Erythema Nodosum - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ERYTHEMA NODOSUM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Erythema Nodosum: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00417-8 1. Erythema Nodosum-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on erythema nodosum. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ERYTHEMA NODOSUM ............................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Erythema Nodosum ...................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 8 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ERYTHEMA NODOSUM ................................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding Nutrition Studies on Erythema Nodosum ..................................................................... 51 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 52 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ERYTHEMA NODOSUM ............................................. 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 55 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 57 General References ....................................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON ERYTHEMA NODOSUM ............................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 59 Chapters on Erythema Nodosum ................................................................................................. 60 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 65 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 67 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 69 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 71 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 74 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 77 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 77 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 77 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 83 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 86 ERYTHEMA NODOSUM DICTIONARY .................................................................................. 87 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 121

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with erythema nodosum is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about erythema nodosum, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to erythema nodosum, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on erythema nodosum. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to erythema nodosum, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on erythema nodosum. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ERYTHEMA NODOSUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on erythema nodosum.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and erythema nodosum, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “erythema nodosum” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Dermatologic Manifestations of Crohn Disease in Children: Response to Infliximab Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 37(2): 150-154. August 2003. Summary: Dermatologic (skin) extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn disease (a type of inflammatory bowel disease, IBD) may be refractory (resistant) to treatment with corticosteroids and immunomodulators. In this article, the authors describe four children with Crohn disease with dermatologic manifestations: pyoderma gangrenosum, orofacial involvement, erythema nodosum, and idiopathic lymphedema. These dermatologic conditions were unresponsive to conventional therapy but had rapid and sustained response to the anti-TNF-alpha antibody infliximab. No adverse reactions occurred. The authors conclude that infliximab should be considered for

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treating the extraintestinal dermatologic manifestations of Crohn disease in children. 3 figures. 26 references. •

Skin Disorders in IBD Source: Foundation Focus. p. 10-11. April 1994. Contact: Available from Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America, Inc. 386 Park Avenue South, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-8804. (800) 343-3637 or (800) 932-2423 or (212) 685-3440. Summary: In this newsletter article, the author reviews the various skin disorders seen in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and provides information about their causes and treatment. The author notes that up to one-fourth of persons with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis may have skin involvement as part of their disease. The article addresses direct extensions of IBD, including fissures and fistulas, metastatic Crohn's disease, and oral Crohn's disease; reactions to IBD, including erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum, aphthous ulcerations, vasculitis, and pyoderma vegetans; nutritional deficiencies, notably acrodermatitis enteropathica; complications of drug therapy; and miscellaneous problems, including epidermolysis bullosa, vitiligo, psoriasis, and clubbing.

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Metastatic Crohn's Disease Source: Southern Medical Journal. 90(9): 897-900. September 1997. Contact: Available from Southern Medical Association. 35 Lakeshore Drive, Birmingham, AL 35209. (205) 945-1840. Summary: Metastatic Crohn's Diseases (CD) is the term used for granulomatous lesions of CD involving sites other than the gastrointestinal tract. Metastatic CD has been considered uncommon, but it may simply be underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed since the clinical findings can be different. This article describes three patients with metastatic Crohn's disease (CD). The patients have lesions that are similar microscopically but different clinically: one has generalized plaques, another has perineal and perianal ulcerations, and a third has a painless forearm nodule. The authors note that skin involvement occurs in up to 44 percent of patients with CD. The incidence of cutaneous lesions is much higher in patients who have colon disease as compared with those having only ileal involvement. Other cutaneous disorders that can affect patients with CD include pyoderma gangrenosum, erythema multiforme, aphthous ulcers, erythema nodosum, and necrotizing vasculitis. The authors stress that in patients without documented gastrointestinal (GI) disease, non-caseating granulomas on skin biopsy should prompt a detailed GI history and workup (in 2 of the 3 patients reported on in this article, the GI and skin diagnoses were made concurrently). 3 figures. 25 references. (AA-M).

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Thalidomide in the Treatment of the Mucocutaneous Lesions of the Behcet Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 128(6): 443-450. March 15, 1998. Summary: Recurrent oral and genital ulcers are the most frequent problem in the management of the Behcet syndrome. Uncontrolled experience suggests that thalidomide may help prevent recurrences of these ulcers. This article reports on a double blind, placebo controlled study undertaken to determine the efficacy of two thalidomide dosages in the treatment of mucocutaneous lesions of the Behcet syndrome.

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The study population was 96 male patients with the Behcet syndrome who primarily had mucocutaneous lesions without major organ involvement. The intervention was thalidomide, 100 mg per day, or 300 mg per day, or placebo for 24 weeks. Outcome measures were sustained absence of any oral and genital ulceration during treatment (complete response) and changes in the number of mucocutaneous lesions. An additional evaluation was done 4 weeks after treatment ended. A complete response occurred in 2 of the 32 patients (6 percent) receiving 100 mg per day of thalidomide; in 5 of the 31 patients (16 percent) receiving 300 mg per day of thalidomide; and in none of the 32 patients (0 percent) receiving placebo. The suppressive effects of thalidomide with either dosage was evident at 4 weeks for oral ulcers and at 8 weeks for genital ulcers and follicular lesions. This effect persisted during treatment but diminished rapidly after treatment was discontinued. Both thalidomide dosages led to significant increases in the number of erythema nodosum lesions during the first 8 weeks of treatment. Polyneuropathy developed in 4 patients; in 3 of these patients, the condition was diagnosed after the trial had ended. The authors conclude that thalidomide is effective for treating the oral and genital ulcers and follicular lesions of the Behcet syndrome. A dosage of 100 mg per day is as effective as a dosage of 300 mg per day. 3 figures. 3 tables. 25 references. •

Colitis: Key Components of the Evaluation Source: Consultant. 38(2): 375-378, 381-383. February 1998. Contact: Available from Cliggott Publishing Company. 55 Holly Hill Lane, Box 4010, Greenwich, CT 06831-0010. Summary: This article reviews the key components of the evaluation of colitis. Colitis is a nonspecific condition that has a variety of causes, including inflammatory bowel disease, infections, ischemia, radiation, and antibiotic therapy. The mainstays of evaluating patients who have colitis include the history and physical examination, sigmoidoscopy with mucosal biopsy, stool examination, and barium radiography. These tools are used to determine if colitis is present, how severe it is, the cause of the colitis, and the anatomic extent of the disease. In addition to the typical symptoms of colitis (diarrhea, abdominal pain, and tenesmus), the authors recommend that physicians look for signs of more severe disease, such as orthostasis, pallor, fever, fatigue, and tachycardia. Also, physicians should be alert for extraintestinal manifestations of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as mouth ulcers, erythema nodosum, and arthritis. Laboratory findings that may suggest severe colitis include a low hemoglobin level, leukocytosis, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and hypoalbuminemia. After confirming the presence of colitis with proctosigmoidoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy, stool cultures and parasite testing should be ordered to identify the specific cause. Complications of colitis include toxic megacolon, perforation, hemorrhage, and obstruction in ischemic disease. 4 figures. 3 tables. 16 references. (AAM).

Federally Funded Research on Erythema Nodosum The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to erythema nodosum. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of

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Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to erythema nodosum. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore erythema nodosum. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for erythema nodosum: •

Project Title: CHLAMYDIA SIGNIFICANCE

PNEUMONIAE

ANTIGENS

OF

BIOLOGICAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Campbell, Lee Ann.; Professor; Pathobiology; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Chlamydia pneumoniae is a human respiratory pathogen that causes 5 percent to 10 percent of pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinusitis. Virtually everyone is infected in his or her lifetime and reinfection is common. Infection is difficult to treat even with sensitive antibiotics. Chronic infection is common and has been associated with asthma, reactive airway disease, Reiter's syndrome, erythema nodosum, and sarcoidosis. The potential public health impact of infection with this pathogen is underscored by the association of C. pneumoniae with atherosclerosis and related clinical manifestations such as coronary heart disease, carotid artery stenosis, aortic aneurysm, claudication, and stroke. If C. pneumoniae infection plays a role in atherogenesis, there will be an urgent need to facilitate diagnosis and develop strategies for intervention and prevention. The overall goal of this proposal is two fold. First, C. pneumoniae specific antigens that are recognized during human infection will be exploited to facilitate serodiagnosis and identify putative vaccine candidates. The second goal is to define chlamydial/host cell interactions that lead to entry and survival of C. pneumoniae in host cells relevant to atherosclerosis. The specific focus will be on the interaction of the chlamydial glycan moiety with carbohydrate binding receptors on the host cell. Importantly, infection of epithelial cells can be inhibited with N-linked high mannose type oligosaccharide, the major component of the glycan. The novel hypothesis to be tested is that C. pneumoniae enters through the mannose-6 phosphate receptor by binding to the site involved in transport of phosphomannosylated residues to the lysosome and this differs from C. trachomatis, which utilizes the mannose receptor. The ultimate goals of these studies are to identify C. pneumoniae specific antigens to facilitate laboratory diagnosis and virulence factors playing a role in pathogenesis to guide vaccine development or develop anti-adhesive strategies for prevention of infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Project Title: PATHOBIOLOGY OF HUMAN LEPROSY Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaplan, Gilla; Full Member; Public Health Research Institute 225 Warren St Newark, Nj 071033535 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1986; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): This is a revised competitive renewal application to conduct a clinical and laboratory investigation aimed at understanding the regulation of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and how it is subverted in leprosy. The focus of the proposal is on the immunologic mechanisms underlying the long term sequelae and complications of leprosy. The studies will (1) analyze the nature and etiology of the reactional states of leprosy to determine whether genetic polymorphisms and/or bacillary load in the nerves contribute to the development of reversal reactions (RR) and erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) and whether T cell activation plays a role in the pathogenesis and/or cure of ENL. (2) The proposed studies will examine the process of nerve damage and establish whether it affects cell recruitment and activation and/or poor wound healing in the skin of leprosy patients. A variety of approaches will be used, including genetic analyses involving specific oligonucleotide probing, immunological assays involving cell activation and cytotoxicity as well as cytokine evaluation by ELISA and semiquantitative PCR, and morphologic analyses employing histology, immunocytochemistry, and electron microscopy, to evaluate the nature, interactions and secretory repertoire of the cells involved in the pathobiology of the disease. The studies will be carried out on patient samples and selected patient populations through collaborative efforts in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Kathmandu, Nepal. The proposed studies are an extension of the achievements reported in the prior grant period. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PILOT INVESTIGATION OF SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF THALIDOMIDE IN SARCOIDOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Oliver, Stephen J.; Rockefeller University New York, Ny 100216399 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease of unknown etiology characterized by the formation of noncaseating granulomas. Disease involvement can be self limited or chronic, ranging from asymptomatic to end organ failure. The disease may affect lungs, thoracic lymph nodes, skin, eyes, and other organs. Corticosteroids remain the primary sarcoidosis therapy. However, steroid treatment has multiple side effects and may fail to alter the disease course. The proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha may play an important role in mediating sarcoid disease activity. TNF-alpha production by activated macrophages is an important element in the cell mediated immune response leading to granuloma formation. Serum levels of TNF-alpha and soluble TNF-alpha receptors are elevated in sarcoidosis patients and correlate with disease activity. Thalidomide, an inhibitor of TNF-alpha production, has been shown to have both anti-inflammatory and immune modulating effects in a number of autoimmune diseases, including discoid lupus, aphthous ulcer formation, erythema nodosum leprosum, and others. The addition of thalidomide to antibiotic regimens has also improved morbidity and mortality in animal models of M. tuberculosis infection of the pulmonary and central nervous systems. This study will evaluate the effect of daily thalidomide administration in sarcoidosis patients over a 4 month period, using clinical and laboratory based disease activity measures. Serially recorded clinical disease activity measures include

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spirometry, skin photographs, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, Health Assessment Questionnaires, and joint counts. Chest x-rays and several skin biopsies will be performed at several defined time points. Laboratory based disease activity measures include plasma TNF-alpha and soluble TNF-alpha receptor, soluble interleukin 2 receptor, and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1. Interferon gamma plasma levels will also be determined. T-lymphocytes subsets and antigen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation will be measured. Drug safety in this patient group will be monitored by blood chemistries and cell counts, history and physical exams, and renal function assessments performed during monthly patient visits. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “erythema nodosum” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for erythema nodosum in the PubMed Central database: •

Critical residues of the Mycobacterium leprae LSR recombinant protein discriminate clinical activity in erythema nodosum leprosum reactions. by Singh S, Jenner PJ, Narayan NP, Ramu G, Colston MJ, Prasad HK, Nath I.; 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303325

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Natural emergence of antigen-reactive T cells in lepromatous leprosy patients during erythema nodosum leprosum. by Laal S, Bhutani LK, Nath I.; 1985 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261163

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Polymorphonuclear cell function in the various polar types of leprosy and erythema nodosum leprosum. by Sher R, Anderson R, Glover A, Wadee AA.; 1978 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=422090

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text

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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with erythema nodosum, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “erythema nodosum” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for erythema nodosum (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma mimicking erythema nodosum: the importance of multiple skin biopsies. Author(s): Kiyohara T, Kumakiri M, Kobayashi H, Shimizu T, Ohkawara A, Ohnuki M. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 2000 September; 27(8): 413-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10955689

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A phenomenon of macrophage aggregation activity in sera of patients with exfoliative erythroderma, erythema multiforme, and erythema nodosum. Author(s): Krueger GG, Weston WL, Thorne EG, Mandel MJ, Jacobs RJ. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1973 May; 60(5): 282-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4271331

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A phenomenon of macrophage aggregation activity in sera of patients with exfoliative erythroderma, erythema multiforme, and erythema nodosum. Author(s): Krueger GG, Weston ML, Thorne EG, Mandel MJ, Jacobs RJ. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1973 May; 60(5): 282-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4267209

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A rare variant of erythema nodosum leprosum: a case report. Author(s): Dave S, Thappa DM, Nori AV, Jayanthi S. Source: Dermatology Online Journal [electronic Resource]. 2003 December; 9(5): 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996384

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A study of serum fibrinolytic activity in erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). Author(s): Jain VK, Verma KC, Aggarwal SS. Source: Lepr India. 1983 January; 55(1): 95-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6876766

journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A survey of erythema nodosum in a rural community between 1954 and 1968. Author(s): Macpherson P. Source: Tubercle. 1970 September; 51(3): 324-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5495655

