ETHANOL A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Ethanol: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84211-6 1. Ethanol-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on ethanol. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ETHANOL .................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Ethanol.......................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 67 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 76 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ETHANOL ...................................................................................... 117 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 117 Finding Nutrition Studies on Ethanol....................................................................................... 117 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 127 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 127 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ETHANOL ................................................................ 129 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 129 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 129 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 142 General References ..................................................................................................................... 158 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ETHANOL .................................................................................. 159 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 159 Dissertations on Ethanol............................................................................................................ 159 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 167 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ETHANOL ............................................................................ 169 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 169 Recent Trials on Ethanol............................................................................................................ 169 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 169 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON ETHANOL............................................................................................. 171 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 171 Patents on Ethanol..................................................................................................................... 171 Patent Applications on Ethanol ................................................................................................. 203 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 237 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON ETHANOL ................................................................................................ 239 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 239 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 239 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 241 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 245 Chapters on Ethanol................................................................................................................... 246 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON ETHANOL ..................................................................................... 249 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 249 Bibliography: Multimedia on Ethanol ....................................................................................... 249 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ETHANOL .................................................................. 251 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 251 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 251 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 253 Academic Periodicals covering Ethanol ..................................................................................... 254 CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS................................................................................. 255 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 255 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 255 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 256 Researching Orphan Drugs ....................................................................................................... 256 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 261 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 261
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NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 261 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 263 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 265 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 267 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 267 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 267 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 269 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 271 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 271 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 271 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 271 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 271 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 277 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 278 ETHANOL DICTIONARY........................................................................................................... 279 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 381
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with ethanol is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about ethanol, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to ethanol, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on ethanol. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to ethanol, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on ethanol. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ETHANOL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on ethanol.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and ethanol, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “ethanol” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Relationship Between Oral Pain and Ethanol Concentration in Mouthrinses Source: Journal of Periodontol Research. 30(3): 192-197. May 1995. Summary: Previous reports have indicated that certain mouthrinses, even when used as directed, can induce oral pain. This article reports on a study of various commercially available mouthrinses in which subjects rated categories of pain during and after mouthrinsing. More specifically, the study tested the effects of ethanol concentration on induced pain. The results show that there is a direct relationship between ethanol content and the amount of induced pain. Furthermore, the amount of pain was found to increase with time of rinsing, and to slowly decrease after cessation of rinsing. Lastly, comparison of ethanol/water controls with a marketed product (Clear Choice) matched for ethanol content show that while ethanol was the key factor in mouthwash-induced
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oral pain, other presently unidentified agents can also add to the effect. 3 figures. 1 table. 13 references. (AA-M). •
Ethanol Injection Therapy of the Prostate for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Preliminary Report on Application of a New Technique Source: Journal of Urology. 162(2): 383-386. August 1999. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2334. Fax (301) 824-7290. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of a new technique of minimally invasive treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) involving direct injection of dehydrated ethanol. Dehydrated ethanol was injected transurethrally with lumbar or sacral and urethral anesthesia in 10 patients with prostatic hyperplasia (overgrowth of prostate tissue). Endoscopic injection was performed at 4 to 8 sites in the prostate using 3.5 to 12.0 ml. There were no intraoperative complications, but postoperative urinary retention occurred transiently in all patients, requiring catheterization for a mean of 8.8 days. Mean symptom score was 12.2 (plus or minus 5.8) at three months postoperatively, which was significantly improved from 23.1 (plus or minus 7.0) preoperatively. Mean quality of life score also improved significantly from 5.1 (plus or minus 0.6) preoperatively to 3.2 (plus or minus 1.5) at three months postoperatively. Mean peak urinary flow rate increased from 8.0 (plus or minus 2.2) in nine patients to 13.1 plus or minus 3.6 ml per second, and mean residual urine volume decreased from 129.1 (plus or minus 55.3) in nine patients to 49.3 (plus or minus 34.7) ml. Thus, there was significant improvement in the symptom and quality of life scores, peak urinary flow rate, and residual urine volume 3 months after ethanol injection therapy of the prostate. There was no significant change in prostate volume. Acute epididymitis and chronic prostatitis each occurred in 1 patient. The authors conclude that this technique can be performed as an outpatient procedure and appears to be safe and cost effective. In addition, retrograde ejaculation can be avoided with this minimally invasive treatment. 2 figures. 2 tables. 11 references.
Federally Funded Research on Ethanol The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to ethanol. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to ethanol. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
Studies
5
animals or simulated models to explore ethanol. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for ethanol: •
Project Title: ADENYLYL CYCLASE TRANSGENIC MICE AND ALCOHOLISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Yoshimura, Masami; Pharmacology; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: The cAMP signal transduction system may play an important role in the development of alcohol sm. The long-term goal of this research is twofold: 1) To elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying ethanol's effects on the cAMP signaling pathway in the central nervous system, and 2) To determine the role that the cAMP signaling pathway plays in the physiological and behavioral responses to alcohol abuse. If a change in cAMP signaling is one of the determinants of an alcoholic phenotype, it is conceivable that alterations in the cAMP signaling system in an animal model may change the animal's response to ethanol. The hypothesis to be evaluated is that the response of animals to ethanol can be altered by the modification of adenylyl cyclase (AC) expression. To test this hypothesis, transgenic mice that overexpress type VII AC (AC7: the most ethanol sensitive isoform) and knockout mice that lack expression of AC7 will be generated. Once changes in the expression of AC7 are confirmed, the ethanol sensitivity of AC activity in the brain of the mutant mice will be examined. Ethanol's effect on the firing rate of the cerebellar Purkinje neurons of the mutant mice will be examined by electrophysiological recording. The sensitivity of the mutant mice to acute ethanol intoxication will be examined by measuring the duration of loss of righting reflex (sleep time) and the changes in body temperature (hypothermia). The development of tolerance in the mutant mice chronically treated with ethanol will be examined by measuring the decrease in the hypnotic and hypothermic effects of ethanol. The development of physical dependence in the mutant mice to ethanol will be examined by assessing the intensity of handling-induced convulsions after ethanol withdrawal. The proposed studies will generate valuable animal models for alcoholism research. These animals will also be useful for a widerange of physiological and behavioral research dealing with cAMP signal transduction. The proposed studies will also provide information critical to the determination of whether abnormal cAMP signaling is one of the determinants of an alcoholic phenotype. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ADOLESCENT ALCOHOL ADAPTATION: TOLERANCE & STRESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Spear, Linda P.; Distinguished Professor and Chair; Psychology; State University New York Binghamton Vestal Pky E Binghamton, Ny 13901 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Adolescents differ from adults in responsivity to a number of ethanol effects. Their insensitivity to the motor incapacitating and sedating effects of ethanol may increase consumption capacities and support higher levels of adolescent drinking, thereby contributing to the unique risks associated with alcohol drinking during adolescence. It has yet to be established whether this unique pattern of alcohol responsivity during adolescence is a function of age-related differences in initial neural sensitivity to alcohol or in the magnitude of tolerance developing within ethanol exposure periods (acute tolerance) or across exposures (rapid and chronic tolerance). There are, however, recent observations of notable ontogenetic alterations in the
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Ethanol
expression of these ethanol adaptations. Such ontogenetic differences in ethanol tolerance may be particularly pronounced under stressful circumstances, given evidence that vulnerability to stressors may be increased during adolescence and that development of ethanol tolerance is enhanced by stressors. Consequently, the work outlined in this proposal will explore the contribution of tolerance to the unique pattern of alcohol responsivity during adolescence, and the effects of stressors on these adaptational processes. Studies will compare the expression of acute, rapid and chronic tolerance to various characteristic effects of ethanol and the impact of stressors on these ethanol adaptations in male and female, adolescent and adult (as well as weanlings, where feasible) Sprague-Dawley rats. It is predicted that age-related attenuations in sensitivity to specific ethanol effects will be associated with greater acute tolerance but less rapid and chronic tolerance to those effects, with adolescents being particularly vulnerable to stress-induced facilitation of acute, rapid and chronic tolerance. Characterizing the ontogeny of ethanol tolerance and the effects of stressors on these adaptational processes is not only critical for assessing determinants of the unique pattern of alcohol responsivity seen during adolescence, but also may contribute to our understanding of the long-term consequences of adolescent alcohol exposure for later alcohol use and abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PROTEINS
ALCOHOL
ACTIONS--MOLECULAR
TARGETS
ON
BRAIN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Harris, Robert A.; Professor of Pharmacology; Biological Sciences; University of Texas Austin 101 E. 27Th/Po Box 7726 Austin, Tx 78712 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 29-SEP-1983; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: Our hypotheses are that ethanol alters the function of ion channels by binding within protein cavities and that some structural features of these cavities will be similar for related and unrelated ion channels. In addition, we propose that some behavioral actions of ethanol require enhancement of glycine or GABAA receptor function. Our overall goals are (l) to determine the specific protein regions of several brain receptors/channels that are responsible for ethanol action, and (2) to test the importance of two of these receptors in vivo. The first goal will be accomplished by in vitro testing of chimeric and mutated receptors/channels, and the second will use transgenic mice to express mutated receptors that are insensitive to ethanol in vitro. First, we will define the role of specific amino acids in the TM2-3 region of GABAA and glycine receptors in ethanol modulation of receptor function. These studies will be carried out in Xenopus oocytes. To determine if results from GABAA and glycine receptors generalize to another, related, ligand-gated ion channel, we will characterize the response of recombinant neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to ethanol. Next, we will extend our recent studies showing ethanol activation of G-protein activated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels by elucidating the molecular basis of ethanol action on this channel. This will be done by construction of chimeric receptors between GIRK2 and IRK1 channels, followed by mutation of single amino acids. Structural determinants (i.e., amino acid properties and locations) of ethanol sensitivity will be compared for glycine, GABAA, and GIRK channels. Lastly, we will determine the in vivo significance of the glycine and GABA receptors for specific behavioral actions of ethanol by constructing transgenic mice with mutant receptors that are ethanol-resistant. The long-term, health-related, goal of this research is to identify
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molecular sites of alcohol action that would be useful targets for pharmacotherapies that would reduce alcohol actions such as reinforcement, craving, and dependence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ALCOHOL AND CELL ADHESION Principal Investigator & Institution: Charness, Michael E.; Professor; Neurology; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) Ethanol inhibits cell adhesion mediated by the L1 cell adhesion molecule in neural cells and fibroblasts transfected with human L1. Because the brains of children with L1 mutations resemble those of children with fetal alcohol syndrome, it is possible that inhibition of L1-mediated cell adhesion contributes to the teratogenic effects of ETOH. Structure activity analysis of a series of straight and branch-chain alcohols demonstrates remarkable structural specificity for alcohol inhibition of cell-cell adhesion. Moreover, we have identified a series of compounds that antagonize the effects of ethanol on L1-mediated cell-cell adhesion, on BMP morphogenesis in cultured neural cells, and on the development of mouse whole embryo cultures. The underlying hypothesis of this proposal is that compounds that antagonize ethanol inhibition of L1-mediated cell-cell adhesion will also antagonize ethanol teratogenesis. The proposed research has three specific aims: 1. To identify the structural determinants of alcohols and related compounds that are required for inhibition of cell-cell adhesion in L1-expressing cells and for antagonism of this inhibition; 2. To characterize regions of L1 that are necessary for alcohol inhibition and for antagonism of ethanol inhibition; 3. To evaluate selective ethanol antagonists for their ability to prevent the teratogenic effects of ethanol in mouse whole embryo culture and during early embryogenesis in C57BL/6J mice. Techniques employed in these studies will include mammalian cell transfection, cell-aggregation assays, mutagenesis of the L1 molecule, mouse whole embryo culture, and macroscopic and microscopic analysis of mice exposed to ethanol in utero. These experiments may lead to a better understanding of how ethanol interacts with neural proteins and may reveal mechanisms whereby ethanol causes birth defects. A major goal of the proposed research is to identify compounds that reduce the teratogenic effects of ethanol. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ALCOHOL AND HIV PROTEASE INHIBITORS INTERACTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Feierman, Dennis E.; Anesthesiology; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): There is great interest and possible concern in the use of ethanol by HIV infected patients. Ethanol has been shown to induce cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A, an isoform responsible for the metabolism of HIV PIs (HIV-PIs). The goal of this proposal is to evaluate the effects of ethanol consumption on the pharmacokinetics, specifically AUC and Cmax, of orally administered HIV-protease inhibitors. Two specific objectives are derived from this goal and are addressed in this application that will utilize two rodent models of ethanol consumption and its interaction on drug disposition.S.A.I: To characterize the pharmacokinetics of orally administered HIV protease inhibitors in rats fed the Leiber-DeCarli ethanol-containing diet, and pair fed and ad-lib controls. This model was chosen since it has been shown that ethanol can induce CYP3A without significant liver pathology and may be
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Ethanol
analogous to early alcohol disease. S.A.II: To characterize the pharmacokinetics of orally administered HIV protease inhibitors in rats fed ethanol and liquid diet via the intragastric tube feeding method. This model of ethanol consumption was chosen since it has been shown to be a better inducer of CYP3A and also cause substantial liver pathology.1) Characterize and compare the pharmacokinetics of select HIV protease inhibitors (HIV-PI) such as saquinavir and indinavir after their oral administration in these models (and controls) chronically fed ethanol. We will also ascertain the effects of pretreatment with triacetyloleandomycin (TAO), a specific inhibitor of CYP3A, on the pharmacokinetics of rally administered saquinavir and indinavir.2) Characterize and compare the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir and indinavir after oral co-administration with ethanol in these models.3) Validate the induction of CYP3A activity, content and specific inhibition of CYP3A by TAO in liver and small bowel in these rats. Since paraglycoprotein (pgp) can affect the bioavailability of HIV protease inhibitors we will also characterize the effects of chronic ethanol on pgp content.The success of antiretroviral medication therapies for the treatment of HIV-disease is now well documented. These benefits are only tenable when therapeutic levels of the antiviral treatments are maintained. Understanding drug interactions and induction of HIV-PI metabolism remains a critical goal for those individuals receiving treatment. Many individuals taking these medications also consume ethanol, acutely and chronically. Because of the importance of CYP3A4 with respect to HIV-PI drug metabolism, and its induction by ethanol, the interactions of HIV-PI and ethanol are of clinical importance and are the major focus of this proposal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ALCOHOL EFFECT ON HUMAN LACTATION AND INFANT BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Mennella, Julie A.; Member; Monell Chemical Senses Center 3500 Market St Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 24-SEP-1998; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of the proposed research is to investigate the effects of maternal ethanol consumption from the perspective of both the lactating mother and her child. Research conducted during the previous grant periods revealed that: 1) the pharmacokinetics of ethanol, like a wide variety of other drugs, may be altered during lactation; 2) maternal ethanol consumption reduces milk production, disrupts milk ejection and alters the hormonal profile of the mother; 3) maternal ethanol consumption decreases milk intake and disrupts sleep-wake patterning in the breast-fed infant; 4) the ethanol that lactating mothers consume distinctly flavors human milk and such flavor changes are detected by the infant; and 5) children's hedonic response to odors of alcoholic beverages are related to the emotional context in which their parents' experience alcohol and their frequency of drinking. The proposed studies are designed to investigate the mechanisms underlying these changes, with a practical aim of providing information on a much neglected area in scientific research. To meet these objectives, research will focus on the effects of ethanol on the physiology and behavior of the lactating mother (AIMS 1 and 2) as well as her developing infant and child (AIMS 2 and 3).AIM 1: To investigate the effects of lactational state on ethanol pharmacokinetics as well as the effects of ethanol consumption on the endocrine milieu of lactating women and how such alterations impact upon lactational performance.AIM 2: To assess how ethanol consumption by the mother impacts upon her behaviors, moods and interaction with her child.AIM 3: To explore the role of early experiences with ethanol in mothers' milk and the emotional
Studies
9
context of such experiences, on the recognition of, and preference for, the sensory properties of ethanol Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ALCOHOL MODULATION OF CARDIAC CALCIUM CHANNELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Aistrup, Gary L.; Mol Pharm & Biol Chemistry; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Programs Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Alcohol exerts a variety of actions on the cardiovascular system, the nervous system, and other organs. Clinical studies, have linked alcohol consumption with a number of asymptomatic and overt cardiovascular abnormalities, including cardiomyopathy, hypertension, arrhythmias, heart failure, and stroke. The mechanisms responsible for these various problems are not well understood. In the nervous system, voltage activated calcium channels and certain ligand-gated channels arc particularly sensitive targets of alcohol. These channels are suspected of being instrumental in acute intoxication and withdrawal. In cardiac tissues, calcium channels play a key role in rhythmicity, conduction, and excitation-contraction coupling. These channels are a major site of control by endogenous hormones and transmitters, and by therapeutic drugs. Calcium channels have been directly linked to a number of the actions of ethanol on the heart. Ethanol interferes with contractility in a variety of models, and it reduces electrically-stimulated calcium transients in ventricular myocytes. Our preliminary data with rat myocytes, and results from other laboratories, have confirmed that ethanol blocks L-type calcium channels in isolated cardiac cells. Defining how alcohol affects the physiology and regulation of these channels is essential in explaining immediate consequences of alcohol ingestion, as well as events that occur during prolonged periods of alcohol ethanol abuse. The overall objective of the proposed studies is to use whole-cell patch clamp techniques to analyze ethanol modulation of cardiac calcium channels. Ventricular myocytes will be dissociated from cardiac tissues of adult rats, and subjected to acute alcohol exposure. Biophysical and pharmacological experiments will evaluate calcium channel function under these conditions, and impossible mechanisms of channel modulation. Certain second messenger systems are known to exert regulatory control over calcium channel function in heart cells. Among these, the betaadrenergic/cAMP/PKA pathway is a critical mechanism for enhancing L-type calcium channels and stimulating cardiac contractility. We will therefore test the hypothesis that ethanol alters regulation of channels through this signal transduction system. Our preliminary data have shown that ethanol not only blocks currents stimulated via the beta-adrenergic system, but it also inhibits desensitization of the coupling process. We have also just completed exciting new preliminary studies demonstrating that ethanol is capable of reversing or occluding nifedipine-induced channel block. This novel action may have major implications, given the widespread clinical use of dihydropyridines and other calcium channel antagonists. Drug interactions of this type will be an important focus of the project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: ALCOHOL RESPONSE ELEMENTS IN HUMAN GABA/AR GENE CLUSTERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Farb, David H.; Professor and Chairman; Pharmacol & Exper Therapeutics; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118
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Ethanol
Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Ethanol exerts profound acute and chronic effects onreceptors for amino acid neurotransmitters in the CNS. In particular, acute exposure to ethanol potentiates the ganna-aminobutyric acid type-A receptor (GABAAR) mediated response, while chronic exposure alters the pharmacology and density of GABAARs in animal models and inpost-mortem brain from alcoholics. It has been proposed that chronic ethanol may cause a switch in the expression of receptor subunit mRNAs, producing an isoform(s) with altered pharmacolgical and physiological properties. However, the mechanism by which receptor function is altered remains unknown yet crucial to our understanding of ethanol tolerance and dependence. During the course of our investigation into the identification and function of promoters for human GABAAR subunit genes, we discovered that ethanol can stimulate (by about 20-fold) alpha1 promoter activity in transfected primary rat neocortical cultures, and that a 63 bp region located in the proximal promoter is crucial for ethanol regulation. The activity of the beta1 promoter is reduced by ethanol, suggesting that one or more cis-regulatory elements are involved in the cell's adaptive response to ethanol. A major objective of this project will be to test our working hypothesis that ethanol interacts with cell surface receptors and exerts genomic regulatory effects through a cellular signal transduction system(s), activating or inhibiting transcription factors which bind to ethanol reposive cis-elements. We have discovered that GABAAR gene diversity arose fromm the duplication and subsequent translocation of an ancestral human alpha-alpha-beta-gamma gene cluster, spawning the clusters on chromosomes 4, 5 and 15. It is our hypothesis that the close evolutionary relationsip of genes within and across clusters predicts coordinate regulation regulation of related genes in different clusters by ethanol. To examine the above hypotheses, ethanol responsive elements in alpha, beta and gamm subunit gene promoters will be identified functionally, using primary neuronal cultures transfected with luciferase reporter constructs containing various deletions and point mutations. We will compare the sequence and fucntion of ehtanol responsive elements from different GABAAR subunit promoters to identify conserved regulatory regions and shared transcription factors. Inhibitors and activators of intracellular messengers will be used to determine the cellular response system that couples receptor modulation to transcriptional regulation. Collectively, these experiments will add to our understanding of the neuron's adaptive response(s) to chronic ethanol exposure, and, in the long-run to the development of diagnostiv and therapeutic agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ALCOHOL--DIRECT AND METABOLISM
INDIRECT
EFFECTS
ON DRUG
Principal Investigator & Institution: Badger, Thomas M.; Professor & Director; Arkansas Children's Hospital Res Inst Research Institute Little Rock, Ar 72202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 21-SEP-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: Alcohol induced liver disease (ALD) is the fourth leading cause of death among adult men 24-65 years of age residing in urban areas, the eleventh leading cause of deaths overall in the United States, and accounts for billions of dollars annually in medical expenditures. The investigators developed a rat model in which an ethanolcontaining diet is infused intragastrically as part of a total enteral nutrition (TEN) system to study the nutrition/ethanol relationships to ALD and ethanol metabolism. They have made several important observations using the TEN model. First, they have identified a diet that prevents ethanol-induced liver injury, even during high ethanol and high unsaturated fat intake for periods reported by others to produce significant
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hepatic injury. Second, the investigators have identified another diet that produces ethanol-induced liver injury at the same ethanol intake as the first diet. They feel that these two observations together are exciting because study of the differences between these diets could reveal important mechanism underlying ethanol-induced liver injury leading to ALD in humans. Third, the investigators have studied what they feel is an interesting consequence of constant intragastric infusion of ethanol- containing diets, the pulsatile BECs that appear to be due to "cyclic" ethanol metabolism. They do not know the biological significance of this phenomenon in the development of human ALD. However, it is of scientific importance for two reasons: a) ethanol metabolism is thought to be a contributing factor in adverse effects of ethanol; and b) the intragastric rat models are the only practical models that produce ethanol-induced liver injury within a reasonable time frame and expense. Thus, understanding how ethanol is metabolized in this model may be important. Fourth, beer has different metabolic effects than pure ethanol. This is an important observation, because 57 percent of U.S. alcohol drinkers consume their ethanol as beer, not the pure ethanol used in most alcohol research. Their data suggest that there are possible consequences upon the clearance, efficacy and toxicity of medications that may be taken concomitantly with alcoholic beverages. The principal aims of this renewal are to study in detail: 1) the interactions of ethanol and diet on the biochemical and cellular basis of ethanol induced liver injury by proposing novel nutritional and cellular mechanisms involving carbohydrate-regulated and oxygen radical- regulated gene expression, respectively; 2) a unique pulsatile aspect of ethanol metabolism revealed by chronic intragastric infusion of ethanol-containing diets; and 3) the comparative effects of laboratory ethanol and alcoholic beverages (especially beer). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CARDIOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF ETHANOL Principal Investigator & Institution: Bhatnagar, Aruni; Professor; Medicine; University of Louisville University of Louisville Louisville, Ky 40292 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this project is to elucidate the mechanisms by which moderate consumption o alcohol protects against myocardial ischemic injury. Our working hypothesis is that chronic exposure t( ethanol establishing low levels of oxidative stress in the heart, which elicits an adaptive increase in the myocardial antioxidant defenses and aldehyde metabolism. To test this hypothesis, adult male rats will be fed 6 % ethanol in their drinking water for various periods of time up to 12 weeks. Hearts from these animals, and from control untreated rats, will be excised and perfused ex vivo. The sensitivity of these hearts to ischemia-reperfusion will be determined by subjecting them to 30 and 45 min. of global ischemia, followed by 30 min. of reperfusion. The post-ischemia recovery and myocyte necrosis will be measured. In a parallel series of experiments, the excised hearts will be homogenized and their proteins will be separated by 2-D gel electrophoresis. Changes in myocardial proteins due to chronic ethanol treatment will be identified by image analysis of the gels and by mass spectrometric analysis using matrix-assisted laser desporption ionization (MALDI) and electrospay ionization (ESI). From these experiments a data base wit be developed for categories of proteomic changes and coordinate changes in specific signal and metabolic pathways, and/or transcritional events will be identified. To elucidate the role of aldehyde metabolism, we will examine the extent and the nature of the cardiac metabolism of the prototype lipid peroxidation-derived aldehyde - 4-hydroxy trans-2nonenal in hearts removed from naive and ethanol-fed animals. To identify the
12
Ethanol
contribution of the changes in aldehyde metabolism, we will examine whether pharmacologica inhibition of the pathways for aldehyde metabolism abrogates the cardioprotective effects of ethanol. The results of this exploratory project will form the basis of future detailed investigations into the mechanism, underlying the cardioprotective effects of ethanol and to identify the regulatory determinants underlying the dose-dependent transition from beneficial to the harmful effects of ethanol. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CATECHOLAMINE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION/ETHANOL RESPONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lewis, Elaine J.; Associate Professor; Biochem and Molecular Biology; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 27-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The neural response of organisms to alcohol consumption involves extensive cell-cell communication, activation of signal transduction pathways and changes in gene transcription. The complexity of the response has hindered reaching basic mechanistic understandings of the critical events. Recently, advances in genetic analysis and technology allow the evaluation of the role of an individual gene in the response to alcohol consumption. Using genetic technology, it was found that mice lacking the ability to synthesize the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) exhibit altered responses to ethanol administration. These mice have reduced preference for ethanol selfadministration and are more sensitive to the sedative effects of ethanol, suggesting a role for NE in the response of the nervous system to ethanol. Unrelated studies found that treatment of neuroblastoma cell cultures with ethanol resulted in a specific elevation of mRNAs and proteins corresponding to two enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of NE, dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH which catalyzes the production of NE from dopamine, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), responsible for the formation of DOPA. The focus of this application is to further understand the cellular response to ethanol by identification and characterization of the components involved in transcriptional regulation of the DBH and TH genes. In addition, this proposal is designed to further explore the involvement of NE in the transcriptional adaptation to ethanol. The specific aims are to: (1) Define the ethanol-responsive genetic regulatory elements of the rat TH and DBH genes, and the factors which bind to those elements. (2) Evaluate the importance of NE neurotransmission to alcohol responsiveness in vivo by comparing gene expression patterns in the amygdala, ventral tegmentum and nucleus accumbans between wild type and DBH deficient mice. (3) Characterize the response of the TH and DBH genes to acute and chronic ethanol administration in the mouse CNS. The results of these experiments will further our understanding of the role NE synthesis and neurotransmission in the cellular adaptation to alcohol treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF ETHANOL'S INFLUENCE ON SLEEP Principal Investigator & Institution: Carden, Williams B.; Anatomy and Neurobiology; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 28-JUL-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Sleep disturbances are common in alcoholic patients, with a number of serious health consequences. The best understood brain rhythm is the spindle waves associated with Stage II sleep, and this specific form of
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sleep is enhanced with acute alcohol administration. Perhaps the most promising brain region in which to explore alcohol influences on sleep, the thalamus, has been so far ignored. The thalamus is a primary generator of sleep/wake cycles and the brain rhythms that are the hallmark of sleep staging. The mechanisms underlying spindle wave generation depend on a low threshold calcium current (T-current), and dynamic reciprocal connections between excitatory thalamocortical neurons and inhibitory thalamic reticular neurons. The T-current plays such a pivotal role in the generation and maintenance of spindle waves that ethanol's interaction with the T-current is the focus of this proposal. The following specific aims will serve as the training vehicle, and will seek to determine the influence of ethanol on spindle wave circuitry of the thalamus: Aim 1: The influence of acute ethanol exposure on the T-current of thalamocortical and thalamic reticular neurons will be examined using an in vitro brain slice preparation. Hypothesis: Ethanol will enhance the T-current in these two neuronal populations, an effect seen in preliminary studies. Aim 2: The effect of chronic ethanol exposure on the T-current of thalamocortical and thalamic reticular neurons will be examined using an in vitro brain slice preparation. Hypothesis: Chronic ethanol exposure will result in neuroadaptational decrease in the T-current, which may underlie the decrease in spindle activity seen in alcoholic patients. This research is an opportunity to work out the cellular mechanisms underlying reported perturbations of sleep rhythms by acute and chronic ethanol exposure in a new, yet well-characterized and accessible model system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF ETHANOL'S INFLUENCE ON SLEEP Principal Investigator & Institution: Godwin, Dwayne W.; Anatomy and Neurobiology; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Drinking alcohol makes you sleepy. For some insomniacs, this effect is the pathway to bedtime alcohol consumption and eventual abuse. Sleep disturbances are common in alcoholic patients, with a number of serious health consequences. The most prominent and best understood of brain rhythms are the spindle waves associated with Stage II sleep, and this specific form of sleep is enhanced in response to acute alcohol administration. Perhaps the most promising brain region in which to explore alcohol influences on sleep - the thalamus- has been so far ignored. The thalamus is a primary generator of sleep/wake cycles and the brain rhythms that are the hallmark of sleep staging. Slices of the ferret thalamus possess all of the necessary circuitry for the generation of spindle waves. The mechanisms underlying spindle wave generation are known to depend on specific synaptic activation patterns of GABAergic circuitry within the thalamus', with both ascending and descending control from the brainstem and cortex, respectively. GABAergic and glutamatergic systems (particularly NMDA) are known targets of ethanol, and synaptic transmission is therefore our primary target in this proposal. Ethanol has been shown to potentiate evoked GABAa IPSCs in a number of brain regions, via several known mechanisms, including enhancement of the underlying GABAa receptor-mediated channel conductance. NMDA influences are known to entrain thalamic rhythms. The following specific aims will determine the influence of ethanol on the spindle wave circuitry of the thalamus, and will examine GABAa, and NMDA mediated synaptic transmission as touchstones of these effects: Aim 1: We will examine the influence of ethanol on GABAa receptormediated IPSPs and IPSCs within the thalamus using intracellular recording techniques. We hypothesize that ethanol will potentiate the amplitude of GABAa IPSPs and IPSCs by postsynaptic mechanisms that favor the generation of spindle waves, as predicted by
14
Ethanol
our preliminary modeling data. Aim 2: We will examine the influence of ethanol on NMDA receptor- mediated EPSPs and EPSCs within the thalamus. Stimulation of the corticothalamic pathway specifically activates glutamate receptors and can synaptically synchronize spindle waves. We hypothesize that ethanol will attenuate NMDA receptor-mediated potentials, disrupting cortical control of spindle waves, consistent with our preliminary data. Aim 3: We will examine the effect of ethanol on a low threshold calcium current that is vital to spindle oscillations. Our preliminary data show an enhancement of this current during ethanol exposure, which could underlie increases in sleep spindles by ethanol. This research is an opportunity to work out the mechanisms underlying reported acute perturbations of normal sleep by ethanol in a new, yet well-characterized and accessible model system. These acute changes may set the stage for disruption of sleep due to chronic abuse, disruptions that last well beyond withdrawal. Because the targets of ethanol to be examined here are vital links to ethanol's influence in other systems, our results will extend to basic mechanisms of ethanol effects in the CNS as a whole. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHRONIC ETHANOL EFFECTS ON CNS OPIATE RECEPTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Saland, Linda C.; Professor; Neurosciences; University of New Mexico Albuquerque Controller's Office Albuquerque, Nm 87131 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chronic ethanol consumption and its continued reinforcement is an ongoing major health and societal problem. In the Central nervous system, the reinforcement of ethanol intake has been linked to enhanced release of endogenous opiates which act at opiate receptors. A non-selective opiate antagonist drug, naltrexone, is approved for humans to reduce ethanol consumption, craving and relapse. Use of the more selective delta receptor antagonist, naltriben, in animals and human trials, suggests that delta receptors are important in use and abuse of alcohol. However, mechanisms by which endogenous opiates and opiate receptors lead to continued ethanol consumption remain unclear. This proposal outlines the use of both histochemical and pharmacologic techniques to study mechanisms which may link chronic ethanol consumption to modulation of the delta opiate receptor, in a rat animal model. The major hypothesis to be tested is that immunoreactive delta opiate receptor expression in the forebrain and midbrain regions is increased during chronic ethanol intake, and the change in expression is accompanied by a reduction in functional coupling of the receptor to G proteins. Changes in delta receptor expression may affect neuronal intracellular signaling pathways in those brain areas to maintain ethanol consumption. Aim #1: To localize and quantify levels of delta opiate receptor subtype in the nucleus accumbens (NA) of the forebrain, and the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA), as well as other brain regions, in rats chronically exposed to ethanol. Confocal microscopy will be used, together with computer-assisted quantification, for immunofluorescent-labeled delta opiate receptors, with comparisons to mu receptor expression. We will compare neurons in brain areas of control and ethanol-consuming animals, and in animals which have been withdrawn from ethanol. Aim #2: To determine if chronic ethanol consumption affects functional coupling of delta receptors to second messenger systems in neurons of the NA and VTA, as well as other brain areas, with comparisons to mu receptor coupling. We will use a recently developed method with [35S]-GTPgammaS, whereby receptor-linked G-protein activation can be measured directly with autoradiographic techniques on sections of the brain areas. The direct effects of delta or mu opiate ligands can be examined to determine if they are
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15
functionally linked to G-proteins in the neurons of the selected brain areas. By using both quantitative immunohistochemical methods, and functional coupling studies, to examine the interactions of delta receptor ligands in animals after chronic ethanol consumption, it will be possible to determine receptor subtype-specific effects of chronic ethanol. It will also be possible to study the functional changes that may occur in the receptors after withdrawal from consumption. A future potential may be then to target delta receptors for treating chronic alcoholism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CONTROL OF ETHANOL INTAKE BY MGLUR5-PKCEPSILON PATHWAY Principal Investigator & Institution: Olive, M Foster.; Associate Investigator; Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center 5858 Horton St, Ste 200 Emeryville, Ca 94608 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Recent evidence suggests that the epsilon isoform of protein kinase C (PKCepsilon) plays a critical role in ethanol-seeking behavior. We recently demonstrated that mice lacking PKCepsilon and consume 50-75% less ethanol than their wildtype counterparts in two separate self-administration paradigms. We also demonstrated that PKCepsilon null mutant mice demonstrate reduced ethanol intake following deprivation (a model of relapse), reduced ethanol withdrawal severity, and a lack of ethanol-stimulated mesolimbic dopamine release. These data suggest that selective pharmacological inhibition of PKCepsilon activity may be a novel therapeutic avenue for the treatment of various aspects of alcoholism. However, given the high degree of structural homology between PKC isoforms, to date there are no specific CNSpenetrant pharmacological compounds that selectively inhibit PKC activity. An alternative approach to directly inhibiting PKCepsilon activity is to pharmacologically modulate a specific neurotransmitter receptor system that is directly coupled to PKCepsilon. Our preliminary data show that the type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR5) may be functionally linked to PKCepsilon activity. We show that the selective mGluR5 antagonist MPEP reduces ethanol self-administration and enhances ethanol-stimulated locomotor activity in a PKCepsilon-dependent manner. We also show that PKCepsilon and mGluR5 immunoreactivity are highly co-localized in brain regions known to be involved in ethanol consumption and reinforcement. Finally, MPEP reduces the rewarding effects of ethanol as measured by the conditioned place preference paradigms. Taken together, these data indicate that the mGluR5 receptor may be functionally coupled to PKCepsilon, and that selective mGluR5 antagonists may be useful in treating excessive alcohol consumption, relapse following detoxification, and withdrawal symptom severity. The following Specific Aims describe preclinical experiments designed to investigate the functional coupling between mGluR5 and PKCepsilon, and to evaluate the ability of mGluR5 antagonists to reduce ethanolstimulated mesolimbic dopamine release, relapse to drinking following deprivation, and withdrawal severity. The first specific aim will be to biochemically characterize the functional coupling between the mGluR5 receptor and PKCepsilon activity. The second specific aim will determine if mGluR5 antagonists inhibit ethanol-stimulated mesolimbic dopamine release, a phenomenon thought to contribute to the reinforcing properties of ethanol. The third specific aim will determine if mGluR5 antagonists reduce relapse to ethanol self-administration following deprivation in both wildtype and PKCepsilon null mutant mice. Finally, the fourth specific aim will determine if mGluR5 antagonism attenuates ethanol withdrawal severity in both wildtype and PKCepsilon null mutant mice. Together, these proposed preclinical studies will attempt
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Ethanol
to delineate a novel pharmacological target that may be used to treat various aspects of alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEFINING THE CIRCUITS OF ETHANOL RESPONSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Hitzemann, Robert J.; Professor; Behavioral Neuroscience; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 27-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): While there is general agreement that no rodent model approximates the uncontrolled consumption of ethanol observed clinically, at least one inbred strain of mice (the C57BL/6J [B6]) shows a high preference and relatively high daily consumption of ethanol (12-20g/kg) compared to most standard inbred mouse strains (e.g. the DBA/2J [D2]). As a first step to understanding the mechanisms associated with excessive alcohol consumption, numerous studies have focused on understanding the differences between the B6 and D2 strains and intercrosses and recombinant inbreds derived from these strains (e.g. Phillips et al. 1994). This application builds from and expands this line of research. We propose to test the hypothesis that the central extended amygdala modulates ethanol preference and consumption; it is further proposed that the dopaminergic innervation to the extended amygdala is central to this modulatory role. Our specific aims areas follows: 1) To in the B6 and D2 strains determine the effects of bilateral electrolytic lesions in the CeA and BSTL on ethanol preference and consumption. 2) To determine in the B6 and D2 strains the effects of Bilateral 6-OH DA lesions in the CeA and BSTL on ethanol preference and consumption. 3) To confirm the marked differences in the pattern of DA innervation in the CeA and BST between the B6 and D2 strains. 4) To characterize the distribution and density of dopamine receptors within the extended amygdala in the B6 and D2 strains. 5) To confirm in animals selectively bred for high and low ethanol consumption, the putative relationships between DA phenotypes (aims 2-4) and ethanol response. 6) To characterize the role of the extended amygdala and the associated DA phenotypes in new models of uncontrolled ethanol consumption developed by the INIA consortium. The experiments associated with each of these aims should provide important new information about the circuits associated with ethanol response and will contribute to the overall goal of the INIA consortium, namely to understand the neurobiology of excessive and uncontrolled ethanol consumption. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EARLY CONSEQUENCES
ETHANOL--ANALYSIS
AND
PERSISTENCE
OF
Principal Investigator & Institution: Spear, Norman E.; Distinguished Professor of Psychology; Psychology; State University New York Binghamton Vestal Pky E Binghamton, Ny 13901 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) The reality of ethanol exposure among children, from gestation through the infant, juvenile and adolescent periods, is supported by epidemiological evidence. The general purpose of this proposal is to study experimentally the nature and basis of early experiences with ethanol that potentiate responsiveness to ethanol later in life. The further purpose is to assess factors that may determine the persistence of these effects and lead, potentially, to increasing susceptibility to ethanol abuse in adolescence and adulthood. Three circumstances of
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early ethanol exposure will be studied, stated here in the form of three specific aims: (1) to determine the nature and short-term effects of perinatal learning involving ethanol's attributes, and persistence of the consequences of this learning. (2) To understand the nature and limits of short-term effects of a representative amount of ethanol during nursing, and the subsequent persistence of these effects. (3) To understand the nature and short-term effects of early ethanol ingestion (free or forced) as well as mere olfactory exposure to ethanol, and the persistence of these effects. Three sets of consequences of these effects will be assessed with established, largely behavioral tests. The first is alteration in efficacy in detection and perception of ethanol's orosensory attributes, assessed by cardiac orienting and basic behaviors indicating acceptance or rejection of ethanol. The second set assesses altered postingestive and pharmacological consequences of ethanol as well as acceptance of ethanol, in terms of ethanol-induced activation, tolerance to ethanol, and ethanol intake. The third set will determine changes in the reinforcing consequences of ethanol, in terms of conditioned place preference and operant responding for ethanol. The theoretical orientation is based on a model or metaphor of learning and memory, tested directly as part of Study 1, but the value of these studies is independent of the viability of this model. Persistence of the consequences of early ethanol exposure is studied with techniques based on those used previously to promote persistence of the consequences of another form of neuroplasticity, acquired memory. Preliminary studies indicate that persistence of the effects of early ethanol exposure may be promoted by similar principles, as a consequence of re-exposure to ethanol later in life. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON SHIV NEUROINVASION Principal Investigator & Institution: Stephens, Edward Brice.; Associate Professor; Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology; University of Kansas Medical Center Msn 1039 Kansas City, Ks 66160 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Approximately 20% of humans infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) develop a neurological disease known as HIVassociated cognitive/motor complex or AIDS dementia complex. It is known that chronic use of ethanol can lead to an immunocompromised state that results in increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral pathogens. A significant number of HIV-1 positive individuals drink moderate to excessive amounts of alcohol. Detailed studies directly assessing the role of alcohol on HIV-1 neuroinvasion and neuropathogenesis have not been performed in a relevant animal model system. The investigator's laboratory has derived a variant of simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV500LNV) that following inoculation into pig-tailed macaques, results in high virus burdens, depletion of the CD4+ subset of T cells, and a neuropathology (perivascular cuffing, microglial nodules) in 50% of the macaques that is similar to that seen in HIV-1 infected humans. In the proposed studies, the investigators propose to use the neuropathogenic SHIV/macaque model to determine if alcohol can directly affect the early events of neuroinvasion as well as the incidence of SHIV-induce encephalitis. Sixteen macaques will be placed on a self-administered ethanol diet to model moderate drinking and sixteen macaques on lacking ethanol for 9 months. At this point, sixteen macaques (eight on the ethanol diet and eight on the ethanol free diet) will be inoculated with SHIV500LNV, maintained on their ethanol diet and sacrificed at 2 weeks to determine if self-administered ethanol will result in increased neuroinvasion during the primary phase of infection, which is a period of unrestricted virus replication
18
Ethanol
and when the host has not yet developed an effective immune response against the virus. In the second group of sixteen macaques (again eight on the ethanol diet and eight on the ethanol-free diet), the virus will be inoculated and macaques followed until moribund to determine if an ethanol diet will result in an increased incidence of neurological disease. The results of these studies should provide direct evidence on the effect of ethanol on primate lentivirus neuroinvasion and neuropathogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECT OF ETHANOL CONSUMPTION ON VACCINE RESPONSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Shanley, John D.; Professor; Medicine; University of Connecticut Sch of Med/Dnt Bb20, Mc 2806 Farmington, Ct 060302806 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Alcohol abuse is a major health problem in the US. This is especially true among certain populations, such as those affected by MV infection. Previous studies demonstrated that ethanol use among HIV infected homosexual and bisexual men is significantly more common than those not infected. As the HIV epidemic in this country evolves, HIV is increasingly affecting populations who abuse a number of substances, including alcohol. Ethanol consumption is known to alter host immunity and suppress host defenses to a number of infectious agents. Many of these infectious diseases are amenable to prevention through vaccination. Surprisingly, the impact of acute and chronic ethanol consumption on the ability of vaccines to alter host immunity has not been systematically studied. Infections due to cytomegalovirus (CMV) are common worldwide. CMV is also a serious cause of human disease in congenital infection and in infection of individuals with abnormal immunity. For example, CNW is a common and serious cause of disease in individuals with HIV infection. Because of its ability to cause disease in these situations, there is currently intense interest in the ability of vaccines to prevent or modify the course of CMV infection. We have developed a murine model of vaccination to modify immunity to CNW infection. We will utilize this model to determine if acute or chronic ethanol consumption alters either the course of CMV infection or the host response to vaccination. The broad objective of this proposal is to test the hypothesis that ethanol consumption will alter the host response to vaccination. With this in mind, the specific aims of the proposal are the following: Specific Aim 1: To determine whether acute or chronic ethanol consumption alters the course of acute CMV infection. Specific Aim 2: To determine if acute or chronic ethanol consumption alters the ability vaccination to alter the host response for MCNW. The proposed experiments are designed to explore the effects of ethanol consumption on acute viral infection and response to vaccination in a highly defined and reproducible system. These studies will set the stage for a systematic analysis of the mechanisms by which ethanol alters the host responses to viral infection and viral vaccine administration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EFFECT OF ETHANOL ON THE MURINE B CELL COMPARTMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Waldschmidt, Thomas J.; Pathology; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Long-term alcohol consumption progressively leads to multiple immune defects. Chronic alcoholics display lesions in both innate and adaptive immunity, and experience increased rates of bacterial and viral infection. Of
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particular interest, extended alcohol intake leads to abnormalities within the B cell compartment. In many alcohol abusers, total circulating B cells are depressed and Ab titers in response to vaccination are poor. In addition to humeral deficiency, regulation of B cell activity is disrupted leading to increased levels of serum Ig and the presence of autoantibodies. Taken together, it is clear that alcohol leads to impaired B cell function, and in turn, life-threatening infections. In order to understand better the extent of B cell dysfunction, and the means by which ethanol effects these changes, it is essential to utilize experimental models. A large number of studies have employed rodent models where ethanol is administered in liquid diets over short periods. Although a range of immune defects have been documented with this approach, these findings are best applied to abnormalities that appear after binge drinking in humans given the short duration of consumption and induction of the stress response. In order to better mimic the condition of chronic alcoholism, we have established a long-term murine model where ethanol is provided in drinking water. Using this system, we have found that months of ethanol intake result in loss of mature splenic B cells and diminished T celldependent (TD) antibody (Ab) responses. We have further discovered abnormalities in B cell maturation and lymphoid structure. Importantly, these defects develop without evidence of systemic stress. Using this model, proposed experiments will fully document the effects of ethanol on the B cell compartment, and the underlying mechanisms leading to humeral dysfunction. Studies in Aim 1 will test a number of hypotheses to explain the attrition of B cells after long-term ethanol intake, including defects in maturation, half-life, and production of supportive chemokines and cytokines. Aim 2 will ask whether ethanol induces cell autonomous lesions in B cells leading to abnormal activation and differentiation. Experiments in Aims 3 and 4 will assess the capacity of ethanol-consuming mice to produce Abs after immunization with T cell independent and TD antigens, respectively. Importantly, Aim 4 will thoroughly examine the effects of ethanol on T cell-driven B cell differentiation including affinity maturation, somatic mutation, generation of memory cells, and formation of long-lived plasma cells. Collectively, these studies will expand our understanding of humeral defects common to chronic alcoholics, and offer novel insights with which to fashion better therapies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON MESOACCUMBAL DOPAMINE LEVELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kirstein, Cheryl L.; Director, Cognitive and Neurosciences; Psychology; University of South Florida 4202 E Fowler Ave Tampa, Fl 33620 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: The role of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway (specifically the nucleus accumbens septi, NAcc) in reward has been well-documented in ,adult animals. Dnigs of abuse, such as alcohol increase dopamine (DA) levels in the NAcc of adult rats. Similarly, in many studies drug ,expectancy has been shown to increase DA in the adult NAcc. As a result, several studies have implicated this pathway as a potential neural substrate for drug abuse. In humans, drug abuse patterns are often established in adolescence, not adulthood; this is especially true of alcohol. A limited number of studies have examined changes in the NAcc in response to alcohol during development. The establishment of an animal model to study this reward system during early development and adolescence is critical. The data show that drug use begins around adolescence and continues into adulthood. Moreover, development of the brain is still ongoing during this period and this may be critical in elucidating the development of
20
Ethanol
addiction. To this end, we modified and adapted the in vivo micro dialysis procedure to enable us to effectively and reliably recover DA from the NAcc of young rat pups. The dialysis procedure allows measurement of the neurochemical changes resulting from drug administration. The present studies propose to use in vivo micro dialysis to examine: 1. the effects of ethanol on the NAcc in preadolescent rats (postnatal day 25; PND 25) and 2. the function of the mesolimbic pathway in periadolescent (PND 35, 45) and adult animals (PND 60) after repeated ethanol exposure (n=bidaily injections for 4 days at each age) during these different periods of development. The principal goals of these proposed studies are: first, to isolate the dose-response effects of ethanol exposure on the mesolimbic DA pathway in male and female preadolescent rats to determine appropriate low and high doses for use in the repeated administration experiments; second, to examine the acute vs. repeated effects of ethanol on the mesolimbic DA pathway in preadolescent, periadolescent and adult animals; third to see how these processes are altered in periadolescent and adult animals following repeated administration of ethanol during adolescence and adulthood; and fourth to determine the effects of ethanol expectancy on the function of the mesolimbic DA system in preadolescent, pefiadolescent and adult animals. We will examine how this system responds to ethanol administration, how these responses differ between preadolescent, periadolescent and adult animals, and whether drug expectancy following repeated administration is sufficient to elicit the same neurochemical responses (ie., whether there are "expectancy-induced" increases in accumbal DA in response to saline alone after repeated ethanol). These studies will provide insight as to alterations in mesolimbic DA function following repeated exposure during a time when the brain reward system is developing. We have previously reported ethanol-induced increases in DA efflux in the NAcc of preadolescent rats. The proposed studies will allow us to examine the underlying mechanism of ethanol's effects in young animals which is critical in order to understand how these processes control the initiation of drug use. Moreover, we will be able to compare these responses across ages which is critical to understand the mechanisms which may underlie the continued maintenance of ethanol abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PLASTICITY
EFFECTS
OF
ETHANOL
ON
HIPPOCAMPAL
SYNAPTIC
Principal Investigator & Institution: Zorumski, Charles F.; Samuel B. Guze Professor and Chair; Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: Ethanol exposure during neurodevelopment can have long- term adverse effects on brain function, resulting in defects in memory and a high risk for major psychiatric disorders. The mechanisms underlying the changes in neuropsychiatric function are poorly understood but thought to result from effects on synaptic transmission. Recently, Olney and colleagues provided important information about the effects of ethanol on the developing central nervous system (CNS). These investigators found that treatment of early postnatal rats with intoxicating doses of ethanol over a single four hour period results in massive apoptotic neurodegeneration in many regions of the CNS, including the hippocampus. Because the hippocampus plays a key role in memory processing, it is likely that early damage to this structure influences longerterm memory function. In this proposal, we will examine the consequences of early postnatal ethanol exposure on synaptic function and plasticity using in vitro hippocampal slices prepared from adolescent and young adult rats exposed to ethanol at ages associated with augmented hippocampal apoptosis. The specific aims of this
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21
project are: 1. To determine the effects of early postnatal ethanol exposure on basal synaptic transmission, synaptic responses mediated by N- methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDARs) and the threshold for induction of NMDAR-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term synaptic depression (LTD) in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices. For these studies we will use slices prepared from postnatal day 35 (P35) and P180 rats. 2. To determine how changes in hippocampal morphology and plasticity translate into changes in hippocampal-dependent forms of learning and memory in adolescent (P35) and adult (P180) rats exposed to ethanol early in postnatal development. These studies will build on preliminary data indicating that early ethanol exposure results in significant changes in the ability to induce homosynaptic LTD in the CA1 hippocampal region. It is hoped that better understanding of how early postnatal ethanol exposure alters hippocampal function will lead to more effective treatments for individuals with disorders resulting from fetal alcohol exposure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF ETHANOL ON INSULIN SIGNALING IN THE BRAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: De La Monte, Suzanne M.; Associate Professor of Pathology/Med; Rhode Island Hospital (Providence, Ri) Providence, Ri 02903 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chronic gestational exposure to ethanol is teratogenic and causes major structural abnormalities in the central nervous system (CNS) including microcephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia. Insulin mediates CNS growth, development, and function, and ethanol has profound inhibitory effects on insulin signaling in neuronal cells. Using in vitro exposure models, we detected ethanol inhibition of insulin signaling, beginning at the level of its receptor and extending downstream through pathways that regulate neuronal survival. Importantly, ethanol inhibition of insulin-stimulated tyrosyl phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1) and downstream activation of PI3 kinase have been linked neuronal cell death mediated by impaired survival mechanisms, increased apoptosis, and mitochondrial (Mt) dysfunction. Recent preliminary experiments showed that cerebellar hypoplasia caused by chronic gestational exposure to ethanol is associated with similar types but probably greater degrees of impaired insulin signaling, and that neuronal loss is mediated by both apoptosis and Mt dysfunction. In addition, we obtained evidence that ethanol impairs signaling through both IRS1-dependent and IRS1-independent pathways in the developing brain. Since gestational exposure to ethanol does not inhibit insulin receptor protein expression, we hypothesize that the impaired insulin signaling is mediated by abnormalities in receptor function related to binding affinity, phosphorylation, or tyrosine kinase activation. Further studies are required to understand the mechanisms by which ethanol exerts its adverse effects on insulinstimulated viability and Mt function during development, and determine the degree to which similar abnormalities occur with different levels of ethanol exposure. In this application, we propose to: 1) examine the degrees to which low, moderate, or high levels of chronic gestational ethanol exposure impair insulin stimulated neuronal viability and Mt function; 2) determine the mechanisms by which ethanol causes Mt dysfunction or apoptosis; 3) characterize the insulin signaling pathways that are inhibited by chronic gestational exposure to ethanol; and 4) validate the roles of specific impairments as mediators of neuronal Mt dysfunction. The studies will utilize insulinstimulated post-mitotic primary cerebellar granule neuron cultures generated from ethanol-exposed and control rat pups since the cerebellum is a major target of ethanol
22
Ethanol
neurotoxicity and cerebellar granule neurons are both responsive to insulin and functionally impaired by ethanol. These investigations could lead to new approaches for rescuing neuronal cells from the adverse effects of chronic gestational exposure to ethanol. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF ETHANOL ON PHOSPHOLIPASE D MEDIATED SIGNALING Principal Investigator & Institution: Horwitz, Joel; Pharmacology and Physiology; Mcp Hahnemann University Broad & Vine Sts Philadelphia, Pa 19102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: Chronic ethanol consumption has profound effects on signal transduction. Our long-term objectives are to understand the effects of chronic ethanol exposure on signal transduction in neuronal systems in order to elucidate the mechanisms of ethanol toxicity and potential therapies for alcoholism. Recent data, using PC12 cells as a model, suggests that long-term ethanol has effects on specific signal transduction systems. In cells exposed to ethanol chronically, stimulation of phospholipase D by bradykinin (BK) and other agents is greatly attenuated, whereas activation of phospholipase C by BK is not altered. Thus, these two pathways adapt differently to the presence of ethanol. The attenuation of activation of phospholipase D represents a new and potentially important effect of long-term ethanol exposure, since this pathway leads to the production of second messengers such as phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol. The above data suggest that there are differences in the way BK activates these two phospholipases. Phosphorylation is a critical event in the activation of phospholipase D, while phospholipase C appears to be regulated by GTP binding proteins. Preliminary data demonstrate that all the agents that activate phospholipase D, also cause phosphorylation of the enzyme on serine residues. Inhibition of serine phosphatase enhances BK stimulated phospholipase D. Long-term ethanol and higher concentrations of okadaic acid enhance phosphorylation of phospholipase D and attenuate activitation. Thus. phosphorylation of some serine residues facilitates activation while phosphorylation of additional residues leads to inhibition. We propose to characterize the role of serine phosphorylation in the regulation of phospholipase D and thereby learn the role of long- term ethanol exposure in the attenuation of activation. Aim 1) Characterize the role of phosphorylation in the activation/inhibition of phospholipase D. Aim 2) Characterize the sites of phosphorylation on phospholipase D induced by agonists and long-term ethanol. For aims 1 and 2 and we will use cells transfected with phospholipase D2 containing an influenza HA tag. Phospholipase D will be immunoprecipitated with anti-HA antibody. Aim 3) Characterize the role of an ethanol induced activation of protein kinase C in the down regulation of phospholipase D. We will use cell lines transfected with protein kinase C-epsilon, the enzyme that is up regulated during chronic ethanol exposure. All the techniques to perform this work are available in my laboratory. Preliminary data support the hypothesis. Furthermore, this is a very focused set of experiments that should yield reliable data. The results will have important ramifications in understanding the effects of chronic ethanol on specific signal transduction pathways and the regulation of this important enzyme, phospholipase D. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies
•
Project Title: RECEPTORS
EFFECTS/ETHANOL/SPECIFIC
SITES/AMPA
23
GLUTAMATE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Akinshola, Babatunde E.; Pharmacology; Howard University 2400 6Th St Nw Washington, Dc 20059 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this project is to determine the molecular site of ethanol action on AMPA (a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) glutamate receptor. AMPA receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel that mediates the majority of fast excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) and plays a central role in synaptic plasticity and stabilization, learning and memory. Ethanol is the most widely abused drug in the world, but the CNS mechanisms responsible for the behavioral effects of alcohol such as intoxication, amnesia and physical dependence is unknown. It is however known that ethanol has a depressant effect on mammalian brain, receptors, including ionotropic glutamate receptors of which AMPA receptor belong. Although AMPA receptor currents are inhibited by ethanol, the mechanism of ethanol inhibition and the site of ethanol interaction on the receptor are unknown. The major goal of this proposal is to investigate the site of ethanol interactions on AMPA receptor subunits and use Ns knowledge to postulate a mechanism for ethanol effect on AMPA receptors in the brain. We propose to study target sites for ethanol on AMPA receptors by these Specific Aims. Specific Aim 1. To use truncated carboxyl (C) terminal domain receptor subunit mutants to study receptor sensitivity to ethanol and determine whether the intracellular Cterminal domain is the target site for ethanol inhibition of AMPA receptor. Specific Aim 2. To use truncated alternative splice variable region of AMPA receptor subunits to study receptor sensitivity to ethanol and determine whether the amino acids constituting the extracellular "flip/flop" region is the target site for ethanol inhibition of receptor function. The results of these studies will answer some questions on the contribution of the intracellular and extracellular domains of the AMPA receptor to the inhibitory effects of ethanol. This grant will contribute significantly to the career establishment and development of the investigator by providing the time, salary support and supplies needed for education and training in alcohol research in a minority institution. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY COCAETHYLENE
OF
COCAINE,
ETHANOL,
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Bunney, E B.; Medicine; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-APR-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) The incidence of the combined use of cocaine and ethanol has been increasing for several years. In emergency departments around the country, increasing time and millions of dollars is spent on the treatment of acute intoxication traumatic injuries caused by impaired judgement, and chronic medical problems caused by use of these substances. The development of neuropharmacological agents that will reduce craving and lead to abstinence, is the ultimate goal. This is a proposal for the M.R.S.D.A.(KO1) which would develop the applicant's skill in studying the effects of substances of abuse on the brain, specifically dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which are important for drug-induced reward. Didactic instruction (graduate level courses), supervised literature review, and mentored
24
Ethanol
research experience will provide the groundwork for the long-term goal of studying the interaction of substance abuse in the brain. In the research project, the applicant will master various electrophysiological techniques to evaluate the actions of ethanol in combination with cocaine or cocaethylene, on VTA neurons. The applicant, an emergency physician, has experience in treating the sequelae of substance abuse. To develop as a independent scientist, he will combine this clinical experience with studies of the neuroelectrophysiological mechanisms underlying substance abuse. These studies will build upon observations made in his mentor's laboratory, that serotonin enhances the action of dopamine and ethanol on dopaminergic VTA neurons, which mediate drug-induced reward. Since cocaine blocks reuptake of serotonin as well as dopamine, the combination of cocaine and ethanol may act in a superadditive manner in the VTA to enhance reward. Changes in the firing rate of VTA neurons will be measured with extracellular recording in brain slices, in response to a) the combination of ethanol and cocaine, or ethanol and cocaethylene, b) the combination of cocaine and ethanol, or ethanol and cocaethylene, in the presence of the dopamine D2 antagonist sulpiride, the serotonin 5-HT2 antagonist ketanserin, the GABAB antagonist saclofen and the serotonin 5-HT1B antagonist cyanopindolol. Changes in the spike afterhyperpolarization will be measured with intracellular recording in response to a) ethanol and cocaine, or ethanol and cocaethylene and b) these combinations in the presence of the serotonin 5-HT2 antagonist ketanserin. This KO1 award would free the applicant from clinical responsibility and permit sufficient time for his development as a basic research scientist/clinician. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ETHANOL AMYGDALA
& ANXIETY:FEARFUL ADAPTATIONS IN
THE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Mccool, Brian A.; Medical Pharmacology & Toxicology; Texas A&M University Health Science Ctr College Station, Tx 778433578 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: APPLICANT'S ABSTRACT: Ethanol's modulation of anxiety is a significant contributing factor to the abuse of this drug. For example, the punishment of withdrawal following chronic ethanol ingestion may help perpetuate abuse by the alcoholic individual. This intimate association between ethanol and anxiety is found in several species; and, the neural circuitry regulating fear and anxiety behaviors is also well conserved. Classic fear-conditional approaches have implicated the amygdala, a limbic forebrain area, as playing a pivotal role in the acquisition and expression of fear/anxiety behaviors. The amygdala is therefore a likely target for anxiety-related neuro-adaptive processes elicited by chronic ethanol abuse. Importantly, preliminary data suggests that chronic ethanol exposure causes facilitation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function in dissociated amygdala neurons. Because amygdala NMDA receptors play an important role in fear-conditioned learning, we hypothesize that ethanol-induced adaptation in NMDA receptor function may result in an ethanoldependent, 'chemical' conditioning of this brain region. This hypothesis will be tested by two specific aims. Specific Aim #1 will characterize the effects of chronic ethanol exposure on NMDA receptors in dissociated amygdala neurons using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology combined with single-cell reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction. These studies will provide cellular and molecular insight into the mechanism of chronic ethanol-induced alterations in NMDA receptor physiology. Specific Aim #2 will determine the neurophysiologic consequences of increased NMDAdependent synaptic plasticity within the amygdala to directly address chemical
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25
conditioning by chronic ethanol. This proposal provides a unique opportunity to examine the influences of chronic ethanol exposure on the molecular, cellular, and physiologic characteristics within the amygdala's fear/anxiety circuit. The proposed studies will also advance our knowledge of the fundamental neural mechanisms regulating ethanol abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ETHANOL ACTION THROUGH THE BK POTASSIUM CHANNEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Pierce-Shimomura, Jonathan T.; Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center 5858 Horton St, Ste 200 Emeryville, Ca 94608 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: The long-term goal of these studies is to molecularly characterize the action of important in vivo targets of ethanol in the nervous system that contribute to intoxication and addiction. Forward genetic screens in C. elegans have identified several key in vivo targets of ethanol that are required for intoxication. Most strikingly, the majority of the intoxicating effects of acute ethanol application in C. e/egans appear to be mediated via the ortholog of the human large-conductance potassium (BK) channel called SLO-1. Electrophysiological analyses found that ethanol potentiates the activity of the BK channel in vivo. The ethanol-induced increase in potassium efflux through the BK channel would cause a decrease in neuronal excitability, which may explain much of the depressive effects of ethanol on behavior. By combining the powerful genetic and molecular techniques of C. e/egans together with patch-clamp recording, the precise mechanism for how ethanol produces intoxication via the BK channel in vivo will be examined. This work will attempt to elucidate the site of ethanol action on the BK channel through site-directed and random mutagenesis of the channel. Studying mutants that are abnormally sensitive to ethanol may also identify proteins that interact with the BK-channel pathway to produce intoxication. Determination of the fundamental molecular mechanisms of ethanol action through the BK channel may provide a basis for a directed approach to design therapeutics to treat the detrimental effects of alcohol. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ETHANOL AND CARDIOPROTECTION FROM ISCHEMIA--NMR STUDIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Pike, Martin M.; Associate Professor; Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Recent studies have indicated that moderate ethanol consumption induces a chronic state of cardio-protection which results in reduced ischemia/reperfusion injury. The mechanisms for this protection are largely unknown but may overlap with those induced by ischemic preconditioning. The understanding of the mechanisms by which ethanol induces a stable state of cardioprotection are of great interest in regards to the eventual implementation of such protection in the clinical arena. The final effector mechanisms for the cardioprotection induced by either ischemic preconditioning or ethanol consumption are poorly understood. Little data is available in the ethanol protected heart, which address metabolic variables involved with ischemic injury, and how they may be altered. Guinea pigs will be given 10 percent ethanol for a period of 6 weeks, and compared to age matched controls. Hearts will be isolated and Langendorff perfused; function will be measured by left ventricular balloon. Specific Aim I is to
26
Ethanol
investigate the cationic and energetic effects of regular ethanol consumption during subsequent myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, in order to evaluate the involvement of such effects in the concomitant improvement of postischemic function in the ethanol protected heart. Intracellular Na+, pH and high energy phosphates will be assessed during ischemia/reperfusion in the perfused guinea pig heart using interleaved 23Na+ and 31P NMR spectroscopy. 19F NMR spectroscopy and atomic absorption techniques will be used to measure changes in cytosolic free Ca2+ and tissue Ca2+, respectively. Lactate dehydrogenase release will be measured. These experiments will test the hypothesis that the functional improvement (and decreased cell death) observed with regular moderate alcohol consumption is associated with an altered pattern of energetic depletion and cation overload during ischemia and/or reperfusion In addition, the project will investigate the role of the ATP dependent K+ (KATP) channel in ethanolinduced cardioprotection. This KATP channel which is normally only activated under ischemic conditions, has been shown to play a clinical role in cardioprotection arising from ischemic preconditioning. It's role in ethanol induced preconditioning is unknown. Specific Aim 2 is to test the hypothesis that KATP channel activation is required for the improvement of postischemic function in ethanol protected myocardium, as well as the associated alterations in the cationic and energetic state during ischemia and/or reperfusion. This will be accomplished by administration of a specific KATP channel inhibitor, 5-hydroxydecanoate. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ETHANOL AND HIPPOCAMPAL FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Stackman, Robert W.; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-DEC-1995; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: Acute ethanol exposure impairs learning and memory in humans and laboratory animals. Ethanol-induced deficits in spatial memory are believed to involved a suppression of hippocampal neuroplasticity. This pilot project examines spatial memory, spatial firing patterns of hippocampal neurons, and their sensitivity to acute ethanol, across inbred strains of mice. Two types of hippocampal neurons exhibit firing rates that are influenced by spatial information, location (place cells) and direction (head direction (HD) cells). The place and HD cell signals are thought to support spatial memory. Specific Aim 1 examines hippocampal-dependent spatial memory and its sensitivity to ethanol in five inbred strains of mice. Specific examine hippocampaldependent spatial memory and its sensitivity to ethanol in five inbred strains of mice. Specific Aim 2 examines the spatial firing properties of place and HD cells and the influence of ethanol in the same inbred mouse strains. Amnestic doses of ethanol (from Aim 1) are predicted to influence spatial firing of place and HD cells. This research examines hippocampal functional cross inbred strains of mice and examines whether sensitivity to the behavioral effects of ethanol includes ethanol-induced amnesia. The goal of this project is to generate preliminary data for an R01 application to support research on the cognitive and neurophysiological effects of acute ethanol in inbred mouse strains. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ETHANOL AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF THE MESOLIMBIC SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Woodward, Donald J.; Professor; Physiology and Pharmacology; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157
Studies
27
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The mesolimbic regions including the medial and lateral prefrontal cortices, the nucleus accumbens, and ventral tegmental area (VTA) are thought to mediate the neural signals that regulate reward-seeking behaviors. This research program will study the neurophysiology of the influence of ethanol on the reward and learning functions of the mesolimbic system. Advanced methods for simultaneous recording of spike train activity of large scale populations of neurons in different mesolimbic regions over many sessions across days will be applied to obtain information on the circuit functions related to actions of ethanol over different time scales. An initial aim is to determine the progress of changes in the mesolimbic system in rats at all stages of acquisition of self-administration of ethanol by a procedure of fading from a high percent sucrose to a high percent ethanol concentration. Normal Long Evans rats will be compared with the inbred P (ethanol-preferring) rats to be obtained from the Center for Ethanol Research at U. Indiana. A second aim will characterize change in responses as tone cues are conditioned to provide information about the reward to be obtained at a spout. A third aim will study neuronal activity in mesolimbic regions on the pattern of operant responses progressive ratio nose poke responding for ethanol in the P rats that exhibit persistent responding during extinction, and enhanced responding during the Alcohol Deprivation Effect. We hypothesize that the nucleus accumbens will reveal the most heterogeneous responses characteristic of central integration; orbital frontal cortex will mediate taste and reward valuation t mediate future behavioral choice selection, medial prefrontal cortex will exhibit neural coding of response selection and that VTA dopamine neurons will track information of cues predictive of future reward. A unifying concept is that ethanol will exert widespread influences by induction of an inflexibility of control over conditioned cue responding for reward seeking behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ETHANOL AND PREFRONTAL CORRELATES OF ATTENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Givens, Bennet S.; Associate Professor; Psychology; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) The proposed project explores the hypothesis that ethanol impairs sustained visual attention by disrupting synaptic processing in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). A series of experiments will systematically characterize the behavioral and neurophysiological components of the ethanol-induced attentional deficit, and then determine the extent to which the disruption of mPFC is due to an interaction of ethanol with cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain. The experiments will apply multiple single unit recording techniques to rats performing an operant procedure that closely models neuropsychological tests used in humans. The simultaneous assessment of mPFC neuronal activity and higher cognitive processes represents a new approach to understanding cognitive dysfunction associated with ethanol use. We have established that ethanol impairs sustained attention and that mPFC neural activity correlates with performance of a sustained attention task in rats. Preliminary data indicate that ethanol produces selective alterations in the neural correlates of performance in the sustained attention task. These studies will first establish the effects of low doses of ethanol on both attentional performance and single unit activity, then systematically investigate the role of basal forebrain cholinergic inputs to mPFC in these effects. With the advent of new neuroscientific techniques for monitoring brain activity, and more valid animal
28
Ethanol
testing procedures, there are new opportunities for studying the brain mechanisms of ethanol intoxication. There is an urgent need for studies that relate the function of critical brain circuits to ongoing behavioral performance during the decline in cognition that follows acute exposure to ethanol. By revealing the precise neural mechanisms that underlie ethanol-induced attentional dysfunction, this research may ultimately provide clues that aid in the development of new strategies, treatments and interventions for alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ETHANOL AND SOCIAL INTERACTIONS IN ADOLESCENT RATS Principal Investigator & Institution: Varlinskaya, Elena I.; Psychology; State University New York Binghamton Vestal Pky E Binghamton, Ny 13901 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): First experiences with alcohol in humans occur predominantly in adolescence, and drinking in a context of social interactions appears to be a virtually universal situation. Attractiveness of ethanol at this age is predominantly based on its properties to produce social facilitation and alleviate anxiety, since a high significance of social interactions, high social motivation and high frequency of anxiogenic situations characterize adolescence as a developmental period. Age-specific neural alterations also make adolescents notably hyposensitive to a number of the effects of ethanol. Therefore, the high risk of extensive alcohol use in adolescence is determined by a unique combination of social, motivational, environmental and neurobehavioral factors. Given that certain behavioral features, including age-related increase in social behavior, are common among adolescents of different mammalian species, peer-directed social activity of adolescent rats appears to have promise as an experimental model for the study of adolescent responsiveness to ethanol. The present proposal is to investigate how social and environmental factors contribute to responsiveness to ethanol in adolescence. Specifically, the proposed experiments will explore acute effects of ethanol on different forms of social behavior and social motivation in familiar and unfamiliar (anxiogenic) environments. Testing in a familiar environment will assess age-related differences in sensitivity of social behavior to activating and suppressing effects of ethanol, whereas testing in an unfamiliar environment will provide information about age-related differences in sensitivity to the anxiolytic effects of ethanol. Given that responsiveness to ethanol can be modified dramatically by repeated administrations, and that the emergence of these adaptations may also vary with age, the proposed experiments will investigate age-related peculiarities in the development of chronic tolerance to inhibitory effects of ethanol on social behavior as well as to its anxiolytic effects. Comparison of ethanol effects in weanling, adolescent and adult rats will allow us to outline peculiarities of adolescent responding to ethanol that may be unique to adolescence as a developmental period. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ETHANOL MEMBRANES
AND
THE
STRUCTURE/FUNCTION
OF
CELL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Janes, Nathan J.; Pathology, Anat/Cell Biology; Thomas Jefferson University Office of Research Administration Philadelphia, Pa 191075587 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004
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Summary: This proposal is a request for a Research Career Award (K02) which would provide the applicant the means to further his career development by dedicating himself to research on the biochemical effects of alcohol at the level of the cellular membrane. In particular, the applicant plans to examine the effects of ethanol on cellular signaling and the effects of ethanol on membrane structure. Acute and chronic ethanol exposure is known to interfere with polyphosphoinositide signal transduction. Acute ethanol exposure disorders membranes, whereas chronic ethanol exposure promotes an adaptive homeostatic response to the acute disordering effects. In microsomes, the adaptive response is accentuated in the phosphatidylinositol (PI) fraction of phospholipids. Linking these two ethanol sensitive processes is phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITP). PITP is an obligatory requirement for polyphosphoinositide signaling and for a variety of vesicular trafficking events. It transports PI from the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi to the plasma membrane. We have found that the activity of phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITP) is enhanced by the presence of clinical concentrations of ethanol or chloroform. We found that PITP activity is exquisitely sensitive to membrane structure (curvature) in ethanol's absence-PITP's sensitivity to membrane order was previously established. This proposal is aimed to elucidate the role of ethanol, PITP, and membrane structure in signal transduction processes. The effects of acute and chronic ethanol exposure upon phospholipid (phosphatidylinositol) mediated by the phosphatidylinositol transfer protein will be investigated. Interference with the binding, transfer and incorporation of newly synthesized phosphatidylinositol into inositol lipid signaling pathways in the plasma membrane by acute or chronic ethanol exposure is likely to alter phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate dependent processes. The relationship between domain formation and the effects of ethanol on phosphatidylinositol transfer activity will be investigated. The acute and chronic effects of ethanol on the intrinsic membrane curvature, the ability of the membrane to bind alcohols, and the disordering efficacy will be contrasted within the context of signal transduction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ETHANOL METABOLISM
