shoulder. [EU] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH that is present in hydroxides, alcohols, phenols, glycols. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions
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upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypochlorous Acid: HClO. An oxyacid of chlorine containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune adjuvant: A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH]
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Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]
Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]
Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Industrial Waste: Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations. It represents an ecological problem and health hazard. [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be
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clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infection Control: Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Information Systems: Integrated set of files, procedures, and equipment for the storage, manipulation, and retrieval of information. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH]
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Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ion Exchange Resins: High molecular weight, insoluble polymers which contain functional groups that are capable of undergoing exchange reactions (ion exchange) with either cations or anions. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ionophores: Chemical agents that increase the permeability of biological or artificial lipid membranes to specific ions. Most ionophores are relatively small organic molecules that act as mobile carriers within membranes or coalesce to form ion permeable channels across membranes. Many are antibiotics, and many act as uncoupling agents by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iron Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain iron as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation,
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interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kava: Dried rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, a shrub native to Oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. Heavy usage results in some adverse effects. It contains alkaloids, lactones, kawain, methysticin, mucilage, starch, and yangonin. Kava is also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Ketoacidosis: Acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis. [EU] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketoprofen: An ibuprofen-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Latent period: A seemingly inactive period, as that between exposure of tissue to an
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injurious agent and the manifestation of response, or that between the instant of stimulation and the beginning of response. [EU] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lead Poisoning: Disease caused by the gradual accumulation of a significant body burden of lead. [NIH] Legionella: Gram-negative aerobic rods, isolated from surface water, mud, or thermally polluted lakes or streams. It is pathogenic for man and it has no known soil or animal sources. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lentivirus: A genus of the family Retroviridae consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Life Expectancy: A figure representing the number of years, based on known statistics, to which any person of a given age may reasonably expect to live. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH]
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Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]
Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the liver. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH]
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Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Luminescence: The property of giving off light without emitting a corresponding degree of heat. It includes the luminescence of inorganic matter or the bioluminescence of human matter, invertebrates and other living organisms. For the luminescence of bacteria, bacterial luminescence is available. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblastic: One of the most aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokine: A soluble protein produced by some types of white blood cell that stimulates other white blood cells to kill foreign invaders. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH]
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Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megakaryocytes: Very large bone marrow cells which release mature blood platelets. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melanosomes: Melanin-containing organelles found in melanocytes and melanophores. [NIH]
Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior
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producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Micronuclei: Nuclei, separate from and additional to the main nucleus of a cell, produced during the telophase of mitosis or meiosis by lagging chromosomes or chromosome fragments derived from spontaneous or experimentally induced chromosomal structural changes. This concept also includes the smaller, reproductive nuclei found in multinucleate protozoans. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH]
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Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Miscarriage: Spontaneous expulsion of the products of pregnancy before the middle of the second trimester. [NIH] Miscible: Susceptible of being mixed. [EU] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mixed Function Oxidases: Catalyse the insertion of one oxygen atom of molecular oxygen into the organ substrate. Require a second substrate to donate electrons for the reduction of the second atom in the oxygen molecule to water. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Molluscipoxvirus: A genus of Poxviridae, subfamily Chordopoxviridae, infecting humans. Transmission is by direct contact among children, by sexual contact among young adults, or by fomites. Molluscum contagiosum virus is the type species. [NIH] Molluscum Contagiosum Virus: A species of molluscipoxvirus causing skin lesions in humans. It is transmitted by direct contact or from non-living reservoirs (fomites), such as books or clothing. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monosomy: The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]
Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH]
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Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]
Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mycotoxins: Toxins derived from bacteria or fungi. [NIH] Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]
Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Natural Disasters: Sudden calamitous events producing great material damage, loss, and distress. They are the result of natural phenomena such as earthquakes, floods, etc. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense
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pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. [NIH] Neon: Neon. A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrolithiasis: Kidney stones. [NIH] Nephrotoxic: Toxic or destructive to kidney cells. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural tube defects: These defects include problems stemming from fetal development of the spinal cord, spine, brain, and skull, and include birth defects such as spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Neural tube defects occur early in pregnancy at about 4 to 6 weeks, usually before a woman knows she is pregnant. Many babies with neural tube defects have difficulty walking and with bladder and bowel control. [NIH] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Blockade: The intentional interruption of transmission at the neuromuscular junction by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from nerve block in which nerve conduction is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce muscle relaxation as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here. [NIH]
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Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrogen Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Nitrosamines: A class of compounds that contain a -NH2 and a -NO radical. Many members of this group have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. [NIH] Nonmelanoma skin cancer: Skin cancer that arises in basal cells or squamous cells but not in melanocytes (pigment-producing cells of the skin). [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU]