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A transient rise in agalactosyl IgG correlating with free interleukin 2 receptors, during episodes of erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Filley E, Andreoli A, Steele J, Waters M, Wagner D, Nelson D, Tung K, Rademacher T, Dwek R, Rook GA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1989 June; 76(3): 343-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2787714

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A treatment of corticosteroid-dependent lepromatous patients in persistent erythema nodosum leprosum. A clinical evaluation of G.30320 (B663). Author(s): Imkamp FM. Source: Lepr Rev. 1968 July; 39(3): 119-25. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4298736

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Acne fulminans and erythema nodosum during isotretinoin therapy responding to dapsone. Author(s): Tan BB, Lear JT, Smith AG. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1997 January; 22(1): 26-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9330049

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Acne fulminans with hepatosplenomegaly and erythema nodosum migrans. Author(s): Reizis Z, Trattner A, Hodak E, David M, Sandbank M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991 May; 24(5 Pt 2): 886-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1828816

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Acute brucellosis presenting with erythema nodosum. Author(s): Mazokopakis E, Christias E, Kofteridis D. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2003; 18(9): 913-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14561053

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Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis in association with erythema nodosum and sarcoidosis. Author(s): Wilkinson SM, Heagerty AH, English JS. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1993 January; 18(1): 47-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8440052

Studies

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Acute pancreatitis with extensive peripheral fat necrosis simulating erythema nodosum and an abdominal cyst. Author(s): Dobbins WO 3rd, Liberman S. Source: Med Ann Dist Columbia. 1973 July; 42(7): 319-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4269411

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Acute pancreatitis, hepatic cholestasis, and erythema nodosum induced by carbimazole treatment for Graves' disease. Author(s): Marazuela M, Sanchez de Paco G, Jimenez I, Carraro R, Fernandez-Herrera J, Pajares JM, Gomez-Pan A. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2002 June; 49(3): 315-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12201214

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Acute ulcerative acne conglobata (acne fulminans) with erythema nodosum. Author(s): Williamson DM, Cunliffe WJ, Gatecliff M, Scott DG. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1977 December; 2(4): 351-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=146578

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Adhesion molecule expression in erythema nodosum-like lesions in Behcet's disease. A histopathological and immunohistochemical study. Author(s): Senturk T, Aydintug O, Kuzu I, Duzgun N, Tokgoz G, Gurler A, Tulunay O. Source: Rheumatology International. 1998; 18(2): 51-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9782533

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Adult Still's disease manifesting as erythema nodosum. Author(s): Torinuki W, Funyu T. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1996 March; 23(3): 216-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8935635

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All- trans-retinoic acid-induced erythema nodosum in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Author(s): Kuo MC, Dunn P, Wu JH, Shih LY. Source: Annals of Hematology. 2004 June; 83(6): 376-80. Epub 2003 November 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14648024

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An appraisal of third complement component (C3) and breakdown product (C3d) in erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). Author(s): Saha K, Chakraborty AK, Sharma V, Sehgal VN. Source: Lepr Rev. 1982 December; 53(4): 253-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6984124

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An internally-controlled double blind trial of thalidomide in severe erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Waters MF. Source: Lepr Rev. 1971 March; 42(1): 26-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4338720

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An unusual manifestation of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: meningitis, hepatitis, iritis and atypical erythema nodosum. Author(s): Sundelof B, Gnarpe H, Gnarpe J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993; 25(2): 259-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8511521

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Angiotensin-converting enzyme in newly detected sarcoidosis. With special reference to enzyme levels in patients with erythema nodosum. Author(s): Romer FK. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1980; 208(6): 437-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6258399

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Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus and some other herpesviruses in patients with sarcoidosis, pulmonary tuberculosis and erythema nodosum. Author(s): Nikoskelainen J, Hannuksela M, Palva T. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1974; 6(3): 209-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4370734

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Appearance of membranocystic lesion (Nasu)-like changes in Behcet's syndrome. An electron microscopic study of erythema nodosum-like lesions. Author(s): Honma T, Bang D, Saito T, Nakagawa S, Ueki H, Lee S. Source: Acta Pathol Jpn. 1988 August; 38(8): 1001-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3188908

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Arthritis, hilar adenopathy, erythema nodosum complex. Author(s): Fitzgerald AA, Davis P. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1982 November-December; 9(6): 935-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7161784

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Assessment of apoptosis of infiltrating lymphocytes in erythema nodosum-like lesions of corticosteroid-treated patients with Behcet's syndrome. Author(s): Honma T, Bang D, Saito T, Nakagawa S, Ueki H. Source: J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol. 1989 October; 21(4): 691-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2804955

Studies

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Assessment of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme as a marker of activity in sarcoidosis: a study of 31 patients with erythema nodosum. Author(s): Teirstein AS, Krumholtz S. Source: The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York. 1987 February; 54(2): 144-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3033477

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Association of amyloidosis with erythema nodosum leprosum reactions and recurrent neutrophil leucocytosis in leprosy. Author(s): McAdam KP, Anders RF, Smith SR, Russell DA, Price MA. Source: Lancet. 1975 September 27; 2(7935): 572-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=51405

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Association of C4B deficiency (C4B*Q0) with erythema nodosum in leprosy. Author(s): de Messias IJ, Santamaria J, Brenden M, Reis A, Mauff G. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1993 May; 92(2): 284-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8485914

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Association of Sweet syndrome and erythema nodosum. Author(s): Ginarte M, Toribio J. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 May; 136(5): 673-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10815868

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B.663 and erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Pettit JH. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1967 July-September; 35(3): 401-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5630363

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Borderline leprosy. Case report of a patient with erythema nodosum and hepatic lepromas. Author(s): Kwittken J, Peck SM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1967 January; 95(1): 50-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6016307

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Bullous erythema nodosum leprosum (bullous type 2 reaction). Author(s): Sethuraman G, Jeevan D, Srinivas CR, Ramu G. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 June; 41(6): 362-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12100694

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Campylobacter colitis associated with erythema nodosum. Author(s): Ellis ME, Pope J, Mokashi A, Dunbar E. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1982 October 2; 285(6346): 937. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6811075

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Campylobacter enteritis and erythema nodosum. Author(s): Eastmond CJ, Reid TM. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1982 November 13; 285(6352): 1421-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6814581

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Campylobacter enteritis and erythema nodosum. Author(s): Lambert M, Marion E, Coche E, Butzler JP. Source: Lancet. 1982 June 19; 1(8286): 1409. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6123695

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Campylobacter infections and erythema nodosum. Author(s): Galeazzi M, Palombi L, Mancinelli S, Conserva P, Marazzi MC, Baccarini V, Pasquini P, Pana A. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1986 March; 2(1): 80-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3770152

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Can erythema nodosum and reactive arthritis be a sequel to Shigella flexneri gastroenteritis? Author(s): Neithercut WD, Hudson MA, Smith CC. Source: Scott Med J. 1984 July; 29(3): 197-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6398514

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Cat scratch disease associated with erythema nodosum. Author(s): Sundaresh KV, Madjar DD Jr, Camisa C, Carvallo E. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1986 November; 38(5): 317-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3792048

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Cat-scratch disease associated with erythema nodosum. Author(s): Pocock DG, Katner HP. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1991 September-October; 4(5): 345-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1746304

Studies

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Changes in circulating antibody levels to the major phenolic glycolipid during erythema nodosum leprosum in leprosy patients. Author(s): Andreoli A, Brett SJ, Draper P, Payne SN, Rook GA. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1985 June; 53(2): 211-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3894538

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Childhood sacoidosis presenting as recurrent erythema nodosum. Author(s): Karunakara BP, Maiya PP, Mallikarjuna HB. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2002 September; 69(9): 829. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12420921

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Chronic active hepatitis and erythema nodosum. Author(s): Cervia M, Parodi A, Rebora A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1982 November; 118(11): 878. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7138042

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Chronic erythema nodosum treated with indomethacin. Author(s): Barr WG, Robinson JA. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1981 November; 95(5): 659. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7294570

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Clinical and biological characteristics of immunopathological disease-related erythema nodosum in children. Author(s): Picco P, Gattorno M, Vignola S, Barabino A, Marazzi MG, Bondi E, Pistoia V, Buoncompagni A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1999; 28(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10092161

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Clinical course and evolution of erythema nodosum and pyoderma gangrenosum in chronic ulcerative colitis: a study of 42 patients. Author(s): Mir-Madjlessi SH, Taylor JS, Farmer RG. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1985 August; 80(8): 615-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4025277

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Clofazimine and dapsone--a combination therapy in erythema nodosum leprosum syndrome. Author(s): Dutta RK. Source: Lepr India. 1980 April; 52(2): 252-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7453140

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Comparison of the manifestations of acute sarcoid arthritis with and without erythema nodosum. Immunopathogenic significance. Author(s): Pennec Y, Youinou P, Le Goff P, Boles JM, Le Menn G. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1982; 11(1): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7063805

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ConA-induced suppressor cells in lepromatous leprosy patients during and after erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Sasiain MC, Ruibal Ares B, Balina LM, Valdez R, Bachmann AE. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1983 September; 51(3): 321-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6227570

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Concurrence of erythema multiforme and erythema nodosum. Author(s): Moreno AJ, Weisman I, Kenney RL, Fort SL. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1983 March; 31(3): 275-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6839804

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Concurrent Sweet's syndrome (acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis), erythema nodosum and sarcoidosis. Author(s): Gillott TJ, Whallett AJ, Struthers GR, Ilchyshyn A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1997 January; 22(1): 54-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9330058

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Concurrent Sweet's syndrome and erythema nodosum: a report, world literature review and mechanism of pathogenesis. Author(s): Cohen PR, Holder WR, Rapini RP. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 May; 19(5): 814-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1613717

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Conditions currently associated with erythema nodosum in Swiss children. Author(s): Hassink RI, Pasquinelli-Egli CE, Jacomella V, Laux-End R, Bianchetti MG. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1997 November; 156(11): 851-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9392398

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Control of chronic erythema nodosum with naproxen. Author(s): Lehman CW. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1980 July; 26(1): 66-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7389399

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Cor pulmonale subacute and recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Nery JA, Salles S, Malta AM, Duppre NC, Gallo ME, Sarno EN. Source: Lepr Rev. 1993 March; 64(1): 77-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8464323

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Correlation between TNF production, increase of plasma C-reactive protein level and suppression of T lymphocyte response to concanavalin A during erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Foss NT, de Oliveira EB, Silva CL. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1993 June; 61(2): 218-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8371031

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Correlation of euglobulin immunoglobulin G levels with erythema nodosum leprosum in lepromatous leprosy. Author(s): Reichlin M, Pranis RA, Gelber RH, Rees RJ, Taverne J, Turk JL. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1977 September; 8(2): 335-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=902440

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Critical residues of the Mycobacterium leprae LSR recombinant protein discriminate clinical activity in erythema nodosum leprosum reactions. Author(s): Singh S, Jenner PJ, Narayan NP, Ramu G, Colston MJ, Prasad HK, Nath I. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1994 December; 62(12): 5702-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7525491

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Cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis, erythema nodosum and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gillott TJ, Struthers GR. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 1999 April; 38(4): 377-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10378721

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Cutaneous vasculitis, hypersensitivity vasculitis, erythema nodosum, and pyoderma gangrenosum. Author(s): Calabrese LH. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 1991 February; 3(1): 23-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2043448

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Cutaneous vasculitis, hypersensitivity vasculitis, erythema nodosum, and pyoderma gangrenosum. Author(s): Calabrese LH. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 1990 February; 2(1): 66-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2223458

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Cyclosporin A is not very effective in erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) Author(s): van Gompel A, van den Enden E, van den Ende J. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1994; 46(5): 331. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7710538

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Cytodiagnosis of erythema nodosum leprosum. A case report. Author(s): Anshu, Gangane N, Vagha S, Samal N. Source: Acta Cytol. 2002 March-April; 46(2): 386-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11917590

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Dapsone and erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Patki AH. Source: Lepr Rev. 1989 June; 60(2): 161. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2770393

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Decreases in mean hemoglobin and serum albumin values in erythema nodosum leprosum and lepromatous leprosy. Author(s): Rea TH. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 2001 December; 69(4): 318-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12035293

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Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions followed by erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Rea TH, Sieling PA. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1998 September; 66(3): 316-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9934358

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Dermacase. Erythema nodosum. Author(s): Enta T. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1993 April; 39: 760, 994. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8495134

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Development of erythema nodosum in the course of oestrogen replacement therapy. Author(s): Yang SG, Han KH, Cho KH, Lee AY. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 August; 137(2): 319-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9292099

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Diagnosis: erythema nodosum or not? Author(s): White WL, Hitchcock MG. Source: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 1999 March; 18(1): 47-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10188842

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Diffuse lepromatosis with recurring ulcerative erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Dixit VB. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1992 January-March; 64(1): 112-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1573295

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Dysregulation of IL-4 expression in lepromatous leprosy patients with and without erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Nath I, Vemuri N, Reddi AL, Bharadwaj M, Brooks P, Colston MJ, Misra RS, Ramesh V. Source: Lepr Rev. 2000 December; 71 Suppl: S130-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11201870

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Elevated platelet counts and thrombocytosis in erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Rea TH. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 2002 September; 70(3): 167-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12483964

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Elevated Th1 cytokine mRNA in skin biopsies and peripheral circulation in patients with erythema nodosum. Author(s): Llorente L, Richaud-Patin Y, Alvarado C, Reyes E, Alcocer-Varela J, OrozcoTopete R. Source: European Cytokine Network. 1997 March; 8(1): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9110151

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Erythema multiforme and erythema nodosum. Author(s): Ramrakha-Jones VS, Tillman D. Source: The Practitioner. 2001 November; 245(1628): 937, 940-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11727347

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Erythema nodosum after smoke inhalation-induced bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Author(s): Srivastava S, Haddad R, Kleinman G, Manthous CA. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1999 June; 27(6): 1214-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10397231

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Erythema nodosum and acute Q fever: report of a case with granulomatous hepatitis and immunological abnormalities. Author(s): Vazquez-Lopez F, Rippe ML, Soler T, Rodriguez A, Arribas JM, Perez-Oliva N. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 January; 77(1): 73-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9059687