CONSUMPTION
AND
LIVER
AND
BRAIN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Cunningham, Carol C.; Professor; Biochemistry; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: The basis for ethanol-related alterations in the organism is intimately linked to the metabolism of ethanol and the changes ethanol elicits in normal metabolic pathways. While this principle is applicable in all organs affected by ethanol, the response in different tissues can vary widely. Thus, a study of the metabolism associated with ethanol can be focused on different responses in different organs. The studies encompassed in this application for a Senior Scientist award are directed toward the effects of ethanol on metabolic systems in liver and brain. With regard to the liver studies, the major goal is to relate alterations in metabolism to development of alcoholic liver disease. Included are studies of the effects of ethanol on 1) the integrity of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system and 2) the synthesis of ATP via the glycolytic pathway. Experiments are included to examine how ethanol-elicited alterations in the above mechanisms affect the structural and functional integrity of the hepatocyte. The interplay between oxidative stress and cellular energy state in the ethanol- related loss of hepatocyte viability will also be evaluated. The metabolic studies in the brain, which are a new area for me, are focused on establishing alterations in
30
Ethanol
glucose and neurotransmitter metabolism that accompany the behavioral changes occurring when an individual self-administers ethanol. The synthetic pathways for the amino acid and biogenic amine neurotransmitters will be investigated in a rodent selfadministration model. The purpose for the Senior Scientist application is to obtain enough research time to allow me to add the neurotransmitter metabolism study while I maintain current effort on my liver-ethanol program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ETHANOL INTERNEURONS
DRIVEN
NEUROADAPTATION/CHOLINERGIC
Principal Investigator & Institution: Alcantara, Adriana A.; Psychology; University of Texas Austin 101 E. 27Th/Po Box 7726 Austin, Tx 78712 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 27-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: The shell nucleus accumbens (Nacc) comprises a critical component of the extended amygdala that receives a dopaminergic (DA) projection from the ventral tegmental area a glutamatergic (GLU) projection from the basolateral amygdala. Historically, the GABAergic projection neurons of the Nacc have been the focus of efforts to understand the alterations in neurochemical and synaptic structure and function that may underlie drug dependence and reinforcement phenomena. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent the cholinergic interneurons of the nucleus accumbens (CHI-NAccs) have experienced a relative dearth of analysis in drug abuse. This lack of analysis of these cells is especially disconcerting since it is apparent that these neurons are (1) critical neuronal integrators and modulators (2) possess key receptors and receptor-activated intracellular pathways important for plasticity and drug abuse, (3) express LTP and learning (4) exert powerful influences onto output projection neurons and (5) are compromised in clinical disorders such as schizophrenia, which can be induced by drug abuse. This accumulating evidence has led the P1 to hypothesize that these CHI-NAss may play a critical role in excessive ethanol consumption since these neurons share similar cellular, molecular and behavioral mechanisms with those involved in addiction for preliminary data examining the expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) in cholinergic interneurons following the self-administration of cocaine in rats). This project will test the hypothesis that ethanol induced neuroadaptation (i.e. changes in IEGs and receptors) and synaptic rewiring occurs on CHI-NAccs via "Hebbian- like" associative convergence of the activity of VTA and amygdaloid afferents. The following 4 specific aims are designed as a comprehensive test of this hypothesis. We seek to characterized ethanol induced IEG expression, dynamic trafficking of key DA/GLU synaptic components and synaptic rewiring within shell nucleus accumbens cholinergic neuronal networks in animal models of excessive ethanol consumption. We will also seek to determine the alterations of key DA/GLU components in relation to ethanol mice genetic models and ethanol exposure. The findings from this work should contribute to a better understanding of the neuronal mechanisms that cause or predict excessive ethanol consumption and toward the development of improved behavioral and pharmacological prevention treatments for alcoholism and alcohol abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ETHANOL EFFECTS IN CNS TISSUE IN LAS AND HAS RATS Principal Investigator & Institution: Palmer, Michael R.; Associate Professor; Pharmacology; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 08-SEP-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: An understanding of neuronal mechanisms which mediate the behavioral effects of ethanol is critical to the understanding of alcohol intoxication, alcohol abuse, and alcoholism. The influences of the noradrenergic innervation on neuronal function may well regulate alterations in neuronal responsiveness to ethanol with e.g. stress or arousal, and the phenotype of the individual in terms of neuronal sensitivity to ethanol and regulation of neuronal ethanol effects by central sympathetic neurons will likely influence an individual's response to, and abuse of, alcohol in those behavioral states. The proposed studies will focus on LAS and HAS rats, which are genetic variants that differentially manifest an alcohol-related behavior, as a model system for examining acute ethanol interactions with neurotransmitter actions norepinephrine and GABA in the cerebellum, and rapid acute neuronal tolerance (RANT) to those effects. The effects of ethanol exposure on mammalian central nervous system function will be pursued using extracellular recordings of action potential activity of single neurons, whole-cell patch clamp recordings GABAA/C1 channel function, and in vivo electrochemistry to monitor presynaptic release and uptake of norepinephrine and other monoamines. Recordings will be carried out in rat brain in vivo and in brain slices in vitro, and drugs and transmitters will be applied by pathway activation, superfusion (in vitro), systemic administration (in vivo) and locally to the microenvironment of the cell from multibarrel micropipettes. The long- term objectives of this research program are three fold. First, to identify neuronal ethanol actions that are relevant to the behavioral ethanol sensitivities bred into LAS and HAS rats. Second, to characterize the mechanisms of these ethanol actions. Third, to characterize changes in neuronal responses to ethanol, as well as alterations in the function of neurotransmitter systems, which occur with the induction of RANT, explore the neuronal mechanisms of those changes and to determine the role of this phenomenon in the mechanisms of acute ethanol sensitivity. The specific aims for this project period are as follows: 1) To investigate the hypothesis that neuronal EtOH sensitivity and RANT in the cerebellum are behaviorally relevant EtOH phenotypes. 2) To determine if RANT to EtOH in the cerebellum is mediated by a desensitization of badrenergic mechanisms. 3) To study the presynaptic role of cerebellar catecholamine synapses in RANT. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ETHANOL EFFECTS ON GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS IN LIVER Principal Investigator & Institution: Hoek, Joannes B.; Professor; Pathology, Anat/Cell Biology; Thomas Jefferson University Office of Research Administration Philadelphia, Pa 191075587 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 29-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The rapid progress in genome sequencing and the development of methodologies for large-scale high-throughput gene expression analysis on microarrays and laser capture microdissection (LCM) has made it feasible to obtain a complete representation of the patterns of gene expression in different cells and tissues with high spatial resolution, providing large amounts of detailed information relevant to specific disease states or other physiological conditions. The overall objective of this IRPG is to carry out these tasks in the context of acute or chronic alcohol exposure, using a wellestablished animal model. We have created substantial functional genomics and computational capabilities that will enable us to use obtain this information at a scale and throughput that is sufficient to yield very large and coherent quantitative datasets. This proposal will focus on the characterization of gene expression patterns in different cell types in the liver of control and ethanol-treated animals. The underlying hypothesis
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is that ethanol treatment affects liver function so as to impair its capacity to respond appropriately to stress conditions. We propose that a broad range of cell type-specific gene expression patterns will characterize the response of the normal liver to stress and that these responses are altered in livers of ethanol-fed animals. Analysis of these changes in gene expression patterns with appropriate computational kinetic methods will generate new levels of understanding of the mechanisms underlying the defects caused by ethanol treatment. In Aim 1, we will isolate parenchymal cells, Kupffer cells, stellate cells and endothelial cells from the livers of ethanol-treated and control rats and analyze the gene expression patterns using microarrays generated in our shared resource or obtained commercially to characterize cell type-specific differences in gene expression, generating "signatures" of gene expression patterns in different liver cell types and illustrate how these profiles are affected by ethanol intake. In Aim 2, we will analyze extracts of different liver cell types obtained by LCM from pericentral and periportal zones of the liver acinus. In Aim 3 animals will be exposed to acute stress, by acute endotoxin treatment or by ischemia-reperfusion treatment. We expect that the defective capacity of ethanol-fed animals to respond to these stress treatments will be reflected in changes in characteristic gene expression profiles for different liver cell types in different acinar zones. The concerted efforts of the different projects in the IRPG will prepare the ground for a fundamentally deeper evaluation of the actions of ethanol than can be pursued in a single project and a large array of new mechanistic hypothesis can be expected to result from these studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ETHANOL EFFECTS ON GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Yasuda, Robert P.; Pharmacology; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) The excitatory amino acid pathways in the brain are widespread and are involved in synaptic plastic events such as long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Long-term potentiation is thought to be part of the process of learning and memory. Excitatory amino acids are thought to also play a role in excitotoxicity as related to seizures and may be involved in ethanol withdrawal induced seizures. At least two glutamatergic receptor systems are thought to regulate long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. These receptor systems are the metabotropic receptors and the NMDA receptor complex. The metabotropic receptors are G-protein linked receptors that are coupled to several intracellular enzymes such as phospholipase C. The NMDA receptor is a complex of several protein subunits that form a glutamate gated ion channel that has high permeability for calcium. Each subunit imparts a different character to the NMDA receptor function. Acute and chronic treatment with ethanol alters the function of these receptors. Prenatal exposure to ethanol can affect the offspring even when they are quite old. Alteration of these receptors in the hippocampus by ethanol can influence the process of learning and memory. We now know that chronic ethanol treatment increases the function of NMDA receptor in the hippocampus and that an increase in the protein for NR1 NMDA subunit is observed as well as an increase in binding sites for NMDA. Prenatal exposure to ethanol causes a decrease in both NMDA receptor function and metabotropic receptor function. The specific aims of these investigations are to examine what metabotropic receptor subtypes and/or what NMDA receptor subunits change after chronic ethanol exposure or prenatal ethanol exposure and how these changes in protein expression correllate with functional chages. We will be using receptor subtype and subunit specific
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antibodies to identify and quantify metabotropic receptor subtypes and NMDA receptor NR1 splice variants and NR2 subunits that may change after such an insult. My longterm goal is to understand how differences in the expression of metabotropic receptors and NMDA receptor subunits occur during chronic and prenatal ethanol treatments. These studies will help us to understand some of the underlying mechanism in fetal alcohol syndrome as well as the effects of chronic alcoholism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RECEPTORS
ETHANOL
EFFECTS
ON
NICOTINIC
ACETYLCHOLINE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Nowak, Mark W.; Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: This proposal is a K01 Mentored Scientist Development Award Application. The candidate, Dr. Mark W. Nowak, is an Assistant Professor in the Center for Drug and Alcohol Programs (CDAP) at the Medical University of South Carolina. A K01 award would allow the candidate to integrate his existing research skills in the study of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) with the field of alcohol research. While the candidate has research experience in the study of nAChRs, he has no prior research experience in the alcohol field. The proposed training plan is designed to provide the candidate with a broad knowledge of alcohol-related research through didactic work, training in electrophysiological and tissue culture techniques specific to ethanol research, and "hands-on" training in the use of animal models involving in vivo ethanol exposure. Within CDAP, there are established researchers in the alcohol field, thus ensuring the successful completion of the training objectives. Further, the proposed research project described below complements these training objectives and addresses the candidate's research interests in developing an independent research program focused on nicotine-ethanol interactions. Understanding ethanol-nicotine interactions is a relevant health issue given the well-documented comorbid use of alcohol and tobacco products. While the reasons for the combined use of these substances are not wellunderstood, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting involvement of ethanolnicotine interactions in the CNS. Ethanol and nicotine have been shown to affect a wide variety of neurochemical systems in the brain. The main CNS target for nicotine are the neuronal nAChRs. It is reasonable to suggest that neuronal nAChRs may, in part, be involved in central ethanol/nicotine interactions. Nevertheless, while the effects of ethanol on other ligand-gated ion channels (NMDA, GABAA and 5-HT3 receptors) have received considerable attention, the effects of ethanol on neuronal nAChR function have not been extensively studied. To address this research question, the proposed research studies will examine the effects of acute and chronic ethanol exposure on neuronal nAChR function. Electrophysiological whole-cell patch clamp techniques will be utilized to assess neuronal nAChR function in primary rat hippocampal neuronal cultures. The findings from the proposed studies will contribute to the long-term goal of understanding the effects of ethanol and nicotine on brain function. Overall, this K01 award would allow Dr. Nowak to expand his experimental skills into the field of alcohol research as well as achieve his goal of developing an independent research program studying alcohol-nicotine interactions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Ethanol
Project Title: ETHANOL EFFECTS ON PROTEOLYTIC SYSTEMS IN THE LIVER Principal Investigator & Institution: Donohue, Terrence M.; Research Scientist; Biochem and Molecular Biology; University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Ne 681987835 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: The hypotheses of this proposal are: 1) chronic ethanol consumption impairs lysosome biogenesis by preventing processing and trafficking of lysosomal hydrolases, causing their placement at other intracellular or extracellular sites; (2) Ethanol administration alters the ubiquitin- proteasome pathway by inactivating the proteasome which could lead to accumulation of modified proteins. Ethanol may differentially influence the proteasome in Kupffer cells. 2) Ethanol administration impairs the capacity of hepatocytes to degrade proteins modified by ethanol metabolism. In Specific Aim 1a, Lysosome biogenesis will be measured by examining the processing and compartmentalizatin of cathepsin L in hepatocytes isolated from control and ethanol-fed rats. This enzymes follows a specific pathway through vesicular compartments en route to the lysosome and our aim is to determine the step(s) at which ethanol impairs this process. Misrouting of cathepsin L and other hydrolases could potentially cause cell damage due to their potent hydrolytic capacities. In Specific Aim 1b we will use subcellular fractionation immunocytochemistry and functional assays to examine whether ethanol influences the distribution of the mannose-6-phosphate receptor. This receptor mediates lysosome assembly by targeting cathepsin L and other hydrolases to the lysosome. We postulate that ethanol may change the receptor's intracellular distribution. In Specific Aim 2, the components of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway will be examined in whole livers as well as parenchymal and Kupffer cells of control and ethanol- fed rats subjected to both ad lib and intragastric feeding specimens. This proteolytic pathway has a crucial role in 1) the degradation of altered proteins; and 2) the activation of the transcription factor NfkappaB which is involved in the expression of the inflammatory response. We postulate that while ethanol may down-regulate the proteasome in liver parenchymal cells, its activity may be regulated differentially in Kupffer cells, since the latter cells play a paracrine role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. Specific Aims 3 and 4 will address third hypothesis by testing the capacity of hepatocytes and their extracts to degrade altered (i.e. aldehyde-modified) and native forms of lysozyme. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ETHANOL INDUCED NMDA R1 MRNA STABILIZATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kumari, Meena; Pharmacology; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, an excitatory neurotransmitter receptor in the brain, is an important site of action of ethanol. Following chronic ethanol treatment in vivo and in vitro, NMDA receptor number and function are upregulated, with a concomitant increase in R1 and R2B polypeptide levels in vitro. Similar ethanol treatment in vitro increases R1 mRNA half-life from 16 h to more than 24 h (Kumari and Ticku, 1998a) indicating that post-transcriptional mechanisms operate to augment NMDA receptor number in cortical neurons exposed to chronic ethanol treatment (50 mM, 5 days). More recently, we observed that de novo protein synthesis is required for ethanol-induced stabilization of R1 mRNA (Kumari and Ticku, 1998b), suggesting that ethanol-induced unknown protein factor(s) mediate this effect. Long term plans of this project are to elucidate the post-transcriptional mechanisms involved in the stabilization
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of NMDA R1 mRNA in fetal cortical neurons exposed to chronic ethanol treatment. Hypothesis to be tested in this proposal are (1) to identify specific RNA sequences (or cis-acting regulatory elements) of the R1 mRNA; and, (2) the nature of ethanol-induced cytoplasmic protein(s) (or trans-acting factors) that interact with cis- acting RNA regulatory sequences. These objectives will be achieved by (a) examining whether ethanol induces transcription of a stable R1 splice-variant; (b) delineating the cis -acting regulatory region(s) within the primary sequence of the R1 mRNA using cell-free mRNA decay assay and cell transfections; (c) dissecting the cis-acting sequences within the regulatory region defined above using mutants created by nested deletion, linker scanning and base substitution coupled to RNA gel shift assays and cell transfections, and finally (d) identifying the nature of trans-acting factor(s) by UV cross-linking and Northwestern analysis. A more thorough understanding of the pertinent molecular mechanisms through which ethanol modulates NMDA R1 mRNA stability may permit the design of novel therapeutic approaches to alcohol-related diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ETHANOL MEDIATED CILIA MOTILITY DYSFUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Sisson, Joseph H.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Ne 681987835 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1991; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): Alcoholics have a high incidence of pulmonary diseases due to altered lung host defenses. A major airway defense function that is impaired during alcohol ingestion is mucociliary clearance, which is dependent on the coordinated beating of cilia that line the airways. Studies from this laboratory indicate that short term ethanol exposure stimulates ciliary motility through a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism that requires the activation of both cAMP- and cGMPdependent protein kinases (PKA and PKG). In contrast, chronic exposure to ethanol causes desensitization of ciliary motility such that the cell no longer responds to stimulation by beta-agonists. In this context we hypothesize that: Chronic ethanol exposure impairs airway ciliary responsiveness by downregulating NO-dependent protein kinase activity resulting in altered phosphorylation of cilia target proteins and impaired mucociliary clearance. The test this hypothesis experiments will befocused around four specific aims: 1) Characterize the differences in airway cell signal transduction between acute ethanol cilia stimulation and chronic ethanol cilia desensitization; 2) Determine the intracellular factor(s) that ethanol targets resulting in chronic ciliary desensitization; 3) Determine the phosphorylation targets in the cilia axoneme that ethanol mediates through protein kinase activation; and 4) Characterize the effects in vivo of acute and chronic ethanol exposure on airway kinase activation and ciliary responsiveness. The impact of alcohol-related respiratory illnesses on society is great. The studies outlined in this proposal will explore a novel nitric oxide/PKA/PKG-dependent mechanism by which ethanol impairs ciliary function. Establishing how ethanol both acutely stimulates and chronically desensitized ciliary motility in the airway epithelium will provide meaningful insight into the role alcohol ingestion plays in the pathogenesis of bronchitis, pneumonia and lung cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ETHANOL PROMOTES LUNG ENDOTHELIAL:NEUTROPHIL INTERACTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, Lou Ann S.; Professor; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322
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Ethanol
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Investigators in this Center Application have identified chronic alcohol abuse as a co-morbid variable that significantly increases the incidence and severity of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). The overall theme of this Center application postulates that chronic ethanol ingestion enhances the risk of alveolar flooding in response to inflammatory mediators and activated neutrophils. This suggests a "two-hit" model wherein chronic ethanol ingestion constitutes the first hit but does not generate pulmonary dysfunction. However, the first hit does predispose the lung to an enhanced response to the inflammatory mediators and activated neutrophils produced during sepsis. We postulate that one mechanism by which chronic ethanol ingestion predisposes the lung to endothelial barrier dysfunction involves ethanol-induced decreases in the availability of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH), particularly the mitochondrial pool in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC). When GSH availability decreases, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during normal respiration and ethanol detoxification becomes amplified. With chronic exposure to ROS, the MVEC is altered and the basal expression of adhesion molecules are upregulated. During sepsis, the adhesion of the activated neutrophils and the microenvironment is potentiated. The ethanol-induced GSH depletion then amplifies the ROS produced resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased ATP generation. With limited ATP availability, the MVEC are more susceptible to cytotoxinand neutrophil-induced apoptosis and necrosis. When MVEC death is enhanced, barrier dysfunction and neutrophil migration is potentiated. Furthermore, we propose that GSH precursors will attenuate this enhanced endothelial:neutrophil interaction and result in decreased sepsis-induced acute lung injury. Using a rat model of chronic ethanol ingestion, three Specific Aims will explore this hypothesis to determine: 1) if chronic ethanol ingestion potentiates inflammatory mediator-induced oxidative stress in MVEC, 2) if ethanol-induced chronic ROS up regulates MVEC adhesion factor expression and neutrophil transmigration during sepsis and 3) if intervention with GSH precursors will attenuate ethanol potentiation of adhesion factor expression and neutrophil transmigration during sepsis. This proposal will improve our understanding of the relationship between alcohol and lung injury and potentially identify strategies for ARDS prevention and treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ETHANOL REINFORCEMENT: THE ROLE OF 5-HT1B RECEPTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Tomkins, Denise M.; Center for Addiction and Mental Health 250 College St Toronto, Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: The objective of this program is to test the hypothesis that 5- HT1B receptors play an important modulatory role in the reinforcing effects of ethanol. The reasons for undertaking this research are compelling; in particular, 1. 5-HT1B receptors appear to be an important part of the brain circuitry involved in reinforcement - they are distributed in a highly localized fashion in the mammalian brain, with notable concentrations in critical reward-relevant regions including the ventral tegmental area, dorsal raphe and amygdala, and; 2. contemporary research has begun to implicate these receptors in drug dependence processes. However, this latter evidence is preliminary with respect to ethanol reinforcement, due primarily to the limited availability of selective receptor agonists and antagonists. Our research will use more selective agonists and antagonists to assess a) their acute and chronic effects on ethanol motivated responding in an operant paradigm to confirm that 5-HT1B manipulations do indeed modify ethanol self-
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administration, b) the impact of regional manipulations of 5-HT1B receptor function following focal administration of selective agents in order to elucidate the importance of specific CNS regions in regulating ethanol self-administration, and c) determine the relative contribution played by dopaminergic and glutamatergic projections, from the ventral tegmental area and amygdala respectively, in mediating the effects of 5-HT1B receptor manipulations in these regions. This will elucidate other neural substrates involved in modifying ethanol self-administration and the interplay between them. Control experiments are designed to confirm that these effects are not due to alterations in ethanol kinetics, taste effects or caloric variables. These comprehensive studies will provide important new information on the role of 5-HT1B receptors in controlling EtOH self-administration. While humans do not express 5-HT1B receptors there is tremendous similarity between the rat 5-HT1B and human 5-HT1Dbeta receptor subtypes. Specifically, they show an overall amino acid identity of 93 percent, as well as displaying similar pharmacology, second messenger coupling and anatomical distributions. Therefore, animal studies investigating the functional role of this receptor subtype do have relevance to further our understanding of the important role of central 5-HT1Dbeta receptors in humans. A central role of 5-HTergic systems in ethanol reinforcement has been recognized for some time; this research will provide new knowledge about highly selective serotonergic manipulations which may well lead to future treatment applications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ETHANOL OXIDASE ACTIVITY
SELF
ADMINISTRATION
AND
CYTOCHROME
Principal Investigator & Institution: Lyons, David J.; Wake Forest University 2240 Reynolda Rd Winston-Salem, Nc 27106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2001 Summary: The proposed study will evaluate the neurobiological consequences of prolonged ethanol drinking. Such studies will identify the regions of the brain that are sensitive to ethanol and potentially help to focus treatment strategies to combat abuse and the neurologic complications of chronic alcoholism. It is known that the magnitude and topography of ethanol's effects on brain function are modified by long-term ethanol exposure. Human studies are limited, however, by the spatial resolution of current methods and the various confounds associated with human research on alcoholism. Animal studies are needed, therefore, to directly link ethanol drinking to changes in brain function within specific sites. To date, imaging studies of ethanol's effects in the brains of animals have used methods that were specifically designed to identify the regional pattern of brain function within a small time window. Accordingly, they have been very useful in defining, the response to acute ethanol intake or acute withdrawal. These methods are, however, less well equipped to evaluate long-term changes in brain function which are modified over a period of hours to weeks. It is not sensitive to shortlived phenomena such as acute ethanol intake and withdrawal. Furthermore, quantitative methods have been recently devised. Therefore, the present proposal will first establish the quantitative method of assessing cytochrome oxidase histochemistry in this laboratory. These procedures involve the use of internal standards and quantitative densitometry. Next, the consequences of ethanol self- administration in rodents will be assessed using this method. This effort will serve as an initial evaluation of the long-term effects of ethanol intake. A self-administration paradigm was specifically chosen to most closely model human alcohol drinking. The use of the CO method will be particularly useful because it avoids confounds associated with acute
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Ethanol
alcohol intake or withdrawal. There are clear indications that changes in brain function result from chronic alcohol intake in humans and animals; this approach is likely to identify key sites that manifest long-term changes associated with ethanol drinking. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ETHANOL SENSITIVITY OF RECOM NMDA RECEPTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Woodward, John J.; Professor; Pharmacology and Toxicology; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2001 Summary: Ethanol has widespread and significant effect on brain function. Acute ethanol causes intoxication with resultant loss of behavioral and motor control that can progress to sedation, coma, and death as lethal blood concentrations are reached. The molecular and cellular alterations induced by ethanol that underlie these effects are beginning to be understood and it is now appreciated that several ligand-gated ion channels activated by brain neurotransmitters are important targets for ethanol's actions in the brain. Of particular interest is the inhibition of the NMDA subtype of the glutamate receptor by ethanol. This receptor gates the flux of calcium ions upon stimulation by the co- agonists glutamate and glycine and is subject to multiple forms of regulation. These include a voltage-sensitive magnesium block, a redox site which can shift the receptor from an agonist to an antagonist preferring state, proton inhibition, and phosphorylation. This complex regulation underscores the fundamental importance of the NMDA receptor in neuronal signaling. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor by ethanol may underlie some of the marked behavioral and cognitive effects associated with intoxication. The goals of this study are to continue our investigation into the mechanisms of action of ethanol on the NMDA receptor at both the biochemical and molecular level. We will continue to use the NMDA-stimulated release of neurotransmitters from adult rat brain slices to examine the multiple regulatory sites of the native NMDA receptor. This assay has been well characterized and is sensitive to all known modulators of the NMD receptor and unlike many test systems it can be used with living adult brain tissue. In separate studies, cDNA clones encoding both rodent and human NMDA recptor subtypes will be used to more carefully determine where ethanol may exert its inhibitory effects on the receptor. For these studies, two approaches will be used. First, experimental cell lines lacking any native ligand-gated or voltage-sensitive calcium channels will be transfected with NMDA receptor subunits to allow for the NMDA-stimulated calcium flux to be monitored by digital calcium imaging and patch-clamp electrophysiology. Secondly, messenger RNA synthesized from the cloned receptors will be expressed in Xenopus oocytes and NMDA-activated currents will be monitored using two-electrode voltage clamp. This system will not only allow for reconstitution of functional multi-subunit NMDA receptor complexes but will also permit an examination on a site by site basis for the molecular site of action of ethanol on the receptor using site- directed mutagenesis. Results from these studies should lead to new insights into the effects of ethanol on neuronal function and may suggest novel approaches in the treatment of disorders resulting from acute and chronic ethanol ingestion. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ETHANOL, NITRIC OXIDE AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Demaster, Eugene G.; Pharmacology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: Epidemiological studies conducted over the last several decades consistently show that light to moderate alcohol consumption protects the heart against coronary artery disease. The major protective properties of alcoholic beverages reside with ethanol itself rather than with bioflavinoids/ antioxidants present in some of these beverages, although the latter may possess certain beneficial biological properties distinct from ethanol. Historically, this protection has been attributed to an ethanolinduced increase in one of the subfractions of HDL in plasma; however, this increase in HDL is now regarded to account for only a minor part of the observed protection by ethanol. The antithrombotic properties of alcohol also continue to it beneficial effect, but a specific molecular mechanism connecting these properties to alcohol has not been forthcoming. We are proposing that nitric oxide (NO) mediates the protective effects of ethanol on the cardiovasculature, including the antithrombotic properties of ethanol, through the NO-cyclic GMP (cGMP) signal transduction pathway. According to our mechanism, protection by ethanol occurs via an enhancement of the NO activation of guanylate cyclase by products of ethanol metabolism. The key specific objectives of this proposal are to show that (a) ethanol metabolism promotes the catalase-catalyzed oxidation of NO to NO2 and (b) NO2 is a more potent activator of guanylate cyclase than NO itself. We propose that ethanol drives the catalase-mediated NO oxidation reaction via a cascade of well established metabolic conversions that result in increased production of hydrogen peroxide. The two-electron oxidation of NO to NO2 by catalase and the subsequent activation of guanylate cyclase by NO2 are two biochemical steps that we have undertaken to establish as fact. These two steps are critical to our understanding of the overall mechanism for the protection of the cardiovasculature provided by ethanol. Moreover, because ethanol and its metabolites as well as NO alter or regulate cellular processes in almost every tissue and body organ, we anticipate that the biochemical mechanisms described here for the interaction between ethanol and the NO-cGMP signaling pathway likely have relevance beyond the cell types located within the cardiovascular system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ETHANOL, TAT AND THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER Principal Investigator & Institution: Kim, Kwang S.; Professor and Director; Pediatrics; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): HIV-1 infection is often complicated with neurologic disorders, but the pathogenesis of HIV-1 encephalopathy is incompletely understood. Several lines of evidence suggest that Tat (HIV-1 transactivator protein) along with inflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha and IFNgamma released by HIV-1 infected cells contribute to HIV-1 encephalitis, ethanol has been postulated as a co-factor that adversely affects HIV-1 encephalopathy. But the effect of ethanol in the pathogenesis and progression of HIV-1 associated neurologic disorders is unclear. Epidemiological studies have resulted in conflicting results as to what role, if any, ethanol plays in HIV-1 associated neuropathogenesis. This application is in response to the RFA-AA-01-008 (Effects of alcohol on HIV Invasion Across the Blood-Brain Barrier). We isolated and cultivated human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), which constitute the blood-brain barrier. We shoed that clinically relevant concentrations of ethanol (10100mM) primed HBMEC for the upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2 or KDR), resulting in increased cytotoxicity, permeability and intracellular Ca2+ in response to Tat. These cytopathic changes of HBMEC in response
40
Ethanol
to ethanol/Tat were abrogated by anti-KDR antibody. Ethanol or Tat by itself did not exhibit such effects in HBMEC. The overall aim of this application is to further characterize the priming effect of ethanol in Tat-mediated cytotoxicity, permeability, and intracellular Ca2+ in HBMEC. Specific aims are as follows: 1. To further characterize the upregulation of KDR by clinically relevant concentrations of ethanol (10-100mM) in HBMEC. 2. To examine priming effect of ethanol in Tat-mediated cytotoxicity, permeability and intracellular Ca2+ in HBMEC. 3. To investigate the mechanisms of ethanol/Tat-mediated cytopathic changes in HBMEC, i.e., nitric oxide and signaling pathways. The information derived from this proposal should enhance our understanding of the role of ethanol in HIV-1 neuropthogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ETHANOL-INDUCED CELL CYCLE DAMAGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Luo, Jia; Anatomy; West Virginia University P. O. Box 6845 Morgantown, Wv 265066845 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: APPLICANT'S ABSTRACT: Ethanol is a potent teratogen for the developing central nervous system (CNS). Prenatal ethanol exposure disrupts the proliferative activities of neuronal precursors and glia. Analysis of cell cycle kinetics indicate that both in vivo and in vitro ethanol treatment prolong the duration of cell cycle and in particular, the length of the G1- phase. The movement of cells through the cell cycle is regulated by a family of protein kinases known as cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). The activity of CDKs is regulated positively by cyclins, and negatively by CDK inhibitors (CKIS). CDK activity is controlled by extracellular signal-related kinases (ERKs). Ethanol can affect ERK activity. We hypothesize (1) that ethanol- induced inhibition of cell proliferation results from disruptions of CDK systems, and (2) that ERK mediates ethanol-induced alternations in CDK systems. The proposed project will rely on two in vitro models, B104 neuroblastoma cells and primary cortical astrocyytes, to examine the effects of ethanol on the ERK and CDK systems. The studies will investigate the effects of ethanol on the activity of ERKS. Other experiments will examine the effects of ethanol (a) on the expression and activity of G1-phase-specific CDKs and (b) the effects of ethanol on the balance between positive (cyclins) and negative (CKIS) regulators of CDKs. Each of the experiments on ethanol-induced alterations of CDK system will be performed with cells in which ERK activity is intact and depleted (using a specific ERK blocker). Thus, we will be able to determine whether the CDK activity is ERK-dependent. Together, the battery of studies represents a systematic investigation of the effects of ethanol on CDK systems and related signal pathways. It will not only explore the mechanism(s) underlying ethanol-induced cell cycle damage, but also provide an important insight into the regulation of cell cycle in neural cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ETHANOLS IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
ROLE
MEDIATION
OF
MONOCYTE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Szabo, Gyongyi; Associate Professor; Medicine; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1990; Project End 31-MAR-2004
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Summary: The main goals of this research are to investigate the in vivo immunomodulatory effects of a) acute ethanol exposure alone and b)the combined immunosuppressive potential of alcohol uptake and trauma in humans. Immunosuppressive effects of chronic alcohol use have been reported by a number of investigators. Our data and that of others also demonstrate immunoinhibitory potential of acute ethanol exposure resulting in decreased anti-bacterial defense, depressed inflammatory cytokine production, and altered T cell activation. All of these immune abnormalities could be linked to aberrant monocyte functions found after in vitro acute ethanol exposure. We identified aberrant accessory cell function, decreased proinflammatory monokine, and increased inhibitory mediator production in acute ethanol exposed monocyte. We also showed that decreased antigen-specific T cell proliferation after acute ethanol exposure is due to impaired monocyte antigen presenting function, and involves aberrant production of monocyte-derived T cell stimulatory mediators.Consequently, we hypothesize that acute ethanol exposure affects the immune system by altering monocyte accessory capacity, cytokine production, and expression of surface antigens/receptors involved in monocyte-T cell interactions. Aberrant monocyte functions after acute ethanol use would then contribute to impaired T and B lymphocyte, and NK cell functions. Monocyte also play a pivotal role in mediation of post- trauma immunosuppression. Acute ethanol exposure has been shown to increase post-trauma immunosuppression in mice. Our human data also indicate that acute ethanol uptake prior to injury can alter monokine production contributing to post-trauma immunosuppression. Therefore, we further hypothesize that acute ethanol exposure can increase post-trauma immunosuppression via affecting monocyte. These hypotheses will be tested by evaluating the effect of acute in vivo uptake on monocyte functions in normals and in three trauma patient groups: nonalcoholic, alcohol uptake prior to trauma without chronic use, and chronic alcoholic patients. The effects of ethanol alone or with trauma on monocyte-induced aberrant T cell activation will be evaluated in three systems: tetanus toxoid antigen proliferation, superantigen- and mitogen-induced T cell proliferation, each requiring different degrees of monocyte participation. The immunosuppressive role of monocyte derived proinflammatory cytokines(TNFalpha, IL-1, IL-6) and inhibitory mediators(TGFbeta ,PGE2, IL-10) will be evaluated by correlating the levels of these cytokines to abnormal monocyte accessory function after acute ethanol exposure alone or with trauma. We will test ethanol-induced mechanisms modulating monocyte susceptibility to subsequent stimulation(bacterial or trauma) by correlating cytokine protein and mRNA levels. Ethanol plus trauma-induced aberrations in monocyte surface antigens/receptor expression(HLA- DR,B7,IFNgammaR), leading to altered monocyte-T cell interactions or monocyte autoregulation, will be identified. We will also test if ethanol alone or with trauma results in a preferential induction or altered function of monocyte subpopulations identified on the basis of surface Fc- gammaRI, CD4, CD33+CD14(dim) expression. Finally, the effects of ethanol plus trauma-induced aberrant monocyte mediator environment affects will be assayed on monocyte differentiation. These experiments will define monocyte alterations leading to the combined immunosuppressive effects of in vivo ethanol uptake and trauma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EXPERIMENTAL FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Miller, Michael W.; Professor and Chair; Neuroscience and Physiology; Upstate Medical University Research Administration Syracuse, Ny 13210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1993; Project End 31-MAR-2004
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Ethanol
Summary: Studies of humans with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and rats with experimental FAS show that brain structure and function are profoundly affected by early exposure to ethanol. Ethanol-induced defects include microencephaly, a thinner cerebral cortex, and reductions in the number of cortical neurons. These findings may result from a single cause- the toxic effects of ethanol to cause neuronal death. We will test the hypotheses that ethanol-induced neuronal death results from interference with the survival-promoting activities of nerve growth factor (NGF) and that this interference results in the altered expression of genes coding for known and/or novel proteins. In vivo studies will examine the effect of prenatal exposure to ethanol on the expression of NGF and on the expression of death- associated proteins, specifically p75 and bcl proteins. p75 serves as the low affinity receptor for NGF and is affected by ethanol treatment, and bcl proteins can repress (e.g., bcl-2) or facilitate (e.g., bax) neuronal death. These studies will focus on three components of the trigeminal/somatosensory system: the somatosensory cortex, the ventrobasal thalamus, and the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. A series of in vitro studies will test the above hypotheses and the corollary that NGF and ethanol treatments are mutually antagonistic. Two types of cells will be examined: purified cultures of cortical neurons and conditionally immortalized neuroblasts. Cells will be raised in a serum-free medium alone, a medium supplemented with NGF or ethanol, or a medium with NGF and ethanol. This design will be used to determine the effects of NGF and ethanol (a) on neuronal survival (cell counts, thymidine nick-end labeling procedure (TUNEL) and electron microscopy) and (b) on the expression of bcl gene products. Subsequently, the effects of NGF and ethanol on the gene expression will be determined using a technique relying on the differential display of induced mRNAs. The expression of these novel proteins in living and dying neurons will be determined using double-labeling techniques in which the dying cells are positively identified (e.g., with TUNEL). The spatiotemporal expression of the newly developed probes in the trigeminal/somatosensory system will be examined in vivo. Animals will be exposed to ethanol prenatally and their offspring will be assayed for the expression of the differentially displayed mRNAs. The proposed experiments explore a mechanism of FAS and test the hypothesis that CNS defects associated with FAS result from alterations in NGF-mediated protein expression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FATTY PANCREATITIS
ACID
ETHYL
ESTERS
IN
ETHANOL-INDUCED
Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaphalia, Bhupendra; Pathology; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Pancreatitis is a major health problem in alcoholics that causes high mortality and morbidity, and after biliary duct diseases, chronic alcohol abuse is the second major cause of chronic pancreatitis. However, the mechanism of alcohol-induced pancreatitis is poorly understood. Oxidative metabolism of ethanol catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is negligible in the pancreas, while nonoxidative metabolism of ethanol to fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), catalyzed by FAEE synthase, appears to be the major mechanism of ethanol disposition in the pancreas during chronic alcohol abuse. Surprisingly, very little is known regarding the role of endogenously formed FAEEs in ethanol-induced pancreatitis. Based upon our preliminary studies showing - 14-fold increase in FAEE levels in the pancreas of hepatic ADH-deficient (ADH-) deer mice as compared to those in ADH-normal deer mice, and a dose- and time-dependent formation of FAEEs and FAEE-induced apoptosis upon
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ethanol exposure of ADH-deficient human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells in culture, we hypothesize that increased formation of FAEEs is a triggering event in ethanol-induced pancreatitis, and that FAEEs and FAEE synthase can be early markers of pancreatic injury. Our preliminary studies also indicate that FAEEs are formed in rat pancreatic tumor (AR42J) cells in culture. Therefore, to investigate the toxic potential of endogenously formed FAEEs and elucidate their role in ethanol-induced pancreatic injury, we will use ADH- deer mice and AR42J cells. In Aim 1, we will determine the levels of FAEEs in the plasma and pancreas of ADH- deer mice after ethanol exposure in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and evaluate the biochemical and morphological parameters associated with pancreatic injury. We will evaluate apoptosis in the pancreas of ADH- deer mice, and in AR42J cells, after ethanol exposure (Aim 2). Inhibitors or inducers of FAEE synthase to attenuate or augment formation of FAEEs in AR42J cells, respectively, will be used to further examine the role of endogenously formed FAEEs in ethanol-induced apoptosis and toxicity (Aim 3). Achieving our Specific Aims 1-3 should establish the role of FAEEs in ethanol-induced pancreatic injury, lay the foundation for future human studies to develop these parameters as early markers for ethanol-induced pancreatic damage, and ultimately benefit us in developing new preventive/therapeutic strategies for early intervention before irreversible damage to pancreas occurs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME: GENETIC STUDIES IN ZEBRAFISH Principal Investigator & Institution: Carvan, Michael J.; Assistant Professor; None; University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Box 413, 2200 Kenwood Blvd Milwaukee, Wi 53201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: This application is being submitted for consideration as a small grant (R03). I am a new investigator planning to expand my research focus to include the area of ethanol-induced birth defects. The long-range goal of this project is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which ethanol perturbs embryonic and fetal development and to identify genes that play a role in the sensitivity to ethanol-induced teratogenesis. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a constellation of congenital anomalies seen in some newborns exposed to alcohol through maternal consumption and is characterized by prenatal and postnatal failure to thrive, central nervous system disorders, and a distinctive set of patterning defects that affect the cardiovascular system, facial structures and limbs. Data from twin studies and animal models argue strongly for a robust genetic component to FAS. Our hypothesis is that mutations in single genes influence one's resistance to ethanol-induced teratogenesis. The zebrafish vertebrate model system has proven to be very powerful for the purpose of identifying genes that play a role in specific physiological events. The specific aims of this proposal are to: [1] Analyze the non-lethal teratogenic effects of ethanol in selected zebrafish strains, and [2] Map and isolate the genomic region(s) containing the gene(s) responsible for the differential sensitivity of zebrafish strains to the embryolethal effects of ethanol exposure. Comparing sensitive and resistant zebrafish strains will elucidate the genetic and molecular mechanisms behind the sensitivity of vertebrate embryos to alcohol toxicity, and may apply directly to alcohol sensitivity in humans. The final products of the project described herein will be a thorough characterization of the nonlethal teratogenic effects of ethanol exposure in zebrafish that are characteristic of FAS, and the identification of several large genomic clones containing candidate genes that influence the sensitivity of zebrafish to the effects of ethanol exposure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Ethanol
Project Title: FETAL ETHANOL EFFECTS ON THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Johnson, Mary I.; Neurology; University of New Mexico Albuquerque Controller's Office Albuquerque, Nm 87131 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Fetal ethanol exposure results in life-long and devastating effects on the nervous system. The most recognizable child with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) has growth retardation, craniofacial abnormalities and central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, but represents only a portion of those children exposed to alcohol. For the affected individuals and their families the impact is immeasurable; the economic costs are difficult to estimate but significant. Central nervous system abnormalities may not be the entire basis for the motor deficits of the children including weakness and low muscle tone. Alcohol affects many systems in the developing nervous system and, understandably, most research on the effects of prenatal ethanol exposure is focused on the CNS. We know far less about fetal ethanol exposure and its effect on the peripheral nervous system (PNS), despite its importance in the maintenance of the body's internal milieu as well as in the function of the peripheral sensorimotor system. This system includes motor and sensory neurons, their glia (Schwann cells), peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junctions, and muscle cells. In an in vitro model of neuronal-glial interaction, we know that ethanol dramatically decreases Schwann cell numbers. Our hypothesis is that prenatal ethanol exposure alters the development and long term function of the PNS. While the Schwann cell may be a vulnerable target, the other PNS components may also be affected. The consequence is an abnormal neuromuscular system that contributes both to the motor deficits manifest by children with FAS and the persistent growth retardation. We have preliminary data that exposure of pregnant rats to ethanol results in reduced grip strength in female offspring. We specifically propose to develop and characterize an in vivo rat model that demonstrates an effect of fetal ethanol exposure on the PNS. Evidence of the effects of ethanol on the PNS will be monitored by testing grip strength in rats exposed to increasing concentrations of ethanol. Electrophysiological studies to record compound action potentials will test for abnormalities in the conduction properties of the sciatic nerve. We also propose preliminary experiments using immunocytochemical staining to investigate morphological correlates of the functional and physiological findings. We will focus on two components of the sciatic nerve, Schwann cells and axons. Our long term goal is to study the mechanism by which ethanol acts on the PNS, what components are adversely affected and what approaches may ameliorate these effects Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENDER AND ETHANOL EFFECTS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gonzalez, Larry P.; Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; University of Oklahoma Hlth Sciences Ctr Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Ok 73126 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: Many of the effects of acute alcohol exposure and long-term abuse are correlated with changes in hippocampal function, or can be mimicked by experimental manipulations of the hippocampus. Hippocampal cholinoceptive neurons and their cholinergic afferents appear to be particularly responsive to ethanol. Recent studies also indicate important gender-related differences in the morphology and function of
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hippocampal neurons and in cholinergic neurotransmission which may be relevant to an understanding of differences in the effects of ethanol in males and females. Little research is available, however, evaluating gender differences or effects of hormonal influences in hippocampal neuronal responses to acute and chronic ethanol. This may be particularly important to permit an understanding of ethanol effects in special populations under conditions of altered hormonal states, for example post-menopausal women with and without hormone replacement therapy. Since previous research from this laboratory has suggested an important involvement of hippocampal neurons in the central effects of ethanol, and significant gender differences and hormonal influences may exist in hippocampal neuronal function, it is important to determine the contribution of gender and hormonal status to individual differences in ethanol responses. The project proposed here is an exploratory/developmental study to obtain initial information about the relevance of gender in the determination of acute and chronic ethanol effects on hippocampal function and possible modulation of these effects by endogenous or exogenously-applied hormones. The research proposed here will characterize the neuronal activity of pyramidal cells within the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions in male and female animals, and will determine the response of cells in these areas to the local application of the neurotransmitters acetylcholine, glutamate, and GABA. The proposed studies will determine the effects of acute, intrahippocampal ethanol application upon the activity of hippocampal pyramidal cells in male and female laboratory rats, and will investigate the effects of chronic ethanol exposure and withdrawal on the activity of those cells. Gender differences will be determined by comparing effects observed in normal and castrated males to those observed in normal females at different stages in the estrous cycle and in ovariectomized animals, with and without hormone replacement. This research will obtain important information regarding gender differences and hormonal influences on hippocampal function and interactions with ethanol effects. The information obtained may be of importance in understanding and developing treatments for the effects of acute and chronic ethanol on behavior, cognitive functioning, and neuronal morphology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENES DETERMINING THE BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO ETHANOL Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcintire, Steven L.; Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center 5858 Horton St, Ste 200 Emeryville, Ca 94608 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Ethanol is one of the most widely abused substances in the world, yet the molecular mechanisms of action of ethanol is poorly understood. Ethanol has been shown to disrupt ion channel functions in vitro through interactions with hydrophobic domains of channel subunit proteins. It is still unclear, however, how these effects of ethanol relate to the behavioral changes observed in humans and other organisms. Unlike other drugs of abuse, ethanol is likely to act through multiple molecular targets rather than upon a single major neurotransmitter receptor or transporter. We have initiated studies using C. elegans as a model system to understand the neurobiological effects of ethanol. We have shown that C. elegans exhibits similar behavioral responses to ethanol as mammalian systems including acute intoxication, adaptive neural responses or acute tolerance and state-dependency. We propose to isolate mutants that are hypersensitive to the intoxicating effects of ethanol on different behaviors. We have devised screens that provide for the isolation of mutants hypersensitive to the effects of ethanol on locomotory and egg laying behaviors. We will
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Ethanol
also identify mutants defective in acute tolerance to ethanol and mutants exhibiting enhanced tolerance. A final screen provides for an enrichment in mutants that are insensitive to the state-dependent effects of ethanol. Secondary behavioral characterizations and pharmacological assays will be carried out to determine whether the mutations affect neural activity and whether the phenotypes are likely to be ethanol specific. We will map the mutations to specific chromosomal regions and molecularly characterize many of the mutants. The genes identified are likely to encode relevant targets of ethanol, either as direct targets or as members of a pathway affected by ethanol. The studies should also lead to a greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms mediating the effects of ethanol invertebrate systems. The determination of the mechanisms of action of ethanol should provide the basis for a directed approach to the development of therapeutics to treat alcoholism and alcoholic neurological disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENES THAT REGULATE ETHANOL RESPONSES IN DROSOPHILA Principal Investigator & Institution: Heberlein, Ulrike A.; Associate Professor; Anatomy; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: A growing body of evidence is emerging from studies in animal and cellular model systems that indicates that the effects of ethanol on a variety of cellular functions are mediated by changes in specific proteins. In these systems, however, it is difficult to establish whether these proteins directly or indirectly mediate ethanol-induced changes in nervous system function. It is therefore important to establish a simple model system for alcoholism that is easily accessible to genetic and molecular analyses. We have recently initiated studies using the fruit fly Drosophila as a potential model system for.alcoholism. Preliminary studies have shown that flies display many of the behaviors observed in humans after both acute and chronic exposure to ethanol. Flies display signs of hyperactivity and incoordination, followed by sedation and anesthesia. In addition, flies develop tolerance after single or multiple exposures to ethanol. We propose to generate and isolate Drosophila mutants that have altered responses to ethanol. For this purpose an "inebriometer" has been constructed, which allows the separation of flies with different sensitivity to ethanol. A genetic screen for mutants with increased or decreased sensitivity to an acute ethanol exposure will be carried out. In addition, mutant flies that fail to become tolerant or become excessively tolerant to ethanol will be isolated. Several secondary behavioral assays will be carried out to determine whether the phenotype is ethanol-specific and whether the focus of the mutation is in the central nervous system. Mutations will be mapped to specific chromosomal locations. Some of the genes affected will be isolated and sequenced. These genes will serve as tools to study molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying ethanol-induced responses, and may in the future serve as genetic markers for alcoholism or targets for potential therapeutic intervention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENETIC ANALYSIS OF ETHANOL SENSITIVITY IN MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Muglia, Louis J.; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006
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Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goals of our laboratory are to understand the molecular mechanisms for the neurotoxic effects of ethanol on the developing brain. Alcohol consumption by pregnant women can result in intrauterine fetal neurotoxicity, i.e. fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), with sequelae in affected children including hyperactivity, learning disorders, mental retardation, depression, and psychosis. Previous pharmacological evidence has implicated N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor inhibition as an important direct effect of ethanol, and increased sensitivity to the sedative effect of ethanol occurs with mutations in the cAMP second messenger pathway in drosophila. We will utilize mice genetically deficient in the calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclases type I (AC1) and VIII (AC8), important mediators of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor signaling, to determine if alteration in mammalian AC function modulates ethanol sensitivity in vivo. The specific aims of this proposal will test the hypotheses that AC1 and/or AC8 deficiency results in 1) increased sensitivity to the apoptotic actions of ethanol during the synaptogenesis period of brain development; increase in sensitivity to the NMDA receptor antagonist component of ethanol action; and 3) greater long-term behavioral deficits for similar degrees of ethanol-mediated neuronal death in the perinatal period.] The results of these genetic, pharmacological, and molecular biological studies will further elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which ethanol alters neuronal physiology and survival and provide the basis for considering isoform-specific modulation of AC function as a therapeutic target for fetal alcohol syndrome. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SENSITIVITY
GLUTAMATE
BIOSYNTHESIS
MUTANTS
AND
ALCOHOL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Ruden, Douglas M.; Associate Professor; Environmental Health Sciences; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Vulnerability to the addictive properties of alcohol and the risk for developing alcoholism appear to be influenced not only by environmental variables but also by complex genetic variations within the population. A key question in efforts to understand the vulnerability to alcohol abuse is whether increased sensitivity to alcohol is due to genetic variation in sensitivity to the central nervous system effects of ethanol. Several laboratories have demonstrated that the glutamatergic system is a target for the actions of ethanol. Mouse and rat research in alcoholism has lead to the generation of various lines of experimental animals with unique sensitivities to ethanol and other drugs of abuse. Recently, it has been shown that Drosophila can be used as a model organism for probing alcohol sensitivity and as a possible means for identifying genes that cause differential sensitivity to ethanol. We recently discovered that flies with mutations in two glutamate biosynthesis genes, glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), are hypersensitive to ethanol. The goal of the studies outlined in this application is to follow up on these observations and test the hypothesis that mutations or polymorphisms in primary enzymes that regulate the pools of L-glutamic acid available to serve as a neurotransmitter lead to enhanced sensitivity to the CNS actions of ethanol. In order to accomplish this goal, four objectives are paramount. Firstly, we investigate whether other previously identified Drosophila mutants of glutamate biosynthesis genes, namely glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT1 and GOT2), and glutamine synthetase 1 (GS1), are hypersensitive to alcohol, and whether wild-type transgenes of GLUD, GPT, GOT1, GOT2, and GS1 can
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Ethanol
rescue the ethanol hypersensitivity phenotype. Secondly, we will generate knock-out alleles of other Drosophila, glutamate biosynthesis genes, i.e. glutaminase (GLUT) and glutamine synthetase2 mutant Drosophila and mouse models that are hypersensitive to ethanol have altered level or activities of several glutamate biosynthesis enzymes. Fourthly, we will generate mouse knock outs of the mouse GLUD gene and determine in these mice have a hypersensitivity to ethanol. The strength of this programmatic research approach resides in the power of the Drosophila genetic model to target specific genes that might play a role in the complex condition and ethanol hypersensitivity to ethanol. The strength of this programmatic research approach resides in the power of the Drosophila genetic model to target specific genes that might play a role in the complex condition of ethanol hypersensitivity in both Drosophila and mammalian species, including humans. This genetic approach would eventually lead to a better understanding to a better understanding of the genetic influences that underlie risk for alcoholism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IN VITRO MECHANISMS OF ETHANOL INDUCED NEURONAL DEATH Principal Investigator & Institution: Mennerick, Steven J.; Assistant Professor; Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: Fetal alcohol effects and fetal alcohol syndrome account for a large percentage of metal retardation and behavioral disorders in the United States and impose a tremendous personal and social burden. Understanding how the immature nervous system responds to ethanol is critical to rational intervention strategies. Electrical activity promotes survival of central nervous system (CNS) neurons in vitro and in vivo and prevents natural cell death (NCD) in neurons from many CNS regions. Ethanol depresses CNS electrical activity through interactions with both N-methyl-Daspartate (NMDA) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) postsynaptic receptors. Thus it is possible that ethanol enhances developmental NCD. Recent evidence suggests that ethanol exposure is indeed toxic to immature neurons of the forebrain in vivo. The pattern of cell loss is similar to that produced by a combination of glutamate receptor blockade and GABA receptor potentiation. Our evidence suggests that immature hippocampal neurons in vitro are also susceptible to ethanol- induced cell loss, suggesting that susceptibility is intrinsic to neuronal populations affected and that ethanol itself, rather than associated metabolic or nutritional variables, induces the neuronal loss. Hippocampal neurons in culture also die when chronically exposed to GABAmimetics or NMDA receptor blockade. Cell death elicited by all three treatments is prevented by chronically depolarizing neurons. Thus, we have an in vitro model of ethanol-induced neuronal death that will allow us to explore mechanistic questions. We will examine the ultrastructural and biochemical profile of ethanol-induced hippocampal neuronal death in vitro. We will determine whether the interaction of ethanol with NMDA receptors and/or GABA receptors is sufficient to explain the neuronal loss observed in vitro. We will also address whether permanent or acute decreases in calcium signaling are important in cell loss and will determine the time course over which increases in intracellular calcium provide neuroprotection against ethanol-induced cell loss. The proposed experiments should lead to a better fundamental understanding of the mechanisms by which forebrain neurons are susceptible to ethanol-induced death. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INDIANA GENETIC ANIMAL MODELS CORE Principal Investigator & Institution: Bell, Richard L.; Medicine; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 27-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objective of this research is to investigate neuroadaptations within the extended amygdala and its interconnections following excessive ethanol consumption in rats. One series of experiments will ensure the quality control and availabity of rats taken through the excessive ethanol drinking animal model. Towards this end, high-alcohol-consuming P and HAD (both replicate lines) rats will be taken through an ethanol drinking protocol involving repeated cycles of exposure to multiple ethanol concentrations followed by a period of deprivation. A second series of experiments will further characterize and refine the ethanol drinking protocol by evaluating the effects of altering the length of initial and subsequent 1) ethanol exposures and 2) deprivations and changing the available ethanol concentrations. A third series of experiments will examine the influence this experimental paradigm of cycles of ethanol availability and deprivation has in the drinking pattern of low-alcohol-consuming (e.g., NP, LAD-1, LAD-2 and Wistar) rats. The ethanol drinking protocol results in very high levels of ethanol intake in P and HAD rats (up to 16g/kg/day on the reinstatement of multiple concentrations of ethanol after three cycles of exposure and deprivation), suggesting that the reinforcing properties of ethanol may have been enhanced. The main hypothesis to be tested is that experience with excessive ethanol drinking results in neuroadaptive alterations in the extended amygdala and its interconnections. The rat lines that have been genetically selected for high alcohol drinking at Indiana University (i.e., P, HAD-1 and HAD-2) have been known to exhibit "loss of control" drinking when exposed to the ethanol drinking protocol proposed in this program. The results of this proposal will provide valuable information toward understanding the neural circuitry underlying excessive alcohol drinking and relapse of alcohol drinking. Such information would be important for developing pharmacotherapies for the treatment of alcoholism and alcohol abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ETHANOL
INIA:SCHEDULE-INDUCED
POLYDIPSIA
AND
EXCESSIVE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Mittleman, Guy; Associate Professor; Psychology; University of Memphis Memphis, Tn 38152 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This exploratory grant application represents the effort of a researcher that is new to the ethanol field. The 3 proposed experiments provide an opportunity to explore in mice, excessive ethanol consumption elicited in the schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) paradigm. As the SIP paradigm has rarely been used to elicit excessive ethanol drinking in mice, experiment I will provide task validation by systematically testing male mice from the BxD, RI strains along with their parental strains. Once excessive ethanol consumption develops in some of these BXD RJ strains, additional ethanol concentrations will be tested in order to establish dose response relationships in these mice. Variability in the amount of ethanol drinking in the BxD RI lines will permit an initial QTL analysis of potential genetic loci involved in this behavior. Experiment 2 will use mice obtained from an NIH supported neuromutagenesis program (UOI: Targeted Mutagenesis of the Mouse Genome and Neural Phenotypes). In this experiment, mutant pedigrees that respond extremely in the
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Ethanol
ethanol 2-bottle choice test will be rebred and then tested in the SIP ethanol paradigm. Results of this experiment will provide convergent evidence of genetic loci associated with susceptibility to excessive ethanol drinking. In experiment 3, microarray technology will be used to more precisely identify candidate genes whose expression is correlated with excessive, voluntary ethanol drinking in the SIP paradigm. The specific aims are: (1) to establish the SIP paradigm as a reasonable way of inducing consistent and excessive ethanol consumption in mice and (2) to characterize using QTL, mutant mice and microarray analyses the genetic differences correlated with excessive and heritable ethanol drinking in this paradigm. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INSOMNIA AS A PATH TO ALCOHOL ABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Roehrs, Timothy A.; Director of Research and Academic Appoin; Psychiatry; Case Western Reserve Univ-Henry Ford Hsc Research Administraion Cfp-046 Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: Chronic insomnia is reported by 10% of the general population and clearly has morbidity associated with it. But, it is often left untreated medically and a large percentage of people with insomnia (40%) self- medicate using over-the-counter (OTC) medications and alcohol, with 67% of those using alcohol reporting it was effective. This research program seeks to understand the risks associated with the use of ethanol as a hypnotic. There now is information that initially ethanol at low doses (i.e., doses insomniacs in the general population report using) improves the sleep of persons with insomnia and further, insomniacs self administer (SA) low ethanol doses at bedtime (i.e., as a hypnotic) to a greater extent than non-insomniacs with similar social drinking histories. The working hypothesis of this proposal regarding the risks of hypnotic ethanol use in the insomniac is that, while sleep is initially improved with ethanol, it's beneficial effects diminish rapidly and with "hypnotic" use of ethanol the insomniac finds its "mood-altering" effects reinforcing, thus leading to increased nightly ethanol intake extending beyond the hypnotic context and occurring in the absence of hypnotic effects. In other words, what may initially be sleep-medicating behavior, then becomes "mood-altering" behavior that begins to demonstrate some of the characteristics of drugseeking behavior (i.e., alcoholic drinking). This proposal outlines three experiments to be conducted over the five year grant period. The studies are designed to explore each of three drug-seeking characteristics: dose escalation, enhanced daytime ethanol SA, and nightly SA in the absence of hypnotic effects. In the three studies attempts will be made to determine whether sleep effects, mood effects, or both determine the reinforcing function of ethanol for the insomniac and how those effects may change over time with prior exposure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INSULIN MEDIATED GLUCOSE TRANSPORT DISRUPT BY ETHANOL Principal Investigator & Institution: Nagy, Laura E.; Associate Professor; Nutrition; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the investigator's abstract). Epidemiological studies have identified alcohol consumption as an independent risk factor for the development of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Moreover, both short and long-term
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ethanol consumption result in glucose intolerance in humans and rats. However, the mechanism(s) for this disruption of glucose homeostasis by ethanol is not well understood. Since adipose and skeletal muscle are major sites for both insulin action and glucose disposal, the applicants have investigated the effects of ethanol on insulinmediated control of glucose transport in adipocytes and skeletal muscle from rats. Ethanol feeding to rats for four weeks decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes and soleus, a red oxidative muscle, but had no effect on uptake in the epitrochlearis, a white glycolytic muscle. Decreased uptake in the adipocyte was associated with an impairment in translocation of GLUT4 from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane. Total GLUT4 protein was also reduced after ethanol feeding; as in other model systems, decreased GLUT4 was associated with an increase in G alpha s and cAMP production in the adipocyte. The major goals of this proposal will be to determine whether ethanol impairs insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in red, oxidative muscle and adipocytes by: (1) disrupting insulin receptor mediated signal transduction and/or (2) impairing the ability of GLUT4 vesicles to dock and fuse with the plasma membrane. The effects of ethanol on early events in insulin signalling (insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylation and activation of phosphotidylinositol-3-kinase) which lead to translocation of GLUT4 will be measured. The applicants will also investigate the effects of ethanol on the intracellular distribution of GLUT4 protein after insulin stimulation, as well as the distribution of vesicular proteins involved in GLUT4 vesicle trafficking. Investigation of the mechanisms for ethanol-induced insulin resistance is critical for understanding the interaction between alcohol consumption and the development of NIDDM. Such an understanding will foster the development of strategies to either prevent or reverse the long-term effects of ethanol on glucose homeostasis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISMS OF ACTIONS OF ALCOHOL AND OMEGA 3-FATTY ACIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lakshman, Raj; Chief of Lipid Research & Professor of m; Medicine; George Washington University 2121 I St Nw Washington, Dc 20052 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1992; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): The major hypotheses of this competing continuation application are: Ethanol exposure down-regulates alpha-2,6sialyltransferase (2,6-ST) at the molecular level leading to defective glycosylation of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and its association with HDL. Ethanol also affects sphingomyelin (SPM) and other phospholipids (PL) of HDL. These defects lead to impaired reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) that are reversed by low dietary omega 3faty acids (omega 3FA). This laboratory has the following published (10 publication & 1 review) and preliminary data in support of the above hypotheses: 1. Ethanol impaired sialylation of both transferring (Tf) and ApoE by down-regulating 2,6-ST and its mRNA. 2. Both 2,6-ST-mRNA and GAPDH mRNA levels seemed to be intact in two autopsy liver samples from non-alcoholic controls. 3. Ethanol at 50 and 100mM decreased ST mRNA in human HepG2 cells stably expressing Cyp2E (Cyp2E cells) and high alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH cells), but not in Wild type. 4. However, acetaldehyde (Ach) at 50muM concentration decreased 2,6-ST mRNA even in Wilde type. 5. Ethanol destabilized liver 2,6-STmRNA, presumably via cis and trans- acting factors. 6. Desialylated ApoE had low affinity for HDL resulting in its impaired RCT function in both human and rat. 7. HDLs from both chronic ethanol-fed rats and human alcoholics showed defective RCT. 8. Very low dietary omega 3FA restored ethanol-mediated
52
Ethanol
inhibition of RCT capacity of HDL. 9. Both 20:5 and 22:6 omega 3FA contents of HDL increased 4-4.7-fold in omega 3FA-fed group compared to the control group. 10. Sphingomyelin (SPM) content of HDL was decreased in ethanol group with concomitant inhibition of RCT. 11. HDLs from chronic human alcoholics also had lower HDL SPM compared to non-drinkers. 12. HDL devoid of SPM showed impaired RCT function. Therefore, the following specific aims are proposed to test hypotheses to understand the mechanisms of actions of alcohol and omega 3FA: Glycosylation: Specific Aim 1: Are protein factors involved in the ethanol-mediated destabilization of liver 2,6-ST mRNA? How does ethanol affect the distribution of 2,6-ST protein & its mRNA? Do livers from human alcoholics also exhibit decreased 2,6-ST protein & its mRNA? Specific Aim 2: Can the effects of ethanol in vivo be mimicked in human liver cell systems? Is active metabolism of ethanol a prerequisite for its effects in these cell systems? What are the cis and trans factors responsible for destabilizing 2,6-ST mRNA? Is Ach responsible for these effects at clinically relevant levels? Functional Consequences: Specific Aim 3: How do omega 3 FA alter ethanol-mediated defects in the RCT function of HDL? Specific Aim 4: Does ethanol affect the HDL SPM and other PL? Do human alcoholics have altered SPM and other PL levels in their HDL? Does ethanol-induced loss of SPM and other PL? Do human alcoholics have altered SPM and other PL levels in their HDL? Does ethanol-induced loss of SPM and other PL from HDL affect its RCT function? The laboratory will accomplish these in human and animal systems using molecular biology, immunochemical and biochemical approaches. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: METHYLPHENIDATE-ETHANOL INTERACTION IN ADHD AND COABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Patrick, Kennerly S.; Pharmaceutical Sciences; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Appropriate drug therapy for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) requires special consideration of lifestyle and life span comorbidity. (1) dI-Methylphenidate (MPH) is a drug of choice for ADHD; (2) Substance/alcohol abuse and dependence is over-represented in adolescent and adult ADHD, especially in women; (3) A pilot study revealed a novel MPH-ethanol metabolic drug interaction, wherein ethanol combines with MPH to form ethylphenidate (ETPH); and (4) the ethanol also appeared to inhibit MPH metabolism (especially in the female subjects; women have been reported to exhibit reduced first-pass metabolism of ethanol). Given these considerations, the potential therapeutic and toxicological significance of the MPH-ethanol interaction is proposed for investigation. SPECIFIC AIM 1 is to test the hypothesis that the enantiomers of the metabolite ETPH contribute to the neuropharmacology of concomitant MPH-ethanol. Monoamine transporter inhibition and mouse behavioral screens will be used for this assessment. SPECIFIC AIM 2 will test the hypothesis that ETPH will be formed enantioselectively. Enantiospecific gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-negative ion chemical ionization will be used to simultaneously quantitate d-MPH, I-MPH, d-ETPH and IETPH from serial plasma samples. Healthy human volunteers-eight men and eight women--will participate in these pharmacokinetic studies. SPECIFIC AIM 3 (a) will ask what extent the MPH-ethanol interaction increases MPH blood concentrations in men vs. women; (b) will test the prediction that ethanol will not only elevate total plasma MPH levels, but also reduce the plasma d-MPH/I-MPH ratio; and (c) will test the hypothesis that the order of administration of ethanol relative to MPH influences the
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extent of this drug interaction (in the same order-dependent manner that has been reported for the cocaine-ethanol interaction which forms cocaethylene and can inhibit cocaine metabolism). The findings will serve to broaden our understanding of the toxicological consequences of MPH-ethanol coabuse and contribute to the rational emergency management of this common concomitant drug overdose. Further, the results will be used to support recommendations for optimal drug individualization in the treatment of ADHD, e.g., dextroamphetamine vs. MPH; dI-MPH vs. d-MPH; immediate-release MPH vs. extended-release MPH; or adjustment of MPH. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MODEL ERYTHROPOIESIS
TO
STUDY
THE
EFFECTS
OF
ETHANOL
ON
Principal Investigator & Institution: Koury, Stephen T.; Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences; State University of New York at Buffalo Suite 211 Ub Commons Amherst, Ny 14228 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 09-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Scanned from the applicant's description): Chronic ingestion of ethanol has been proposed to hasten the development and increase the severity of megaloblastic anemia in human patients, as well as cause anemia in patients with normal folate status. Proposed mechanisms for red cell abnormalities in alcoholic patients include attenuation of erythropoietin (EPO) production by ethanol, decreased sensitivity of erythroid precursor cells to EPO, direct toxic effects of ethanol on erythroid progenitors, and an antifolate activity of ethanol. The contributions of each in the cause of the erythroid abnormities associated with alcoholism have not been studied simultaneously. In the same model system and it is therefore unclear which of the potential mechanisms is physiologically greatest importance. A mouse model of chronic ethanol ingestion will be developed in order to determine the significance of each of these potential mechanisms, and further, to allow for the investigation of the role of gender in the development of hematologic abnormalities associated with chronic ethanol ingestion. Direct toxic effects of ethanol on erythroid progenitors will be determined by enumerating early erythroid progenitors in ethanol fed and control mice, by measuring the ability of ethanol fed and control mice to recover from acute anemia and by culturing erythroblasts isolated from ethanol fed and control mice in different concentrations of ethanol to determine the effect of ethanol on the viability and extent of terminal differentiation of erythroblasts. EPO production will be assessed in anemic ethanol fed and control mice. It will be determined if ethanol exacerbates or accelerates the hematologic symptoms of folate deficiency by subjecting mice to folate deficient diets with or without ethanol supplementation. Erythroblasts will be isolated from folate deficient mice on the folate deficient diet and from mice on the folate deficient diet supplemented with ethanol. The ability of erythroblasts to undergo terminal differentiation in vitro after correcting the folate deficiency in the presence or absence of ethanol will be investigated to determine if ethanol delays or inhibits the recovery form folate deficiency. The results of this study may be significant for the treatment of anemias and associated illnesses in alcoholics. Higher levels of folate supplementation may be required in the initial treatment of alcoholic patients if it is found that ethanol has direct or residual effects on folate metabolism in erythroblasts. Alteration of the in vivo bioavailablity of folate may be indicated if the effects of ethanol on erythroblasts are more pronounced in vivo than in vitro. Alternative forms of delivery of folate (parenteral vs oral) and the avoidance of drugs that have anti-folate activity for
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Ethanol
treatment of alcoholics (anticonvulsives and certain broad spectrum antibiotics) might thus be warranted order to increase the bioavailabilty of administered folate. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MODULATION OF ALCOHOL REINFORCEMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Cunningham, Christopher L.; Professor; Behavioral Neuroscience; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) This project is directly concerned with the learning and motivational processes underlying ethanol-seeking behavior. The long-term goal is to improve our understanding of the behavioral and neurobiological process that contribute to the etiology, maintenance, elimination and relapse of alcoholism. The general experimental strategy involves study of ethanol's motivational effects in oral self-administration and place conditioning tasks using animals. Special emphasis will be placed on the learning that results from the predictive relationship between environmental stimuli and exposure to ethanol rewarding or aversive effects. The central organizing hypothesis of this research is that ethanol-predictive stimuli have a direct impact on ethanol's motivational effects and that they are importantly involved in motivating or directing ethanol-seeking behavior, including the phenomenon of relapse after extinction or abstinence. One set of proposed experiments will examine effects of ethanol-predictive stimuli on conditioned hyperthermia and barpressing in a signaled self-administration procedure using rats and mice. Variables of interest include: Sucrose concentration, CS-ethanol overlap, ethanol access duration and conditioned reinforcement. The second set of studies will determine effects of ethanolpredictive stimuli on conditioned place preference and aversion in rats and mice. Variables of interest include: dose, number of trials, CS-ethanol interval, genotype, and route of administration. The final series of experiments will study the role of ethanolpredictive stimuli in extinction, relapse and relapse prevention. In addition to improving our understanding of ethanol-predictive stimuli, these studies will shed new light on apparent species differences in ethanol s motivational effects, and on findings that ethanol-predictive stimuli can acquire opposing motivational effects within the same species. A better understanding of these issues is essential for using these animal models to study neurobiological and genetic contributions to alcoholism. This project should help focus future research on the neurobiological mechanisms of ethanol-seeking behavior, aid in the development of beneficial treatments for alcohol abuse, and facilitate identification of effective relapse prevention strategies. These studies could prove to be especially useful in the evaluation of putative pharmacotherapies intended to reduce alcohol craving and in the design of behavioral interventions to decrease ethanol-seeking behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MOLECULAR BASIS OF ETHANOL EFFECTS ON 5 HT3 RECEPTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lovinger, David M.; Chief; Molecular Physiol & Biophysics; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: Ethanol alters the function of several ligand-related ion channels including the 5-HT receptor. Potentiation of 5-HT, receptor function at intoxicating ethanol concentrations is thought to contribute to acute ethanol intoxication and alcohol drinking behavior. The receptor can be purified to homogeneity and this will allow us to
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address several important questions concerning the effect of ethanol on receptor structure and structural dynamics. Using purified and reconstituted 5-HT, receptor protein with selected point mutations we will perform specific experiments designed to test the hypothesis that ethanol enhances movement of the alpha-helical second transmembrane domain lining the channel pore of the 5-HT3 receptor to prolong total channel open time in the presence of low agonist concentrations. This hypothesis will be tested by site-directed spin-labeling (SDSL) and EPR measurement of: a) the secondary structure of the transmembrane II (TMII) region of the protein in the absence and presence of ethanol; b) ethanol-induced changes in mobilit of the side chains of residues within the TMII domain; c) accessibility of paramacnetic agents to TMII residues; and d) ethanol-induced changes in measured distance between site-directed spin labeled amino acids in the TMII region. These experiments will provide novel information about the structural basis of ethanol effects on ligand-gated ion channels. These studies will also provide the basis for future analysis of the relationship between receptor structure and ethanol sensitivity. Ultimately, we hope that this research will contribute to the development of pharmacological approaches to the treatment of alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR MALFORMATIONS
PATHOGENESIS
OF
CRANIOFACIAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Semenza, Gregg L.; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Among known teratogens, ethanol represents the greatest public health problem in the U.S., playing an etiological role in approximately 5% of all congenital cardiac, central nervous system, and craniofacial malformations. Despite its enormous significance, little is known regarding the molecular pathogenesis of ethanol embryopathy. Cranial neural-crest derived cells (CNCC) are a major constituent of all developing craniofacial structures. Exposure of chick or mouse embryos to ethanol results in excessive craniofacial development. Increased expression of MSX2 and the signaling molecule BMP4 is associated with developmentally-programmed death of CNCC in the hindbrain. Over-expression of MSX2 results in craniofacial malformations strikingly similar to those associated with ethanol exposure. The goal of this project is to determine whether MSX1, MSX2, and/or BMP4 are involved in the excessive cell death associated with ethanol-induced craniofacial malformations. The Specific Aims are as follows: (1) To determine whether craniofacial malformations in MSX2 transgenic mice result from excessive death of MSX2- over-expressing cells. (2) To determine whether MSX1 over-expression affects survival of CNCC and subsequent craniofacial development in mouse embryos. (3) To determine whether ethanol exposure alters Msx1, Msx2, and/or Bmp4 gene expression in mouse embryos. (4) To determine whether ethanol affects survival of CNCC and subsequent craniofacial development in zebrafish embryos and whether these effects are mediated by BMP4 and/or MSX proteins. (5) To determine whether loss-of-function mutations at the Msx1 or Msx2 locus susceptibility to ethanol- induced craniofacial malformations in mice. (6) To identify genes that are transcriptionally regulated by MSX2 in CNCC of mouse embryos that over-express MSX2 or have been exposed to ethanol in utero. In addition to increasing our understanding of disease pathogenesis and of normal development, the identification of genes involved in this process may ultimately provide a diagnostic method for identifying pregnancies at increased risk for ethanol embryopathy.