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Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus Accumbens: Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the so-called ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Occupational Groups: Members of the various professions (e.g., physicians) or occupations (e.g., police). [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oestradiol: Growth hormone. [NIH] Oestrogen: A generic term for oestrus-producing steroid compounds; the female sex hormones. In humans, oestrogen is formed in the ovary, possibly the adrenal cortex, the testis, and the foetoplacental unit; it has various functions in both sexes. It is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics, and during the menstrual cycle it acts on the female genitalia to produce an environment suitable for the fertilization, implantation, and nutrition of the early embryo. Oestrogen is used in oral contraceptives and as a palliative in cancer of the breast after menopause and cancer of the prostate; other uses include the relief of the discomforts of menopause, inhibition of lactation, and treatment of osteoporosis, threatened abortion, and various functional ovarian disorders. [EU]
Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At
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the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Organic Chemicals: A broad class of substances containing carbon and its derivatives. Many of these chemicals will frequently contain hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements. They exist in either carbon chain or carbon ring form. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteogenic sarcoma: A malignant tumor of the bone. Also called osteosarcoma. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Osteosarcoma: A cancer of the bone that affects primarily children and adolescents. Also called osteogenic sarcoma. [NIH] Otosclerosis: The formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule. The ossicles can become fixed and unable to transmit sound vibrations, thereby causing deafness. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it
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appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]
Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygenase: Enzyme which breaks down heme, the iron-containing oxygen-carrying constituent of the red blood cells. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Paresthesia: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
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Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Peak flow: The maximum amount of air breathed out; the power needed to produce this amount. [EU] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Elongation Factors: Protein factors uniquely required during the elongation phase of protein synthesis. [NIH] Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Perspiration: Sweating; the functional secretion of sweat. [EU] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH]
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Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylacetate: A drug being studied in the treatment of cancer. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phenylalanine Hydroxylase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the formation of L-tyrosine, dihydrobiopterin, and water from L-phenylalanine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen. Deficiency of this enzyme may cause phenylketonurias and phenylketonuria, maternal. EC 1.14.16.1. [NIH] Phenylketonurias: A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase or less frequently by reduced activity of dihydropteridine reductase (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; seizures; skin hypopigmentation; eczema; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952). [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot Projects: Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized
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regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasticizers: Materials incorporated mechanically in plastics (usually PVC) to increase flexibility, workability or distensibility; due to the non-chemical inclusion, plasticizers leach out from the plastic and are found in body fluids and the general environment. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleomorphic: Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the size and shape of cells or their nuclei. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Industrial products consisting of a mixture of chlorinated biphenyl congeners and isomers. These compounds are highly lipophilic and tend to accumulate in fat stores of animals. Many of these compounds are considered toxic and potential environmental pollutants. [NIH] Polychromatic: Erythrocyte that, on staining, shows various shades of blue combined with tinges of pink. [NIH] Polyesters: Polymers of organic acids and alcohols, with ester linkages--usually polyethylene terephthalate; can be cured into hard plastic, films or tapes, or fibers which can be woven into fabrics, meshes or velours. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that
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sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Population Growth: Increase, over a specific period of time, in the number of individuals living in a country or region. [NIH] Porosity: Condition of having pores or open spaces. This often refers to bones, bone implants, or bone cements, but can refer to the porous state of any solid substance. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Power Plants: Units that convert some form of energy into electrical energy, such as hydroelectric or steam-generating stations, diesel-electric engines in locomotives, or nuclear power plants. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government
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agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Complications: The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a disease. The disease may precede or follow conception and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or fetus. [NIH] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Preventive Medicine: A medical specialty primarily concerned with prevention of disease and the promotion and preservation of health in the individual. [NIH] Primary tumor: The original tumor. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed
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and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa;
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protozoal. [EU] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive
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substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioactivity: The quality of emitting or the emission of corpuscular or electromagnetic radiations consequent to nuclear disintegration, a natural property of all chemical elements of atomic number above 83, and possible of induction in all other known elements. [EU] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Radium: A radioactive element symbol Ra, atomic number 88, disintegration of uranium and is is used clinically as a source brachytherapy. [NIH]
of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic and atomic weight 226. Radium is the product of the present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly
Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, atomic number 86, and atomic weight 222. It is a member of the noble gas family and released during the decay of radium and found in soil. There is a link between exposure to radon and lung cancer. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Cytokine: Cell surface proteins that bind cytokines and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH]
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Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic
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obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Paralysis: Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with motor neuron diseases; peripheral nerve disorders; neuromuscular junction diseases; spinal cord diseases; injury to the phrenic nerve; and other disorders. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Response rate: The percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after treatment. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of
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developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]
Roentgenography: Production of an image of an object on film, or other kind of sensitized plate, usually by means of X-radiation or gamma radiation, the contrast between different areas of the image being the result of differential interaction of the radiation in the object. [NIH]