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Erythema nodosum and associated diseases. A study of 129 cases. Author(s): Cribier B, Caille A, Heid E, Grosshans E. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 September; 37(9): 667-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9762816

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Erythema nodosum and Hodgkin's disease. Author(s): Bonci A, Di Lernia V, Merli F, Lo Scocco G. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001 July; 26(5): 408-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11488828

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Erythema nodosum as a manifestation of HIV infection. Author(s): Louthrenoo W, Lertprasertsuke N, Kasitanon N, Sukitawut W. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2002 September; 20(3): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12587841

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Erythema nodosum associated with diffuse, large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma detected by FDG PET. Author(s): Cheong KA, Rodgers NG, Kirkwood ID. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2003 August; 28(8): 652-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12897650

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Erythema nodosum associated with reactivation tuberculous lymphadenitis (scrofula). Author(s): Gupta SN, Flaherty JP, Shaw JC. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 March; 41(3): 173-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12010345

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Erythema nodosum associated with Sjogren's syndrome. Author(s): Yamamoto T, Yokoyama A, Yamamoto Y, Mamada A. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 June; 36(6): 707-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9236687

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Erythema nodosum associated with sporotrichosis. Author(s): Gutierrez Galhardo MC, de Oliveira Schubach A, de Lima Barros MB, Moita Blanco TC, Cuzzi-Maya T, Pacheco Schubach TM, dos Santos Lazera M, do Valle AC. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 February; 41(2): 114-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11982651

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Erythema nodosum complicated by retrobulbar optic nerve neuritis. Author(s): Tanaka M, Inoue K, Yamasaki Y, Hatano H. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001 May; 26(3): 306-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11426442

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Erythema nodosum in Israeli children. Author(s): Garty BZ, Poznanski O. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2000 February; 2(2): 145-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10804940

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Erythema nodosum in pregnant patients with coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Arsura EL, Kilgore WB, Ratnayake SN. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 November; 27(5): 1201-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9827269

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Erythema nodosum induced by chancroid. Author(s): Kaur C, Thami GP. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 October; 78(5): 388-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12407252

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Erythema nodosum leprosum and orbital involvement. Author(s): Dhaliwal U, Mohanty S, Bhattacharya SN. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 2003 March; 71(1): 10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12914128

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Erythema nodosum leprosum in histoid leprosy: a case report. Author(s): Kumar V, Mendiratta V, Sharma RC, Kakar N, Bajaj P. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1997 September; 24(9): 611-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9350110

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Erythema nodosum leprosum in subgroups of lepromatous leprosy. Author(s): Bhargava P, Kuldeep CM, Mathur NK. Source: Lepr Rev. 1997 December; 68(4): 373-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9503874

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Erythema nodosum migrans. Author(s): Campalani E, Higgins E. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 November; 28(6): 679-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616849

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Erythema nodosum of dental origin. Author(s): Sistig S, Jukic S, Vucicevic-Boras V. Source: European Journal of Medical Research. 1999 May 26; 4(5): 208-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10336411

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Erythema nodosum secondary to meningococcal septicaemia. Author(s): Whitton T, Smith AG. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1999 March; 24(2): 97-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10233663

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Erythema nodosum. Author(s): Lefkovits AM, Gordon M, Lebwohl M. Source: The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York. 1999 September; 66(4): 290. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10477487

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Erythema nodosum. Author(s): Requena L, Requena C. Source: Dermatology Online Journal [electronic Resource]. 2002 June; 8(1): 4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12165214

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Erythema nodosum: a clinical approach. Author(s): Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Pujol RM, Salvarani C. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2001 July-August; 19(4): 365-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11491490

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Erythema nodosum: a presenting sign of early onset sarcoidosis. Author(s): Cancrini C, Angelini F, Colavita M, Cortis E, Chini L, Mammone F, Rossi P, De Sanctis R. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1998 May-June; 16(3): 337-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9631761

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Erythema nodosum: etiologic and predictive factors in a defined population. Author(s): Garcia-Porrua C, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Vazquez-Caruncho M, Lopez-Lazaro L, Lueiro M, Fernandez ML, Alvarez-Ferreira J, Pujol RM. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2000 March; 43(3): 584-92. Erratum In: Arthritis Rheum 2000 May; 43(5): 1061. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10728752

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Erythema nodosum: the underlying conditions. Author(s): Psychos DN, Voulgari PV, Skopouli FN, Drosos AA, Moutsopoulos HM. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2000; 19(3): 212-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10870657

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E-selectin polymorphism in erythema nodosum secondary to sarcoidosis. Author(s): Amoli MM, Llorca J, Gomez-Gigirey A, Garcia-Porrua C, Lueiro M, ElMagadmi M, Fernandez ML, Ollier WE, Gonzalez-Gay MA. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2004 March-April; 22(2): 230-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15083893

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Extracorporeal monocyte granulocytapheresis was effective for a patient of erythema nodosum concomitant with ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Fukunaga K, Sawada K, Fukuda Y, Matoba Y, Natsuaki M, Ohnishi K, Fukui S, Satomi M, Shimoyama T. Source: Therap Apher Dial. 2003 February; 7(1): 122-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12921128

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Failure of infliximab treatment and occurrence of erythema nodosum during therapy in two patients with Behcet's disease. Author(s): Yucel AE, Kart-Koseoglu H, Akova YA, Demirhan B, Boyacioglu S. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2004 March; 43(3): 394-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14963212

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Familial erythema nodosum. Author(s): Elkayam O, Caspi D, Segal R, Brautbar C, Ben-Chetrit E, Yaron M. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1991 September; 34(9): 1177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1930335

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Familial erythema nodosum. Author(s): Randall OS, Abernathy WS, Berven B. Source: Mich Med. 1973 April; 72(12): 283-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4695145

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Fat necrosis with features of erythema nodosum in a patient with metastatic pancreatic carcinoma. Author(s): Durden FM, Variyam E, Chren MM. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1996 January; 35(1): 39-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8838928

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Fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography findings in a case of poststreptococcal syndrome with erythema nodosum and posterior uveitis. Author(s): Caccavale A, Mignemi L. Source: Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2001; 21(6): 669-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11756896

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Ga-67 and Tc-99m HMPAO labeled WBC imaging in erythema nodosum leprosum reaction of leprosy. Author(s): Peng NJ, Wang JH, Hsieh SP, Jao GH, Tsay DG, Liu RS. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1998 April; 23(4): 248-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9554203

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Giant cell arteritis of the skin simulating erythema nodosum. Author(s): Goldberg JW, Lee ML, Sajjad SM. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1987 September; 46(9): 706-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3675013

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Granulomatous mastitis--a rare cause of erythema nodosum. Author(s): Adams DH, Hubscher SG, Scott DG. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1987 July; 63(741): 581-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3658869

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Granulomatous panniculitis in erythema nodosum. Author(s): Forstrom L, Winkelmann RK. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1975 March; 111(3): 335-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1119833

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Group specific component (Gc) in erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). Author(s): Ghei SK, Agrewala JN, Sengupta U, Sudhakar KS. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1993 July-September; 65(3): 323-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8283068

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Hepatitis B vaccine associated with erythema nodosum and polyarthritis. Author(s): Rogerson SJ, Nye FJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1990 August 11; 301(6747): 345. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2144199

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Hepatocellular carcinoma associated with paraneoplastic erythema nodosum and polyarthritis. Author(s): Glinkov S, Krasnaliev I, Atanassova M, Arnaudov P, Kirov K, Glinkova V. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2003 October; 39(4): 656-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12971982

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Histochemical study of Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) lesions. Author(s): Abalos RM, Tolentino JG, Bustillo CC. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1974 October-December; 42(4): 385-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4142475

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Histopathologic features of erythema nodosum--like lesions in Behcet disease: a comparison with erythema nodosum focusing on the role of vasculitis. Author(s): Kim B, LeBoit PE. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2000 October; 22(5): 379-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11048972

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Histopathology of erythema nodosum in patients with coexisting lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Dabski K, Winkelmann RK. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1988 July; 19(1 Pt 1): 131-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3403733

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HLA antigens and erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). Author(s): Agrewala JN, Ghei SK, Sudhakar KS, Girdhar BK, Sengupta U. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1989 April; 33(4): 486-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2734777

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HLA-B8 and erythema nodosum. Author(s): Guyatt GH, Bensen WG, Stolmon LP, Fagnilli L, Singal DP. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1982 November 15; 127(10): 1005-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6958347

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HLA-DRB1 associations in biopsy proven erythema nodosum. Author(s): Amoli MM, Thomson W, Hajeer AH, Garcia-Porrua C, Lueiro M, Ollier WE, Gonzalez-Gay MA. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001 December; 28(12): 2660-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11764214

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How do I treat erythema nodosum, aphthous ulcerations, and pyoderma gangrenosum? Author(s): Hanauer SB. Source: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 1998 February; 4(1): 70; Discussion 73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9552231

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How I treat erythema nodosum. Author(s): Reque PG. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1969 December; 46(6): 183-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5352930

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How I treat erythema nodosum. Author(s): Morse JL. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1968 October; 44(4): 270-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5682608

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Hydroxychloroquine and chronic erythema nodosum. Author(s): Jarrett P, Goodfield MJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 February; 134(2): 373. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8746362

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Hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of chronic erythema nodosum. Author(s): Alloway JA, Franks LK. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 April; 132(4): 661-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7748760

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Hyperpigmentation, neutrophilic alveolitis, and erythema nodosum resulting from minocycline. Author(s): Bridges AJ, Graziano FM, Calhoun W, Reizner GT. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1990 May; 22(5 Pt 2): 959-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2335590

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Hypothesis: erythema nodosum leprosum is precipitated by an imbalance of T lymphocytes. Author(s): Mshana RN. Source: Lepr Rev. 1982 March; 53(1): 1-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6210813

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IgM and IgG antibodies to phenolic glycolipid I from Mycobacterium leprae in leprosy: insight into patient monitoring, erythema nodosum leprosum, and bacillary persistence. Author(s): Levis WR, Meeker HC, Schuller-Levis G, Sersen E, Schwerer B. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1986 May; 86(5): 529-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3528312

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IgM antibodies against phenolic glycolipid I from Mycobacterium leprae in leprosy sera: relationship to bacterial index and erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Schwerer B, Meeker HC, Sersen G, Levis WR. Source: Acta Leprol. 1984 October-December; 2(2-4): 394-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6398598

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IgM anti-phenolic glycolipid I and IgG anti-10-kDa heat shock protein antibodies in sera and immune complexes isolated from leprosy patients with or without erythema nodosum leprosum and contacts. Author(s): Rojas RE, Demichelis SO, Sarno EN, Segal-Eiras A. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 1997 September; 19(1): 65-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9322070

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Images. Erythema nodosum. Author(s): Zafren K, Kercher E. Source: Wilderness Environ Med. 1999 Autumn; 10(3): 171-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10560312

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Immune complexes and antibody levels in blisters over human leprosy skin lesions with or without erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Scollard DM, Bhoopat L, Kestens L, Vanham G, Douglas JT, Moad J. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1992 June; 63(3): 230-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1623643

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Immune complexes in leprosy patients from an endemic and a nonendemic area and a longitudinal study of the relationship between complement breakdown products and the clinical activity of erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Valentijn RM, Faber WR, Lai A Fat RF, Chan Pin Jie JC, Daha MR, van Es LA. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1982 February; 22(2): 194-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6980747

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Immunoglobulin E in erythema nodosum. Author(s): Mandalenaki-Lambrou C, Thomaidis T, Benetos S, Ladis B, Matsaniotis N. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1976 May; 51(5): 391-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=938083

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Immunological evaluation of erythema nodosum in tularaemia. Author(s): Akdis AC, Kilicturgay K, Helvaci S, Mistik R, Oral B. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1993 September; 129(3): 275-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8286224

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Immunological status of ENL (erythema nodosum leprosum) patients: its relationship to bacterial load and levels of circulating IL-2R. Author(s): Vieira LM, Sampaio EP, Nery JA, Duppre NC, Albuquerque EC, Scheinberg MA, Sarno EN. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 1996 March-April; 38(2): 103-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9071029

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Immunological studies on aphthous ulcer and erythema nodosum-like eruptions in Behcet's disease. Author(s): Kaneko F, Takahashi Y, Muramatsu Y, Miura Y. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1985 September; 113(3): 303-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3933539

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In situ and in vitro characterization of the cellular immune response in erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Modlin RL, Mehra V, Jordan R, Bloom BR, Rea TH. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1986 February 1; 136(3): 883-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2416837

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In vitro interferon-gamma release test in the diagnosis of drug-induced erythema nodosum. Author(s): Halevy S, Gold I, Cohen AD, Grossman N. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2004 January; 6(1): 59-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14740516

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In vitro tumor necrosis factor production by mononuclear cells from lepromatous leprosy patients and from patients with erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Santos DO, Suffys PN, Bonifacio K, Marques MA, Sarno EN. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1993 June; 67(3 Pt 1): 199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8500267

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Indomethacin in the management of erythema nodosum leprosum--a double-blind controlled trial. Author(s): Karat AB, Thomas G, Rao PS. Source: Lepr Rev. 1969 July; 40(3): 153-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4900710

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Indomethacin in the treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum, in comparison with prednisolone. Author(s): Ing TH. Source: Singapore Med J. 1969 March; 10(1): 66-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5803564

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Interpretation of formation mechanism of erythema nodosum in leprosy patients. Author(s): Bergel M. Source: Nippon Rai Gakkai Zasshi. 1985 October-December; 54(4): 198. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3842971

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Intestinal bypass syndrome presenting as erythema nodosum. Author(s): Katugampola RP, Patel GK, Farrell AM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2004 May; 29(3): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15115506

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Investigation of coagulation abnormalities in patients with erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Wirawan R, Sardi F, Latu J, Wirjadi B. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1979 September; 10(3): 393-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=515802

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Jaundice occurring as a complication of erythema nodosum leprosum (a report of two cases). Author(s): Kumar B, Singh S, Kaur S. Source: Lepr India. 1980 October; 52(4): 586-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7464064