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Ethanol
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NALTREXONE BLOCKADE OF NMDA Principal Investigator & Institution: Krystal, John H.; Kent Professor and Deputy Chair for Rese; Psychiatry; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 29-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) The capacity of ethanol to block N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors contributes to its behavioral effects in animals and humans. Recent preclinical data indicate that NMDA receptors and u opiate receptors are co-localized and have opposing actions in several brain regions involved in reward, such as the nucleus accumbens, the amygdala, and the raphe nucleus. These finds lead to the prediction that the mu receptor antagonist, naltrexone, would block the rewarding effects of NMDA antagonists, such as ketamine and ethanol. The capacity of naltrexone to attenuate the rewarding effects of ethanol contributes to its capacity to prevent episodes of drinking from becoming relapses to alcohol abuse. Similarly, our pilot data suggest that naltrexone reduces the euphoric and ethanol-like effects of subperceptual doses of ketamine. However, the mechanisms underlying the interactions of ethanol and naltrexone are not well understood. It is timely to explore the interactions of human opiate and glutamate receptor systems. Acamprostate, another promising pharmacotherapy for alcoholism, may act, in part, via glutamate receptor systems. The NIAAA multicenter study, Project COMBINE, will test the interactive effects of naltrexone and acamprostate. Better understanding of the interactions of opiate and glutamate systems may provide insights into findings from this study. In this application, we test the hypothesis that naltrexone attenuates the euphoric and ethanol-like effects of the NMDA antagonist, ketamine. We propose to examine the interactive effects of naltrexone and ketamine in 36 healthy human subjects using a randomized, balanced, placebo-controlled, within subjects design. The primary outcome measures include the visual analog scale measuring similarity to ethanol and the visual analog scale measuring "high." In our previous studies, we found that the rewarding effects of ketamine were remarkably resistant to antagonism by pretreatment with haloperidol or facilitation by pretreatment with lorazepam or amphetamine. We hypothesize that ketamine may mimic some aspects of the actions of ethanol at the NMDA receptor. Thus, the blockade of the rewarding effects of ketamine by naltrexone may provide insight into an important mechanism underlying the psychopharmacology of ethanol and the treatment of alcoholism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NEGATIVE IMPACT OF ALCOHOL ON ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Abdel-Rahman, Abdel A.; Distinguished Professor of Pharmacology; Pharmacology; East Carolina University 1000 E 5Th St Greenville, Nc 27858 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1988; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) This proposal extends our previous findings on the altered hemodynamic actions of systemic ethanol in an animal model of human hypertension and its adverse interaction with centrally acting hypotensive drugs. The proposal addresses this important biomedical problem by investigating the central mechanisms implicated in alcohol actions on blood pressure,
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57
and its impact on antihypertensive therapy with clonidine and an emerging class of drugs, the imidazoline (I1) receptor agonists (e.g. rilmenidine). The proposal will focus on the actions of ethanol on the neuronal activity of two brainstem areas, the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) and the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), known to play pivotal roles in cardiovascular regulation and in the hypotensive action of centrallyacting drugs. An innovative approach of this application is the blending of integrative cardiovascular biology studies, in vivo electrochemistry, in situ hybridization, and radiotelemetry to address three specific aims. Aim 1 investigates the acute electrochemical (norepinephrine, NE) and cardiovascular actions of ethanol microinjection into the NTS vs. the RVLM of hypertensive and "normotensive" rats. Additionally, it tests the hypothesis that ethanol selectively alters the neuronal signaling triggered by the I1-receptor in the RVLM. The powerful technique that permits real time monitoring of NE electrochemical signal (index of neuronal activity) and microinjections into, the NTS or RVLM of conscious rats will be used. Aim 2 identifies the neuronal substrates in the brainstem implicated in ethanol attenuation of the baroreflex function and in its reversal of I1 mediated hypotension, using c-fos expression as a marker of neuronal activity. Aim 3 utilizes a newly developed model system to investigate the chronic effects of moderate amounts of ethanol on blood pressure, cardiac autonomic function (spectral analysis of heart rate variability) in radiotelemetered hypertensive and normotensive rats. The hypothesis is tested that ethanol reductions in the "2Aadrenergic receptor expression or I1-receptor binding in the brainstem or the inhibition of their function contribute to the chronic actions of ethanol on blood pressure and on clonidine hypotension. The proposed studies will contribute to the understanding of the mechanism(s) of central ethanol actions on cardiovascular neurobiology. The important aspects of the proposal are the utilization of newly developed model systems and two indices of neuronal activity to elucidate the role of the brainstem neurons in ethanol actions. This proposal, which addresses an important scientific problem, is expected to yield significant new information on the central cardiovascular actions of ethanol and on the treatment of hypertension in alcohol using individuals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROADAPTATIONS TO ETHANOL IN DROSOPHILA Principal Investigator & Institution: Davis, Ronald; Professor; Cell Biology; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 27-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goals of this research project are to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms for neuroadaptation to ethanol. Different groups of adult Drosophila will be given acute treatment with ethanol, chronic treatment, or will be withdrawn from chronic treatment. These groups will be studied in a battery of tests that measure innate and learned behaviors to gain an appreciation for the scope of behavioral neuroadaptations that occur and to quantify behavioral tolerance, sensitivity, and dependency for ethanol. Microarray analysis of the complete genome of the fly will be used to examine the changes in gene expression that occur in the brain with the ethanol treatments. RNA in situ hybridization and other techniques will be used to verify the microarray expression results and to reveal the spatial expression pattern of the ethanol-regulated genes in the brain. The morphology of some brain neurons, including mushroom body neurons, will be studied using immunohistochemistry, clonal analysis, and electron microscopy to detect and characterize the changes in cellular morphology that occur with ethanol treatment. These studies comprise a comprehensive plan to better understand the behavioral
58
Ethanol
adaptations that occur with ethanol treatment and to reveal the molecular and anatomical correlates of these adaptations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROCHEMICAL ADMINISTRATION
MECHANISMS
OF
ETHANOL
SELF-
Principal Investigator & Institution: Gonzales, Rueben A.; Pharmaceutics; University of Texas Austin 101 E. 27Th/Po Box 7726 Austin, Tx 78712 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The neurochemical mechanisms which underlie ethanol self-administration behavior are not well understood at present. Recent research has suggested that brain systems which mediate reinforcement of behavior are probably involved in the development and promotion of ethanol self- administration. One of the major pathways thought to be involved in reinforcement is the dopaminergic projection from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). The goal of the present proposal is to test specific hypothesis about the involvement of dopamine in ethanol self-administration behavior in rats which have been trained to drink pharmacologically relevant amounts of ethanol. The major hypotheses to be tested are: (1) increased dopaminergic activity in the NAcc before or during ingestion underlies the control of ethanol and sucrose self-administration, (2) ethanol produces a different pattern of dopamine output in the NAcc compared with sucrose self- administration, (3) ethanol levels in brain produced by self- administration control, in part, dopamine levels in the NAcc along with the timing and pattern of subsequent ethanol drinking bouts, and (4) the mechanism for ethanol's effects on dopamine output is by increasing the release rather than inhibiting the uptake of dopamine. Five experiments will be carried out to determine (1) the relationship between extracellular dopamine in the NAcc during ethanol or sucrose self- administration in a limited access model, (2) the concentrationeffect relationship between brain ethanol and extracellular dopamine during limited access self-administration, (3) if the change in dopamine during 6 hours of access to ethanol is the same as during 30 minute limited access to ethanol, (4) whether ethanol concentrations in brain are related to extracellular dopamine concentrations during 6 hour access to ethanol, and (5) if i.p. administered ethanol alters the in vivo recovery of dopamine or the true extracellular concentration using quantitative microdialysis methodology (point of no-net-flux). Together the results of these experiments will clarify the potential role of dopamine as a neurochemical mediator in the control of ethanol self- administration under conditions in which the ethanol is clearly reinforcing. In addition, the project will provide direct experimental support for the mechanism by which ethanol affects mesolimbic dopaminergic function in vivo. Increased understanding of the neurochemical mechanisms which underlie ethanol selfadministration behavior may lead to new approaches for therapy of alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROCHEMICAL SUBSTRATES OF ETHANOL'S LOCOMOTOR EFFECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Meyer, Paul J.; Behavioral Neuroscience; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-MAR-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2004
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Summary: (provided by applicant): Understanding the effects of ethanol on simple behaviors such as locomotion provides a foundation for understanding more complex behaviors, such as ethanol self-administration and addiction. Further, studies with psychostimulants such as cocaine and amphetamine, and with ethanol as well, have revealed an overlap in the brain systems underlying both the locomotor and reinforcing effects of drugs. However, the neural substrates of ethanol-induced locomotion have not been as extensively studied. The goal of this proposal is to determine the neural bases for ethanol-induced locomotion. Brain lesions of areas within the mesolimbic dopamine system and the extended amygdala will be used to determine the neuroanatomical basis of the locomotor response to ethanol. In addition, microdialysis within these systems will be used to investigate the neurochemical events that are possibly correlated with this behavior. All of the experiments described in this proposal will utilize a genetic animal model of increased (FAST) and decreased (SLOW) sensitivity to ethanol's stimulant effects. This model of differential ethanol sensitivity is useful for examining behavioral and neurophysiological events that are genetically correlated to the locomotor response to ethanol. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ADDICTION
NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL
SUBSRATES
OF
ALCOHOL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Steffensen, Scott C.; Psychology; Brigham Young University A-261 Asb Provo, Ut 846021231 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 13-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: Recently we have demonstrated that a homogeneous population of gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) undergo adaptation in association with ethanol dependence. The overall objective of this proposal is to evaluate the role, whether contributory or reflective, of VTA GABA neurons in mediating the reinforcing properties of ethanol, under non-dependent and dependent conditions. The core thesis underlying this proposal is that adaptive changes in VTA GABA neuron excitability result from repeated exposure to acute intoxicating levels of ethanol and contribute to the dysregulation of mesolimbic dopamine homeostasis that accompanies ethanol reinforcement. Our proposed studies are designed to test three major hypotheses: 1) That persistent alterations in VTA GABA neuron excitability, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and/or GABA receptor-mediated neurotransmission occur in association with ethanol dependence; 2) That enhancement of VTA GABA neuron excitability, NMDA and/or GABA neurotransmission anticipates ethanol self-administration (SA); and 3) That adaptation of VTA GABA neuron excitability, NMDA and/or GABA neurotransmission parallels the continuum of ethanol intoxication, aversion, reinforcement and dependence. We will employ electrophysiological methods to determine if VTA GABA neuron firing rate, axonal excitability and/or NMDA and GABA receptor- mediated synaptic input undergo adaptation to chronic ethanol. We will evaluate VTA GABA neuron firing rate, axonal excitability and response to afferent synaptic input during ethanol self- administration and in the ethanol operant runway paradigms. These studies will determine if VTA GABA neurons or their corticolimbic inputs undergo plasticity during ethanol reinforcement. VTA GABA neurons may act as unique integrators of convergent information from sensory, cortical and limbic areas subserving ethanol addiction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Ethanol
Project Title: PLACENTA: ETHANOL AND HIV Principal Investigator & Institution: Miller, Richard K.; Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The human placenta normally serves as a barrier to direct transmission of viruses from the maternal circulation to the fetus. This is confirmed by the fact that approximately 25% of the infected babies of untreated mothers positive for the HIV virus are infected in utero. What determines the apparent differential transmission in different pregnancies is unknown. It has been suggested that the placenta's protective role may be compromised by maternal exposure to ethanol. While no data are available to suggest how this might occur, there are two obvious hypotheses. First, chronic exposure to ethanol might injure the placenta, producing a long-term malfunction. Second, acute exposure might result in a temporary failure of protective function. We propose to test both hypotheses in a human placental perfusion system. Passage of the HIV virus from the maternal circulation to the fetal circulation will be quantified over an 18 hour perfusion in placentae of mothers who report three or more alcoholic drinks per day versus those who report no exposure to ethanol. If ethanol-exposed placentae permit more virus to cross to the fetal circulation than unexposed placentae, chronic maternal ethanol exposure will be implicated as a factor in passage of the HIV virus. In half the placentae from each maternal group, ethanol will be added directly to the perfusion medium. If perfusions with ethanol exhibit increased passage of virus, acute exposure will be implicated as playing a role in transmission. Because there is evidence that transmission occurs only when the placenta itself is infected, the same chronic and acute exposure conditions will be studied in placentae experimentally infected with HIV-1 and monitored in human placental explant cultures. These experiments will provide tests of a third important hypothesis: that ethanol exposure increases the risk of transmission by increasing the degree of infection in the placenta. The experiments proposed will provide the first evidence on whether ethanol plays a role in direct transmission of the HIV virus to the fetus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PROTECTION FROM CARDIAC REPERFUSION INJURY BY ETHANOL Principal Investigator & Institution: Gray, Mary O.; Northern California Institute Res & Educ San Francisco, Ca 941211545 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Moderate alcohol intake has been shown to reduce coronary heart disease in numerous epidemiological studies. We propose that moderate ethanol consumption causes cardioprotection by increasing epsilonPKC protein expression in cardiac myocytes. To test this hypothesis, we will use multiple approaches to examine resistance of ischemia-reperfusion injury in hearts receiving ethanol in drinking water for at least 12 weeks. In addition, we will investigate the requirement for epsilonPKC function in ethanol-mediated cardioprotection using techniques routinely available in our laboratory with the following specific aims: Aim A: Examine epsilonPKC enzyme activity and subcellular localization in hearts from ethanol-fed mice and age-matched controls. We plan to identify ethanol-induced changes in epsilonPKC kinase function and distribution among subcellular compartments in adult cardiac myocytes and in left ventricular tissue from ethanol-fed mice and age-matched controls using immunofluorescence staining, confocal microscopy, immunoprecipitation, and
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western blotting techniques. Aim B: Determine whether acute isozyme-selective inhibition of epsilonPKC function blocks sustained ethanol-mediated cardioprotection. We will examine the effects of peptide modulators of PKC isozyme translocation and function introduced acutely into cultured adult cardiac myocytes or intact hearts on chronic ethanol-induced resistance to ischemia-reperfusion injury and PKC interactions with other signaling proteins. Aim C: Investigate the effects of moderate alcohol consumption on cardiac function and resistance to ischemia-reperfusion injury in epsilonPKC knockout mice. We will use adult cardiac myocytes and intact hearts to determine whether cardioprotection develops in epsilonPKC knockout mice in response to ethanol feeding and whether ethanol-mediated regulation of related signaling pathways is altered by the absence of epsilonPKC. One overall goal of this research is to understand the cellular mechanisms of cardioprotection mediated by chronic moderate alcohol consumption. A second goal is to identify therapeutic targets for sustained protection against coronary heart disease that do not require ethanol ingestion because of concerns regarding alcohol abuse and potential adverse effects on other organ systems in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REPEATED ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL--NERUAL DAMAGE AND NICOTINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Prendergast, Mark A.; None; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: Long-term ethanol abuse and withdrawal in humans is associated with deleterious effects on neuronal function, including neurodegeneration that may be consequences of dysregulated Ca2+ homeostasis. This is reflected in elevated function of neuronal NMDA receptors and voltage-operated Ca2+ channels (VOCC). During ethanol withdrawal, increased function of these channels likely contribute to the accumulation of toxic levels of Ca2+ in neurons. The proposed studies are designed to elucidate mechanisms of ethanol-associated neuronal damage as they related to changes in neuronal Ca2+ buffeting. Radioligand binding and functional assays of radiolabeled Ca2+ entry into neurons will examine changes in neuronal density and function of NMDAr and VOCC in response to ethanol and correlated these changes with neuronal damage in cultured neurons of the rat hippocampus. Further, ethanol-induced reductions in glucose utilization, ATP content, and activity of neuronal Ca2+-ATPases will also be examined using autoradiography and functional assays, as these may represent effects of ethanol which reduce the efflux of Ca2+ following neuronal accumulation. Finally, recent evidence suggests that exposure to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, (-)-nicotine, may be of benefit in reducing neuronal damage produced by ethanol abuse and/or withdrawal. It is hypothesized that this benefit is provided, in part, by preventing adaptive changes to ethanol which may increase intracellular accumulation of Ca2+ during periods of ethanol withdrawal. Indeed, this may be one reason underlying the close association between ethanol abuse and cigarette smoking. Thus, the ability of (-)-nicotine to prevent the effects of ethanol described above will be evaluated. It is intended that by conducting these studies, a better understanding of the mechanisms associated with ethanol abuse and withdrawal associated neurodegeneration will be provided and that the study of (-)-nicotine will aid in suggesting novel means of attenuating these effects. In particular, exposure to agents which interact with nicotinic receptors may be useful in this regard and, possibly, may be useful in reducing the incidence of cigarette smoking during chronic ethanol abuse.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ROLE OF AMYGDALA IN ETHANOL REINFORCEMENT AND ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Roberts, Amanda J.; Assistant Professor; Scripps Research Institute Tpc7 La Jolla, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 27-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: One of the primary goals of this 1NIA is to identify behavioral neuroadaptations that occur in the brain reward circuits associated with the extended amygdala and its connections that result in excessive ethanol consumption. In these proposed experiments, a model of excessive ethanol self-administration will be applied to several mouse lines/strains that have unique genotypes hypothesized to be related to the link between ethanol self-administration and extended amygdala function (anxietylike behaviors and reward function following dependence). Mice will be trained to selfadminister ethanol in an operant paradigm, made dependent using an ethanolcontaining liquid diet and then exposed to operant ethanol self-administration during repeated bouts of withdrawal. It is predicted that the development of an association between ethanol self-administration and the attenuation of affective withdrawal symptoms will result in excessive ethanol consumption. It is hypothesized that withdrawal is associated with increased I anxiety-like behavior and increased responsiveness to stressor exposure and that both contribute to increasing ethanol consumption in dependent animals. In addition, neurochemistry within the extended amygdala (central and medial nuclei of the amygdala and the BNST) will be manipulated in order to more directly characterize the role of this circuitry in excessive ethanol consumption. It is hypothesized that the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and opioid systems in the amygdala are involved in excessive ethanol selfadministration and anxiety-like behavior in dependent mice. The implication from these findings is that the control of anxiety in alcoholics is extremely important in reducing relapse. The investigation of neuronal systems that mediate anxiety with regard to their contribution to alcohol self- administration may ultimately lead to more effective treatment approaches to the chronically relapsing disease of alcoholism. This INIA makes use of several Genetic Animal Models Core Components, relates well to other INIA UOls, and also will provide input to the Gene Expression, Imaging and the Bioinformatics Cores. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SELECTIVE BREEDING FOR ETHANOL SENSITIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Deitrich, Richard A.; Professor of Pharmacology; Pharmacology; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 18-SEP-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) This proposal utilizes lines of rats that have been selected for differential initial sensitivity to ethanol. These lines will be used to discover which genes control the molecular mechanisms of action of ethanol in the brain. This information will be compared with similar data from mice and the results extrapolated to humans. Identification of genes responsible for the genetic risk of development of alcoholism is the ultimate goal of these studies. These rats, High Alcohol Sensitive, (HAS) and Low Alcohol Sensitive (LAS) and the control lines (CAS) have been selectively bred for 24 generations. The criteria for selection is "sleep time"
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and blood ethanol at awakening following a standard dose of ethanol. There is essentially no overlap between blood ethanol at awakening between the HAS and LAS lines. Replicate lines, started from separate stocks of the N/Nih heterogeneous stock of rats, are maintained. A Quantitative Trait Loci project is underway and depends upon this proposal for the phenotypic testing of parents, F1 and F2 animals from a cross of both outbred lines and inbred strains. In the current proposal, we undertake to more closely define the actions of ethanol at the GABA receptor and the role of glutamate in the actions of ethanol. We will also investigate very rapid acute tolerance, acute functional tolerance and rapid tolerance. We will investigate the actions of dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate derivative on the metabolism and actions of ethanol. Other neurosteroids have been found to have differential effects on ethanol responses in these lines of rats. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STUDIES OF CRH AND ALCOHOL EFFECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Phillips, Tamara J.; Research Career Scientist and Professor; Behavioral Neuroscience; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 24-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: The goal of this project is to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between stress and alcohol's motivational and neuroadaptive consequences. We shall focus on the role of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), the critical mediator of the stress response, in determining these alcohol effects. Relatively little is understood concerning alcohol consumption and relief from stress or the influence of stress hormones on alcohol reward neuroadaptation. Whereas there is substantial support for these associations, thus far there are no causal links. We postulate that CRH is a principle element, perhaps even the keystone, in stressassociated mechanisms of alcohol addiction, and that disruption or dysregulation of CRH pathways leading to altered stress reactivity thereby influences patterns of ethanol reinforcement, aversion and neuroadaption. We propose to test these postulates using mice with specific genetic alterations in CRH pathways. In particular, we will test mice deficient in CRH or the CRH receptors, CRH-R1 and CRH-R2 and mice that overexpress CRH in the brain. We predict that specific effects of these mutations will be seen on ethanol reinforcement, aversion, and neuroadaptation to ethanol. Specific aim 1 will determine whether dysregulation of CRH pathways alters the motivational effects of ethanol. We shall measure voluntary ethanol drinking behavior, and ethanol-induced conditioned place preference and taste aversion in the CRH mutant lines listed above. Specific aim 2 will determine whether dysregulation of CRH pathways alters neuroadaption to ethanol. We shall measure ethanol-induced sensitization and crosssensitization between stress and ethanol, and severity of ethanol dependence. Specific aim 3 will determine whether specific changes in gene expression patterns are associated with behavioral patterns of neuroadaptation of ethanol. This research represents an important step toward the validation of CRH receptors as targets for future medications development in the treatment and prevention of alcoholism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: T-CELL DEPENDENT IMMUNE RESPONSES AND ETHANOL Principal Investigator & Institution: Cook, Robert T.; Professor; Pathology; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This work is part of a long-term strategy to define the alterations leading to the immunologic abnormalities of the alcoholic. In addition to the widely reported clinical immune deficiency and disorders with possible autoimmune origins, we and others have demonstrated that chronic alcoholics have (a) persistently activated T lymphocytes, (b) lymphocyte fine subset losses in B cells, T cells, and NK cells, (c) monocyte activation, and (d) a range of functional changes in vivo and in vitro. We now propose five interactive projects (IRPG) to evaluate chronic ethanol effects on innate and adaptive immune system components and the interactions of both with infectious disease agents. In brief, the projects are: (1) T cell dependent immune responses and ethanol; (2) Effect of ethanol on the murine B cell compartment; (3) Dendritic cell function and ethanol; (4) Natural killer cells and ethanol; (5) The role of immune responses in alcoholic liver disease. A key feature of all projects is the use of a model of chronic ethanol administration which we have shown to be well tolerated by mice, can be administered for prolonged periods of time proportional to that seen in humans, and importantly, produces changes similar in many immunologic parameters to changes observed in chronic human alcoholics. This project, (1) T-cell dependent immune responses and ethanol, will investigate T cell dependent alterations by chronic ethanol exposure. We have shown elsewhere that chronic ethanol mice have activated T cells. The literature clearly shows that alcoholics have diminished T dependent immunity, and we have found in preliminary data that mice exposed to chronic ethanol have both decreased antigen-specific T cell responses to Listeria monocytogenes LLO antigen, and altered T dependent humoral response to TNP-KLH. We now propose to evaluate both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell antigen-specific responses to Listeria antigens after prolonged ethanol ingestion, the effect of boosting immunizations and withdrawal on these ethanol-diminished responses, and several experimental protocols to evaluate memory cell survival in chronic ethanol exposure. In other experiments, the effect of chronic ethanol on TH1 and TH2-driven humoral responses will be measured, in both TH1- and TH2-dominant mice. Experiments to distinguish clearly whether T cells from chronic ethanol mice have diminished capacity to respond to normal peptide-loaded bone marrow dendritic cells will be carried out both in vitro and in vivo. DNA vaccines encoding the Listeria LLO protein will be used to attempt to boost ethanol-diminished antigen-specific T cell responses, and to increase both memory cells and antigen-specific cytolytic T cell responses, which are important in protection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TNF ALPHA AND RECOVERY FROM ALCOHOLIC LIVER INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Diehl, Anna M.; Professor; Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1994; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Investigator's Abstract) Ethanol produces liver disease by injuring the liver and by impairing the regenerative response. The investigator's goal is to identify mechanisms responsible for ethanol's anti-regenerative actions so that treatments can be designed to restore regeneration. Evidence obtained during the last grant indicates that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) (an endotoxin-inducible cytokine involved in alcoholic liver injury) is a key mitogenic factor during liver regeneration. Ethanol-treated animals require TNF for liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH), exhibiting almost no induction of hepatocyte DNA synthesis when treated with agents that neutralize TNF. Preliminary data suggest that specific TNF-dependent proliferative events are inhibited by chronic ethanol consumption although ethanol
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increases hepatic expression of TNF mRNA. This discrepancy between TNF expression and biological activity suggests that chronic ethanol exposure decreases biologically active TNF protein (despite increasing TNF mRNA) and/or changes hepatocyte sensitivity to TNF. Since both TNF expression and target cell sensitivity to TNF are regulated by other cytokines, this suggests that chronic ethanol exposure disturbs a network of interactive, endotoxin-inducible cytokines that regulate the regenerative response to liver injury. This project will test the hypothesis that PH permits endotoxemia which triggers a cascade of cytokines that cooperate to regulate hepatocyte proliferation. Chronic exposure to ethanol disturbs this cytokine network, resulting in a change in the hepatocyte phenotype that prevents proliferation despite enhanced local accumulation of TNF. Three specific aims are proposed: 1) To identify the TNF-related cytokines that are induced in the liver after PH, characterize the temporal pattern of their expression, and clarify the role of gut-derived endotoxin (LPS) in PH-induction of these genes; 2) To determine if acute or chronic consumption of ethanol alters expression of any of these cytokines before or after PH, and if so, whether this can be explained by increased portal or systemic endotoxemia; 3) To identify which TNFregulated events in proliferative signaling are inhibited by ethanol, determine if inhibited proliferation predisposes hepatocytes to TNF toxicity, and assess whether proliferative signaling can be restored by "normalizing" the cytokine network. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TREATMENT OF ACUTE STROKE ETHANOL AND CAFFEINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Grotta, James C.; Professor; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Neuroprotection refers to the concept of administering a drug that ameliorates at the cellular level those biochemical perturbations leading to brain damage after an acute stroke. Many neuroprotective drugs have been shown to reduce damage in animal models of stroke. For instance, drugs that block glutamate receptors or downstream effects of glutamatergic activity reduce infarct volume by about 50% in rats. However, Clinical trials of these same drugs have failed to demonstrate efficacy. There are probably many reasons for these failures, but in summary, we have failed to design our clinical studies to match the circumstances under which these drugs are effective in the laboratory. For instance: 1. We have started drugs 6-24 hours after stroke onset in humans when they have only been effective in the lab if started within 2-3 hours. 2. We have standardized stroke severity and location in the lab, but have not done so when selecting patients for Clinical trials. 3. We have not routinely coupled neuroprotective therapy to attempts at reperfusion (i.e. giving them along with thrombolytic drugs), even though they are most effective in laboratory models of temporary arterial occlusion. 4. Because of side effects that limit doses we are able to give medically unstable stroke patients, we have not been able to achieve blood levels that are effective in animal models. Another important reason for our clinical failures may be that the drugs we have tested have not been sufficiently potent at protecting cells and reversing the biological abnormalities that occur after stroke. Stronger drugs or combinations of drugs affecting multiple pathways may be needed. This is a proposal for a pilot study that will address all these deficiencies. In work carried out in our laboratory over the past 2 years, we have found that the combination of various doses of ethanol and caffeine can reduce infarct volume by up to 80% after reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion, while the same doses given alone of ethanol are harmful and of caffeine are only slightly protective. This combination is effective if
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started up to 3 hours after the onset of stroke, and produces blood levels which are within the range that are very well tolerated in humans (i.e. below the legal intoxicating blood alcohol level and roughly 3 cups of coffee). Finally, this treatment is even more effective if coupled with mild hypothermia (body temperature reduced to 35 C). See Preliminary Results and Appendix #7 for details. A number of questions remain. The mechanism(s) of action of this combination are unclear. Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors that may lead to changes in glutamate release. Ethanol may affect glutamate and GABA, and also enhances the cellular uptake of a number of substances. These mechanisms need to be explored in future laboratory studies, which have been recently funded in a NIH RO-1, grant to Dr. Aronowski. The combination is less effective in animals that had been previously exposed to ethanol, suggesting a tolerance effect. This may limit its use or require higher doses in a population where alcohol is widely consumed. Finally, the optimal dose of this combination remains to be established in human stroke patients. There are no known reports of the use of the combination of ethanol and caffeine in human stroke patients. One lesson from previous neuroprotective trials is that we should try to achieve doses in humans resulting in blood levels at the high range of efficacy in animals. This may be particularly true in the case of ethanol/caffeine because of previous exposure of our patients to ethanol. In laboratory studies, 5-10% ethanol and 10-mg./kg. caffeine given intravenously in combination over 1 hour are most effective; higher doses provide no additional benefit in naive animals. It is unclear if these doses will be tolerated or effective in human stroke patients. However, the doses to be used in this study are well within the usually consumed amounts of these compounds. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ZEBRAFISH--A MODEL FOR FETAL ETHANOL INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Tanguay, Robert L.; Associate Professor; Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: One of the major causes of birth defects in North America is maternal ethanol consumption. Maternal alcohol consumption during critical windows of embryonic development can result in offspring with a number of predictable defects known as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE). The effects of ethanol on normal development is very costly to society since FAS and FAE children suffer from impaired development, cognitive deficits and behavior problems. In order to reduce the cost of the devastating effects of ethanol on human health, we must understand the mechanism of ethanol action. It is also essential that we determine the genetic factors involved. A greater understanding of underlying mechanisms) of ethanol action on developing embryos should lead to new ideas about prevention and intervention of FAS and FAE. Although several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the molecular mechanism of ethanol-mediated fetal injury, the cause remains uncertain. The longrange goal of this project is to establish zebrafish as a vertebrate model to understand the molecular mechanisms) of ethanol-induced fetal injury. Zebrafish embryos share many cellular, anatomical, and physiological characteristics with higher vertebrates including humans and they offer many practical advantages making them an excellent research model for teratogenic studies. We specifically propose to: (I) Investigate the potential involvement of ethanol metabolism by completely characterizing the metabolizing pathways in developing embryos. (II) Determine the critical developmental window for embryonic CNS injury. (III) Identify the impact of ethanol
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exposure on zebrafish nervous system development and test the hypothesis that cell death contributes significantly to the teratogenic actions of ethanol. Completion of this project will result in a powerful model system that will allow for a greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying ethanol-mediated fetal injury. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “ethanol” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for ethanol in the PubMed Central database: •
A Low Concentration of Ethanol Reduces the Chemiluminescence of Human Granulocytes and Monocytes but Not the Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Production by Monocytes after Endotoxin Stimulation. by Parlesak A, Diedrich JP, Schafer C, Bode C.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108274
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A molecular level picture of the stabilization of A-DNA in mixed ethanol --water solutions. by Cheatham TE III, Crowley MF, Fox T, Kollman PA.; 1997 Sep 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23237
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A Regulatory Mutant of Hansenula polymorpha Exhibiting Methanol Utilization Metabolism and Peroxisome Proliferation in Glucose. by Parpinello G, Berardi E, Strabbioli R.; 1998 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107265
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Acetaldehyde Is a Causal Agent Responsible for Ethanol-Induced Ripening Inhibition in Tomato Fruit. by Beaulieu JC, Peiser G, Saltveit ME.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158158
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Activation of [var epsilon] protein kinase C correlates with a cardioprotective effect of regular ethanol consumption. by Miyamae M, Rodriguez MM, Camacho SA, Diamond I, Mochly-Rosen D, Figueredo VM.; 1998 Jul 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20964
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Adaptation to Alcoholic Fermentation in Drosophila: A Parallel Selection Imposed by Environmental Ethanol and Acetic Acid. by Chakir M, Peridy O, Capy P, Pla E, David JR.; 1993 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46353
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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Anandamide and diet: Inclusion of dietary arachidonate and docosahexaenoate leads to increased brain levels of the corresponding N-acylethanolamines in piglets. by Berger A, Crozier G, Bisogno T, Cavaliere P, Innis S, Di Marzo V.; 2001 May 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33480
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Aqueous trifluorethanol solutions simulate the environment of DNA in the crystalline state. by Kypr J, Chladkova J, Zimulova M, Vorlickova M.; 1999 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=148588
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Augmentation of Killing of Escherichia coli O157 by Combinations of Lactate, Ethanol, and Low-pH Conditions. by Jordan SL, Glover J, Malcolm L, Thomson-Carter FM, Booth IR, Park SF.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91179
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Biofilm Formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis Depends on Functional RsbU, an Activator of the sigB Operon: Differential Activation Mechanisms Due to Ethanol and Salt Stress. by Knobloch JK, Bartscht K, Sabottke A, Rohde H, Feucht HH, Mack D.; 2001 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95180
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Cardioprotection from ischemia by a brief exposure to physiological levels of ethanol: Role of epsilon protein kinase C. by Chen CH, Gray MO, Mochly-Rosen D.; 1999 Oct 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23099
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Daidzin and Daidzein Suppress Free-Choice Ethanol Intake by Syrian Golden Hamsters. by Keung W, Vallee BL.; 1993 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47702
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Daidzin inhibits mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase and suppresses ethanol intake of Syrian golden hamsters. by Keung WM, Klyosov AA, Vallee BL.; 1997 Mar 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19975
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Daidzin Suppresses Ethanol Consumption by Syrian Golden Hamsters without Blocking Acetaldehyde Metabolism. by Keung W, Lazo O, Kunze L, Vallee BL.; 1995 Sep 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41093
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Decreased Brain Reward Produced by Ethanol Withdrawal. by Schulteis G, Markou A, Cole M, Koob GF.; 1995 Jun 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41605
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Decreasing the Level of Ethyl Acetate in Ethanolic Fermentation Broths of Escherichia coli KO11 by Expression of Pseudomonas putida estZ Esterase. by Hasona A, York SW, Yomano LP, Ingram LO, Shanmugam KT.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123972
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Differential induction of mRNAs for the glycolytic and ethanolic fermentative pathways by hypoxia and anoxia in maize seedlings. by Andrews DL, MacAlpine DM, Johnson JR, Kelley PM, Cobb BG, Drew MC.; 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159700
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Direct and Efficient Production of Ethanol from Cellulosic Material with a Yeast Strain Displaying Cellulolytic Enzymes. by Fujita Y, Takahashi S, Ueda M, Tanaka A, Okada H, Morikawa Y, Kawaguchi T, Arai M, Fukuda H, Kondo A.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126432
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Disruption of the yeast ATH1 gene confers better survival after dehydration, freezing, and ethanol shock: potential commercial applications. by Kim J, Alizadeh P, Harding T, Hefner-Gravink A, Klionsky DJ.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167930
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DNA polymerase I function is required for the utilization of ethanolamine, 1,2propanediol, and propionate by Salmonella typhimurium LT2. by Rondon MR, Horswill AR, Escalante-Semerena JC.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177590
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DnaK dependence of mutant ethanol oxidoreductases evolved for aerobic function and protective role of the chaperone against protein oxidative damage in Escherichia coli. by Echave P, Esparza-Ceron MA, Cabiscol E, Tamarit J, Ros J, MembrilloHernandez J, Lin EC.; 2002 Apr 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123698
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Drunken-cell footprints: nuclease treatment of ethanol-permeabilized bacteria reveals an initiation-like nucleoprotein complex in stationary phase replication origins. by Cassler MR, Grimwade JE, McGarry KC, Mott RT, Leonard AC.; 1999 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=148744
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Effect of Ethanol on Cytochrome P450 in the Rat Brain. by Warner M, Gustafsson J.; 1994 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43085
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Effect of Ethanol on Monocytic Function in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. by Chen H, George I, Sperber K.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96203
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Effects of Ethanol and Other Alkanols on Transport of Acetic Acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. by Casal M, Cardoso H, Leao C.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106099
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Effects of lactobacilli on yeast-catalyzed ethanol fermentations. by Narendranath NV, Hynes SH, Thomas KC, Ingledew WM.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168732
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Efficacious Topical Treatment for Murine Cutaneous Leishmaniasis with Ethanolic Formulations of Amphotericin B. by Frankenburg S, Glick D, Klaus S, Barenholz Y.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106004
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Engineering a Homo-Ethanol Pathway in Escherichia coli: Increased Glycolytic Flux and Levels of Expression of Glycolytic Genes during Xylose Fermentation. by Tao H, Gonzalez R, Martinez A, Rodriguez M, Ingram LO, Preston JF, Shanmugam KT.; 2001 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95196
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Enhanced synthesis of choline and glycine betaine in transgenic tobacco plants that overexpress phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase. by McNeil SD, Nuccio ML, Ziemak MJ, Hanson AD.; 2001 Aug 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=55567
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Ethanol Causes Translocation of cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunit to the Nucleus. by Dohrman DP, Diamond I, Gordon AS.; 1996 Sep 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38364
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Ethanol Enhances Growth Factor Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases by a Protein Kinase C-Dependent Mechanism. by Roivainen R, Hundle B, Messing RO.; 1995 Mar 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42388
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Ethanol fixation of sputum sediments for DNA-based detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. by Williams DL, Gillis TP, Dupree WG.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228215
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Ethanol hypersensitivity and olfactory discrimination defect in mice lacking a homolog of Drosophila neuralized. by Ruan Y, Tecott L, Jiang MM, Jan LY, Jan YN.; 2001 Aug 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=55551
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Ethanol Inhibits Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH) Secretion by Blocking the Response of LHRH Neuronal Terminals to Nitric Oxide. by Canteros G, Rettori V, Franchi A, Genaro A, Cebral E, Faletti A, Gimeno M, McCann SM.; 1995 Apr 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42177
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Ethanol Selectively Blocks a Noninactivating K+ Current Expressed in Xenopus Oocytes. by Covarrubias M, Rubin E.; 1993 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47054
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Ethanol Synthesis by Genetic Engineering in Cyanobacteria. by Deng MD, Coleman JR.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91056
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Ethanol Tolerance in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Is Dependent on Cellular Oleic Acid Content. by You KM, Rosenfield CL, Knipple DC.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150070
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Ethanol transport in Zymomonas mobilis measured by using in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spin transfer. by Schoberth SM, Chapman BE, Kuchel PW, Wittig RM, Grotendorst J, Jansen P, DeGraff AA.; 1996 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177863
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Ethanol, [gamma]-Aminobutyrate Type A Receptors, and Protein Kinase C Phosphorylation. by Macdonald RL.; 1995 Apr 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=42016
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Ethanolamine modulates the rate of rat hepatocyte proliferation in vitro and in vivo. by Sasaki H, Kume H, Nemoto A, Narisawa S, Takahashi N.; 1997 Jul 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23819
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Ethanolamine utilization in Salmonella typhimurium: nucleotide sequence, protein expression, and mutational analysis of the cchA cchB eutE eutJ eutG eutH gene cluster. by Stojiljkovic I, Baumler AJ, Heffron F.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176743
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Ethanolic fermentation of xylose with Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring the Thermus thermophilus xylA gene, which expresses an active xylose (glucose) isomerase. by Walfridsson M, Bao X, Anderlund M, Lilius G, Bulow L, Hahn-Hagerdal B.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168291
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Ethanol-induced structural transitions of DNA on mica. by Fang Y, Spisz TS, Hoh JH.; 1999 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=148405
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Extracellular melibiose and fructose are intermediates in raffinose catabolism during fermentation to ethanol by engineered enteric bacteria. by Moniruzzaman M, Lai X, York SW, Ingram LO.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178910
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Eyeblink Classical Conditioning and Interpositus Nucleus Activity Are Disrupted in Adult Rats Exposed to Ethanol as Neonates. by Green JT, Johnson TB, Goodlett CR, Steinmetz JE.; 2002 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=187120
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Flow Cytometric Assessment of Membrane Integrity of Ethanol-Stressed Oenococcus oeni Cells. by Graca da Silveira M, Vitoria San Romao M, Loureiro-Dias MC, Rombouts FM, Abee T.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134380
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Flux through Citrate Synthase Limits the Growth of Ethanologenic Escherichia coli KO11 during Xylose Fermentation. by Underwood SA, Buszko ML, Shanmugam KT, Ingram LO.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123777
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Folate deficiency disturbs hepatic methionine metabolism and promotes liver injury in the ethanol-fed micropig. by Halsted CH, Villanueva JA, Devlin AM, Niemela O, Parkkila S, Garrow TA, Wallock LM, Shigenaga MK, Melnyk S, James SJ.; 2002 Jul 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126626
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Gene Integration and Expression and Extracellular Secretion of Erwinia chrysanthemi Endoglucanase CelY (celY) and CelZ (celZ) in Ethanologenic Klebsiella oxytoca P2. by Zhou S, Davis FC, Ingram LO.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92505
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Genetic Changes To Optimize Carbon Partitioning between Ethanol and Biosynthesis in Ethanologenic Escherichia coli. by Underwood SA, Zhou S, Causey TB, Yomano LP, Shanmugam KT, Ingram LO.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134451
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Gestational exposure to ethanol suppresses msx2 expression in developing mouse embryos. by Rifas L, Towler DA, Avioli LV.; 1997 Jul 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23859
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Glutathione is required for maximal transcription of the cobalamin biosynthetic and 1,2-propanediol utilization (cob/pdu) regulon and for the catabolism of ethanolamine, 1,2-propanediol, and propionate in Salmonella typhimurium LT2. by Rondon MR, Kazmierczak R, Escalante-Semerena JC.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177348
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Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Biosynthesis Defects in Gpi11p- and Gpi13p-deficient Yeast Suggest a Branched Pathway and Implicate Gpi13p in Phosphoethanolamine Transfer to the Third Mannose. by Taron CH, Wiedman JM, Grimme SJ, Orlean P.; 2000 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=14871
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Impaired Bactericidal Activity and Host Resistance to Listeria monocytogenes and Borrelia burgdorferi in Rats Administered an Acute Oral Regimen of Ethanol. by Pavia CS, Harris CM, Kavanagh M.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=119923
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Inactivation of Ethanol-Inducible Cytochrome P450 and Other Microsomal P450 Isozymes by Trans-4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal, a Major Product of Membrane Lipid Peroxidation. by Bestervelt LL, Vaz AD, Coon MJ.; 1995 Apr 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42042
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Influence of cosubstrate concentration on xylose conversion by recombinant, XYL1expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a comparison of different sugars and ethanol as cosubstrates. by Meinander NQ, Hahn-Hagerdal B.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168488
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Inhalation delivery of proteins from ethanol suspensions. by Choi WS, Murthy GG, Edwards DA, Langer R, Klibanov AM.; 2001 Sep 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58690
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Inhibition of advanced glycation endproduct formation by acetaldehyde: Role in the cardioprotective effect of ethanol. by Al-Abed Y, Mitsuhashi T, Li H, Lawson JA, FitzGerald GA, Founds H, Donnelly T, Cerami A, Ulrich P, Bucala R.; 1999 Mar 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26793
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Inhibition of Phospholipase D[alpha] by N-Acylethanolamines. by Austin-Brown SL, Chapman KD.; 2002 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166778
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Internal Trehalose Protects Endocytosis from Inhibition by Ethanol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. by Lucero P, Penalver E, Moreno E, Lagunas R.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92324
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Isolation and molecular characterization of high-performance cellobiose-fermenting spontaneous mutants of ethanologenic Escherichia coli KO11 containing the
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Klebsiella oxytoca casAB operon. by Moniruzzaman M, Lai X, York SW, Ingram LO.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168784 •
Low Ethanol Concentrations Enhance GABAergic Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials in Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons only after Block of GABAB Receptors. by Wan F, Berton F, Madamba SG, Francesconi W, Siggins GR.; 1996 May 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39404
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Mechanism by which 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol /water mixtures stabilize secondarystructure formation in peptides: A molecular dynamics study. by Roccatano D, Colombo G, Fioroni M, Mark AE.; 2002 Sep 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129418
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Metabolism of Transpired Ethanol by Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.). by MacDonald RC, Kimmerer TW.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158760
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Mitochondrial DNA loss caused by ethanol in Saccharomyces flor yeasts. by Ibeas JI, Jimenez J.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168296
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Moderate concentrations of ethanol inhibit endocytosis of the yeast maltose transporter. by Lucero P, Penalver E, Moreno E, Lagunas R.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168692
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Molecular Cloning, Characterization, and Potential Roles of Cytosolic and Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenases in Ethanol Metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. by Wang X, Mann CJ, Bai Y, Ni L, Weiner H.; 1998 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106960
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Mutant Mice Lacking the [gamma] Isoform of Protein Kinase C Show Decreased Behavioral Actions of Ethanol and Altered Function of [gamma]-Aminobutyrate Type A Receptors. by Harris RA, McQuilkin SJ, Paylor R, Abeliovich A, Tonegawa S, Wehner JM.; 1995 Apr 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42020
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N-Acylethanolamines Are Metabolized by Lipoxygenase and Amidohydrolase in Competing Pathways during Cottonseed Imbibition. by Shrestha R, Noordermeer MA, Van der Stelt M, Veldink GA, Chapman KD.; 2002 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166571
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Optimal Growth and Ethanol Production from Xylose by Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Require Moderate d-Xylulokinase Activity. by Jin YS, Ni H, Laplaza JM, Jeffries TW.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152454
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Pea Formaldehyde-Active Class III Alcohol Dehydrogenase: Common Derivation of the Plant and Animal Forms but not of the Corresponding Ethanol-Active Forms (Classes I and P). by Shafoat J, El-Ahmad M, Danielsson O, Martinez MC, Persson B, Pares X, Jornvall H.; 1996 May 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39292
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Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Abacavir (1592U89) and Ethanol in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Adults. by McDowell JA, Chittick GE, Stevens CP, Edwards KD, Stein DS.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89933
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Phosducin-Like Protein: An Ethanol-Responsive Potential Modulator of Guanine Nucleotide-Binding Protein Function. by Miles MF, Barhite S, Sganga M, Elliott M.; 1993 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47872
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Phosphoglycerylethanolamine Posttranslational Modification of Plant Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 1[alpha]. by Ransom WD, Lao PC, Gage DA, Boss WF.; 1998 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34949
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Physiological Function of Alcohol Dehydrogenases and Long-Chain (C30) Fatty Acids in Alcohol Tolerance of Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus. by Burdette DS, Jung SH, Shen GJ, Hollingsworth RI, Zeikus JG.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123834
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Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide protects rat cerebellar granule neurons against ethanol-induced apoptotic cell death. by Vaudry D, Rousselle C, Basille M, Falluel-Morel A, Pamantung TF, Fontaine M, Fournier A, Vaudry H, Gonzalez BJ.; 2002 Apr 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122960
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PKQuest: measurement of intestinal absorption and first pass metabolism -application to human ethanol pharmacokinetics. by Levitt DG.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122094
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Polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: expression of ethanol tolerance and the FAD2 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana. by Kajiwara S, Shirai A, Fujii T, Toguri T, Nakamura K, Ohtaguchi K.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168257
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Profound Decrement of Mesolimbic Dopaminergic Neuronal Activity During Ethanol Withdrawal Syndrome in Rats: Electrophysiological and Biochemical Evidence. by Diana M, Pistis M, Carboni S, Gessa GL, Rossetti ZL.; 1993 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47268
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Reduced Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway Flux in Recombinant XyloseUtilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains Improves the Ethanol Yield from Xylose. by Jeppsson M, Johansson B, Hahn-Hagerdal B, Gorwa-Grauslund MF.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123863
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Regulation of adhE (Encoding Ethanol Oxidoreductase) by the Fis Protein in Escherichia coli. by Membrillo-Hernandez J, Kwon O, De Wulf P, Finkel SE, Lin EC.; 1999 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=103705
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Regulation of Expression of the adhE Gene, Encoding Ethanol Oxidoreductase in Escherichia coli: Transcription from a Downstream Promoter and Regulation by Fnr and RpoS. by Membrillo-Hernandez J, Lin EC.; 1999 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94216
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Regulation of expression of the ethanol dehydrogenase gene (adhE) in Escherichia coli by catabolite repressor activator protein Cra. by Mikulskis A, Aristarkhov A, Lin EC.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179656
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Role of [final sigma]B in Heat, Ethanol, Acid, and Oxidative Stress Resistance and during Carbon Starvation in Listeria monocytogenes. by Ferreira A, O'Byrne CP, Boor KJ.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93189
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Sensitization of Listeria monocytogenes to Low pH, Organic Acids, and Osmotic Stress by Ethanol. by Barker C, Park SF.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92774
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Sonic hedgehog rescues cranial neural crest from cell death induced by ethanol exposure. by Ahlgren SC, Thakur V, Bronner-Fraser M.; 2002 Aug 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124946
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Stabilization of pet operon plasmids and ethanol production in Escherichia coli strains lacking lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate formate-lyase activities. by Hespell RB, Wyckoff H, Dien BS, Bothast RJ.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168284
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The 17-Gene Ethanolamine (eut) Operon of Salmonella typhimurium Encodes Five Homologues of Carboxysome Shell Proteins. by Kofoid E, Rappleye C, Stojiljkovic I, Roth J.; 1999 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94038
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The Alternative Electron Acceptor Tetrathionate Supports B12-Dependent Anaerobic Growth of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium on Ethanolamine or 1,2Propanediol. by Price-Carter M, Tingey J, Bobik TA, Roth JR.; 2001 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95162
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The lacing defence: double blind study of thresholds for detecting addition of ethanol to drinks. by Langford NJ, Marshall T, Ferner RE.; 1999 Dec 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28307
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Toxic cocaine- and convulsant-induced modification of forced swimming behaviors and their interaction with ethanol: comparison with immobilization stress. by Hayase T, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto K.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137594
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Translation of the adhE transcript to produce ethanol dehydrogenase requires RNase III cleavage in Escherichia coli. by Aristarkhov A, Mikulskis A, Belasco JG, Lin EC.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178197
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Transport of acetic acid in Zygosaccharomyces bailii: effects of ethanol and their implications on the resistance of the yeast to acidic environments. by Sousa MJ, Miranda L, Corte-Real M, Leao C.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168109
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Treatment of hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules by percutaneous ethanol injection. by Larijani B, Pajouhi M, Ghanaati H, Bastanhagh MH, Abbasvandi F, Firooznia K, Shirzad M, Amini MR, Sarai M, Abbasvandi N, Baradar-Jalili R.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140013
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Tryptophan Analogues Form Adducts by Cooperative Reaction with Aldehydes and Alcohols or with Aldehydes Alone: Possible Role in Ethanol Toxicity. by Austin JE, Fraenkel-Conrat H.; 1992 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=49935
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Urea Hydrogen Peroxide Reduces the Numbers of Lactobacilli, Nourishes Yeast, and Leaves No Residues in the Ethanol Fermentation. by Narendranath NV, Thomas KC, Ingledew WM.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92284
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Use of sulfite and hydrogen peroxide to control bacterial contamination in ethanol fermentation. by Chang IS, Kim BH, Shin PK.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168295
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Use of the KlADH4 Promoter for Ethanol-Dependent Production of Recombinant Human Serum Albumin in Kluyveromyces lactis. by Saliola M, Mazzoni C, Solimando N, Crisa A, Falcone C, Jung G, Fleer R.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90982
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uspB, a New [final sigma]S-Regulated Gene in Escherichia coli Which Is Required for Stationary-Phase Resistance to Ethanol. by Farewell A, Kvint K, Nystrom T.; 1998 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107697
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web 6
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with ethanol, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “ethanol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for ethanol (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of post-transplant hyperparathyroidism treated with ethanol injection. Author(s): Ohta T, Sakano T, Fuchinoue S, Tsuji T, Tanabe K, Hattori M, Nagafuchi H, Shiraga H, Kihara H, Kinoshita Y, Ito K. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2002 April; 17(4): 236-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11956872&dopt=Abstract
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A child with adrenocortical carcinoma who underwent percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for liver metastasis. Author(s): Hara F, Kishikawa T, Tomishige H, Nishikawa O, Nishida Y, Kongo M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 August; 38(8): 1237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12891501&dopt=Abstract
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A combination of wheat flour, ethanol and food additives inducing FDEIA. Author(s): Fiedler EM, Zuberbier T, Worm M. Source: Allergy. 2002 November; 57(11): 1090-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12359022&dopt=Abstract
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A computational model for neocortical neuronogenesis predicts ethanol-induced neocortical neuron number deficits. Author(s): Gohlke JM, Griffith WC, Bartell SM, Lewandowski TA, Faustman EM. Source: Developmental Neuroscience. 2002; 24(6): 467-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12697984&dopt=Abstract
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A mixture of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer and ethanol yielding a nonadhesive liquid embolic agent to treat cerebral arteriovenous malformations: initial clinical experience. Author(s): Hamada J, Kai Y, Morioka M, Kazekawa K, Ishimaru Y, Iwata H, Ushio Y. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 October; 97(4): 881-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12405377&dopt=Abstract
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Acute performance-impairing and subject-rated effects of triazolam and temazepam, alone and in combination with ethanol, in humans. Author(s): Simpson CA, Rush CR. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 2002 March; 16(1): 23-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949768&dopt=Abstract
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Advanced management of venous malformation with ethanol sclerotherapy: midterm results. Author(s): Lee BB, Do YS, Byun HS, Choo IW, Kim DI, Huh SH. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2003 March; 37(3): 533-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12618688&dopt=Abstract
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Age, gender, and ethnicity differences in patterns of cocaine and ethanol use preceding suicide. Author(s): Garlow SJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 April; 159(4): 615-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925300&dopt=Abstract
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Agreement between maternal self-reported ethanol intake and tobacco use during pregnancy and meconium assays for fatty acid ethyl esters and cotinine. Author(s): Derauf C, Katz AR, Easa D. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 October 1; 158(7): 705-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14507607&dopt=Abstract
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Alkaline and acid amidases hydrolyzing anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines. Author(s): Ueda N, Yamanaka K, Katayama K, Goparaju SK, Suzuki H, Yamamoto S. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2001; 88: 215-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11935959&dopt=Abstract
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Allergic contact dermatitis from trideceth-2-carboxamide monoethanolamine (MEA) in a hair dye. Author(s): Bowling JC, Scarisbrick J, Warin AP, Downs AM. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 August; 47(2): 116-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423411&dopt=Abstract
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American Academy of Clinical Toxicology practice guidelines on the treatment of methanol poisoning. Author(s): Barceloux DG, Bond GR, Krenzelok EP, Cooper H, Vale JA; American Academy of Clinical Toxicology Ad Hoc Committee on the Treatment Guidelines for Methanol Poisoning. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2002; 40(4): 415-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12216995&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of solvent central nervous system toxicity and ethanol interactions using a human population physiologically based kinetic and dynamic model. Author(s): MacDonald AJ, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Tucker GT, Linkens DA. Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 2002 April; 35(2 Pt 1): 165-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052002&dopt=Abstract
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Anesthetic and ethanol effects on spontaneously opening glycine receptor channels. Author(s): Beckstead MJ, Phelan R, Trudell JR, Bianchini MJ, Mihic SJ. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 2002 September; 82(6): 1343-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12354281&dopt=Abstract
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Anticellular and immunosuppressive properties of ethanolic extract of Acorus calamus rhizome. Author(s): Mehrotra S, Mishra KP, Maurya R, Srimal RC, Yadav VS, Pandey R, Singh VK. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2003 January; 3(1): 53-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12538034&dopt=Abstract
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Antidote review: fomepizole for methanol poisoning. Author(s): Mycyk MB, Leikin JB. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2003 January-February; 10(1): 68-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522524&dopt=Abstract
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Antioxidants and fetal protection against ethanol teratogenicity. I. Review of the experimental data and implications to humans. Author(s): Cohen-Kerem R, Koren G. Source: Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2003 January-February; 25(1): 1-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12633732&dopt=Abstract
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Arterial noradrenaline levels after ethanol withdrawal. Author(s): Carlsson C, Haggendal J. Source: Lancet. 1967 October 21; 2(7521): 889. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389554&dopt=Abstract
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Aspartate modulates the ethanol-induced oxidative stress and glutathione utilizing enzymes in rat testes. Author(s): Oh SI, Lee MS, Kim CI, Song KY, Park SC. Source: Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 2002 March 31; 34(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11989978&dopt=Abstract
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Astrocyte-derived factors modulate the inhibitory effect of ethanol on dendritic development. Author(s): Yanni PA, Rising LJ, Ingraham CA, Lindsley TA. Source: Glia. 2002 June; 38(4): 292-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12007142&dopt=Abstract
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Automated headspace solid-phase microextraction and capillary gas chromatography analysis of ethanol in postmortem specimens. Author(s): De Martinis BS, Martin CC. Source: Forensic Science International. 2002 August 28; 128(3): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12175789&dopt=Abstract
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Balancing ethanol cosolvent concentration with product performance in 134a-based pressurized metered dose inhalers. Author(s): Gupta A, Stein SW, Myrdal PB. Source: Journal of Aerosol Medicine : the Official Journal of the International Society for Aerosols in Medicine. 2003 Summer; 16(2): 167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12823910&dopt=Abstract
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Biphasic stimulant and sedative effects of ethanol: are children of alcoholics really different? Author(s): Erblich J, Earleywine M, Erblich B, Bovbjerg DH. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2003 August; 28(6): 1129-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12834655&dopt=Abstract
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Blood alcohol concentration for monitoring ethanol treatment to prevent alcohol withdrawal in the intensive care unit. Author(s): Eggers V, Tio J, Neumann T, Pragst F, Muller C, Schmidt LG, Kox WJ, Spies CD. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2002 October; 28(10): 1475-82. Epub 2002 July 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12373474&dopt=Abstract
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Blood analysis by headspace gas chromatography: does a deficient sample volume distort ethanol concentration? Author(s): Jones AW, Fransson M. Source: Med Sci Law. 2003 July; 43(3): 241-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12899430&dopt=Abstract
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Caffeine reversal of ethanol effects on the multiple sleep latency test, memory, and psychomotor performance. Author(s): Drake CL, Roehrs T, Turner L, Scofield HM, Roth T. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 February; 28(2): 371-8. Epub 2002 July 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589390&dopt=Abstract
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Can ethanol therapies injure the bile ducts? Author(s): Koniaris LG, Seibel JA, Geschwind JF, Sitzmann JV. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 January-February; 50(49): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12629993&dopt=Abstract
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Case report: transient complete heart block complicating renal ethanol embolization. Author(s): Zack JR, Ferral H. Source: Clinical Radiology. 2002 September; 57(9): 853-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12384114&dopt=Abstract
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Central bronchopleural fistulas closed by bronchoscopic injection of absolute ethanol. Author(s): Takaoka K, Inoue S, Ohira S. Source: Chest. 2002 July; 122(1): 374-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12114386&dopt=Abstract
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Characteristics of physiological inducers of the ethanol utilization (alc) pathway in Aspergillus nidulans. Author(s): Flipphi M, Kocialkowska J, Felenbok B. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 2002 May 15; 364(Pt 1): 25-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11988072&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of P2X3, P2Y1 and P2Y4 receptors in cultured HEK293-hP2X3 cells and their inhibition by ethanol and trichloroethanol. Author(s): Fischer W, Wirkner K, Weber M, Eberts C, Koles L, Reinhardt R, Franke H, Allgaier C, Gillen C, Illes P. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 2003 May; 85(3): 779-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12694404&dopt=Abstract
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Chemonucleolysis of lumbar disc herniation with ethanol. Author(s): Riquelme C, Musacchio M, Mont'Alverne F, Tournade A. Source: Journal of Neuroradiology. Journal De Neuroradiologie. 2001 December; 28(4): 219-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11924136&dopt=Abstract
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Cholesterol antagonizes ethanol potentiation of human brain BKCa channels reconstituted into phospholipid bilayers. Author(s): Crowley JJ, Treistman SN, Dopico AM. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2003 August; 64(2): 365-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12869641&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic ethanol ingestion increases susceptibility to acute lung injury: role of oxidative stress and tissue remodeling. Author(s): Guidot DM, Roman J. Source: Chest. 2002 December; 122(6 Suppl): 309S-314S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12475807&dopt=Abstract
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Cleavage of corneal basement membrane components by ethanol exposure in laserassisted subepithelial keratectomy. Author(s): Espana EM, Grueterich M, Mateo A, Romano AC, Yee SB, Yee RW, Tseng SC. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 June; 29(6): 1192-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12842689&dopt=Abstract
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Combination of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization using cisplatin-lipiodol suspension and percutaneous ethanol injection for treatment of advanced small hepatocellular carcinoma. Author(s): Kamada K, Kitamoto M, Aikata H, Kawakami Y, Kono H, Imamura M, Nakanishi T, Chayama K. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2002 September; 184(3): 284-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12354601&dopt=Abstract
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Combination therapy of percutaneous ethanol injection and radiofrequency ablation against hepatocellular carcinomas difficult to treat. Author(s): Kurokohchi K, Watanabe S, Masaki T, Hosomi N, Funaki T, Arima K, Yoshida S, Nakai S, Murota M, Miyauchi Y, Kuriyama S. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2002 September; 21(3): 611-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12168107&dopt=Abstract
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Combined use of percutaneous ethanol injection and radiofrequency ablation for the effective treatment of hepatocelluar carcinoma. Author(s): Kurokohchi K, Watanabe S, Masaki T, Hosomi N, Funaki T, Arima K, Yoshida S, Miyauchi Y, Kuriyama S. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2002 October; 21(4): 841-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12239624&dopt=Abstract
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Comment: Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure following an ethanol and diphenhydramine overdose. Author(s): Mycyk MB, Mazor SS. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 September; 37(9): 1345; Author Reply 1345-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12921526&dopt=Abstract
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Commentary on: Hardin GC. Postmortem blood and vitreous humor ethanol concentrations in a victim of a fatal motor vehicle crash. J Forensic Sci 2002;47(2):402403. Author(s): Ribe JK. Source: J Forensic Sci. 2002 November; 47(6): 1405; Author Reply 1405. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455676&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative testing with budesonide in petrolatum and ethanol in a standard series. Author(s): Isaksson M, Beck MH, Wilkinson SM. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 August; 47(2): 123-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423420&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of blood-ethanol concentration in deaths attributed to acute alcohol poisoning and chronic alcoholism. Author(s): Jones AW, Holmgren P. Source: J Forensic Sci. 2003 July; 48(4): 874-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12877310&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of breath and blood ethanol measurements in human subjects with obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Martinez TT, Martinez RR. Source: Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 2002; 45: 23-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12434516&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of ethanol concentrations in venous blood and end-expired breath during a controlled drinking study. Author(s): Jones AW, Andersson L. Source: Forensic Science International. 2003 March 12; 132(1): 18-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12689747&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of oral omeprazole and endoscopic ethanol injection therapy for prevention of recurrent bleeding from peptic ulcers with nonbleeding visible vessels or fresh adherent clots. Author(s): Jung HK, Son HY, Jung SA, Yi SY, Yoo K, Kim DY, Moon IH, Lee HC. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 July; 97(7): 1736-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12135028&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of simple acid-ethanol precipitation with gel exclusion chromatography for measuring leptin binding in serum of normal subjects and cancer patients. Author(s): Jamieson NB, McMillan DC, Brown DJ, Wallace AM. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 2003 March; 40(Pt 2): 185-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12662410&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of urinary excretion characteristics of ethanol and ethyl glucuronide. Author(s): Dahl H, Stephanson N, Beck O, Helander A. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2002 May-June; 26(4): 201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12054359&dopt=Abstract
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Computed tomography demonstration of immediate and delayed complications of computed tomography-guided transthoracic percutaneous ethanol injection of hepatocellular carcinoma at the liver dome. Author(s): Tsai HM, Lin XZ, Chen CY. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2003 July-August; 27(4): 590-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12886149&dopt=Abstract
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Computerized tomography guided percutaneous ethanol injection for the treatment of hyperfunctioning pheochromocytoma. Author(s): Wang P, Zuo C, Qian Z, Tian J, Ren F, Zhou D. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 October; 170(4 Pt 1): 1132-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14501708&dopt=Abstract
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Concentration of ethanol and other volatile compounds in the blood of acutely poisoned alcoholics. Author(s): Zuba D, Piekoszewski W, Pach J, Winnik L, Parczewski A. Source: Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.). 2002 January; 26(1): 17-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11958942&dopt=Abstract
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Contribution of genetic polymorphisms in ethanol-metabolizing enzymes to problem drinking behavior in middle-aged Japanese men. Author(s): Sun F, Tsuritani I, Yamada Y. Source: Behavior Genetics. 2002 July; 32(4): 229-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12211622&dopt=Abstract
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CT-guided percutaneous ethanol injection of the thymus for treatment of myasthenia gravis. Author(s): Wang P, Zuo C, Tian J, Qian Z, Ren F, Shao C, Wang M, Lu T. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 September; 181(3): 721-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12933467&dopt=Abstract
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CT-guided percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for ultrasonically invisible hepatocellular carcinoma. Author(s): Ohmoto K, Mimura N, Iguchi Y, Mitsui Y, Shimabara M, Kuboki M, Yamamoto S. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 March-April; 49(44): 297-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11995437&dopt=Abstract
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CT-guided transthoracic percutaneous ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma not detectable with US. Author(s): Shibata T, Iimuro Y, Yamamoto Y, Ikai I, Itoh K, Maetani Y, Ametani F, Kubo T, Konishi J. Source: Radiology. 2002 April; 223(1): 115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11930055&dopt=Abstract
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Defining a tolerable concentration of methanol in alcoholic drinks. Author(s): Paine A, Davan AD. Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2001 November; 20(11): 563-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11926610&dopt=Abstract
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Dermal tolerance and effect on skin hydration of a new ethanol-based hand gel. Author(s): Kampf G, Muscatiello M, Hantschel D, Rudolf M. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2002 December; 52(4): 297-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473476&dopt=Abstract