Ruminants: A suborder of the order Artiodactyla whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males. [NIH]
Rural Population: The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Salicylic Acids: Derivatives and salts of salicylic acid. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility. [NIH] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Sanitation: The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public. [NIH] Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature. [NIH] Saponin: A substance found in soybeans and many other plants. Saponins may help lower cholesterol and may have anticancer effects. [NIH] Saxitoxin: Poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by Gonyaulax species (Dinoflagellate protozoans) and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects; it is neurotoxic and causes respiratory paralysis and other effects in mammals, known as paralytic shellfish poisoning. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of
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thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Sequester: A portion of dead bone which has become detached from the healthy bone tissue, as occurs in necrosis. [NIH]
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Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Ratio: The number of males per 100 females. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shiga Toxin: A toxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae. It is the protype of class of toxins that inhibit protein synthesis by blocking the interaction of ribosomal RNA with peptide elongation factors. [NIH] Ships: Large vessels propelled by power or sail used for transportation on rivers, seas, oceans, or other navigable waters. Boats are smaller vessels propelled by oars, paddles, sail, or power; they may or may not have a deck. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH]
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Simazine: A triazine herbicide. [NIH] Sister Chromatid Exchange: An exchange of segments between the sister chromatids of a chromosome, either between the sister chromatids of a meiotic tetrad or between the sister chromatids of a duplicated somatic chromosome. Its frequency is increased by ultraviolet and ionizing radiation and other mutagenic agents and is particularly high in Bloom syndrome. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solar Energy: Energy transmitted from the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation. [NIH]
Solar radiation: Sunbathing as a therapeutic measure. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH]
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Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH]
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Stellate: Star shaped. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]
Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stria: 1. A streak, or line. 2. A narrow bandlike structure; a general term for such longitudinal collections of nerve fibres in the brain. [EU] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Stromal Cells: Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects,
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resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfur Compounds: Inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH]
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Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Talus: The second largest of the tarsal bones and occupies the middle and upper part of the tarsus. [NIH] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Telecommunications: Transmission of information over distances via electronic means. [NIH]
Telophase: The final phase of cell division, in which two daughter nuclei are formed, the cytoplasm divides, and the chromosomes lose their distinctness and are transformed into chromatin networks. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hyrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. Chronic exposure to this compoud may pose a health hazard to animals and humans. It is considered a potential carcinogen. Tetrachlorethylene was formerly used as anthelmintic for hookworms, but less toxic products are now used. [NIH]
Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH]
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Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thioredoxin: A hydrogen-carrying protein that participates in a variety of biochemical reactions including ribonucleotide reduction. Thioredoxin is oxidized from a dithiol to a disulfide during ribonucleotide reduction. The disulfide form is then reduced by NADPH in a reaction catalyzed by thioredoxin reductase. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorium: Thorium. A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography. [NIH] Thorium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain thorium as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH]
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Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tibia: The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the fibula laterally, the talus distally, and the femur proximally. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Tooth Loss: The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]
Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transaminases: A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of
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an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1. [NIH]
Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Transgenes: Genes that are introduced into an organism using gene transfer techniques. [NIH]
Transitional cell carcinoma: A type of cancer that develops in the lining of the bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts. [NIH] Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment. [NIH] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Trihalomethanes: Methanes substituted with three halogen atoms, which may be the same or different. [NIH] Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell. [NIH]
Trivalent: Having a valence of three. [EU] Tropism: Directed movements and orientations found in plants, such as the turning of the sunflower to face the sun. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other
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body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. UV radiation can damage the skin and cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB rays. UVB rays are more likely than UVA rays to cause sunburn, but UVA rays pass deeper into the skin. Scientists have long thought that UVB radiation can cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. They now think that UVA radiation also may add to skin damage that can lead to skin cancer and cause premature aging. For this reason, skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that reflect, absorb, or scatter both kinds of UV radiation. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uncoupling Agents: Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those ionophores that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes. [NIH] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Urbanization: The process whereby a society changes from a rural to an urban way of life. It
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refers also to the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vanadium: Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venoms: Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary
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artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] Water Intoxication: A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the
Dictionary 393
cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zinc Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain zinc as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
395
INDEX A Abdominal, 313, 314, 337, 346, 368 Ablation, 28, 313 Abortion, 313, 366, 373, 392 Abrasion, 219, 313 Acceptor, 313, 358, 368, 389 Acetone, 246, 313, 356 Acetylcholine, 313, 330, 365 Acetylcysteine, 25, 313 Acidity, 5, 313 Acoustic, 212, 313 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 290, 313, 350 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 54, 313 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 313 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 313, 314 Acute myeloid leukemia, 54, 314 Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 314 Acute renal, 314, 349 Acyl, 22, 314 Adaptability, 314, 328 Adaptation, 41, 314 Adenocarcinoma, 314, 350 Adenosine, 314, 326, 370 Adenylate Cyclase, 314, 329 Adipocytes, 35, 314, 357 Adjustment, 5, 314 Adolescence, 141, 314 Adrenal Cortex, 314, 334, 366, 373, 377 Adrenergic, 314, 319, 338, 342 Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, 314, 319 Adsorption, 7, 191, 192, 249, 314 Adsorptive, 314, 315 Adverse Effect, 14, 15, 19, 50, 56, 115, 224, 315, 356, 381, 392 Aerobe, 245, 315 Aerobic, 190, 315, 357, 362 Aerosol, 14, 315, 392 Afferent, 315, 357 Affinity, 23, 41, 315, 358, 382 Aflatoxins, 60, 315 Agar, 62, 315, 334, 353, 371 Age Groups, 10, 315 Age of Onset, 315, 390 Aged, 80 and Over, 315 Agonist, 315, 338, 365, 386 Akathisia, 315, 319 Alanine, 24, 315