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Laboratory-acquired Salmonella typhimurium enteritis: association with erythema nodosum and reactive arthritis. Author(s): Steckelberg JM, Terrell CL, Edson RS. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1988 November; 85(5): 705-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3055979

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Lack of association between ICAM-1 gene polymorphisms and biopsy-proven erythema nodosum. Author(s): Amoli MM, Ollier WE, Lueiro M, Fernandez ML, Garcia-Porrua C, GonzalezGay MA. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2004 February; 31(2): 403-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14760823

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Lack of circulating immune complexes in uncomplicated erythema nodosum. Author(s): Nunnery E, Persellin RH, Pope RM. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1983 December; 10(6): 991-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6663603

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Lepra cells in synovial fluid of a patient with erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Louie JS, Kornasky JR, Cohen AH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1973 December 27; 289(26): 1410-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4585102

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Leptospirosis as a cause of erythema nodosum. Author(s): Derham RL, Owens GG, Wooldridge MA. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 August 14; 2(6032): 403-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=947446

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Leptospirosis presenting with erythema nodosum. Author(s): Buckler JM. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1977 May; 52(5): 418-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=869574

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Letter: Amyloidosis and erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Crawford CL. Source: Lancet. 1975 October 11; 2(7937): 703-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=52071

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Letter: Circulating immune complexes in erythema nodosum and early sarcoidosis. Author(s): Jones JV, Cumming RH, Asplin CM, Laszlo G, White RJ. Source: Lancet. 1976 January 17; 1(7951): 153. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=54672

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Letter: Erythema nodosum and brucellosis. Author(s): MacGregor GA. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 May 15; 1(6019): 1214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1268643

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Letter: Thalidomide in erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Crawford CL. Source: Lancet. 1973 November 24; 2(7839): 1201-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4127565

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Letter: Thalidomide in erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Swift TR. Source: Lancet. 1973 October 27; 2(7835): 966. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4126585

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Leucocyte activation in erythema nodosum. Author(s): Kunz M, Beutel S, Brocker E. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1999 September; 24(5): 396-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10564331

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Leukemoid reaction in erythema nodosum leprosum in a leprosy patient. Author(s): Chaudhary SD, Sen R, Jain VK, Dixit VB. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1988 October; 60(4): 572-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3253336

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Lichen planus, erythema nodosum, and erythema multiforme in a patient with chronic hepatitis C. Author(s): Calista D, Landi G. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 June; 67(6): 454-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11419015

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Lofgren's syndrome (acute sarcoidosis) sine erythema nodosum mimicking acute rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Kaufman LD. Source: N Y State J Med. 1990 September; 90(9): 463-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2293119

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Long-term follow-up of erythema nodosum. Author(s): Tantisirin O, Puavilai S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 December; 86(12): 1095-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14971515

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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene polymorphism is associated with sarcoidosis in biopsy proven erythema nodosum. Author(s): Amoli MM, Donn RP, Thomson W, Hajeer AH, Garcia-Porrua C, Lueiro M, Ollier WE, Gonzalez-Gay MA. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 August; 29(8): 1671-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12180727

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Management of erythema nodosum leprosum by thalidomide: thalidomide analogues inhibit M. leprae-induced TNFalpha production in vitro. Author(s): Sampaio EP, Hernandez MO, Carvalho DS, Sarno EN. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 2002 February; 56(1): 13-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11905505

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Miescher's radial granuloma. A characteristic marker of erythema nodosum. Author(s): Sanchez Yus E, Sanz Vico MD, de Diego V. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1989 October; 11(5): 434-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2679196

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Moraxella catarrhalis bacteremia as a cause of erythema nodosum. Author(s): Periyakoil V, Krasner C. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 September; 23(3): 650-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8879804

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Multiple Beau's lines due to recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Patki AH. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1990 August; 126(8): 1110-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2383043

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Multiple ulcers in an elderly man. Necrotizing erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) (necrotizing ENL). Author(s): Ramesh V, Saxena U, Mukherjee A, Misra RS. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1992 December; 128(12): 1643, 1646. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1456760

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Myelopathy associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (erythema nodosum). Author(s): Kewalramani LS, Saleem S, Bertrand D. Source: Paraplegia. 1978 November; 16(3): 282-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=733310

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Natural emergence of antigen-reactive T cells in lepromatous leprosy patients during erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Laal S, Bhutani LK, Nath I. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1985 December; 50(3): 887-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2933339

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Necrotic erythema nodosum leprosum; a presenting manifestation of lepromatous leprosy. Author(s): Verma KK, Pandhi RK. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1993 June; 61(2): 293-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8371038

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Necrotizing erythema nodosum leprosum triggered by cotrimoxazole? Author(s): Nishioka Sde A, Goulart IM, Burgarelli MK, Ferreira MS, Nunes-Araujo FR. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1994 June; 62(2): 296-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8046270

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Neoplastic erythema nodosum. Author(s): Matsuoka LY. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 February; 32(2 Pt 2): 361-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7530263

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Nephrotic syndrome complicating erythema nodosum leprosum (E.N.L.) (a case report). Author(s): Wahal PK, Tandon RK, Gupta MC, Patney NL, Agrawal BM, Raizada SN, Saraswat RL. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1977 June; 25(6): 423-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=612651

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New observations in the histopathology of erythema nodosum. Author(s): Winkelmann RK, Forstrom L. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1975 November; 65(5): 441-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1194709

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Nitrofurantoin induced erythema nodosum. Author(s): Chisholm JC Jr, Hepner M. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1981 January; 73(1): 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7463497

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Nodular cystic fat necrosis in a patient with erythema nodosum. Author(s): Ahn SK, Lee BJ, Lee SH, Lee WS. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1995 May; 20(3): 263-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7671430

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Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma simulating erythema nodosum. Author(s): Sato A, Mikami M, Konno H, Usuba M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1983 April; 10(2): 167-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6352768

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Observation on erythema nodosum. Author(s): Brown BL. Source: Imj Ill Med J. 1969 February; 135(2): 173-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4393509

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Onset of erythema nodosum during pregnancy: a case report. Author(s): Coaccioli S, Donati L, Di Cato L, Puxeddu A, Villani C. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1998; 25(1-2): 40-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9743879

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Oral contraceptives and erythema nodosum. Author(s): Kirby JF Jr, Kraft GH. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1972 September; 40(3): 409-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5054972

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Oral contraceptives and erythema nodosum: report of a case. Author(s): Gelfand M. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1982 August; 28(8): 199-201. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7172240

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Oral contraceptives as a cause of erythema nodosum. Author(s): Merk H, Ruzicka T. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1981 August; 117(8): 454. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7259233

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Oral zinc in recurrent Erythema Nodosum Leprosum reaction. Author(s): Mathur NK, Bumb RA, Mangal HN. Source: Lepr India. 1983 July; 55(3): 547-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6656212

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Oral zinc therapy in recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum: a clinical study. Author(s): Mahajan PM, Jadhav VH, Patki AH, Jogaikar DG, Mehta JM. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1994 January-March; 66(1): 51-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7983392

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Ossifying granulomatous periostitis in the course of erythema nodosum. Author(s): De Santis E. Source: Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1978 August; 4(2): 223-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=753821

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Painful red leg nodules and syphilis: a consideration in patients with erythema nodosum-like illness. Author(s): Silber TJ, Kastrinakis M, Taube O. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1987 January-March; 14(1): 52-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3563831

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Palmar erythema nodosum. Author(s): Joshi A, Sah SP, Agrawal S, Agarwalla A, Jacob M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2000 June; 27(6): 420-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10920594

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Papular sarcoidosis of the knees: a clue for the diagnosis of erythema nodosumassociated sarcoidosis. Author(s): Marcoval J, Moreno A, Mana J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 July; 49(1): 75-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12833012

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Paraneoplastic erythema nodosum in a patient with carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Author(s): Altomare GF, Capella GL. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 April; 132(4): 667-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7748765

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Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis as a cause of erythema nodosum. Author(s): Turner TW, Wilkinson DS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1969 November; 81(11): 823-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5359900

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Patients with erythema nodosum leprosum lack T-suppressor cells. Author(s): Wallach D, Flageul B, Cottenot F, Bach MA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1985 November; 121(11): 1379. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2932061

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Patterns of neurological involvement in relation to chronic and-or recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Karat AB, Furness MA, Karat S, Rao PS. Source: Lepr Rev. 1969 January; 40(1): 49-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5778970

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Pentoxifylline decreases in vivo and in vitro tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) production in lepromatous leprosy patients with erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). Author(s): Sampaio EP, Moraes MO, Nery JA, Santos AR, Matos HC, Sarno EN. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1998 February; 111(2): 300-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9486396

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Pentoxifylline in the treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): De Carsalade GY, Achirafi A, Flageul B. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 January; 30(1): 64-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12598712

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Persistent erythema nodosum and asymptomatic Campylobacter infection. Author(s): Sanders CJ, Hulsmans RF. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991 February; 24(2 Pt 1): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2007678

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Pharmacologically-active mediators of hypersensitivity reactions in the blood of lepromatous patients with erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Saha K, Lahiri SC. Source: Lepr Rev. 1981 December; 52(4): 315-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7031390

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Pigmentary epitheliopathy and erythema nodosum. Author(s): Van Buskirk EM, Lessell S, Friedman E. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1971 March; 85(3): 369-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5100807

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Plantar erythema nodosum in a patient with Crohn's disease. Author(s): Chatillon F, Chizzolini C, Kaya G, Borradori L, Hauser C. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 199(2): 190. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10559599

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Plantar erythema nodosum of childhood. Author(s): Sanchez-Viera M, Lecona M, Soto-Melo J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1993 August; 29(2 Pt 1): 284. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8380023

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Plantar erythema nodosum: cases in two children. Author(s): Suarez SM, Paller AS. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1993 August; 129(8): 1064-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8352618

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Plasma exchange in severe erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Wallach D, Bussel A, Koch P, Pennec J, Cottenot F. Source: Int J Artif Organs. 1986 May; 9(3): 183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3733245

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Polyethylene glycol precipitates in serum during and after erythema nodosum leprosum--study of their composition and anticomplementary activity. Author(s): Saha K, Chakrabarty AK, Sharma VK, Sehgal VN. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1984 March; 52(1): 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6538557

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Polymorphonuclear cell function in the various polar types of leprosy and erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Sher R, Anderson R, Glover A, Wadee AA. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1978 September; 21(3): 959-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=711343

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Possible incompatibility of dapsone with clofazimine in the treatment of patients with erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Imkamp FM, Anderson R, Gatner EM. Source: Lepr Rev. 1982 June; 53(2): 148-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7098753

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Possible pathogenetic role for ulcerative colitis in the arthritis, hepatomegaly, and erythema nodosum of common variable immunodeficiency. Author(s): Jordan JM, Zizic TM, Dorsch CA. Source: Johns Hopkins Med J. 1982 August; 151(2): 54-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7098245

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Post tonsillitic erythema nodosum in pregnancy. Author(s): Buckshee K, Chadha S. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1996 December; 55(3): 293-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9003956

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Poststeroid nodular panniculitis and the erythema nodosum of leprosy. Author(s): Browne SG. Source: Dermatol Int. 1965 October-December; 4(4): 215-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5879055

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Potassium iodide in erythema nodosum and other erythematous dermatoses. Author(s): Horio T, Danno K, Okamoto H, Miyachi Y, Imamura S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1983 July; 9(1): 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6886108

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Potassium iodide in the treatment of erythema nodosum and nodular vasculitis. Author(s): Horio T, Imamura S, Danno K, Ofuji S. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1981 January; 117(1): 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7458376

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Primary tuberculosis cases presenting with erythema nodosum. Author(s): Mert A, Ozaras R, Tabak F, Ozturk R. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2004 January; 31(1): 66-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14739509

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Prolonged treatment with recombinant interferon gamma induces erythema nodosum leprosum in lepromatous leprosy patients. Author(s): Sampaio EP, Moreira AL, Sarno EN, Malta AM, Kaplan G. Source: The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1992 June 1; 175(6): 1729-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1588290

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Protective effects of erythema nodosum in coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Braverman IM. Source: Lancet. 1999 January 16; 353(9148): 168. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9923870

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Pulse dexamethasone, oral steroids and azathioprine in the management of erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Mahajan VK, Sharma NL, Sharma RC, Sharma A. Source: Lepr Rev. 2003 June; 74(2): 171-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12862259

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Radiation-induced erythema nodosum. Author(s): Takagawa S, Nakamura S, Yokozeki H, Nishioka K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 February; 140(2): 372-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10233248

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Radiotherapy and erythema nodosum. Author(s): Fearfield LA, Bunker CB. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 January; 142(1): 189. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10819553

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Rapidly progressive (crescentric) glomerulonephritis in erythema nodosum leprosum: case report. Author(s): Nigam P, Pant KC, Mukhija RD, Sharma SP, Saxena SP, Kumar A, Kapoor KK, Gupta AK. Source: Hansenol Int. 1986 January-December; 11(1-2): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3268517

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Recurrent erythema nodosum and pulmonary sarcoidosis. Author(s): Macfarlane JT. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1981 August; 57(670): 525. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7301703

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Recurrent erythema nodosum in an aviator. Author(s): Fabian BG, Motel P. Source: Military Medicine. 1994 July; 159(7): 534-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7816231

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Recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum precipitated by antileprosy drugs. Author(s): Bhargava P, Kuldeep CM, Mathur NK. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1996 December; 64(4): 458-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9030118

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Recurrent erythema nodosum of pregnancy. Author(s): Wetherill JH. Source: British Medical Journal. 1971 August 26; 3(773): 535. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5105746

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Recurrent erythema nodosum of pregnancy. Author(s): Daw E. Source: British Medical Journal. 1971 April 3; 2(752): 44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5102493

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Recurrent erythema nodosum, arthritis and IgA nephropathy. Author(s): Dux S, Grosskopf I, Rosenfeld JB. Source: Dermatologica. 1988; 176(6): 293-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3402640

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Reiter's disease in a female, presenting as erythema nodosum. Author(s): McMillan A. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1975 October; 51(5): 345-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1201459

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Relapsing polychondritis, erythema nodosum and sclerouveitis. A case report with anterior segment angiography. Author(s): Zion VM, Brackup AH, Weingeist S. Source: Survey of Ophthalmology. 1974 September-October; 19(2): 107-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4439273