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Differences in the responses of the pituitary beta-endorphin and cardiovascular system to ethanol and stress as a function of family history. Author(s): Dai X, Thavundayil J, Gianoulakis C. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 August; 26(8): 1171-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198391&dopt=Abstract
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Distinct molecular basis for differential sensitivity of the serotonin type 3A receptor to ethanol in the absence and presence of agonist. Author(s): Zhang L, Hosoi M, Fukuzawa M, Sun H, Rawlings RR, Weight FF. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 November 29; 277(48): 46256-64. Epub 2002 October 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12368287&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of amygdalar opioids on the anxiolytic properties of ethanol. Author(s): Wilson MA, Burghardt PR, Lugo JN Jr, Primeaux SD, Wilson SP. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 April; 985: 472-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12724179&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of commercial ethanol propolis extract on the in vitro growth of Candida albicans collected from HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative Brazilian patients with oral candidiasis. Author(s): Martins RS, Pereira ES Jr, Lima SM, Senna MI, Mesquita RA, Santos VR. Source: J Oral Sci. 2002 March; 44(1): 41-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058869&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of ethanol and alcoholic beverages on the gastrointestinal tract in humans. Author(s): Singer MV. Source: Rom J Gastroenterol. 2002 September; 11(3): 197-204. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12368939&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of ethanol on antigenicity of hepatitis B virus envelope proteins. Author(s): Ito K, Kajiura T, Abe K. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 August; 55(4): 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12403908&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of ethanol on human sleep EEG using correlation dimension analysis. Author(s): Kobayashi T, Madokoro S, Wada Y, Misaki K, Nakagawa H. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2002; 46(2): 104-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12378128&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of ethanol on protein kinase Czeta and p70S6 kinase activation by carbachol: a possible mechanism for ethanol-induced inhibition of glial cell proliferation. Author(s): Guizzetti M, Costa LG. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 2002 July; 82(1): 38-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12091463&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of ethanol on psychomotor performance and on risk taking behaviour. Author(s): Farquhar K, Lambert K, Drummond GB, Tiplady B, Wright P. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 2002 December; 16(4): 37984. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503840&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of low doses of ethanol on platelet function in long-life abstainers and moderate-wine drinkers. Author(s): Miceli M, Alberti L, Bennardini F, Di Simplicio P, Seghieri G, Rao GH, Franconi F. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 August 8; 73(12): 1557-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12865095&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of early ethanol exposure on dendrite growth of cortical pyramidal neurons: inferences from a computational model. Author(s): Granato A, Van Pelt J. Source: Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research. 2003 May 14; 142(2): 223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12711375&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of ethanol on anti-saccade task performance. Author(s): Khan SA, Ford K, Timney B, Everling S. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 2003 May; 150(1): 68-74. Epub 2003 March 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12698218&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of lifetime ethanol consumption on postural control: a computerized dynamic posturography study. Author(s): Ahmad S, Rohrbaugh JW, Anokhin AP, Sirevaag EJ, Goebel JA. Source: Journal of Vestibular Research : Equilibrium & Orientation. 2002; 12(1): 53-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12515892&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of neuropeptide Y on sucrose and ethanol intake and on anxiety-like behavior in high alcohol drinking (HAD) and low alcohol drinking (LAD) rats. Author(s): Badia-Elder NE, Stewart RB, Powrozek TA, Murphy JM, Li TK. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2003 June; 27(6): 894-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12824809&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of soybean ethanol extract on the cell survival and oxidative stress in osteoblastic cells. Author(s): Choi EM, Koo SJ. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 June; 17(6): 627-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12820230&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of sonographically guided percutaneous ethanol injection for treatment of thyroid cysts versus solid thyroid nodules. Author(s): Kim JH, Lee HK, Lee JH, Ahn IM, Choi CG. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 June; 180(6): 1723-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12760950&dopt=Abstract
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Endogenous ethanol production in a child with short gut syndrome. Author(s): Logan BK, Jones AW. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2003 March; 36(3): 419-20; Author's Reply 420-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604989&dopt=Abstract
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'Entourage' effects of N-acyl ethanolamines at human vanilloid receptors. Comparison of effects upon anandamide-induced vanilloid receptor activation and upon anandamide metabolism. Author(s): Smart D, Jonsson KO, Vandevoorde S, Lambert DM, Fowler CJ. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2002 June; 136(3): 452-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12023948&dopt=Abstract
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Epithelial iris cyst treatment with intracystic ethanol irrigation. Author(s): Behrouzi Z, Khodadoust A. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 August; 110(8): 1601-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917180&dopt=Abstract
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Epithelium and fibroblast-like phenotypes derived from HPV16 E6/E7-immortalized human gingival keratinocytes following chronic ethanol treatment. Author(s): Chamulitrat W, Schmidt R, Chunglok W, Kohl A, Tomakidi P. Source: European Journal of Cell Biology. 2003 June; 82(6): 313-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12868599&dopt=Abstract
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Errors in performance testing: a comparison of ethanol and temazepam. Author(s): Tiplady B, Hiroz J, Holmes L, Drummond G. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 2003 March; 17(1): 41-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12680738&dopt=Abstract
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Estrogenic effects of ethanol and ether extracts of propolis. Author(s): Song YS, Jin C, Jung KJ, Park EH. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 October; 82(2-3): 89-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12241982&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol abuse and the trauma patient. Author(s): Maier RV. Source: Surgical Infections. 2001 Summer; 2(2): 133-41; Discussion 141-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12594868&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol and embrace: emergency medicine and the health care giver-patient relationship revisited. Author(s): Ratzan RM. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2003 April; 24(3): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12676310&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol and hormesis. Author(s): Calabrese EJ, Baldwin LA. Source: Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 2003; 33(3-4): 407-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12809430&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol and membrane protein trafficking: diverse mechanisms of ethanol action. Author(s): Nagy LE, Lakshman MR, Casey CA, Bearer CF. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 February; 26(2): 287-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11964570&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol and nicotine: a pharmacologic balancing act? Author(s): Prendergast MA, Rogers DT, Barron S, Bardo MT, Littleton JM. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 December; 26(12): 1917-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500119&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol and the osmolal gap. Author(s): Silvilotti ML, Collier CP, Choi SB. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2002 December; 40(6): 656-7; Author Reply 6578. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479207&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol and the osmolal gap. Author(s): Vetrano SJ, Schier JG. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2002 December; 40(6): 655-6; Author Reply 6578. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479206&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol as a cause of hypersensitivity reactions to alcoholic beverages. Author(s): Ehlers I, Hipler UC, Zuberbier T, Worm M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 August; 32(8): 1231-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190664&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol decreases basal insulin secretion from HIT-T15 cells. Author(s): Shin JS, Lee JJ, Yang JW, Kim CW. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 March 15; 70(17): 1989-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12148691&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol decreases negative cell-cycle-regulating proteins in a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line. Author(s): Kornfehl J, Hager G, Gedlicka C, Formanek M. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2002 April; 122(3): 338-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12030586&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol differently affects stress protein and HERG K+ channel expression in SHSY5Y cells. Author(s): Muhlbauer E, Rommelspacher H. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 January 17; 459(2-3): 121-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12524137&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol effects on volitional versus reflexive saccades. Author(s): Vassallo S, Abel LA. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2002 June; 30(3): 208-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12010216&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol elicits and potentiates nociceptor responses via the vanilloid receptor-1. Author(s): Trevisani M, Smart D, Gunthorpe MJ, Tognetto M, Barbieri M, Campi B, Amadesi S, Gray J, Jerman JC, Brough SJ, Owen D, Smith GD, Randall AD, Harrison S, Bianchi A, Davis JB, Geppetti P. Source: Nature Neuroscience. 2002 June; 5(6): 546-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11992116&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol enhances activation-induced caspase-3 dependent cell death in T lymphocytes. Author(s): Kelkar S, Dong Q, Xiao Y, Joshi-Barve S, McClain CJ, Barve SS. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 March; 26(3): 363-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11923590&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol enhances the inhibitory effect of an oral GPIIb/IIIa antagonist on human platelet function. Author(s): Rand ML, Jakubowski JA, Fisher MJ, Chahil A, Kinlough-Rathbone RL, Packham MA. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 2002 December; 140(6): 391-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486406&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol impairs insulin-stimulated neuronal survival in the developing brain: role of PTEN phosphatase. Author(s): Xu J, Yeon JE, Chang H, Tison G, Chen GJ, Wands J, de la Monte S. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 July 18; 278(29): 26929-37. Epub 2003 April 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700235&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol in formularies of US teaching hospitals. Author(s): Blondell RD, Dodds HN, Blondell MN, Looney SW, Smoger SH, Sexton LK, Wieland LS, Swift RM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 February 5; 289(5): 552. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12578486&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol in hospital formularies. Author(s): Sotos JG. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 May 14; 289(18): 2361; Author Reply 2361. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12746356&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol inhibits alpha-amino-3-hydyroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor function in central nervous system neurons by stabilizing desensitization. Author(s): Moykkynen T, Korpi ER, Lovinger DM. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2003 August; 306(2): 546-55. Epub 2003 May 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734392&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol inhibits leptin-induced STAT3 activation in Huh7 cells. Author(s): Degawa-Yamauchi M, Uotani S, Yamaguchi Y, Takahashi R, Abe T, Kuwahara H, Yamasaki H, Eguchi K. Source: Febs Letters. 2002 August 14; 525(1-3): 116-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12163172&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol inhibits muscarinic receptor-mediated DNA synthesis and signal transduction in human fetal astrocytes. Author(s): Guizzetti M, Moller T, Costa LG. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 June 19; 344(1): 68-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781924&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol inhibits store-operated Ca2+ entry of platelets. Author(s): Wakabayashi I, Marumo M. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 2002 April; 90(4): 226-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12076319&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol injection for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Author(s): Kim ED. Source: Curr Urol Rep. 2002 August; 3(4): 276-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12149157&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol injection therapy for locally invasive prostatic adenocarcinoma. Author(s): Amano H, Goya N, Ryoji O, Yagisawa T, Nakazawa H, Toma H. Source: Urology. 2002 May; 59(5): 771-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11992920&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol injection therapy of an isolated bile duct associated with a biliary-cutaneous fistula. Author(s): Matsumoto T, Iwaki K, Hagino Y, Kawano K, Kitano S, Tomonari K, Matsumoto S, Mori H. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2002 July; 17(7): 807-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12121514&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol locking as a possible treatment for microbial contamination of long-term central venous catheters. Author(s): Ball PA, Brokenshire E, Parry B, Merrie A, Gillanders L, McIlroy K, Plank L. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 June; 19(6): 570. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781865&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol metabolism results in a G2/M cell-cycle arrest in recombinant Hep G2 cells. Author(s): Clemens DL, Calisto LE, Sorrell MF, Tuma DJ. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2003 August; 38(2): 385-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12883482&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol potentiation of glycine receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes antagonized by increased atmospheric pressure. Author(s): Davies DL, Trudell JR, Mihic SJ, Crawford DK, Alkana RL. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2003 May; 27(5): 743-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12766618&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol promotes T cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. Author(s): Kapasi AA, Patel G, Goenka A, Nahar N, Modi N, Bhaskaran M, Reddy K, Franki N, Patel J, Singhal PC. Source: Immunology. 2003 March; 108(3): 313-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12603597&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol sensitivity of NMDA receptors. Author(s): Allgaier C. Source: Neurochemistry International. 2002 December; 41(6): 377-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12213224&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol signals for apoptosis in cultured skin cells. Author(s): Neuman MG, Haber JA, Malkiewicz IM, Cameron RG, Katz GG, Shear NH. Source: Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.). 2002 April; 26(3): 179-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12057780&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol strongly potentiates apoptosis induced by HIV-1 proteins in primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Author(s): Acheampong E, Mukhtar M, Parveen Z, Ngoubilly N, Ahmad N, Patel C, Pomerantz RJ. Source: Virology. 2002 December 20; 304(2): 222-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504564&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol therapy for methanol poisoning: duration and problems. Author(s): Hantson P, Wittebole X, Haufroid V. Source: European Journal of Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine. 2002 September; 9(3): 278-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12394629&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol therapy for toxic alcohols poisoning: drawbacks and side-effects. Author(s): Hantson P. Source: Przegl Lek. 2002; 59(4-5): 396-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12184021&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetate, and lactate levels after alcohol intake in white men and women: effect of 4-methylpyrazole. Author(s): Sarkola T, Iles MR, Kohlenberg-Mueller K, Eriksson CJ. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 February; 26(2): 239-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11964564&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol, endocannabinoids, and the cannabinoidergic signaling system. Author(s): Hungund BL, Basavarajappa BS, Vadasz C, Kunos G, Rodriguez de Fonseca F, Colombo G, Serra S, Parsons L, Koob GF. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 April; 26(4): 565-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11981134&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol, oxidative stress, and cytokine-induced liver cell injury. Author(s): Hoek JB, Pastorino JG. Source: Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.). 2002 May; 27(1): 63-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12062639&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol-derived microbial production of carcinogenic acetaldehyde in achlorhydric atrophic gastritis. Author(s): Vakevainen S, Mentula S, Nuutinen H, Salmela KS, Jousimies-Somer H, Farkkila M, Salaspuro M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 June; 37(6): 648-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126241&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol-induced augmentation of annexin IV expression in rat C6 glioma and human A549 adenocarcinoma cells. Author(s): Sohma H, Ohkawa H, Hashimoto E, Sakai R, Saito T. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 August; 26(8 Suppl): 44S48S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198374&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol-induced augmentation of annexin IV in cultured cells and the enhancement of cytotoxicity by overexpression of annexin IV by ethanol. Author(s): Ohkawa H, Sohma H, Sakai R, Kuroki Y, Hashimoto E, Murakami S, Saito T. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2002 December 12; 1588(3): 217-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12393176&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol-induced inhibition of cytokine release and protein degranulation in human neutrophils. Author(s): Taieb J, Delarche C, Ethuin F, Selloum S, Poynard T, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, Chollet-Martin S. Source: Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2002 December; 72(6): 1142-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12488495&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol-induced modulation of inducible nitric-oxide synthase activity in human A172 astrocytoma cells. Author(s): Davis RL, Dertien J, Syapin PJ. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 September; 26(9): 1404-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12351936&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol-induced phosphorylation and potentiation of the activity of type 7 adenylyl cyclase. Involvement of protein kinase C delta. Author(s): Nelson EJ, Hellevuo K, Yoshimura M, Tabakoff B. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 February 14; 278(7): 4552-60. Epub 2002 November 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12454008&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol-lock technique in the treatment of bloodstream infections in pediatric oncology patients with broviac catheter. Author(s): Dannenberg C, Bierbach U, Rothe A, Beer J, Korholz D. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2003 August; 25(8): 616-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12902914&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol-mediated regulation of transcription factors in immunocompetent cells. Author(s): Szabo G, Mandrekar P. Source: Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and Virtual Library. 2002 May 1; 7: A80-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11991856&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol-sensitive sites on the human dopamine transporter. Author(s): Maiya R, Buck KJ, Harris RA, Mayfield RD. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 August 23; 277(34): 30724-9. Epub 2002 June 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12070173&dopt=Abstract
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Ethyl glucuronide concentrations in two successive urinary voids from drinking drivers: relationship to creatinine content and blood and urine ethanol concentrations. Author(s): Bergstrom J, Helander A, Jones AW. Source: Forensic Science International. 2003 April 23; 133(1-2): 86-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742693&dopt=Abstract
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EUS-guided ethanol injection for treatment of a GI stromal tumor. Author(s): Gunter E, Lingenfelser T, Eitelbach F, Muller H, Ell C. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2003 January; 57(1): 113-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12518147&dopt=Abstract
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Exaggerated ethanol-induced cardiac reactivity as an indicator of increased risk for gambling. Author(s): Brunelle C, Assaad JM, Pihl RO, Tremblay RE, Vitaro F. Source: Psychology of Addictive Behaviors : Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors. 2003 March; 17(1): 83-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12665085&dopt=Abstract
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Faster absorption of ethanol and higher peak concentration in women after gastric bypass surgery. Author(s): Klockhoff H, Naslund I, Jones AW. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 December; 54(6): 587-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12492605&dopt=Abstract
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Fat, moisture, and ethanol migration through chocolates and confectionary coatings. Author(s): Ghosh V, Ziegler GR, Anantheswaran RC. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2002; 42(6): 583-626. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487421&dopt=Abstract
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Fatty acid ethyl esters and ethanol-induced pancreatitis. Author(s): Kaphalia BS, Ansari GA. Source: Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand). 2001; 47 Online Pub: Ol173-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936865&dopt=Abstract
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Fatty acid ethyl esters. Ethanol metabolites that reflect ethanol intake. Author(s): Soderberg BL, Salem RO, Best CA, Cluette-Brown JE, Laposata M. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 June; 119 Suppl: S94-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12951847&dopt=Abstract
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Fermenting fruit and the historical ecology of ethanol ingestion: is alcoholism in modern humans an evolutionary hangover? Author(s): Dudley R. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2002 April; 97(4): 381-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11964055&dopt=Abstract
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Formation of phosphatidylethanol in vitro in red blood cells from healthy volunteers and chronic alcoholics. Author(s): Varga A, Alling C. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 2002 August; 140(2): 79-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12228763&dopt=Abstract
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GABA(A) receptor modulation of the rewarding and aversive effects of ethanol. Author(s): Chester JA, Cunningham CL. Source: Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.). 2002 April; 26(3): 131-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12057774&dopt=Abstract
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GABA(A) receptors as molecular sites of ethanol action. Direct or indirect actions? Author(s): Aguayo LG, Peoples RW, Yeh HH, Yevenes GE. Source: Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 2002 August; 2(8): 869-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12171577&dopt=Abstract
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Gabapentin for the treatment of ethanol withdrawal. Author(s): Voris J, Smith NL, Rao SM, Thorne DL, Flowers QJ. Source: Substance Abuse : Official Publication of the Association for Medical Education and Research in Substance Abuse. 2003 June; 24(2): 129-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12766380&dopt=Abstract
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Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and diazepam antagonize a rapid increase in GABA(A) receptors alpha(4) subunit mRNA abundance induced by ethanol withdrawal in cerebellar granule cells. Author(s): Follesa P, Mancuso L, Biggio F, Mostallino MC, Manca A, Mascia MP, Busonero F, Talani G, Sanna E, Biggio G. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2003 April; 63(4): 896-907. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12644591&dopt=Abstract
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Gastric ulcer as a rare complication of percutaneous ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Author(s): Seki S, Kitada T, Otogawa K, Yamada T, Sakaguchi H, Nakamura K. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 March; 97(3): 770-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11922588&dopt=Abstract
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Gated SPECT in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy undergoing transcoronary ethanol septal ablation. Author(s): Keng FY, Chang SM, Cwajg E, He ZX, Lakkis NM, Nagueh SF, Spencer WH 3rd, Verani MS. Source: Journal of Nuclear Cardiology : Official Publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. 2002 November-December; 9(6): 594-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12466783&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic differences in ethanol metabolizing enzymes and blood pressure in Japanese alcohol consumers. Author(s): Yamada Y, Sun F, Tsuritani I, Honda R. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 2002 July; 16(7): 479-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12080432&dopt=Abstract
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Genotype of ethanol metabolizing enzyme genes by oligonucleotide microarray in alcoholic liver disease in Chinese people. Author(s): Yu C, Li Y, Chen W, Yue M. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2002 July; 115(7): 1085-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12173598&dopt=Abstract
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Guidelines for percutaneous ethanol injection therapy of the parathyroid glands in chronic dialysis patients. Author(s): Fukagawa M, Kitaoka M, Tominaga Y, Akizawa T, Kakuta T, Onoda N, Koiwa F, Yumita S, Kurokawa K; Japanese Society for Parathyroid Intervention. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2003 June; 18 Suppl 3: Iii31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771296&dopt=Abstract
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Hepatic resection and percutaneous ethanol injection as treatments of small hepatocellular carcinoma: a Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP 08) retrospective case-control study. Author(s): Daniele B, De Sio I, Izzo F, Capuano G, Andreana A, Mazzanti R, Aiello A, Vallone P, Fiore F, Gaeta GB, Perrone F, Pignata S, Gallo C; CLIP Investigators. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 January; 36(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12488711&dopt=Abstract
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Hepatocellular carcinoma in elderly patients: beneficial therapeutic efficacy using percutaneous ethanol injection therapy. Author(s): Teratani T, Ishikawa T, Shiratori Y, Shiina S, Yoshida H, Imamura M, Obi S, Sato S, Hamamura K, Omata M. Source: Cancer. 2002 August 15; 95(4): 816-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12209726&dopt=Abstract
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Hepatocellular carcinoma: therapeutic experience with percutaneous ethanol injection under real-time contrast-enhanced color Doppler sonography with the contrast agent Levovist. Author(s): Shirato K, Morimoto M, Tomita N, Kokawa A, Sugimori K, Saito T, Numata K, Sekihara H, Tanaka K. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2002 September; 21(9): 1015-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12216749&dopt=Abstract
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Histologic changes in thyroid nodules after percutaneous ethanol injection in patients subsequently operated on due to new focal thyroid lesions. Author(s): Pomorski L, Bartos M. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2002 February; 110(2): 172-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064873&dopt=Abstract
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Histological study of papillary thyroid carcinoma treated with percutaneous ethanol injection therapy. Author(s): Akasu H, Shimizu K, Kitagawa W, Naito Z, Kawanami O, Tanaka S. Source: Pathology International. 2002 May-June; 52(5-6): 406-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100524&dopt=Abstract
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How to master absorption during transurethral resection of the prostate: basic measures guided by the ethanol method. Author(s): Hulten JO. Source: Bju International. 2002 August; 90(3): 244-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12133059&dopt=Abstract
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Immunomodulation by ethanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa roots. Author(s): Mehrotra S, Mishra KP, Maurya R, Srimal RC, Singh VK. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2002 June; 2(7): 987-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12188040&dopt=Abstract
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Improper sealing caused by the Styrofoam integrity seals in leakproof plastic bottles lead to significant loss of ethanol in frozen evidentiary urine samples. Author(s): Sreerama L, Hardin GG. Source: J Forensic Sci. 2003 May; 48(3): 672-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12762546&dopt=Abstract
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Indirect imaging of ethanol via magnetization transfer at high and low magnetic fields. Author(s): Estilaei MR, Matson GB, Meyerhoff DJ. Source: Magnetic Resonance in Medicine : Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 2003 April; 49(4): 755-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652547&dopt=Abstract
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Induction of CYP3A by ethanol in multiple in vitro and in vivo models. Author(s): Feierman DE, Melinkov Z, Nanji AA. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2003 June; 27(6): 981-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12824820&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of ethanolic extract of Tephrosia purpurea Linn. on mast cells and erythrocytes membrane integrity. Author(s): Gokhale AB, Dikshit VJ, Damre AS, Kulkarni KR, Saraf MN. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2000 August; 38(8): 837-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12557921&dopt=Abstract
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Ingestion of ethanol just prior to sleep onset impairs memory for procedural but not declarative tasks. Author(s): Smith C, Smith D. Source: Sleep. 2003 March 15; 26(2): 185-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12683478&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of muscarinic receptor-induced proliferation of astroglial cells by ethanol: mechanisms and implications for the fetal alcohol syndrome. Author(s): Costa LG, Guizzetti M. Source: Neurotoxicology. 2002 December; 23(6): 685-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12520758&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of system A amino acid transport activity by ethanol in BeWo choriocarcinoma cells. Author(s): Jones CR, Srinivas SR, Devoe LD, Ganapathy V, Prasad PD. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 July; 187(1): 209-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12114912&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effect of Artemisia capillaris on ethanol-induced cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL1alpha) secretion in Hep G2 cells. Author(s): Koo HN, Hong SH, Jeong HJ, Lee EH, Kim NG, Choi SD, Ra KW, Kim KS, Kang BK, Kim JJ, Oh JG, Kim HM. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 2002 August; 24(3): 441-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12375739&dopt=Abstract
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Interactions between taurine and ethanol in the central nervous system. Author(s): Olive MF. Source: Amino Acids. 2002; 23(4): 345-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12436202&dopt=Abstract
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Interactions of ethanol and folate deficiency in development of alcoholic liver disease in the micropig. Author(s): Halsted CH, Villanueva JA, Devlin AM, James SJ. Source: Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2002; 113: 151-62; Discussion 162-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12053707&dopt=Abstract
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Interferon gamma enhances proteasome activity in recombinant Hep G2 cells that express cytochrome P4502E1: modulation by ethanol. Author(s): Osna NA, Clemens DL, Donohue TM Jr. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2003 September 1; 66(5): 697-710. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948850&dopt=Abstract
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Intravesical ethanol test: an ineffective measure of bladder hyperpermeability. Author(s): Gordon Z, Parsons CL, Monga M. Source: Urology. 2003 March; 61(3): 555-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639646&dopt=Abstract
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Laboratory measures of alcohol (ethanol) consumption: strategies to assess drinking patterns with biochemical measures. Author(s): Ann Intern Med. 2003 Feb 18;138(4):I52 Source: Biological Research for Nursing. 2003 January; 4(3): 203-17. Review. /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12585851
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Lack of disulfiram-like reaction with metronidazole and ethanol. Author(s): Visapaa JP, Tillonen JS, Kaihovaara PS, Salaspuro MP. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 June; 36(6): 971-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12022894&dopt=Abstract
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Larvicidal effects of mineral turpentine, low aromatic white spirits, aqueous extracts of Cassia alata, and aqueous extracts, ethanolic extracts and essential oil of betel leaf (Piper betle) on Chrysomya megacephala. Author(s): Kumarasinghe SP, Karunaweera ND, Ihalamulla RL, Arambewela LS, Dissanayake RD. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 December; 41(12): 877-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12492975&dopt=Abstract
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Lipoprotein oxidation mediated by J774 murine macrophages is inhibited by individual red wine polyphenols but not by ethanol. Author(s): Rifici VA, Schneider SH, Khachadurian AK. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 132(9): 2532-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221205&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term (3 years) prognosis of parathyroid function in chronic dialysis patients after percutaneous ethanol injection therapy guided by colour Doppler ultrasonography. Author(s): Tanaka R, Kakuta T, Fujisaki T, Tanaka S, Sakai H, Kurokawa K, Saito A. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2003 June; 18 Suppl 3: Iii58-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771303&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term survival of Taiwanese patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after combination therapy with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and percutaneous ethanol injection. Author(s): Li YH, Wang CS, Liao LY, Wang CK, Shih LS, Chen RC, Chen PH. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2003 March; 102(3): 141-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12783129&dopt=Abstract
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Low doses of ethanol and a neuroactive steroid positively interact to modulate rat GABA(A) receptor function. Author(s): Akk G, Steinbach JH. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2003 February 1; 546(Pt 3): 641-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562992&dopt=Abstract
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Mediation by nitric oxide of the stimulatory effects of ethanol on blood flow. Author(s): Baraona E, Shoichet L, Navder K, Lieber CS. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 May 10; 70(25): 2987-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12138012&dopt=Abstract
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Methanol ingestion: prevention of toxic sequelae after massive ingestion. Author(s): Lushine KA, Harris CR, Holger JS. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2003 May; 24(4): 433-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12745047&dopt=Abstract
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Methionine synthase. a possible prime site of the ethanolic lesion in liver. Author(s): Barak AJ, Beckenhauer HC, Tuma DJ. Source: Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.). 2002 February; 26(2): 65-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12007580&dopt=Abstract
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Moderate intakes of intact soy protein rich in isoflavones compared with ethanolextracted soy protein increase HDL but do not influence transforming growth factor beta(1) concentrations and hemostatic risk factors for coronary heart disease in healthy subjects. Author(s): Sanders TA, Dean TS, Grainger D, Miller GJ, Wiseman H. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 August; 76(2): 373-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145009&dopt=Abstract
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Modifications of the ethanolamine head in N-palmitoylethanolamine: synthesis and evaluation of new agents interfering with the metabolism of anandamide. Author(s): Vandevoorde S, Jonsson KO, Fowler CJ, Lambert DM. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2003 April 10; 46(8): 1440-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672243&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular mechanisms of analgesia induced by opioids and ethanol: is the GIRK channel one of the keys? Author(s): Ikeda K, Kobayashi T, Kumanishi T, Yano R, Sora I, Niki H. Source: Neuroscience Research. 2002 October; 44(2): 121-131. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12354627&dopt=Abstract
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N-Acylethanolamines in human reproductive fluids. Author(s): Schuel H, Burkman LJ, Lippes J, Crickard K, Forester E, Piomelli D, Giuffrida A. Source: Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 2002 December 31; 121(1-2): 211-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12505702&dopt=Abstract
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Nuclear factor kappaB activation by muscarinic receptors in astroglial cells: effect of ethanol. Author(s): Guizzetti M, Bordi F, Dieguez-Acuna FJ, Vitalone A, Madia F, Woods JS, Costa LG. Source: Neuroscience. 2003; 120(4): 941-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12927200&dopt=Abstract
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On-line, simultaneous quantification of ethanol, some metabolites and water vapour in breath following the ingestion of alcohol. Author(s): Smith D, Wang T, Spanel P. Source: Physiological Measurement. 2002 August; 23(3): 477-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12214757&dopt=Abstract
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Overexpression of bcl-2 protects hepatoma cell line HCC-9204 from ethanol-induced apoptosis. Author(s): Yang L, Si X, Wang W. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2002 January; 115(1): 8-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11930666&dopt=Abstract
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Overexpression of ErbB2 enhances ethanol-stimulated intracellular signaling and invasion of human mammary epithelial and breast cancer cells in vitro. Author(s): Ma C, Lin H, Leonard SS, Shi X, Ye J, Luo J. Source: Oncogene. 2003 August 14; 22(34): 5281-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917629&dopt=Abstract
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Oxide terpenes as human skin penetration enhancers of haloperidol from ethanol and propylene glycol and their modes of action on stratum corneum. Author(s): Vaddi HK, Ho PC, Chan YW, Chan SY. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2003 February; 26(2): 220-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576684&dopt=Abstract
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Percutaneous ethanol injection efficacy in the treatment of large symptomatic thyroid cystic nodules: ten-year follow-up of a large series. Author(s): Del Prete S, Caraglia M, Russo D, Vitale G, Giuberti G, Marra M, D'Alessandro AM, Lupoli G, Addeo R, Facchini G, Rossiello R, Abbruzzese A, Capasso E. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2002 September; 12(9): 815-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12481948&dopt=Abstract
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Percutaneous ethanol injection plus radioiodine versus radioiodine alone in the treatment of large toxic thyroid nodules. Author(s): Zingrillo M, Modoni S, Conte M, Frusciante V, Trischitta V. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2003 February; 44(2): 207-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571210&dopt=Abstract
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Percutaneous ethanol injection under CT fluoroscopy for hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma following transcatheter arterial embolization. Author(s): Hamuro M, Kaminou T, Nakamura K, Matsuoka T, Sakai Y, Morimoto A, Hayashi S, Nakamura A, Hatagawa M, Yamada R. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 May-June; 49(45): 752-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12063984&dopt=Abstract
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Percutaneous ethanol injection vs. resection in patients with small single hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective case-control study with cost analysis. Author(s): Gournay J, Tchuenbou J, Richou C, Masliah C, Lerat F, Dupas B, Martin T, Nouel JF, Schnee M, Montigny P, D'Alincourt A, Hamy A, Paineau J, Le Neel JC, Le Borgne J, Galmiche JP. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 August; 16(8): 1529-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12182753&dopt=Abstract
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Percutaneous ethanol sclerotherapy of venous malformations of the tongue. Author(s): Johnson PL, Eckard DA, Brecheisen MA, Girod DA, Tsue TT. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2002 May; 23(5): 779-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12006276&dopt=Abstract
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Percutaneous sclerosing treatment with ethanol of a large cystic lymphangioma of the neck in an adult. Author(s): De Santis M, Calo GF, Trombini P, Romagnoli R. Source: Radiol Med (Torino). 2003 January-February; 105(1-2): 127-30. English, Italian. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700558&dopt=Abstract
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Percutaneous transhepatic choledochoscopic injection of ethanol with OK-432 mixture for palliation of malignant biliary obstruction. Author(s): Park SW, Lee DH, Park YS, Chung JB, Kang JK, Song SY. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2003 May; 57(6): 769-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12739557&dopt=Abstract
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) agonist treatment reverses PPARalpha dysfunction and abnormalities in hepatic lipid metabolism in ethanol-fed mice. Author(s): Fischer M, You M, Matsumoto M, Crabb DW. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 July 25; 278(30): 27997-8004. Epub 2003 June 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791698&dopt=Abstract
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Phagocytosis and production of reactive oxygen species by peripheral blood phagocytes in patients with different stages of alcohol-induced liver disease: effect of acute exposure to low ethanol concentrations. Author(s): Parlesak A, Schafer C, Paulus SB, Hammes S, Diedrich JP, Bode C. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2003 March; 27(3): 503-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12658117&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacogenomic analysis of mechanisms mediating ethanol regulation of dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Author(s): Hassan S, Duong B, Kim KS, Miles MF. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 October 3; 278(40): 38860-9. Epub 2003 July 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12842874&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacological studies on Puerariae Flos. IV: Effects of Pueraria thomsonii dried flower extracts on blood ethanol and acetaldehyde levels in humans. Author(s): Yamazaki T, Hosono T, Matsushita Y, Kawashima K, Someya M, Nakajima Y, Narui K, Hibi Y, Ishizaki M, Kinjo J, Nohara T. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 2002; 22(1): 23-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12395916&dopt=Abstract
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Phosphorylation of the lipid A region of meningococcal lipopolysaccharide: identification of a family of transferases that add phosphoethanolamine to lipopolysaccharide. Author(s): Cox AD, Wright JC, Li J, Hood DW, Moxon ER, Richards JC. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 2003 June; 185(11): 3270-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12754224&dopt=Abstract
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Pilot dose-escalation study of caffeine plus ethanol (caffeinol) in acute ischemic stroke. Author(s): Piriyawat P, Labiche LA, Burgin WS, Aronowski JA, Grotta JC. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2003 May; 34(5): 1242-5. Epub 2003 April 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690224&dopt=Abstract
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Pilot study of transperineal injection of dehydrated ethanol in the treatment of prostatic obstruction. Author(s): Chiang PH, Chuang YC, Huang CC, Chiang CP. Source: Urology. 2003 April; 61(4): 797-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12670568&dopt=Abstract
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Place conditioning: what does it add to our understanding of ethanol reward? Author(s): Risinger FO, Cunningham CL, Bevins RA, Holloway FA. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 September; 26(9): 1444-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12351941&dopt=Abstract
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Plant-derived, synthetic and endogenous cannabinoids as neuroprotective agents. Non-psychoactive cannabinoids, 'entourage' compounds and inhibitors of N-acyl ethanolamine breakdown as therapeutic strategies to avoid pyschotropic effects. Author(s): Fowler CJ. Source: Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews. 2003 January; 41(1): 26-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12505646&dopt=Abstract
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Portal vein thrombosis following percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Author(s): Habu D, Nishiguchi S, Shiomi S, Tamori A, Sakaguchi H, Takeda T, Seki S, Ishibashi C, Asai H. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2002 July-August; 21(4): 162-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385551&dopt=Abstract
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Post-mortem analysis of formic acid disposition in acute methanol intoxication. Author(s): Ferrari LA, Arado MG, Nardo CA, Giannuzzi L. Source: Forensic Science International. 2003 April 23; 133(1-2): 152-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742704&dopt=Abstract
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Precipitation of gadolinium and ethanol during nerve block. Author(s): Friedman MA, Wood BJ. Source: Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology : Jvir. 2003 March; 14(3): 394. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12631648&dopt=Abstract
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Predicting methanol clearance during hemodialysis when direct measurement is not available. Author(s): McMurray M, Carty D, Toffelmire EB. Source: Cannt J. 2002 January-March; 12(1): 29-38; Quiz 32-3. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11979651&dopt=Abstract
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Prognosis of parathyroid function after minimally invasive radioguided parathyroidectomy (MIRP) and percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT) for primary hyperparathyroidism. Author(s): Kakuta T, Suzuki Y, Tadaki F, Uemura K, Tanaka R, Tanaka S, Kubota M, Sakai H, Kurokawa K, Saito A. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 2002; 56 Suppl 1: 41S-47S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487250&dopt=Abstract
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Prognosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma treated by percutaneous ethanol injection and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Author(s): Liao CS, Yang KC, Yen MF, Teng LL, Duffy SW, Chen TH. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2002 November; 55(11): 1095-104. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507673&dopt=Abstract
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Prognostic factors in patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma treated by percutaneous ethanol injection. Author(s): Kuriyama H, Okada S, Okusaka T, Ueno H, Ikeda M. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2002 November; 17(11): 1205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12453281&dopt=Abstract
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Protein kinase C inhibitors counteract the ethanol effects on myelin basic protein expression in differentiating CG-4 oligodendrocytes. Author(s): Bichenkov E, Ellingson JS. Source: Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research. 2002 November 15; 139(1): 2938. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12414091&dopt=Abstract
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Psychosocial prediction of abstinence from ethanol in alcoholic recipients following liver transplantation. Author(s): Walter M, Scholler G, Moyzes D, Hildebrandt M, Neuhaus R, Danzer G, Klapp BF. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2002 June; 34(4): 1239-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12072327&dopt=Abstract
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Putative neuroprotective actions of N-acyl-ethanolamines. Author(s): Hansen HS, Moesgaard B, Petersen G, Hansen HH. Source: Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 August; 95(2): 119-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12182959&dopt=Abstract
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Reference limits for urine/blood ratios of ethanol in two successive voids from drinking drivers. Author(s): Jones AW. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2002 September; 26(6): 333-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12220014&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between acetaldehyde levels and cell survival in ethanol-metabolizing hepatoma cells. Author(s): Clemens DL, Forman A, Jerrells TR, Sorrell MF, Tuma DJ. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2002 May; 35(5): 1196-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11981770&dopt=Abstract
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Renoprotection following treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism with percutaneous ethanol injection in pre-dialysis patients. Author(s): Chen HH, Chen YC, Yeh JC. Source: Nephron. 2002 September; 92(1): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12187092&dopt=Abstract
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Repeated ingestion of 2-butoxyethanol: case report and literature review. Author(s): Gualideri JF, DeBoer L, Harris CR, Corley R. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2003; 41(1): 57-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12645968&dopt=Abstract
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Reproductive performance after ultrasound-guided transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy for ovarian endometriotic cysts. Author(s): Koike T, Minakami H, Motoyama M, Ogawa S, Fujiwara H, Sato I. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2002 October 10; 105(1): 39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270563&dopt=Abstract
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Resistance of HepG2 cells against the adverse effects of ethanol related to neutral lipid and phospholipid metabolism. Author(s): Jimenez-Lopez JM, Carrasco MP, Segovia JL, Marco C. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2002 April 15; 63(8): 1485-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11996890&dopt=Abstract
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Response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to stress in the absence and presence of ethanol in subjects at high and low risk of alcoholism. Author(s): Dai X, Thavundayil J, Gianoulakis C. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002 September; 27(3): 442-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12225701&dopt=Abstract
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Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure following an ethanol and diphenhydramine overdose. Author(s): Haas CE, Magram Y, Mishra A. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 April; 37(4): 538-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659612&dopt=Abstract
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Role of endogenous endothelin-1 in ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in humans. Author(s): Iaquinto G, Giardullo N, Taccone W, Leandro G, Pasquale L, De Luca L, Szabo S. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2003 April; 48(4): 663-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12741453&dopt=Abstract
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Role of N-acylethanolamines in cell signaling. Author(s): Berdyshev EV, Schmid PC, Krebsbach RJ, Kuwae T, Huang C, Ma WY, Dong Z, Schmid HH. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2001; 88: 207-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11935958&dopt=Abstract
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Role of percutaneous ethanol injection in management of nodular lesions of the thyroid gland. Author(s): Pacini F. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2003 February; 44(2): 211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571211&dopt=Abstract
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Role of percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Author(s): Livraghi T. Source: Digestive Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 19(4): 292-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11935089&dopt=Abstract
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Role of variability in explaining ethanol pharmacokinetics: research and forensic applications. Author(s): Norberg A, Jones AW, Hahn RG, Gabrielsson JL. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2003; 42(1): 1-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12489977&dopt=Abstract
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Segmental embolization by ethanol iodized oil emulsion for hepatocellular carcinoma. Author(s): Li X, Hu G, Liu P. Source: J Tongji Med Univ. 1999; 19(2): 135-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12840858&dopt=Abstract
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Septal ethanol ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: early and intermediate results of a Canadian referral centre. Author(s): Bhagwandeen R, Woo A, Ross J, Wigle ED, Rakowski H, Kwinter J, Eriksson MJ, Schwartz L. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2003 July; 19(8): 912-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12876612&dopt=Abstract
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Serial ethanol ablation of multiple hepatic cysts as an alternative to liver transplantation. Author(s): Ferris JV. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 February; 180(2): 472-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540454&dopt=Abstract
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Sex differences in the central nervous system actions of ethanol. Author(s): Devaud LL, Alele P, Ritu C. Source: Crit Rev Neurobiol. 2003; 15(1): 41-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14513862&dopt=Abstract
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Skin disinfection before epidural catheterization: comparative study of povidoneiodine versus chlorhexidine ethanol. Author(s): Kasuda H, Fukuda H, Togashi H, Hotta K, Hirai Y, Hayashi M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 204 Suppl 1: 42-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12011520&dopt=Abstract
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Small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: randomized comparison of radiofrequency thermal ablation versus percutaneous ethanol injection. Author(s): Lencioni RA, Allgaier HP, Cioni D, Olschewski M, Deibert P, Crocetti L, Frings H, Laubenberger J, Zuber I, Blum HE, Bartolozzi C. Source: Radiology. 2003 July; 228(1): 235-40. Epub 2003 May 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12759473&dopt=Abstract
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Sonographically guided percutaneous ethanol treatment of a symptomatic complex nodule with a large cystic component in a patient with thyroid hemiagenesis. Author(s): Braga-Basaria M, Basaria S, Mesa C Jr, Stolf AR, Graf H. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 2002 September; 30(7): 445-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12210465&dopt=Abstract
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Specificity of human alcohol dehydrogenase 1C*2 (gamma2gamma2) for steroids and simulation of the uncompetitive inhibition of ethanol metabolism. Author(s): Plapp BV, Berst KB. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2003 February 1; 143-144: 183-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604203&dopt=Abstract
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Storage stability of simulator ethanol solutions for vapor-alcohol control tests in breath-alcohol analysis. Author(s): Dubowski KM, Goodson EE, Sample M Jr. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2002 October; 26(7): 406-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12422993&dopt=Abstract
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Structural transformation and aggregation of human alpha-synuclein in trifluoroethanol: non-amyloid component sequence is essential and beta-sheet formation is prerequisite to aggregation. Author(s): Li HT, Du HN, Tang L, Hu J, Hu HY. Source: Biopolymers. 2002 August 5; 64(4): 221-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12115139&dopt=Abstract
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Successful treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with percutaneous ethanol injection therapy and local hyperthermia. Author(s): Tanaka H, Ostapenko VV, Miyano M, Nishide T, Sonobe M, Toda K, Nishide I, Mune M, Yukawa S. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 November-December; 49(48): 1666-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397760&dopt=Abstract
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Synergetic signaling for apoptosis in vitro by ethanol and acetaminophen. Author(s): Neuman MG. Source: Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.). 2002 June; 27(2): 89-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12106828&dopt=Abstract
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Temporary balloon occlusion and ethanol injection for preoperative embolization of carotid-body tumor. Author(s): Horowitz M, Whisnant RE, Jungreis C, Snyderman C, Levy EI, Kassam A. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2002 August; 81(8): 536-8, 540, 542 Passim. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12199171&dopt=Abstract
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Terpenes in ethanol: haloperidol permeation and partition through human skin and stratum corneum changes. Author(s): Vaddi HK, Ho PC, Chan YW, Chan SY. Source: Journal of Controlled Release : Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society. 2002 May 17; 81(1-2): 121-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11992685&dopt=Abstract
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The average ethanol content of beer in the U.S. and individual states: estimates for use in aggregate consumption statistics. Author(s): Kerr WC, Greenfield TK. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 2003 January; 64(1): 70-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12608485&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of maternal smoking and ethanol on fatty acid transport by the human placenta. Author(s): Haggarty P, Abramovich DR, Page K. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 March; 87(3): 247-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064333&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of ethanol on glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity from human erythrocytes in vitro and rat erythrocytes in vivo. Author(s): Buyukokuroglu ME, Altikat S, Ciftci M. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 2002 July-August; 37(4): 327-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12107033&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of ethanol on the glycosylation of human transferrin. Author(s): Flahaut C, Michalski JC, Danel T, Humbert MH, Klein A. Source: Glycobiology. 2003 March; 13(3): 191-8. Epub 2002 November 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12626412&dopt=Abstract
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The ethanol conjugate ethyl glucuronide is a useful marker of recent alcohol consumption. Author(s): Wurst FM, Metzger J; WHO/ISBRA Study on State and Trait Markers ofAlcohol Use and Dependence Investigators. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 July; 26(7): 1114-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12170122&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of ethanol on the functional status of GABA(A) receptors. Author(s): Golovko AI, Golovko SI, Leontieva LV, Zefirov SY. Source: Biochemistry. Biokhimiia. 2002 July; 67(7): 719-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12139468&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of ethanol on the level of ketone bodies in hypothermia. Author(s): Teresinski G, Buszewicz G, Madro R. Source: Forensic Science International. 2002 June 25; 127(1-2): 88-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12098531&dopt=Abstract
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The metabolic role of human ADH3 functioning as ethanol dehydrogenase. Author(s): Lee SL, Wang MF, Lee AI, Yin SJ. Source: Febs Letters. 2003 June 5; 544(1-3): 143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782305&dopt=Abstract
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Time course of change in calcium x phosphorus product after percutaneous ethanol injection therapy. Author(s): Koiwa F, Hasegawa T, Kojima I, Ideura T. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2003 June; 18 Suppl 3: Iii53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771302&dopt=Abstract
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Time variation of ammonia, acetone, isoprene and ethanol in breath: a quantitative SIFT-MS study over 30 days. Author(s): Diskin AM, Spanel P, Smith D. Source: Physiological Measurement. 2003 February; 24(1): 107-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12636190&dopt=Abstract
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Toward efficient analysis of mutations in single cells from ethanol-fixed, paraffinembedded, and immunohistochemically stained tissues. Author(s): Heinmoller E, Liu Q, Sun Y, Schlake G, Hill KA, Weiss LM, Sommer SS. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 2002 April; 82(4): 443-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11950901&dopt=Abstract
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Transcatheter arterial embolization and extrabeam radiation therapy for subcutaneous seeding of hepatocellular carcinoma by percutaneous ethanol injection. Author(s): Yamanaka T, Shiraki K, Ito T, Sugimoto K, Sakai T, Ohmori S, Takase K, Nakano T. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 November-December; 49(48): 1656-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397757&dopt=Abstract
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Transurethral prostatic tissue ablation via a single needle delivery system: initial experience with radio-frequency energy and ethanol. Author(s): Plante MK, Bunnell ML, Trotter SJ, Jackson TL, Esenler AC, Zvara P. Source: Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases. 2002; 5(3): 183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12496979&dopt=Abstract
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Trends in self-reported past alcoholic beverage consumption and ethanol intake from 1950 to 1995 observed in eight European countries participating in the European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Author(s): Klipstein-Grobusch K, Slimani N, Krogh V, Keil U, Boeing H, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Thiebaut A, Linseisen J, Schulze MB, Lagiou P, Papadimitrou A, Saieva C, Veglia F, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, Peeters PH, Kumle M, Brustad M, Martinez Garcia C, Barricarte A, Berglund G, Weinehall L, Mulligan A, Allen N, Ferrari P, Riboli E. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6B): 1297-310. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639234&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasonographic diagnosis of parathyroid glands and percutaneous ethanol injection therapy. Author(s): Kitaoka M. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2003 June; 18 Suppl 3: Ii27-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771295&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary ethyl glucuronide and 5-hydroxytryptophol levels during repeated ethanol ingestion in healthy human subjects. Author(s): Sarkola T, Dahl H, Eriksson CJ, Helander A. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 2003 July-August; 38(4): 347-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12814902&dopt=Abstract
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Validation of the ethanol breath test and on-table weighing to measure irrigating fluid absorption during transurethral prostatectomy. Author(s): Shipstone DP, Inman RD, Beacock CJ, Coppinger SW. Source: Bju International. 2002 December; 90(9): 872-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12460348&dopt=Abstract
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Validation of the ethanol breath test and on-table weighing to measure irrigation absorption during transurethral prostatectomy. Author(s): Ghanem AN. Source: Bju International. 2003 July; 92(1): 154. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12823408&dopt=Abstract
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Watercress has no Importance for the elimination of ethanol by CYP2E1 inhibition. Author(s): Desager JP, Golnez JL, De Buck C, Horsmans Y. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 2002 September; 91(3): 103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12427108&dopt=Abstract
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What are the adverse effects of ethanol used as an antidote in the treatment of suspected methanol poisoning in children? Author(s): Roy M, Bailey B, Chalut D, Senecal PE, Gaudreault P. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2003; 41(2): 155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12733853&dopt=Abstract
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When and where are N-acylethanolamine phospholipids and anandamide formed? Author(s): Hansen HS, Moesgaard B, Hansen HH, Petersen G. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2001; 88: 223-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11935960&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ETHANOL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and ethanol.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Ethanol The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “ethanol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on ethanol: •
A recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain for efficient conversion of lactose in salted and unsalted cheese whey into ethanol. Author(s): Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Agriculture, El-Shatby, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. Source: Tahoun, M K el Nemr, T M Shata, O H Nahrung. 2002 October; 46(5): 321-6 0027-769X
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A selective loss of small-diameter myelinated optic nerve axons in rats prenatally exposed to ethanol. Author(s): Department of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, University of Tokushima School of Medicine, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Sawada, K Sakata Haga, H Komatsu, S Ohta, K Jeong, Y G Fukui, Y CongenitAnom-Kyoto. 2002 June; 42(2): 125-9 0914-3505
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Additive effect of stress and drug cues on reinstatement of ethanol seeking: exacerbation by history of dependence and role of concurrent activation of corticotropin-releasing factor and opioid mechanisms. Author(s): Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. Source: Liu, X Weiss, F J-Neurosci. 2002 September 15; 22(18): 7856-61 1529-2401
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Administration schedule for an ethanol-containing diet in pregnancy affects types of offspring brain malformations. Author(s): Department of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, University of Tokushima School of Medicine, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Sakata Haga, H Sawada, K Hisano, S Fukui, Y Acta-Neuropathol-(Berl). 2002 September; 104(3): 305-12 0001-6322
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Antiallergic and anti-inflammatory properties of the ethanolic extract from Gleditsia sinensis. Author(s): Department of Biology and Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin. Source: Dai, Y Chan, Y P Chu, L M Bu, P P Biol-Pharm-Bull. 2002 September; 25(9): 117982 0918-6158
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Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of amaranth seeds. Author(s): University of Economics, Faculty of Commodity Sciences, Al. Niepodleglosci 10, PL-60-967 Poznan, Poland.
[email protected] Source: Klimczak, I Malecka, M Pacholek, B Nahrung. 2002 June; 46(3): 184-6 0027-769X
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Biosynthesis of citric and isocitric acids from ethanol by mutant Yarrowia lipolytica N 1 under continuous cultivation. Author(s): G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, p-t Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow region 142290, Russia.
[email protected] Source: Finogenova, T V Kamzolova, S V Dedyukhina, E G Shishkanova, N V Il'chenko, A P Morgunov, I G Chernyavskaya, O G Sokolov, A P Appl-Microbiol-Biotechnol. 2002 August; 59(4-5): 493-500 0175-7598
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Comparison of effect of ethanol on N-methyl-D-aspartate- and GABA-gated currents from acutely dissociated neurons: absence of regional differences in sensitivity to ethanol. Author(s): Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7178, USA.
[email protected] Source: Criswell, H E Ming, Z Griffith, B L Breese, G R J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 2003 January; 304(1): 192-9 0022-3565
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Consequences of amygdala kindling and repeated withdrawal from ethanol on amphetamine-induced behaviours. Author(s): Sussex Centre for Research in Alcohol, Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK. Source: Ripley, T L Dunworth, S J Stephens, D N Eur-J-Neurosci. 2002 September; 16(6): 1129-38 0953-816X
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Consequences of monosodium glutamate or goldthioglucose arcuate nucleus lesions on ethanol-induced locomotion. Author(s): Area de Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I., Campus de Borriol, Apartat 8029 AP, 12071, Castello, Spain. Source: Sanchis Segura, C Aragon, C M Drug-Alcohol-Depend. 2002 October 1; 68(2): 189-94 0376-8716
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Cytoprotection by propolis ethanol extract of acute absolute ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions. Author(s): National Taipei College of Nursing, Taiwan, ROC. Source: Liu, C F Lin, C C Lin, M H Lin, Y S Lin, S C Am-J-Chin-Med. 2002; 30(2-3): 24554 0192-415X
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Differential alterations in the expression of NMDA receptor subunits following chronic ethanol treatment in primary cultures of rat cortical and hippocampal neurones. Author(s): Pharmacological and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Ltd., P.O.B. 27, H-1475 Budapest 10, Hungary.
[email protected] Source: Nagy, J Kolok, S Dezso, P Boros, A Szombathelyi, Z Neurochem-Int. 2003 January; 42(1): 35-43 0197-0186
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Differential display identifies neuroendocrine-specific protein-A (NSP-A) and interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) as ethanol-responsive genes in the fetal rat brain. Author(s): Biology Department and Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. Source: Yang, J Zoeller, R T Brain-Res-Dev-Brain-Res. 2002 October 20; 138(2): 117-33 0165-3806
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Effect of caffeine on acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in cultured hepatocytes treated with ethanol and isopentanol. Source:
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Effect of ethanol and docosahexaenoic acid on nerve growth factor-induced neurite formation and neuron specific growth-associated protein gene expression in PC12 cells. Author(s): Department of Community Health, Division of Community and Environmental Health, Tokai University School of Medicine, Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193 Japan. Source: Furuya, H Watanabe, T Sugioka, Y Inagaki, Y Okazaki, I Nihon-ArukoruYakubutsu-Igakkai-Zasshi. 2002 October; 37(5): 513-22 1341-8963
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Effects of the ethanol extract of Cichorium intybus on the immunotoxicity by ethanol in mice. Author(s): Department of Newly-Developed Drugs, Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chunbuk, South Korea.
[email protected] Source: Kim, J H Mun, Y J Woo, W H Jeon, K S An, N H Park, J S Int-Immunopharmacol. 2002 May; 2(6): 733-44 1567-5769
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Ethanol antagonizes kainate receptor-mediated inhibition of evoked GABA(A) inhibitory postsynaptic currents in the rat hippocampal CA1 region. Author(s): Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA. Source: Crowder, T L Ariwodola, O J Weiner, J L J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 2002 December; 303(3): 937-44 0022-3565
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Gonadal toxicity of an ethanol extract of Psoralea corylifolia in a rat 90-day repeated dose study. Author(s): Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan. Source: Takizawa, T Imai, T Mitsumori, K Takagi, H Onodera, H Yasuhara, K Ueda, M Tamura, T Hirose, M J-Toxicol-Sci. 2002 May; 27(2): 97-105 0388-1350
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In vitro co-metabolism of ethanol and cyclic ketones. Author(s): Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School in Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, ul. 8, Jaczewskiego, Poland.
[email protected] Source: Buszewicz, G Madro, R Toxicology. 2002 August 15; 177(2-3): 207-13 0300-483X
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Induction of the estrogen effect-switching phenomenon by ethanol and its correction. Author(s): Professor N. N. Petrov Science Research Institute of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 68 Leningradskaya Street, Pesochnyi-2, 189646 St. Petersburg, Russia. Source: Bershtein, L M Tsyrlina, E V Poroshina, T E Bychkova, N V Kalinina, N M Gamayunova, V B Kryukova, O G Kovalenko, I G Vasil'ev, D A Neurosci-BehavPhysiol. 2002 Nov-December; 32(6): 603-7 0097-0549
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Influence of chronic ethanol consumption on toxic effects of 1,2-dichloroethane: glycolipoprotein retention and impairment of dolichol concentration in rat liver microsomes and Golgi apparatus. Author(s): Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Genoa, via L.B. Alberti 2, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
[email protected] Source: Cottalasso, D Domenicotti, C Traverso, N Pronzato, M Nanni, G Toxicology. 2002 September 16; 178(3): 229-240 0300-483X
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Influence of ethanolic extract of Tephrosia purpurea Linn. on mast cells and erythrocytes membrane integrity. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai 400 098, India. Source: Gokhale, A B Dikshit, V J Damre, A S Kulkarni, K R Saraf, M N Indian-J-ExpBiol. 2000 August; 38(8): 837-40 0019-5189
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Interactions of ethanol and folate deficiency in development of alcoholic liver disease in the micropig. Author(s): University of California, Davis, California and National Toxicological Research Center, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA. Source: Halsted, C H Villanueva, J A Devlin, A M James, S J Trans-Am-Clin-ClimatolAssoc. 2002; 113: 151-62; discussion 162-3 0065-7778
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Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor antagonists attenuate ethanol-induced inhibition of bone formation in a rat model of distraction osteogenesis. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. Source: Perrien, D S Brown, E C Fletcher, T W Irby, D J Aronson, J Gao, G G Skinner, R A Hogue, W R Feige, U Suva, L J Ronis, M J Badger, T M Lumpkin, C K Jr J-PharmacolExp-Ther. 2002 December; 303(3): 904-8 0022-3565
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Mechanism of the beneficial effects of dantrolene sodium on ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury in rats. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
[email protected] Source: Buyukokuroglu, M E Taysi, S Polat, F Gocer, F Pharmacol-Res. 2002 May; 45(5): 421-5 1043-6618
•
Mechanisms involved in the relaxant action of the ethanolic extract of propolis in the guinea-pig trachea in-vitro. Author(s): Grupo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Biofarmacos, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Tubarao, Brasil.
[email protected] Source: Paulino, N Scremin, F M Raichaski, L B Marcucci, M C Scremin, A Calixto, J B JPharm-Pharmacol. 2002 June; 54(6): 845-52 0022-3573
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Prenatal ethanol exposure alters ventricular myocyte contractile function in the offspring of rats: influence of maternal Mg2+ supplementation. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA. Source: Wold, L E Norby, F L Hintz, K K Colligan, P B Epstein, P N Ren, J CardiovascToxicol. 2001; 1(3): 215-24 1530-7905
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Prevention of HCl-ethanol induced gastric mucosal injury in rats by Garcinia cambogia extract and its possible mechanism of action. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India. Source: Mahendran, P Sabitha, K E Devi, C S Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 2002 January; 40(1): 5862 0019-5189
•
Preventive effect of eugenol on PAF and ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy. Source: Capasso, R Pinto, L Vuotto, M L Di Carlo, G Fitoterapia. 2000 August; 71 Suppl 1: S131-7 0367-326X
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Protein kinase C inhibitors counteract the ethanol effects on myelin basic protein expression in differentiating CG-4 oligodendrocytes. Author(s): Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, 264 Jefferson Alumni Hall, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. Source: Bichenkov, E Ellingson, J S Brain-Res-Dev-Brain-Res. 2002 November 15; 139(1): 29-38 0165-3806
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Quantitative trait loci affecting initial sensitivity and acute functional tolerance to ethanol-induced ataxia and brain cAMP signaling in BXD recombinant inbred mice. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA. Source: Kirstein, S L Davidson, K L Ehringer, M A Sikela, J M Erwin, V G Tabakoff, B JPharmacol-Exp-Ther. 2002 September; 302(3): 1238-45 0022-3565
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Taurine treatment reduces hepatic lipids and oxidative stress in chronically ethanoltreated rats. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, University of Istanbul, Turkey. Source: Balkan, J Kanbagli, O Aykac Toker, G Uysal, M Biol-Pharm-Bull. 2002 September; 25(9): 1231-3 0918-6158
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The antioxidative and antihistaminic properties of quercetin in ethanol-induced gastric lesions. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, The School of Medicine, Kocatepe University, Afyon 03200, Turkey.
[email protected] Source: Kahraman, A Erkasap, N Koken, T Serteser, M Aktepe, F Erkasap, S Toxicology. 2003 February 1; 183(1-3): 133-42 0300-483X
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The effect of ascorbic acid and ethanol on the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in selected tissues of albino BALB/c mice. Author(s): Department of Biology of The Ludwik Rydygier Medical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
[email protected] Source: Wozniak, A Wozniak, B Drewa, G Kasprzak, H A Biol-Pharm-Bull. 2002 July; 25(7): 943-4 0918-6158
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Uterotonic properties of the ethanol extract of Brysocarpus coccineus. Source: Amos, S. Binda, L. Kunle, O.F. Wambebe, C. Gamaniel, K. Pharm-biol. Lisse, the Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger, c1998-. February 2002. volume 40 (1) page 33-38. 13880209
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “ethanol” (or a synonym): •
A recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain for efficient conversion of lactose in salted and unsalted cheese whey into ethanol. Author(s): Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Agriculture, El-Shatby, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. Source: Tahoun, M K el Nemr, T M Shata, O H Nahrung. 2002 October; 46(5): 321-6 0027-769X
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A selective loss of small-diameter myelinated optic nerve axons in rats prenatally exposed to ethanol. Author(s): Department of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, University of Tokushima School of Medicine, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Sawada, K Sakata Haga, H Komatsu, S Ohta, K Jeong, Y G Fukui, Y CongenitAnom-Kyoto. 2002 June; 42(2): 125-9 0914-3505
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Additive effect of stress and drug cues on reinstatement of ethanol seeking: exacerbation by history of dependence and role of concurrent activation of corticotropin-releasing factor and opioid mechanisms. Author(s): Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. Source: Liu, X Weiss, F J-Neurosci. 2002 September 15; 22(18): 7856-61 1529-2401
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Administration schedule for an ethanol-containing diet in pregnancy affects types of offspring brain malformations. Author(s): Department of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, University of Tokushima School of Medicine, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
[email protected]
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Source: Sakata Haga, H Sawada, K Hisano, S Fukui, Y Acta-Neuropathol-(Berl). 2002 September; 104(3): 305-12 0001-6322 •
Antiallergic and anti-inflammatory properties of the ethanolic extract from Gleditsia sinensis. Author(s): Department of Biology and Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin. Source: Dai, Y Chan, Y P Chu, L M Bu, P P Biol-Pharm-Bull. 2002 September; 25(9): 117982 0918-6158
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Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of amaranth seeds. Author(s): University of Economics, Faculty of Commodity Sciences, Al. Niepodleglosci 10, PL-60-967 Poznan, Poland.
[email protected] Source: Klimczak, I Malecka, M Pacholek, B Nahrung. 2002 June; 46(3): 184-6 0027-769X
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Biosynthesis of citric and isocitric acids from ethanol by mutant Yarrowia lipolytica N 1 under continuous cultivation. Author(s): G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, p-t Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow region 142290, Russia.
[email protected] Source: Finogenova, T V Kamzolova, S V Dedyukhina, E G Shishkanova, N V Il'chenko, A P Morgunov, I G Chernyavskaya, O G Sokolov, A P Appl-Microbiol-Biotechnol. 2002 August; 59(4-5): 493-500 0175-7598
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Comparison of effect of ethanol on N-methyl-D-aspartate- and GABA-gated currents from acutely dissociated neurons: absence of regional differences in sensitivity to ethanol. Author(s): Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7178, USA.
[email protected] Source: Criswell, H E Ming, Z Griffith, B L Breese, G R J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 2003 January; 304(1): 192-9 0022-3565
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Consequences of amygdala kindling and repeated withdrawal from ethanol on amphetamine-induced behaviours. Author(s): Sussex Centre for Research in Alcohol, Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK. Source: Ripley, T L Dunworth, S J Stephens, D N Eur-J-Neurosci. 2002 September; 16(6): 1129-38 0953-816X
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Consequences of monosodium glutamate or goldthioglucose arcuate nucleus lesions on ethanol-induced locomotion. Author(s): Area de Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I., Campus de Borriol, Apartat 8029 AP, 12071, Castello, Spain. Source: Sanchis Segura, C Aragon, C M Drug-Alcohol-Depend. 2002 October 1; 68(2): 189-94 0376-8716
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Cytoprotection by propolis ethanol extract of acute absolute ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions. Author(s): National Taipei College of Nursing, Taiwan, ROC. Source: Liu, C F Lin, C C Lin, M H Lin, Y S Lin, S C Am-J-Chin-Med. 2002; 30(2-3): 24554 0192-415X
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Differential alterations in the expression of NMDA receptor subunits following chronic ethanol treatment in primary cultures of rat cortical and hippocampal neurones. Author(s): Pharmacological and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Ltd., P.O.B. 27, H-1475 Budapest 10, Hungary.