Alanine Transaminase, 24, 315 Albumin, 24, 316, 371 Alertness, 316, 325 Algorithms, 316, 324 Alkaline, 30, 201, 229, 233, 239, 316, 317, 322, 326, 376 Alkaline Phosphatase, 30, 316 Alkaloid, 316, 365 Allergen, 316, 380 Allergic Rhinitis, 316, 325 Allo, 316, 348 Alopecia, 316, 335 Alpha Particles, 316, 375 Alternative medicine, 278, 316 Alum, 152, 154, 316 Aluminum, 3, 5, 7, 91, 97, 133, 134, 138, 166, 250, 277, 316 Alveolar Process, 316, 378 Alveoli, 316, 336 Ameliorating, 218, 316 Amino acid, 24, 43, 195, 217, 315, 316, 317, 318, 320, 321, 331, 342, 346, 347, 350, 359, 361, 365, 369, 370, 374, 381, 385, 388, 389, 390 Amino Acid Sequence, 317, 318, 342, 346 Ammonia, 16, 40, 62, 178, 190, 191, 230, 238, 317, 385, 391 Ammonium Chloride, 238, 317 Anaerobic, 30, 317, 379 Anaesthesia, 317, 318, 353 Anal, 34, 154, 156, 317, 341, 344, 358 Analgesic, 317, 352, 356 Analogous, 33, 317, 351, 389 Anaphase, 10, 317 Anaphylatoxins, 317, 332 Anatomical, 317, 340, 353, 358 Androgens, 314, 317, 320 Anemia, 82, 107, 317, 325, 344, 349 Anergy, 21, 317 Anesthesia, 317, 364, 389 Aneuploidy, 10, 317 Angiogenesis, 36, 317 Angiosarcoma, 8, 318 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, 318, 319 Animal Husbandry, 17, 318 Animal model, 19, 21, 22, 24, 29, 33, 44, 59, 318
396 Drinking Water
Animals, Wild, 243, 318 Anions, 316, 318, 355 Annealing, 318, 372 Anode, 199, 318 Anomalies, 36, 318 Anorexia, 41, 42, 318, 346, 390 Anosmia, 137, 318 Antagonism, 318, 326 Anthelmintic, 318, 386 Antibacterial, 192, 231, 318, 322, 338, 383 Antibiotic, 16, 33, 318, 383, 386 Antibodies, 61, 89, 227, 318, 321, 348, 349, 352, 353, 359, 371 Anticoagulant, 318, 374 Antidepressant, 318, 334 Antidote, 318, 333 Antiemetic, 319 Antifungal, 319, 322 Antigen, 21, 315, 318, 319, 332, 336, 341, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 360, 380 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 319, 332 Antigen-presenting cell, 21, 319, 336 Antihypertensive, 22, 319 Antihypertensive Agents, 22, 319 Anti-infective, 319, 351, 355 Anti-inflammatory, 48, 319, 327, 347, 352, 356, 379 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 319, 327 Antimicrobial, 192, 231, 319, 338 Antimony, 10, 319 Antineoplastic, 319, 335 Antioxidant, 12, 35, 49, 201, 233, 239, 319, 321, 345, 368 Antipsychotic, 40, 319, 364 Antipyretic, 320, 356 Antiseptic, 313, 320 Antiviral, 313, 320 Anus, 317, 320, 325, 332, 377 Anxiety, 314, 315, 320, 356 Apoptosis, 10, 21, 24, 196, 320 Aqueous, 64, 141, 192, 215, 231, 320, 322, 335, 340, 351, 357, 358 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 320, 358 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 320, 358 Arachidonic Acid, 320, 339, 357, 374 Arginine, 317, 320, 365 Aromatase, 22, 320 Aromatic, 37, 56, 227, 320, 370, 385 Arsenicals, 34, 320 Arterial, 320, 326, 352, 374, 386 Arteries, 320, 324, 333, 358, 361, 363, 387 Arterioles, 320, 324, 326
Artery, 37, 139, 320, 333, 363, 375, 378 Articular, 321, 367 Asbestos, 69, 111, 147, 297, 321 Asbestosis, 321 Ascorbic Acid, 161, 321, 351 Aseptic, 321, 367, 384 Aspartate, 24, 321 Assay, 9, 321, 352, 390 Astringents, 321, 361 Asymptomatic, 321, 368 Atrophy, 321, 364 Atypical, 127, 321, 370 Autoantibodies, 23, 321 Autoantigens, 321 Autodigestion, 321, 368 Autonomic, 313, 320, 321, 345, 369 Autonomic Nervous System, 321, 369 B Bacteremia, 321, 379 Bacterial Infections, 192, 231, 321 Bacterial Physiology, 314, 321 Bactericidal, 71, 191, 192, 214, 231, 322, 342 Bactericide, 214, 215, 322 Bacteriophage, 322, 371, 379, 389 Bacteriostatic, 192, 231, 322 Bacterium, 4, 8, 322, 349 Barium, 100, 109, 225, 322 Basal cell carcinoma, 10, 322 Basal cells, 322, 365 Basal Ganglia, 319, 322, 330, 366 Base, 13, 140, 204, 217, 227, 235, 243, 249, 322, 334, 336, 345, 346, 356, 386, 390 Base Sequence, 322, 334, 345, 346 Baths, 244, 322 Beer, 159, 212, 322 Behavioral Sciences, 28, 322 Benign, 18, 39, 322, 348, 364, 376, 392 Benzene, 47, 60, 199, 322 Benzoates, 29, 322 Benzoic Acid, 322 Berylliosis, 322, 323 Beryllium, 72, 225, 322 Bile, 78, 323, 351, 358, 384 Biliary, 323, 368 Biliary Tract, 323, 368 Bilirubin, 24, 316, 323 Bioassay, 8, 323 Bioavailability, 7, 26, 152, 154, 220, 323 Bioavailable, 103, 220, 323 Biochemical, 9, 13, 15, 30, 41, 44, 196, 234, 323, 367, 381, 387 Biochemical reactions, 323, 387
Index 397
Biodegradation, 30, 72, 190, 323 Biofilms, 57, 63, 64, 70, 219, 262, 323 Biological therapy, 323, 348 Bioluminescence, 188, 323, 359 Biomarkers, 16, 19, 32, 59, 90, 123, 323 Biomass, 190, 245, 323 Biomedical Engineering, 8, 323 Biopsy, 323 Bioreactors, 30, 323 Biotechnology, 45, 61, 64, 271, 278, 289, 324 Bioterrorism, 58, 324 Birth Rate, 91, 324 Bismuth, 70, 324 Bladder, 9, 10, 12, 38, 57, 73, 75, 116, 193, 324, 332, 364, 374, 377, 389, 391 Blood Coagulation, 324, 326, 331, 387 Blood Coagulation Factors, 324, 331 Blood pressure, 88, 100, 105, 319, 324, 326, 327, 329, 345, 352, 362, 382 Blood vessel, 317, 318, 324, 326, 327, 328, 340, 349, 356, 359, 361, 369, 382, 384, 387, 391 Blot, 36, 324 Body Burden, 290, 324, 357 Body Fluids, 59, 233, 323, 324, 339, 371, 382, 390 Bolus, 7, 324 Bolus infusion, 324 Bone Cements, 324, 372 Bone Marrow, 30, 54, 60, 313, 314, 322, 324, 330, 352, 359, 360, 363, 382, 384 Bone Marrow Cells, 31, 54, 60, 324, 360 Bone Resorption, 30, 325 Bony Callus, 325, 345 Boron, 100, 325 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 325 Bowel, 317, 325, 340, 355, 357, 364, 384 Bowel Movement, 325, 384 Brachial, 325, 351 Brachytherapy, 325, 355, 356, 375, 376, 393 Bradykinin, 325, 365, 371 Branch, 204, 205, 242, 272, 309, 325, 339, 359, 369, 375, 383, 386 Breakdown, 325, 337, 345 Breeding, 318, 325 Bromine, 192, 193, 235, 325 Bronchi, 325, 342, 388 Bronchial, 32, 325, 350 Buccal, 82, 325, 384 Budesonide, 14, 325
C Cadaver, 38, 325 Cadmium, 25, 74, 112, 168, 225, 325 Cadmium Poisoning, 325 Caffeine, 280, 325 Calcium channel blocker, 319, 326 Calcium Channel Blockers, 319, 326 Calibration, 226, 326 Camping, 174, 326 Campylobacter, 127, 140, 326 Candidiasis, 44, 326 Candidosis, 326 Capillary, 55, 325, 326, 327, 392 Capillary Fragility, 326, 327 Captopril, 22, 326 Carbohydrates, 282, 326, 328 Carbon Dioxide, 200, 204, 245, 326, 334, 344, 345, 370, 378, 391 Carcinogen, 6, 10, 11, 14, 22, 38, 49, 196, 327, 341, 363, 386 Carcinogenesis, 8, 10, 14, 22, 39, 46, 60, 68, 166, 197, 327, 329 Carcinogenic, 8, 10, 26, 37, 42, 47, 52, 60, 69, 147, 193, 322, 327, 354, 365, 366, 373, 384 Carcinogenicity, 133, 245, 291, 327 Carcinoma, 109, 195, 196, 327 Cardiomyopathy, 22, 327 Cardiotoxicity, 327, 389 Cardiovascular, 9, 22, 37, 64, 82, 88, 96, 109, 148, 254, 260, 327, 357, 381 Cardiovascular disease, 9, 37, 82, 88, 96, 148, 254, 327 Cardiovascular System, 22, 327 Case report, 274, 327 Catabolism, 15, 327 Cataract, 44, 327 Catechin, 48, 327 Cathode, 199, 318, 327 Cations, 33, 327, 355 Caudal, 327, 337, 352, 366, 372 Caudate Nucleus, 327, 366 Causal, 327, 341, 349 Caustic, 327, 389 CDC2, 11, 327 Celecoxib, 13, 327 Cell Death, 320, 328 Cell Differentiation, 23, 328, 381 Cell Division, 317, 321, 328, 348, 360, 362, 371, 380, 386 Cell membrane, 29, 182, 326, 328, 336, 370 Cell Physiology, 36, 328
398 Drinking Water
Cell proliferation, 328, 381 Cell Respiration, 328, 362, 378 Cell Survival, 54, 328, 348 Cellulose, 326, 328, 345, 371 Central Nervous System, 29, 313, 315, 321, 322, 325, 328, 345, 347, 348, 357, 370, 381 Cerebral, 62, 81, 322, 328, 336, 340, 342, 343, 387 Cerebral Cortex, 328, 344 Cerebrovascular, 326, 327, 328 Cerebrum, 328 Character, 77, 328, 335 Chelation, 33, 328 Chelation Therapy, 33, 328 Chemokines, 23, 24, 328 Chemoprevention, 13, 328 Chemopreventive, 13, 14, 49, 329 Chemoreceptor, 320, 329 Chemotactic Factors, 329, 332 Chemotaxis, 55, 329 Chemotherapeutic agent, 11, 329 Chimeras, 36, 329 Chlorine Compounds, 56, 329 Chloroform, 47, 232, 329 Chlorophenols, 128, 329 Chlorophyll, 329, 334, 345 Chloroplasts, 329, 334 Chlorpyrifos, 19, 329 Cholera, 55, 72, 108, 139, 144, 174, 329, 392 Cholera Toxin, 55, 329 Cholera Vaccines, 55, 329 Cholesterol, 22, 218, 323, 329, 333, 358, 379, 384, 386 Choline, 195, 329 Cholinergic, 319, 330, 365 Chondrocytes, 48, 330 Chorea, 319, 330 Chromatin, 9, 320, 330, 386 Chromic, 244, 330 Chromium, 37, 98, 101, 105, 124, 158, 225, 233, 244, 278, 330 Chromosomal, 10, 76, 317, 330, 361 Chromosome, 317, 330, 348, 357, 361, 362, 380, 382, 389, 390 Chronic Disease, 136, 149, 223, 330 Chronic granulocytic leukemia, 330 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 54, 330 Chronic renal, 88, 330, 390 Ciguatoxin, 18, 330 Citrus, 321, 330 Clear cell carcinoma, 330, 337 Cleft Lip, 280, 330