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Relationship of erythema nodosum to other manifestations of Crohn's disease. Author(s): Jacobs M, Winkelman EI, Farmer RG. Source: Cleve Clin Q. 1977 Winter; 44(4): 145-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=589787

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Renal manifestations of leprosy: glomerulonephritis, a complication of erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Drutz DJ, Gutman RA. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1973 July; 22(4): 496502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4717692

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Rheumatoid-factor-like substance and antistreptolysin O antibody in leprosy serum. Significance in erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Abe M, Chinone S, Hirako T. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1967 July-September; 35(3): 336-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4195462

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Rifampicin-induced erythema nodosum leprosum-like eruption in borderline lepromatous leprosy. Author(s): Karthikeyan K, Thappa DM, Kadhiravan T. Source: Indian J Lepr. 2001 April-June; 73(2): 167-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11579653

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Risk factors for erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Manandhar R, LeMaster JW, Roche PW. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1999 September; 67(3): 270-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10575406

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Salmonella enteritidis enterocolitis: another cause of diarrhea and erythema nodosum. Author(s): Grossman ME, Katz B. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1984 October; 34(4): 402-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6386358

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Salmonella gastroenteritis and erythema nodosum. Author(s): Castilla Cortazar A, Pastor Rodriguez A, Montejo Baranda M, Aguirre Errasti C. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1985 July 15; 133(2): 120. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4005757

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Salmonella gastroenteritis associated with erythema nodosum. Author(s): Dobson HM, Hume R. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 April 2; 286(6371): 1146. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6404366

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Salmonella gastroenteritis associated with erythema nodosum. Author(s): Morrison WM, Matheson JA, Hutchison RB, Mack RH. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 March 5; 286(6367): 765. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6402241

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Salmonella gastroenteritis--another cause of erythema nodosum. Author(s): Scott BB. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1980 March; 102(3): 339-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7370182

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Salmonella typhimurium enteritis and erythema nodosum. Author(s): Collignon P, Jenkins P, Weingarten I. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1989 June; 86(6 Pt 1): 642. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2658573

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Sarcoid and erythema nodosum arthropathies. Author(s): Pettersson T. Source: Bailliere's Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology. 2000 September; 14(3): 461-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10985981

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Sarcoid presenting with hypercalcaemia and erythema nodosum in a haemodialysis patient. Author(s): Barnard S, Marshall R, Parry RG, Johnston P. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2002 January; 17(1): 175. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11773493

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Seasonal clustering of sarcoidosis presenting with erythema nodosum. Author(s): Wilsher ML. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1998 November; 12(5): 1197-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9864021

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Septal granulomatous panniculitis: comparison of the pathology of erythema nodosum migrans (migratory panniculitis) and chronic erythema nodosum. Author(s): de Almeida Prestes C, Winkelmann RK, Su WP. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1990 March; 22(3): 477-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2312833

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Sequential erythema nodosum leprosum and reversal reaction with similar lesional cytokine mRNA patterns in a borderline leprosy patient. Author(s): Moraes MO, Sampaio EP, Nery JA, Saraiva BC, Alvarenga FB, Sarno EN. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 January; 144(1): 175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11167702

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Serum immune complexes in erythema nodosum leprosum reactions of leprosy. Author(s): Rao TD, Rao PR. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1988 April; 60(2): 189-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3142953

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Serum immunoglobulins an autoantibodies during and after erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). Author(s): Sharma VK, Saha K, Sehgal VN. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1982 June; 50(2): 159-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6811448

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Serum mucoproteins and plasma fibrinogen levels in recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) syndrome in lepromatous leprosy. Author(s): Balakrishnan S, Ramu G, Karthikeyan S, Rajagopalan MS. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1990 July-September; 62(3): 358-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2262722

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Severe erythema nodosum due to Behcet's disease responsive to erythromycin. Author(s): Kaya TI, Tursen U, Baz K, Ikizoglu G, Dusmez D. Source: The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2003 June; 14(2): 124-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12775321

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Sex ratio in erythema nodosum. Author(s): Ustvedt HJ. Source: J Oslo City Hosp. 1977 January; 27(1): 9-15. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=833706

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Short report: erythema nodosum leprosum lymphadenitis. Author(s): Fiallo P, Pesce C, Lenti E, Nunzi E. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1995 April; 52(4): 2978. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7741163

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Simultaneous upgrading reaction and erythema nodosum leprosum in a patient with lepromatous leprosy. Author(s): Job CK, Jacobson RR, Hastings RC. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1988 September; 56(3): 437-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3418207

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Studies in sarcoidosis. 3. Serum proteins in cases with concomitant erythema nodosum. Author(s): Norberg R. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1967 January; 181(1): 101-14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6016988

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Studies of human leprosy lesions in situ using suction-induced blisters: cell changes with IgM antibody to PGL-1 and interleukin-2 receptor in clinical subgroups of erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Bhoopat L, Scollard DM, Theetranont C, Chiewchanvit S, Nelson DL, Utaipat U. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 1991 December; 9(2): 107-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1807258

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Successful therapy of refractory erythema nodosum associated with Crohn's disease using potassium iodide. Author(s): Marshall JK, Irvine EJ. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 1997 September; 11(6): 501-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9347164

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Suppressed natural killer cell activity during episodes of erythema nodosum leprosum in lepromatous leprosy. Author(s): Humphres RC, Gelber RH, Krahenbuhl JL. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1982 September; 49(3): 500-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7172493

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Suppression of erythema nodosum by indomethacin. Author(s): Ubogy Z, Persellin RH. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1982; 62(3): 265-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6179377

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Sweet's syndrome and erythema nodosum after Klebsiella pneumoniae cystitis. Author(s): Vaccaro M, Guarneri F, Guarneri C, Borgia F, Cannavo SP. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2003; 83(4): 290-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12926802

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Sweet's syndrome and erythema nodosum. Author(s): Grattan CE, Kennedy CT, Glover SC, Mann RJ. Source: Bristol Med Chir J. 1988 August; 103(3): 44-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3256407

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Sweet's syndrome and erythema nodosum: the simultaneous occurrence of 2 reactive dermatoses. Author(s): Waltz KM, Long D, Marks JG Jr, Billingsley EM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 January; 135(1): 62-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9923783

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Sweet's syndrome associated with erythema nodosum. Author(s): Ben-Noun L. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1995 October; 24(10): 1867-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8546614

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Sweet's syndrome evolved from recurrent erythema nodosum in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome. Author(s): Nishie W, Kimura T, Kanagawa M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 February; 29(2): 91-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11890302

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Swimming pool granuloma associated with erythema nodosum. Author(s): Garty B. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1991 May; 47(5): 314-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2070651

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Syphilis--still a cause of erythema nodosum. Author(s): Alinovi A, Lui P, Benoldi D. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1983 June; 22(5): 310-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6874190

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Thalidomide for erythema nodosum leprosum and other applications. Author(s): Okafor MC. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2003 April; 23(4): 481-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12680478

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Thalidomide in erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) Author(s): Bourdillon C. Source: Lepr Rev. 1988 June; 59(2): 184-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3246930

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Thalidomide in erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Jew LJ, Middleton RK. Source: Dicp. 1990 May; 24(5): 482-3. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2188435

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Thalidomide's effectiveness in erythema nodosum leprosum is associated with a decrease in CD4+ cells in the peripheral blood. Author(s): Shannon EJ, Ejigu M, Haile-Mariam HS, Berhan TY, Tasesse G. Source: Lepr Rev. 1992 March; 63(1): 5-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1569817

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The Association of Sarcoidosis, Erythema Nodosum, and Arthritis. Author(s): Wood BT, Behlen CH 2nd, Weary PE. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1966 October; 94(4): 406-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5922013

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The changing pattern of erythema nodosum in the Western Highlands. Author(s): MacPherson P. Source: Tubercle. 1967 March; 48(1): 54-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6040660

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The clinical significance of erythema nodosum. Author(s): Bullock WE. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1986 March 15; 21(3): 102E-102H, 102K-102L, 102Q-102R Pas. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3081539

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The concept of erythema nodosum revised. Author(s): Lofgren S. Source: Scand J Respir Dis. 1967; 48(3): 348-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5183631

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The diagnostic value of gastrocnemius muscle biopsy in sarcoidosis presenting with erythema nodosum and hilar adenopathy. Author(s): Andonopoulos AP, Asimakopoulos G, Mallioris C, Karatza C, Skopa C. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1987 June; 6(2): 192-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3621841

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The differential diagnosis of erythema nodosum. Author(s): O'Neill JH Jr. Source: Del Med J. 1991 November; 63(11): 683-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1786841

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The effect of anti-reactional drugs on complement components in the type II, erythema nodosum leprosum, reaction. Author(s): Sehgal VN, Sharma V, Sharma VK. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1988 August; 119(2): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3166944

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The etiology of erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Pettit JH, Waters MF. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1967 January-March; 35(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6067035

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The influence of thalidomide on the clinical and immunologic manifestation of erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Sampaio EP, Kaplan G, Miranda A, Nery JA, Miguel CP, Viana SM, Sarno EN. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993 August; 168(2): 408-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8335978

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The management of erythema nodosum leprosum: current and future options. Author(s): Lockwood DN. Source: Lepr Rev. 1996 December; 67(4): 253-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9033196

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The pathogenesis of vascular changes in erythema nodosum-like lesions of Behcet's syndrome: an electron microscopic study. Author(s): Bang D, Honma T, Saito T, Nakagawa S, Ueki H, Lee S. Source: Human Pathology. 1987 November; 18(11): 1172-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3679191

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The treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum with B.663. A controlled study. Author(s): Pettit JH. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1967 January-March; 35(1): 11-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4290017

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Three cases of erythema nodosum associated with Yersinia enterocolitica infection. Author(s): Ikeya T, Mizuno E, Takama H. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1986 April; 13(2): 147-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3531273

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Tinea barbae associated with erythema nodosum in an immunocompetent man. Author(s): Foti C, Diaferio A, Daddabbo M, Angelini G. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2001 May; 15(3): 250-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11683291

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Tr, T mu and B lymphocytes in erythema nodosum leprosum reactions of leprosy. Author(s): Rao TD, Rao PR. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1986 October-December; 58(4): 601-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2952738

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Traumatic plantar urticaria or plantar erythema nodosum. Author(s): Berger TG, Tappero J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 April; 20(4): 701-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2565920

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Treatment of chronic erythema nodosum leprosum with cyclosporine A produces clinical and immunohistologic remission. Author(s): Miller RA, Shen JY, Rea TH, Harnisch JP. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1987 September; 55(3): 441-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3309088

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Treatment of erythema nodosum, aphthous stomatitis, and pyoderma gangrenosum in patients with IBD. Author(s): Tremaine WJ. Source: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 1998 February; 4(1): 68-9; Discussion 73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9552230

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Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum, erythema nodosum, and aphthous ulcerations. Author(s): Winter HS. Source: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 1998 February; 4(1): 71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9552232

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Tuberculous erythema nodosum in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Author(s): Narvaez J, Rodriguez-Moreno J, Clavaguera MT, Campoy E. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1996 May; 63(5): 377. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8789886

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Tumour necrosis factor-alpha promoter polymorphism in erythema nodosum. Author(s): Labunski S, Posern G, Ludwig S, Kundt G, Brocker EB, Kunz M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 January-February; 81(1): 18-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11411907

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Ultrastructure of endothelial cell necrosis in classical erythema nodosum. Author(s): Honma T, Bang D, Lee S, Saito T. Source: Human Pathology. 1993 April; 24(4): 384-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8491478

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Ultrastructure of lymphocyte-mediated fat-cell lysis in erythema nodosum-like lesions of Behcet's syndrome. Author(s): Honma T, Bang D, Saito T, Nakagawa S, Ueki H, Lee S. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1987 December; 123(12): 1650-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3688905

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Ultrastructure of nerve in erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). Author(s): Anthony J, Vaidya MC, Dasgupta A. Source: Cytobios. 1979; 26(102): 109-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=550966

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Ultrastructure of skin in erythema nodosum leprosum. Author(s): Anthony J, Vaidya MC, Dasgupta A. Source: Cytobios. 1983; 36(141): 17-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6839807

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Underlying causes of erythema nodosum. Lesions may provide clue to systemic disease. Author(s): Brodell RT, Mehrabi D. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2000 November; 108(6): 147-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11098265

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Unilateral plantar erythema nodosum. Author(s): Ohtake N, Kawamura T, Akiyama C, Furue M, Tamaki K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 April; 30(4): 654-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8157796

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Unilateral plantar erythema nodosum. Author(s): Hern AE, Shwayder TA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1992 February; 26(2 Pt 1): 259-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1552065

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Use of colchicine in the management of erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). Author(s): Sarojini PA, Mshana RN. Source: Lepr Rev. 1983 June; 54(2): 151-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6888142

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Use of mycophenolate mofetil in erythema nodosum. Author(s): Boyd AS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 December; 47(6): 968-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12451393

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•

Uveitis and erythema nodosum in inflammatory bowel disease: clinical features and the role of HLA genes. Author(s): Orchard TR, Chua CN, Ahmad T, Cheng H, Welsh KI, Jewell DP. Source: Gastroenterology. 2002 September; 123(3): 714-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12198697

•

Whole body gallium-67 citrate scintigraphy in a patient with sarcoidosis and biopsyproven erythema nodosum. Author(s): Winzelberg GG, Rabinowitz J. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1984 July; 9(7): 418. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6590163

•

Yersinia arthritis with erythema nodosum. Author(s): Luqmani RA, Dawes PT. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1986 May; 62(727): 405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3763553

•

Yersinia enterocolitica as a cause of erythema nodosum. Author(s): Debois J, Vandepitte J, Degreef H. Source: Dermatologica. 1978; 156(2): 65-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=620866

•

Yersinia enterocolitica: a new cause of erythema nodosum. Author(s): Mygind N, Thulin H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1970 April; 82(4): 351-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5441768

•

Yersinia infection as a cause of erythema nodosum. Author(s): Helander I, Olkkonen L, Hopsu-Havu VK. Source: Z Haut Geschlechtskr. 1973 May 15; 48(10): 399-404. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4721085

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ERYTHEMA NODOSUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and erythema nodosum.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Erythema Nodosum The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “erythema nodosum” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “erythema nodosum” (or a synonym): •

Enhanced cell-mediated immune responses in erythema nodosum leprosum reactions of leprosy. Source: Rao, T D Rao, P R Int-J-Lepr-Other-Mycobact-Dis. 1987 March; 55(1): 36-41 0148916X

•

Recurrent erythema nodosum associated with Echinacea herbal therapy. Author(s): Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada. Source: Soon, S L Crawford, R I J-Am-Acad-Dermatol. 2001 February; 44(2): 298-9 01909622

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

Nutrition

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ERYTHEMA NODOSUM Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to erythema nodosum. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to erythema nodosum and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “erythema nodosum” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to erythema nodosum: •

A fatal case of erythema necroticans. Author(s): Davis SV, Shenoi SD, Balachandran C, Pai SB. Source: Indian J Lepr. 2002 April-June; 74(2): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12708733

•

Demonstration of clinical cases. Author(s): TEMPLETON WL, PURDOM I. Source: Br Homeopath J. 1951 January; 41(1): 19-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14821213

•

Effect of oral zinc supplementation on the cell mediated immunity in lepromatous leprosy.