[email protected]
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Source: Nagy, J Kolok, S Dezso, P Boros, A Szombathelyi, Z Neurochem-Int. 2003 January; 42(1): 35-43 0197-0186 •
Differential display identifies neuroendocrine-specific protein-A (NSP-A) and interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) as ethanol-responsive genes in the fetal rat brain. Author(s): Biology Department and Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. Source: Yang, J Zoeller, R T Brain-Res-Dev-Brain-Res. 2002 October 20; 138(2): 117-33 0165-3806
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Effect of caffeine on acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in cultured hepatocytes treated with ethanol and isopentanol. Source:
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Effect of ethanol and docosahexaenoic acid on nerve growth factor-induced neurite formation and neuron specific growth-associated protein gene expression in PC12 cells. Author(s): Department of Community Health, Division of Community and Environmental Health, Tokai University School of Medicine, Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193 Japan. Source: Furuya, H Watanabe, T Sugioka, Y Inagaki, Y Okazaki, I Nihon-ArukoruYakubutsu-Igakkai-Zasshi. 2002 October; 37(5): 513-22 1341-8963
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Effects of the ethanol extract of Cichorium intybus on the immunotoxicity by ethanol in mice. Author(s): Department of Newly-Developed Drugs, Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chunbuk, South Korea.
[email protected] Source: Kim, J H Mun, Y J Woo, W H Jeon, K S An, N H Park, J S Int-Immunopharmacol. 2002 May; 2(6): 733-44 1567-5769
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Ethanol antagonizes kainate receptor-mediated inhibition of evoked GABA(A) inhibitory postsynaptic currents in the rat hippocampal CA1 region. Author(s): Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA. Source: Crowder, T L Ariwodola, O J Weiner, J L J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 2002 December; 303(3): 937-44 0022-3565
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Gonadal toxicity of an ethanol extract of Psoralea corylifolia in a rat 90-day repeated dose study. Author(s): Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan. Source: Takizawa, T Imai, T Mitsumori, K Takagi, H Onodera, H Yasuhara, K Ueda, M Tamura, T Hirose, M J-Toxicol-Sci. 2002 May; 27(2): 97-105 0388-1350
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In vitro co-metabolism of ethanol and cyclic ketones. Author(s): Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School in Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, ul. 8, Jaczewskiego, Poland.
[email protected] Source: Buszewicz, G Madro, R Toxicology. 2002 August 15; 177(2-3): 207-13 0300-483X
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Induction of the estrogen effect-switching phenomenon by ethanol and its correction. Author(s): Professor N. N. Petrov Science Research Institute of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 68 Leningradskaya Street, Pesochnyi-2, 189646 St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Source: Bershtein, L M Tsyrlina, E V Poroshina, T E Bychkova, N V Kalinina, N M Gamayunova, V B Kryukova, O G Kovalenko, I G Vasil'ev, D A Neurosci-BehavPhysiol. 2002 Nov-December; 32(6): 603-7 0097-0549 •
Influence of chronic ethanol consumption on toxic effects of 1,2-dichloroethane: glycolipoprotein retention and impairment of dolichol concentration in rat liver microsomes and Golgi apparatus. Author(s): Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Genoa, via L.B. Alberti 2, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
[email protected] Source: Cottalasso, D Domenicotti, C Traverso, N Pronzato, M Nanni, G Toxicology. 2002 September 16; 178(3): 229-240 0300-483X
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Influence of ethanolic extract of Tephrosia purpurea Linn. on mast cells and erythrocytes membrane integrity. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai 400 098, India. Source: Gokhale, A B Dikshit, V J Damre, A S Kulkarni, K R Saraf, M N Indian-J-ExpBiol. 2000 August; 38(8): 837-40 0019-5189
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Interactions of ethanol and folate deficiency in development of alcoholic liver disease in the micropig. Author(s): University of California, Davis, California and National Toxicological Research Center, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA. Source: Halsted, C H Villanueva, J A Devlin, A M James, S J Trans-Am-Clin-ClimatolAssoc. 2002; 113: 151-62; discussion 162-3 0065-7778
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Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor antagonists attenuate ethanol-induced inhibition of bone formation in a rat model of distraction osteogenesis. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. Source: Perrien, D S Brown, E C Fletcher, T W Irby, D J Aronson, J Gao, G G Skinner, R A Hogue, W R Feige, U Suva, L J Ronis, M J Badger, T M Lumpkin, C K Jr J-PharmacolExp-Ther. 2002 December; 303(3): 904-8 0022-3565
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Mechanism of the beneficial effects of dantrolene sodium on ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury in rats. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
[email protected] Source: Buyukokuroglu, M E Taysi, S Polat, F Gocer, F Pharmacol-Res. 2002 May; 45(5): 421-5 1043-6618
•
Mechanisms involved in the relaxant action of the ethanolic extract of propolis in the guinea-pig trachea in-vitro. Author(s): Grupo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Biofarmacos, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Tubarao, Brasil.
[email protected] Source: Paulino, N Scremin, F M Raichaski, L B Marcucci, M C Scremin, A Calixto, J B JPharm-Pharmacol. 2002 June; 54(6): 845-52 0022-3573
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Prenatal ethanol exposure alters ventricular myocyte contractile function in the offspring of rats: influence of maternal Mg2+ supplementation. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA. Source: Wold, L E Norby, F L Hintz, K K Colligan, P B Epstein, P N Ren, J CardiovascToxicol. 2001; 1(3): 215-24 1530-7905
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Prevention of HCl-ethanol induced gastric mucosal injury in rats by Garcinia cambogia extract and its possible mechanism of action. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India. Source: Mahendran, P Sabitha, K E Devi, C S Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 2002 January; 40(1): 5862 0019-5189
•
Preventive effect of eugenol on PAF and ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy. Source: Capasso, R Pinto, L Vuotto, M L Di Carlo, G Fitoterapia. 2000 August; 71 Suppl 1: S131-7 0367-326X
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Protein kinase C inhibitors counteract the ethanol effects on myelin basic protein expression in differentiating CG-4 oligodendrocytes. Author(s): Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, 264 Jefferson Alumni Hall, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. Source: Bichenkov, E Ellingson, J S Brain-Res-Dev-Brain-Res. 2002 November 15; 139(1): 29-38 0165-3806
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Quantitative trait loci affecting initial sensitivity and acute functional tolerance to ethanol-induced ataxia and brain cAMP signaling in BXD recombinant inbred mice. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA. Source: Kirstein, S L Davidson, K L Ehringer, M A Sikela, J M Erwin, V G Tabakoff, B JPharmacol-Exp-Ther. 2002 September; 302(3): 1238-45 0022-3565
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Taurine treatment reduces hepatic lipids and oxidative stress in chronically ethanoltreated rats. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, University of Istanbul, Turkey. Source: Balkan, J Kanbagli, O Aykac Toker, G Uysal, M Biol-Pharm-Bull. 2002 September; 25(9): 1231-3 0918-6158
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The antioxidative and antihistaminic properties of quercetin in ethanol-induced gastric lesions. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, The School of Medicine, Kocatepe University, Afyon 03200, Turkey.
[email protected] Source: Kahraman, A Erkasap, N Koken, T Serteser, M Aktepe, F Erkasap, S Toxicology. 2003 February 1; 183(1-3): 133-42 0300-483X
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The effect of ascorbic acid and ethanol on the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in selected tissues of albino BALB/c mice. Author(s): Department of Biology of The Ludwik Rydygier Medical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
[email protected] Source: Wozniak, A Wozniak, B Drewa, G Kasprzak, H A Biol-Pharm-Bull. 2002 July; 25(7): 943-4 0918-6158
•
Uterotonic properties of the ethanol extract of Brysocarpus coccineus. Source: Amos, S. Binda, L. Kunle, O.F. Wambebe, C. Gamaniel, K. Pharm-biol. Lisse, the Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger, c1998-. February 2002. volume 40 (1) page 33-38. 13880209
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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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The following is a specific Web list relating to ethanol; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Folic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Minerals Magnesium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ETHANOL Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to ethanol. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to ethanol and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “ethanol” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to ethanol: •
Antiallergic and anti-inflammatory properties of the ethanolic extract from Gleditsia sinensis. Author(s): Dai Y, Chan YP, Chu LM, Bu PP. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 September; 25(9): 1179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230113&dopt=Abstract
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Antihyperglycemic effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Gongronema latifolium leaves on glucose and glycogen metabolism in livers of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Author(s): Ugochukwu NH, Babady NE. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 August 29; 73(15): 1925-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12899918&dopt=Abstract
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Antiosteoporotic effect of ethanol extract of Cissus quadrangularis Linn. on ovariectomized rat. Author(s): Shirwaikar A, Khan S, Malini S. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 December; 89(2-3): 245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14611887&dopt=Abstract
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Antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of Striga orobanchioides. Author(s): Badami S, Gupta MK, Suresh B. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 April; 85(2-3): 227-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639745&dopt=Abstract
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Antiperoxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimutagenic activities of ethanol extract of the mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum occurring in South India. Author(s): Lakshmi B, Ajith TA, Sheena N, Gunapalan N, Janardhanan KK. Source: Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. 2003; Suppl 1: 85-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616600&dopt=Abstract
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Antipyretic properties of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of the leaves of Ocimum suave and Ocimum lamiifolium in mice. Author(s): Makonnen E, Debella A, Zerihun L, Abebe D, Teka F. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 September; 88(1): 85-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12902056&dopt=Abstract
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Antiulcerogenic effect of methanolic extract of Emblica officinalis: an experimental study. Author(s): Sairam K, Rao ChV, Babu MD, Kumar KV, Agrawal VK, K Goel RK. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 September; 82(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12169398&dopt=Abstract
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Aqueous ethanolic extract of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in human malignant cells in vitro. Author(s): Hostanska K, Reichling J, Bommer S, Weber M, Saller R. Source: Pharmazie. 2002 May; 57(5): 323-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12061257&dopt=Abstract
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Blockade of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors does not modify the inhibiton of ethanol intake induced by Hypericum perforatum in rats. Author(s): Perfumi M, Santoni M, Ciccocioppo R, Massi M. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 2002 November-December; 37(6): 540-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12414544&dopt=Abstract
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Cerebral uptake of [ethyl-11C]vinpocetine and 1-[11C]ethanol in cynomolgous monkeys: a comparative preclinical PET study. Author(s): Gulyas B, Vas A, Halldin C, Sovago J, Sandell J, Olsson H, Fredriksson A, Stone-Elander S, Farde L. Source: Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 2002 October; 29(7): 753-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381455&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative effects of dietary corn oil, safflower oil, fish oil and palm oil on metabolism of ethanol and carnitine in the rat. Author(s): Sachan DS, Yatim AM, Daily JW. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2002 June; 21(3): 233-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074250&dopt=Abstract
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Contribution of capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves to rapid recovery from ethanolinduced gastric epithelial damage in rats. Author(s): Sobue M, Joh T, Oshima T, Suzuki H, Seno K, Kasugai K, Nomura T, Ohara H, Yokoyama Y, Itoh M. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2003 October; 18(10): 1188-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12974907&dopt=Abstract
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Cytoprotection by propolis ethanol extract of acute absolute ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions. Author(s): Liu CF, Lin CC, Lin MH, Lin YS, Lin SC. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2002; 30(2-3): 245-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230013&dopt=Abstract
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Deletion of GABAA receptor alpha 1 subunit-containing receptors alters responses to ethanol and other anesthetics. Author(s): Kralic JE, Wheeler M, Renzi K, Ferguson C, O'Buckley TK, Grobin AC, Morrow AL, Homanics GE. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2003 May; 305(2): 600-7. Epub 2003 February 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606632&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary Mg(2+) supplementation restores impaired vasoactive responses in isolated rat aorta induced by chronic ethanol consumption. Author(s): Brown RA, Ilg KJ, Chen AF, Ren J. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2002 May 10; 442(3): 241-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065078&dopt=Abstract
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Different diets and amino acid supplementation do not affect the voluntary consumption of ethanol by rats. Author(s): Much M, Dadmarz M, Hofford JM, Vogel WH.
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Source: Life Sciences. 2002 March 29; 70(19): 2243-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12005184&dopt=Abstract •
Disappearance of ethanol from isolated sheep rumen. Author(s): Veresegyhazy T, Febel H, Nagy G, Rimanoczy A. Source: Acta Vet Hung. 2003; 51(2): 189-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12737046&dopt=Abstract
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EEG and ERP profiles in the high alcohol preferring (HAP) and low alcohol preferring (LAP) mice: relationship to ethanol preference. Author(s): Slawecki CJ, Grahame NJ, Roth J, Katner SN, Ehlers CL. Source: Brain Research. 2003 January 31; 961(2): 243-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12531491&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of beta-carotene supplementation on rats submitted to chronic ethanol ingestion. Author(s): Portari GV, Jordao Junior AA, Meirelles MS, Marchini JS, Vannucchi H. Source: Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 2003 August; 26(3): 191-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12953659&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of commercial ethanol propolis extract on the in vitro growth of Candida albicans collected from HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative Brazilian patients with oral candidiasis. Author(s): Martins RS, Pereira ES Jr, Lima SM, Senna MI, Mesquita RA, Santos VR. Source: J Oral Sci. 2002 March; 44(1): 41-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058869&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of curcumin on ethanol-induced stress on mononuclear cells. Author(s): Rajakrishnan V, Shiney SJ, Sudhakaran PR, Menon VP. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 March; 16(2): 171-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11933122&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of ethanol and docosahexaenoic acid on nerve growth factor-induced neurite formation and neuron specific growth-associated protein gene expression in PC12 cells. Author(s): Furuya H, Watanabe T, Sugioka Y, Inagaki Y, Okazaki I. Source: Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai Zasshi. 2002 October; 37(5): 513-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462067&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of ethanol extract of Rivea hypocrateriformis on the estrous cycle of the rat. Author(s): Shivalingappa H, Satyanarayan ND, Purohit MG, Sharanabasappa A, Patil SB.
Alternative Medicine 133
Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 September; 82(1): 11-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12169399&dopt=Abstract •
Effect of ethanol self-administration on mu- and delta-opioid receptor-mediated Gprotein activity. Author(s): Sim-Selley LJ, Sharpe AL, Vogt LJ, Brunk LK, Selley DE, Samson HH. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 May; 26(5): 688-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045478&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of ethanolic extract of Embelia ribes on dyslipidemia in diabetic rats. Author(s): Bhandari U, Kanojia R, Pillai KK. Source: International Journal of Experimental Diabetes Research. 2002 July-September; 3(3): 159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12458656&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn. ethanol flower extract on blood glucose and lipid profile in streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats. Author(s): Sachdewa A, Khemani LD. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 November; 89(1): 61-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14522433&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of Preparations from Potentiated Ethanol on the Content of Biogenic Monoamines and Metabolism of Ethanol in Tissues of Rats during Alcoholization. Author(s): Titkova AM, Epstein OI. Source: Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2003; 135 Suppl 1: 36-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12949643&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of tannins from Quercus suber and Quercus coccifera leaves on ethanolinduced gastric lesions in mice. Author(s): Khennouf S, Benabdallah H, Gharzouli K, Amira S, Ito H, Kim TH, Yoshida T, Gharzouli A. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 February 26; 51(5): 1469-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590500&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of soybean ethanol extract on the cell survival and oxidative stress in osteoblastic cells. Author(s): Choi EM, Koo SJ. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 June; 17(6): 627-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12820230&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of the ethanol extract of Cichorium intybus on the immunotoxicity by ethanol in mice. Author(s): Kim JH, Mun YJ, Woo WH, Jeon KS, An NH, Park JS.
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Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2002 May; 2(6): 733-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12095163&dopt=Abstract •
Estrogenic effects of ethanol and ether extracts of propolis. Author(s): Song YS, Jin C, Jung KJ, Park EH. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 October; 82(2-3): 89-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12241982&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol extract of propolis inhibits nitric oxide synthase gene expression and enzyme activity. Author(s): Song YS, Park EH, Hur GM, Ryu YS, Kim YM, Jin C. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 May; 80(2-3): 155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12007705&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol inhibition of recombinant NR1/2A receptors: effects of heavy metal chelators and a zinc-insensitive NR2A mutant. Author(s): Woodward JJ, Smothers C. Source: Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.). 2003 October; 31(1-2): 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14615013&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol interactions with a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented feeding regime potentiate pre-neoplastic cellular alterations in rat liver. Author(s): Croager EJ, Smith PG, Yeoh GC. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2002 October; 23(10): 1685-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12376478&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol withdrawal hyper-responsiveness mediated by NMDA receptors in spinal cord motor neurons. Author(s): Li HF, Kendig JJ. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 May; 139(1): 73-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12746225&dopt=Abstract
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Ethanol-eluted extract of Rhus verniciflua stokes inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in human lymphoma cells. Author(s): Lee JC, Kim J, Jang YS. Source: J Biochem Mol Biol. 2003 July 31; 36(4): 337-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12895289&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of antilipid peroxidative action of propolis ethanol extract. Author(s): Shinohara R, Ohta Y, Hayashi T, Ikeno T.
Alternative Medicine 135
Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 June; 16(4): 340-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12112290&dopt=Abstract •
Evaluation of the analgesic activity of an ethanol extract of Miconia fallax. Author(s): Andrade e Silva ML, Cunha WR, Pedro C, Aparecida Garcia P, Martins C. Source: Boll Chim Farm. 2002 March-April; 141(2): 158-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12135166&dopt=Abstract
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Fed-batch cultivation of the docosahexaenoic-acid-producing marine alga Crypthecodinium cohnii on ethanol. Author(s): de Swaaf ME, Pronk JT, Sijtsma L. Source: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2003 March; 61(1): 40-3. Epub 2002 December 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12658513&dopt=Abstract
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Forward, relaxed, and reverse selection for reduced and enhanced sensitivity to ethanol's locomotor stimulant effects in mice. Author(s): Phillips TJ, Shen EH, McKinnon CS, Burkhart-Kasch S, Lessov CN, Palmer AA. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 May; 26(5): 593-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045466&dopt=Abstract
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Gastric cytoprotective anti-ulcer effects of the leaf methanol extract of Ocimum suave (Lamiaceae) in rats. Author(s): Tan PV, Nyasse B, Dimo T, Mezui C. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 October; 82(2-3): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12241979&dopt=Abstract
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Gonadal toxicity of an ethanol extract of Psoralea corylifolia in a rat 90-day repeated dose study. Author(s): Takizawa T, Imai T, Mitsumori K, Takagi H, Onodera H, Yasuhara K, Ueda M, Tamura T, Hirose M. Source: J Toxicol Sci. 2002 May; 27(2): 97-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058452&dopt=Abstract
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Hepatoprotective effect of Angelica archangelica in chronically ethanol-treated mice. Author(s): Yeh ML, Liu CF, Huang CL, Huang TC. Source: Pharmacology. 2003 June; 68(2): 70-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12711833&dopt=Abstract
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Hepatoprotective effects of Arctium lappa Linne on liver injuries induced by chronic ethanol consumption and potentiated by carbon tetrachloride. Author(s): Lin SC, Lin CH, Lin CC, Lin YH, Chen CF, Chen IC, Wang LY.
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Source: Journal of Biomedical Science. 2002 September-October; 9(5): 401-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12218354&dopt=Abstract •
Hypericum perforatum CO2 extract and opioid receptor antagonists act synergistically to reduce ethanol intake in alcohol-preferring rats. Author(s): Perfumi M, Santoni M, Cippitelli A, Ciccocioppo R, Froldi R, Massi M. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2003 October; 27(10): 1554-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14574225&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of feeding ethanolic extracts of Achyranthes aspera Linn. on reproductive functions in male rats. Author(s): Sandhyakumary K, Boby RG, Indira M. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2002 November; 40(11): 1307-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13677636&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanol and water extracts of Cassia alata. Author(s): Somchit MN, Reezal I, Nur IE, Mutalib AR. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 January; 84(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12499068&dopt=Abstract
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In vivo gastroprotective effects of five Turkish folk remedies against ethanol-induced lesions. Author(s): Gurbuz I, Ustun O, Yesilada E, Sezik E, Akyurek N. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 December; 83(3): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12426092&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of Piper betle on hepatic marker enzymes and tissue antioxidant status in ethanol-treated Wistar rats. Author(s): Saravanan R, Prakasam A, Ramesh B, Pugalendi KV. Source: Journal of Medicinal Food. 2002 Winter; 5(4): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639394&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of CEM calcification by the sequential pretreatment with ethanol and EDTA. Author(s): Singla A, Lee CH. Source: Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 2003 March 15; 64A(4): 706-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12601783&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effects of DA-9601 on ethanol-induced gastrohemorrhagic lesions and gastric xanthine oxidase activity in rats. Author(s): Huh K, Kwon TH, Shin US, Kim WB, Ahn BO, Oh TY, Kim JA.
Alternative Medicine 137
Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 October; 88(2-3): 269-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12963154&dopt=Abstract •
Inhibitory mechanism of costunolide, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Laurus nobilis, on blood-ethanol elevation in rats: involvement of inhibition of gastric emptying and increase in gastric juice secretion. Author(s): Matsuda H, Shimoda H, Ninomiya K, Yoshikawa M. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 2002 March-April; 37(2): 121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11912066&dopt=Abstract
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Larvicidal effects of mineral turpentine, low aromatic white spirits, aqueous extracts of Cassia alata, and aqueous extracts, ethanolic extracts and essential oil of betel leaf (Piper betle) on Chrysomya megacephala. Author(s): Kumarasinghe SP, Karunaweera ND, Ihalamulla RL, Arambewela LS, Dissanayake RD. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 December; 41(12): 877-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12492975&dopt=Abstract
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Moderate intakes of intact soy protein rich in isoflavones compared with ethanolextracted soy protein increase HDL but do not influence transforming growth factor beta(1) concentrations and hemostatic risk factors for coronary heart disease in healthy subjects. Author(s): Sanders TA, Dean TS, Grainger D, Miller GJ, Wiseman H. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 August; 76(2): 373-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145009&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation of B lymphocyte function by an aqueous fraction of the ethanol extract of Cissampelos sympodialis Eichl (Menispermaceae). Author(s): Alexandre-Moreira MS, Piuvezam MR, Pecanha LM. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 2003 November; 36(11): 1511-22. Epub 2003 October 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14576907&dopt=Abstract
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N-Acylethanolamines in human reproductive fluids. Author(s): Schuel H, Burkman LJ, Lippes J, Crickard K, Forester E, Piomelli D, Giuffrida A. Source: Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 2002 December 31; 121(1-2): 211-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12505702&dopt=Abstract
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Neurons in the periaqueductal gray are critically involved in the neuronal network for audiogenic seizures during ethanol withdrawal. Author(s): Yang L, Long C, Randall ME, Faingold CL.
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Source: Neuropharmacology. 2003 February; 44(2): 275-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623226&dopt=Abstract •
Nitric oxide-releasing aspirin protects gastric mucosa against ethanol damage in rats with functional ablation of sensory nerves. Author(s): Konturek PC, Brzozowski T, Kania J, Konturek SJ, Hahn EG. Source: Inflammation Research : Official Journal of the European Histamine Research Society. [et Al.]. 2003 September; 52(9): 359-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14504662&dopt=Abstract
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Pain management in mice using the aqueous and ethanol extracts of four medicinal plants. Author(s): Debella A, Makonnen E, Abebe D, Teka F, Kidanemariam AT. Source: East Afr Med J. 2003 August; 80(8): 435-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14601787&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacological studies on Puerariae Flos. IV: Effects of Pueraria thomsonii dried flower extracts on blood ethanol and acetaldehyde levels in humans. Author(s): Yamazaki T, Hosono T, Matsushita Y, Kawashima K, Someya M, Nakajima Y, Narui K, Hibi Y, Ishizaki M, Kinjo J, Nohara T. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 2002; 22(1): 23-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12395916&dopt=Abstract
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Plant-derived, synthetic and endogenous cannabinoids as neuroprotective agents. Non-psychoactive cannabinoids, 'entourage' compounds and inhibitors of N-acyl ethanolamine breakdown as therapeutic strategies to avoid pyschotropic effects. Author(s): Fowler CJ. Source: Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews. 2003 January; 41(1): 26-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12505646&dopt=Abstract
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Potentized Mercuric chloride and Nux vomica Facilitate Water Permeability in Erythrocytes of a Fresh-Water Catfish Clarius batrachus Under Acute Ethanol Intoxication. Author(s): Sukul NC, De A, Sinhababu SP, Sukul A. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2003 October; 9(5): 719-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14629849&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal ethanol exposure alters ventricular myocyte contractile function in the offspring of rats: influence of maternal Mg2+ supplementation. Author(s): Wold LE, Norby FL, Hintz KK, Colligan PB, Epstein PN, Ren J.
Alternative Medicine 139
Source: Cardiovascular Toxicology. 2001; 1(3): 215-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12213974&dopt=Abstract •
Prevention of HCl-ethanol induced gastric mucosal injury in rats by Garcinia cambogia extract and its possible mechanism of action. Author(s): Mahendran P, Sabitha KE, Devi CS. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2002 January; 40(1): 58-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12561970&dopt=Abstract
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Protection by hot water extract of Panax notoginseng on chronic ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. Author(s): Lin CF, Wong KL, Wu RS, Huang TC, Liu CF. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 November; 17(9): 1119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14595601&dopt=Abstract
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Protective effect of a plant formula on ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats. Author(s): Zhu M, Lew KT, Leung PL. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 May; 16(3): 276-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12164277&dopt=Abstract
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Protective effect of Acanthopanax senticosus against ethanol-induced apoptosis of human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC. Author(s): Jang MH, Shin MC, Kim YJ, Kim CJ, Chung JH, Seo JC, Kim EH, Kim KY, Lee CY, Kim KM. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2003; 31(3): 379-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12943169&dopt=Abstract
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Protective effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seeds in experimental ethanol toxicity. Author(s): Thirunavukkarasu V, Anuradha CV, Viswanathan P. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 August; 17(7): 737-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12916070&dopt=Abstract
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Protective effects of steroid saponins from Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis on ethanol- or indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats: structural requirement for activity and mode of action. Author(s): Matsuda H, Pongpiriyadacha Y, Morikawa T, Kishi A, Kataoka S, Yoshikawa M. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2003 March 24; 13(6): 1101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643921&dopt=Abstract
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Quality control of liquid herbal drug preparations: ethanol content and test on methanol and 2-propanol. Author(s): Apers S, Van Meenen E, Pieters L, Vlietinck A. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2003 November 24; 33(4): 529-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14623577&dopt=Abstract
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Roles of tyrosine kinase-, 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-, and mitogen-activated protein kinase-signaling pathways in ethanol-induced contractions of rat aortic smooth muscle: possible relation to alcohol-induced hypertension. Author(s): Yang ZW, Wang J, Zheng T, Altura BT, Altura BM. Source: Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.). 2002 August; 28(1): 17-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12377357&dopt=Abstract
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Sex differences in ethanol-induced hypnosis and hypothermia in young Long-Evans rats. Author(s): Webb B, Burnett PW, Walker DW. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 May; 26(5): 695-704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045479&dopt=Abstract
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Spermicidal activity of the crude ethanol extract of Sedum praealtum in mice. Author(s): Silva-Torres R, Montellano-Rosales H, Ramos-Zamora D, Castro-Mussot ME, Cerda-Garcia-Rojas CM. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 March; 85(1): 15-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576197&dopt=Abstract
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Successful treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with percutaneous ethanol injection therapy and local hyperthermia. Author(s): Tanaka H, Ostapenko VV, Miyano M, Nishide T, Sonobe M, Toda K, Nishide I, Mune M, Yukawa S. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 November-December; 49(48): 1666-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397760&dopt=Abstract
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Suppression of ethanol and lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury by extracts of Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium in rats. Author(s): Hashizume E, Nakagiri R, Shirai A, Kayahashi S, Yasushi S, Kamiya T. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2003 September; 67(9): 1857-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14519967&dopt=Abstract
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Suppressive effects of PG201, an ethanol extract from herbs, on collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Author(s): Shin SS, Jin M, Jung HJ, Kim B, Jeon H, Choi JJ, Kim JM, Cho BW, Chung SH, Lee YW, Song YW, Kim S.
Alternative Medicine 141
Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2003 May; 42(5): 665-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709543&dopt=Abstract •
Temporal activation of p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase by acetaldehyde in rat hepatocytes and its loss after chronic ethanol exposure. Author(s): Lee YJ, Aroor AR, Shukla SD. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2002 June; 301(3): 908-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12023518&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of maternal smoking and ethanol on fatty acid transport by the human placenta. Author(s): Haggarty P, Abramovich DR, Page K. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 March; 87(3): 247-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064333&dopt=Abstract
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The gastroprotective activity of the ethanol extract of Ageratum conyzoides. Author(s): Shirwaikar A, Bhilegaonkar PM, Malini S, Kumar JS. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 May; 86(1): 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12686450&dopt=Abstract
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Toward efficient analysis of mutations in single cells from ethanol-fixed, paraffinembedded, and immunohistochemically stained tissues. Author(s): Heinmoller E, Liu Q, Sun Y, Schlake G, Hill KA, Weiss LM, Sommer SS. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 2002 April; 82(4): 443-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11950901&dopt=Abstract
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Withdrawal from chronic intermittent ethanol treatment changes subunit composition, reduces synaptic function, and decreases behavioral responses to positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors. Author(s): Cagetti E, Liang J, Spigelman I, Olsen RW. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2003 January; 63(1): 53-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12488536&dopt=Abstract
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Zinc supplementation at the time of ethanol exposure ameliorates teratogenicity in mice. Author(s): Carey LC, Coyle P, Philcox JC, Rofe AM. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2003 January; 27(1): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544014&dopt=Abstract
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to ethanol; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Alcohol Withdrawal Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gastritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Liver Cirrhosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Parasites Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tardive Dyskinesia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Viral Hepatitis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •
Chinese Medicine Anyang Jingzhi Gao Alternative names: (An Yang Jing Zhi Gao) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Anyou Alternative names: Eucalyptus Oil; Oleum Eucalypti Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baofukang Shuan Alternative names: Baofukang Suppositories Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Bimayou Alternative names: Castor Oil; Oleum Ricini Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Bohe Alternative names: Peppermint; Herba Menthae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chayou Alternative names: Tea-seed Oil; Oleum Camelliae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chuanbei Xueli Alternative names: Chuanbei Xueli Concentrated Decoction; Chuanbei Xueli Gao Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Ciwujia Jingao Alternative names: Manyprickle Acanthopanax Extract; Ciwujia Jingao (Ci Wu Jia Jin Gao); Extractum Acanthopanacis Senticosi Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Dingxiang Alternative names: Clove; Flos Caryophylli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dingxiang Luoleyou Alternative names: Ocimum Oil; Oleum Ocimi Gratissimi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Extractum Belladonnae Liquidum Alternative names: Belladonna Liquid Extract; Dianqie Liujingao; Extractum Belladonnae Liquidum Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Extractum Glycyrrhizae Liquidum Alternative names: Liquorice Liquid Extract; Gancao Liujingao; Extractum Glycyrrhizae Liquidum Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Fengmi Alternative names: Honey; Mel Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fufang Danshen Pian Alternative names: Compound Saivia Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China
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Ganmao Qingre Keli Alternative names: Ganmao Qingre Granules Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Ganmao Tuire Keli Alternative names: Ganmao Tuire Granules; Ganmao Tuire Keli (Chongji) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Gegen Qinlian Pian Alternative names: Gegen Qinlian Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Guanxin Danshen Pian Alternative names: Guanxin Danshen Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Huazheng Huisheng Pian Alternative names: Huazheng Huisheng Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hufeng Jiu Alternative names: Hufeng Wine Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Huodan Wan Alternative names: Huodan Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Huoxiang Zhengqi Shui Alternative names: Huoxiang Zhengqi Solution Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Jiang Liujingao Alternative names: Ginger Liquid Extract; Jiang Liujingao; Extractum Zingiberis Liquidum Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Jingzhi Guanxin Pian Alternative names: Jingzhi Guanxin Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China
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Jinqian Baihuashe Alternative names: Coin-like White-banded Snake; Jinqian Baihuashe (Jin Qian Bai Hua She); Bungarus Parvus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jiuwei Qianghuo Keli Alternative names: Jiuwei Oianghuo Granules Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Kanggan Keli Alternative names: Kanggan Granules Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Manshanhong Alternative names: Dahurian Rhododendron Leaf; Folium Rhododendri Daurici Source: Chinese Materia Medica Manshanhongyou Alternative names: Daurian Rhododendron Oil; Oleum Rhododendri Daurici Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mayou Alternative names: Castor Oil; Bimayou; Oleum Ricini Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mujingyou Alternative names: Negundo Chastetree Oil; Oleum Viticis Negundo Source: Chinese Materia Medica Naolejing Alternative names: Naolejing Syrup Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Oleum Menthae Alternative names: Peppermint Oil Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Qibao Meiran Keli Alternative names: Qibao Meiran Granules Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Qinghouyan Heji Alternative names: Qinghouyan Mixture Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China
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Qingre Jiedu Koufuye Alternative names: Qingre Jiedu Oral Liquid Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Qinlian Pian Alternative names: Gegen Qinlian Tablets; Gegen Qinlian Pian Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Rouguiyou Alternative names: Cassia Bark Oil; Oleum Cinnamomi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Rukuaixiao Pian Alternative names: Rukuaixiao Tablets; Rukuaixiao Pian
(Ru Ku Ai Xiao Pian) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Sangshen Alternative names: Mulberry Fruit; Fructus Mori Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shangshi Zhitong Gao Alternative names: Shangshi Zhitong Plaster; Shangshi Zhitong Gao (Shang Shi Zhi Tong Gao) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Shaolin Fengshi Dieda Gao Alternative names: Shaolin Fengshi Dieda Plaster; Shaolin Fengshi Dieda Gao (Shao Lin Feng Shi Die Da Gao) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Shengmai Yin Alternative names: Shengmai Yin Oral Liquid; Shengmai Yin (Sheng Mai Yin) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Shuiniujiao Alternative names: Buffalo Horn; Cornu Bubali Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shujin Huoluo Jiu Alternative names: Shujin Huoluo Wine; Shujin Huoluo Jiu (Shu Jin Huo Luo Jiu) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Songjieyou Alternative names: Turpentine Oil; Oleum Terebinthinae Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Suhexiang Alternative names: Storax; Styrax Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiangguozhi Alternative names: Spiceleaf Kernel Oil; Oleum Linderae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yanbaicaisu Alternative names: Bergenin; Yanbaicaisu (Yan Bai Cai Su); Bergeninum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yimucao Liujingao Alternative names: Liquid Extract of Motherwort Herb; Yimucao Liujingao; Extractum Leonuri Liquidum Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Yuanzhi Liujingao Alternative names: Thinleaf Milkwort Liquid Extract; Yuanzhi Liujingao; Extractum Polygalae Liquidum Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China •
Herbs and Supplements Achillea Alternative names: Yarrow; Achillea millefolium L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Achillea Millefolium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Acorus Alternative names: Sweet Flag; Acorus calamus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Aesculus Alternative names: Horse Chestnut; Aesculus hippocastanum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Allopurinol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Althaea Officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Ampicillin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aralia Alternative names: Spikenard; Aralia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Arctostaphylos Alternative names: Bearberry; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Aristolochia Alternative names: Snakeroot, Guaco; Aristolochia sp Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arnica Montana Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asian Ginseng Alternative names: Panax ginseng Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Asian Ginseng Alternative names: Panax ginseng Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Astragalus Alternative names: Astragalus membranaceus, Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus, Huang-qi, Milk-Vetch Root Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Astragalus Mem Alternative names: Huang-Qi; Astragalus membranaceus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Astragalus Membranaceus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Astragalus Mongholicus Alternative names: Astragalus membranaceus, Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus, Huang-qi, Milk-Vetch Root Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Astragalus Sp Alternative names: Vetch, Rattlepod, Locoweed; Astragalus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Ava Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Berberis Alternative names: Barberry; Berberis sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Betaine Alternative names: Trimethylglycine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Betaine (trimethylglycine) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Betula Alternative names: Birch; Betula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Borago Alternative names: Borage; Borago officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Boswellia Alternative names: Frankincense; Boswellia serrata Roxb. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Camellia Sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Carnosine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Catnip Alternative names: Nepeta cataria Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Centella Alternative names: Gotu Kola; Centella asiatica (Linn.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Chlorzoxazone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cimicifuga Alternative names: Black Cohosh; Cimicifuga racemosa (NUTT.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cinnamomum Alternative names: Cinnamon; Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Crataegus Alternative names: Hawthorn; Crataegus oxyacantha L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Crataegus Laevigata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crataegus Monogyna Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Curcuma Alternative names: Turmeric; Curcuma longa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Curcuma Longa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com DHEA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com DMAE Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com DMAE Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10023,00.html Echinacea Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Echinacea Alternative names: Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, Echinacea purpurea, Purple Coneflower Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea Angustifolia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea Pallida Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea Purpurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eleuthero Alternative names: Siberian Ginseng, Eleuthero; Acanthopanax/Eleutherococcus senticosus Rupr. & Maxim. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Eleuthero Alternative names: Eleutherococcus senticosus, Acanthopanax senticosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eucalyptus Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,778,00.html Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Evening Primrose Alternative names: Oenothera biennis, Sun Drop Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Felodipine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Foeniculum Alternative names: Fennel; Foeniculum vulgare Mill Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Garcinia Man Alternative names: Mangosteen; Garcinia mangostana Linn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org GLA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glycyrrhiza Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Goldenrod Alternative names: Solidago virgaurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Green Tea Alternative names: Camellia sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hawthorn Alternative names: Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus laevigata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Heparin Alternative names: Hep-Lock Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Huang-qi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Humulus Alternative names: Hops; Humulus lupulus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hyoscyamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Illicium Alternative names: Star Anise; Illicium verum (Hook, F.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Indole-3-carbinol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Jamaica Dogwood Alternative names: Piscidia erythrina, Piscidia piscipula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Juniperus Alternative names: Juniper; Juniperus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Kava Kava Alternative names: Piper methysticum, Ava Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Kochia Alternative names: Summer Cypress, Fireweed; Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Kudzu Alternative names: Pueraria lobata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kudzu Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lavandula Alternative names: Lavender; Lavandula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Lecithin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Leonurus Alternative names: Motherwort; Leonurus cardiaca Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lepidium Meyenii1 Alternative names: Maca; Lepidium meyenii Walp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Limetree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Linden Alternative names: Tilia cordata, Tilia platyphyllos, Limetree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lobelia Alternative names: Lobelia inflata L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Luffa Alternative names: Luffa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Marshmallow Alternative names: Althaea officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Milk Thistle Alternative names: Silybum marianum, St. Mary's Thistle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Milk-vetch Root Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mixed Amphetamines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Momordica Alternative names: Bitter Gourd, Karela; Momordica charantia Linn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Oenothera Biennis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Panax Ginseng Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peppermint Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,812,00.html Phosphatidylserine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piper Alternative names: Kava; Piper methysticum Forst.f Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piper Methysticum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piscidia Erythrina Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Piscidia Piscipula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pregnenolone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pueraria Alternative names: Kudzu; Pueraria lobata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Purple Coneflower Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rosmarinus Alternative names: Rosemary; Rosmarinus officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ruta Alternative names: Rue; Ruta graveolens L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Sambucus Alternative names: Black Elderberry; Sambucus nigra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org SAMe Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com SAMe (s-adenosylmethionine) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Silybum Marianum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Smilax Alternative names: Sarsaparilla; Smilax glabra Roxb. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Solidago Virgaurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com St. John's Wort Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com St. Mary's Thistle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stevia Alternative names: Sweetleaf; Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Sun Drop Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Swertia Alternative names: Swertia sp Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Symphytum Alternative names: Comfrey; Symphytum officinale L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Syzygium Clove Alternative names: Clove, Jamun; Syzygium sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tanacetum Alternative names: Feverfew; Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Terminalia Alternative names: Myrobalans; Terminalia arjuna Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thymus Alternative names: Thyme; Thymus vulgaris Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tilia Cordata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tilia Platyphyllos Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tmg (trimethylglycine) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Tribulus Puncture Alternative names: Puncture Vine, Goathead; Tribulus terrestris L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Trigonella Alternative names: Fenugreek; Trigonella foenum graecum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Trimethylglycine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Turmeric Alternative names: Curcuma longa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uncaria Asian Alternative names: Asian species; Uncaria sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Vacciniumb Alternative names: Bilberry; Vaccinium myrtillus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Valerian Alternative names: Valeriana officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Valerian Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Valeriana Officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Withania Ashwagandha Alternative names: Ashwagandha; Withania somnifera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Yarrow Alternative names: Achillea millefolium, Milfoil Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ETHANOL Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to ethanol. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “ethanol” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on ethanol, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Ethanol ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to ethanol. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
A Matching Law Analysis of Ethanol Consumption in Alcohol-Preferring, NonPreferring and Sprague-Dawley Rats by Martinetti, Margaret Paterson; PhD from Temple University, 2002, 105 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3040342
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A Study of Three Models of Hypertension Genetic, Mineralocorticoid and EthanolInduced by Chan, Thomas C. K; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65040
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A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation into the Structure and Dynamics of Ethanol in the Liquid State by Ferris, Thomas David; PhD from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2002, 126 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3060588
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Acetaldehyde: A Positive Reinforcer Mediating Ethanol Consumption in Laboratory Rats by Brown, Zavie W; PhD from Concordia University (Canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK38533
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Acetaldehyde and Norepinephrine Interactions in the Mediation of Some of the Psychopharmacological Properties of Ethanol by Smith, Brian R; PhD from Concordia University (Canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK58501
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Alcohol Fuels from Biomass in Brasil: A Comparative Assessment of Methanol and Ethanol by Ghirardi, Andre Garcez, PhD from University of California, Berkeley, 1983, 210 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8328886
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An Estimation of Potential Production of Agri-Based Ethanol and Its Contribution to Transportation Emissions by Pearson, Brooks Conan; PhD from Indiana University, 1999, 161 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9962723
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An Investigation of the Mechanisms of Action of 5-hydroxytryptamine Uptake Blockage in the Suppression of Voluntary Ethanol Intake by Rockman, Gary E; PhD from Concordia University (Canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK55688
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Analysis of Initial Sensitivity and Acute Functional Tolerance to the Incoordinating Effects of Ethanol by Kirstein, Shelli Lynn; PhD from University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 2002, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3046093
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Behavioral and Pharmacological Variables in the Development of Ethanol Tolerance by Leblanc, Arthur Eugene; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK13057
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Brain Aldehyde Dehydrogenase and Central Acetaldehyde in the Mediation of Ethanol Consumption by Spivak, Karen; PhD from Concordia University (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL41589
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Brain Aldehyde Dehydrogenase and Voluntary Ethanol Consumption in the Rat by Amir, Shimon; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK35671
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Brain Neurotransmitter Receptors after Long-Term Treatment with Neuroleptics, Dopamine-Mimetics or Ethanol by Muller, Pavel; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK38791
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By-Product Utilization from Biomass Conversion to Ethanol by Chattin, Barbara Lynn, PhD from Purdue University, 1982, 490 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8310742
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Cellular and Molecular Bases for Ethanol-Induced Teratogenesis by Dunty, William Clark, Jr.; PhD from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2003, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086524
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Chronic Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Alters Hippocampal GABA(A) Receptors and Impairs Spatial Learning in the Guinea Pig by Iqbal, Umar; MSC from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 2003, 78 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ74903
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Combined Effects of Prenatal Stress and Ethanol on Brain and Behavioral Development in B6d2f(2) Mice by Ward, Glenn R; PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL45372
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Demand for Ethanol in Rats with a History of Ethanol Exposure: an Experimental Test of the Becker-Murphy Theory of Rational Addiction by Sarbaum, Jeffrey Kent, PhD from State University of New York at Binghamton, 1997, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9716648
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Development of the Neonatal Rat As a Model for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Cardiorespiratory Effects of Ethanol by Stout, Rhett Whitman; PhD from Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College, 2003, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085700
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Differential Pharmacological Effects of Ethanol, Barbiturates and Opiates in the Isolated Guinea-Pig Ileum Preparation and in the Rat by Mayer, Joel M; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK59832
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Economic Evaluation of United States Ethanol Production from Ligno-Cellulosic Feedstocks by Choi, Youn-Sang, PhD from University of Missouri - Columbia, 1998, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9904837
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Economics of Fuel Ethanol Production in U.s. Agriculture: a National Linear Programming Model with Projections to the Year 2010 (Quadratic, Biomass, Energy; United States) by Carlson, Richard Leo, PhD from The University of Wisconsin Madison, 1984, 530 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8422680
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Economies and Diseconomies of Scale in Ethanol Fuel Production: the Experience in Brazil by Wight, Jonathan Beecher, PhD from Vanderbilt University, 1982, 269 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8228222
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Effect of Acute Ethanol Ingestion on the Response of Endotoxin in Rats by Huynh, Nhat Phuong; MS from Texas Woman's University, 2003, 54 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413509
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Effect of Cultivar and Sequential Ethanol Precipitation on the Physicochemical Properties of Flaxseed Mucilage by Chornick, Tricia Laini; MSC from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 2002, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ76916
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Effect of Ethanol on the Sympathetic Nervous System by Degani, N. C; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK36629
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Effect of Narcotic Analgesics and Ethanol on the Uptake and Release of Neurotransmitters by Carmichael, Frederick; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK31180
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Effects of Chronic Prenatal Ethanol Exposure on Glutamate Release ANDCGMP Content in the Hippocampus of the Young Postnatal Guinea Pig by Butters, Neil Stewart; PhD from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 2002, 160 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ73285
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Effects of Ethanol on the Glucose Transporter, GLUT1 in Glial Cells of the Developing Hippocampus by Kim, Seon Hee; PhD from The Herman M. Finch U. of Health Sciences - the Chicago Medical Sch., 2002, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061536
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Effects of Ethanol on the Toxicity and Metabolism of Acetonitrile and Acrylonitrile by Ochoa-garza, Nancy; Ms from The University of Texas - Pan American, 2002, 58 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410271
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Effects of Pregnancy, Estradiol Benzoate and MER-25 on Voluntary Ethanol Consumption in the Rat by Sandberg, David E; PhD from Concordia University (Canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK58460
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Effects of Prenatal Ethanol Exposure in Rats on Multiple Endpoints of Central Serotonergic Function by Hofmann, Candace Erica; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 2003, 116 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ79224
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Effects of Sugar and Ethanol Related Policies on the Market for High Fructose Corn Syrup by Offenbach, Lisa A., PhD from Kansas State University, 1995, 106 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9614281
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Energy Use, Environmental Quality, and Ethanol Production: an Analysis of the Impacts of Alternative Policies on Western New York by Gould, Brian Wilfred, PhD from Cornell University, 1983, 285 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8309440
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Environmental Occurrence and Fate of Ethanol and MTBE Gasoline Oxygenates in Surface Water and Shallow Groundwater in Nebraska by Zhang, Yi; PhD from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 2003, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092610
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Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Rye Straw and Bermudagrass for Ethanol Production by Sun, Ye; PhD from North Carolina State University, 2002, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3073336
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Estrogen Suppression of Macrophage-Derived Il-6 Restores Immunity in Male Mice Given Ethanol and Burn Injury by Messingham, Kelly A. Nordyke; PhD from Loyola University of Chicago, 2002, 208 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3039294
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Ethanol As a Reinforcer for Rats Factors of Facilitation and Constraint by Stewart, Robert B; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL43417
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Ethanol Effects on the Olivocerebellar System by Harris, David Platt; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK66835
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Ethanol Modulation of Glycine Receptors from Hypoglossal Motoneurons by Eggers, Erika Dawn; PhD from University of Washington, 2003, 106 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3079215
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Ethanol Production by Extractive Fermentation by Kollerup, Finn; PhD from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL42300
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Ethanol Production in the U.S.: Feasibility, Forecast and Regional Analysis (United States) by Melero, Francisco, PhD from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1983, 247 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8409514
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Exposure to Ethanol during the Rat Brain Growth Spurt: Characterizing the Learning and Memory Deficits Using Variations of the Morris Water Maze by Girard, Todd Alexander; PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 2002, 228 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ70845
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Fatal Drug Poisoning in Allegheny County from Scheduled Drugs and Ethanol (Pennsylvania) by Davis, Norris Leonard; DrPH from University of Pittsburgh, 2002, 248 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3054269
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Fuel Ethanol As an Octane Enhancer in the U.S. Gasoline Market: Potential Demand and Policy Considerations (United States) by Ahmed, Hassan Farouk, PhD from The Ohio State University, 1987, 135 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8726584
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Functional Dissection of Neuroanatomical Loci Regulating Ethanol Sensitivity in Drosophila Melanogaster by Rodan, Aylin Rachel; PhD from University of California, San Francisco, 2002, 249 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058764
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Hepatic Glutathione Content and Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Activity Acute and Chronic Effects of Ethanol by Speisky, Hernan; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL34218
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Investigations into the Role of Serotonin in the Acute and Chronic Effects of Ethanol by Frankel, David; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK35023
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Kinetic Disposition and Hemodynamic Effects of Acute Ethanol Intoxication in the Neonatal Piglet by MacIntyre, Cara J; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL37297
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Kinetics of the Anation Reaction of NI(II) with 1, 10-phenanthroline in Ethanol-Water Mixtures and 1, 10-Phenanthroline and Thiocyanate in 100 Percent Ethanol by Sanduja, Mohan L; PhD from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK11716
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Loss of Tolerance to Ethanol in a Male Alcoholic Population (Genetic, Treatment, Substance Abuse) by Greene, John Alan, PhD from Boston College, 1986, 98 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8612170
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Maintaining Class Domination in the Sugar Area of Northeast Brazil Through State Intervention, U.S. Congress, and Ethanol Program. (Volumes I and II) (Peasantry, Pernambuco, Marxian, World System, Oligarchy, United States) by Levy, Henrique, PhD from University of Maryland College Park, 1985, 534 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8608825
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Memory Impairment Related to Ethanol Abuse: A Study of Detoxified Male Alcoholics in an Inpatient Chemical Dependency Treatment Unit by Lewis, Carolyn Victoria, PhD from University of Missouri - Kansas City, 1988, 87 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8905085
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Methods for the Isolation and Purification of Ethanol-Insoluble, Phenolic Esters in Mint by Majak, Walter; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK11243
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Modulation of Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Ethanol Metabolism by Testosterone in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat by Rachamin, Gloria; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK62228
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Neuronal Network Analyses in Vitro of Acute Individual and Combined Responses to Fluoxetine and Ethanol by Xia, Yun; MS from University of North Texas, 2002, 65 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410944
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Ovarian Steroid Modulation of Ethanol Self-Administration in the Female LongEvans Rat by Ford, Matthew Martin; PhD from Wake Forest University, the Bowman Gray School of Medicine, 2002, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058870
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Physiological Role and Ethanol Sensitivity of Kainate Receptors in the Rat Nucleus Accumbens Core Region by Crowder, Tara Leigh; PhD from Wake Forest University, the Bowman Gray School of Medicine, 2002, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3067780
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Production of Butanol, Ethanol and Vanillin from Spent Sulphite Liquor by Yu, Shiyuan; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL39705
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Production of Ethanol in an Immobilized-Yeast Packed-Bed Reactor by Lamptey, Jonathan; PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK61393
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Radiolysis of Diethyl Ether and Ethanol Vapors Temperature Effects by Bansal, Krishan Murari; AdvDeg from University of Alberta (Canada), 1968 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK03357
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S,S'-Diethyl Dithiomalonate As an Ethanol Carbanion Equivalent in Michael Reactions Camphor to Cedrol - a Chemical Investigation by Oppong, Isaac Victor; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK67292
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Serotonin and Depression Correlates in College Students with Problematic Ethanol Consumption Patterns by Anderson, Michael David; PhD from George Mason University, 2002, 70 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3055810
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Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors Effect on the Macro- and Micro-Structure of Ethanol Drinking by Lawrin, Mary Olga; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL43488
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Spatial Diffusion of Economic Impacts of Integrated Ethanol-Cattle Production Complex in Saskatchewan by Musaba, Emmanuel Chibanda, PhD from The University of Saskatchewan (Canada), 1996, 199 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ24040
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Spectroscopic and Structural Studies of the Molecular Crystals Formaldehyde, Ethanol and Methanol by Weng, Shixing; PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 1990 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL57912
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Spectroscopic Diagnostics of Argon Microwave Induced Plasma in the Systems with Nebulization of Aqueous-organic Liquids and Generation of Volatile Hydrides from Ethanol-water Solutions by Wlodarczyk, Magdalena Wanda; PhD from Politechnika Wroclawska (Poland), 2002, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f398945
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Steady-state Kinetics of Oxidation of Ethanol by Human Liver Cytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp 2e1) in a Liposomal Reconstituted System by Hirani, Vandana N.; PhD from Stevens Institute of Technology, 2002, 242 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050153
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Studies of the Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Inhibitor, Calcium Carbimide and Its Interaction with Ethanol in Man and Rat by Loomis, Christopher Warren; PhD from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65865
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Studies on the Microvascular Pathogenesis of the Ethanol-induced Alterations in Jejunal Mucosal Morphology and Fluid Transport by Buell, Mikael Gordon; PhD from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65790
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Studies on the Production of Fatty Liver Induced by Ethanol by Bustos, Gonzalo A; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK25462
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Study of the Production of Fructose and Ethanol from Sucrose and Molasses Media Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ATCC 36858 by Atiyeh, Hasan K.; PhD from University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003, 222 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ76476
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Sugarcane-Based Ethanol: Production Possibilities and Trade Implications for Caribbean Countries (Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Biomass) by Budhram, Dowlat Ram, PhD from The Ohio State University, 1986, 211 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8618753
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Systemic and Local Application of Ethanol Inhibits Spontaneous Activity of Central Nucleus of the Amygdala Neurons Via Potentiation of GABA but Not Serotonin by Naylor, Jennifer Camille; PhD from Miami University, 2002, 49 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3074043
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Teratological Evaluation of Ethanol, Pentobarbital and Combinations of These, in the Rat by Kennedy, Lois Ann; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK37803
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The Decomposition of Ethanol and N-Propanol on Boron Phosphate by Riggs, A. S.; PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK16597
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The Development of Cardiac Hypertrophy during Sub-Chronic Ethanol Intoxication the Role of Adrenal Medullary Catecholamines by Adams, Michael Anthony; PhD from The University of Western Ontario (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL20715
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The Disposition of Ethanol and Its Proximate Metabolite, Acetaldehyde, in the Maternal-Fetal Unit of the Near-Term Pregnant Guinea Pig and Pregnant Ewe by Clarke, David William; PhD from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL40425
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The E2 Elimination Reaction of 1-arylethylammonium Salts with Sodium Ethoxide in Ethanol at 60C by Amin, MD; PhD from The University of Saskatchewan (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL40811
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The Economic Feasibility of Producing Ethanol from Sugar-cane in South Africa by Ortmann, Gerald Friedel, PhD from University of Natal (South Africa), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f4320436
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The Economics of Resource Supplementation: the Development of an Ethanol Fuel Industry by Underwood, Daniel August, PhD from The University of Utah, 1986, 173 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8700558
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The Effect of Ethanol on Jejunal Absorption and Morphology by Fox, Jo-Ann Elizabeth Tippett; PhD from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK32648
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The Effect of Nicotine on Ethanol Self-administration by Sharpe, Amanda Lea; PhD from Wake Forest University, the Bowman Gray School of Medicine, 2002, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3043104
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The Effects of Alpha-tocopherol on Ethanol-induced Fetal Resorption in Pregnant Rats (Tocopherol-Alpha, Vitamin E) by Barao, Elvin Datingaling; MS from Baylor University, 2002, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1408509
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The Effects of Ethanol Consumption and a Six Week Swim Training Program on the Rat's Ability to Metabolize Ethanol. by Bonalewicz, Richard Matthew, PhD from University of Oregon, 1976, 48 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7704703
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The Effects of Ethanol on the Expression of the Glucose Transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3 in the Developing Rat Brain by Callaci, John Joseph; PhD from The Herman M. Finch U. of Health Sciences - the Chicago Medical Sch., 2002, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061526
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The Effects of Maternal Ethanol Consumption on Hematopoietic Cells in the Rat Fetal Liver by Robinson, Regina Stovall; PhD from Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, 2002, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3053158
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The Effects of Preweanling Maternal Separations on Adult Locomotor Response to Amphetamine, Cocaine, and Ethanol by Kornacki, Deanna L.; PhD from Temple University, 2002, 85 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3079126
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The Effects of Systemic and Local Administration of the Imidazobenzodiazepine Inverse Agonist RO19-4603 on Voluntary Ethanol Intake in Sprague-dawley Rats by Blakely, Gregory G.; PhD from Temple University, 2002, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3079106
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The Influence of Drugs of Abuse on Rat Brain Histamine Studies with Ethanol by Prell, George D; PhD from University of Ottawa (Canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65721
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The Influence of Maternal Exercise on the Toxicity of Ethanol to Neonatal Myocardial Cells (Cell Culture, Pregnancy, Heart) by Butler, Allison Welder, PhD from The University of Texas at Austin, 1984, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8527532
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The Informational Value and Usefulness of Serum Retinoid Measurements. Studies on Biological Variation, Including Infancy and Pregnancy, and Influence of Fasting, Antiepileptic Drugs and Ethanol by Soderlund, Maria Berggren; PhD from Lunds Universitet (Sweden), 2003, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f152929
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The Reactivity of Electrons Solvated in Methanol and Ethanol by Bolton, Gerald Lloyd; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK21766
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The Reactivity of Solvated Electrons in Methanol/Water and Ethanol/Water Mixtures by Lai, Charles Wing-Chiu; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL52848
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The Role of Serotonin, Catecholamines and Vasopressin in Ethanol Tolerance by Lecirc Dzung Anh; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK53097
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The Role of Taste in Ethanol Intake: Studies on Taste Preferences and Neural Systems in Several Rat Strains by Goodwin, Frances L. W.; PhD from Concordia University (Canada), 2002, 196 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ73349
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The Social Costs of Production and the Structure of Technology in the Brazilian Ethanol Industry: a Cost-Benefit Analysis and an Infant Industry Evaluation, 19781987 by Rask, Kevin Norman, PhD from Duke University, 1991, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9202478
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ETHANOL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning ethanol.
Recent Trials on Ethanol The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to ethanol.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
A Study of 1592U89 and Ethanol When Given Together to HIV-Infected Patients Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Glaxo Wellcome Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to see how the body processes 1592U89 and ethanol (pure grain alcohol) when they are given together. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002198
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions.
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “ethanol” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON ETHANOL Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “ethanol” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on ethanol, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Ethanol By performing a patent search focusing on ethanol, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
9Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on ethanol: •
Adsorptive ethanol drying apparatus using microwaves and operating method thereof Inventor(s): Beom; Hee Tae (Daejeon, KR), Cho; Soon Haeng (Daejeon, KR), Kim; Jong Nam (Daejeon, KR), Park; Jong Kee (Daejeon, KR), Yang; Jung Il (Daejeon, KR) Assignee(s): Korea Institute of Energy Research (KR) Patent Number: 6,634,119 Date filed: June 29, 2001 Abstract: Disclosed is an adsorptive ethanol drying apparatus in which microwaves are applied during the regeneration of an absorbent conducted in a continuous adsorption process for drying ethanol, so that the absorbent regeneration can be rapidly achieved at a temperature lower than that used in a conventional heating type regeneration method and within a reduced processing time, thereby being capable of allowing an efficient use of energy while improving the productivity per adsorbent mass. A method for operating the adsorptive ethanol drying apparatus is also disclosed. At an adsorption step, a vaporized ethanol azeotropic mixture is forced to pass through adsorption towers to adsorb water contained in the vaporized ethanol azeotropic mixture to an adsorbent charged in each of the adsorption towers while condensing ethanol in a storage tank. Simultaneously with the adsorption step conducted in one of the adsorption towers, microwaves generated from a microwave generating device are guided to the other adsorption tower via waveguides in accordance with a switching operation of a switching waveguide, thereby activating water adsorbed to the adsorbent in the adsorption step to allow the water to be desorbed from the adsorbent. Slight vacuum is also applied to the other adsorption tower, thereby removing the desorbed water. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an adsorptive ethanol drying apparatus using microwaves and an operating method thereof, and more particularly to an adsorptive ethanol drying apparatus in which microwaves are applied during the regeneration of an absorbent conducted in a continuous adsorption process for drying ethanol, so that the absorbent regeneration can be rapidly achieved at a temperature lower than that used in a conventional heating type regeneration method and within a reduced processing time, thereby being capable of allowing an efficient use of energy while improving the productivity per adsorbent mass. The present invention also relates to a method for operating this adsorptive ethanol drying apparatus. An azeotrope of water and ethanol (92-95% ethanol) can not be separated into water and ethanol using normal distillation process. Since water molecules in this azeotropic mixture are selectively adsorbed on zeolite 3A or 4A, these molecular sieves are conventionally used in ethanol drying. When the ethanol azeotropic mixture is passed through the adsorption tower, water molecules are adsorbed to the adsorbent, so that ethanol of a high purity (95.5 wt %) is produced. Once the adsorbent is saturated with water, it should be dehydrated for a subsequent re-use thereof. For a dehydration of the adsorbent, a heating type description process has been conventionally used. The heating type desorption process involves heating the adsorbent to about 300.degree. C. or more. Generally, molecules having dipolar moment, such as water molecules, are easily heated or exhibits an increased mobility when they are irradiated by microwaves. Where microwaves are applied to the regeneration of an adsorbent adsorbed with polar molecules, the energy of the microwaves is consumed to directly heat the adsorbate or to increase the mobility of the adsorbate without being consumed to heat the adsorbent
Patents 173
because the adsorbent is less sensitive to the microwaves. In this case, accordingly, the regeneration of the adsorbent can be achieved at a temperature lower than that of a heating type desorption process, for example, at a temperature of about 200.degree. C. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06634119__ •
Amorphous paroxetine composition Inventor(s): El-Rashidy; Ragab (Deerfield, IL), Ronsen; Bruce (River Forest, IL) Assignee(s): Pentech Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Rolling Meadows, IL) Patent Number: 6,638,948 Date filed: September 30, 1997 Abstract: A free-flowing, amorphous paroxetine hydrochloride composition suitable as a therapeutic agent for premature ejaculation can be prepared by dissolving paroxetine free base in a hydrochloric acid-ethanol solution followed by drying. The present compositions comprise amorphous paroxetine hydrochloride and at least one hydroxylbearing compound. In one preferred embodiment, the hydroxyl-bearing compound is ethanol and the amount of ethanol present in the amorphous product is in the range of 1 to 4 weight percent based on paroxetine hydrochloride. The amorphous product is stable and substantially non-hygroscopic. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an amorphous paroxetine composition suitable as a therapeutic agent for sexual dysfunction and to a process for preparing such composition. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants have recently emerged as effective new treatments for patients with premature ejaculation. In general, antidepressants influence more than one neurotransmitter system and have affinity for multiple receptors. This heterogeneity of action produces mixed effects, including those on the sexual response cycle. Sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressants, including delayed and completely abolished ejaculation, has been a subject of numerous case reports, studies, and review articles [for example, J. Clin. Psychiatry 54, 209-212, (1993); J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 3, 76-79, (1983); J. Clin. Psychiatry Mon. 10, 4-10, (1992); Depression 2, 233-240, (1994/1995)]. Because of the lack of abuse potential, relatively benign side effect profile, and fairly consistent reports of delayed ejaculation, SSRI antidepressants seem to be a safe treatment option for patients with premature ejaculation, especially in cases of failed psychological treatment. The use of the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine hydrochloride (PROZAC.RTM.) in this regard has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,448 to Crenshaw et al. A similar treatment, at a relatively lower dosage of active ingredient, has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,276,042 to Crenshaw et al. for the SSRI antidepressant paroxetine hydrochloride (PAXIL.RTM.). Other anti-anxiety drugs such as chlordiazepoxide (LIBRIUM.RTM.) and diazepam (VALIUM.RTM.) are not suitable for the treatment of premature ejaculation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06638948__
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Animal feed Inventor(s): Steensma; Ben (401 S. Kniss Ave., Luverne, MN 56156) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,596,300 Date filed: November 16, 1999 Abstract: The present invention includes a method for increasing meat production while reducing fat in ruminant and non-ruminant animals and for increasing egg production in poultry and milk production in ruminant animals. The method includes mixing ingredients that include 190 proof ethanol in a concentration of about 9% by weight of a food supplement with clay and a nitrogen source such as urea to form the food supplement. The food supplement for ruminant animals additionally includes a condensed distiller's soluble fraction. The mixed ingredients are added to an animal feed such as corn. The animal feed and supplement are fed to an animal at least one per day. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an animal feed supplement. Animal feeds must be formulated to meet specific needs of digestive systems of particular animal groups. For instance, ruminants, such as cattle, sheep and goats have different nutritional requirements from non-ruminants because ruminants have multiple stomachs and unique microbial cultures in their digestive tracts. Ruminant feed must not upset these microbial cultures but must accommodate the animals' nutritional needs. Protein requirements of ruminants may be typically met by feeding the animals urea, along with grain, hay and silage. Urea is broken down in the ruminants' stomachs by microbes so that nitrogen in the urea can be used to make amino acids. Urea is recycled in ruminants in the following path described in Biochemical Adaptation by P. W. Hochachka (1984): liver urea.fwdarw.blood urea.fwdarw.equilibration with extracellular water.fwdarw.salivary glands.fwdarw.urea in salivary glands.fwdarw.rumen urea. Once in the rumen, urea is hydrolyzed to bicarbonate ion and ammonium ion by the action of urease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06596300__
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Antibiotic purification method Inventor(s): Mangena; Murty (Lexington, KY) Assignee(s): Murty Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Lexington, KY) Patent Number: 6,653,469 Date filed: June 20, 2002 Abstract: Taught is a process for purifying a benzoquinoid ansamycin antibiotic such as geldanamycin through the use of a fluid comprising supercritical carbon dioxide. In certain embodiments the fluid also includes an aliphatic alcohol such as methanol or ethanol. Excerpt(s): Because at least a portion of what is described below was sponsored under a federal contract, the federal government may retain certain rights in the invention. The invention relates to an antibiotic purification method. Antibiotic sales total billions of dollars per year, and have increased. Antibiotics are prepared from biological sources by extraction; by chemical synthesis; or by a combination of these methods. Because of the large market for antibiotics, there is a long-felt need for improved methods of recovering
Patents 175
antibiotics from biological sources. An improved method may possess any one or more of the following features (presented by way of example and not of limitation): lower cost; greater yield; greater purity of the final product; use of starting materials or reagents that are more readily available; production of less harmful waste-stream or byproducts; etc. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653469__ •
Artificial nail remover Inventor(s): Lee; Cheon Sook (Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): Meepo U.S.A. Co. (Arcadia, CA), Y. S. Creation Co. Ltd. (Seoul, KR) Patent Number: 6,605,576 Date filed: September 20, 2001 Abstract: An artificial nail remover includes the following ingredients: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethanol, dimethyl esters, Glycerine, water, vitamin E, and a perfume. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a nail remover that is used to remove artificial nails. Artificial nails are currently very popular. Unfortunately, all artifical nails eventually need to be removed. Most conventional artificial nails are made primarily of Acrylonitride Butadiene Styrene (ABS), which is a type of plastic material. Cyanoacrylate (which is the primary ingredient of glue) is typically used to attach the artificial nail to the user's real nail. At this time, acetone is most commonly used to remove artificial nails, and functions to decompose cyanoacrylate. The removal process typically involves soaking the artificial nail in a container that contains acetone for a period of time. Unfortunately, the use of acetone as an artificial nail remover has created problems of chlorosis, the removal of fat, and the creation of a strong and unpleasant odor. Chlorosis is the condition where the acetone dries and the remaining material reacts with air and remains on the surface of the white, which becomes white. Thus, there remains a need for an improved artificial nail remover that can effectively remove artificial nails while overcoming the drawbacks mentioned above. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06605576__
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Atorvastatin hemi-calcium form VII Inventor(s): Aronhime; Judith (Rehovot, IL), Lidor-Hadas; Ramy (Kafar-Saba, IL), Lifshitz; Revital (Herzlia, IL), Niddam; Valerie (Even-Yeouda, IL) Assignee(s): Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. (Petah Tiqva, IL) Patent Number: 6,605,636 Date filed: November 5, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a novel form of atorvastatin hemi-calcium designated Form VII and novel processes for its preparation whereby another crystalline form of atorvastatin hemi-calcium is suspended in ethanol, preferably absolute ethanol, and is converted to the new form, which is then isolated. The present invention further provides a method of reducing the plasma low density lipoprotein level in patients suffering from or susceptible to hypercholesterolemia and compositions and dosage forms for practicing the invention.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to crystalline polymorphic forms of atorvastatin hemi-calcium and novel processes for preparing crystalline solids. Atorvastatin is a member of the class of drugs called statins. Statin drugs are currently the most therapeutically effective drugs available for reducing low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle concentration in the blood stream of patients at risk for cardiovascular disease. A high level of LDL in the bloodstream has been linked to the formation of coronary lesions which obstruct the flow of blood and can rupture and promote thrombosis. Goodman and Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 879 (9th ed. 1996). Reducing plasma LDL levels has been shown to reduce the risk of clinical events in patients with cardiovascular disease and patients who are free of cardiovascular disease but who have hypercholesterolemia. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group, 1994; Lipid Research Clinics Program, 1984a, 1984b. The mechanism of action of statin drugs has been elucidated in some detail. They interfere with the synthesis of cholesterol and other sterols in the liver by competitively inhibiting the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase enzyme ("HMG-CoA reductase"). HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes the conversion HMG to mevalonate, which is the rate determining step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, and so, its inhibition leads to a reduction in the concentration of cholesterol in the liver. Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) is the biological vehicle for transporting cholesterol and triglycerides from the liver to peripheral cells. VLDL is catabolized in the peripheral cells which releases fatty acids which may be stored in adopcytes or oxidized by muscle. The VLDL is converted to intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), which is either removed by an LDL receptor, or is converted to LDL. Decreased production of cholesterol leads to an increase in the number of LDL receptors and corresponding reduction in the production of LDL particles by metabolism of IDL. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06605636__ •
Cellulose production from lignocellulosic biomass Inventor(s): Wingerson; Richard C. (Crested Butte, CO) Assignee(s): Purevision Technology, Inc. (Fort Lupton, CO) Patent Number: 6,620,292 Date filed: February 20, 2002 Abstract: A multi-function process is described for the separation of cellulose fibers from the other constituents of lignocellulosic biomass such as found in trees, grasses, agricultural waste, and waste paper with application in the preparation of feedstocks for use in the manufacture of paper, plastics, ethanol, and other chemicals. This process minimizes waste disposal problems since it uses only steam, water, and oxygen at elevated temperature in the range of 180.degree. C. to 240.degree. C. for 1 to 10 minutes plus a small amount of chemical reagents to maintain pH in the range 8 to 13. An energy recuperation function is important to the economic viability of the process. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the production of cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass, and in particular to process whereby cellulose is separated from other constituents of lignocellulosic biomass so as to make the cellulose available as a chemical feedstock and/or accessible to enzymatic hydrolysis for conversion to sugar. The possibility of producing sugar and other products from cellulose has received much attention. This attention is due to the availability of large amounts of cellulosic feedstock, the need to minimize burning or landfilling of waste cellulosic materials, and the usefulness of sugar and cellulose as raw materials substituting for oil-based
Patents 177
products. Natural cellulosic feedstocks typically are referred to as "biomass". Many types of biomass, including wood, paper, agricultural residues, herbaceous crops, and municipal and industrial solid wastes, have been considered as feedstocks. These biomass materials primarily consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin bound together in a complex gel structure along with small quantities of extractives, pectins, proteins, and ash. Due to the complex chemical structure of the biomass material, microorganisms and enzymes cannot effectively attack the cellulose without prior treatment because the cellulose is highly inaccessible to enzymes or bacteria. This inaccessibility is illustrated by the inability of cattle to digest wood with its high lignin content even though they can digest cellulose from such material as grass. Successful commercial use of biomass as a chemical feedstock depends on the separation of cellulose from other constituents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06620292__ •
Chemical wood pulping process with reduced pitch and VOC emissions Inventor(s): Campbell; Roger O. (Federal Way, WA), Speaks; Jerry R. (Union, WA), Veal; Michael A. (Federal Way, WA) Assignee(s): Weyerhauser Company (Federal Way, WA) Patent Number: 6,641,699 Date filed: November 6, 2001 Abstract: A chemical wood pulping process having reduced volatile organic compound emissions includes extracting wood particulates with solvent at a pressure less than 50 psi to reduce naturally-occurring particulate pitch and volatile organic compound content without significant dissolution of lignin and wood cellulosic components. The solvent used is methanol, ethanol, or acetone. This is followed by comingling the extracted wood particulates with a liquor having chemical reactants, not including the solvent used to extract the wood particulates, for solubilizing lignin. Then, allowing the chemical reactants of the liquor to react with lignin contained in the extracted wood particulates under controlled conditions of temperature and pressure for a sufficient time to solubilize and remove lignin. This is followed by producing a wood pulp having individual cellulosic fibers while releasing a reduced amount of VOCs in the wood pulping process. Excerpt(s): A wood pulping process wherein wood particulates are subjected to a solvent extraction process that removes pitch as well as other wood extractives. The wood particulates are then subjected to a pulping process that is virtually free of volatile organic compound emissions. As a preliminary matter, wood can be viewed as consisting of two major components, carbohydrates and lignin. Other components constitute a minor part of the wood and manifest as intercellular material, and extraneous substances that are related to the growth of the cells of the tree. The cell walls of the wood are composed of polysaccharides, the chief of which is cellulose. Lignin, on the other hand, is an amorphous substance, partly aromatic in nature, that has been called a "cementing material" or an "encrusting substance." It is insoluble in water and in most common organic solvents. It is also insoluble in acids, but undergoes condensation reactions in the presence of strong mineral acids. Lignin is partly soluble in alkaline solutions and is readily attacked and solubilized by oxidizing agents. The extraneous substances of wood are deposited as cells grow, or after they reach maturity. Most of these substances are relatively simple compounds, having a low molecular weight. These low molecular weight substances include pectins, proteins, and like
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substances that are soluble in water or neutral organic solvents. The extraneous substances also include "wood extractives" that include pitch and volatile organic compounds. These naturally-occurring wood extractives are found in both resin canals within the structure of the wood, as well as within the parenchyma cells of the wood. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06641699__ •
Composition for suppressing cellular fibrousing and method for preparing an extract from loquat seeds Inventor(s): Nishioka; Yutaka (Nankoku, JP) Assignee(s): Kochi Medical School (Nankoku, JP) Patent Number: 6,635,288 Date filed: March 2, 2001 Abstract: A composition containing an extract from loquat seeds which is effective for suppressing cellular fibrousing. The composition is based on an extract from loquat seeds which can be obtained by immersing grains obtained by pulverizing loquat seeds, immersing them in at least one solvent selected from a group comprising ethanol, methanol, water and hexane, and separating a supernatant therefrom. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition to suppress cellular fibrousing, particularly to a composition adapted to suppress cellular fibrousing and containing an extract from loquat seeds. It has been revealed recently that fibrousing is deeply involved in the cells of various organs such as liver, lungs, kidneys, etc., and general cells of the skin with respect to the development of intractable diseases of those organs such as chronic hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, interstitial pneumonitis, glomerulosclerosis, and hidebound disease. Cellular fibrousing refers to an increase in a fibrous component at a local site within the tissue of an organ, and the condition in which fibrousing is confined not to the local site but spreads widely in the organ is called fibrosis. It has been revealed that fibrousing by hepatocytes as a result of chronic hepatitis may often lead to the development of hepatic cirrhosis and hepatic cancer. Thus, it has been regarded important to find how to suppress the fibrousing of hepatocytes, thereby preventing the development of hepatic cirrhosis and hepatic cancer. To achieve this, studies have been made to screen medicines possibly effective for suppressing the fibrousing of hepatocytes, and to investigate their effects and action mechanisms. However, although some candidate suppressants have been found, the mechanism by which they suppress cellular fibrousing is not yet fully clarified. Therefore, if it were possible to elucidate the mechanism responsible for their suppression effects against fibrousing, and to reproduce the mechanism by some means, the knowledge would be immensely valuable in the treatment of various intractable diseases involved in fibrousing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635288__
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Crystal Forms of (-)-6-chloro-4-cyclopropylethynyl-4-trifluoromethyl-1,4-dihydro-2H3,1-ben zoxazin-2-one Inventor(s): Crocker; Louis S. (Belle Mead, NJ), Kukura, II; Joseph L. (Somerset, NJ), Stelmach; Christine (Westfield, NJ), Thompson; Andrew S. (Mountainside, NJ), Young; Steven D. (Lansdale, PA) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 6,639,071 Date filed: October 19, 2001 Abstract: The instant invention describes a method for crystallizing (-)-6-chloro-4cyclopropylethynyl-4-trifluoromethyl-1,4-dihydro-2H-3,1-ben zoxazin-2-one from a solvent and anti-solvent system and producing the crystalline product. The desired final crystal form, Form I, can be produced when using methanol or ethanol. Form II is isolated from 2-propanol and can be converted to the desired crystal form at low drying temperatures, such as between about a temperature of 40.degree. C. and 50.degree. C. Excerpt(s): The synthesis of the reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI), (-)-6-chloro-4cyclopropylethynyl-4-trifluoromethyl-1,4-dihydro-2H3,1-benz oxazin-2-one, also known as DMP-266 has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,519,021 issued on May 21, 1996 and the corresponding PCT International Patent Application WO 95/20389, which published on Aug. 3, 1995. Additionally, the asymmetric synthesis of an enantiomeric benzoxazinone by a highly enantioselective acetylide addition and cyclization sequence has been described by Thompson, et al., Tetrahedron Letters 1995, 36, 937-940, as well as the PCT publication, WO 96/37457, which published on Nov. 28, 1996. The compound was previously crystallized from a heptanetetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent system. The crystallization procedure required the use of high temperatures (about 90.degree. C.) to dissolve the final product. Crystals formed by nucleation during the cooling process. The crystals which were produced were Form II and are converted to the desired Form I while drying under vacuum at 90.degree. C. This crystallization provided minimal purification and produced material with inconsistent physical properties. The final product slurry was extremely difficult to mix and handle due to its high viscosity and heterogeneous nature. The instant invention describes a method for crystallizing (-)-6chloro-4-cyclopropylethynyl-4-trifluoromethyl 1,4-dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one from a solvent and anti-solvent system and producing the crystalline product. The desired final crystal form, Form I, can be produced when using methanol or ethanol. Form II is isolated from 2-propanol and can be converted to the desired crystal form at low drying temperatures, as low at 40.degree. C. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06639071__
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Deodorant Inventor(s): Ebashi; Tadashi (Chiba, JP), Kawai; Toshikazu (Kanagawa, JP), Nakada; Hitoshi (Okayama, JP) Assignee(s): Mitsui Sugar Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,586,019 Date filed: May 25, 1999 Abstract: The present deodorizing substance is obtained by treating a raw material selected from sugar cane juice and sugar cane-derived molasses by column
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chromatography, and characterized in that the substance is a fraction obtained by passing the aforesaid raw material through a column packed with a synthetic adsorbent as a fixed carrier and eluting ingredients adsorbed on said synthetic adsorbent with a solvent selected from water, methanol, ethanol and a mixture thereof. The present deodorizing substance is inexpensive and has high safety. It may be used widely in foods and environmental protection fields. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to a deodorizing substance effective for deodorizing a bad smell such as methylmercaptan, trimethylamine, ammonia, more specifically to the aforesaid deodorizing substance which may be used for applications, for instance, in foods, feeds, sanitary goods, table luxuries, medicines and quasi-drugs. Recently, men as well as women have increasingly been interested in eliminating a foul breath or a body smell with the increasing standard of living. Many products declaring a deodorant effect have been commercially available, such as those for preventing the foul breath or the body smell, for example, candies or chewing gum for preventing the foul breath, and those for removing a smell of, for example, insoles. In addition, the need to deodorant goods has spread among people of a wide range of ages and, therefore, their market has expanded year by year. Further, many deodorizing substances have been commercially available to be used for improving environments, for example, in rooms, in cars, in refrigerators, in toilet rooms, in house of domestic animals, in fish tanks or in factories, or for eliminating bad smells generated from domestic wastes or industrial wastes. As a mean or a mechanism for preventing the generation of unpleasant smells or for eliminating generated unpleasant smells, there has been known sensuous deodorization (a method for masking the unpleasant smells with aromatic substances such as perfume); physical deodorization (a method for diluting or eliminating the unpleasant smells by, for example, adsorbing them onto active carbon, including them in cyclodextrin, ventilation or diffusion); chemical deodorization (a method for deodorizing the unpleasant smells by chemical reactions such as neutralization, addition, condensation or oxidation); and biological deodorization (a method for preventing the generation of the unpleasant smells by killing bacteria to prevent putrefaction). Deodorizing agents according to the aforesaid deodorizing mechanisms have been developed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06586019__ •
Electrolyte for very high voltage electrolytic capacitors Inventor(s): Kinard; John Tony (Greer, SC), Melody; Brian John (Greer, SC), Wheeler; David Alexander (Williamston, SC) Assignee(s): Kemet Electronics Corporation (Simpsonville, SC) Patent Number: 6,652,729 Date filed: December 10, 2001 Abstract: An electrolyte comprising a polyester condensation product of 2-methyl-1,3propane diol and boric acid; and further comprising dimethyl amino ethoxy ethanol in an amount to reduce the resistance of the electrolyte. The electrolyte may further comprise ortho-phosphoric acid and at least one substituted pyrrolidone or lactone, such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-hydroxy ethyl-2-pyrrolidone or 4-butyrolactone. The ortho-phosphoric acid prevents hydration of anodic aluminum oxide in contact with the solution. The pyrrolidone or lactone reduce the resistance of the electrolyte. The electrolyte may also comprise sodium silicate.