Clinical Medicine, 330, 373 Clinical trial, 6, 289, 330, 374, 376 Clone, 8, 331 Cloning, 324, 331 Coagulants, 166, 238, 331 Coagulation, 245, 250, 324, 331, 371, 387 Coal, 322, 331 Coccidia, 205, 331 Coccidiosis, 204, 205, 331 Codon, 183, 331, 346 Coenzyme, 193, 321, 331, 358 Cofactor, 331, 365, 374, 387 Cognition, 31, 331, 364 Cohort Studies, 331, 341 Collagen, 317, 327, 331, 343, 346, 371 Collagenases, 48, 331 Colloidal, 228, 233, 234, 316, 332, 339, 342 Colon, 140, 160, 332, 356 Colorectal, 52, 134, 143, 332 Colorectal Cancer, 52, 134, 143, 332 Commensal, 15, 332 Complement, 6, 33, 45, 317, 332, 371, 380 Complementary and alternative medicine, 159, 164, 332 Complementary medicine, 159, 332 Complementation, 41, 332 Compliance, 67, 77, 252, 258, 267, 269, 270, 332 Computational Biology, 289, 333 Computer Systems, 173, 333 Conception, 313, 333, 343, 373, 384 Confounding, 10, 333 Congestion, 320, 333 Conjugated, 322, 333, 335 Conjunctiva, 333, 354 Connective Tissue, 321, 324, 331, 333, 343, 345, 346, 361, 384 Consciousness, 317, 333, 336, 338, 375 Constipation, 279, 320, 333 Constriction, 333, 356 Contraindications, ii, 333 Conventional therapy, 333 Conventional treatment, 33, 333 Copper Sulfate, 215, 333 Coronary, 37, 49, 139, 327, 333, 361, 363 Coronary heart disease, 49, 327, 333 Coronary Thrombosis, 333, 361, 363 Corpus, 333, 373, 387, 392 Corpus Luteum, 333, 373 Corrosion, 167, 178, 202, 239, 252, 253, 334 Cortical, 334, 349, 380 Corticosteroids, 334, 347
Index 399
Cortisol, 316, 334 Cotinine, 290, 334 Coumarin, 334 Coumestrol, 160, 334 Cranial, 334, 348, 369 Crossing-over, 334, 376 Cross-Sectional Studies, 334, 341 Crowding, 55, 334 Cryptosporidiosis, 61, 63, 65, 77, 78, 107, 118, 292, 299, 334 Culture Media, 60, 315, 334 Cultured cells, 33, 35, 334 Curative, 27, 334, 386 Cutaneous, 13, 49, 326, 334, 368 Cyanobacteria, 59, 334 Cyclic, 227, 314, 326, 334, 348, 365, 374 Cyclin, 11, 335 Cyclophosphamide, 68, 335 Cyst, 63, 112, 185, 206, 335 Cytochrome, 56, 89, 320, 335 Cytochrome b, 89, 335 Cytochrome b5, 89, 335 Cytokine, 21, 48, 335 Cytoplasm, 29, 320, 328, 329, 335, 340, 341, 348, 386 Cytotoxic, 36, 335, 376, 381 Cytotoxicity, 36, 62, 68, 115, 166, 335 Cytotoxins, 35, 335 D Data Collection, 335, 344 Day Care, 140, 335 Degenerative, 48, 335, 349, 362, 367 Dehydration, 41, 42, 329, 335 Deletion, 15, 38, 320, 335 Delirium, 319, 335 Delusions, 336, 375 Dementia, 4, 5, 270, 313, 319, 336 Denaturation, 336, 372 Dendrites, 336, 365 Dendritic, 21, 336, 360 Dendritic cell, 21, 336 Density, 6, 22, 47, 93, 141, 217, 336, 366, 371 Dental Care, 248, 336 Dental Caries, 4, 29, 91, 94, 101, 129, 140, 142, 148, 248, 274, 336, 344 Dental Plaque, 180, 215, 336 Dentists, 248, 274, 336 Dentition, 20, 336 Depolarization, 336, 381 Depressive Disorder, 336, 358 Deprivation, 138, 140, 336
DES, 81, 317, 336 Detoxification, 17, 38, 255, 337 Deuterium, 337, 351 Developed Countries, 136, 337 Developing Countries, 45, 52, 71, 75, 82, 139, 169, 174, 208, 221, 247, 266, 337 Diabetes Mellitus, 22, 25, 34, 83, 103, 114, 337, 347, 349 Diagnostic procedure, 171, 279, 337 Dialyzer, 337, 349 Diaphragm, 214, 337 Diarrhea, 4, 53, 55, 130, 133, 205, 334, 337 Diarrhoea, 71, 79, 138, 337, 346 Diastolic, 337, 352 Diazinon, 19, 337 Diencephalon, 337, 352, 387 Difluoromethylornithine, 14, 337 Digestion, 323, 325, 337, 355, 358, 384 Digestive tract, 337, 382, 383 Dihydrotestosterone, 337, 377 Dilatation, 313, 337, 373 Dilution, 34, 200, 337 Diploid, 10, 317, 332, 337, 362, 371, 389 Direct, iii, 9, 27, 46, 53, 57, 187, 209, 241, 274, 281, 330, 337, 338, 347, 348, 362, 377, 385 Discrete, 40, 225, 337 Disease Vectors, 337, 354 Disinfectant, 32, 128, 144, 178, 200, 215, 254, 261, 338, 342, 369 Dispenser, 172, 176, 200, 219, 338 Dissection, 17, 338 Dissociation, 226, 315, 338, 355 Dissociative Disorders, 338 Diuresis, 326, 338 Diuretics, Thiazide, 319, 338 Domesticated, 243, 338 Dominance, 63, 266, 338 Dopamine, 319, 338, 365, 370 Dose-dependent, 13, 338 Dosimetry, 8, 145, 338 Doxycycline, 25, 29, 44, 338 Drive, ii, vi, 20, 50, 60, 151, 209, 240, 274, 300, 338 Drug Interactions, 282, 338 Drug Tolerance, 339, 388 Duct, 175, 183, 200, 339, 342, 379 Duodenum, 323, 339, 384 Dyes, 339, 385 Dyskinesia, 319, 339 Dystonia, 319, 339
400 Drinking Water
E Ecosystem, 56, 161, 339 Effector, 313, 332, 339 Efficacy, 13, 14, 22, 24, 40, 53, 71, 128, 339 Eicosanoids, 37, 339 Electrode, 318, 327, 339 Electrolysis, 201, 239, 318, 327, 339 Electrolyte, 199, 336, 339, 349, 372, 382, 390 Electrophoresis, 13, 339, 353 Electrophysiological, 31, 339 Electroplating, 339, 385 Emaciation, 313, 339 Embryo, 36, 313, 328, 339, 343, 353, 361, 366, 373, 383 Embryo Transfer, 339, 373 Emetic, 333, 340 Emulsions, 315, 340 Enamel, 51, 80, 87, 129, 336, 340, 344 Encephalocele, 340, 364 Endemic, 34, 55, 63, 69, 83, 89, 104, 107, 109, 137, 329, 340, 383 Endocarditis, 326, 340 Endogenous, 25, 29, 46, 50, 321, 324, 331, 338, 339, 340, 368, 389 Endometrial, 46, 340 Endometrium, 340, 360 Endothelial cell, 36, 37, 340, 387 Endothelium, 340, 365 Endothelium-derived, 340, 365 Endotoxic, 340, 358 Endotoxins, 16, 273, 332, 340, 356 End-stage renal, 330, 340 Energy balance, 42, 340, 357 Enteritis, 205, 340 Enterocolitis, 340 Environmental Exposure, 19, 34, 38, 53, 56, 90, 103, 340 Enzymatic, 8, 29, 36, 192, 231, 317, 326, 332, 336, 341, 350, 372 Enzyme Inhibitors, 35, 37, 341, 371 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 60, 341 Eosinophil, 32, 341 Eosinophilic, 341 Epichlorohydrin, 238, 341 Epidemic, 55, 72, 78, 89, 108, 144, 291, 341, 383 Epidemiologic Studies, 17, 56, 59, 69, 341 Epidemiological, 11, 17, 26, 34, 37, 39, 45, 49, 56, 59, 89, 104, 147, 249, 250, 341 Epidermal, 49, 341, 360, 392
Epidermal Growth Factor, 49, 341 Epidermal growth factor receptor, 49, 341 Epidermis, 322, 341 Epidermoid carcinoma, 341, 383 Epigastric, 341, 368 Epinephrine, 314, 338, 342, 365, 390 Epithelial, 68, 82, 314, 329, 331, 341, 342 Epithelial Cells, 68, 82, 329, 331, 341, 342 Epithelium, 334, 340, 342 Erythrocytes, 317, 324, 342, 349, 377, 380 Esophageal, 59, 89, 114, 118, 122, 342 Esophagus, 337, 342, 370, 384 Estrogen, 22, 46, 320, 342, 380, 386 Estrogen receptor, 46, 342 Ethanol, 12, 21, 23, 24, 35, 49, 51, 342, 343 Ether, 8, 342 Ethylenes, 56, 342 Eukaryotic Cells, 327, 342, 367 Evacuation, 333, 342, 357 Exocrine, 342, 368 Exogenous, 41, 42, 196, 314, 326, 331, 340, 342, 346, 390 Exon, 28, 342 Expectorant, 317, 342 Extender, 215, 342 External-beam radiation, 342, 355, 375, 393 Extracellular, 42, 49, 323, 333, 342, 343, 382 Extracellular Matrix, 333, 342, 343 Extraction, 17, 45, 81, 205, 242, 343 Extrapyramidal, 315, 319, 338, 343 F Facial, 280, 343 Facial Injuries, 280, 343 Faecal, 91, 337, 343 Family Planning, 289, 343 Fat, 128, 248, 314, 320, 324, 333, 343, 356, 357, 358, 371, 382 Fatty acids, 316, 339, 343, 358, 374, 387 Fatty Liver, 24, 343 Feces, 33, 65, 229, 333, 343, 384 Femur, 343, 388 Fermentation, 246, 322, 343, 345, 379 Fertilization in Vitro, 343, 373 Fertilizers, 343, 385 Fetal Death, 130, 343 Fetal Development, 343, 364 Fetus, 56, 313, 343, 344, 370, 373, 383, 384, 391 Fibrin, 324, 343, 387 Fibroblasts, 10, 343 Fibrosis, 24, 52, 126, 195, 343
Index 401
Fibula, 343, 388 Fine-needle aspiration, 343, 364 Fissure, 248, 343 Fixation, 344, 380 Flatus, 344, 345 Fluorescence, 220, 344 Fluoridation, 47, 73, 85, 86, 92, 93, 111, 146, 148, 154, 156, 169, 248, 272, 274, 297, 344 Fluorine, 94, 175, 344 Fluorosis, 20, 51, 67, 80, 101, 127, 129, 132, 146, 160, 248, 291, 344 Flushing, 86, 229, 344 Focus Groups, 58, 344 Foetoplacental, 344, 366 Folate, 193, 344 Fold, 11, 25, 47, 106, 343, 344 Folic Acid, 192, 231, 344 Follow-Up Studies, 52, 344 Food Contamination, 57, 344 Food Preservatives, 29, 345 Forearm, 324, 345 Fracture Healing, 30, 345 Frameshift, 345, 390 Frameshift Mutation, 345, 390 Free Radicals, 196, 319, 338, 345, 363 Fructose, 44, 345 Fungi, 45, 59, 223, 319, 323, 345, 348, 361, 363, 383, 387, 393 Fungus, 197, 198, 326, 345 G Gallate, 48, 49, 345 Gamma Rays, 345, 363, 375, 376 Ganglia, 313, 345, 364, 369 Ganglionic Blockers, 319, 345 Gas exchange, 345, 378 Gasoline, 7, 251, 322, 346 Gastric, 70, 95, 96, 122, 134, 321, 341, 346, 350, 351 Gastrin, 346, 350 Gastroenteritis, 53, 61, 65, 123, 126, 325, 346, 379 Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, 321, 346 Gastrointestinal tract, 19, 141, 218, 342, 346, 357, 381, 390 Gelatin, 334, 346, 347 Gels, 13, 346 Gene, 9, 21, 24, 25, 28, 30, 41, 44, 46, 48, 50, 79, 197, 234, 271, 320, 324, 338, 346, 380, 389 Gene Expression, 30, 44, 48, 79, 346 Gene Targeting, 25, 28, 346