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Author(s): el-Shafei MM, Kamal AA, Soliman H, el Shayeb F, Abdel Baqui MS, Faragalla S, Sabry MK. Source: J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 1988; 63(5-6): 311-36. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2979949 •

Erythema nodosum and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Thomson GT, Keystone EC, Sturgeon JF, Fornasier V. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1990 March; 17(3): 383-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2332863

•

Interstitial and granulomatous drug reaction presenting as erythema nodosum-like lesions. Author(s): Lee MW, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC, Koh JK. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(6): 473-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12575862

•

Leukemia-related Sweet's syndrome elicited by pathergy to Arnica. Author(s): Delmonte S, Brusati C, Parodi A, Rebora A. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1998; 197(2): 195-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9840982

•

Recurrent erythema nodosum associated with Echinacea herbal therapy. Author(s): Soon SL, Crawford RI. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 February; 44(2): 298-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11174391

•

Smoking and Behcet's disease. Author(s): Soy M, Erken E, Konca K, Ozbek S. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2000; 19(6): 508-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11147770

•

Splinting of the hand in leprosy. Author(s): Kulkarni VN, Mehta JM. Source: Lepr India. 1983 July; 55(3): 483-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6656205

•

Sweet's syndrome associated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Author(s): Hasegawa M, Sato S, Nakada M, Nitta H, Shirasaki H, Kasahara K, Takehara K. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 1998 October-November; 8(7): 503-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9854164

Alternative Medicine 57

•

Sweet's syndrome with an exogenous cause. Author(s): Greer JM, Rosen T, Tschen JA. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1993 February; 51(2): 112-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8453891

•

Tripterygium in dermatologic therapy. Author(s): Xu WY, Zheng JR, Lu XY. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1985 April; 24(3): 152-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3888878

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to erythema nodosum; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Erythema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON ERYTHEMA NODOSUM Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to erythema nodosum. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on erythema nodosum include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “erythema nodosum” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on erythema nodosum: •

Cutaneous and Oral Manifestations of Reactions to Anti-infective Drugs: A Monograph Source: Research Triangle Park, NC: Glaxo, Inc. 1993. 31 p. Contact: Available from Glaxo-Wellcome Education Resource Center. 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. (800) 824-2896. PRICE: Single copy free. Stock Number GVL290. Summary: As patients receive multiple drugs, identifying drug-induced reactions becomes increasingly complex and pinpointing a specific drug as the cause is even more challenging. This professional education monograph focuses on the dermatologic signs that can be used to identify the anti-infective agents, primary antibacterial and antifungal drugs, responsible for skin and oral reactions. Topics include the role of the medication history, clinical assessment, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnostic

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tests. The monograph then presents six case scenarios covering toxic epidermal necrolysis in HIV infection, erythema multiform in a young woman, tetracyclineinduced photosensitivity reaction, erythema nodosum in a young woman, ampicillininduced eruption in mononucleosis, and a bone marrow transplant recipient with papular urticarial eruptions. The monograph concludes with a list of educational objectives, a list of references, and a self-test and directions for registering for continuing medical education credits. 12 figures. 6 tables. 11 references. (AA-M).

Chapters on Erythema Nodosum In order to find chapters that specifically relate to erythema nodosum, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and erythema nodosum using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “erythema nodosum” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on erythema nodosum: •

Extraintestinal and Malignant Complications Source: in Peppercorn, M.A., ed. Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: New Medical and Surgical Approaches. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1990. p. 203-211. Contact: Available from Marcel Dekker, Inc. P.O. Box 5005, Monticello, NY 12701-5185. (800) 228-1160 or (212) 696-9000. Fax (914) 796-1772. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $190.00. ISBN: 0824781694. Summary: Disease processes affecting many organ systems are associated with both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Many of these are directly associated with activity of the underlying inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), especially active colonic disease. Unlike the extraintestinal disorders related to IBD, both colon and small intestinal adenocarcinomas are complications of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease which occur in areas of involved bowel. This chapter, from a book about the medical and surgical approaches to the therapy of IBD, reviews the treatment options available for these complications of IBD. Specific conditions discussed include: thromboembolic disease; skin problems, such as erythema nodosum and pyoderma gangrenosum; ocular lesions; oral manifestations; rheumatologic conditions; hepatobiliary complications; and malignancy. 29 references.

•

Cutaneous Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 271-274. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: This chapter on cutaneous (skin) manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and

Books

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ulcerative colitis (UC), together known as IBD. Pyoderma gangrenosum is an idiopathic inflammatory skin disease manifested clinically by painful ulceration with characteristic purple borders. These ulcers most commonly present in an otherwise healthy patient as a single self-limited lesion of the lower extremities. Although a significant number of pyoderma gangrenosum lesions may resolve spontaneously after many months, the debility from pain and the potential of a superimposed local and systemic infection in such a necrotic wound prompts the institution of early therapeutic intervention (based on immunosuppressive therapy). Another condition, erythema nodosum (EN) is a reactive septal panniculitis (a chronic inflammation of subcutaneous fat) characterized by extremely painful, nonulcerating erythematous (reddened) nodules on pretibial (shin) areas. The vast majority of cases affect young women, and the triggering or underlying disease remains unknown. When a cause is identified, a preceding streptococcal infection is a common association. Other infections, sarcoidosis, drugs, rheumatologic disease, and IBD also can be associated with erythema nodosum. In contrast to pyoderma gangrenosum, the activity of erythema nodosum tends to reflect that of the associated intestinal disease. Erythema nodosum usually resolves spontaneously, and while waiting for resolution most cases will respond to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Cutaneous CD is an unusual but potentially very debilitating complication of IBD. The most common presentation of cutaneous CD is perineal involvement secondary to enterocutaneous fistulae, and the clinical features of this presentation are draining sinuses, ulcerations, plaques, and nodules. The activity of the perineal disease tends to closely parallel that of the intestinal disease. Treatment involves combination immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory therapy. The author also discusses vasculitis, dermatosis arthritis syndrome, Sweet's syndrome, necrolytic migratory erythema, and other IBD associated mucous membrane disorders. 31 references.

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APPENDICES

65

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “erythema nodosum” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3374 31 87 4 60 3556

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “erythema nodosum” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on erythema nodosum can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to erythema nodosum. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to erythema nodosum. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “erythema nodosum”:

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Behcet's Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/behcetssyndrome.html Crohn's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/crohnsdisease.html Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/juvenilerheumatoidarthritis.html Skin Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skindiseases.html Ulcerative Colitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ulcerativecolitis.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on erythema nodosum. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Q and A. Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: Complications Source: New York, NY: Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America. 2002. 8 p. Contact: Available from Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America (CCFA). 386 Park Avenue South, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-8804. (800) 932-2423. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.ccfa.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic digestive diseases of the small and large intestines, collectively known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This brochure answers common questions about the complications of these diseases. Symptoms of IBD can include diarrhea, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, and fever; loss of appetite and weight loss are also common. If medications fail to control the symptoms of the disease, or if certain complications occur, surgery may be required. Yet, in spite of the physical and emotional demands of coping with IBD, most patients are able to lead full, satisfying lives. Complications are categorized as local (a complication involving the intestinal tract itself) or systemic (complications involving other organs or complications that affect the patient as a whole). The brochure covers specific topics including how commonly complications occur in IBD; systemic complications including fever, weakness, and loss of appetite; joint, eye and skin complications, including arthritis; the causes of the extraintestinal manifestations of IBD; which joints are

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commonly involved; the most common skin disorders associated with IBD, including erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum, and aphthous stomatitis; the manifestations of liver disease, including sclerosing cholangitis; the symptoms of bone loss; the more important local complications of ulcerative colitis, including toxic megacolon; how the complications of ulcerative colitis differ from those seen in Crohn's disease; the symptoms of intestinal obstruction; the indications for surgery; fistulas and how they are treated; concerns about malnutrition in patients with IBD; complications that affect children and adolescents with IBD; and the risk factors for cancer. The brochure includes a brief description of the goals and activities of the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of American (www.ccfa.org). The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to erythema nodosum. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. PEDBASE Similar to NORD, PEDBASE covers relatively rare disorders, limited mainly to pediatric conditions. PEDBASE was designed by Dr. Alan Gandy. To access the database, which is more oriented to researchers than patients, you can view the current list of health topics covered at the following Web site: http://www.icondata.com/health/pedbase/pedlynx.htm. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to erythema nodosum. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with erythema nodosum. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about erythema nodosum. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “erythema nodosum” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “erythema nodosum”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “erythema nodosum” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “erythema nodosum” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on erythema nodosum: •

Basic Guidelines for Erythema Nodosum Blastomycosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000102.htm Cancer Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001289.htm Chlamydia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001345.htm Coccidioidomycosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001322.htm Erythema nodosum Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000881.htm Hepatitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001154.htm

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Hepatitis B Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000279.htm Histoplasmosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001082.htm Leprosy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001347.htm Lymphogranuloma venereum Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000634.htm Mycoplasma pneumonia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000082.htm Psittacosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000088.htm Streptococcal pharyngitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000639.htm Syphilis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001327.htm Tularemia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000856.htm •

Signs & Symptoms for Erythema Nodosum Arthralgia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Chills Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003091.htm Erythema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm General ill feeling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Joint aches Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Leukemia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001299.htm Malaise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm

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Nodules Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003230.htm Skin lesion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin redness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Erythema Nodosum ASO Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003522.htm Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Chest X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003804.htm Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003638.htm Sedimentation rate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003638.htm Skin biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm

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Nutrition for Erythema Nodosum Fat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002468.htm

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Background Topics for Erythema Nodosum Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Analgesics Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002123.htm Anterior Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002232.htm

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Systemic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002294.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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ERYTHEMA NODOSUM DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acrodermatitis: Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Adenocarcinomas: A malignant tumor of the epithelial cells of a gland which typically metastasizes by way of the lymphatics. [NIH] Adenopathy: Large or swollen lymph glands. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and

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renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveolitis: Inflammation of an alveolus. Called also odontobothritis. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH]

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Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and

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febrifuge. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Aphthous Stomatitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as

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sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the bronchioles. [NIH]

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Bronchiolitis Obliterans: Inflammation of the bronchioles with obstruction by fibrous granulation tissue or bronchial exudate. It may follow inhalation of irritating gases or foreign bodies and it complicates pneumonia. [NIH] Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia: Inflammation of the bronchioles. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Brucellosis: Infection caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella mainly involving the reticuloendothelial system. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to methimazole, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH]

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Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chancroid: Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Cholangitis: Inflammation of a bile duct. [NIH] Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla. [NIH]

Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Claudication: Limping or lameness. [EU] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clubbing: A proliferative change in the soft tissues about the terminal phalanges of the fingers or toes, with no constant osseous changes. [NIH] Coccidioidomycosis: An infectious disease caused by a fungus, Coccidioides immitis, that is prevalent in the western United States and is acquired by inhalation of dust containing the spores. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH]

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Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colony-Stimulating Factors: Glycoproteins found in a subfraction of normal mammalian plasma and urine. They stimulate the proliferation of bone marrow cells in agar cultures and the formation of colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages. The factors include interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colonystimulating factor (M-CSF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF). [NIH] Common Variable Immunodeficiency: Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete response: The disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment. This does not always mean the cancer has been cured. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques

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for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal

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replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Depigmentation: Removal or loss of pigment, especially melanin. [EU] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discoid: Shaped like a disk. [EU]

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Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dystrophic: Pertaining to toxic habitats low in nutrients. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a

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slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermolysis Bullosa: Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Multiforme: A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fat Necrosis: A condition in which the death of adipose tissue results in neutral fats being split into fatty acids and glycerol. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas

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fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV

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virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Granulation Tissue: A vascular connective tissue formed on the surface of a healing wound, ulcer, or inflamed tissue. It consists of new capillaries and an infiltrate containing lymphoid cells, macrophages, and plasma cells. [NIH] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor: A glycoprotein of MW 25 kDa containing internal disulfide bonds. It induces the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neutrophilic granulocyte precursor cells and functionally activates mature blood neutrophils. Among the family of colony-stimulating factors, G-CSF is the most potent inducer of terminal differentiation to granulocytes and macrophages of leukemic myeloid cell lines. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a

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haemodialyzer. [EU] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatobiliary: Pertaining to the liver and the bile or the biliary ducts. [EU] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypogammaglobulinemia: The most common primary immunodeficiency in which antibody production is deficient. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH]

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Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output. [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH]

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Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestinal Obstruction: Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of intestinal contents toward the anus. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Lacrimal gland: The small almond-shaped structure that produces tears; located just above the outer corner of the eye. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large

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intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukocytosis: A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenitis: Inflammation of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphedema: Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes. [NIH]

Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in

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which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysosome: A sac-like compartment inside a cell that has enzymes that can break down cellular components that need to be destroyed. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megacolon: Pathological enlargement of the colon. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living

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organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Migrans: Infestation of the dermis by various larvae, characterized by bizarre red irregular lines which are broad at one end and fade at the other, produced by burrowing larvae. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Minocycline: A semisynthetic staphylococcus infections. [NIH]

antibiotic

effective

against

tetracycline-resistant

Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mononucleosis: The presence of an abnormally large number of mononuclear leucocytes (monocytes) in the blood. The term is often used alone to refer to infectious mononucleosis. [EU]

Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mouth Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucoproteins: Conjugated proteins in which mucopolysaccharides are combined with proteins. The mucopolysaccharide moiety is the predominant group with the protein making up only a small percentage of the total weight. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mycophenolate mofetil: A drug that is being studied for its effectiveness in preventing graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune disorders. [NIH] Myelodysplastic syndrome: Disease in which the bone marrow does not function normally. Also called preleukemia or smoldering leukemia. [NIH]

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Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrolysis: Separation or exfoliation of tissue due to necrosis. [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oestrogen: A generic term for oestrus-producing steroid compounds; the female sex hormones. In humans, oestrogen is formed in the ovary, possibly the adrenal cortex, the testis, and the foetoplacental unit; it has various functions in both sexes. It is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics, and during the menstrual cycle it acts on the female genitalia to produce an environment suitable for the fertilization, implantation, and nutrition of the early embryo. Oestrogen is used in oral contraceptives and as a palliative in cancer of the breast after menopause and cancer of the prostate; other uses include the relief of the discomforts of menopause, inhibition of lactation, and treatment of osteoporosis, threatened abortion, and various functional ovarian disorders. [EU]

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Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Oral Manifestations: Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury. [NIH]

Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pallor: A clinical manifestation consisting of an unnatural paleness of the skin. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Panniculitis: General term for inflammation of adipose tissue, usually of the skin, characterized by reddened subcutaneous nodules. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General

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paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Photoallergy: Sensitization of the skin to light usually due to the action of certain substances or drugs, may occur shortly after exposure to a substance or after a latent period of from days to months. [NIH] Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU]

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Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Platelet Count: A count of the number of platelets per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or

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symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predictive factor: A situation or condition that may increase a person's risk of developing a certain disease or disorder. [NIH] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Preleukemia: Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria. [NIH] Proctosigmoidoscopy: An examination of the rectum and the lower part of the colon using a thin, lighted tube called a sigmoidoscope. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]

Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH]

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Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: A disease of unknown etiology characterized by tuberclelike, granulomatous nodules which may affect the skin, the lungs, the lymph nodes, the bones of the distal extremities, the conjunctiva, the lacrimal gland, the retina and the uveal tract. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyoderma: Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Pyoderma Gangrenosum: An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU]

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Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reinfection: A second infection by the same pathogenic agent, or a second infection of an organ such as the kidney by a different pathogenic agent. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Ganglion Cells: Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer. [NIH] Retrobulbar: Behind the pons. [EU] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid

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or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoid: A cutaneus lesion occurring as a manifestation of sarcoidosis. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigmoid: 1. Shaped like the letter S or the letter C. 2. The sigmoid colon. [EU] Sigmoidoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to view the inside of the colon. [NIH] Sigmoidoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the sigmoid flexure. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH]

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Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smoldering leukemia: Disease in which the bone marrow does not function normally. Also called preleukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spirometry: Measurement of volume of air inhaled or exhaled by the lung. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Sporotrichosis: The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU]

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Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints. [NIH] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above

Dictionary 117

100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Tenesmus: Straining, especially ineffectual and painful straining at stool or in urination. [EU] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Thalidomide: A pharmaceutical agent originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market because of its known tetratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytosis: Increased numbers of platelets in the peripheral blood. [EU] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH]

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Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveal tract: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasculitis, Hypersensitivity: Heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a vasculitic syndrome presumed to be associated with a hypersensitivity reaction following exposure to an antigen such as an infectious agent, a drug, or other foreign or endogenous substance (Wilson et al, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1459). [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH]

Dictionary 119

Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

121

INDEX A Abdominal, 5, 11, 72, 87, 99, 108, 118 Abdominal Pain, 5, 72, 87, 99, 118 Abortion, 87, 107 Abscess, 87, 114 Acne, 10, 11, 87, 103 Acne Vulgaris, 87, 103 Acrodermatitis, 4, 87 Acute myeloid leukemia, 87, 111 Adenocarcinomas, 60, 87 Adenopathy, 12, 46, 87 Adipose Tissue, 87, 98, 108 Adrenal Cortex, 87, 95, 107, 111 Adrenal Glands, 87, 88 Adverse Effect, 87, 103, 114 Airway, 6, 87 Albumin, 87, 110, 116 Algorithms, 88, 91 Alkaline, 88, 91, 92 Alkaloid, 88, 93 Alpha Particles, 88, 112 Alternative medicine, 88 Alveolitis, 26, 88 Amino acid, 88, 89, 98, 109, 110, 111, 116, 117, 118 Amino Acid Sequence, 88, 89 Ampicillin, 60, 88 Ampulla, 88, 93 Amyloidosis, 13, 30, 88 Anal, 88, 104 Analgesic, 88, 107 Anaphylatoxins, 88, 94 Androgens, 87, 88, 95 Anesthesia, 87, 89 Angiography, 24, 40, 89 Animal model, 7, 89 Anions, 87, 89, 114 Anorexia, 89, 99, 118 Antiallergic, 89, 96 Antibacterial, 59, 89 Antibiotic, 5, 7, 88, 89, 91, 98, 106, 109, 117 Antibodies, 12, 26, 27, 89, 90, 104, 110 Antibody, 3, 15, 27, 40, 43, 89, 94, 101, 102, 105 Antifungal, 59, 89 Antigen, 8, 32, 89, 94, 100, 101, 102, 105, 118 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 89, 94

Anti-infective, 59, 89 Anti-Infective Agents, 59, 89 Anti-inflammatory, 7, 89, 96, 100, 102, 107 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 89, 96 Antineoplastic, 89, 96 Antipyretic, 89, 107 Anus, 88, 90, 91, 94, 103, 109, 113 Aorta, 90 Aortic Aneurysm, 6, 90 Aphthous Stomatitis, 48, 73, 90 Apoptosis, 12, 90 Arteries, 90, 91, 95, 105 Arteritis, 24, 90 Artery, 6, 90, 95, 109 Assay, 90, 118 Asymptomatic, 7, 36, 90, 108 Atrophy, 90 Atypical, 12, 90, 102 Autoantibodies, 42, 90 Autoantigens, 90 Autodigestion, 90, 108 Autoimmune disease, 7, 90 Axons, 90, 108, 109, 113 B Bacteremia, 32, 90 Bacteria, 89, 90, 92, 98, 105, 106, 115, 116, 118 Bacterial Infections, 90, 94 Bacteriostatic, 90, 98 Barbiturate, 90, 117 Barium, 5, 91 Basophils, 91, 100, 104 Bilateral, 91, 109 Bile, 91, 93, 99, 101, 104, 115 Bile duct, 91, 93 Biliary, 91, 93, 101, 108 Biliary Tract, 91, 108 Biopsy, 4, 5, 25, 29, 31, 46, 50, 85, 91 Biotechnology, 8, 67, 91 Bladder, 91, 96, 111 Blood Glucose, 91, 101 Blood vessel, 89, 91, 97, 98, 103, 104, 115, 116, 117, 118 Blood Volume, 91, 102 Body Fluids, 91, 92, 97, 115 Bone Marrow, 60, 87, 91, 94, 96, 100, 104, 106, 111, 115

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Bowel, 5, 25, 48, 58, 60, 88, 91, 97, 103, 116, 118 Bowel Movement, 91, 116 Broad-spectrum, 88, 91 Bronchi, 91, 92 Bronchial, 91, 92 Bronchioles, 91, 92 Bronchiolitis, 19, 91, 92 Bronchiolitis Obliterans, 19, 92 Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia, 19, 92 Bronchitis, 6, 92 Brucellosis, 10, 30, 92 Buccal, 92, 104 Bullous, 13, 92 Bypass, 29, 92 C Calcium, 92, 94 Carbimazole, 11, 92 Carbohydrate, 6, 92, 95, 100, 110 Carcinogenic, 92, 111, 115 Carcinoma, 23, 24, 35, 92 Cardiac, 92, 102, 107, 115 Cardiac Output, 92, 102 Case report, 9, 13, 18, 21, 33, 34, 39, 40, 92, 93 Case series, 92, 93 Caudal, 92, 110 Causal, 92, 114 Cecum, 92, 103 Cell Adhesion, 8, 93 Cell Count, 8, 93 Cell Death, 90, 93, 100, 107 Central Nervous System, 7, 93, 108, 110 Cervix, 35, 87, 93 Chancroid, 21, 93 Chemotactic Factors, 93, 94 Cholangitis, 73, 93 Cholestasis, 11, 93 Cholesterol, 91, 93, 95, 115 Chromatin, 90, 93, 98 Claudication, 6, 93 Clinical study, 34, 93 Clinical trial, 6, 67, 93, 95, 96, 97, 112 Cloning, 91, 93 Clubbing, 4, 93 Coccidioidomycosis, 21, 38, 83, 93 Colchicine, 49, 93 Colitis, 4, 5, 14, 58, 60, 72, 73, 94 Colloidal, 87, 94, 114 Colon, 4, 60, 94, 103, 104, 105, 111, 114, 118 Colony-Stimulating Factors, 94, 100

Common Variable Immunodeficiency, 37, 94 Complement, 11, 27, 46, 88, 94, 110 Complementary and alternative medicine, 55, 58, 94 Complementary medicine, 55, 94 Complete response, 5, 94 Computational Biology, 67, 94 Concomitant, 23, 43, 95 Congestion, 95, 98 Conjunctiva, 95, 112 Connective Tissue, 91, 95, 96, 99, 100, 104, 109, 113, 116 Constriction, 95, 103 Contamination, 95, 101 Contraindications, ii, 95 Contrast medium, 89, 95 Controlled study, 4, 47, 95 Conventional therapy, 3, 95 Conventional treatment, 95 Cornea, 95, 114, 118 Coronary, 6, 95, 105 Coronary heart disease, 6, 95 Coronary Thrombosis, 95, 105 Corticosteroid, 10, 12, 95, 111 Cortisone, 96 Cranial, 96, 107, 108, 109 Cutaneous, 4, 9, 14, 16, 17, 31, 41, 45, 57, 59, 60, 96, 104, 109, 115 Cyclosporine, 48, 96 Cyst, 11, 96 Cystitis, 44, 96 Cytokine, 7, 19, 42, 96, 117 Cytoplasm, 90, 91, 96, 97, 98 Cytotoxicity, 7, 96 D Degenerative, 96, 101 Deletion, 90, 96 Depigmentation, 96, 119 Dermatosis, 10, 16, 61, 96 Dermis, 96, 106 Dexamethasone, 38, 96 Diabetes Mellitus, 96, 101 Diagnostic procedure, 96 Diarrhea, 5, 41, 72, 96 Diarrhoea, 96, 99 Diffusion, 96, 100, 103 Digestion, 91, 96, 103, 104, 116 Direct, iii, 4, 96, 113 Discoid, 7, 96 Distal, 97, 112 Dorsal, 97, 98, 110

123

Double-blind, 28, 97 Duct, 88, 97, 115 Dura mater, 97, 105, 108 Dysmenorrhea, 97, 107 Dystrophic, 97, 98 E Effector, 94, 97 Efficacy, 4, 97 Electrolyte, 95, 97, 106, 110, 115, 118 Electrons, 97, 112 Embryo, 87, 97, 107 Endemic, 27, 97 Endogenous, 90, 97, 118 Endothelial cell, 48, 97 Endotoxins, 94, 97 Enteritis, 14, 29, 41, 97 Enterocolitis, 41, 97 Environmental Health, 66, 68, 97 Enzymatic, 88, 92, 94, 97, 99, 113 Enzyme, 12, 13, 97, 102, 110, 112, 117, 119 Eosinophils, 97, 100, 104 Epidermal, 60, 98 Epidermis, 96, 98 Epidermolysis Bullosa, 4, 98 Epithelial, 6, 87, 98 Epithelial Cells, 6, 87, 98 Erythema Multiforme, 4, 9, 16, 31, 98 Erythrocytes, 91, 98 Erythromycin, 43, 98 Exfoliation, 98, 107 Exogenous, 57, 97, 98 Extensor, 98, 112, 119 Exudate, 92, 98 F Family Planning, 67, 98 Fat, 11, 23, 27, 33, 49, 61, 85, 87, 91, 95, 98, 113, 115, 116 Fat Necrosis, 11, 33, 98 Fatigue, 5, 98 Febrile, 10, 16, 98 Feces, 98, 116 Fibrinogen, 42, 98, 110, 117 Fibrinolytic, 9, 99 Fibrosis, 99, 114 Fold, 6, 99 Forearm, 4, 99 Frameshift, 99, 118 Frameshift Mutation, 99, 118 Fungi, 89, 99, 105, 106, 115, 118 Fungus, 93, 99 G Gallbladder, 87, 91, 99

Gallium, 50, 99 Gas, 96, 99, 101, 116, 118 Gastroenteritis, 14, 41, 99 Gastrointestinal, 4, 99, 116 Gastrointestinal tract, 4, 99 Gene, 29, 31, 91, 99 Genital, 4, 99 Giant Cells, 99, 114 Gland, 87, 96, 100, 104, 105, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114 Glomerular, 100 Glomeruli, 100 Glomerulonephritis, 39, 40, 100 Glucocorticoid, 96, 100, 111 Glucose, 91, 96, 100, 101, 114 Glycerol, 98, 100, 109 Glycoprotein, 98, 99, 100, 117 Gonadal, 100, 115 Gout, 93, 100, 107 Governing Board, 100, 110 Graft, 100, 106 Graft-versus-host disease, 100, 106 Granulation Tissue, 92, 100 Granulocyte, 56, 94, 100 Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, 56, 94, 100 Granuloma, 7, 32, 45, 100 H Haemodialysis, 42, 100 Hemoglobin, 5, 18, 98, 101 Hemoglobin A, 18, 101 Hemorrhage, 5, 101, 116 Hepatic, 11, 13, 87, 101 Hepatitis, 12, 15, 19, 24, 31, 83, 84, 101, 102 Hepatitis A, 15, 19, 101 Hepatobiliary, 60, 101 Hepatocyte, 93, 101 Hepatomegaly, 37, 101, 102 Hepatovirus, 101 Hereditary, 87, 100, 101 Heredity, 87, 99, 101 Histology, 7, 101 Hormonal, 90, 95, 101 Hormone, 95, 96, 101, 111, 113 Hydrogen, 92, 101, 106, 107, 112 Hypersensitivity, 18, 36, 101, 113, 118 Hypnotic, 90, 101, 117 Hypogammaglobulinemia, 94, 101 I Idiopathic, 3, 61, 87, 101, 112, 114 Ileal, 4, 101 Ileum, 92, 101, 102