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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to electrolytes for use in electrolytic capacitors. With the development by Ruben (U.S. Pat. No. 1,710,073) in the mid 1920's of largely nonaqueous "working" or "fill" electrolytes containing glycerine and borax (sodium tetraborate decahydrate), the working voltage of aluminum electrolytic capacitors was extended to 200+ volts. Ruben's electrolytes also made possible the modern wound foil and paper separator construction in which the electrolyte is absorbed into the porous separator paper. The use of ammonia/glycerol borate is described on page 72 of the volume, "The Electrolytic Capacitor" Alexander M. Georgiev, Technical Books Division, Murray Hill Books, Inc., New York, 1945. By the late 1920's, Ruben developed a series of fill electrolytes based upon ethylene glycol, boric acid, and ammonia solutions (U.S. Pat. No. 1,891,207). These so called "glycol-borate" fill electrolytes were found to be capable of satisfactory performance at operating voltages up to about 600 volts. In order to operate above about 450 volts, the ethylene glycol/glycerol and boric acid must be fully esterified and the water removed, and the maximum operating temperature of the capacitor limited to 65 C. or less. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06652729__ •
Fermented herbal health drink from plant andrographis Inventor(s): Agnihotri; Adarsh Kumar (Lucknow, IN), Chaubay; Manjoosha (Lucknow, IN), Khatoon; Sayyada (Lucknow, IN), Mehrotra; Shanta (Lucknow, IN), Pushpangadan; Palpu (Lucknow, IN), Rastogi; Subha (Lucknow, IN), Rawat; Ajay Kumar Singh (Lucknow, IN), Srivastava; Sharad Kumar (Lucknow, IN) Assignee(s): Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (New Delhi, IN) Patent Number: 6,616,950 Date filed: January 14, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a fermented herbal health drink, comprising extract from plant Andrographis, extract from barley, wheat, and/or fruit and ethanol concentration ranging between 3 to 13% in the total health drink and optionally extract from plant Tinospora and other additives, said drink not containing hops and still having characteristic taste of a beer with no adverse effect and contributing to several medicinal properties comprising anti-oxidant, nervine relaxant, cholerectic, cardio-tonic, diurectic, digestive and immunomodulant, and a method of producing the herbal health drink, preferably a method of introducing bitterness into said health drink and using the same as a beer or to produce beer with said medicinal properties. Excerpt(s): Beer is an alcoholic beverage made from malted grains, hops, yeast and water. Fruit, herbs and spices are also used for flavors. In the distant past, the term beer and `ale` meant different things--`Ale` referred to drink without using hops while `beer` with hops. Since virtually all commercial products now use hops, obtained from the female strobiles of Himulus lupulus, a temperate growing plant, and cultivated in England, Germany, Belgium, France, Russia and California. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06616950__
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Fuel cell electrode catalyst solution and production method therefor Inventor(s): Kawahara; Tatsuya (Toyota, JP), Mizuno; Seiji (Toyota, JP) Assignee(s): Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha (Toyota, JP) Patent Number: 6,589,685 Date filed: March 19, 2001 Abstract: The invention improves operability in forming a catalyst electrode, and improves performance of a fuel cell. A catalyst-loaded carbon is dispersed in a mixed solution of an azeotropic solvent and ion exchanged water. An electrolyte solution is added to the dispersed solution. A solvent, such as ethanol or the like, is added to adjust the viscosity and the water content of the solution, thereby providing an electrode catalyst solution. The use of the obtained solution as an ink for forming a catalyst layer through printing improves printing characteristic and drying characteristic. Excerpt(s): The disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No. 2000-079952 filed on Mar. 22, 2000, including the specification, drawings and abstract is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The invention relates to an electrode catalyst solution for a fuel cell, and a production method for the electrode catalyst solution. More particularly, the invention relates to an electrode catalyst solution for use for forming an electrode of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, and a production method for the electrode catalyst solution. Electrode catalyst solutions for fuel cells for being applied or coated to electrolyte films have been proposed (e.g., in WO94/25993). Such a solution is prepared by using 2.6 mg of perfluorinated sulfonic acid NAFION solution (5 wt % of NAFION (registered trademark)) polymer, 50 wt % of isopropyl alcohol, 25 wt % of methanol, and 20 wt % of water), 390 mg of 1-methoxy 2-propanol, 2 ml of isopropanol, and 487.9 mg of a catalyst having 20 wt % of platinum supported on VULCAN (registered trademark) carbon (produced by Precious Metals Corporation). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06589685__
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Fuel volatitlity sensor and method based on capacitance measurement Inventor(s): Harrington; Charles Robert (Troy, MI), Lambert; David K. (Sterling Heights, MI), Lee; Han-Sheng (Bloomfield Hills, MI), Wang; Da Yu (Troy, MI) Assignee(s): Delphi Technologies, Inc. (Troy, MI) Patent Number: 6,588,253 Date filed: August 17, 2001 Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining a volatility of a fuel sample. A fuel sample is collected in a container and heated for a time period using a heater device. Periodically during the heating, the capacitance of the fuel sample and the temperature of the heater device are determined. After a time period passes, the volatility of the fuel sample is determined using the capacitance decrease and the temperature increase. Specifically, a voltage across the heater device is used, along with the current through the heater device to determine the resistance of the heater device, which gives the temperature of the heater device and the sample. The capacitance and temperature are compared to values derived from experimentation for fuels of varying DI. The first measurement of capacitance with a known sample volume can be used to determine the MTBE or ethanol content in gasoline fuels.
Patents 183
Excerpt(s): The invention relates in general to an apparatus and method for determining the volatility of a fuel. It is known in the art relating to automotive engines that a key gasoline characteristic for good driveability during the cold start period of engine operation is volatility. Volatility is especially important at the time an engine is started because the oxygen sensor is too cold to allow closed-loop control of the air-to-fuel ratio, the catalytic converter is too cold to efficiently oxidize hydrocarbon emissions in the exhaust, and because the intake manifold is too cold to rapidly evaporate all of the fuel that is injected. If too little gasoline is injected relative to the air intake, the engine has poor driveability; if too much gasoline is injected relative to the air intake, then extra hydrocarbons from an unburned portion of gasoline are found in the exhaust. Because gasoline sold in the United States varies in volatility, there is a tradeoff in engine design between low hydrocarbon emissions and good driveability with low volatility fuel. To describe the effect of gasoline volatility on the cold start and warm-up driveability of a vehicle, a driveability index ("DI") has been developed. Fuel with low DI is more volatile than fuel with high DI. In the United States, fuel is sold with DI that ranges from 910 to 1320. After being dispensed into a vehicle, fuel weathers as the more volatile constituents preferentially evaporate. This causes its DI to increase. Vehicle manufacturers take this wide variation in fuel DI into account. Engines are designed to meet requirements for low total emissions of hydrocarbons in the exhaust during the federal test procedure ("FTP test"), performed with tightly controlled calibration fuel, but engines should also provide satisfactory performance with the fuels that are actually used. Accurate control of the air-to-fuel ratio during the cold start period of engine operation helps achieve both of these goals. During the cold start period the air-to-fuel ratio is set in open loop control. Unfortunately, variation in the DI of fuel used in the United States limits the accuracy of open loop control of the air-to-fuel ratio during the cold start period since the intake manifold has not yet warmed up enough to evaporate all of the fuel that is injected. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06588253__ •
Gargle method to reduce the duration of common cold symptoms Inventor(s): Brown; Amy Christine (Honolulu, HI) Assignee(s): Love Lives (Honolulu, HI) Patent Number: 6,641,801 Date filed: March 28, 2001 Abstract: The common cold is caused by a virus. Antiviral compounds that kill viruses would then be most likely to serve as a remedy for the common cold. This invention seeks to offer a unique use of an antiviral agent, ethanol (with or without additional homeopathic and/or herb ingredients) through the unique topical application of a mouthwash to a sore throat that is often the first symptom of a common cold. The sore throat is caused by the virus setting up to enter the body after which a cascade of immune response symptoms will occur. Current cold remedies do nothing but treat these immune response symptoms. This invention is unique in that it destroys the virus directly, blocking the cold virus at its point of entry, and the remaining cold symptoms never appear. It does not matter how many cold viruses exist, because the antiviral nature of ethanol kills viruses upon contact. This is the first time that treatment of a sore-throat with antiviral agents (ethanol with or without additional homeopathic and/or herb ingredients) is being used to effectively block the common cold. Research
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testing this common cold remedy have shown it to be effective in 18 out of 20 case studies, and a double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial is being conducted. Excerpt(s): Eby et al. Antimicrobrial Agents and Chemother 1984;25:20-24. Garland M L, O Hagmeyer K. Ann Pharmacother 1998;32:63-69. Godfrey J C et al. J Intl Med Res 1992;20:234-246. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06641801__ •
High concentration topical insecticide Inventor(s): Ahn; Albert (Short Hills, NJ), Cottrell; Ian William (Basking Ridge, NJ), Joseph; Pierre Rosemond (Hamilton, NJ), Lytwyn; Michael William (East Hanover, NJ), Monro; Christine Marie (Oakland, NJ) Assignee(s): The Hartz Mountain Corporation (Secaucus, NJ) Patent Number: 6,588,374 Date filed: September 12, 2002 Abstract: A topical insecticide is provided which can be safe to use and avoids many common deleterious side effects of conventional topical insecticides. In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the active ingredient of the insecticide formulation is an amine derivative, having a nitro-methylene group, a nitroamino group or a cyanoamino group, which can be formulated to have low toxicity and excellent insecticidal activity. One particularly suitable insecticide is 1-{(tetrahydro-3-furanyl)methyl}-2-nitro-3methylguanidine (dinotefuran), an aldulticide that will kill adult fleas, dissolved in phenyl methanol or ethanol and ethyl lactate. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to insecticides and more particularly to a topical insecticide, such as one suitable to use on house pets such as cats and dogs. The infestation of animals with fleas, ticks, flies and the like is highly undesirable. Accordingly, it has become common to administer both topical and internal insecticides to livestock and pets. Topical applications can be desirable, in that many insecticides are acceptably safe when used topically, but not when used internally. Various topical insecticides have drawbacks. Some require a large volume to be applied to the animal. This can cause considerable mess and can lead to an unpleasant smell. Also, when the animal is a house pet, there is a further complication in that the insecticide should be safe for human contact. It should also not lead to staining of furniture, carpeting and the like. Finally, even if safe, topical insecticides for house pets should not be irritating or lead to rashes, hair loss or exhibit other unpleasant side effects. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06588374__
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Low-temperature firing ceramic composition, process for producing same and wiring substrate prepared by using same Inventor(s): Iio; Satoshi (Gifu, JP), Mizutani; Hidetoshi (Aichi, JP), Sakai; Tsutomu (Aichi, JP), Suzumura; Masashi (Gifu, JP) Assignee(s): NGK Spark Plug Co., Ltd. (Aichi, JP) Patent Number: 6,602,623 Date filed: October 26, 2000
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Abstract: A low-temperature firing ceramic composition contains Sr.sub.2 MgSi.sub.2 O.sub.7 crystals forming a major crystal phase of the composition. This composition can be produced, for example, by a process including the steps of (a) mixing together a silica powder, a magnesia powder and a strontium oxide powder to obtain a powder mixture; (b) subjecting the powder mixture to a calcination at a temperature of 1,0001,200.degree. C. to obtain a calcination product containing Sr.sub.2 MgSi.sub.2 O.sub.7 crystals; (c) mixing the calcination product with alumina powder, boron oxide powder, lithium oxide powder, binder and ethanol to obtain a powder mixture; (d) granulating the powder mixture; (e) shaping the resulting granules into a green body; (f) compacting the green body by a hydrostatic pressing (CIP); and (g) firing the resulting compact in an atmosphere of air, thereby obtaining the composition. A wiring substrate includes a laminate of green sheets, each containing Sr.sub.2 MgSi.sub.2 O.sub.7 crystals, and a wiring pattern formed in an inside of the laminate and/or on a surface of the laminate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a low-temperature firing ceramic composition, a process for producing the composition, and a wiring substrate prepared by using the composition. Hitherto, alumina has been widely used as an inorganic insulating material used for multilayer circuit substrates, semiconductor packages and the like. In view of recent years trends toward higher processing speed, higher frequency for use, higher wiring density and the like, there is a demand for another inorganic insulating material (i.e., an alternative to alumina) that can be co-fired together with a low-melting-point material (e.g., Au, Ag or Cu), which is low in dielectric constant and resistivity, in place of a high-melting-point material (e.g., W or Mo), and that has a small specific dielectric constant in a high frequency region and a small dielectric loss. As such inorganic insulating materials, there are glass ceramic composites prepared by mixing an amorphous powder(s) with a crystalline powder(s). Such amorphous powders are used for improving sinterability at low temperatures. Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication JP-A-11-106252 discloses a low-temperature firing glass-ceramic material prepared by adding 0.01-1 wt % of a crystal nucleus powder. U.S. Pat. No. 5,660,781, corresponding to JP-A-8-73233, discloses a process for preparing boron-containing glass ceramic green sheets. JP-A-4-321293 discloses a composition for circuit board, containing an inorganic filler and a special glass frit. JP-A6-338686 discloses a process for producing a multilayer substrate that is a laminate of glass-ceramic insulating layers and inner wiring patterns. JP-A-7-111372 discloses a lowtemperature firing ceramic composition containing 50-70 wt % of a special glass powder and 30-50 wt % of Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 powder. JP-A-6-333429 discloses a high-frequency dielectric ceramic composition. JP-A-7-58454 discloses a glass-ceramic multilayer substrate having a composition of 40-80 wt % of a special glass component and 20-60 wt % of a filler component. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06602623__ •
Method for obtaining 2-bromo-5-(2-bromo-2-nitrovinyl)-furan Inventor(s): Gaitan Placeres; Teofilo Exiquio (Villa Clara, CU), Castanedo Cancio; Nilo R. (Villa Clara, CU) Assignee(s): Centro de Bioactivos Quimicos (CU) Patent Number: 6,624,316 Date filed: November 4, 2002 Abstract: The present invention refers to a new procedure for obtaining and purifying 2bromo-5-(2-bromo-2-nitrovinyl)-furan in one reaction step starting with 2-
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nitrovinylfuran, and maintains high indexes of purity and an appropriate yield.The process involves the direct bromination of 2-nitrovinylfuran using charcoal from the beginning of the reaction, followed by the neutralization and dehydrobromination using pyridine, and finally crystallizing and purifying the product obtained with ethanol and charcoal.With the new procedure it is possible to reduce the time of obtaining the final product, the reaction becomes endothermic instead of exothermic, which facilitates the work of the operators and allows for the scaling up of the reaction to superior levels.The process significantly decreases the amount of chemicals in the reaction, some of them with toxic properties. Also the environmental negative impact from the process is diminished as the emission of the bromine vapors and other substances to the environment are eliminated and the residual liquids are cut in half. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the Chemical branch, and in particular with a new process for obtaining 2-bromo-5-(2-bromo-2-nitrovinyl)-furan, a product of interest for human- and animal health due to its broad activity as microbicide. 2-bromo5-(2-bromo-2-nitrovinyl)-furan was described for the first time in the international literature by authoress Z. N. Nazarova in 1972 (Z. N. Nazarova, 1972. "Synthesis of some furylnitroolefins with potential biological activity; Khim. Farm. Zh. 6(10,) pp. 5-8 and Z. N. Nazarova et al, 1972. "Physicochemical properties and reactivity of furylnitroolefins, Zh. Org. Khim. 8 (2), pp. 404-11). Studies regarding the procedure for obtaining this product in a very pure form and with good yields, including its in vitro and in vivo actions, as well as pharmaceutical compositions containing said product, have been previously described (Canadian Patent No. 2,147,594). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06624316__ •
Method for preparing a thiopene derivative Inventor(s): Biard; Michel (Sisteron, FR), Bousquet; Andre (Sisteron, FR) Assignee(s): Sanofi-Synthelabo (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 6,639,083 Date filed: April 19, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing 2-thienyl-2-ethanol, in which:a) thiophene is metallated using an alkali metal, in the presence of an electron transfer agent,b) the compound obtained is treated with ethylene oxide,c) the thienyl derivative thus formed is hydrolyzed, to give the desired compound.2-Thienyl-2ethanol is a synthetic intermediate. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 of PCT/FR00/02909 Oct. 19, 2000. The present invention relates generally to a process for preparing a thiophene derivative. This compound has been found to be advantageous as a synthetic intermediate for preparing various chemical products, especially medicinal products derived from [3,2c]thienopyridine, which are useful as platelet aggregation inhibitors and antithrombotic agents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06639083__
Patents 187
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Method for resolving racemic mixtures of 5-substituted 4-hydroxy-2-furanones Inventor(s): Appere; Georges (Sucy en Brie, FR) Assignee(s): Oxis Isle of Man (Portland, OR) Patent Number: 6,613,919 Date filed: June 28, 2002 Abstract: This invention affords a solution to the technical problem of obtaining one or both enantiomers of 5-substituted 4-hydroxyfuran-2-ones in pure form by resolution with enantiomerically pure bases. Racemic mixtures of 5-substituted 4-hydroxy-2(5H)furanones, including 5-substituted and 5,5-disubstituted, 4-hydroxy and 3,4-dihydroxy furanones are separated into pure enantiomers by crystallization with an enantiomerically pure base, such as cinchonidine. In specific solvent mixtures, for example, 95% ethanol, the diastereomerically pure salt of one enantiomer crystallizes. The enantiomerically pure furanone can then be obtained simply by filtration and treatment of the salt with an acid, for example, trifluoracetic acid, followed by precipitation with water, filtration and drying. Moreover, the other enantiomer may be equally obtained in pure form by evaporation of the mother liquor, followed by the same treatment of the salt as described before. Excerpt(s): This invention provides a method for isolation of one or both enantiomers of 5-substituted or 5,5-disubstituted 4-hydroxy-2-furanones or 3,4-dihydroxy-2-furanones in pure form, by resolution with enantiomerically pure bases. Synthesis of enantiomerically pure compounds is tedious work, and while producing the desired pure compound, often is done by sacrificing yield. Such methods often are not suitable for scale up and the preparation of multi-gram or greater quantities. Preparation of racemic mixtures of compounds followed by separation or isolation of the desired enantiomers is a more promising approach. Methods for the resolution of racemic mixtures has employed, for example, enantiomers of derivatives of phenoxypropionic acid for the separation of papaverine (WO 97/11927), cinchonidine for the separation of aminocarboxylic acid derivatives (U.S. Pat. No. 4,005,088), or quinine trihydrate for the separation of enantiomers of hydroxyphenylacetic acid derivatives (British Patent Specification 1,241,844). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06613919__
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Method of preparation for a degradable, water and oil resistant protective membrane Inventor(s): Wang; Fosong (Changchun, CN), Wang; Xianhong (Changchun, CN), Zhao; Xiaojiang (Changchun, CN) Assignee(s): Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry-Chinese Academy of Sciences (Changchun, CN) Patent Number: 6,599,577 Date filed: February 8, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a method of preparation for a degradable, water and oil resistant protective membrane. In the said method, carbon dioxide copolymer is dissolved in a low toxic or non-toxic solvent to form a solution of 3-6 wt % concentration. After standing and filtration to remove metal oxide, the solution is used to coat the surface of the fabricated starch, paper pulp, or straw tableware by spraying or dipping. The residual solvent is removed by drying process and a degradable, water
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and oil resistant and transparent protective membrane is obtained. The thickness of the protective membrane is in the range of 10-20 micrometer. Metal ion content is lower than 1 ppm. No leakage and deformation of the tableware are observed after the tableware is immerged in water or edible oil for 4 hours at 80.degree. C. The decoloration test by cold edible oil and ethanol is negative. Fungus test gives grade V. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the method of preparation for a degradable, water and oil resistant protective membrane. Although the disposable tableware (lunch box, bowl, plate and cup) made mainly from polymeric foam of polystyrene has the advantage of lower price, their applications have been greatly hindered due to the existence of "diphenol hormone effect" and "white polymeric foam pollution". In Chinese patent documents CN 1,255,508A and CN 1,273,255A, it was disclosed that starch was used as the main raw material for the manufacture of disposable tableware and packaging utensils. Although large amount of starch was used and the resources of the starch are abundant, tableware made from them could not withstand water and oil satisfactorily. Chinese patent documents CN 1,234,802A disclosed the use of straw as the main raw material for the manufacture of disposable tableware. The product thus obtained had the color of soil yellow, soil white or soil brown which was unacceptable and in addition an adhesive was needed. In Chinese patent documents CN 1,206,675A, paper pulp was used as the main raw material for the manufacture of disposable tableware. In that case the main raw material was wood pulp and thus serious limitation was imposed on the raw material. Furthermore, in that technique, polyvinylidene chloride blended with polyacrylate should be used as a water-resisting agent. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,585,168, 3,900,424 and 3,953,383 disclosed the use of alkyl zinc/active hydrogen containing compound as the catalyst to prepare alternating copolymer (M.sub.n >20,000) of carbon dioxide and epoxide as well as different kinds of polyurethanes and polyethers. Japanese patent kokai publications JP 02,575,199 and JP 02,142,824 disclosed the use of expensive metal coordination compound of porphyrin as the catalyst. But the polymer obtained had relatively low molecular weight (about 5,000). In Chinese patent No. ZL 89100701.6 and ZL 91109459.8, the obtained polymers were difficult to be purified and their molecular weight needed to be raised. Chinese patent document CN 1,257,885 provided a method of preparation for high molecular weight aliphatic polycarbonate. Chinese patent document 00136189.9 disclosed the use of rare earth catalyst to synthesize a copolymer of epoxide and carbon dioxide with a molecular weight of 80,000-200,000, a content of alternating structure larger than 98% and a degree of fixation of carbon dioxide over 40 wt %. The said copolymer of carbon dioxide is soluble in solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, butyl formate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate etc. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06599577__ •
Methods and apparatus for recovering zein from corn Inventor(s): Tang; Qingnong (Saskatoon, CA), McInnis; Jerel (Cordova, TN) Assignee(s): Lurgi PSI, Ltd. (Memphis, TN) Patent Number: 6,610,831 Date filed: December 21, 1999 Abstract: Methods and apparatus for recovering zein from substrates are disclosed. The method includes extracting a zein-containing substrate such as whole corn with ethanol to yield a crude zein alcoholic dispersion and treating this dispersion with an adsorbent to remove at least one of starch, color or oil to yield a purified zein which is
Patents 189
subsequently recovered or used in industrial applications. A preferred adsorbent is activated charcoal. Excerpt(s): The invention provides processes for recovering zein from corn. The processes and apparatus of the invention are designed to be implemented as additional modules in pre-existing ethanol production plants, and can easily be incorporated into new constructions as well. Zein is a protein found in corn, millet (also called milo), rice and other plants which has many applications in industry. Zein has many uses and can be used to make a variety of different products. Much of the zein produced today comes from corn and is used in livestock food as a protein source. Another useful product that can be made from zein is a biodegradable resin (polymer), which can be used as a substitute for existing plastic products, e.g., edible film barriers for food products, or edible food wraps. Zein is also used in the pharmaceutical industry as a tablet coating and in the food industry as a fat replacer. Other uses are likely to be developed, as the availability of zein increases. There are many known techniques for recovering zein as well as other natural ingredients such as oil, from corn. U.S. Pat. No. 4,716,218 to Chen et al. describes a process for producing grain oil, dehydrated alcohol, grain protein such as zein and starch utilizing ethanol extraction. The process for the production of grain oil and dehydrated alcohol by cracking the grain; drying the grain to a moisture content sufficiently low to enable the grain to dehydrate an ethanol solution to greater than 90% ethanol, while simultaneously extracting the grain oil from the dried grain with an ethanol solution of greater than 90% ethanol, and recovering the grain oil and dehydrated alcohol from the extractant. In a preferred embodiment, cracking the grain, drying the grain to a moisture content sufficiently low to dehydrate an ethanol solution of greater than 90% ethanol while simultaneously extracting oil from the dried grain with a first ethanol solution of greater than 90% ethanol, recovering oil and dehydrated alcohol from the first extractant, extracting grain protein from the residue of step with a second ethanol solution wherein the ethanol concentration is that which maximizes the protein solubility, recovering the protein from the second extractant, recovering starch from the residue of step. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06610831__ •
Methods and kits for locking and disinfecting implanted catheters Inventor(s): Finch; Charles D. (Clinton, MS), Wang; John H. (North Andover, MA) Assignee(s): VascA, Inc. (Tewksbury, MA) Patent Number: 6,592,564 Date filed: July 23, 1999 Abstract: Implanted catheters are locked with a solution comprising a lower alcohol, typically ethanol, propanol, or butanol, most preferably isopropanol. The use of an alcohol can both reduce fouling of the catheter, particularly clotting and thrombus in intravascular catheters, as well as reducing the risk of infection. The risk of infection can be further reduced by employing a catheter body which is sufficiently porous to permit the lower alcohol or other anti-microbial solution to penetrate into the catheter body and preferably through the catheter into tissue surrounding the implanted catheter. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to medical methods and kits. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods and kits for flushing an interior lumen of an implanted catheter prior to closing the catheter between successive uses. Implanted catheters enjoy widespread use in a number of medical procedures. For
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example, intravenous (IV) therapy relies on long-term implantation of a venous catheter to deliver fluids, medications, and other substances to a patient. Hemodialysis and hemofiltration both rely on separate draw and return catheters implanted in a vein to allow extra corporeal treatment of the blood. Peritoneal dialysis, in contrast, relies on a single catheter implanted in the peritoneum to permit introduction and withdrawal of dialysate to permit in situ dialysis. The need to leave catheters implanted over long periods of time raises a number of concerns. For example, the catheters can become infected requiring treatment of the patient and often times removal of the catheter. This is a particular problem with transcutaneous catheters where the skin penetration is a common route of infection. Secondly, implanted catheters can often become plugged or fouled over time. This is a particular problem with intravascular catheters where clotting and thrombus formation within the catheter lumen can be problematic. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06592564__ •
Methods for the preparation of an N-bis-[2-(1,2-dicarboxy-ethoxy)-ethyl]amine derivative and products of the methods and their uses Inventor(s): Aksela; Reijo (Espoo, FI), Paren; Aarto (Vaasa, FI), Renvall; Ilkka (Espoo, FI) Assignee(s): Kemira Chemicals Oy (Helsinki, FI) Patent Number: 6,590,120 Date filed: September 8, 2000 Abstract: Methods for the preparation of an N-alkyl-N-bis-(2-( 1,2-dicarboxy-ethoxy)ethyl)-amine derivative are described, products of the methods as well as uses of the products. The derivative is prepared by reacting an alkali or earth alkali metal salt of maleic acid with an N-substituted diethanolamine, the reaction taking place with the two ethanol groups of the diamine while the substituent group bound to the N atom remains unaffected, or alternatively by first reacting diethanolamine with an alkali or earth alkali metal salt of maleic acid to yield N-bis-(2-(1,2-dicarboxy-ethoxy)-ethyl)amine, which is then reacted with a substitution reagent to obtain the final product. The derivative is useful as chelating agents, e.g., in the bleaching of chemical or mechanical pulp or in textile bleaches containing hydrogen peroxide or a peracid, or as a calcium binder in detergents and cleaning agents. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 of PCT/FI99/00180 filed Mar. 8, 1999. The invention relates to methods for the preparation of N-bis-[2-(1,2-dicarboxy-ethoxy)-ethyl]-amine derivative, and to the products of the method, and to the uses of those products. and R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are: hydrogen, an alkali metal ion or an earth alkali metal ion or an alkyl group containing 1-30 carbon atoms. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06590120__
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Molten carbonate fuel cell anode and method for manufacturing the same Inventor(s): Joo; Chan-Gyu (Kangwon-do, KR), Kim; Keon (Koyang, KR), Kweon; Ho-Iin (Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (Kyungki-Do, KR) Patent Number: 6,585,931 Date filed: October 31, 1996
Patents 191
Abstract: A manufacturing method of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) anode includes the steps of: forming a Ni coating solution for coating a surface of alumina powder by mixing nickel acetate and ethanol in a predetermined ratio, adding distilled water to the mixture in a predetermined ratio and refluxing the resultant; coating a pretreated surface of alumina powder with the Ni coating solution; mixing a pure Ni powder and Ni-coated alumina powder obtained in the Ni coating step, and then forming a green sheet of an electrode from the mixture of pure Ni powder and Nicoated alumina powder; and drying and sintering the electrode in a reducing atmosphere. Thus, various problems in manufacturing conventional anodes of Ni-metal alloy powder can be solved, and an anode for an MCFC having greatly enhanced creep resistance and electrode performance can be obtained. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) anode and a method for manufacturing the same, and more particularly, to an MCFC anode comprising pure nickel (Ni) powder and Ni-coated alumina powder and a method for manufacturing the same, for improving creep resistance and performance of a nickel (Ni) electrode used as the MCFC anode. A fuel cell is a new electricity generating system for directly converting the energy produced by electrochemical reaction of a fuel gas and an oxidizing gas into electric energy. A fuel cell is similar to a general cell in that it is composed of two electrodes and an electrolyte, but different in that it is provided continuously with fuel and an oxidizing agent as a reactant. A fuel cell is under careful examination for use as power generating equipment, a power source for space stations, a power source for unmanned facilities at sea or along costal areas, a power source for fixed or mobile radios, a power source for automobiles or a power source for household electrical appliances. Fuel cells are divided into a molten carbonate electrolytic fuel cell which is operated at a high temperature in the range of about 500.degree. C. to about 700.degree. C., a phosphate electrolytic fuel cell which is operated around 200.degree. C., an alkaline electrolytic fuel cell which is operated at room temperature to about 100.degree. C. or below and a solid electrolytic fuel call which is operated at a high temperature of 1,000.degree. C. or above. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06585931__ •
Preparation of pharmaceutical compositions Inventor(s): Leigh; Mathew Louis Steven (Warlingham, GB), Leigh; Steven (Warlingham, GB) Assignee(s): Phares Pharmaceutical Research N.V. (Curacao, AN) Patent Number: 6,599,527 Date filed: December 17, 1999 Abstract: A substantially homogeneous composition for human administration comprises a biologically active lipophilic compound dissolved in or associated with at least one micelle-forming lipid. For example, cyclosporin A is dissolved or dispersed in the mixture of PC and MAPC. The composition may be made by dissolving the lipid material in ethanol, adding the lipophilic compound to the ethanol and removing the ethanol, after which the composition may be formulated for human oral administration. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the preparation of carriers for lipophilic materials in general. More specifically it relates to the formation of an improved carrier for these compounds which disperses in the presence of the aqueous contents of the gastro-intestinal tract (GI) to form drug-carrying lipid aggregates. The invention is
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particularly suitable for oral applications but can be readily adapted for other uses. The invention especially relates to novel phospholipid-cyclosporin formulations having improved bio-availability, increased efficacy and reduced toxicity and to a process of manufacture of such formulations. Cyclosporins are fungal metabolites. They are hydrophobic neutral cyclic peptides and have essentially similar chemical and physical properties. Cyclosporin A (CyA) is representative and is the best known example. It is widely used in organ transplants to prevent rejection and as an immunosupressive agent in the treatment of systemic and local autoimmune disorders in which T cells play a major role. CyA has also been used to treat chronic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma and non-malignant skin disorders. Derivatives of CyA are also known to prevent multi-drug resistance from developing during treatment with cytotoxic drugs. The clinical use of CyA in oral and intravenous dosage forms to prevent organ rejection was approved by the FDA in 1983. It has dramatically improved long-term survival rates in transplant patients. Most patients, however, still need to be maintained on life-long CyA therapy. This is normally provided in an oral form but may involve intravenous injection when it is necessary to obtain an adequate blood concentration quickly or oral therapy proves ineffective. Unfortunately, there are two major problems associated with oral therapy. Firstly, since the drug is lipophilic, its absorption from the GI tract is variable and incomplete, and bioavailability can range from 6% to 60%. This results in variable or inadequate blood concentrations which can bring about graft rejection and failure Secondly, use of CyA is associated with nephrotoxicity. Impairment in kidney function is dose-related and increases with prolonged exposure, again emphasising the importance of controllable and predictable bioavailability. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06599527__ •
Process for making S(-) Amlodipine salts Inventor(s): Gurjar; Mukund Keshav (Pune, IN), Joshi; Ramesh Anna (Pune, IN), Joshi; Rohini Ramesh (Pune, IN) Assignee(s): Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (New Delhi, IN) Patent Number: 6,608,206 Date filed: October 30, 2002 Abstract: A process for the preparation of S(-) Amlodipine salts which comprises reaction of S(-)Amlodipine base with a solution of pharmaceutically acceptable acid such as benzene sulfonic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid and p-toluene sulfonic acid. The reaction is carried out in the presence of an organic solvent at room temperature. The organic solvents include alcohols like ethanol methanol 2 propanol hydrocarbons like toluene and polar solvent like dimethyl sulfoxide. The salt is obtained by addition of water and isolation of the salt formed by filtration. The unique feature of the invention is production of S(-) Amlodipine besylate in good chemical yield, high enantiomeric purity and with the quality required for preparation of pharmaceutical composition i.e. tablet formulation. Excerpt(s): Wherein R=Benzene sulfonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, oxalic acid and p-toluene sulfonic acid. Salts of S(-) Amlodipine are prepared as per the procedure of the present invention from S (-) Amlodipine, the procedure for the preparation of the S() Amlodipine has been fully described and claimed in co-pending Indian patent application No. NF 383/2001. Of all the salts of S (-) Amlodipine mentioned above, the compound S (-) Amlodipine besylate; (4-S)-2-{[(2-aminoethyl)oxy]methyl}-4-(2-
Patents 193
chlorophenyl)-6-methyl-1,4-dihydr opyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate benzene sulfonate has commercial importance and is a potent and long acting calcium channel blocker. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06608206__ •
Process for the preparation of (schiff bases of).alpha.-alkyl-.alpha.-amino acid amides Inventor(s): Callant; Dominique Monique Charles (Houthalen, BE), Castelijns; Anna Maria Cornelia Francisca (Spaubeek, NL), Mink; Daniel (Eupen, BE) Assignee(s): DSM N.V. (Te Heerlen, NL) Patent Number: 6,603,043 Date filed: July 13, 2001 Abstract: Process for the preparation of a Schiff base of an.alpha.-alkyl-.alpha.-amino acid amide and an aldehyde, wherein the corresponding.alpha.-aminonitrile is contacted with a base and the aldehyde and wherein it is ensured that the reagents are in good contact. The Schiff base obtained may be further hydrolysed to form the.alpha.alkyl-.alpha.-amino acid amide and the aldehyde.Preferably a substituted or unsubstituted benzaldehyde is used as the aldehyde. The reaction is preferably carried out in a practically homogeneously mixed phase obtained by using a solvent, for example methanol or ethanol. Preferably NaOH or KOH is used as the base. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process for the preparation of a Schiff base of an.alpha.-alkyl-.alpha.-amino acid amide and an aldehyde, wherein the corresponding.alpha.-amino nitrile is contacted with a base and the aldehyde and wherein it is ensured that the reagents are in good contact, and to the preparation of the corresponding.alpha.-alkyl-.alpha.-amino acid amide through hydrolysis of the Schiff base thus obtained. Surprisingly it has been found that, with the process according to the invention, it is possible to prepare, with a high yield and high selectivity,.alpha.alkyl-.alpha.-amino acid amides (which within the framework of this invention represent.alpha.-amino acids that do not possess an.alpha.-H atom) and the Schiff bases thereof with aldehydes, even when the reaction mixture contains water. This is so surprising because.alpha.-amino nitriles are known to undergo retro-Strecker reactions in the presence of water, resulting in the release of cyanide, and that aldehydes, for example benzaldehyde, unlike ketones, very quickly react with the released cyanide and ammonia to form the corresponding.alpha.-aminonitrile, phenylglycine nitrile in the case of the benzaldehyde. Hence it was to be expected that use of aldehydes would give rise to the formation of relatively large amounts of.alpha.-amino acid amide corresponding to the aldehyde, as an undesired by-product, phenylglycine amide in the case of the benzaldehyde. A similar process, wherein the conversion of.alpha.-H-.alpha.amino nitriles is effected with a ketone and a base, is known from GB-B-1548032. It has however been found that, in the conversion of.alpha.-alkyl-.alpha.-amino nitriles, this reaction results in no, or only poor conversion. A process corresponding to the process according to the invention appeared also to be suitable for the preparation of.alpha.-H.alpha.-amino acid amides from the corresponding.alpha.-H-.alpha.-amino nitriles. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06603043__
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Process for the production of hydrogen and electrical energy from reforming of bioethanol Inventor(s): Verykios; Xenophon (Patra, GR) Assignee(s): Helbio S.A. Hydrogene and Energy Production Systems (Athens, GR) Patent Number: 6,605,376 Date filed: December 1, 2000 Abstract: A process for the production of hydrogen and electrical energy, with zero emission of pollutants, from ethanol which is produced from biomass, which is characterized by the partial oxidation/reforming of ethanol with water for hydrogen production which is subsequently fed to a fuel cell for production of electrical energy, more specifically where an aqueous solution of ethanol originating from fermentation of biomass is separated by distillation or any other technique so as to obtain approximately 40-70% by weight of ethanol, preferably 50-60%, this mixture, mixed with a suitable quantity of air in such a way so as the ratio of moles oxygen per mole ethanol to be between zero and 0.5, is fed to a reactor in which the reactions of partial oxidation and reforming of ethanol are taking place over a suitable catalyst, where in the same or a different reactor the shift reaction is taking place and, if necessary, the reaction of combustion of CO or its conversion to CH.sub.4, where the gaseous mixture from the exit of the reactors which contain hydrogen in mixture with carbon dioxide, nitrogen, methane or other gases in small quantities, is separated to the extent which is desirable for any kind of application. Excerpt(s): The present invention refers to a process for the production of hydrogen and electrical energy from reforming of bioethanol, with the use of fuel cells and zero emission of pollutants. Ethanol is produced from biomass which contains sugar and/or cellulosic components, originating from any source. Aqueous solution of ethanol (4070% by weight) is mixed with air (0-0.5 mol oxygen per mol ethanol) and is fed to a reactor which contains suitable catalyst so as for the reactions of partial oxidation and reforming of ethanol to take place. In the same or a different reactor the shift reaction for the consumption of carbon monoxide and further production of hydrogen is taking place. The gaseous mixture which is produced in this manner is rich in hydrogen which can be separated and used in different applications. Alternatively, the gaseous mixture is fed to a fuel cell, preferably of the phosphoric acid or proton exchange membrane or solid polymer, in which electrical energy and heat are produced. No emissions harmful to the environment are produced in any of the stages of the above process. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06605376__
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Processes for preparing clarithromycin and clarithromycin intermediate, essentially oxime-free clarithromycin, and pharmaceutical composition comprising the same Inventor(s): Avrutov; Iiya (Bat Hefer, IL), Lewiner; Elizabeth (Tel Aviv Jaffa, IL), Lifshitz; Igor (Petach Tikva, IL) Assignee(s): Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. (Petah Tiqva, IL) Patent Number: 6,617,436 Date filed: December 15, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for preparing protected silylated clarithromycin oxime, preferably 6-O-methyl-2', 4"-bis(trimethylsilyl)-erythromycin A 9-
Patents 195
O-(2-methoxyprop-2-yl)oxime ("S-MOP oxime"), and for converting protected silylated clarithromycin oxime, preferably S-MOP oxime, to clarithromycin. Processes for preparing protected silylated clarithromycin oxime according to the present invention, include reacting a silyl oxime derivative with methylating agent in the presence of at least one solvent and a base, where the solvent comprises methyl tertbutyl ether. Processes for converting protected silylated clarithromycin oxime to clarithromycin according to the present invention, include reacting protected silylated clarithromycin oxime with ethanol and water at an ethanol to water ratio of about 1:1, in the presence of an acid and a deoximating agent and cooling the reaction mixture prior to adding sodium hydroxide, where the process takes place without any additional water addition. Further processes for converting protected silylated clarithromycin oxime to clarithromycin, include heating a mixture of protected silylated clarithromycin oxime, acid, and deoximating agent in an ethanol/water solvent to reflux for more than 4 hours, with a two-fold addition of deoximating agent to produce essentially oxime-free clarithromycin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for preparing a protected silylated clarithromycin oxime, such as 6-O-methyl-2', 4"-bis(trimethylsilyl)-erythromycin A 9-O(2-methoxyprop-2-yl)oxime (hereinafter "S-MOP oxime"), which include reacting a silyl oxime derivative with methylating agent while stirring in the presence of at least one solvent, where the solvent includes at least methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and a base. The present invention also relates to a method of converting the protected silylated clarithromycin oxime to clarithromycin, which includes reacting the protected silylated clarithromycin oxime with acid and deoximating agent in the presence of ethanol and water at an ethanol to water ratio of about 1:1. The reaction mixture is cooled to about 20.degree. C. and a base, preferably sodium hydroxide, is added. The method does not include any additional water addition to process clarithromycin. The present invention further relates to a method of converting a protected silylated clarithromycin oxime, such as S-MOP oxime, to clarithromycin, which includes heating a mixture of the protected silylated clarithromycin oxime, acid, and deoximating agent in an ethanol/water solvent to reflux for more than 4 hours, with a two-fold addition of said deoximating agent. The invention further relates to the essentially oxime-free clarithromycin produced by such a method and pharmaceutical compositions containing the same. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06617436__ •
Production of ethanol from xylose Inventor(s): Airaksinen; Ulla (Vantaa, FI), Hahn-Hagerdal; Barbel (Lund, SE), Hallborn; Johan (Lund, SE), Keranen; Sirkka (Helsinki, FI), Ojamo; Heikki (Espoo, FI), Penttila; Merja (Helsinki, FI), Walfridsson; Mats (Lund, SE) Assignee(s): Xyrofin Oy (Helsinki, FI) Patent Number: 6,582,944 Date filed: January 8, 1999 Abstract: This invention relates to recombinant-DNA-technology. Specifically this invention relates to new recombinant yeast strains transformed with xylose reductase and/or xylitol dehydrogenase enzyme genes. A yeast strain transformed with the xylose reductase gene is capable of reducing xylose to xylitol and consequently of producing xylitol in vivo. If both of these genes are transformed into a yeast strain, the resultant strain is capable of producing ethanol on xylose containing medium during
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fermentation. Further, the said new yeast strains are capable of expressing the said two enzymes. Xylose reductase produced by these strains can be used in an enzymatic process for the production of xylitol in vitro. Excerpt(s): Further, the said new yeast strains are capable of expressing the said two enzymes. Xylose reductase produced by these strains can be used in an enzymatic process for the production of xylitol in vitro. Xylose appears in great abundance in nature. It can constitute as much as 40% of a lignocellulosic material (Ladisch et al., 1983). By fermentation xylose can be converted to ethanol which can be used as a liquid fuel or a chemical feedstock. Enzymatically or as a by-product of fermentation xylose can also be converted to xylitol which is a promising natural- sweetener having dental caries reducing properties. Xylitol can also be used by diabetics. For the production of ethanol which is a cheap product it is important that the raw material can be fermented directly with as little pretreatment as possible. For the production of xylitol which is meant for human consumption it is important that the process involves GRAS organisms. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06582944__ •
Production of products from sewer sludge Inventor(s): Blount; David H. (6728 Del Cerro Blvd., San Diego, CA 92120) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,608,184 Date filed: May 10, 2001 Abstract: Fatty oil and acids, glycerol, glycols, lactic acid, urea, fertilizer, carbohydrates, ethanol are recovered or produced from sewer sludge by the process of concentrating and filtering out the solid sewer sludge, hydrolysis of the cellulose in the sewer sludge by an alkali or acid catalyst to carbohydrates, fermentation of the carbohydrates to produce ethanol, then recover the ethanol by distillation or membrane technology. The glycerol, glycols and lactic acids are recovered by membrane technology. The polysacchride carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to monosacchrides then fermented to alcohol. The unsoluble sewer sludge and the salts such as ammonium sulfate, nitrogen containing compounds and urea from the aqueous solution left after the ethanol is distilled off are mixed, dried and utilized as fertilizer. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns sewer sludge materials being recovered or the cellulose material being hydrolyzed to hemi-cellulose, carbohydrates, alcohol, glycerol, glycols, fatty oils and acids, carbon dioxide, fertilizer, etc. by a suitable economical method wherein heat, water and catalyst are recoverable and reused. This method consist of mixing the sewer sludge with a recovered aqueous catalyst or acid catalyst, then heat the mixture while agitating to evaporated off excess water from the sewer sludge filtered cake. The heat is controlled and reused by means of a heat exchange system. The dried sewer sludge contains about 20 percent inorganic materials and the rest organic materials. About 70-80 percent of the cellulose materials and other organic materials in the sewer sludge is hydrolyzed to water soluble products by catalyst and heat. The carbohydrates produced by hydrolyzing the cellulose may be crystalized out from a concentrated aqueous solution of the hydrolyzed sewer sludge. The carbohydrates maybe used as animal feed or fermented to alcohol. The polysaccharides may be further hydrolyzed to monosaccharides. This invention relates to an improved and an economical process to recover products and to hydrolyzed cellulose found in the
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sewer sludge to water soluble hemicellulose, carbohydrates, alcohol, resinous products, fatty oils and acids, glycerol, glycols and CO.sub.2. There is a need to utilize the sewer sludge to produce useful product because the disposal of sewer materials have became a serious problem for cities. Other inventors have utilized acids to break down the lignincellulose to carbohydrates or may use an alkali metal hydroxide to separate the lignin from cellulose then using an acid such as sulfuric acid to break down the cellulose from lignin-cellulose to carbohydrates. In the improved process of this invention, the raw material is sewer cellulose material in the sewer sludge instead of lignin-cellulose materials. The solid sewer material is first concentrated by any suitable means such as precipitating, or centrifuge or coagulating the solid material to form a concentrated sewer sludge then the concentrated sewer sludge is filtering to remove excess water. There are several commercial products available to assist in coagulating or precipitating the sewer solids. The concentrated solid sewer sludge is usually in the form of a filter cake. The filter cake may be further dried in a filter cake drier to remove the desired amount of water and to sterilize the sewer sludge. This process is different from the Blount's process in U.S Pat. No. 4,321,360, because in the processes of this invention utilizes sewer sludge instead of lignin-cellulose material and also produces and recovers ethanol, glycerol, glycols, lactic acid, fatty oils and acids and fertilizer. In this process there is no need to break the lignin-cellulose bonds and remove the lignin. When the method of this invention is compared to other methods using alkali or acid catalysts, there is no need for pre-treatment, there is a utilization of much less energy for heating the reactants, uses less catalyst because there is no need to break the lignin-cellulose bond and to remove the lignin as is needed in other methods. The hydrolysis of the cellulose material in sewer sludge by means of a dilute acid such as 1-5% sulfuric acid is the most cost-effective. Hydrolysis of the cellulose maybe done with concentrated sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid. The hydrolysis of the cellulose material by alkali catalyst may also be cost-effective when the alkali catalyst is recovered. The alkali and/or acid catalyst utilized in this process are recovered to be reused in this process. The sulfuric acid catalyst may be neutralized with ammonia and with the urea and the non-soluble sewer sludge may be utilized as fertilizer. The carbohydrates produced by this process may be utilized to produce ethanol by fermentation, used as a food for animals and humans or utilized to produce polyols, urethane foams and other products. The carbohydrates and hemi-cellulose may be further reacted with organic epoxides, mono- and polysubstituted organic compounds, aldehydes or reacted with amino compounds and/or phenol and aldehydes, isocyanates, polyamines, polyisocyanates, mono- and polysubstituted organic compounds such as polyhalides, monohalides organic anhydrides, epihalohydrins, halohydrins and other organic compounds to produce useful resins which may be utilized as adhesives, as laminates as coating agents, as molding agents, as foams. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06608184__ •
Rapid oxygen absorption by using activators Inventor(s): Evans; Susan P. (Canandaigua, NY), Luthra; Vinod K. (Pittsford, NY), Santhanam; Kalathur S. V. (Rochester, NY), Sloan; R. Andrew (Palmyra, NY) Assignee(s): Pactiv Corporation (Lake Forest, IL) Patent Number: 6,616,861 Date filed: September 28, 2000
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Abstract: Absorbing oxygen from a closed space at a rapid rate, particularly in food packaging, is made possible by introducing an alcohol-water mixture as an activator for iron-based absorber systems, preferably including an acid to control pH. Preferred alcohols are aliphatic alcohols, particularly, monohydric alkanols, such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, sec-butanol and t-butanol. Such absorber-activator combinations are capable of rapidly reducing the oxygen in a closed package. A preferred acid is orthophosphoric acid used in an amount sufficient to establish a pH of about 0.6 to 4. A preferred iron-based absorber system employs sponge iron, optionally including a dibasic acid cooperating with the orthophosphoric acid to control pH in the system. In one preferred embodiment, the iron-based absorber is pre-activated by contacting with the activator in the substantial absence of oxygen for a predetermined period of time. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method for maximizing the rate of oxygen uptake of an iron-based oxygen absorber. More particularly, the invention relates to improved activators for iron-based oxygen scavenging packets. Perishable foods, such as meats, fruits, and vegetables, are typically placed into packaging systems after harvesting in order to preserve these foods for as long as possible. Maximizing the time in which the food remains preserved, especially the time between initial packaging at the plant and delivery at the retail grocery store, increases the profitability of all entities in the chain of distribution by minimizing the amount of spoilage. The environment in which the food is preserved is a critical factor in the preservation process. Not only is maintaining an adequate temperature important, but the composition of the gases surrounding the food is important as well. By providing the appropriate gas composition to the environment surrounding the food, it can be better preserved when maintained at the proper temperature or even when it is exposed to variations in temperature. This gives the food producer some assurance that after the food leaves his or her control, the food will be in an acceptable condition when it reaches the retail grocery store and, ultimately, the consumer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06616861__ •
Single-phase process for production of fatty acid methyl esters from mixtures of triglycerides and fatty acids Inventor(s): Boocock; David Gavin Brooke (24 Bolland Crescent, Ajax, Ontario, CA L1S 3G7) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,642,399 Date filed: July 22, 2002 Abstract: A process for the esterification of a mixture of fatty acids and triglycerides. The process comprises forming a single phase solution of fatty acids and triglyceride in an alcohol selected from methanol and ethanol, the ratio of said alcohol to triglyceride being 15:1 to 35:1. The solution further comprises a co-solvent in an amount to form the single phase. In a first step, an acid catalyst for the esterification of the fatty acids is added. After a period of time, the acid catalyst is neutralized and a base catalyst for the transesterification of triglycerides is added. After a further period of time, esters are separated from the solution. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the production of fatty acid methyl esters from mixtures of triglycerides and fatty acids. In particular, the invention relates to a
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single-phase process, which may be referred to as a two-step process, for production of fatty acid methyl esters from mixtures of triglycerides and fatty acids. The process does not require separation of any phases in intermediate steps in the process. The transesterification of vegetable oils to form esters, and in particular, methyl esters, has received considerable attention, primarily because the esters may be used as "biofuels" or "biodiesel". Biofuels are fuels derived from renewable resources such as naturally occurring fats and oils. Such fats and oils may be obtained from a variety of plant and animals. Biodiesel relates to the specific application to diesel fuel. The major components of an oil or fat are fatty acid triglycerides, in which three long chain fatty acid moieties are joined to one glycerol moiety by ester linkages, particularly when the fats and oils are in the form of vegetable oils. Other sources of fats and oils contain a significant proportion of fatty acids. Such fatty acids may include lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06642399__ •
SOG materials for spacer anodic bonding and method of preparing the same Inventor(s): Chen; San-Yuan (Hsinchu, TW), Hsiao; Ming-Chun (Hsinchu, TW), Lee; Cheng-Chung (Hsinchu, TW), Lin; Pang (Hsinchu, TW), Su; Kai-Nung (Taipei, TW) Assignee(s): Industrial Technology Research Institute (Hsinchu, TW) Patent Number: 6,617,264 Date filed: September 9, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed herein is an SOG (Spin on Glass) material for spacer anodic bonding, which includes: 0.1.about.3 wt % of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS); 0.1.about.5 wt % of methyl triethyl orthosilicate (MTEOS); 20.about.30 wt % of ethanol; 0.1.about.2 wt % of acetic acid solution containing alkali metal ions; and 0.1.about.10 wt % of water. The solid content of alkali metal elements in the acetic acid solution containing alkali metal ions is 5%.about.60%, and the pH value of the SOG material is 4.about.6. Excerpt(s): This nonprovisional application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(a) on Patent Application No. 91113890 filed in Taiwan on Jun. 25, 2002, which is herein incorporated by reference. This invention relates to a material for spacer bonding, particularly to an SOG (Spin on Glass) material for spacer anodic bonding, and to a method of preparing the same. The technology of micromachining uses semiconductor processes to manufacture mechanical elements, such as minute cantilevers, thin sheets, gears, and valves. The size of these elements can be even smaller than one micrometer (one millionth meter). Therefore, micromachining can be used to manufacture motors having dimensions equal to the diameter of a strand of hair. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06617264__
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Spray-drying microcapsules using an aqueous liquid containing a volatile liquid Inventor(s): Johnson; Richard Alan (West Bridgford, GB), Osborne; Nicholas (Colwick, GB), Sutton; Andrew Derek (Ruddington, GB) Assignee(s): Quadrant Healthcare (UK) Limited (Ruddington, GB) Patent Number: 6,623,722 Date filed: February 13, 1998
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Abstract: A process for forming microcapsules comprising (i) providing a solution of a protein in an aqueous solvent and (ii) spraying the said solution into a gas such that the aqueous solvent evaporates, thereby forming hollow microcapsules, characterised in that the aqueous solution contains a liquid of greater volatility than water.The protein is preferably albumin and the volatile liquid is preferably ethanol.The microcapsules may be used as ultrasound echogenic contrast agents. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the preparation of hollow proteinaceous microcapsules. One use for these microcapsules is to enhance ultrasound imaging. The fact that air bubbles in the body can be used for echocardiography has been known for some time. U.S. Pat. No. 4,420,442 (Sands; PQ Corpn) discloses adding organic solvents to dispersions of film-forming solids, before the suspensions are spray-dried to form hollow microspheres, but the solvents (for example cellosolve or diglyme) were less volatile than water. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06623722__ •
Synthesis of acid addition salt of delta-aminolevulinic acid from 5-bromo levulinic acid esters Inventor(s): Moens; Luc (Lakewood, CO) Assignee(s): Midwest Research Institute (Kansas City, MO) Patent Number: 6,583,317 Date filed: October 18, 2000 Abstract: A process of preparing an acid addition salt of delta-aminolevulinc acid comprising:a) dissolving a lower alkyl 5-bromolevulinate and hexamethylenetetramine in a solvent selected from the group consisting of water, ethyl acetate, chloroform, acetone, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran and acetonitrile, to form a quaternary ammonium salt of the lower alkyl 5-bromolevulinate; andb) hydrolyzing the quaternary ammonium salt with an inorganic acid to form an acid addition salt of delta-aminolevulinic acid. Excerpt(s): The invention pertains to a new process for synthesizing deltaaminolevulinic acid (also known as 5-aminolevulinic Acid) as is hydrochloride salt (DALA.HCl), starting from levulinic acid, which is a product that can be produced from cellulosic materials such as waste paper. In particular, the invention method uses hexamethylenetetramine as a reagent for amination of 5-bromolevulinate ester. The hexamethylenetetramine forms a quaternary ammonium salt with 5-bromolevulinate ester, and the ammonium salt is then decomposed with aqueous hydrochloric acid to form DALA.HCl. Delta-aminolevulinic acid in the salt form (DALA.HCl) as is known to have potent herbicidal activity against a broad spectrum of weeds and plants, and is also the subject of studies for use as an antitumor compound in humans. The known synthesis of DALA. HCl that are based on levulinic acid as a starting material are difficult to carry out because of the use of undesirable reagents that are either very toxic or that are not atom economical. In addition, in the currently known synthesis of DALA.HCl, a hazardous chemical step is required to "deprotect" the resulting amino group. U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,935 discloses a process for preparing 5-aminolevulinic acid or a salt thereof, which comprises reacting furfurylamine, of which the amino group has been protected, with an oxygen molecule under irradiation by light in the presence of a sensitizer, hydrogenating the resulting compound in the presence of a metallic catalyst, and hydrolyzing the hydrogenated compound. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06583317__
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Topical drug delivery composition and method Inventor(s): Gans; Eugene H. (Westport, CT), Nigra; Thomas P. (Easton, MD) Assignee(s): Medicis Pharmaceutical Corporation (Scottsdale, AZ) Patent Number: 6,586,473 Date filed: January 12, 2000 Abstract: A topical composition for delivering an effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable drug, including laureth-4, propylene glycol, dimethylsorbide, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent is described as an improved drug delivery composition. Further, a method of transepithelial delivery of a drug to a human by topical application to the skin of a human of a composition including laureth-4, propylene glycol, dimethylsorbide, a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent of water and ethanol and an effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable drug has beneficial delivery effects. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates, in general, to a drug delivery composition and method, and, in particular, to a drug delivery composition and method for topical delivery of drugs, such as retinoids, which must be applied diligently and consistently to achieve optimal and reliable drug efficacy. It is to be understood that the citation of art contained herein is in no way to be construed as an admission that said art is suitable reference against the present patent application nor should this citation act as a waiver of any rights to overcome said art which may be available to the applicant. The topical application of many active agents is desirable to achieve effective concentrations of the agents at the target site. From a practical standpoint, however, skin preparations are often not applied conscientiously by the user for a variety of reasons, and thus the optimal results are frequently not achieved. Lack of user acceptance often results from the oiliness, tackiness, excessive film formation, odor, etc. that accompany many topical preparations. In addition, repeated exposure to certain topical delivery systems results in irritation or drying of the skin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06586473__
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Two phase preparation of carboxylic acid esters Inventor(s): Braun; Max (Wedemark, DE), Eichholz; Kerstin (Hannover, DE), Rudolph; Werner (Hannover, DE) Assignee(s): Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH (Hannover, DE) Patent Number: 6,583,313 Date filed: July 10, 1998 Abstract: The methyl and ethyl esters of trifluoroacetic acid or chlorodifluoroacetic acid can be prepared in a technically simple manner from the corresponding acid chlorides and methanol or ethanol, respectively, in the presence of an "onium" salt of the acid as a catalyst. The alcohol is used in a stoichiometric excess, namely the molar ratio of alcohol to acid chloride is selected such that operation is in the region of a two-phase reaction. One of the phases is formed by the desired ester product, which is obtained in a high purity without any distillation.