Generator, 6, 32, 175, 187, 199, 200, 216, 346 Genetic Code, 346, 366 Genetic testing, 346, 372 Genetics, 28, 338, 346 Genomics, 15, 346 Genotype, 26, 346, 370 Germ Cells, 346, 360, 367, 382, 386 Gestation, 346, 369, 370, 383 Giardiasis, 109, 346 Gingivitis, 336, 347 Ginseng, 164, 347 Gland, 314, 347, 368, 374, 380, 384, 385, 387 Glucocorticoid, 9, 325, 347 Glucose, 35, 161, 321, 328, 330, 337, 347, 349, 354, 382 Glucose Intolerance, 337, 347 Glutamate, 25, 316, 347 Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase, 25, 347 Glutamic Acid, 344, 347, 365 Glutathione Peroxidase, 347, 380 Glycine, 316, 322, 347, 365 Glycols, 347, 351 Goats, 153, 156, 209, 347 Goiter, 104, 347 Gonadal, 347, 384 Governing Board, 347, 373 Grade, 216, 223, 347 Graft, 347, 351, 363 Gram-negative, 334, 340, 348, 357, 379, 392 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 334, 340, 348 Granule, 36, 348 Granulocytes, 348, 357, 381, 392 Graphite, 227, 348 Grasses, 344, 348 Growth factors, 37, 196, 348 Guanylate Cyclase, 348, 365 H Habitat, 28, 348 Habitual, 328, 348 Habituation, 40, 348 Half-Life, 15, 23, 196, 348 Haploid, 348, 371 Haptens, 315, 348 Hazardous Substances, 26, 56, 348 Hazardous Waste, 301, 348 Headache, 326, 348, 354 Health Behavior, 58, 348 Health Education, 45, 280, 349 Health Promotion, 280, 349 Health Status, 16, 349
402 Drinking Water
Heart attack, 327, 349 Hematopoiesis, 60, 349 Heme, 43, 323, 335, 349, 368 Hemodiafiltration, 349, 390 Hemodialysis, 273, 337, 349, 390 Hemofiltration, 349, 390 Hemoglobin, 317, 342, 349 Hemolysis, 62, 349 Hemolytic, 65, 349 Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, 65, 349 Hemorrhage, 348, 349, 363, 384 Hepatic, 8, 35, 316, 336, 349, 370 Hepatitis, 24, 78, 85, 129, 138, 274, 349, 350, 392 Hepatitis A, 24, 274, 350 Hepatocellular, 195, 196, 350 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 195, 196, 350 Hepatocyte, 9, 24, 195, 350 Hepatovirus, 350 Herbicide, 106, 350, 382 Heredity, 346, 350 Heterodimer, 25, 350 Heterogeneity, 315, 350 Heterotrophic, 190, 220, 345, 350 Heterozygotes, 338, 350 Histamine, 317, 319, 350 Histidine, 15, 350 Histology, 153, 155, 161, 350 HIV, 24, 108, 135, 289, 290, 293, 297, 300, 313, 350, 357 Homogeneous, 46, 350 Homologous, 15, 17, 334, 346, 350, 380, 386 Hookworms, 350, 386 Hormonal, 22, 40, 321, 350 Hormone, 9, 19, 50, 56, 120, 316, 323, 334, 336, 339, 342, 346, 350, 354, 355, 357, 366, 373, 378, 381, 386, 387 Horseradish Peroxidase, 341, 350 Host, 44, 55, 180, 193, 215, 232, 322, 326, 332, 337, 351, 352, 357, 391, 392 Human Activities, 37, 351 Humeral, 23, 351 Humoral, 35, 351 Humour, 351 Hybrid, 41, 331, 351 Hybridization, 42, 234, 351 Hydration, 218, 233, 351 Hydrochloric Acid, 233, 351 Hydrogen Peroxide, 215, 228, 347, 351, 358 Hydrolysis, 351, 370, 374
Hydrophobic, 185, 206, 351 Hydroxides, 351 Hydroxyl Radical, 161, 351 Hydroxylation, 43, 196, 351 Hydroxyproline, 317, 331, 351 Hygienic, 230, 351 Hyperglycemia, 45, 351 Hyperplasia, 15, 351 Hypersensitivity, 316, 341, 351, 357, 378, 380 Hypertension, 22, 74, 102, 105, 314, 318, 319, 326, 327, 348, 352, 390 Hypertrophy, 77, 351, 352 Hypochlorous Acid, 199, 352 Hypotension, 320, 345, 352 Hypothalamus, 41, 42, 321, 337, 352, 387 Hypothyroidism, 98, 352 I Ibuprofen, 352, 356 Id, 157, 162, 302, 308, 310, 352 Idiopathic, 87, 352 Immersion, 322, 352 Immune adjuvant, 316, 352 Immune response, 21, 316, 317, 319, 321, 348, 352, 353, 380, 385, 391, 392 Immune Sera, 352 Immune system, 4, 131, 223, 226, 300, 319, 323, 352, 353, 357, 359, 363, 369, 391, 392 Immunity, 21, 23, 35, 61, 313, 315, 335, 352, 353, 389 Immunization, 23, 352, 380 Immunoassay, 11, 341, 352 Immunocompromised, 242, 292, 352 Immunodeficiency, 290, 313, 350, 352, 353 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 353 Immunodiffusion, 315, 353 Immunoelectrophoresis, 315, 353 Immunofluorescence, 49, 353 Immunogenic, 353, 358 Immunologic, 291, 329, 350, 352, 353, 376 Immunology, 315, 351, 353 Immunosuppressive, 335, 347, 353 Impairment, 21, 132, 138, 192, 231, 336, 339, 353, 361, 375, 389 Implant radiation, 353, 355, 375, 393 Implantation, 333, 353, 366 In situ, 8, 29, 42, 63, 119, 174, 202, 226, 240, 353 In vitro, 21, 25, 36, 41, 46, 54, 339, 353, 372, 388 In vivo, 21, 22, 25, 31, 36, 41, 46, 49, 54, 353, 367, 387
Index 403
Incision, 353, 355 Incubated, 55, 220, 353 Indicative, 248, 353, 369, 391 Induction, 10, 22, 23, 34, 38, 48, 49, 90, 197, 317, 319, 345, 353, 376 Industrial Waste, 228, 238, 353 Infancy, 20, 51, 102, 353, 370 Infant, Newborn, 315, 353 Infarction, 353, 378 Infection Control, 248, 354 Infiltration, 184, 210, 354 Influenza, 206, 243, 354 Information Systems, 59, 61, 354 Infusion, 7, 354, 363, 389 Ingestion, 20, 37, 50, 90, 101, 105, 124, 291, 325, 348, 354, 361, 371 Inhalation, 18, 37, 105, 166, 258, 315, 321, 348, 354, 371, 389 Initiation, 21, 196, 354, 389 Inlay, 354, 378 Inositol, 14, 354 Insecticides, 45, 186, 206, 232, 354, 369 Insight, 25, 31, 39, 354 Insulin, 35, 50, 354, 356, 390 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 354 Insulin-like, 50, 354 Internal radiation, 355, 375, 393 Interstitial, 325, 355, 356, 393 Intestinal, 62, 106, 144, 161, 205, 326, 329, 331, 334, 340, 355 Intestine, 181, 325, 332, 340, 355, 356, 384 Intoxication, 33, 336, 355, 391, 393 Intracellular, 9, 38, 326, 354, 355, 365, 372, 374, 376, 380, 381 Intravenous, 7, 354, 355 Intrinsic, 315, 355 Invasive, 46, 262, 352, 355 Invertebrates, 331, 337, 355, 359 Involuntary, 330, 355, 363, 382 Iodine, 106, 107, 137, 192, 221, 355 Ion Exchange, 192, 211, 213, 245, 328, 355 Ion Exchange Resins, 192, 211, 355 Ionization, 13, 355 Ionizing, 316, 340, 355, 376, 382 Ionophores, 33, 355, 390 Ions, 7, 25, 186, 191, 199, 207, 213, 223, 224, 233, 313, 322, 338, 339, 351, 355 Iron Compounds, 220, 355 Irradiation, 53, 203, 242, 325, 355, 393 Irrigation, 107, 202, 210, 234, 240, 356 Ischemia, 12, 49, 321, 356, 363, 378
J Joint, 47, 48, 57, 233, 321, 356, 367, 385 K Kava, 290, 356 Kb, 288, 356 Keratolytic, 336, 356 Keto, 44, 356, 389 Ketoacidosis, 313, 356 Ketone Bodies, 313, 356 Ketoprofen, 29, 356 Kidney stone, 108, 279, 356, 364 Kinetic, 43, 355, 356 L Labile, 332, 356 Labyrinth, 356, 367 Lactation, 356, 366 Large Intestine, 332, 337, 355, 356, 377, 382 Latency, 13, 356 Latent, 58, 356 Latent period, 58, 356 Laxative, 315, 357, 382 Lead Poisoning, 291, 357 Legionella, 78, 357 Lens, 44, 327, 357 Lentivirus, 350, 357 Leptin, 41, 42, 357 Lethal, 28, 55, 182, 322, 357, 363 Lethargy, 352, 357 Leucocyte, 341, 357, 359 Leukemia, 28, 54, 60, 65, 97, 111, 145, 330, 357 Leukocytes, 324, 328, 329, 348, 357 Leukotrienes, 320, 339, 357 Library Services, 308, 357 Life cycle, 15, 345, 357 Life Expectancy, 19, 85, 357 Ligament, 357, 374 Linkages, 52, 349, 357, 371 Lip, 330, 357 Lipid, 13, 22, 44, 87, 109, 330, 340, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 368 Lipid A, 22, 87, 109, 358 Lipid Peroxidation, 13, 358, 368 Lipophilic, 358, 371 Lipopolysaccharides, 358 Lipoxygenase, 37, 320, 357, 358 Liquor, 212, 358 Lithium, 100, 112, 233, 319, 358 Liver cancer, 9, 59, 87, 114, 358 Liver Neoplasms, 358, 392 Localization, 49, 358 Localized, 29, 336, 344, 354, 358, 370, 371
404 Drinking Water
Locomotion, 358, 371 Locomotor, 40, 358 Longitudinal study, 57, 358 Lovastatin, 13, 358 Low-density lipoprotein, 358 Lubricants, 358, 369 Luciferase, 188, 359 Luminescence, 189, 359 Lymph, 340, 350, 351, 359, 385 Lymphadenopathy, 350, 359 Lymphatic, 163, 340, 354, 359, 361, 382, 383, 387 Lymphatic system, 359, 382, 383, 387 Lymphoblastic, 359 Lymphoblasts, 313, 359 Lymphocyte, 113, 121, 313, 319, 359, 360 Lymphocyte Count, 313, 359 Lymphoid, 23, 318, 334, 357, 359 Lymphokine, 35, 359 Lymphoma, 123, 359 Lysine, 217, 359 M Macrophage, 25, 359 Malignant, 13, 313, 314, 319, 358, 359, 364, 367, 376 Malnutrition, 316, 321, 359 Mammary, 15, 22, 359, 386 Mandible, 316, 359, 378 Manic, 319, 358, 359, 375 Manic-depressive psychosis, 359, 375 Manifest, 46, 359 Mannans, 345, 359 Maxillary, 330, 360 Meat, 181, 235, 360 Meat Products, 235, 360 Medial, 330, 360, 367, 388 Mediate, 196, 338, 360 Mediator, 36, 360, 381 Medical Records, 360, 378 MEDLINE, 289, 360 Megakaryocytes, 325, 360 Megaloblastic, 344, 360 Meiosis, 360, 361, 386, 390 Melanin, 360, 370, 390 Melanocytes, 13, 360, 365 Melanoma, 13, 325, 360, 390 Melanosomes, 360 Memory, 23, 318, 336, 360 Meninges, 328, 360 Menopause, 360, 366, 372 Menstrual Cycle, 360, 366, 373