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Imidazole, 92, 102 Immune response, 7, 28, 52, 89, 90, 96, 102, 116, 119 Immune system, 102, 104, 105, 119 Immunodeficiency, 48, 94, 101, 102 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 94, 102 Immunoglobulin, 17, 27, 89, 102 Immunologic, 7, 47, 93, 102 Immunosuppressive, 61, 100, 102 Immunosuppressive therapy, 61, 102 Impairment, 93, 102, 103 Implantation, 102, 107 In situ, 28, 43, 102 In vitro, 28, 31, 36, 102 In vivo, 36, 102 Indocyanine Green, 24, 102 Indomethacin, 15, 28, 44, 102 Infantile, 87, 102 Infarction, 95, 102, 105 Infectious Mononucleosis, 102, 106 Infiltration, 100, 103 Inflammatory bowel disease, 3, 4, 5, 50, 60, 72, 103 Inhalation, 19, 92, 93, 103, 110, 115 Insight, 26, 103 Interferon, 8, 28, 38, 103 Interferon-alpha, 103 Interleukin-2, 43, 103 Intestinal, 29, 60, 61, 72, 97, 103 Intestinal Mucosa, 97, 103 Intestinal Obstruction, 73, 103 Intestine, 91, 97, 103 Intracellular, 102, 103, 110 Intravascular, 9, 103 Ischemia, 5, 90, 103 Isotretinoin, 10, 103 K Kb, 66, 103 L Labile, 94, 103 Lacrimal, 103, 112 Lacrimal gland, 103, 112 Lactation, 103, 107 Large Intestine, 72, 92, 103, 113, 115 Lesion, 12, 61, 85, 100, 104, 106, 114, 118 Leukemia, 56, 84, 87, 104, 111 Leukocytes, 91, 93, 97, 102, 103, 104, 117 Leukocytosis, 5, 104 Ligaments, 95, 104 Linkages, 101, 104 Liver, 73, 87, 88, 91, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104, 114

Localized, 87, 88, 93, 102, 104, 106, 118 Longitudinal study, 27, 104 Lupus, 7, 25, 104, 116 Lymph, 7, 87, 97, 102, 104, 112, 114 Lymph node, 7, 104, 112, 114 Lymphadenitis, 20, 43, 104 Lymphatic, 102, 104, 115 Lymphatic system, 104, 115 Lymphedema, 3, 104 Lymphocyte, 8, 17, 49, 89, 104, 105 Lymphoid, 89, 100, 104, 105 Lymphoma, 9, 20, 33, 56, 105 Lysosome, 6, 105 M Macrophage, 9, 31, 94, 105 Malaise, 84, 92, 105 Malignancy, 60, 105 Malignant, 60, 87, 89, 105, 107 Malignant tumor, 87, 105 Malnutrition, 73, 87, 90, 105 Mammary, 105 Mastitis, 24, 105 Mediator, 103, 105 MEDLINE, 67, 105 Megacolon, 5, 73, 105 Membrane, 61, 90, 94, 95, 98, 100, 105, 106, 108, 109, 113, 116 Meninges, 93, 97, 105 Meningitis, 12, 105 Menopause, 105, 107 Mental, iv, 6, 66, 68, 98, 105, 112, 118 Mental Health, iv, 6, 66, 68, 105, 112 Metastasis, 105 Metastatic, 4, 23, 105 MI, 86, 105 Microbiology, 27, 90, 105 Microorganism, 105, 109, 119 Micro-organism, 106 Micro-organism, 114 Migrans, 10, 21, 42, 106 Migration, 31, 106 Mineralocorticoids, 87, 95, 106 Minocycline, 26, 106 Mitochondrial Swelling, 106, 107 Mitosis, 90, 106 Molecular, 67, 69, 91, 95, 98, 106, 117 Molecule, 8, 11, 89, 94, 97, 106, 113 Monocyte, 23, 106 Mononuclear, 28, 100, 102, 106, 117 Mononucleosis, 60, 106 Motility, 102, 106 Mouth Ulcer, 5, 106

125

Mucociliary, 106, 115 Mucocutaneous, 4, 106 Mucoproteins, 42, 106 Mucosa, 104, 106 Mucus, 106, 118 Mycophenolate mofetil, 49, 106 Myelodysplastic syndrome, 45, 106, 115 Myocardium, 105, 107 N Naproxen, 16, 107 Nausea, 99, 107, 118 Necrolysis, 60, 107 Necrosis, 23, 36, 48, 90, 102, 105, 107, 114 Neoplasm, 107, 118 Neoplastic, 33, 105, 107 Nephropathy, 39, 107 Nerve, 7, 49, 89, 90, 105, 107, 108, 109 Nervous System, 93, 105, 107, 116 Neuritis, 21, 107 Neutrons, 88, 107, 112 Neutrophil, 13, 107 Nuclear, 20, 24, 50, 97, 107, 113 Nuclei, 88, 97, 106, 107, 108, 112 Nucleus, 90, 91, 93, 96, 97, 106, 107, 112 O Ocular, 60, 107 Oestrogen, 18, 107 Optic Chiasm, 108 Optic Nerve, 21, 108, 113, 114 Oral Manifestations, 59, 60, 108 Orbit, 108 Orbital, 21, 108 Orofacial, 3, 108 Osmotic, 87, 106, 108, 114 Osteoporosis, 107, 108 Ovary, 107, 108 P Pachymeningitis, 105, 108 Palliative, 107, 108 Pallor, 5, 108 Pancreas, 87, 108 Pancreatic, 23, 108 Pancreatitis, 11, 108 Panniculitis, 24, 38, 42, 61, 108 Parasite, 5, 108 Paresis, 107, 108 Paresthesias, 107, 109 Parotid, 109, 114 Partial remission, 109, 113 Pathogen, 6, 109 Pathogenesis, 6, 7, 16, 47, 109 Pathologic, 90, 91, 95, 101, 109, 112

Pathologic Processes, 90, 109 Pathophysiology, 59, 109 Patient Education, 72, 78, 80, 86, 109 Penicillin, 88, 109 Peptide, 88, 109, 110, 111, 112 Perforation, 5, 109 Perianal, 4, 109 Perineal, 4, 61, 109 Perineum, 109 Peripheral blood, 45, 103, 109, 111, 117 Peripheral Nerves, 104, 109 Pharmacologic, 89, 109, 117 Pharyngitis, 84, 109 Phospholipids, 98, 109 Photoallergy, 109 Photosensitivity, 60, 109 Physical Examination, 5, 110 Physiologic, 110, 113 Pituitary Gland, 95, 110 Plasma, 8, 17, 37, 42, 87, 89, 91, 94, 98, 100, 101, 106, 110, 114 Plasma cells, 89, 100, 110 Plasma protein, 87, 110, 114 Platelet Count, 19, 110 Platelets, 110, 117 Pneumonia, 6, 84, 92, 95, 110 Poisoning, 57, 99, 107, 110 Polyarthritis, 24, 110 Polymorphism, 23, 31, 48, 110 Polypeptide, 88, 98, 110 Polysaccharide, 89, 110 Pons, 110, 113 Posterior, 24, 88, 97, 108, 110, 114 Potassium, 38, 44, 106, 110 Practice Guidelines, 68, 110 Precursor, 97, 100, 110 Predictive factor, 22, 111 Prednisolone, 28, 111 Preleukemia, 106, 111, 115 Proctosigmoidoscopy, 5, 111 Progesterone, 111, 115 Progression, 89, 111 Progressive, 39, 107, 111, 118 Projection, 108, 111 Promoter, 48, 111 Promyelocytic leukemia, 11, 111 Prospective study, 104, 111 Prostaglandins, 102, 111 Prostaglandins A, 102, 111 Prostate, 107, 111 Protein S, 91, 98, 111, 117

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Proteins, 43, 88, 89, 93, 94, 98, 106, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 117, 118 Proteolytic, 94, 99, 112 Protons, 88, 101, 112 Psoriasis, 4, 112 Public Health, 6, 7, 29, 56, 68, 112 Public Policy, 67, 112 Publishing, 5, 8, 112 Pulmonary, 7, 12, 39, 112 Pulmonary Sarcoidosis, 39, 112 Purulent, 112 Pyoderma, 3, 4, 15, 17, 25, 48, 60, 61, 73, 112 Pyoderma Gangrenosum, 3, 4, 15, 17, 25, 48, 60, 61, 73, 112 Pyogenic, 112, 114 Q Quiescent, 112, 119 R Race, 106, 112 Radiation, 5, 38, 112, 119 Radiography, 5, 89, 112 Randomized, 4, 97, 112 Reactivation, 20, 112 Receptor, 6, 8, 43, 89, 113 Recombinant, 8, 17, 38, 113 Rectal, 72, 113 Rectum, 90, 91, 94, 99, 103, 111, 113 Refer, 1, 92, 94, 99, 106, 107, 113 Refractory, 3, 44, 113 Regimen, 97, 113 Reinfection, 6, 113 Remission, 48, 113 Retina, 24, 108, 112, 113, 118 Retinal, 108, 113 Retinal Ganglion Cells, 108, 113 Retrobulbar, 21, 113 Reversion, 113, 118 Rheumatism, 22, 23, 113 Rheumatoid, 31, 40, 72, 107, 113 Rheumatoid arthritis, 31, 107, 113 Risk factor, 40, 73, 111, 113 S Saponins, 113, 115 Sarcoid, 7, 16, 41, 42, 114 Sarcoidosis, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 16, 22, 23, 30, 31, 35, 42, 43, 45, 46, 50, 61, 114 Sclera, 95, 114, 118 Screening, 93, 114 Secretion, 87, 96, 103, 106, 114 Secretory, 7, 114 Sediment, 114

Sedimentation, 5, 8, 85, 114 Semisynthetic, 106, 114 Septal, 42, 61, 114 Septicaemia, 22, 114 Serum, 7, 9, 13, 18, 37, 40, 42, 43, 87, 88, 94, 106, 114, 117 Serum Albumin, 18, 114 Sex Characteristics, 88, 107, 114 Shock, 27, 114, 117 Side effect, 7, 87, 114, 117 Sigmoid, 114 Sigmoidoscope, 111, 114 Sigmoidoscopy, 5, 114 Signs and Symptoms, 113, 114, 118 Sinusitis, 6, 115 Small intestine, 92, 97, 101, 102, 103, 115 Smoldering leukemia, 106, 115 Sodium, 100, 106, 107, 115 Soft tissue, 91, 93, 115 Specialist, 74, 115 Species, 93, 99, 106, 108, 112, 115, 116, 117, 119 Spinal cord, 93, 97, 105, 107, 108, 109, 115 Spirochete, 115, 116 Spirometry, 8, 115 Spleen, 88, 104, 114, 115 Spondylitis, 17, 115 Spores, 93, 115 Sporotrichosis, 20, 115 Staphylococcus, 99, 106, 115 Stenosis, 6, 115, 116 Steroid, 7, 96, 107, 113, 115 Stomach, 87, 90, 99, 101, 107, 115, 116 Stool, 5, 94, 103, 116, 117 Streptococcal, 61, 84, 116 Streptococcus, 116 Stress, 4, 99, 107, 113, 116, 118 Stricture, 115, 116 Stroke, 6, 66, 92, 116 Subacute, 17, 102, 115, 116 Subclinical, 102, 116 Subcutaneous, 61, 108, 115, 116 Substance P, 98, 114, 116 Suction, 43, 116 Supplementation, 55, 116 Suppression, 17, 44, 96, 116 Suppressive, 5, 116 Symptomatic, 108, 116 Synovial, 30, 116 Synovial Fluid, 30, 116 Synovial Membrane, 116 Syphilis, 35, 45, 84, 116

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Systemic, 32, 49, 61, 72, 86, 88, 90, 102, 111, 114, 116 Systemic disease, 49, 116 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 32, 116 T Tachycardia, 5, 90, 116 Tachypnea, 90, 117 Tenesmus, 5, 117 Teratogenic, 103, 117 Testis, 107, 117 Tetracycline, 60, 106, 117 Thalidomide, 4, 7, 12, 30, 31, 45, 47, 117 Thoracic, 7, 117 Thrombin, 98, 117 Thrombocytosis, 19, 117 Thrombosis, 111, 116, 117 Topical, 103, 117 Toxic, iv, 5, 60, 73, 96, 97, 117 Toxicology, 68, 117 Toxins, 89, 97, 102, 117 Transfection, 91, 117 Translation, 88, 98, 117 Translocation, 98, 117 Trauma, 107, 108, 117 Tuberculosis, 7, 12, 38, 104, 117 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 28, 117 Tumour, 36, 48, 118 Typhimurium, 29, 41, 118 U Ulcer, 7, 28, 100, 118 Ulceration, 5, 61, 118

Ulcerative colitis, 4, 15, 23, 37, 60, 61, 72, 103, 112, 118 Uraemia, 108, 118 Urinary, 96, 118 Urticaria, 48, 118 Uterus, 87, 93, 111, 118 Uvea, 118 Uveal tract, 112, 118 Uveitis, 24, 50, 118 V Vaccines, 118, 119 Vagina, 93, 118 Vascular, 47, 96, 100, 102, 118 Vasculitis, 4, 17, 25, 38, 61, 108, 118 Vasculitis, Hypersensitivity, 17, 118 Venereal, 116, 118 Venous, 110, 111, 118 Venous blood, 110, 118 Vertebrae, 115, 119 Veterinary Medicine, 67, 119 Virulence, 6, 119 Virus, 12, 48, 100, 102, 103, 119 Vitiligo, 4, 119 Vitro, 119 Vivo, 119 W White blood cell, 89, 100, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110, 119 Wound Healing, 7, 119 X Xenograft, 89, 119 X-ray, 8, 85, 95, 107, 119

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Erythema Nodosum