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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method for the catalyzed reparation of methyl and ethyl esters of trifluoroacetic and chlorodifluoroacetic acid. The methyl and/or ethyl esters of trifluoroacetic and/or chlorodifluoroacetic acid may be used as solvents or cleaning agents. For example, ethyl trifluoroacetate is a solvent in the chlorination of paraffin. The esters are also intermediate products in chemical synthesis. Methyl trifluoroacetate and 1,1,1-trifluoroethyl trifluoroacetate yield trifluoroethanol (and possibly methanol) after hydrogenation. Trifluoroethanol is a solvent and also an intermediate product for the preparation of isofluorane, an anaesthetic. The methyl and ethyl esters of chlorodifluoroacetic acid are likewise synthetic building blocks, for example for the production of liquid crystals. U.S. Pat. No. 5,405,991 (=EP-A-0,623,582) discloses the preparation of esters of trifluoroacetic acid and of chlorodifluoroacetic acid from the acid chlorides and the corresponding alcohol in the presence of alkali metal or "onium" salts of the carboxylic acid corresponding to the carboxylic acid chloride used. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06583313__ •
Use of strains of parapoxvirus ovis against organ fibrosis Inventor(s): Hirth-Dietrich; Claudia (Wuppertal, DE), Knorr; Andreas (Erkrath, DE), Schlapp; Tobias (Cologne, DE), Siegling; Angela (Paris, FR), Theiss; Gudrun (Wuppertal, DE), Weber; Olaf (Woodbridge, CT) Assignee(s): Bayer Aktiengesellschaft (Leverkusen, DE) Patent Number: 6,632,647 Date filed: July 11, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to the use, in humans, of inactivated parapoxviruses for the prophylaxis and treatment of diseases which are accompanied by an increased deposition of collagen, with it being possible for both internal organs, such as the liver, and the skin and its appended structures, to be affected. The invention relates, in particular, to liver fibrosis and/or liver cirrhosis consequent upon virus hepatitis, or to ethanol-induced liver diseases and to cystic fibrosis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use in humans of inactivated parapoxviruses in the prophylaxis and treatment of diseases which are accompanied by increased deposition of collagen, in connection with which both internal organs, such as liver, and the skin and its appended structures can be affected. The invention relates, in particular, to liver fibrosis and liver cirrhosis following viral hepatitis, or ethanolinduced liver diseases, and also cystic fibrosis. The present invention relates, in particular, to the use in humans of isolates of Parapoxvirus ovis, for example the strains D1701, orf-11, Greek orf strain 176, Greek orf strain 155, New Zealand (NZ) isolates, e.g. NZ2, NZ7 and NZ10, and also Baypamun.RTM., which is derived from D1701. In addition to the starting strains, the invention also relates to the descendants which are obtained by passaging and/or adaptation to particular cells, for example WI 38. In addition to the complete viruses, the invention also relates to parts or fragments of these viruses. Parts are to be understood as being genomic or subgenomic fragments which are expressed using suitable vectors, for example vaccinia, in suitable systems such as fibroblast cell cultures. Fragments are understood as being the fractions which are obtained by biochemical purification, such as chromatography, or the particles which are obtained after using physical methods, such as disruption by means of sonication. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632647__
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Patent Applications on Ethanol As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to ethanol: •
Antidepressant azaheterocyclylmethyl derivatives of oxaheterocycle-fused-[1,4]benzodioxans Inventor(s): Gao, Hong; (Belle Mead, NJ), Gildersleeve, Elizabeth S.; (San Diego, CA), Stack, Gary P.; (Ambler, PA) Correspondence: Rebecca R. Barrett; Five Giralda Farms; Madison; NJ; 07940; US Patent Application Number: 20030162805 Date filed: March 3, 2003 Abstract: Compounds of the formula 1useful for the treatment of depression such as obsessive compulsive disorder, panic attacks, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, sexual dysfunction, eating disorders, obesity, addictive disorders caused by ethanol or cocaine abuse and related illnesses. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending application Ser. No. 10/131,340, filed on Apr. 24, 2002, which claims priority from provisional application serial No. 60/286,569, filed on Apr. 26, 2001, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Major depression is a serious health problem affecting more than 5% of the population, with a life-time prevalence of 15-20%. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have produced significant success in treating depression and related illnesses and have become among the most prescribed drugs. They nonetheless have a slow onset of action, often taking several weeks to produce their full therapeutic effect. Furthermore, they are effective in fewer than two-thirds of patients. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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beta3- adrenergic receptor agonist crystal forms, processes for the production thereof, and uses thereof Inventor(s): Krzyzaniak, Joseph F.; (Pawcatuck, CT), Lafontaine, Jennifer A.; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: PFIZER INC.; PATENT DEPARTMENT, MS8260-1611; EASTERN POINT ROAD; GROTON; CT; 06340; US Patent Application Number: 20030199556 Date filed: February 25, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides an anhydrous crystal form of the tosylate salt of (R)-2-(2-(4-oxazol-4-yl-phenoxy)-ethylamino)-1-pyridin-3-yl-ethan- ol, and a crystal form of the monohydrate of such tosylate salt; processes useful in the preparation of such crystal forms; pharmaceutical compositions comprising such crystal forms; methods of treating.beta.sub.3-adrenergic receptor-mediated diseases, conditions, and disorders in a mammal using such crystal forms, or such pharmaceutical compositions;
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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and methods of increasing the content of lean meat in edible animals using such crystal forms, or such pharmaceutical compositions. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/360,252 filed on Feb. 27, 2002 and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to crystal forms of the anhydrous tosylate salt, and the monohydrate of such tosylate salt, of the.beta.sub.3-adrenergic receptor agonist (R)-2-(2(4-oxazol-4-yl-phenoxy)- -ethylamino)-1-pyridin-3-yl-ethanol; processes for the production of such crystal forms; pharmaceutical compositions comprising such crystal forms; and methods of treating, inter alia, diabetes and hypoglycemia, with such crystal forms, or such pharmaceutical compositions. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by metabolic defects in the production and utilization of carbohydrates which result in the failure to maintain appropriate blood sugar levels. The results of these defects include, inter alia, elevated blood glucose or hyperglycemia. Research in the treatment of diabetes has centered on attempts to normalize fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels. Current treatments include administration of exogenous insulin, oral administration of drugs, and dietary therapies. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Carbohydrate Aborption Inhibitor and Method for Manufacturing the Same Inventor(s): Aitani, Michio; (Hyogo, JP), Arimuba, Tsutomi; (Osaka, JP), Konishi, Yotaro; (Osaka, JP), Murai, Hiromichi; (Aichi, JP), Okada, Tadashi; (Aichi, JP), Yamaguchi, Hiroshi; (Aichi, JP) Correspondence: Clark & Brody; Suite 600; 1750 K Street NW; Washington; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20030161903 Date filed: January 31, 2003 Abstract: This invention provides carbohydrate absorption inhibitor derived from evening primrose seed which is significantly effective to prevent and cure diabetes mellitus and prevent obesity, and the manufacturing method of the same.Carbohydrate absorption inhibitor in this invention is characterized that the effective component is an alcohol extract of evening primrose seed. The aforementioned evening primrose seed is preferably a defatted evening primrose seed. Extracting solvent of the aforementioned evening primrose seed is preferably ethanol, or preferably a 70 to 85% (v/v) aqueous ethanol. Also, this invention is characterized that the carbohydrate absorption inhibitor is an effective component of polyphenol derived from evening primrose seed. The polyphenol is preferably one or more substances selected from among gallic acid, ellagic acid, catechin, pentagalloylglucose, procyanidin, and proantocyanidin. The manufacturing method of the carbohydrate absorption inhibitor in this invention is characterized to be composed of the following processes A to C. Process A: evening primrose is compressed, oil is separated then the compressed cake is obtained. Process B: The aforementioned compressed cake is defatted in fat-soluble organic solvent, and defatted substance is obtained. Process C: The aforementioned defatted substance is extracted by alcohol, and then this extracted liquid is concentrated or evaporated. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to carbohydrate absorption inhibitor and method for manufacturing the same effective against e.g. diabetes prevention, diet, and so forth. Polysaccharide (starch, glycogen or the like) contained in food is hydrolyzed by.alpha.amylase in saliva and pancreas and converted into oligosaccharide such as maltose,
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isomaltose or the like, then decomposed to glucose by disaccharide degrading enzyme such as.alpha.-glucosidase or the like in the small intestine and absorbed. Thus,.alpha.amylase and.alpha.-glucosidase perform an important role as a digestive enzyme for carbohydrate in the body. These enzyme activities affect the blood glucose level. Therefore, it is important to control these enzyme activities for the preventions and medical treatments of diabetes mellitus and obesity. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Compositions and methods for therapeutic use Inventor(s): Engler, Heidrun; (San Diego, CA), Huyghe, Bernard G.; (San Diego, CA), Maneval, Daniel C.; (San Diego, CA), Shabram, Paul; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: TOWNSEND AND TOWNSEND AND CREW, LLP; TWO EMBARCADERO CENTER; EIGHTH FLOOR; SAN FRANCISCO; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20030211598 Date filed: June 3, 2003 Abstract: A method and pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of cancer using a gene delivery system, such as a viral vector delivery system, comprising a therapeutic gene such as p53 or a retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene wherein the gene delivery system is formulated in a buffer comprising a delivery-enhancing agent such as ethanol or a detergent. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/584,077, filed Jan. 8, 1996. The present invention is directed to compositions and methods of treating cancer by gene therapy using a therapeutic gene, such as a tumor suppressor gene delivered by a gene delivery system, such as a recombinant viral vector delivery system, formulated in a buffer comprising a delivery-enhancing agent. In particular, this invention relates to the delivery of a tumor suppressor gene (e.g., p53 or retinoblastoma (RB)) to cancerous epithelial tissues and organs, such as the bladder, using a recombinant adenoviral vector delivery system formulated in a buffer comprising a delivery-enhancing agent. Gene therapy strategies have been developed as an alternative therapeutic approach (See for example, Brewster et al. Eur Urol 25:177-182 (1994); Takahashi et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 5257-5261 (1991); Rosenberg, S A, J. Clin Oncol. 10:180-199 (1992)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Crystal forms of (-)-6-chloro-4-cyclopropylethynyl-4-trifluoromethyl-1,4-d- ihydro-2H3,1-benzoxazin-2-one Inventor(s): Crocker, Louis S.; (Belle Mead, NJ), Kukura, Joseph L. II; (Somerset, NJ), Stelmach, Christine; (Westfield, NJ), Thompson, Andrew S.; (Mountainside, NJ), Young, Steven D.; (Landsdale, PA) Correspondence: MERCK AND CO INC; P O BOX 2000; RAHWAY; NJ; 070650907 Patent Application Number: 20030208070 Date filed: May 29, 2003 Excerpt(s): The synthesis of the reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI), (-)-6-chloro-4cyclopropylethynyl-4-trifluoromethyl-1,4-dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one, also
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known as DMP-266 has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,519,021 issued on May 21, 1996 and the corresponding PCT International Patent Application WO 95/20389, which published on Aug. 3, 1995. Additionally, the asymmetric synthesis of an enantiomeric benzoxazinone by a highly enantioselective acetylide addition and cyclization sequence has been described by Thompson, et al., Tetrahedron Letters 1995, 36, 937-940, as well as the PCT publication, WO 96/37457, which published on Nov. 28, 1996. The compound was previously crystallized from a heptane-tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent system. The crystallization procedure required the use of high temperatures (about 90.degree. C.) to dissolve the final product. Crystals formed by nucleation during the cooling process. The crystals which were produced were Form II and are converted to the desired Form I while drying under vacuum at 90.degree. C. This crystallization provided minimal purification and produced material with inconsistent physical properties. The final product slurry was extremely difficult to mix and handle due to its high viscosity and heterogeneous nature. The instant invention describes a method for crystallizing (-)-6chloro-4-cyclopropylethynyl-4-trifluoromethyl-1,4-dihydro-2H-3,1-be- nzoxazin-2-one from a solvent and anti-solvent solvent system and producing the crystalline product. The desired final crystal form, Form I, can be produced when using methanol or ethanol. Form I is isolated from 2-propanol and can be converted to the desired crystal form at low drying temperatures, as low at 40.degree. C. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Dispersible dielectric particles and methods of forming the same Inventor(s): Clancy, Donald J.; (Pottstown, PA), Kerchner, Jeffrey A.; (Fleetwood, PA), Venigalla, Sridhar; (Pottstown, PA) Correspondence: Martha Ann Finnegan, Esq.; Cabot Corporation; 157 Concord Road; Billerica; MA; 01821; US Patent Application Number: 20030215606 Date filed: May 17, 2002 Abstract: Methods of forming dispersible dielectric particles, as well as articles and compositions that include the dispersible dielectric particles, are provided. The methods involve forming an aqueous mixture of dielectric (e.g., barium titanate-based) particles and replacing at least a portion of water in the mixture with a non-aqueous solvent (e.g., ethanol). According to one set of methods, the particles are then dried. The limited, or lack, of water present in the mixture during drying reduces capillary forces that otherwise may draw the particles together to cause formation of strong agglomerates. Thus, particle agglomeration during drying may be reduced which increases particle dispersibility. According to another set of methods of the invention, the particles are not dried after non-aqueous solvent replacement, thus, avoiding formation of agglomerates during drying and increasing dispersibility. In both sets of methods, particles (or mixtures thereof) may be further processed, for example, to form composite layers. As a result of the increased particle dispersibility, the particles are relatively uniformly distributed throughout the polymeric material. This uniform distribution improves properties of the composite layers which may be used as an embedded capacitor in electronic applications including printed circuit boards. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to dielectric materials and, more particularly, to methods of forming dispersible dielectric particles, as well as articles and compositions that include the dispersible dielectric particles. Barium titanate-based compositions, which include barium titanate (BaTiO.sub.3) and its solid solutions, may
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be used as dielectric materials in electronic devices. Barium titanate-based compositions are typically produced as small particles which are further processed to form the desired structure. In some cases, the particles are further processed to form a sintered dielectric layer, for example, in a multi-layer ceramic capacitor (MLCC). In other cases, the particles are distributed in a polymeric material to form a composite. Such composites are suitable for use as a dielectric layer, for example, in printed circuit boards. The composite dielectric layer may function as an embedded capacitor which can have property and processing advantages over conventional capacitor devices that are mounted on top of printed circuit boards. When forming polymer and dielectric composite layers, it may be desirable to uniformly distribute particles in the polymeric material. Uniform distribution may advantageously increase electrical properties (e.g., capacitance) of the composite layer, increase production yields, and enable formation of thin composite layers. The uniformity of particle distribution within a composite layer may be limited by the agglomeration of particles during processing of the layer. Agglomerates may include one or more particles that are bonded together, for example, by electrostatic forces or by physical attachment (e.g., weak inter-particle necking). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Emulsion vehicle for poorly soluble drugs Inventor(s): Constantinides, Panayiotis P.; (Bothell, WA), Lambert, Karel J.; (Woodinville, WA), Quay, Steven C.; (Edmonds, WA) Correspondence: CHRISTENSEN, O'CONNOR, JOHNSON, KINDNESS, PLLC; 1420 FIFTH AVENUE; SUITE 2800; SEATTLE; WA; 98101-2347; US Patent Application Number: 20030170279 Date filed: November 19, 2002 Abstract: An emulsion of.alpha.-tocopherol, stabilized by biocompatible surfactants, as a vehicle or carrier for therapeutic drugs, which is substantially ethanol free and which can be administered to animals or humans various routes is disclosed. Also included in the emulsion is PEGylated vitamin E. PEGylated.alpha.-tocopherol includes polyethylene glycol subunits attached by a succinic acid diester at the ring hydroxyl of vitamin E and serves as a primary surfactant, stabilizer and a secondary solvent in emulsions of.alpha.-tocopherol. Excerpt(s): This application is a non-provisional application based on U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/034,188 filed Jan. 7, 1997 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/048,840 filed June 6, 1997. Hundreds of medically useful compounds are discovered each year, but clinical use of these drugs is possible only if a drug delivery vehicle is developed to transport them to their therapeutic target in the human body. This problem is particularly critical for drugs requiring intravenous injection in order to reach their therapeutic target or dosage but which are water insoluble or poorly water soluble. For such hydrophobic compounds, direct injection may be impossible or highly dangerous, and can result in hemolysis, phlebitis, hypersensitivity, organ failure and/or death. Such compounds are termed by pharmacists "lipophilic", "hydrophobic", or in their most difficult form, "amphiphobic". A few examples of therapeutic substances in these categories are ibuprofen, diazepam, griseofulvin, cyclosporin, cortisone, proleukin, etoposide and paclitaxel. Kagkadis, KA et al. (1996) PDA J Pharm Sci Tech 50(5):317-323; Dardel, O. 1976. Anaesth Scand 20:221-24. Sweetana, S and MJU Akers. (1996) PDA J Pharm Sci Tech 50(5):330-342.
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ETHANOL PRODUCTION WITH DILUTE PARTIALLY DRIED LIGNOCELLULOSICS
ACID
HYDROLYSIS
USING
Inventor(s): Keller, Fred A.; (Lakewood, CO), Nguyen, Quang A.; (Chesterfield, MO), Tucker, Melvin P.; (Lakewood, CO) Correspondence: Paul J White; Senior Counsel; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 1617 Cole Boulevard; Golden; CO; 80401; US Patent Application Number: 20030199049 Date filed: February 7, 2003 Abstract: In a process for converting lingnocellulosic biomass to ethanol, the improvement of obtaining higher fermentable soluble sugar yields by drying acid impregnated biomass particles, comprising:a) feeding moist lignocellulosic biomass into an acid impregnator to render it acid-soaked and draining the acid-soaked biomass to about 30% to 35% by weight solids;b) dewatering the acid-soaked biomass by drying or centrifugation to prevent compaction of the biomass and arrive at about 40% to 60% by weight solids;c) subjecting the acid-impregnated biomass to a first-stage hydrolysis reactor at a temperature of from 130.degree. C. to 220.degree. C. and discharging formed hydrolysate into a flash tank at about 120.degree. C. to 140.degree. C. to hydrolyze most of the remaining soluble oligosaccharides to monomeric sugars, and flashing remaining hydrolysate to a second flash tank at a lower temperature than the first flash tank--the second flash tank serving as a feed surge tank for a counter-current extractor;d) washing the hydrolysate, adjusting the pH of the sugar extract to about 5, and recovering more than 95% of the soluble sugars in the first-stage hydrolysate slurry by a counter-current extractor;e) subjecting remaining washed-first stage solids of pretreated biomass to a second-stage acid and metal salt impregnator and dewatering by drying or centrifugation to prevent compaction of biomass to arrive at 40% to 60% by weight solids;f) subjecting the acid and metal salt-impregnated biomass to a second-stage hydrolysis reactor at a temperature from 190.degree. C. to 240.degree. C. and discharging formed hydrolysate into a flash tank, at about 120.degree. C. to 140.degree. C. to hydrolyze most of the remaining soluble oligosaccharides to monomeric sugars and flashing remaining hydrolysate to a second flash tank at a lower temperature than the first flash tank, the second flash tank serving as a feed surge tank for second-stage fementors;g) cooling pH-adjusted extract from the counter-current extractor, feeding the extract to a first-stage fermentor and air sparging the first-stage fermentor at a rate sufficient to promote enough yeast growth to compensate for loss through second-stage fermentors;h) pH adjusting second-stage hydrolysate slurry to 4.5, cooling the slurry and adding it into the top of the first fermentor of a two-fermentor train in the second stage fermentors, pumping broth from the bottom of the first stage fermentors to the second stage fermentors while the yeast is in the growth phase for a period sufficient to consume over 95% of fermentable sugars; andi) recovering ethanol. Excerpt(s): The invention is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 09/634,978 filed Aug. 9, 2000, and relates to hydrolyzing lignocellulosic materials by subjecting dried lignocellulosic material in a reactor to a catalyst comprised of a dilute solution of a strong acid and a metal salt to lower the activation energy (i.e., temperature) of cellulose hydrolysis and ultimately obtain higher sugar yields. The lower temperature obtained occasions a reduction in the cost of steam and equipment and enables the hydrolysis of both hemicellulose and cellulose, when used with
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hydrolyzer feeders that do not compact the biomass feedstock to achieve higher sugar yields. Lignocellulose is ubiquitous in all wood species and all agricultural and forestry waste. In addition, municipal waste, which typically contains about half waste paper and yard waste, is a source of lignocellulosic materials. Currently, municipal waste is buried or burned at considerable expense to the disposer or the government organization providing solid waste services. Different woods also have different compositions. Softwoods (gymnosperms) generally have more glucomannan and less glucuronoxylan than hardwoods and grasses (angiosperms). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Examination of scattering properties of biological tissue Inventor(s): Chance, Britton; (Marathon, FL), Liu, Hanli; (Arlington, TX) Correspondence: JOHN N. WILLIAMS; Fish & Richardson P.C.; 225 Franklin Street; Boston; MA; 02110-2804; US Patent Application Number: 20030166997 Date filed: November 19, 2002 Abstract: This invention is a scheme for monitoring a solute in a biological system comprising the steps of delivering light into a biological system (12) containing a solute, the light having a wavelength selected to be in a range wherein the solute is substantially non-absorbing; detecting at least first and second portions of the delivered light, the first portion having traveled through the biological system along one or more paths characterized by a first average path length, and the second portion having traveled through the biological system along one or more paths characterized by a second average path length that is greater than the first average path length; and comparing the first and second portions of the delivered light to monitor concentration of the solute in the biological system. Also described are schemes for monitoring low molecular weight polyhydroxy solutes, generally sugars (mannitol, fructose, sucrose, glucose, sorbitol), alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanediol), and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and chloride ions). Excerpt(s): This invention relates to in vivo monitoring one or more solutes in a biological system using optical techniques. Monitoring the concentration of a solute (e.g., low molecular weight carbohydrate or polyhydroxy compounds such as sugars (mannitol, sorbitol, fructose, sucrose, or glucose), alcohols (methanol, ethanol, or propanediol), and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, or chloride ions)) in a biological system has important applications in the medical field. For example, it is important for diabetics, who have gone off insulin, to monitor their glucose level so that can remedy any serious deviation in the level before harm occurs. Near infra-red radiation (NIR) has been used to study non-invasively the oxygen metabolism in tissue (for example, the brain, finger, or ear lobe). Using visible, NIR and infra-red (IR) radiation for medical imaging could bring several advantages. In the NIR or IR range the contrast factor between a tumor and a tissue is much larger than in the X-ray range. In addition, the visible to IR radiation is preferred over the X-ray radiation since it is non-ionizing; thus, it potentially causes fewer side effects. However, with lower energy radiation, such as visible or infra-red radiation, the radiation is strongly scattered and absorbed in biological tissue, and the migration path cannot be approximated by a straight line, making inapplicable certain aspects of cross-sectional imaging techniques.
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Fuel gel Inventor(s): Matione, Jason; (Harare, ZW), Merdjan, Robert E.; (Harare, ZW) Correspondence: COUDERT BROTHERS LLP; 333 SOUTH HOPE STREET; 23RD FLOOR; LOS ANGELES; CA; 90071; US Patent Application Number: 20030217504 Date filed: March 3, 2003 Abstract: The invention is a fuel medium. The medium is in a gel state and consists entirely of material from vegetable matter in combination with alcohol, primarily ethanol, although other low carbon alcohol may be used in combination with some water. This blend is made into a gel by the addition of Methyl Hydroxyl Propyl Cellulose (MHPC). When spilled, the gel is biodegradable and not harmful to the environment. During combustion the gel is smokeless, without soot, devoid of noxious gas emissions, non-carcinogenic and non-corrosive. The gel form makes for ease of packaging, as fuel for suitable cooking and barbeque/fire lighter units, and the reduction of ash makes for easy maintenance of these units. Ease of packaging makes the product easy to transport, thereby offering flexibility of use. The low cost of production, due to the efficacy of the MHPC, makes the present invention affordable to low-income earners. Excerpt(s): The present application claims the benefit of priority from pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/360,626, entitled Fuel Gel, filed on Mar. 1, 2002, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to cooking, and in particular to a fuel medium in a gel state. Portions of the disclosure of this patent document contain material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office file or records, but otherwise reserves all rights whatsoever. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Granulation process and starch granulate Inventor(s): Hansson, Henri; (Helsingborg, SE), Lindner-Olsson, Elisabeth; (Hagersten, SE) Correspondence: Benton S. Duffett, Jr.; BURNS, DOANE, SWECKER & MATHIS, L.L.P.; P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030161876 Date filed: March 29, 2002 Abstract: A process for the manufacture of a corn starch granulate possessing resistance to enzymatic degradation upon oral administration, comprising the steps:a) granulating native corn starch by cautious mixing of a granulation fluid comprising a binder ethanol or water as a solvent, corn starch and a sweetener;b) subjecting the granulated material resulting from step a) to wet sieving;c) drying the granulate obtained in step b) at a temperature less than about 55.degree. C. to avoid gelatinization of the corn starch; andd) sizing the dried granulate from step c) by dry sieving; and acorn starch granulate comprising primary corn starch granules as they appear in untreated native corn starch, said primary granules being agglomerated, without degradation thereof, into larger
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secondary granules to form a granulate using a binder selected from pre-gelatinized corn starch, gum arabicum, guar gum, potassium alginate, carageenan, methyl cellulose, and ethyl cellulose. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the manufacture of corn starch granulates possessing resistance to enzymatic degradation upon oral administration. The invention also covers corn starch granulates having such resistance to enzymatic degradation. Near normalization of blood glucose levels in diabetes is associated with around 50% less risk of nephropathy and retinopathy. However, the aim of normalizing the blood glucose levels is impeded by the risk of inducing hypoglycemia--the Achilles heel of diabetes management. Severe hypoglycemia is increased by 4-5 fold in patients with near-normal blood glucose levels by such normalization. A majority of these episodes occur during sleep. Nocturnal hypoglycemia represents a particularly threatening condition to the patient. At daytime, it is possible for the patient himself, or people in close proximity, to recognize and treat the early autonomic warning symptoms. At nighttime, however, when the patient is asleep the autonomic symptoms may not be enough to awaken the patient. Therefore an initially mild hypoglycemic episode may easily progress into a severe episode at a time when external assistance may not be available to the patient. The causes of hypoglycemia may be recapitulated in a few key determinants. Available basal insulin formulations do not provide a constant and reliable insulin supply. Neither is food consumed in a standardized and consistent manner. Moreover, the nocturnal insulin effect reaches a peak around 3-5 AM, a time when the dietary glucose is absorbed and the risk of hypoglycemia is at its greatest. Lowering the insulin dose is not a practical alternative because of the loss of blood glucose control on the following day. In contrast, an oral therapy that provides a timed nocturnal glucose delivery may balance an excessive insulin effect without distorting blood glucose levels the following day. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
High protein concentrate from cereal grain and methods of use thereof Inventor(s): Stiefel, Michael J.; (Panora, IA), Strissel, Jerry F.; (Harlan, IA) Correspondence: MCKEE, VOORHEES & SEASE, P.L.C.; 801 GRAND AVENUE; SUITE 3200; DES MOINES; IA; 50309-2721; US Patent Application Number: 20030180415 Date filed: October 21, 2002 Abstract: A highly-digestible, high protein concentrate for feeding operations obtained by a modified method of dry milling corn using specific dry milling at the beginning of the ethanol process. Excerpt(s): The publications and other material used herein to illuminate the background of the invention or provide additional details respecting the practice, are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety, and for convenience are respectively grouped in the appended Bibliography. Feeds for culturing monogastric animals essentially contain agricultural and aquatic products such as corn, fish meal, or the like. The production of these agricultural and aquatic products fluctuates from year to year depending upon the weather and other factors influencing the size of harvests and catches, whereby it has been difficult to obtain a stable supply of feed. Consequently there have been attempts to use synthetic compounds instead of natural agricultural and aquatic products as part of the feeds. Feed grains which are required in livestock
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industries such as pigs, chicken, cattle raising, and dairy farming have been imported from overseas in large quantities. In place of feed grains, attempts have been made to use fermented formula feeds by-products, however, these by-products contain phytin, and it is known that the utilization and absorbability of phosphate in phytin which is incorporated in feeds is relatively poor. Therefore, one of the problems associated with the use of grain and oilseed products in feed for monogastric animals, e.g. pigs, chickens, and fish, is the presence of phytate. Phytate phosphorus is nutritionally unavailable, and is excreted in the feces. It is then suspected of contributing to nutrient enrichment of several ecosystems when manure from confined animal rearing operations leaches into the ground and from there into lakes, streams, and bays. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Highly aqueous liquid carrier formulations Inventor(s): Cowan, Siu Man L.; (Lewis Center, OH), Palmer, Donna T.; (Sunbury, OH) Correspondence: Patricia A. Coburn; Battelle Pulmonary Therapeutics, Inc.; Suite 100; 1801 Watermark Drive; Columbus; OH; 43215; US Patent Application Number: 20030185762 Date filed: March 22, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid carrier vehicle for a dissolved or suspended pharmaceutically active agent administered to a patient via inhalation of an aerosol where the aerosol is produced by an electrohydrodynamic spraying device and where the liquid carrier vehicle comprises:a. from about 50% V/V to about 100% V/V water;b. from about 0% to about 40% V/V ethanol;c. from about 0% to about 30% V/V of a cosolventd. from about 0.5% to about 10% V/V of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; ande. from about 0.05% W/V to about 10% W/V of a derivatized carbohydrate surfactant; wherein said liquid carrier has a resistivity of from about 25 ohm m to about 8000 ohm m and a surface tension of from about 20 dyne/cm to about 40 dyne/cm. Also disclosed are liquid compositions comprising the liquid carrier vehicle containing a dissolved or suspended pharmaceutically active agent as well as a method of treating a patient using such liquid compositions Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of pulmonary drug delivery of highly aqueous liquid aerosol solutions and suspensions of medicaments using an electrohydrodynamic spray/aerosolization means. Specifically, the present invention provides highly aqueous liquid carrier formulations and methods for the aerosol delivery by inhalation of highly aqueous liquid compositions to the respiratory tract using electrohydrodynamic means. Drugs for treating respiratory and nasal disorders are frequently administered in aerosol formulations through the mouth or nose. One widely used method for dispensing such aerosol drug formulations involves making a suspension formulation of the drug as a finely divided powder in a liquefied gas known as a propellant. The suspension is dispersed by activation of a dose-metering valve affixed to the container. Systems for dispensing drugs in this way are known as "metered dose inhalers" (MDI's). See Peter Byron, Respiratory Drug Delivery, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. (1990) for a general background on this form of therapy. There are inherent problems associated with the delivery of a drug as a powder. Powders have a tendency to adhere to the inner surfaces, i.e., walls of the can, valves, and caps, of the MDI, which can lead to the patient getting significantly less than the prescribed amount of drug upon each activation of the MDI. The problem is particularly acute with hydrofluoroalkane (fluorocarbon) propellant systems, e.g., P134a and P227, under
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development in recent years to replace chlorofluorocarbons such as P11, P114, and P12. Further, halohydrocarbon propellants such as chlorofluorocarbons and to a lesser extent the hydroflurocarbons have adverse environmental effects. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Inhalable formulation of a solution containing a tiotropium salt Inventor(s): Barth, Petra; (Mainz, DE), Drechsel, Karin; (Mannheim, DE), NiklausHumke, Barbara; (Damscheid, DE), Schmelzer, Christel; (Ingelheim, DE) Correspondence: BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM CORPORATION; 900 RIDGEBURY ROAD; P. O. BOX 368; RIDGEFIELD; CT; 06877; US Patent Application Number: 20030181478 Date filed: March 24, 2003 Abstract: A liquid, propellant-free pharmaceutical preparation comprising:(a) a first active substance comprising a tiotropium salt, in a concentration based on tiotropium of between 0.0005% and 5% by weight;(b) a second active substance selected from the group consisting of: an antiallergic, antihistamine, steroid, and leukotriene antagonist;(c) a solvent selected from water or a water/ethanol mixture; and(d) a pharmacologically acceptable preservative,wherein the pH of the preparation is adjusted to between 2.0 and 4.5 with an acid and the tiotropium salt is dissolved in the solvent,optionally including a pharmacologically acceptable complexing agent, stabilizer, a pharmacologically acceptable cosolvent, or other pharmacologically acceptable adjuvants and additives; a method for administering a pharmaceutical preparation by nebulizing the pharmaceutical preparation in an inhaler, and a method of treating asthma or COPD in a patient using the pharmaceutical preparation. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 10/040,196, filed Oct. 25, 2001, now abandoned, which claimed benefit under 35 U.S.C.sctn. 119(e) of prior provisional application Ser. No. 60/253,613, filed Nov. 28, 2000. The present invention relates to a propellant-free inhalable formnulation of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of tiotropium dissolved in water or a mixture of water and ethanol, in conjunction with at least one other active substance preferably administered by inhalation, and propellantfree inhalable aerosols resulting therefrom. The formnulation according to the invention is particularly suitable for administering the active substance by inhalation, especially for treating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The compound has valuable pharmacological properties and is known by the name tiotroplum bromide. Tiotropium and its salts are highly effective anticholinergics and can provide therapeutic benefit in the treatment of asthma or COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). The monohydrate of tiotropium bromide is also pharmacologically valuable. Both compounds are a preferred object of the present invention. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Labiatae herb extract compositions readily dispersible in cold brine Inventor(s): Reynhout, Gregory S.; (Kalamazoo, MI), Todd, Paul H. JR.; (Kalamazoo, MI), Walter, Polly A.; (Kalamazoo, MI), Williams, P. Douglas; (Kalamazoo, MI) Correspondence: FLYNN THIEL BOUTELL & TANIS, P.C.; 2026 RAMBLING ROAD; KALAMAZOO; MI; 49008-1699; US Patent Application Number: 20030215560 Date filed: April 8, 2003 Abstract: A single phase, emulsifiable composition consisting essentially of a Labiatae herb extract, a food grade emulsifier or mixtures of food grade emulsifiers and a diluent selected from the group consisting of benzyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ethanol and mixtures thereof. Also provided is a stable cold Labiatae herb extract brine dispersion comprising the composition and a 5% brine solution. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/370 850, filed Apr. 8, 2002 under 35 US 119(e)(i), which is incorporated herein by reference. This invention relates to compositions and processes useful for preparing brine dispersions of rosemary and other Labiatae herb extracts. Because of rosemary extract's outstanding ability to preserve fresh meat flavor and color, it has found considerable use in the meat and poultry industries. Rosemary extract has been added directly to fresh ground meat and poultry. Among the other Labiatae extracts, sage is also preferred and most similar to rosemary. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Large conductance calcium-dependent potassium channel as modulator of alcohol effects and consumption Inventor(s): Davies, Andrew G; (Berkeley, CA), Kim, Hongkyun; (Emeryville, CA), McIntire, Steven L; (Tiburon, CA) Correspondence: Tom Hunter; Quine Intellectual Property Law Group; P O Box 458; Alameda; CA; 94501; US Patent Application Number: 20030211547 Date filed: December 2, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is directed to the identification of the BK channel as a target for drugs that modulate the effects of ethanol as well as ethanol consumption. The present invention is also directed to the use of modulators of the BK channel to modulate alcohol consumption and the effects of alcohol. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to: screening methods for substances useful for modulating alcohol consumption or altering the effects of alcohol; and the use of modulators of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BK channels) in methods of modulating alcohol consumption and altering the effects of alcohol. Alcoholism is the most common form of drug abuse and a major public health problem worldwide. The Lewin Group estimated the economic cost to U.S. society in 1992 due to alcohol abuse and alcoholism to be $148 billion (H. Harwood et al., The Economic Costs of Alcohol and Drug Abuse in the United States, 1992, NIH Publication Number 98-4327 (September 1998)). When adjusted for inflation and population growth, the alcohol estimates for 1992 are very similar to cost estimates produced over the past 20 years. The current estimates are significantly greater than the most recent detailed estimates
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developed for 1985 for alcohol (Rice et al. 1990) and are 42 percent higher for alcohol over and above increases due to population growth and inflation. Because of the prevalence and societal cost of alcohol abuse and alcoholism, there is a need for drugs that modify alcohol intake or the effects of alcohol on the person consuming it. Few such drugs are currently known. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method and apparatus for determining an approximation for fuel volatility on-board a vehicle Inventor(s): Harrington, Charles Robert; (Troy, MI), Kerr, Rick Daniel; (Fenton, MI), Lambert, David K.; (Sterling Heights, MI), Lee, Han-Sheng; (Bloomfield Hills, MI) Correspondence: MARGARET A. DOBROWITSKY; DELPHI TECHNOLOGIES, INC.; Legal Staff, Mail Code: 480-414-420; P.O. Box 5052; Troy; MI; 48007-5052; US Patent Application Number: 20030213293 Date filed: May 17, 2002 Abstract: An apparatus and method for determining an approximation to a measure of the volatility of fuel on-board a vehicle having an internal combustion engine. The method includes the steps of measuring at least one characteristic of the fuel corresponding to a temperature of the fuel, a volume of the fuel, and a concentration of oxygenates within the fuel; determining an approximation of the a measure of the volatility of the sample volume of fuel using a linear function based on the at least one measured characteristic of the fuel corresponding to temperature, volume, and concentration of oxygenates of the fuel. Preferably, at least one temperature measurement is associated with a predetermined volume of the sample as the sample is evaluated. The method can include determining whether a fuel contains ethanol, and if not, whether the fuel is a winter blend of fuel or a summer blend of fuel. The method to determine whether ethanol is present can include the steps of bringing the fuel into contact with a sensing element; measuring a characteristic of the fuel corresponding to concentration of oxygenates, such as the change in capacitance or resistance of the sensing element; and calculating the dielectric constant or the conductivity of the sample respectively. The method to determine the type of non-ethanol containing fuel can be based on two temperature measurements taken at two predetermined volumes during the evaporation process. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method and apparatus for determining an approximation for the volatility of fuel on-board a vehicle for use in engine control. It is known in the art relating to automotive engines, that a key gasoline characteristic for good driveability is volatility. Volatility is especially important at the time an engine is started because liquid gasoline must evaporate and mix with air to form a combustible mixture. If too little gasoline is added, the engine will not start; if gasoline beyond that needed to initiate combustion is added, then extra hydrocarbons from an unburned portion of gasoline are found in the exhaust. Moreover, because gasoline sold in the United States varies in volatility, there is a tradeoff in engine design between low hydrocarbon emissions and good driveability with low volatility fuel. where T.sub.x is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit at which x % of the gasoline sample has been distilled. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method and apparatus for recovering a solvent Inventor(s): Corr, Stuart; (Warrington, GB), Dowdle, Paul A.; (St. Helens, GB), Low, Robert E.; (Northwich, GB), Morrison, James David; (Northwich, GB), Murphy, Frederick Thomas; (Frodsham, GB) Correspondence: COOK, ALEX, MCFARRON, MANZO, CUMMINGS & MEHLER LTD; SUITE 2850; 200 WEST ADAMS STREET; CHICAGO; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20030204119 Date filed: May 29, 2003 Abstract: In a closed-loop biomass extraction apparatus (10), strategies for purifying HFC solvents used therein include:(i) contacting an adsorbent and a desiccant, e.g. in a container (26) with contaminated HFC solvent branched from the main flow loop; and, optionally,(ii) washing contaminated HFC solvent with water, e.g. in a vessel (34) to separate a co-solvent or entrainer, such as ethanol, thereform. Excerpt(s): This invention concerns recovery of a solvent, especially a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) solvent used in the extraction of components from materials of natural origin. Herein such materials are termed "biomass" and the extraction of such components "biomass extraction". The extraction of flavours, fragrances or pharmaceutically active components from materials of natural origin using chlorine-free solvents based on hydrofluorocarbons is of growing technical and commercial interest. In order to avoid the undesirable release of such solvents to atmosphere, the HFC-based solvents are normally utilised in a closed-loop extraction system configuration. By the term "hydrofluorocarbon" we are referring to materials which contain carbon, hydrogen and fluorine atoms only and which are thus chlorine-free. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method for producing fermentation-based products from high oil corn Inventor(s): Jakel, Neal Torrey; (Lake Zurich, IL), Ulrich, James F.; (Highwood, IL) Correspondence: LEYDIG VOIT & MAYER, LTD; TWO PRUDENTIAL PLAZA, SUITE 4900; 180 NORTH STETSON AVENUE; CHICAGO; IL; 60601-6780; US Patent Application Number: 20030194788 Date filed: February 18, 2003 Abstract: Corn oil and corn meal obtained from high oil corn are included in useful products. A method of producing fermentation-based products comprising combining corn meal remaining after the extraction of oil from whole high oil corn with water and an enzyme. This combination is incubated and then mixed with a micro-organism capable of fermenting a carbon source to produce fermentation-based products such as ethanol. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/927,836, filed Aug. 10, 2001, which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/637,843, filed Aug. 10, 2000, which was a continuation-inpart of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/249,280, filed Feb. 11, 1999, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to a method for producing fermentation-based products that are derived from corn having an oil content of about 6 percent by weight or more. Corn, Zea mays L., is grown for many
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reasons including its use in food and industrial applications. Corn oil and corn meal are two of many useful products derived from corn. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for producing high surface area chromia materials for catalysis Inventor(s): Gash, Alexander E.; (Brentwood, CA), Satcher, Joe; (Patterson, CA) Correspondence: Ann M. Lee; Assistant Laboratory Counsel; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; P.O. Box 808, L-703; Livermore; CA; 94551; US Patent Application Number: 20030202933 Date filed: April 24, 2002 Abstract: Nanostructured chromium(III)-oxide-based materials using sol-gel processing and a synthetic route for producing such materials are disclosed herein. Monolithic aerogels and xerogels having surface areas between 150 m.sup.2/g and 520 m.sup.2/g have been produced. The synthetic method employs the use of stable and inexpensive hydrated-chromium(III) inorganic salts and common solvents such as water, ethanol, methanol, 1-propanol, t-butanol, 2-ethoxy ethanol, and ethylene glycol, DMSO, and dimethyl formamide. The synthesis involves the dissolution of the metal salt in a solvent followed by an addition of a proton scavenger, such as an epoxide, which induces gel formation in a timely manner. Both critical point (supercritical extraction) and atmospheric (low temperature evaporation) drying may be employed to produce monolithic aerogels and xerogels, respectively. Excerpt(s): Pure and supported chromia catalysts are used for a variety of catalytic transformations. High surface area is an important characteristic of these materials. High surface area chromia-based materials are used as catalysts for halogenations of hydrocarbons (especially fluorinations), the dehydration of alcohols, the dehydrogenation of alkanes and olefins, and isomerization reactions. Presently, high surface area chromia is made through the reduction of CrO.sub.3 with methanol under high temperature supercritical methanol conditions (.about.300.degree. C.). This method is dangerous because of the extreme conditions for synthesis and the mixing of a powerful reducing agent, e.g., CrO.sub.3, with methanol. It is also very expensive due to the equipment needed to execute the supercritical extraction. Thus, a need exists for a method for producing high surface area chromia catalysts, which does not use a dangerous mixture of chemicals nor utilize a very high temperature supercritical extraction process. Aerogel and xerogel materials containing high surface area chromia can be produced using sol-gel chemistry methods. Sol-gel chemistry is an attractive alternative to other synthetic methods for many reasons. The method is low temperature, low cost, and can generally be done under ambient conditions with general lab equipment, all of which make processing convenient and inexpensive. Historically, the sol-gel method has employed the use of metal alkoxide precursors that readily undergo catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation to form a sol of metal oxide particles with nanoscale dimensions (1-100 nm). Skapin et al, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1998, 225, 163 and Armor et al. J. Appl. Catal. 1985, 19, 327 report on a synthetic method to prepare chromia aerogel powders. An aqueous suspension of CrO.sub.3 is added to methanol, followed by supercritical processing to chemically reduce the Cr(IV) to Cr(III) and form chromia. Surface areas of the chromia aerogels reported by Skapin et al were 300-550 m.sup.2/g and Armor et al were 500-700 m.sup.2/g. Chromium trioxide is a powerful reducing agent and great care must be taken to avoid a violent reaction with alcohol. The high temperature and pressures of this process require the use of expensive
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and sophisticated processing equipment. This fact coupled with the dangerous nature of the precursor solutions, that require extreme safety precautions, likely precludes the widespread application of this method. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for viral inactivation of hydro-alcoholic solutions Inventor(s): Binsard, Anne-Marie; (Neuilly-Sur-Seine, FR) Correspondence: THE FIRM OF HUESCHEN AND SAGE; 500 COLUMBIA PLAZA; 350 EAST MICHIGAN AVENUE; KALAMAZOO; MI; 49007; US Patent Application Number: 20030180373 Date filed: May 13, 2003 Abstract: The invention concerns a method for viral inactivation of any hydro-alcohol solution and in particular any homeopathic dilution produced in a hydro-alcoholic medium, characterised in that it consists in heating the solution at a temperature ranging between 30.degree. C. and 65.degree. C. ? 1.degree. C., for one hour, in the presence of ethanol with alcohol content ranging between 10% v/v and 75% v/v. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the viral inactivation of any aqueous-alcoholic solution and especially homeopathic dilutions. In homeopathy the therapeutic substances usually used are more or less dilute solutions, which are the active principles of the medicinal products. Homeopathic dilutions are usually made by the Hahnemann method. They are carried out in an aqueous-alcohol mixture of suitable titer. It is necessary when working with them to avoid any soiling or contamination of chemical or particulate nature, given the tiny doses of active principle usually involved. Among the raw materials used in homeopathy, use is made of substances of animal origin (snake venom, bee venom) and/or of biological origin, which are liable to be contaminated with viruses that are potentially pathogenic and hazardous to patients. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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METHOD OF INDUCING MALOLACTIC FERMENTATION IN WINE OR FRUIT JUICE BY DIRECT INOCULATION WITH A NON-ACTIVATED STARTER CULTURE Inventor(s): NIELSEN, JAN CLAIR; (HUNDESTED, DK), PRAHL, CLAUS; (GRAESTED, DK) Correspondence: FOLEY & LARDNER; 3000 K STREET NW; SUITE 500; WASHINGTON; DC; 200078696 Patent Application Number: 20030203069 Date filed: March 3, 1997 Abstract: A selected malolactically active Ln. oenos strain which is useful for inducing malolactic fermentation in wine or fruit juice by the direct inoculation of a concentrate of a starter culture containing the strain, the strain having a survival rate of at least 80% when inoculated directly into a wine having a pH of 3.2 or lower and containing at least 25 mg SO.sub.2 per l and at least 12 vol % ethanol, and capable of starting malolactic fermentation when added directly to the wine or fruit juice at a concentration of less
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than 10.sup.7 colony forming units per ml.There is also provided a method of isolating such a strain and a method for producing a culture of the strain. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides a novel method of inducing the decarboxylation of malic acid to lactic acid in wine or fruit juice by direct inoculation with a non-activated starter culture of malolactically active lactic acid bacteria and a composition comprising bacteria useful in the method. Grape juice, must and other fruit juice contain a varying amount of L-malic acid and L-malate, the amount typically being in the range of 1 to 10 g/l. The amount of malic acid and malate depends largely on the climatic conditions prevailing in the viticultural region. Hence, wines produced in colder areas tend to have a relatively higher acid content, since the malic acid is not degraded during the normal alcoholic fermentation. From a taste and flavor point of view, malic acid is considered undesirable in most red wines and in several types of rse wines, white wines or sparkling wines. However, the content of malic acid and malate in a wine may be reduced by a so-called malolactic fermentation (MLF) of the wine which fermentation results from the metabolic activity of various lactic acid bacteria, including species belonging to the genera of Lactobacillus, Pediococcus and Leuconostoc. Such bacteria may be present in must and wine as part of the indigenous microbial flora hereof, or they may have been added as a bacterial starter culture. Typically, the MLF is associated with malolactic bacterial growth and catabolic processes during which the wine acidity is reduced. The catabolic phase is usually entered when the malolactically active bacteria during the growth phase has reached a population density of about 10.sup.6 colony forming units (CFU) per ml. The microbial malolactic deacidification results from the decarboxylation of the dicarboxylic acid, Lmalic acid to the monocarboxylic acid, L-lactic acid. As a result of this malolactic fermentation, the acidity of the wine decreases and the pH increases, resulting in a wine with a softer palate relative to that of the wine before the malolactic fermentation. Following a successful malolactic fermentation in wine, no further microbial growth will normally occur and hence, the wine is considered to be microbiologically stable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method of reducing the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing motor fuels for spark ignition combustion engines Inventor(s): Golubkov, Igor; (Lidingo, SE), Hull, Angelica; (Lidingo, SE) Correspondence: FITZPATRICK CELLA HARPER & SCINTO; 30 ROCKEFELLER PLAZA; NEW YORK; NY; 10112; US Patent Application Number: 20030154649 Date filed: September 9, 2002 Abstract: A method of reducing the vapor pressure of a C.sub.3 to C.sub.12 hydrocarbon-based motor fuel mixture containing 0.1 to 20% by volume of ethanol for conventional spark ignition internal combustion engines, wherein, in addition to an ethanol component (b) and a C.sub.3 to C.sub.12 hydrocarbon component (a), an oxygen-containing additive (c) selected from at least one of the following types of compounds: alcohol other than ethanol, ketone, ether, ester, hydroxy ketone, ketone ester, and a heterocyclic-containing oxygen compound in an amount of at least 0.05 by volume of the total fuel and at least one C.sub.6-C.sub.12 hydrocarbon (d) are used in the fuel mixture, is disclosed. A mixture of fuel grade ethanol (b), oxygen-containing additive (c) and C.sub.6-C.sub.12 hydrocarbon (d) usable in the method of the invention is also disclosed.
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Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/612,572, filed on Jul. 7, 2000, and a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/767,940, filed on Jan. 24, 2001, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. This invention relates to unleaded motor fuel for spark ignition internal combustion engines. More particularly the invention relates to a method for lowering the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of a fuel composition including a hydrocarbon liquid and ethanol by using an oxygen-containing compounds and C.sub.6-C.sub.12 hydrocarbons. The ethanol and DVPE adjusting components used to obtain the fuel composition are preferably derived from renewable raw materials. By means of the method of the invention motor fuels containing up to 20% by volume of ethanol meeting standard requirements for spark ignition internal combustion engines operating with gasoline are obtainable. Conventional gasoline ("gasoline") is the major fuel for spark ignition internal combustion engines. As employed herein, the phrase conventional gasoline includes a volatile, highly inflammable, generally colorless, liquid obtained by fractional distillation of petroleum. The extensive use of gasoline results in the pollution of the environment. The combustion of gasoline derived from crude oil or mineral gas disturbs the carbon dioxide balance in the atmosphere, and causes the greenhouse effect. Crude oil reserves are decreasing steadily with some countries already facing crude oil shortages. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods for increasing the production of ethanol from microbial fermentation Inventor(s): Arora, Dinesh K.; (Fayetteville, AR), Basu, Rahul; (Bethlehem, PA), Clausen, Edgar C.; (Fayetteville, AR), Gaddy, James L.; (Fayetteville, AR), Ko, Ching-Whan; (Fayetteville, AR), Phillips, John Randall; (Fayetteville, AR), Wikstrom, Carl V.; (Fayetteville, AR) Correspondence: HOWSON AND HOWSON; ONE SPRING HOUSE CORPORATION CENTER; BOX 457; 321 NORRISTOWN ROAD; SPRING HOUSE; PA; 19477; US Patent Application Number: 20030211585 Date filed: March 11, 2003 Abstract: A stable continuous method for producing ethanol from the anaerobic bacterial fermentation of a gaseous substrate containing at least one reducing gas involves culturing a fermentation bioreactor anaerobic, acetogenic bacteria in a liquid nutrient medium; supplying the gaseous substrate to the bioreactor; and manipulating the bacteria in the bioreactor by reducing the redox potential, or increasing the NAD(P)H TO NAD(P) ratio, in the fermentation broth after the bacteria achieves a steady state and stable cell concentration in the bioreactor. The free acetic acid concentration in the bioreactor is maintained at less than 5 g/L free acid. This method allows ethanol to be produced in the fermentation broth in the bioreactor at a productivity greater than 10 g/L per day. Both ethanol and acetate are produced in a ratio of ethanol to acetate ranging from 1:1 to 20:1. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to improvements in microbial fermentation methods for the production of ethanol from a gaseous substrate containing at least one reducing gas using anaerobic (or facultative) acetogenic bacteria. Methods for producing ethanol, among other organic acids, alcohols, hydrogen and organic acid salts, from the microbial fermentation of gaseous substrates in media containing suitable nutrients and trace minerals using certain anaerobic bacteria have been disclosed by these inventors. For example, the inventors have previously disclosed that dilute gas mixtures are
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introduced into a bioreactor containing one or more strains of anaerobic bacteria that utilize the waste gas components by a direct pathway to produce a desired compound. The compound is recovered from the aqueous phase in a separate vessel or vessels, utilizing a suitable recovery method for the compound produced. Examples of recovery methods include extraction, distillation or combinations thereof, or other efficient recovery methods. The bacteria can be removed from the aqueous phase and recycled to the bioreactor to maintain high cell concentrations, thus maximizing productivity. Cell separation, if desired, is accomplished by centrifugation, membranous filtration, or other techniques. See, for example, International Patent Application No. WO08/00558, published Jan. 8, 1998; U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,722; U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,886 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,111. Several exemplary strains of C. ljungdahlii include strain PETC (U.S. Pat. No. 5,173,429); strain ERI2 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,886) and strains C-01 and O-52 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,577). These strains are each deposited in the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, under Accession Nos.: 55383 (formerly ATCC No. 49587), 55380, 55988, and 55989 respectively. Each of the strains of C. ljungdahlii is an anaerobic, gram-positive bacterium with a guanine and cytosine (G+C) nucleotide content of about 22 mole %. These bacteria use a variety of substrates for growth, but not methanol or lactate. These strains differ in their CO tolerance, specific gas uptake rates and specific productivities. In the "wild" strains found in nature, very little ethanol production is noted. Strains of C. ljungdahlii operate ideally at 37.degree. C., and typically produce an ethanol to acetyl (i.e. which refers to both free or molecular acetic acid and acetate salts) product ratio of about 1:20 (1 part ethanol per 20 parts acetyl) in the "wild" state. Ethanol concentrations are typically only 1-2 g/L. While this ability to produce ethanol is of interest, because of low ethanol productivity the "wild" bacteria cannot be used to economically produce ethanol on a commercial basis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods for producing ethanol from carbon substrates Inventor(s): Lantero, Oreste; (Belvidere, IL) Correspondence: Genencor International, Inc.; 925 Page Mill Road; Palo Alto; CA; 940341013; US Patent Application Number: 20030180900 Date filed: February 6, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides means for the production of desired endproducts of in vitro and/or in vivo bioconversion of biomass-based feed stock substrates, including but not limited to such materials as starch and cellulose. In particularly preferred embodiments, the methods of the present invention do not require gelatinization and/or liquefaction of the substrate. In particularly preferred embodiments, the present invention provides means for the production of ethanol. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority to U.S. Prov. Patent Appln. Ser. No. 60/355,180, filed Feb. 8, 2002. Industrial fermentations predominantly utilize glucose as feed-stock for the production of proteins, enzymes and chemicals. These fermentations are usually batch, fed-batch, or continuous, and operate under conditions that are substrate-limited and/or designed to produce minimal by-products. As those in the art know, there are certain critical operating conditions that must be controlled during fermentation so as to optimize fermentation time, yield and efficiency. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Methods, compositions and apparatuses for detection of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) Inventor(s): Bravo, Dawn T.; (Santa Barbara, CA), Harris, David O.; (Santa Barbara, CA), Parsons, Stanley M.; (Santa Barbara, CA) Correspondence: David W. Maher; McCutchen, Doyle, Brown & Enersen, LLP; 18th Floor; Three Embarcadero Center; San Francisco; CA; 94111; US Patent Application Number: 20030175846 Date filed: March 14, 2002 Abstract: Methods, compositions and articles of manufacture for assaying a sample for a GHB source are provided. A sample suspected of containing a GHB source is contacted with a first oxidoreductase selective for GHB and an oxidized cofactor. In the presence of GHB in the sample, the first oxidoreductase oxidizes GHB to succinic semialdehyde and reduces the cofactor. The reduced cofactor thus produced can be detected directly, or a hydride abstractor can be used that abstracts a hydride from the reduced cofactor and produces a detectable change. The hydride abstractor can be a second oxidoreductase that oxidizes the reduced cofactor and produces a detectable change in a chromogen or dye. Preferably a visual change is produced, allowing performance of the assay outside of a laboratory setting. Fusion proteins comprising the first oxidoreductase, polynucleotides encoding such proteins, host cells expressing such proteins, and vectors comprising such polynucleotides are also provided. Stabilized formulations of the first oxidoreductase are also provided. Test supports, devices, and compositions and kits comprising reagents for performing such methods are also provided. Techniques for performing the assay in the presence of ethanol and in the presence of GHB precursors in the sample are also provided. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods, compositions and articles for assaying a sample for an analyte. A colorless, odorless, tasteless chemical has become one of the most dangerous illicit drugs of abuse today. The drug is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant at low doses, and has the curious effects of reducing anxiety and producing euphoria and relaxation, sedating the recipient. The drug also is naturally present in the body and has a short half-life, making detection of ingested drug difficult (S. D. Ferrara et al., Journal of Pharmacology and Biomedical Analysis, 11:6, 483-487, 1993). Because of these properties, the drug has been abused through surreptitious administration to unsuspecting users in a variety of settings, including college parties and bars. The drug has thus become known as one of the "date rape" drugs, used to disable women who have unknowingly ingested the drug in a product they otherwise intended to consume. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Preparation of light stable hops Inventor(s): Goldstein, Henry; (Hartland, WI), Murakami, Aki A.; (Mequon, WI), Refling, Jay R.; (Greenfield, WI), Ryder, David S.; (Mequon, WI), Seabrooks, John R.; (Richfield, WI), Ting, Patrick L.; (Brookfield, WI), VanSanford, Michael; (Wales, WI) Correspondence: QUARLES & BRADY LLP; 411 E. WISCONSIN AVENUE; SUITE 2040; MILWAUKEE; WI; 53202-4497; US Patent Application Number: 20030185933 Date filed: March 26, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed are methods for the production of light stable hops, useful for the brewing of beer or ale to be stored in clear or green glass containers, which beer or ale will not develop objectionable flavor as a result of exposure to light. Light stable hops are prepared by double extraction of liquid/supercritical CO.sub.2 extracted hop solids with ethanol to remove alpha/iso-alpha-acids. Such alpha/iso-alpha-acids may be further removed from the ethanol extraction liquor obtained in the double extraction process by subjecting such liquor to an ion exchange medium, or precipitation by a metal ion, heavy metal ion, or alkali metal ion, to provide an alpha/iso-alpha-acid is free extraction liquor which may be added to the light stable hops residue obtained in the initial double extraction process. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. This invention relates to the treatment of hop solids which is the residue remaining after liquid or supercritical CO.sub.2 extraction, and produces a hop product which imparts not only hop flavor and mouthfeel indistinguishable from original whole hops, but also provides light stability and flavor variations in malt beverages. Such treated hop solids can contribute hop flavor and mouthfeel to beer with low bitterness. However, a residual amount of alpha/iso-alpha-acids, which causes light instability in finished malt beverages, is still present in the hop solids. The present invention is directed to the preparation of light stable hop products, containing little or no alpha/iso-alpha-acid, for providing hop flavor and character for beer products which may be packaged in flint, clear, or green bottles. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Pressurized metered dose inhaler (PMDI) actuators and medicinal aerosol solution formulation products comprising therse actuators Inventor(s): Davies, Rebecca Jayne; (Bath, GB), Ganderton, David; (Exeter, GB), Lewis, David Andrew; (Nr. Bath, GB), Meakin, Brian John; (Bath, GB) Correspondence: David O. Seeley; P.O. Box 45862; SALT LAKE CITY; UT; 84145; US Patent Application Number: 20030178022 Date filed: December 19, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) actuators having with laser-drilled orifices of novel dimensions, and to medicinal aerosol solution formulation products comprising these actuators. In particular, the present invention relates to the optimisation of the output characteristics of drug solution formulations in hydrofluoroalkanes (HFAs) by use of pMDIs with actuators with laser-drilled orifices of specific dimensions. Moreover, the actuators of the present invention allow the use of solution formulations with a high ethanol content and a high ratio of ethanol to active ingredients and thus, the use of poorly soluble active
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ingredients in solution formulations and allow the use of solution formulations which are substantially free of low volatility components. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority to United States provisional patent application Serial No. 60/348,888, filed Jan. 15, 2002, entitled "Pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler (pMDI) Actuators With Laser Drilled Orifices" which claims priority to European patent application Serial Number 01 130 521.6, filed Dec. 21, 2001, which application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) actuators with laser drilled orifices and to medicinal aerosol solution formulation products comprising these actuators. In particular, the present invention relates to the optimisation of the output characteristics of drug solution formulations in hydrofluoroalkanes (HFAs) by use of pMDIs with actuators with laser drilled orifices of specific dimensions. Moreover, the actuators of the present invention allow the use of solution formulations with a high ethanol content and a high ratio of ethanol to active ingredients and thus, the use of poorly soluble active ingredients in solution formulations and allow the use of solution formulations with high ethanol content which are substantially free of low volatility components. The present invention relates to pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) actuators having novel dimensions, and which are preferably formed using a laser. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Procedure to obtain biodiesel fuel with improved properties at low temperature Inventor(s): Delgado Puche, Juan; (Madrid, ES) Correspondence: LADAS & PARRY; 26 WEST 61ST STREET; NEW YORK; NY; 10023; US Patent Application Number: 20030167681 Date filed: December 23, 2002 Abstract: Procedure to generate biodiesel fuels with improved properties at low temperature by the transesterification of triglycerides with alcohols such as methanol or ethanol, optionally in the presence of methyl or ethyl acetates of fatty acids and an inert solvent, to produce methyl or ethyl esters of fatty acids, glycerine and, where appropriate, glycerine triacetate, followed by the separation of crude glycerine that is reacted with aldehydes, ketones and/or acetic acid or methyl or ethyl acetates to produce acetals, glycerine cetals and/or glycerine acetates. The acetals, glycerine cetals and/or glycerine acetates are mixed with methyl or ethyl esters of fatty acids in concentrations of approximately 0.5-20% by weight to obtain a biodiesel with improved properties at low temperatures. Excerpt(s): It is known that methyl and/or ethyl esters obtained by transesterification of triglycerides with methanol and/or ethanol are used as biodiesel fuels to substitute petroleum-derived diesels. It is also known that this reaction is relatively slow and that the reaction rate can be substantially increased in the presence of inert solvents. Simple ethers such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTB) are particularly effective solvents according to the Canadian patent 2.131.654 published in March, 1996. During the transesterification, which is usually conducted in the presence of basic catalysts, relatively important amounts of crude glycerine are produced. Hence, for example, in the transesterification of soya oil with methanol approximately 20% of crude glycerine is generated for which applications must be found. The purification of this glycerine for its commercial application is a difficult and expensive procedure, even to
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obtain a poor quality product of doubtful value. Therefore, a procedure to transform this glycerine, via an inexpensive process, into compounds that can be mixed with biodiesel to improve its properties, especially its behavior at low temperature and improve its combustion, is a long sought after objective that would have great technical and commercial value and would solve the problem of finding an interesting application for crude glycerine. This objective can be achieved within the scope of this invention. Currently, the relatively high price of biodiesel compared to diesel oils derived from petroleum is the main obstacle to their complete commercial acceptance. One way to make these procedures more economically viable would be to find new applications for crude glycerine. The procedures proposed to date for the use of crude glycerine are unsatisfactory and include mixing it with animal manure to produce fertilizers or incorporating it into animal feed. These applications are described, for example, in the article titled "Technical Uses of Fatty Acid Esters", Meffert, JAOCS, vol. 61, February 1984. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Process for the isolation of milk proteins Inventor(s): Beaudoin, Adrien; (Rock Forest, CA), Martin, Genevieve; (Quebec, CA), StGeorges, Maryse; (Montreal, CA) Correspondence: Eric Fincham; 316 Knowlton Road; Lac Brome; QC; JOE 1VO; CA Patent Application Number: 20030152687 Date filed: October 25, 2002 Abstract: A method for the recovery of proteins from a liquid milk product wherein the liquid milk product is mixed with a precipitating agent selected from ethanol and acetone and the mixture agitated for a period of time sufficient to form a precipitate which is subsequently recovered. The proteins recovered include enzymes which are normally destroyed during pasteurization. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/679,175 filed Oct. 4, 2000 which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/302,157 filed Apr. 29, 1999. The present invention relates to a method and product, and more particularly, relates to a protein product derived from milk and to methods of treating milk and/or milk byproducts. Milk is a major source of dietary proteins both in humans and animals. Milk generally consists of globules of butterfat suspended in a solution containing lactose (milk sugar), proteins and salts of calcium, phosphorous, chlorine, sodium, potassium and sulphur. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Process for the production of crystals of a benzoic acid derivative Inventor(s): Kagechika, Hiroyuki; (Tokyo, JP), Nagano, Hiroo; (Osaka, JP) Correspondence: GREENBLUM & BERNSTEIN, P.L.C.; 1950 ROLAND CLARKE PLACE; RESTON; VA; 20191; US Patent Application Number: 20030191342 Date filed: February 24, 2003
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Abstract: A method for preparing a crystal of 4-[(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetrame- thyl2-naphthalenyl)carbamoyl]benzoic acid having a single endothermic peak approximately at 233.degree. C. in differential scanning calorimetry, which comprises the step of recrystallizing a crystal of 4-[(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2naphthalenyl)carbamoyl]benzo- ic acid from a mixture of water and ethanol. The method enables selective preparation of type-II crystals which are stable against physical impact. The resulting crystals are free from highly toxic hexane as a residual solvent, and preferably used as an active ingredient of pharmaceuticals. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for selective preparation of a particular crystal of 4-[(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)carbamoyl]benzoic acid useful as an active ingredient of a medicament. 4[(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)carbamoyl- ]benzoic acid has retinoid activity, and its use as an active ingredient of a medicament has been expected. Conventionally, this compound is known to exist at least as two kinds of crystal polymorphs, that is, (1) a crystal melting at 193.degree. C. and (2) a crystal melting at 233.degree. C. [see, Japanese Patent No. 3001632 as for (1), and Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication (Kokai) No. 61-76440 as for (2). (3) A crystal melting at 205.5.degree. C. to 206.5.degree. C. is disclosed in Chem. Pharm. Bull., 32, p.4209, 1984. However, this crystal was later reported to actually have the melting point of 231.degree. C. to 232.degree. C. and thus revealed to be identical to the crystal (2) (J. Cellular Physiology, 135, pp.179-188, 1988)]. The crystal described in Japanese Patent No. 3001632, which melts at 193.degree. C., is prepared by using a mixture of methanol and water as a recrystallization solvent. The crystal that melts at 233.degree. C. is prepared by using a mixture of ethyl acetate and hexane as a recrystallization solvent. The latter crystal (melting point: 233.degree. C.) contains 1200 ppm and 190 ppm of residual ethyl acetate and hexane, respectively, and thus has a problem that the crystal can hardly satisfy the standard values of residual solvents provided by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (ethyl acetate: 5000 ppm or less; hexane: 290 ppm). Whilst, the crystal that melts at 193.degree. C. has a characteristic feature that a residual methanol level can be significantly lowered. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Process for the simultaneous coproduction and purification of ethyl acetate and isopropyl acetate Inventor(s): Murphy, Carl David; (Corpus Christi, TX), Robelo Grajales, Gustavo Angel; (Veracruz, MX), Sanchez Santiago, Francisco Javier; (Veracruz, MX), Solorzano, Fernando Alejo; (Veracruz, MX), Torres, Alfonso Jose; (Corpus Christi, TX), Warner, R. Jay; (Corpus Christi, TX) Correspondence: M Susan Spiering; c/o Celanese Ltd; IP Legal Dept. IZIP 701; PO Box 428 Hwy 77 South; Bishop; TX; 78343; US Patent Application Number: 20030166964 Date filed: December 19, 2000 Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the simultaneous coproduction of ethyl acetate and isopropyl acetate. The esterification reaction comprises contacting acetic acid with a mixed alcohol stream of ethanol and isopropanol. Exemplified is a purified, Fischer Tropsch derived mixture of ethanol and isopropanol. The esterification reaction occurs in the presence of an acidic catalyst in a liquid phase reaction system. The
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resultant crude reaction step product is separated and purified by distillation to produce acetate ester products having greater than 99.5 wt % purity. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the production of organic carboxylic acid esters and in particular to a process for simultaneously coproducing ethyl acetate and isopropyl acetate in a reaction mixture comprising a mixed alcohol stream of ethanol and isopropanol, with acetic acid, in the liquid phase in the presence of an acidic catalyst. The invention further relates to the subsequent separation of ethyl acetate and isopropyl acetate from the crude acetate ester mixture, and to the removal of impurities which may be present. It is well known to produce esters such as ethyl acetate or isopropyl acetate by reaction of an ethanol or isopropanol respectively with acetic acid in the presence of an acidic catalyst. However, in the coproduction of esters, difficulty is encountered in driving the esterification reactions to completion, especially with mixtures of alcohols with dissimilar reactivity, thereby resulting in acetate product contaminated with unreacted alcohols. It is also known to coproduce these esters in a single reactor by operating the reactor sequentially, i.e., by first producing one ester by reaction of the acid with the first alcohol, and then in a swing operation changing over to a second alcohol to produce the second ester. In all of these reactions involving the use of a mixture of alcohols for esterification, it is important to use relatively pure reactants for reaction with acetic acid. This is especially important if the esters are coproduced in a process for the simultaneous rather than the sequential production of both esters. The use of reactants of high purity may not be economic commercially for it would add significantly to the cost of producing both esters. It has been relatively difficult to coproduce simultaneously a mixture of these esters from a relatively impure set of reactants, primarily because if the alcohol is contaminated with impurities, for example, "heavy" or C.sub.3 or greater alcohols, it is difficult to separate the eventual ester product from the impurities. WO 98/42652 (BP Chem.) describes ester coproduction for the coproduction of ethyl acetate and n-butyl acetate. The reference describes use of impure crude industrial ethanol and "oxo" based n-butanol in a liquid phase esterification reaction system. The process is capable of using relatively impure reactants and provides for removing some of the aldehyde type impurities of the alcohols by the use of resin guard beds. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Recombinant yeast for lignocellulose raw materials Inventor(s): Cordero Otero, Ricardo Roman; (Stellenbosch, ZA), Hahn-Hagerdal, Barbel; (Lund, SE), Van Zyl, Willem Heber; (Stellenbosch, ZA) Correspondence: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow; Garrett & Dunner, L.L.P.; 1300 I Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3315; US Patent Application Number: 20030157675 Date filed: November 14, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for obtaining a recombinant yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which ferments lignocellulose raw materials to ethanol, including introducing DNA into a yeast so as to cause the yeast to have introduced genes encoding xylose reductase, xylitol dehydrogenase and xylulokinase. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of obtaining yeast for fermentation of lignocellulose raw materials and a recombinant yeast for fermentation of lignocellulose raw materials. Lignocellulose is the main component of forest product
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residues and agricultural waste. Lignocellulosic raw materials are mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The cellulose fraction is made up of glucose polymers, whereas the hemicellulose fraction is made up of a mixture of glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose and arabinose polymers. The lignin fraction is a polymer of phenolic compounds. Xylose is found in hardwood and softwood hemicelluloses, whereas arabinose is a component in hemicellulose in certain agricultural crops, such as corn. The cellulose and hemicellulose fractions can be hydrolyzed to monomeric sugars, which can be fermented to ethanol. Ethanol can serve as an environmentally acceptable liquid fuel for transportation, since carbon dioxide released in the fermentation and combustion processes will be sorbed by growing plants in forests and fields. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Recycling system for manipulation of intracellular NADH availability Inventor(s): Bennett, George N.; (Houston, TX), Berrios-Rivera, Susana J.; (Pearland, TX), San, Ka-Yiu; (Houston, TX) Correspondence: FULBRIGHT & JAWORSKI, LLP; 1301 MCKINNEY; SUITE 5100; HOUSTON; TX; 77010-3095; US Patent Application Number: 20030175903 Date filed: November 1, 2002 Abstract: The present invention describes a novel recombinant NADH recycling system that is used as a process for producing reduced compounds. In a specific embodiment, the reduced compounds include ethanol, succinate, lactate, a vitamin, a pharmaceutical and a biodegraded organic molecule. The NADH recycling system effects metabolic flux of reductive pathways in aerobic and anaerobic environments. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/335,371, filed Nov. 2, 2001, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The present invention relates to the fields of microbiology, molecular biology, cell biology and biochemistry. More specifically, the present invention relates to manipulating reductive metabolic processes in vivo using genetic and metabolic engineering, thereby allowing external control of intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) availability. Further, the present invention relates to a method of producing increased reduced metabolites such as ethanol through aerobic or anaerobic growth of a living system comprised of a recombinant NADH recycling system. The metabolic pathways leading to the production of most industrially important compounds involve oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. Biosynthetic transformations involving redox reactions offer a significant economic and environmental advantage for the production of fine chemicals over conventional chemical processes, in particular those redox reactions requiring stereospecificity. Furthermore, biodegradation of toxic chemicals often also involves redox reactions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Salmon-origin chondroitin sulfate Inventor(s): Kono, Hiroyuki; (Hokkaido, JP), Takai, Mitsuo; (Hokkaido, JP) Correspondence: Peter F Corless; Edward & Angell; P O Box 9169; Boston; MA; 02209; US Patent Application Number: 20030162744 Date filed: December 17, 2002 Abstract: A novel chondroitin sulfate which can be produced more economically in a large amount and is expected as being useful for various purposes and processes for producing the same. Namely, a novel chondroitin sulfate which has an intermediate structure between the conventionally known whale-origin chondroitin sulfate and shark-origin chondroitin sulfate and is expected as useful for various purposes in the fields of drugs, cosmetics, food additives, etc. A process for producing the abovedescribed chondroitin sulfate comprises grinding salmon nasal cartilage at a low temperature, defatting the ground matter, then treating it with an alkali and pronase, centrifuging the thus obtained liquid digested matter and then precipitating it from ethanol; and another process wherein the precipitate thus obtained is further treated with a cation exchange resin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel chondroitin sulfate which is expected to be useful for various purposes in the fields of drugs, cosmetics, food additives and the like. A chondroitin sulfate is an acid mucopolysaccharide contained in a connective tissue of animals. This is made of a disaccharide recurring structure of D-glucuronic acid and a sulfated N-acetylgalactosamine, and there are various isomers depending on sulfation of a hydroxyl group of a constituent sugar. Sites to be sulfated are hydroxyl groups in the 2- and 3-positions of glucuronic acid, a hydroxyl group in the 2-position of iduronic acid and hydroxyl groups in the 4- and 6-positions of N-acetylgalactosamine. A chondroitin sulfate chain is a linear polysaccharide having a molecular weight of 10.sup.4 to 10.sup.5, and present as a proteoglycan covalently bound to a core protein. Generally, as a chondroitin sulfate chain occurring in nature, one made only of a recurring unit of one type of a sulfated disaccharide rarely exists, and it usually contains various kinds of sulfated or non-sulfated disaccharides at different ratios. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Skin-permeable selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor composition Inventor(s): Ewing, Gary D.; (Kalamazoo, MI), Gadre, Ashwini; (St. Louis, MO), Gokhale, Rajeev; (Libertyville, IL), Lu, Guang Wei; (Ann Arbor, MI), Stoller, Brenda M.; (Portage, MI), Tyle, Praveen; (Kalamazoo, MI) Correspondence: Pharmacia Corporation; Corporate Patent Department; 800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard -04B; St. Louis; MO; 63167; US Patent Application Number: 20030161867 Date filed: May 30, 2002 Abstract: A dermally deliverable pharmaceutical composition comprises at least one selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitory drug or prodrug thereof solubilized in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier that comprises a low molecular weight monohydric alcohol, and exhibits a skin permeation rate of the therapeutic agent at least equal to that exhibited by a reference solution of the therapeutic agent in 70% aqueous ethanol. A
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method of effecting targeted delivery of a selective COX-2 inhibitory drug to a site of pain and/or inflammation in a subject comprises topically administering such a composition to skin of the subject, preferably at a locus overlying or adjacent to the site of pain and/or inflammation. A method of effecting systemic treatment of a subject having a COX-2 mediated disorder comprises transdermally administering such a composition, preferably by contacting the composition with an area of skin of the subject not greater than about 400 cm.sup.2. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority of U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/294,838, filed on May 31, 2001, and U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/350,756, filed on Nov. 13, 2001. The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitory drug, in particular to such compositions that are suitable for administration to skin to provide a local or systemic therapeutic effect. The invention also relates to processes for preparing such compositions and to methods of treatment comprising administration of such compositions to skin of a subject in need thereof. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes is believed to be at least the primary mechanism by which nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert their characteristic anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects, through inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Conventional NSAIDs such as ketorolac, diclofenac, naproxen and salts thereof inhibit both the constitutively expressed COX-1 and the inflammation-associated or inducible COX-2 isoforms of cyclooxygenase at therapeutic doses. Inhibition of COX-1, which produces prostaglandins that are necessary for normal cell function, appears to account for certain adverse side effects that have been associated with use of conventional NSAIDs. By contrast, selective inhibition of COX-2 without substantial inhibition of COX-1 leads to anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic and other useful therapeutic effects while minimizing or eliminating such adverse side effects. Selective COX-2 inhibitory drugs have therefore represented a major advance in the art. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Soluble compositions of triphenylethylene antiestrogens Inventor(s): Kananen, Mikko; (Kuopio, FI), Kiesvaara, Juha; (Littoinen, FI), Kortesuo, Pirjo; (Parainen, FI), Niskanen, Heikki; (Turku, FI), Orn, Gunilla; (Turku, FI), Salmia, Jukka; (Kuusisto, FI), Ursin, Kaija Af; (Turku, FI) Correspondence: FINNEGAN, HENDERSON, FARABOW, GARRETT & DUNNER; LLP; 1300 I STREET, NW; WASHINGTON; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030181530 Date filed: April 8, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to aqueous compositions of nonsteroidal triphenylethylene antiestrogens for pharmaceutical use comprising as a solubility enhancing agent a pharmaceutically acceptable mono- or dicarboxylic acid having 1-5 carbon atoms, wherein the carbon chain may further contain 1-4 hydroxyl, 1-3 oxo, or one or several halogen substituents, or a corresponding anion thereof, or methanesulfonic acid or its corresponding anion, in molar excess with respect to the triphenylethylene antiestrogen, optionally together with an organic water miscible cosolvent such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), propylene glycol, ethanol or isopropanol. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to aqueous solutions of nonsteroidal triphenylethylene antiestrogens for pharmaceutical use and to methods for the
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preparation thereof. Toremifene, tamoxifen, 3-hydroxytamoxifen (droloxifene), 4hydroxytamoxifen, idoxifene, raloxifene, levormeloxifene, centchroman, clomiphene and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts are examples of nonsteroidal triphenylethylene antiestrogens useful in the treatment of estrogen dependent disorders, e.g. in the prevention or treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. This class of compounds share the triphenylethylene structure and the compounds are generally very poorly soluble to water. There is a need for stable aqueous formulations of nonsteroidal triphenylethylene antiestrogens and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, which would be suitable for e.g. high concentration parenteral, transdermal or topical formulations. Parenteral formulations of toremifene in the form of an emulsion, liposome or cyclodextrin complex have been described in WO 93/11757. Transdermal formulations of toremifene in DMSO/ethanol/methylcellulose/water have been described in WO 93/19746. Percutaneous hydroalcoholic gel of 4-hydroxytamoxifen has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,919,937. However, these prior formulations are cumbersome to prepare, are irritating or do not provide sufficiently high concentration solutions of nonsteroidal triphenylethylene antiestrogens. It has been found that aqueous solutions of nonsteroidal triphenylethylene antiestrogens and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts with high drug concentrations can be prepared by using as a solubility enhancing agent a pharmaceutically acceptable mono- or dicarboxylic acid having 1-5 carbon atoms, wherein the carbon chain may further contain 1-4 hydroxyl, 1-3 oxo, or one or several halogen substituents, or a corresponding anion thereof, or methanesulfonic acid or its corresponding anion, in molar excess with respect to the triphenylethylene antiestrogen. Furthermore, it was found that pH of such formulations can be increased to nearly neutral without precipitation of the triphenylethylene drug if the solubility enhancing agent is used together with an organic water miscible co-solvent, preferably polyethylene glycol (PEG), propylene glycol, ethanol or isopropanol or a combination thereof. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Soybean meal with a reduced fat and soluble sugar content, and methods of making and using the same Inventor(s): Cereto, Aurelio; (Porto Alegre, BR), Morelli, Cassio; (Sao Paulo, BR), Oliveira, Miguel Angelo F.; (Porto Alegre, BR), Rech, Rene; (Porto Alegre, BR) Correspondence: WHYTE HIRSCHBOECK DUDEK S C; 111 EAST WISCONSIN AVENUE; SUITE 2100; MILWAUKEE; WI; 53202 Patent Application Number: 20030157239 Date filed: April 4, 2002 Abstract: High protein, low soluble-sugar, oil containing soybean meal suitable for use as a partial or full replacement of fish meal and other protein and energy sources in the manufacture of fish and land animal feeds and petfoods, is produced by a process in which oil is mechanically extracted from dehulled, flaked soybeans. Soluble sugars are then extracted from the defatted soybean cake using an ethanol/water mixture in a counter-current solvent extraction process. The resulting meal contains a minimum of about 8 percent by weight residual soybean oil, and it is dried, cooled and ground to produce a fine, free-flowing powder product. The process also produces a sugar syrup suitable for use as a fermentation source for the production of ethanol, and a premium soybean oil. This syrup is also suitable to be used as a taste enhancer for animal feed (typically added to the soybean meal).