Mental, iv, 5, 288, 293, 328, 331, 335, 336, 338, 352, 360, 361, 375, 379, 390 Mental Disorders, 360, 375 Mental Health, iv, 5, 288, 293, 361, 375 Mental Processes, 338, 361, 375 Mercury, 56, 57, 225, 232, 248, 290, 297, 361 Mesenchymal, 341, 361 Mesoderm, 330, 361 Mesolimbic, 319, 361 Metabolite, 358, 361 Metastasis, 35, 361 Metastatic, 13, 361, 380 Methanol, 43, 361 Methionine, 24, 153, 156, 217, 361, 385 MI, 62, 66, 75, 83, 94, 117, 130, 136, 144, 190, 214, 234, 311, 361 Microbe, 361, 388 Microbiological, 80, 81, 116, 117, 193, 215, 235, 253, 262, 361 Micronuclei, 68, 88, 138, 361 Microorganism, 182, 200, 209, 224, 331, 361, 368, 392 Micro-organism, 193, 336, 339, 361 Microscopy, 24, 49, 55, 167, 273, 350, 361 Migration, 21, 330, 362 Miscarriage, 36, 362 Miscible, 190, 362 Mitochondria, 196, 362, 363, 367 Mitosis, 10, 320, 327, 361, 362 Mitotic, 10, 362 Mixed Function Oxidases, 335, 362 Modeling, 18, 52, 262, 362 Modification, 317, 362, 375 Molluscipoxvirus, 362 Molluscum Contagiosum Virus, 224, 362 Monitor, 27, 33, 181, 362, 366 Monoclonal, 356, 362, 376, 393 Monosomy, 317, 362 Morphogenesis, 36, 362 Morphological, 44, 234, 339, 345, 360, 362 Morphology, 327, 362 Motility, 55, 362, 381 Movement Disorders, 319, 362 Mucins, 336, 363, 379 Mucolytic, 313, 363 Mucosa, 340, 363, 384 Mustard Gas, 363 Mutagen, 133, 363 Mutagenic, 37, 118, 363, 365, 382 Mutagenicity, 68, 118, 258, 363 Myalgia, 354, 363
Index 405
Mycotoxins, 315, 363 Myelogenous, 363 Myocardial infarction, 113, 114, 115, 333, 361, 363 Myocardial Reperfusion, 363, 378 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 363, 378 Myocardium, 22, 361, 363 N Naive, 13, 21, 363 Nasal Mucosa, 354, 363 Natural Disasters, 209, 363 Nausea, 319, 346, 363, 390 Need, 3, 6, 13, 28, 32, 33, 49, 51, 58, 78, 83, 120, 174, 178, 194, 195, 198, 214, 218, 219, 220, 222, 224, 236, 237, 247, 251, 255, 266, 273, 279, 290, 291, 296, 303, 315, 330, 364, 388 Needle biopsy, 24, 343, 364 Neon, 188, 364 Neonatal, 40, 120, 364 Neoplasia, 364 Neoplasm, 364 Neoplastic, 22, 60, 359, 364 Nephrolithiasis, 87, 364 Nephrotoxic, 130, 364 Nerve, 314, 317, 336, 360, 364, 365, 372, 378, 383, 384, 389 Nervous System, 19, 36, 315, 318, 321, 328, 360, 364, 365, 369, 386, 391 Networks, 40, 41, 42, 165, 364, 386 Neural, 40, 41, 115, 161, 165, 315, 340, 345, 351, 364 Neural tube defects, 115, 161, 364 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 19, 197, 364 Neuroleptic, 315, 319, 364 Neurologic, 19, 340, 350, 364 Neuromuscular, 313, 330, 364, 378, 390 Neuromuscular Blockade, 330, 364 Neuronal, 31, 40, 42, 365 Neurons, 31, 41, 42, 336, 345, 365, 385, 386 Neuropeptide, 42, 365 Neurotoxic, 31, 365, 379 Neurotransmitter, 313, 314, 317, 325, 338, 347, 350, 365, 381, 385, 386 Neutralization, 229, 245, 365 Neutrons, 316, 325, 355, 365, 375 Nickel, 197, 233, 365 Nicotine, 17, 365 Nitric Oxide, 32, 37, 48, 365 Nitrogen, 36, 37, 122, 178, 190, 316, 317, 334, 335, 344, 365, 367 Nitrogen Compounds, 178, 365
Nitrosamines, 90, 121, 365 Nonmelanoma skin cancer, 48, 365 Nosocomial, 44, 86, 365 Nuclear, 48, 88, 322, 342, 345, 366, 372, 376, 387, 390 Nuclei, 316, 361, 362, 365, 366, 371, 374, 386 Nucleic acid, 182, 193, 322, 346, 351, 365, 366 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 351, 366 Nucleus, 9, 31, 41, 42, 320, 321, 330, 334, 335, 337, 342, 345, 360, 361, 365, 366, 374, 384 Nucleus Accumbens, 31, 366 Nutritional Status, 87, 366 O Occupational Exposure, 15, 56, 366 Occupational Groups, 15, 366 Odds Ratio, 51, 366, 377 Odour, 213, 320, 366, 390 Oestradiol, 160, 366 Oestrogen, 92, 366 Oncogenic, 196, 357, 366 Opacity, 327, 336, 366 Opportunistic Infections, 313, 366 Optic Chiasm, 352, 366 Oral Health, 20, 131, 152, 155, 248, 274, 280, 367 Oral Hygiene, 180, 215, 367 Organ Culture, 367, 388 Organelles, 335, 360, 367 Organic Chemicals, 96, 186, 206, 232, 251, 367 Orthostatic, 320, 367 Osmosis, 96, 191, 199, 210, 230, 245, 266, 273, 367 Osmotic, 316, 367 Ossicles, 367 Osteoarthritis, 48, 57, 356, 367 Osteogenic sarcoma, 367 Osteoporosis, 28, 30, 148, 218, 366, 367 Osteosarcoma, 132, 367 Otosclerosis, 85, 86, 367 Ovaries, 320, 367, 381 Ovary, 333, 366, 367, 384 Ovum, 334, 346, 357, 367, 373 Oxidants, 35, 199, 367 Oxidation, 39, 45, 197, 220, 225, 228, 245, 313, 319, 320, 335, 347, 358, 367, 368, 390 Oxidation-Reduction, 367, 368 Oxidative Stress, 12, 24, 25, 35, 44, 49, 90, 196, 368
406 Drinking Water
Oxygenase, 196, 368 P Palate, 280, 368, 384 Palliative, 366, 368, 386 Pancreas, 29, 35, 51, 313, 323, 354, 368, 390 Pancreatic, 34, 35, 126, 166, 368 Pancreatic cancer, 34, 126, 368 Pancreatitis, 51, 368 Parasite, 63, 112, 144, 186, 206, 368 Parasitic, 274, 299, 331, 334, 350, 368 Paresthesia, 330, 368 Parkinsonism, 19, 319, 368 Pathogen, 11, 53, 57, 236, 368 Pathogenesis, 28, 55, 56, 368 Pathologic, 52, 320, 323, 326, 333, 351, 369, 378 Pathologic Processes, 320, 369 Pathophysiology, 9, 33, 369 Patient Education, 280, 300, 306, 308, 311, 369 Peak flow, 32, 369 Pelvic, 369, 374 Peptide, 24, 49, 316, 329, 331, 357, 369, 374, 381, 387 Peptide Elongation Factors, 369, 381 Peracetic Acid, 118, 369 Perception, 108, 369, 380 Perfusion, 324, 369 Perinatal, 28, 79, 369 Periodontal disease, 248, 369 Peripheral blood, 10, 369 Peripheral Nervous System, 19, 364, 365, 369, 385 Perspiration, 280, 369 Petroleum, 227, 346, 369 Phagocyte, 368, 369 Pharmacokinetic, 8, 196, 369 Pharmacologic, 317, 348, 370, 388 Pharynx, 354, 370 Phenotype, 26, 46, 54, 55, 332, 370 Phenyl, 195, 196, 370 Phenylacetate, 21, 370 Phenylalanine, 21, 370, 390 Phenylalanine Hydroxylase, 21, 370 Phenylketonurias, 370 Phospholipases, 370, 381 Phospholipids, 343, 354, 370 Phosphorus, 63, 64, 264, 326, 333, 367, 370 Phosphorylated, 42, 331, 370 Phosphorylation, 40, 49, 370, 390 Physiologic, 55, 315, 343, 348, 360, 370, 374, 376, 378
Physiology, 9, 36, 37, 89, 339, 370 Pilot Projects, 27, 370 Pilot study, 370 Placenta, 320, 344, 370, 373 Plaque, 142, 180, 215, 248, 371 Plasma, 23, 32, 50, 98, 100, 217, 227, 315, 316, 318, 328, 342, 346, 347, 349, 371, 377, 380 Plasma cells, 23, 318, 371 Plasma protein, 316, 371 Plasticizers, 198, 371 Platelet Activation, 371, 381 Platelet Aggregation, 88, 317, 365, 371, 387 Platelets, 360, 365, 371, 381, 387 Pleomorphic, 366, 371 Pneumonia, 206, 243, 333, 371 Poisoning, 125, 143, 162, 169, 270, 291, 323, 325, 328, 330, 333, 336, 346, 355, 361, 364, 371, 379 Polychlorinated Biphenyls, 56, 371 Polychromatic, 203, 371 Polyesters, 198, 371 Polyethylene, 198, 371 Polymerase, 29, 45, 371, 372 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 29, 45, 372 Polymers, 238, 323, 355, 371, 372, 374, 385 Polymorphic, 26, 330, 372 Polyposis, 332, 372 Polysaccharide, 319, 328, 372 Population Growth, 58, 372 Porosity, 54, 372 Port, 185, 198, 204, 206, 372 Port-a-cath, 372 Posterior, 317, 368, 372 Postmenopausal, 367, 372 Postnatal, 31, 372, 384 Postsynaptic, 31, 372, 381, 386 Potassium, 233, 338, 372 Potentiating, 38, 372 Potentiation, 372, 381 Power Plants, 187, 372 Practice Guidelines, 293, 372 Precancerous, 329, 373 Precipitation, 9, 202, 240, 245, 373 Preclinical, 40, 373 Precursor, 21, 31, 228, 320, 330, 335, 338, 339, 341, 370, 373, 390 Pregnancy Complications, 36, 373 Pregnancy Outcome, 69, 70, 83, 101, 131, 373 Premalignant, 13, 373 Prenatal, 19, 99, 339, 373
Index 407
Presynaptic, 31, 365, 373, 386 Prevalence, 20, 29, 51, 61, 64, 86, 87, 129, 135, 142, 143, 146, 274, 366, 373 Preventive Medicine, 25, 307, 373 Primary tumor, 46, 373 Probe, 42, 176, 373 Progesterone, 152, 154, 373, 384 Progression, 19, 35, 46, 48, 57, 93, 318, 373 Progressive, 328, 330, 336, 339, 348, 364, 367, 371, 373 Promoter, 25, 29, 44, 50, 60, 373 Prophylaxis, 373, 391 Proportional, 237, 341, 373 Propoxur, 19, 373 Prospective study, 61, 66, 358, 373 Prostaglandin, 318, 374, 387 Prostate, 21, 74, 163, 323, 366, 374, 390 Protein C, 17, 217, 316, 317, 322, 331, 374 Protein S, 15, 192, 231, 271, 324, 346, 369, 374, 381, 386 Proteolytic, 36, 332, 374 Protocol, 14, 24, 31, 51, 374 Protons, 316, 351, 355, 374, 375 Protozoa, 130, 223, 323, 361, 374, 383 Protozoal, 193, 374, 375 Protozoan, 64, 331, 334, 346, 374 Proximal, 373, 375 Psychic, 360, 375, 380 Psychoactive, 375, 393 Psychology, 72, 338, 375 Psychosis, 40, 319, 375 Public Policy, 266, 272, 289, 375 Pulmonary, 33, 38, 324, 329, 333, 341, 349, 357, 375, 378, 391 Pulmonary Artery, 324, 375, 392 Pulmonary Edema, 329, 375 Pulmonary Ventilation, 375, 378 Pulse, 203, 362, 375 Purifying, 184, 191, 201, 208, 210, 212, 213, 218, 219, 227, 239, 375 Q Quality of Life, 19, 32, 40, 57, 375 R Race, 10, 270, 362, 375 Radiation, 48, 64, 145, 203, 242, 341, 342, 344, 345, 355, 375, 376, 379, 382, 390, 393 Radiation therapy, 342, 355, 356, 375, 393 Radioactive, 324, 348, 351, 353, 355, 356, 366, 375, 376, 387, 390, 393 Radioactivity, 111, 119, 120, 145, 376 Radiolabeled, 356, 376, 393 Radiology, 31, 376
Radiopharmaceutical, 346, 376 Radiotherapy, 325, 356, 376, 393 Radium, 67, 132, 145, 265, 376 Radon, 88, 99, 132, 252, 265, 266, 297, 376 Randomized, 22, 53, 66, 126, 166, 339, 376 Reaction Time, 228, 376 Reactive Oxygen Species, 37, 38, 195, 376 Reagent, 177, 215, 223, 225, 329, 351, 359, 376 Reality Testing, 375, 376 Receptor, 9, 28, 31, 46, 56, 314, 319, 329, 338, 376, 381 Receptors, Cytokine, 35, 376 Recombinant, 24, 324, 376, 391 Recombination, 17, 346, 376 Reconstitution, 217, 377 Rectal, 74, 133, 160, 377 Rectum, 140, 320, 325, 332, 337, 344, 345, 356, 374, 377 Recurrence, 46, 328, 359, 377 Red blood cells, 342, 349, 368, 377, 382 Reductase, 35, 40, 43, 44, 89, 320, 358, 370, 377, 387 Refer, 1, 173, 325, 332, 344, 345, 358, 363, 364, 365, 372, 375, 377, 388 Refraction, 377, 383 Refractory, 218, 219, 377 Regeneration, 195, 377 Regimen, 21, 196, 222, 339, 377 Relative risk, 5, 12, 51, 377 Relaxant, 218, 377 Reliability, 51, 377 Remission, 359, 377 Renal pelvis, 356, 377, 389 Renin, 318, 326, 377 Renin-Angiotensin System, 318, 326, 377 Reperfusion, 12, 49, 363, 377, 378 Reperfusion Injury, 49, 378 Reproduction Techniques, 373, 378 Research Design, 248, 378 Resorption, 31, 92, 378 Respiration, 327, 329, 362, 378 Respiratory Paralysis, 330, 378, 379 Respiratory System, 19, 378 Response rate, 51, 378 Restoration, 177, 345, 363, 377, 378, 379 Retina, 357, 367, 378, 379 Retrospective, 20, 62, 81, 165, 169, 378 Retrospective study, 62, 81, 378 Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, 36, 378 Reversion, 378, 390
408 Drinking Water
Rheumatoid, 356, 368, 378 Rheumatoid arthritis, 356, 378 Rigidity, 368, 371, 378 Risk factor, 5, 10, 19, 51, 52, 57, 63, 64, 67, 79, 107, 109, 117, 135, 274, 341, 373, 377, 378 Risk patient, 13, 379 Rod, 115, 322, 379 Rodenticides, 232, 369, 379 Roentgenography, 379, 387 Ruminants, 347, 379 Rural Population, 90, 121, 379 S Salicylate, 379 Salicylic, 379 Salicylic Acids, 379 Saliva, 94, 379 Salivary, 336, 368, 379, 385 Salivary glands, 336, 379 Salmonella, 68, 119, 181, 346, 379 Sanitary, 137, 175, 176, 200, 203, 204, 379 Sanitation, 45, 115, 165, 200, 247, 261, 266, 269, 271, 272, 379 Sapogenins, 204, 205, 379 Saponin, 379 Saxitoxin, 18, 379 Scatter, 379, 390 Schizoid, 379, 392 Schizophrenia, 40, 379, 380, 392 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 379, 392 Screening, 27, 52, 330, 380 Secondary tumor, 361, 380 Secretion, 21, 24, 50, 152, 154, 341, 350, 351, 352, 354, 356, 363, 369, 380 Sedative, 356, 380 Sediment, 17, 208, 380 Segregation, 376, 380 Seizures, 102, 336, 370, 380 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 380, 386 Selenium, 10, 57, 117, 135, 137, 153, 155, 158, 228, 380 Self Care, 274, 380 Semen, 374, 380 Senile, 367, 380 Sensitization, 51, 380 Sensor, 15, 380 Septic, 196, 321, 380 Sequencing, 222, 234, 372, 380 Sequester, 328, 380 Serologic, 352, 381 Serotonin, 319, 365, 381
Serum, 7, 15, 23, 32, 38, 127, 316, 317, 332, 352, 358, 377, 381 Sex Characteristics, 314, 317, 366, 381, 386 Sex Ratio, 76, 381 Shedding, 55, 381 Shiga Toxin, 65, 381 Ships, 172, 223, 381 Shock, 196, 381, 389 Side effect, 40, 281, 315, 319, 323, 335, 381, 388 Signal Transduction, 15, 40, 48, 54, 196, 354, 381 Silicon, 104, 105, 381 Silicon Dioxide, 381 Simazine, 138, 382 Sister Chromatid Exchange, 76, 112, 382 Skeletal, 29, 30, 35, 317, 382 Skeleton, 343, 356, 374, 382, 388 Skull, 340, 364, 382, 386 Sludge, 264, 382 Small intestine, 339, 340, 346, 350, 355, 382 Smooth muscle, 317, 326, 350, 377, 382, 385 Sneezing, 381, 382 Social Environment, 375, 382 Sodium, 23, 100, 102, 105, 199, 223, 282, 324, 338, 382, 385, 392 Soft tissue, 33, 324, 343, 382 Solar Energy, 187, 382 Solar radiation, 187, 382 Solid tumor, 317, 382 Solvent, 101, 178, 313, 322, 329, 341, 342, 361, 367, 382, 386, 389 Soma, 382 Somatic, 23, 314, 351, 360, 362, 369, 382 Somatic cells, 360, 362, 382 Sorbitol, 45, 382 Specialist, 303, 383 Specificity, 38, 40, 69, 152, 154, 225, 315, 320, 383 Spectroscopic, 33, 43, 383 Spectrum, 203, 383 Spina bifida, 364, 383 Spinal cord, 325, 328, 329, 360, 364, 369, 378, 383 Spinal Nerves, 369, 383 Spleen, 29, 359, 383 Spontaneous Abortion, 84, 131, 373, 383 Sporadic, 364, 383 Spores, 200, 209, 383 Squamous, 10, 14, 341, 365, 383 Squamous cell carcinoma, 14, 341, 383
Index 409
Squamous cells, 365, 383 Steady state, 55, 124, 383 Steatosis, 343, 383 Steel, 167, 178, 228, 383, 390, 391 Stellate, 24, 384 Stem Cells, 30, 384 Sterility, 179, 199, 230, 335, 384 Sterilization, 182, 201, 202, 203, 224, 384 Steroid, 9, 320, 334, 366, 379, 384 Stillbirth, 373, 384 Stimulant, 218, 325, 334, 350, 384 Stimulus, 338, 339, 356, 376, 384, 387 Stomach, 15, 87, 121, 122, 313, 321, 337, 342, 346, 350, 363, 370, 379, 382, 383, 384 Stomatitis, 89, 384 Stool, 53, 55, 233, 332, 356, 384 Strand, 371, 384 Streptococci, 29, 180, 215, 384 Stria, 41, 384 Striatum, 31, 366, 384 Stroke, 163, 196, 288, 327, 384 Stromal, 324, 384 Stromal Cells, 324, 384 Structure-Activity Relationship, 147, 384 Styrene, 61, 385 Subacute, 354, 385 Subclinical, 354, 380, 385 Subcutaneous, 314, 385 Submaxillary, 341, 385 Subspecies, 234, 383, 385 Substance P, 324, 361, 377, 380, 385 Substrate, 44, 54, 335, 341, 362, 385 Suction, 343, 385 Sulfates, 245, 385 Sulfur, 228, 361, 367, 385 Sulfur Compounds, 228, 385 Sulfuric acid, 233, 385 Sunburn, 385, 390 Supplementation, 32, 84, 94, 152, 153, 155, 161, 385 Support group, 274, 385 Suppression, 192, 196, 231, 385 Sweat, 369, 385 Symphysis, 374, 385 Symptomatic, 57, 368, 385 Synapse, 314, 373, 385, 386, 389 Synaptic, 365, 381, 386 Synaptic Transmission, 365, 386 Synergistic, 8, 12, 60, 386 Systemic, 23, 30, 282, 324, 326, 336, 342, 354, 356, 375, 384, 386, 389, 393 Systolic, 352, 386
T Talus, 386, 388 Tamoxifen, 46, 380, 386 Tardive, 319, 386 Telecommunications, 333, 386 Telophase, 361, 386 Temporal, 10, 40, 61, 386 Terminator, 331, 386 Testicular, 15, 320, 386 Testis, 33, 366, 386 Testosterone, 377, 386 Tetrachloroethylene, 91, 140, 386 Tetracycline, 25, 28, 44, 50, 54, 338, 386 Therapeutics, 218, 283, 386 Thermal, 81, 186, 187, 216, 218, 221, 241, 321, 325, 338, 365, 372, 387 Thioredoxin, 35, 387 Third Ventricle, 352, 387 Thoracic, 337, 387, 392 Thorium, 145, 387 Thorium Compounds, 387 Threshold, 198, 352, 387 Thrombin, 343, 371, 374, 387 Thrombocytopenia, 349, 387 Thrombomodulin, 374, 387 Thrombosis, 374, 384, 387 Thromboxanes, 320, 339, 387 Thrombus, 88, 333, 353, 363, 371, 387 Thrush, 326, 387 Thymus, 352, 359, 387 Thyroid, 19, 67, 77, 82, 87, 109, 120, 129, 153, 155, 161, 347, 352, 355, 387, 388, 390 Thyroid Gland, 153, 155, 161, 347, 387, 388 Thyroid Hormones, 387, 390 Thyrotropin, 352, 387 Thyroxine, 120, 316, 370, 387, 388 Tibia, 31, 343, 388 Tin, 198, 272, 368, 388 Tissue Culture, 18, 388 Tolerance, 21, 29, 314, 347, 388 Tone, 188, 367, 388 Tonicity, 339, 349, 388 Tonus, 388 Tooth Loss, 248, 388 Tooth Preparation, 314, 388 Topical, 321, 342, 351, 388 Toxicity, 14, 20, 25, 36, 38, 60, 89, 99, 115, 152, 154, 225, 291, 301, 327, 338, 361, 388, 392 Toxicokinetics, 38, 388 Toxin, 33, 36, 198, 210, 330, 340, 381, 388 Toxoplasmosis, 125, 126, 388
410 Drinking Water
Trace element, 4, 10, 128, 134, 140, 143, 237, 325, 330, 344, 365, 381, 388 Trachea, 325, 342, 370, 387, 388 Transaminases, 139, 388 Transcription Factors, 9, 389 Transduction, 54, 196, 381, 389 Transfection, 324, 389 Transfer Factor, 352, 389 Transfusion, 342, 389 Transgenes, 24, 389 Transitional cell carcinoma, 104, 389 Translation, 316, 389 Translocation, 49, 389 Transmitter, 313, 338, 360, 389 Transplantation, 88, 104, 105, 330, 339, 352, 389 Trauma, 336, 348, 368, 389 Trichloroacetic Acid, 146, 168, 389 Trichloroethylene, 76, 115, 389 Trigger zone, 320, 389 Trihalomethanes, 42, 52, 90, 95, 97, 232, 266, 270, 389 Trisomy, 317, 389 Trivalent, 35, 389 Tropism, 51, 389 Tubercle, 366, 389 Tumor marker, 323, 389 Tungsten, 197, 198, 327, 390 Type 2 diabetes, 9, 390 Typhimurium, 68, 390 Tyrosine, 37, 338, 370, 390 U Ultrafiltration, 168, 224, 273, 349, 390 Ultraviolet radiation, 208, 385, 390 Unconscious, 352, 390 Uncoupling Agents, 355, 390 Univalent, 351, 368, 390 Uraemia, 368, 390 Uranium, 99, 130, 135, 145, 265, 376, 387, 390 Urbanization, 58, 390 Urease, 365, 391 Ureter, 377, 389, 391 Urethra, 374, 391 Urinary, 24, 32, 38, 90, 121, 145, 146, 391 Urine, 24, 33, 35, 60, 90, 93, 124, 142, 147, 196, 229, 324, 338, 341, 356, 377, 391 Uterus, 313, 333, 340, 367, 373, 391 V Vaccination, 23, 391 Vaccine, 28, 316, 329, 374, 391 Vagina, 326, 337, 391
Vaginitis, 326, 391 Valves, 200, 212, 391 Vanadium, 56, 391 Vascular, 9, 36, 326, 340, 353, 354, 365, 370, 387, 391 Vasculitis, 368, 391 Vasodilator, 319, 325, 338, 350, 363, 391 Vector, 28, 389, 391 Vegetative, 323, 391 Vein, 22, 355, 366, 391 Venoms, 335, 391 Venous, 374, 391 Venter, 391 Ventral, 40, 352, 366, 383, 391 Ventricle, 327, 366, 375, 386, 387, 391, 392 Ventricular, 49, 363, 392 Venules, 324, 326, 392 Veterinary Medicine, 17, 153, 155, 289, 392 Vibrio, 15, 55, 99, 108, 142, 144, 329, 392 Vibrio cholerae, 15, 55, 99, 108, 144, 329, 392 Vinyl Chloride, 8, 392 Viral, 23, 43, 51, 123, 126, 274, 313, 354, 366, 389, 392 Viral Hepatitis, 123, 392 Virulence, 44, 62, 82, 388, 392 Virus, 51, 64, 85, 104, 129, 274, 290, 313, 322, 350, 362, 371, 389, 392 Viscosity, 218, 313, 392 Vitamin A, 354, 392 Vitreous, 357, 378, 392 Vitro, 392 Vivo, 12, 21, 22, 25, 46, 54, 392 W Warts, 389, 392 Water Intoxication, 102, 392 Weight Gain, 153, 155, 182, 209, 392 White blood cell, 313, 318, 330, 353, 357, 359, 371, 392 Windpipe, 370, 387, 392 Withdrawal, 181, 336, 392 X Xenograft, 318, 393 X-ray, 43, 167, 327, 344, 345, 355, 363, 366, 375, 376, 393 X-ray therapy, 356, 393 Y Yeasts, 326, 345, 370, 393 Z Zinc Compounds, 220, 393 Zymogen, 374, 393
411
412 Drinking Water