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to soybean meal. In one aspect, the invention relates to a soybean meal with both a reduced fat and soluble sugar content while in another aspect, the invention relates to a method of making the soybean meal. In yet another aspect, the invention relates to an integrated process of making the soybean meal in combination with one or more economically useful by-products. In still another aspect, the invention relates to using the soybean meal as at least a partial substitute for fishmeal and other protein and energy sources in the preparation of manufactured animal feeds, particularly manufactured fish feed. Soybeans are a major agriculture commodity in many parts of the world, and they are the source of many useful products for both human and animal consumption. Two of the more important products obtained from soybeans are soybean oil and soybean meal. While both of these products are consumed by humans and livestock, the primary use of soybean oil is as a vegetable oil for human consumption, and the primary use of soybean meal is as a component for animal feed mixtures. Soybean meal is high in protein, and it has proven to be an ideal source of amino acids used by animals in building their own proteins. Many methods are known for the processing of raw soybeans into oil and meal. Illustrative of these processes are those taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,721,569; 4,035,194; 4,359,480; 4,496,599; 4,728,522; 4,748,038; 4,785,726; 4,810,513; 4,992,294; 5,225,230; 5,773,051 and 5,866,192. Typical of these processes is the receipt of the soybeans from the field by any conventional transport means, for example, truck, barge, rail car, etc., in a dirty and often wet condition. The soybeans are then subjected to an elementary separation procedure, for example, contacted with a vibrating screen, in which the soybeans are separated from non-soybean material, for example, rocks, sticks, leaves, stems, dirt, weed seeds, etc., and unwanted soybean material, for example, scalpings, small or broken soybeans, loose hulls, etc. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Stabilized difloxacin injectable solution Inventor(s): Frijlink, Henderik W.; (KM Eelde, NL) Correspondence: WYETH; PATENT LAW GROUP; FIVE GIRALDA FARMS; MADISON; NJ; 07940; US Patent Application Number: 20030153581 Date filed: January 17, 2003 Abstract: An antibacterial formulation suitable for injection into animals containing approximately 2-10% w/v difloxacin HCI, L-arginine base, propylene glycol, ethanol and/or benzyl alcohol, and water. The formulation is a solution having a pH of form 9 to 10. The formulation produces little or no tissue damage or irritation at the injection site. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from copending provisional application Ser. No. 60/352,764, filed on Jan. 28, 2002, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. This invention relates to the field of formulations for the antibiotic compound difloxacin, especially formulations suitable to be injected into animals. Difloxacin, also known as 6-fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-7- -(4methyl-1-piperadinyl) 4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, is an antibiotic compound useful against a wide range of bacteria in animals. However, it is not highly soluble in water, which makes difloxacin difficult to formulate for administration by injection. Difloxacin is soluble in some high pH formulations, but high pH formulations tend to damage or irritate the tissue at the injection site. U.S. Pat. No. 4,772,605 teaches alkaline
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aqueous formulations for quinolinecarboxylic acids which contain arginine and a base, and may contain an alcohol and/or other ingredients. Formulations containing difloxacin are not disclosed in this patent. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Stable pharmaceutical budesonide preparation for producing propellant-free aerosols Inventor(s): Freund, Bernhard; (Gau-Algesheim, DE), Krueger, Michael; (Ingelheim, DE), Zierenberg, Bernd; (Bingen, DE) Correspondence: BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM CORPORATION; 900 RIDGEBURY ROAD; P. O. BOX 368; RIDGEFIELD; CT; 06877; US Patent Application Number: 20030165435 Date filed: February 25, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to ethanol-containing pharmaceutical preparations for the production of propellant-free aerosols. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical preparations in the form of stable ethanolic solutions of active substances for producing propellant-free aerosols. In the last 20 years, the use of metering aerosols has become an established component of the treatment of obstructive lung diseases, particularly asthma. Usually, fluorochlorohydrocarbons have been used as propellant gases. Since the ozonedamaging potential of these propellant gases was recognised, more and more efforts have been made to develop alternatives. One alternative is the development of nebulisers in which aqueous solutions of pharmacologically-active substances are sprayed under high pressure so as to produce a mist of inhalable particles. The advantage of these nebulisers is that there is no need to use any propellant gases whatsoever. Some nebulisers are described, for example, in PCT Patent Application WO91/14468, the contents of which are referred to hereinafter. In the nebulisers described therein, solutions of defined volumes containing active substances are sprayed, using high pressures through small nozzles so as to produce inhalable aerosols with a preferred particle size of between 1 and 10, preferably between 2 and 5 micrometers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Thermistor device, thermistor device manufacturing method and temperature sensor Inventor(s): Kuzuoka, Kaoru; (Toyota-city, JP), Ogata, Itsuhei; (Nishio-shi, JP), Yamada, Masanori; (Nishio-shi, JP), Yasuda, Eturo; (Nishio-shi, JP) Correspondence: NIXON & VANDERHYE, PC; 1100 N GLEBE ROAD; 8TH FLOOR; ARLINGTON; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20030205698 Date filed: August 20, 2001 Abstract: The thermistor portion of a thermistor device consists of a mixed sintered body of aY(Cr.sub.0.5Mn.sub.0.5)O.sub.3.bAl.sub.2O.sub.3 made of the perovskite-type compound Y(Cr.sub.0.5Mn.sub.0.5)O.sub.3 and Al.sub.2O.sub.3, or a mixed sintered body of aY(Cr.sub.0.5Mn.sub.0.5)O.su- b.3.b(Al.sub.2O.sub.3+Y.sub.2O.sub.3) made of Y(Cr.sub.0.5Mn.sub.0.5)O.sub-.3, Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and Y.sub.2O.sub.3. The mole
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fractions a and b have the relationships 0.05.ltoreq.a<1.0, 0
Treatment of tumor cells for use in immunotherapy of cancer Inventor(s): Berd, David; (Wyncote, PA) Correspondence: DARBY & DARBY P.C.; P. O. BOX 5257; NEW YORK; NY; 10150-5257; US Patent Application Number: 20030170756 Date filed: February 3, 2003 Abstract: A method comprising exposing tumor cells to ethanol has been found to preserve the tumor cells during storage. As compared to control cells, tumor cells are preserved for a longer time, and retain display of antigen. In a specific embodiment,
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modified or unmodified cells are exposed to a concentration of about 37.5% (v/v) ethanol for a period of about 10 minutes at about 40.degree. C. Methods of storing haptenized tumor cells and vaccine preparations are also provided. It has also been found that tumor cell vaccines which comprise mainly dead or non-Trypan Blueexcluding cells can have retained or even improved antigenicity as compared to live cells. Methods of preparing and using such vaccines are also described. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/354,094, filed Feb. 1, 2002, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The invention relates to compositions comprising a tumor cell treated for preservation, sterility, or both. The tumor cell compositions are particularly suitable for immunotherapeutic vaccine. Haptenized tumor cell preparations are especially advantageous. In blood transfusion, bone marrow transplantation, immunotherapeutic vaccine preparation, or other cell preparations ex vivo, one of the principal problems encountered is that of the preservation of cells. It is critical to be able to preserve cells, under good conditions of viability, for time periods compatible with clinical production and storage, and to make it possible to analyze cell preparations. The most commonly used method of long-term preservation of cells is to freeze and subsequently thaw them. However, during the freezing of cells, lysis of cells and loss of cell integrity may occur. This problem can be even more complex when the cells have been modified or altered prior to preservation, and when the cells are obtained by proteolytic digestion of a tissue or tumor specimen. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Use of chlorhexidine in the prevention of root caries Inventor(s): Perry, Oliver Ross; (Toronto, CA), Symington, Alison; (Toronto, CA), Symington, John Marston; (Etobicoke, CA), Ten Cate, Arnold Richard; (Markham, CA) Correspondence: Benita J Rohm; Rohm & Monsanto; First National Building; 660 Woodward Avenue Suite 1525; Detroit; MI; 48226; US Patent Application Number: 20030162839 Date filed: January 12, 2003 Abstract: Topical application of a solution of the antimicrobial chlorhexidine to teeth, particularly including exposed root surfaces, prevents the destruction of exposed cementum and associated exposed enamel at the cementum-enamel junction on tooth root surfaces (root caries) and the inflammation of the gingival tissue. In a method of use, a topical solution containing 10% (w/v) chlorhexidine. 20% (w/v) Sumatra benzoin. and 70% (w/v) ethanol is applied to the appropriate area of the tooth surface. followed immediately by application of a sealant which is a solution containing 29% (w/v) medical-grade polyurethane in 49% (w/v) acetone and 22% (w/v) ethyl acetate. Application of the chlorhexidine and sealant to the tooth cementum and gingival margin of "at risk" older adult patients has significantly reduced the prevalence and incidence of root caries and gingival inflammation. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of, and claims the benefit of, provisional application No. 60/194,559 on Apr. 3, 2000. The invention relates to the prevention of the destruction of exposed cementum tissue on human tooth root surfaces and the reduction of inflammation of gingival tissues, and more particularly, to the topical application of the antimicrobial agent chlorhexidine to reduce the increment of root caries and to reduce gingival inflammation. Periodontal disease and dental caries are
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chronic conditions found in the dentition of a significant proportion of the general adult population. There is, therefore, tremendous incentive to develop preventative treatments for these diseases. Both diseases are now generally accepted as bacterial infections found in the dental plaque that forms on teeth and in periodontal pockets. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Zymomonas pentose-sugar fermenting strains and uses thereof Inventor(s): Chou, Yat-Chen; (Golden, CO), Eddy, Christine; (Golden, CO), Evans, Kent; (Littleton, CO), Howe, William; (Golden, CO), Mohagheghi, Ali; (Northglenn, CO), Zhang, Min; (Lakewood, CO) Correspondence: Paul L. White; Patent Counsel; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 1617 Cole Boulevard; Golden; CO; 80401-3393; US Patent Application Number: 20030162271 Date filed: April 27, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed in the present invention is a Zymomonas integrant and derivatives of these integrants that posses the ability to ferment pentose into ethanol. The genetic sequences encoding for the pentose-fermenting enzymes are integrated into the Zymomonas in a two-integration event of homologous recombination and transposition. Each operon includes more than one pentose-reducing enzyme encoding sequence. The integrant in some embodiments includes enzyme sequences encoding xylose isomerase, xylulokinase, transketolase and transketolase. The Zymomonas integrants are highly stable, and retain activity for producing the pentose-fermenting enzyme for between 80 to 160 generations. The integrants are also resistant to acetate inhibition, as the integrants demonstrate efficient ethanol production even in the presence of 8 up to 16 grams acetate per liter media. These stably integrated sequences provide a unique Zymomonas that may then be used for the efficient conversion of pentose sugars (xylose, arabinose) to ethanol. Method of using the Zymomonas integrants and derivatives thereof in production of ethanol from cellulosic feedstock is also disclosed. The invention also provides a method for preparing a Zymomonas integrant as part of the present invention. The host Zymomonas strain found particularly useful in the creation of these compositions and methods is Zymomonas mobilis 31821. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/565,233, filed May 1, 2000. The present application is related to PCT application PCT/US01/11334, filed Apr. 6, 2001, claiming priority to U.S. Ser. No.09/565,233. The present invention relates to the biological conversion of cellulosic substrates into fuels and chemicals, and in particular to recombinant Zymomonas mobilis strains which ferment xylose, arabinose, and mannose or all of these into ethanol. Fermentation technology is useful for the conversion renewable biomass cellulose substrates into fuels and chemicals, such as ethanol. A typical substrate is comprised of 35-45% cellulose, 30-40% hemicellulose, and 15% lignin. The hydrolysis fraction contains glucose polymers, and the hemicellulose fraction contains mostly xylose. Arabinose is also a significant fermentable substrate found in biomass materials, such as switchgrass grass and corn fiber. Thus, achieving a high rate of specific product formation and conversion efficiency in the fermentation of the pentose sugars is vital to the commercial production of fuels and chemicals from a renewable substrates. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with ethanol, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “ethanol” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on ethanol. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning ethanol. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON ETHANOL Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to ethanol. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on ethanol include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “ethanol” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on ethanol: •
Cognitive Disorders: Pathophysiology and Treatment Source: New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1992. 388 p. Contact: Available from Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. PRICE: $140.00. ISBN: 0824786017. Summary: Cognitive dysfunction is a common manifestation of many different disease states ranging from autism and dyslexia in children to Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease in the elderly. This book reviews major disease states that involve cognitive dysfunction. Chapters in part 1 examine cognitive disorders of childhood. Parts 2 and 3 cover cognitive disorders of middle and later years, respectively. The final part discusses future pharmacological treatments and their evaluation. Topics include: (1) developmental disabilities in children, (2) cognitive function following closed head injury, (3) the neuropsychological aspects of Huntington's disease, (4) the cognitive disorders associated with psychiatric illnesses, (5) consequences of drug and ethanol use
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on cognitive function, (6) cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease, (7) vascular dementias, and (8) age-associated memory impairment. •
Metabolism at a Glance. 2nd ed Source: Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Inc. 1999. 112 p. Contact: Available from Blackwell Publishing Inc. 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148. (781) 388-8200. Fax: (781) 388-8210. Website: www.blackwellpublishing.com/book. PRICE: $34.95. ISBN: 632052740. Summary: This atlas offers a complete review course on metabolism is health and disease. The important features of a metabolic pathway are highlighted on a detailed background map. The book includes 49 entries, covering biosynthesis, the metabolism of glucose to provide energy (including the importance of insulin to glucose transport), the anaerobic metabolism of glucose, the production of urea, biosynthesis of the nonessential amino acids, the catabolism of amino acids, the metabolism of protein to fat, disorders of amino acid metabolism, porphyrin metabolism, glycogen metabolism, regulation of glycolysis, regulation of the Krebs cycle, ketone bodies and ketone body utilization, desaturation of fatty acids, cholesterol, bile acids, and the steroid hormones, the metabolism of ethanol, fructose metabolism, sorbitol and xylitol, the biochemistry of sport and exercise, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and pancreatic beta cell metabolism. Two-color charts and diagrams illustrate each of the processes under discussion. A subject index concludes the volume.
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Drugs of Abuse, Immunity, and Infection Contact: CRC Press, Incorporated, 2000 Corporate Blvd NW, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, (561) 994-0555. Summary: This book focuses on possible relationships among drugs of abuse, such as marijuana, morphine, cocaine, and alcohol, on immune response function and altered resistance to microorganisms, especially opportunistic ones. The book presents a number of literature reviews concerning various categories of drugs, immunity, and infectious diseases. The first series of chapters addresses the effects of marijuana on the immune response. The effects of opiates, including morphine, on infectious diseases, are described in the second set of reviews. Several reviews then describe the effects of ethanol on immunity, both in general and on bacterial infections. The final chapter explores the connection between psychiatric drugs and immunity.
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Alcohol and the Gastrointestinal Tract Source: Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 1996. 347 p. Contact: Available from CRC Press. 2000 Corporate Boulevard NW., Boca Raton, FL 33431. (800) 272-7737 or (561) 994-0555. Fax (800) 374-3401. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: http://www.crcpress.com. PRICE: $179.00. ISBN: 0849324807. Summary: This medical text considers alcohol and the gastrointestinal tract. The topics include the metabolism of alcohol and its implications for the pathogenesis of disease; endocrine changes in alcoholism with special reference to GI hormones; the effects of ethanol on salivary glands; alcoholic pancreatitis; small bowel injury by ethanol; alcohol-induced malabsorption in the GI tract; alcohol and small intestinal permeability; GI motility disorders induced by ethanol; lipid metabolism in the intestinal tract and its modification by ethanol; alcohol's promotion of GI carcinogenesis; and objectives for
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future research in understanding the effects of ethanol on the GI tract. A subject index concludes the book.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “ethanol” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “ethanol” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “ethanol” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
1995 97 CRC Study of Fuel Volatility Effects on Cold-Start and Warmup Driveability With Hydrocarbon, Mtbe, and Ethanol Gasolines: Phase 2 Warm Temperatures (C R C Report (Coordinating Research Council), No 603) (1998); ISBN: 9999888615; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9999888615/icongroupinterna
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1995-7 CRC Study of Fuel Volatility Effects on Cold-Start and Warmup Driveability With Hydrocarbon, Mtbe, and Ethanol Gasolines: Summary Report for Phases 1, 2 and 3 (CRC (Coordinating Research Council), 613) (1998); ISBN: 9990930767; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9990930767/icongroupinterna
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1998 Ethanol Vehicle Challenge by Society Of Automotive Engineers; ISBN: 0768003857; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0768003857/icongroupinterna
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2000 Ethanol Vehicle Challenge (2001); ISBN: 0768007658; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0768007658/icongroupinterna
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21st Century Complete Guide to Biofuels and Bioenergy: Department of Energy Alternative Fuel Research, Agriculture Department Biofuel Research, Biomass, Biopower, Biodiesel, Ethanol, Methanol, Plant Material Products, Landfill Methane, Crop Residues (CD-ROM) by U.S. Government; ISBN: 1592482791; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1592482791/icongroupinterna
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A Guide to Commercial-Scale Ethanol Production and Financing by Solar Energy Research Institute (2002); ISBN: 0894992007; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0894992007/icongroupinterna
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Alcohol (Ethanol)--Its Adverse, Harmful & Delayed Health Damage Including Cancer: Index of New Information With References by Abbe Research Department Staff (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0788322168; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788322168/icongroupinterna
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Alcohol fuels : impacts from increased use of ethanol blended fuels : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Energy and Power, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives (SuDoc GA 1.13:RCED-90-156) by U.S. General Accounting Office; ISBN: B000103MQI; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000103MQI/icongroupinterna
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An Assessment of Bio-ethanol as a Transport Fuel in the UK by J.E. Marrow, J. Coombs; ISBN: 0114134170; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0114134170/icongroupinterna
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Biochemical pharmacology of ethanol; ISBN: 0306390566; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306390566/icongroupinterna
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Biochemistry and pharmacology of ethanol; ISBN: 0306401304; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306401304/icongroupinterna
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Clean Air Act : environmental benefits and impacts of ethanol : hearing before the Subcommittee on Clean Air, Wetlands, Private Property, and Nuclear Safety of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, June 14, 2000 (SuDoc Y 4.P 96/10:S.HRG.106-953); ISBN: 0160662702; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160662702/icongroupinterna
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Clean air program : design guidelines for bus transit systems using alcohol fuel (methanol and ethanol) as an alternative fuel : final report (SuDoc TD 7.8:C 58/3) by U.S. Dept of Transportation; ISBN: B00010RYTO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010RYTO/icongroupinterna
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Demonstration of a stabilized alumina/ethanol colloidal dispersion technique for seeding high temperature air flows (SuDoc NAS 1.15:106945) by Mark P. Wernet; ISBN: B00010PX4C; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010PX4C/icongroupinterna
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Directory of service stations that sell ethanol-blended gasoline (SuDoc A 1.2:ET 3) by U.S. Dept of Agriculture; ISBN: B00010FOOQ; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010FOOQ/icongroupinterna
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Dithiocarbamic Acid and Derivatives to Ethanol, Volume A9, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th Edition by Hans-Jürgen Arpe (Editor), et al; ISBN: 3527201092; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527201092/icongroupinterna
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DNA-based detection of ethanol-producing microorganisms in postmortem blood and tissues by polymerase chain reaction (SuDoc TD 4.210:00/16) by U.S. Dept of Transportation; ISBN: B0001149WS; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001149WS/icongroupinterna
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Economic potential for alternative transportation fuels : methanol, ethanol, propane, liquefied coal, compressed natural gas and hydrogen : proceedings of a seminar held on November 17, 1981, Calgary, Alberta; ISBN: 092052219X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/092052219X/icongroupinterna
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Economics of ethanol production in the United States (SuDoc A 1.107:607) by Sally Kane; ISBN: B000103240; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000103240/icongroupinterna
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Electrolyte Data Collection: Conductivities, Transference Numbers, and Limiting Lonic Conductivities of Ethanol (Chemistry Data Series, Vol. Xii, Part 1A) by J. Barthel (Editor), R. Neueder (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 3926959398; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3926959398/icongroupinterna
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Emerging technologies in ethanol production (SuDoc A 1.75:663) by Neil Hohmann; ISBN: B00010G12U; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010G12U/icongroupinterna
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Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design: Ethanol As Fuel: Options to Exhaust Stacks, Cost by William Cunningham (Editor), John J. McKetta; ISBN: 0824724704; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824724704/icongroupinterna
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Ethanol; ISBN: 0892060506; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892060506/icongroupinterna
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Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol) in Zimbabwe [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Gobi International (Author); ISBN: B00009AQKW; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00009AQKW/icongroupinterna
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Ethanol and agriculture effect of increased production on crop and livestock sectors (SuDoc A 1.107:667) by U.S. Dept of Agriculture; ISBN: B00010GAIU; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010GAIU/icongroupinterna
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Ethanol and Intracellular Signaling: From Molecules to Behavior by Jan B. Hoch (Editor), Enoch Gordis (2001); ISBN: 0756734053; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0756734053/icongroupinterna
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Ethanol and the Liver: Mechanisms and Management by David I. N. Sherman (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 0415275822; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415275822/icongroupinterna
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Ethanol from cellulosic residues and crops annual report (SuDoc Y 3.T 25:4/Z-246/); ISBN: B00010K2HU; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010K2HU/icongroupinterna
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Ethanol production and employment (SuDoc A 1.75:678) by M. F. Petrulis; ISBN: B00010JG18; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010JG18/icongroupinterna
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Ethanol production and the rural economy (SuDoc A 1.75:664-40) by Mindy F. Petrulis; ISBN: B00010JNVQ; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010JNVQ/icongroupinterna
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Ethanol Production from Mixed Waste Paper: A Pre-Feasibility Study by Jeffrey G. Yost, Kandra Hahn; ISBN: 0788176870; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788176870/icongroupinterna
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Ethanol Production from Municipal Solid Waste in Nebraska: A General Feasibility Study by Kandra Hahn; ISBN: 0788176889; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788176889/icongroupinterna
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Ethanol production, corn gluten feed, and EC trade (SuDoc A 1.75:677) by Margot Anderson; ISBN: B00010JG0Y; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010JG0Y/icongroupinterna
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Ethanol Programs in Minnesota: A Program Evaluation Report by Elliot Long (1997); ISBN: 0788182846; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788182846/icongroupinterna
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Ethanol Reference Materials for 2H-NMR Determinations (SNIF-NMR): BCR Information: BCR Information [series]: Chemical Analysis by G. Martin, M. Trierweiller (1994); ISBN: 0119738945; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0119738945/icongroupinterna
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Ethanol Vehicle Challenge 1999 (2000); ISBN: 0768005701; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0768005701/icongroupinterna
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Ethanol, clean air, and farm economy : hearing before the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session on ethanol, clean air, and farm economy, September 28, 1995 (SuDoc Y 4.AG 8/3:S.HRG.104-549); ISBN: 0160537509; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160537509/icongroupinterna
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Ethanol, Employment and Development: Lessons from Brazil by A. Pereira (1986); ISBN: 9221053806; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9221053806/icongroupinterna
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Ethanol, Methanol and Gasohol by Xxx Williams; ISBN: 025040382X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/025040382X/icongroupinterna
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Ethanol: National Security Implications: A Report of the Energy and Strategic Resources Staff (Significant Issues Series Vol V, No 7) by Adela M. Bolet; ISBN: 0819159220; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0819159220/icongroupinterna
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Feeding Value of Ethanol Production By-Products; ISBN: 0309031362; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309031362/icongroupinterna
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Fermentation Ethanol: An Industrial Profile (Report of the Tropical Products Institute) by M.R. Adams, G. Flynn (1982); ISBN: 0859541649; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859541649/icongroupinterna
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Forced convection boiling and critical heat flux of ethanol in electrically heated tube tests (SuDoc NAS 1.15:206612) by Michael L. Meyer; ISBN: B00010YPW8; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010YPW8/icongroupinterna
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Fuel from Farms: a Guide to Small Scale Ethanol Production by Seis; ISBN: 0899340512; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0899340512/icongroupinterna
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Hepatic metabolism of ethanol and sorbitol in hypo-, hyper- and euthyroid rats by Matti E. Hillbom; ISBN: 9519501223; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9519501223/icongroupinterna
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Human Metabolism of Alcohol: Regulation, Enzymology, and Metabolites of Ethanol by Richard D.,Ph.D., D. Phil. Batt (Editor), Crow (Editor); ISBN: 0849345227; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849345227/icongroupinterna
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International Symposium on Ethanol from Biomass: Winnipeg, Canada, October 1315, 1982 by H. E. Duckworth (1983); ISBN: 0920064175; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0920064175/icongroupinterna
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Neuropharmacology of Ethanol by Roger E. Meyer (1991); ISBN: 3764334630; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3764334630/icongroupinterna
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Neuropharmacology of Ethanol: New Approaches by Roger E. Meyer, et al (1991); ISBN: 0817634630; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0817634630/icongroupinterna
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Perspectives on potential agricultural and budgetary impacts from an increased use of ethanol fuels statement for the record of Judy England-Joseph, Associate Director, Energy Issues, Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division, before the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives (SuDoc GA 1.5/2:TRCED-90-23) by Judy England-Joseph; ISBN: B00010BVIO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010BVIO/icongroupinterna
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Petroleum and ethanol fuels : tax incentives and related GAO work (SuDoc GA 1.13:RCED-00-301 R) by U.S. General Accounting Office; ISBN: B0001144BY; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001144BY/icongroupinterna
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Pharmacological Effects of Ethanol on the Nervous System by Richard A. Deitrich (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0849383897; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849383897/icongroupinterna
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Reducing the Cost of Ethanol Production Through the Use of a Continuous Membrane Bioreactor by Munir Cheryan (Editor); ISBN: 0756711290; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0756711290/icongroupinterna
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Selection of an internal standard for postmortem ethanol analysis (SuDoc TD 4.210:98/5) by U.S. Dept of Transportation; ISBN: B00010Z1L2; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010Z1L2/icongroupinterna
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Small-scale ethanol production : January 1979 - October 1991 (SuDoc A 17.18/4:92-46) by Steven Shapiro; ISBN: B00010A6YE; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010A6YE/icongroupinterna
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Stabilized alumina/ethanol colloidal dispersion for seeding high temperature air flows (SuDoc NAS 1.15:106591) by Judith H. Wernet; ISBN: B00010LULC; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010LULC/icongroupinterna
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The alcohol economy : fuel ethanol and the Brazilian experience by Harry Rothman; ISBN: 086187255X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/086187255X/icongroupinterna
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The Biotechnology of Ethanol : Classical and Future Applications by M. Roehr (Editor); ISBN: 3527301992; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527301992/icongroupinterna
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The Certification of the Three Reference Ethanols for SNIF-NMR: BCR Certified Reference Materials by G.J. Martin (1994); ISBN: 0119737930; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0119737930/icongroupinterna
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The economic impact of alternative ethanol based agro-industrial systems on the state and regions of Queensland : an application of input-output analysis : report to the Department of Commercial and Industrial Development by J. B. Morison; ISBN: 0909260095; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0909260095/icongroupinterna
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The Economic Impact of the Demand for Ethanol by Michael Evans (2000); ISBN: 0788171798; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788171798/icongroupinterna
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Thermophilic Microbes in Ethanol Production by Gary E. Slapack, et al; ISBN: 0849352991; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849352991/icongroupinterna
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Understanding Ethanol Fuel Production and Use (Understanding Technology Series) by Cliff Bradley, Ken Runnion (1985); ISBN: 0866192034; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0866192034/icongroupinterna
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USDA's 1998 ethanol cost-of-production survey (SuDoc A 1.107:808) by Hosein Shapouri; ISBN: B000116ARA; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000116ARA/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “ethanol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.”
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From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
Interaction of alcohol and other drugs; an annotated bibliography of the scientific literature on the interaction of ethanol and other chemical compounds normally absent in vivo. complied at the Addiction Research Foundation Documentation Department by E. Polacsek [et al.]. Author: Polacsek, E.; Year: 1972; Toronto [c1972]
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Reduction of steroids during ethanol metabolism. Author: Cronholm, Tomas.; Year: 1973; [Stockholm, 1972]
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Studies on the combustion of ethanol and its influence on liver lipid metabolism, by Rolf Blomstrand [et al.]. Author: Blomstrand, Rolf.; Year: 1961; Stockholm [Distributed by the Almqvist; Wiksell Periodical Co.] 1974
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The cross-tolerance between ethanol and general anesthetics; an experimental study on rats. Author: Scheinin, Barbro.; Year: 1972; Turku, 1971
Chapters on Ethanol In order to find chapters that specifically relate to ethanol, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and ethanol using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “ethanol” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on ethanol: •
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Source: in Hanno, P.M.; Malkowicz, S.B.; Wein, A.J. Clinical Manual of Urology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2001. p. 437-470. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. (612) 832-7869. Website: www.bookstore.mcgraw- hill.com. PRICE: $54.95;plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0071362010. Summary: This chapter is from a handbook that serves as a basic, portable reference tool for the busy medical student and house officer rotating on the urology service and that enables program directors to use the information presented as a framework on which to present their particular management styles and strategies. In addition, the handbook can serve as a ready reference for the primary care physician, who is often the first person to see the patient with what ultimately proves to be a urologic problem. This chapter considers benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a condition categorized by regional nodular growth of the prostate that occurs in almost all men who have testes and who live long enough. Because of the anatomic location of the prostatic growth (surrounding
11
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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the proximal urethra), clinical problems and symptoms can result. Topics include the definition of the different stages of BPH; the epidemiology, incidence, prevalence, and economics of BPH; prostatic size and morphology (shape) pertinent to BPH; etiologic theories of BPH, including pathophysiology, hormones, the stromal epithelial interaction theory, the stem cell theory, and static and dynamic components of prostatic obstruction; symptoms and signs of BPH; the urodynamics of BPH, including uroflowmetry, cystometry and pressure flow studies; symptomatic versus urodynamic improvement; the natural history of BPH and its alteration; the evaluation of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suspected to be due to BPH, including quality of life indices; indications for the treatment of clinical BPH; and treatment options, including watchful waiting (observation only), drug therapy, balloon dilation, prostatic urethral stents, resection and modalities producing vaporization or coagulation necrosis (tissue death), microwave thermotherapy, lasers, needle electrode delivery radiofrequency, electrosurgical resection and vaporization, transurethral vaporization of the prostate, electrosurgical incision, high intensity focused ultrasound, water induced thermotherapy, and ethanol interstitial injection. A patient care algorithm is provided. The information in the chapter is presented in outline format, for ease of reference, and line drawings illustrate the chapter. The chapter concludes with a list of eleven selfassessment questions and their answers. 3 figures. 4 tables. 14 references. •
Alcoholic Liver Disease Source: in Feldman, M.; Friedman, L.S.; Sleisenger, M.H. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 7th ed. [2-volume set]. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. 2002. p. 1375-1391. Contact: Available from Elsevier. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 568-5136. Website: www.us.elsevierhealth.com. PRICE: $229.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721689736. Summary: This chapter on alcoholic liver disease is from a comprehensive and authoritative textbook that covers disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tree, pancreas, and liver, as well as the related topics of nutrition and peritoneal disorders. Topics include epidemiology, ethanol metabolism (both hepatic, i.e., liver and gastric, i.e., stomach metabolism), the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury, cofactors in the development of alcoholic liver disease (heritable factors, gender, diet and nutrition, coexistent viral hepatitis), diagnostic considerations, complications, treatment options, and prognosis. Treatments discussed include abstinence from alcohol intake, nutritional supplements, anti-inflammatory drugs, antioxidants, drugs with unconfirmed benefit, and liver transplantation. The chapter includes a mini-outline with page citations, fullcolor illustrations, and extensive references. 7 figures. 6 tables. 188 references.
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Renal Failure and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Source: in Pellitteri, P.; McCaffrey, T.V. Endocrine Surgery of the Head and Neck. Florence, KY: Thomson Learning. 2003. p. 389-400. Contact: Available from Thomson Learning, Attn: Order Fulfillment. P.O. Box 6904 Florence, KY 41022 (800) 347-7707. Fax (800) 487-8488. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.delmar.com. PRICE: $179.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 076930091x. Summary: This chapter, from a textbook on endocrine surgery of the head and neck, covers renal (kidney) failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPTH). The authors note that secondary HPTH is a complex process. Hyperplasia (overgrowth) of the
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parathyroid glands and increase in the serum PTH (parathyroid hormone) levels appear early in the development of renal disease. Medical treatment of HPTH is aimed at reducing serum phosphatase levels, increasing serum calcium levels, administering vitamin D analogs, and maintaining an appropriate metabolic equilibrium with adequate dialysis. The most common indications for surgical treatment of secondary HPTH are the development of renal osteodystrophy (bone disease), severe pruritus (itching) associated with HPTH, calciphylaxis, and tumoral calcinosis. Less clear indications for surgery are easy fatigability, proximal muscle weakness and anemia. Patients with secondary HPTH treated surgically can expect substantial improvements in bone and joint pain and pruritus in most cases. Amelioration of fatigue and generalized well being are often observed, albeit harder to quantify. Surgical techniques most commonly employed include subtotal parathyroidectomy and total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation. There may be a role for minimally invasive approaches, such as endoscopic parathyroidectomy and percutaneous ethanol ablation, which are currently still investigational. 3 figures. 95 references. •
Alcoholic Liver Disease: New Concepts of Pathogenesis and Treatment Source: in Schrier, R.W., et al., eds. Advances in Internal Medicine. Vol 39. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 1994. p. 49-92. Contact: Available from Mosby Year-Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 426-4545. Fax (800) 535-9935. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $72.95. ISBN: 0815183127. ISSN: 00652822. Summary: This chapter, from a yearbook of advances in internal medicine, reviews the pathophysiology of ethanol in the liver and recent developments in the treatment of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Topics include the absorption, distribution, and elimination of ethanol; the metabolism of ethanol; alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases; other routes for ethanol metabolism, including ethanol oxidation associated with the microsomes and nonoxidative ethanol metabolism; the pathological effects of ethanol and ethanol metabolism, including the formation of acetaldehyde adducts, acetaldehyde and the cytoskeleton, the immune response, and oxidative injury; the genetics of ALD; the treatment of ALD, from fatty liver to alcoholic hepatitis to alcoholic cirrhosis; nutritional factors, including the use of nutritional supplementation; insulin and glucagon infusion; pharmacologic agents, including glucocorticoids, colchicine, and propylthiouracil; and liver transplantation. The chapter concludes with three recommendations regarding treatment of alcoholic liver disease: total abstinence from alcohol, together with good nutrition, are the most important prescriptions for recovery; corticosteroids are useful for decreasing the shortterm mortality of severe acute alcoholic hepatitis; and patients with end-stage liver disease due to alcoholic cirrhosis are candidates for orthotopic liver transplantation. 3 tables. 232 references.
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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON ETHANOL Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on ethanol. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Ethanol The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in ethanol (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on ethanol: •
Ethanol interactions [videorecording] Source: a Hahnemann University and Videotech Associates Inc. production; Year: 1983; Format: Videorecording; [S.l.]: The Associates, c1983
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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ETHANOL Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover ethanol.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on ethanol is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “ethanol” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to ethanol. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “ethanol” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for ethanol: •
Peptide's ethanol blocking effect protects against fetal alcohol syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 10, 2003
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Caffeine-ethanol combination may reduce damage after stroke Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 10, 2003
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Ethanol still dispensed at many US hospitals Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 04, 2003
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Ethanol ablation of prostate relieves symptoms of BPH in pilot study Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 30, 2002
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Fomepizole treats methanol poisoning Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 08, 2001
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Slower rate of ethanol metabolism more cardioprotective Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 10, 2000
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Coadministration of abacavir does not alter blood ethanol concentration Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 05, 2000
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Effects of ethanol consumption plus thiamine deficiency are domain specific Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 01, 2000
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Ethanol protects against HIV gp120-mediated neurotoxicity Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 30, 2000
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Ethanol accelerates HCV-related liver fibrosis in HIV-infected patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 01, 2000
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Long-chain alcohols reverse the inhibition of cell adhesion caused by ethanol Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 28, 2000
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Fyn Tyrosine Kinase Mediates Behavioral Effects Of Ethanol In Mice Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 24, 1997
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Teratogenic Effect Of Ethanol May Be Influenced By Dysregulation Of Single Gene Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 10, 1997
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Two Forms Of P450 Involved In Ethanol-Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 27, 1997
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Ethanol Consumption Before Conception Produces Mutations In Mice Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 11, 1996 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date
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at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “ethanol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “ethanol” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to ethanol, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “ethanol” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “ethanol” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on ethanol:
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Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies Source: Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases. 47(6): 5-8. October 1998. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. 1330 West Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30309. (800) 268-6942 or (404) 872-7100. Fax (404) 872-9559. Website: www.arthritis.org. Summary: This newsletter article provides health professionals with information on the diagnostic utility of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) and the role they may have in enhancing disease expression. ANCAs are autoantibodies to antigens found in the cytoplasm of neutrophils. Two subsets of the antibodies, c-ANCAs and pANCAs, are distinguished by their fluorescent pattern on ethanol fixed neutrophil cytospin preparations. The indirect immunofluorescence technique and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays are used to detect ANCAs. The disease most clearly associated with ANCAs is Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). ANCAs have been detected with varying frequency in patients with Churg-Strauss syndrome. Also, patients who have Kawasaki disease may have ANCAs, but these antibodies occur in a minority of patients. Giant cell arteritis, Takayasu's arteritis, and Behcet's disease are not associated with ANCAs. ANCAs have been described in patients with various rheumatic autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, juvenile chronic arthritis, reactive arthritis, relapsing polychondritis, and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. ANCAs have been discovered in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, and they have been described in certain infections. Evidence from clinical, in vitro, and some animal models supports a pathogenic role for ANCAs in the development of certain small vessel vasculitides. The strongest clinical association is that of c-ANCA/PR3-ANCA with WG. Many in vitro studies have found that ANCAs have proinflammatory effects on neutrophils, monocytes, and endothelial cells. Animal models support a pathogenic role for ANCAs in the development of vasculitis in vivo. Although ANCA status can be a useful diagnostic adjunct to the evaluation of patients with suspected WG or microscopic polyangiitis, it cannot replace clinical expertise. In addition, a rise in ANCA titer should not be used as the sole parameter to justify immunosuppressive therapy. 1 figure and 17 references.
Academic Periodicals covering Ethanol Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to ethanol. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering ethanol that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for ethanol. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP).
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Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.
Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to ethanol by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on “Orphan Drug Designation Database.” On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “ethanol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for
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marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor. The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for ethanol: •
Fomepizole (trade name: Antizole) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=711
If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
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These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
13
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “ethanol” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 81348 546 673 87 3 82657
HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “ethanol” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
15
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
16
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
20 Adapted 21
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on ethanol can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to ethanol. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to ethanol. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “ethanol”:
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Other guides Alcohol and Youth http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholandyouth.html Alcohol Consumption http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholconsumption.html Alcoholism http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholism.html Fetal Alcohol Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fetalalcoholsyndrome.html Liver Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/livercancer.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to ethanol. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to ethanol. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with ethanol. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about ethanol. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “ethanol” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “ethanol”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “ethanol” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “ethanol” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
23
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
24
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on ethanol: •
Basic Guidelines for Ethanol Ethanol overdose Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002644.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Ethanol Coma Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm Slurred speech Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003204.htm Stupor Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm Unable to walk in a normal manner Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003199.htm
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Vomit Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Ethanol Gastric lavage Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003882.htm
•
Background Topics for Ethanol Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Alcohol consumption Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001944.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Slowed respirations Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000007.htm Unconscious Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000022.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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ETHANOL DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 1-Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylinositol to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. This is the first committed step in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5trisphosphate. This pathway is thought to play a critical role in DNA repair, V(D)J recombination and cell cycle checkpoints. EC 2.7.1.137. [NIH] Abacavir: A nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NARTIs) developed by Glaxo Wellcome. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine. [NIH] Acinus: The berrylike ending of a tiny airway in the lung, where the alveoli (air sacs) are located. [NIH] Action Potentials: The electric response of a nerve or muscle to its stimulation. [NIH]
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Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adduct: Complex formed when a carcinogen combines with DNA or a protein. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
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Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Air Sacs: Thin-walled sacs or spaces which function as a part of the respiratory system in birds, fishes, insects, and mammals. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Alcohol Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the final step of alcoholic fermentation by reducing an aldehyde to an alcohol. In the case of ethanol, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol in the presence of NADH and hydrogen. The enzyme is a zinc protein which acts on primary and secondary alcohols or hemiacetals. EC 1.1.1.1. [NIH] Alcohol Drinking: Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking. [NIH] Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. EC 1.2.1.3. Before 1978, it was classified as EC 1.1.1.70. [NIH]
Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Alexia: The inability to recognize or comprehend written or printed words. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU]
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Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Aluminum Oxide: Al2O3. An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amination: The creation of an amine. It can be produced by the addition of an amino group to an organic compound or reduction of a nitro group. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Neurotransmitters: Amino acids released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Among the amino acid neurotransmitters are glutamate (glutamic acid) and GABA which are, respectively, the most common excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-
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COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Aminoethyl: A protease inhibitor. [NIH] Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and glycine as an intermediate in heme synthesis. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in fractionation of proteins. [NIH]
Amnesia: Lack or loss of memory; inability to remember past experiences. [EU] Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]
Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU]
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Anastomosis: A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anemic: Hypoxia due to reduction of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood as a result of a decrease in the total hemoglobin or an alteration of the hemoglobin constituents. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Angiosperms: Any member of the more than 250,000 species of flowering plants (division Magnoliophyta) having roots, stems, leaves, and well-developed conductive tissues (xylem and phloem). Angiosperms are often differentiated from gymnosperms by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (the ovary). The Magnoliophyta division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). [NIH] Anhydrides: Chemical compounds derived from acids by the elimination of a molecule of water. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anoxia: Clinical manifestation of respiratory distress consisting of a relatively complete absence of oxygen. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anterior chamber: The space in front of the iris and behind the cornea. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of
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which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity: The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface IgG whose Fc portion is intact. The effector cell is a "killer" cell possessing Fc receptors. It may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional B- or T-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. The reaction is complement-independent. [NIH] Anticholinergics: Medicines that calm muscle spasms in the intestine. Examples are dicyclomine (dy-SY-kloh-meen) (Bentyl) and hyoscyamine (HY-oh-SY-uh-meen) (Levsin). [NIH]
Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]
Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Antihistamine: A drug that counteracts the action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimycotic: Suppressing the growth of fungi. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are
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highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antithrombotic: Preventing or interfering with the formation of thrombi; an agent that so acts. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arcuate Nucleus: A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. Its small cells are in close contact with the ependyma. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arterial embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot of foreign material. This can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH]
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Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Arthritis, Reactive: An abacterial form of arthritis developing after infection at a site distant from the affected joint or joints. The causative bacteria cannot be cultured from synovial specimens but bacterial antigens have been demonstrated in cells from the synovial fluid and membrane. It often follows Yersinia infection. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Astrocytoma: A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophic Gastritis: Chronic irritation of the stomach lining. Causes the stomach lining and glands to wither away. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH]
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Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Autoradiography: A process in which radioactive material within an object produces an image when it is in close proximity to a radiation sensitive emulsion. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Babesiosis: A group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including zoonoses in humans. They are caused by protozoans of the genus babesia, which parasitize erythrocytes, producing hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism's natural host is mice and transmission is by the deer tick ixodes scapularis. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH]
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Balloon dilation: A treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostate enlargement. A tiny balloon is inflated inside the urethra to make it wider so urine can flow more freely from the bladder. [NIH] Balloon Occlusion: Use of a balloon catheter to block the flow of blood through an artery or vein. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Baroreflex: A negative feedback system which buffers short-term changes in blood pressure. Increased pressure stretches blood vessels which activates pressoreceptors (baroreceptors) in the vessel walls. The net response of the central nervous system is a reduction of central sympathetic outflow. This reduces blood pressure both by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance and by lowering cardiac output. Because the baroreceptors are tonically active, the baroreflex can compensate rapidly for both increases and decreases in blood pressure. [NIH]
Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Beer: An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Benzaldehyde: A colorless oily liquid used as a flavoring agent and to make dyes, perfumes, and pharmaceuticals. Benzaldehyde is chemically related to benzene. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Benzoin: A white crystalline compound prepared by condensation of benzaldehyde in potassium cyanide and used in organic syntheses. [NIH] Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a
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local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with lidocaine injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring. [NIH] Beta-Endorphin: A peptide consisting of amino acid sequence 61-91 of the endogenous pituitary hormone beta-lipotropin. The first four amino acids show a common tetrapeptide sequence with methionine- and leucine enkephalin. The compound shows opiate-like activity. Injection of beta-endorphin induces a profound analgesia of the whole body for several hours. This action is reversed after administration of naloxone. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Beta-sheet: Two or more parallel or anti-parallel strands are arranged in rows. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biodegradation: The series of processes by which living organisms degrade pollutant chemicals, organic wastes, pesticides, and implantable materials. [NIH] Biogenesis: The origin of life. It includes studies of the potential basis for life in organic compounds but excludes studies of the development of altered forms of life through mutation and natural selection, which is evolution. [NIH] Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters: Biogenic amines released by neurons as intercellular messengers. The biogenic amines norepinephrine, dopamine, histamine, and serotonin are neurotransmitters in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Biogenic Amines: A group of naturally occurring amines derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of the natural amino acids. Many have powerful physiological effects (e.g., histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, tyramine). Those derived from aromatic amino acids, and also their synthetic analogs (e.g., amphetamine), are of use in pharmacology. [NIH]
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Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood urea: A waste product in the blood that comes from the breakdown of food protein. The kidneys filter blood to remove urea. As kidney function decreases, the BUN level increases. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up
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of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis. [NIH] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile.
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Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcinosis: Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues. [NIH] Calciphylaxis: Condition of induced systemic hypersensitivity in which tissues respond to appropriate challenging agents with a sudden local calcification. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. [NIH] Calcium Signaling: Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins. [NIH]
Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract. [NIH] Cannabinoids: Compounds extracted from Cannabis sativa L. and metabolites having the cannabinoid structure. The most active constituents are tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, and cannabidiol. [NIH] Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid;
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called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed cholinergic agonist that acts at both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Congenital structural abnormalities of the cardiovascular system. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through
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enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Catalyse: To speed up a chemical reaction. [EU] Catechin: Extracted from Uncaria gambier, Acacia catechu and other plants; it stabilizes collagen and is therefore used in tanning and dyeing; it prevents capillary fragility and abnormal permeability, but was formerly used as an antidiarrheal. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Catheters: A small, flexible tube that may be inserted into various parts of the body to inject or remove liquids. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caudate Nucleus: Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Communication: Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH]
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Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Centchroman: A non-steroidal anti-fertility agent with anti-hormonal properties. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Aqueduct: Narrow channel in the mesencephalon that connects the third and fourth ventricles. [NIH] Cerebral Arteries: The arteries supplying the cerebral cortex. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH]
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Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chelating Agents: Organic chemicals that form two or more coordination bonds with a central metal ion. Heterocyclic rings are formed with the central metal atom as part of the ring. Some biological systems form metal chelates, e.g., the iron-binding porphyrin group of hemoglobin and the magnesium-binding chlorophyll of plants. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed) They are used chemically to remove ions from solutions, medicinally against microorganisms, to treat metal poisoning, and in chemotherapy protocols. [NIH] Chemoembolization: A procedure in which the blood supply to the tumor is blocked surgically or mechanically, and anticancer drugs are administered directly into the tumor. This permits a higher concentration of drug to be in contact with the tumor for a longer period of time. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawl. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Chlorides: Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion. [NIH]
Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorofluorocarbons: A series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and fluorine. These have been used as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning fluids, solvents, and as fire extinguishing agents. They have been shown to cause stratospheric ozone depletion and have been banned for many uses. [NIH] Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenecity. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing
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acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chondroitin sulfate: The major glycosaminoglycan (a type of sugar molecule) in cartilage. [NIH]
Choriocarcinoma: A malignant tumor of trophoblastic epithelium characterized by secretion of large amounts of chorionic gonadotropin. It usually originates from chorionic products of conception (i.e., hydatidiform mole, normal pregnancy, or following abortion), but can originate in a teratoma of the testis, mediastinum, or pineal gland. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland, developing slowly and lasting a long time. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Cinchona: A genus of rubiaceous South American trees that yields the toxic cinchona alkaloids from their bark; quinine, quinidine, chinconine, cinchonidine and others are used to treat malaria and cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of
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the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clomiphene: A stilbene derivative that functions both as a partial estrogen agonist and complete estrogen antagonist depending on the target tissue. It antagonizes the estrogen receptor thereby initiating or augmenting ovulation in anovulatory women. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaethylene: Hard drug formed by cocaine and alcohol. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in
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mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques
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for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]
Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]
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Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Corn Oil: Oil from corn or corn plant. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the coronary arteries. [NIH] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortices: The outer layer of an organ; used especially of the cerebrum and cerebellum. [NIH] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid
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leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: A neuropeptide released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cotinine: 1-Methyl-5-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrrolidinone antidepressant. Synonym: Scotine. [NIH]
fumarate.
Stimulant
proposed
as
Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniofacial Abnormalities: Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curcumin: A dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of Curcuma longa Linn. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cutaneous Fistula: An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body. [NIH] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cyclin-Dependent Kinases: Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with cyclins to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. [NIH]
Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which
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contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Dehydroepiandrosterone: DHEA. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists
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despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]
Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]
Dental Cements: Substances used as bonding or luting agents in restorative denistry, root canal therapy, prosthedontics, and orthodontics. [NIH] Dental Plaque: A film that attaches to teeth, often causing dental caries and gingivitis. It is composed of mucins, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Dentition: The teeth in the dental arch; ordinarily used to designate the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. [EU] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU]
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Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] DHEA: Dehydroepiandrosterone. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialysate: A cleansing liquid used in the two major forms of dialysis--hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diathermy: The induction of local hyperthermia by either short radio waves or highfrequency sound waves. [NIH] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Dietary Proteins: Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the essential amino acids. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH]
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Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disaccharides: Sugars composed of two monosaccharides linked by glycoside bonds. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Disulfiram: A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic
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substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase. [NIH] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dolichol: Eicosamethyl octacontanonadecasen-1-o1. Polyprenol found in animal tissues that contains about 20 isoprene residues, the one carrying the alcohol group being saturated. [NIH]
Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Drinking Behavior: Behaviors associated with the ingesting of water and other liquids; includes rhythmic patterns of drinking (time intervals - onset and duration), frequency and satiety. [NIH] Drosophila: A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology. [NIH] Dross: Residue remaining in an opium pipe which has been smoked; contains 50 % of the morphine present in the original drug. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated
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dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyslexia: Partial alexia in which letters but not words may be read, or in which words may be read but not understood. [NIH] Dyslipidemia: Disorders in the lipoprotein metabolism; classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. [NIH] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Ectoderm: The outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elastomers: A generic term for all substances having the properties of natural, reclaimed, vulcanized, or synthetic rubber, in that they stretch under tension, have a high tensile strength, retract rapidly, and recover their original dimensions fully. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrochemistry: The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the
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chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Ellagic Acid: A fused four ring compound occurring free or combined in galls. Isolated from the kino of Eucalyptus maculata Hook and E. Hemipholia F. Muell. Activates Factor XII of the blood clotting system which also causes kinin release; used in research and as a dye. [NIH]
Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Emergency Medicine: A branch of medicine concerned with an individual's resuscitation, transportation and care from the point of injury or beginning of illness through the hospital or other emergency treatment facility. [NIH] Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections;
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Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxemia: A condition characterized by the presence of endotoxins in the blood. If endotoxemia is the result of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, shock may occur. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Energetic: Exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. [EU] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH] Enteral Nutrition: Nutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal system (i.e., the enteral route). This includes oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes. [NIH]
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Enteric bacteria: Single-celled microorganisms that lack chlorophyll. Some bacteria are capable of causing human, animal, or plant diseases; others are essential in pollution control because they break down organic matter in the air and in the water. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Ependyma: A thin membrane that lines the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrina: A genus of leguminous shrubs or trees, mainly tropical, yielding certain alkaloids, lectins, and other useful compounds. [NIH] Erythroblasts: Immature, nucleated erythrocytes occupying the stage of erythropoiesis that follows formation of erythroid progenitor cells and precedes formation of reticulocytes. Popularly called normoblasts. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythroid Progenitor Cells: Committed, erythroid stem cells derived from myeloid stem
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cells. The progenitor cells develop in two phases: erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) followed by erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E). BFU-E differentiate into CFU-E on stimulation by erythropoietin, and then further differentiate into erythroblasts when stimulated by other factors. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Erythropoiesis: The production of erythrocytes. [EU] Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the fetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal Varices: Stretched veins in the esophagus that occur when the liver is not working properly. If the veins burst, the bleeding can cause death. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Estrogen receptor positive: ER+. Breast cancer cells that have a protein (receptor molecule) to which estrogen will attach. Breast cancer cells that are ER+ need the hormone estrogen to grow and will usually respond to hormone (antiestrogen) therapy that blocks these receptor sites. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethanolamine: A viscous, hygroscopic amino alcohol with an ammoniacal odor. It is widely distributed in biological tissue and is a component of lecithin. It is used as a surfactant, fluorimetric reagent, and to remove CO2 and H2S from natural gas and other gases. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ethionine: 2-Amino-4-(ethylthio)butyric acid. An antimetabolite and methionine antagonist that interferes with amino acid incorporation into proteins and with cellular ATP utilization. It also produces liver neoplasms. [NIH] Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.
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[NIH]
Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Euphoria: An exaggerated feeling of physical and emotional well-being not consonant with apparent stimuli or events; usually of psychologic origin, but also seen in organic brain disease and toxic states. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excitatory Amino Acids: Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear. [NIH] Excitotoxicity: Excessive exposure to glutamate or related compounds can kill brain neurons, presumably by overstimulating them. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expander: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight. used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. called also extender. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU]
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Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Failure to Thrive: A condition in which an infant or child's weight gain and growth are far below usual levels for age. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A disorder occurring in children born to alcoholic women who continue to drink heavily during pregnancy. Common abnormalities are growth deficiency (prenatal and postnatal), altered morphogenesis, mental deficiency, and characteristic facies - small eyes and flattened nasal bridge. Fine motor dysfunction and tremulousness are observed in the newborn. [NIH] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH]
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Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fistulas: An abnormal passage from one hollow structure of the body to another, or from a hollow structure to the surface, formed by an abscess, disease process, incomplete closure of a wound, or by a congenital anomaly. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Fleas: Parasitic, blood-sucking, wingless insects comprising the order Siphonaptera. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fluoroscopy: Production of an image when X-rays strike a fluorescent screen. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]
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Food Coloring Agents: Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods. [NIH] Food Packaging: Containers, packaging, and packaging materials for processed and raw foods and beverages. It includes packaging intended to be used for storage and also used for preparation of foods such as microwave food containers versus cooking and eating utensils. Packaging materials may be intended for food contact or designated non-contact, for example, shipping containers. Food labeling is also available. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Forestry: The science of developing, caring for, or cultivating forests. [NIH] Formularies: Lists of drugs or collections of recipes, formulas, and prescriptions for the compounding of medicinal preparations. Formularies differ from pharmacopoeias in that they are less complete, lacking full descriptions of the drugs, their formulations, analytic composition, chemical properties, etc. In hospitals, formularies list all drugs commonly stocked in the hospital pharmacy. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors. [NIH]
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Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallic Acid: A colorless or slightly yellow crystalline compound obtained from nutgalls. It is used in photography, pharmaceuticals, and as an analytical reagent. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Bypass: Surgical procedure in which the stomach is transected high on the body. The resulting proximal remnant is joined to a loop of the jejunum in an end-to-side anastomosis. This procedure is used frequently in the treatment of morbid obesity. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]
Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH]
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Gastrostomy: Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Markers: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH]
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Glomerulosclerosis: Scarring of the glomeruli. It may result from diabetes mellitus (diabetic glomerulosclerosis) or from deposits in parts of the glomerulus (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis). The most common signs of glomerulosclerosis are proteinuria and kidney failure. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Gluconeogenesis: The process by which glucose is formed from a non-carbohydrate source. [NIH]
Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glucuronides: Glycosides of glucuronic acid formed by the reaction of uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. Their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and bilirubin metabolism to a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the urine and bile. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamate Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate and water to 2-oxoglutarate and NH3 in the presence of NAD+. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.4.1.2. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic
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character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycolysis: The pathway by which glucose is catabolized into two molecules of pyruvic acid with the generation of ATP. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]
Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a
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microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Greenhouse Effect: The effect of global warming and the resulting increase in world temperatures. The predicted health effects of such long-term climatic change include increased incidence of respiratory, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Gum Arabic: Powdered exudate from various Acacia species, especially A. senegal (Leguminosae). It forms mucilage or syrup in water. Gum arabic is used as a suspending agent, excipient, and emulsifier in foods and pharmaceuticals. [NIH] Gymnosperms: Gymnosperms are a group of vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed by a ripened ovary (fruit). Gymnosperms are distinguished from the other major group of seed plants, the angiosperms, whose seeds are surrounded by an ovary wall. The seeds of many gymnosperms (literally, "naked seed") are borne in cones and are not visible. Taxonomists now recognize four distinct divisions of extant gymnospermous plants (Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, and Gnetophyta). [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haloperidol: Butyrophenone derivative. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH]
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Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemicellulose: A general term to describe those polysaccharides other than cellulose which are constituents of vegetable cell walls. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemoglobin C: A commonly occurring abnormal hemoglobin in which lysine replaces a glutamic acid residue at the sixth position of the beta chains. It results in reduced plasticity of erythrocytes. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH]
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Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatoma: A liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatotoxicity: How much damage a medicine or other substance does to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homodimer: Protein-binding "activation domains" always combine with identical proteins. [NIH]
Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humeral: 1. Of, relating to, or situated in the region of the humerus: brachial. 2. Of or belonging to the shoulder. 3. Of, relating to, or being any of several body parts that are analogous in structure, function, or location to the humerus or shoulder. [EU] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain
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hormones). [EU] Hydatidiform Mole: A trophoblastic disease characterized by hydrops of the mesenchymal portion of the villus. Its karyotype is paternal and usually homozygotic. The tumor is indistinguishable from chorioadenoma destruens or invasive mole ( = hydatidiform mole, invasive) except by karyotype. There is no apparent relation by karyotype to choriocarcinoma. Hydatidiform refers to the presence of the hydropic state of some or all of the villi (Greek hydatis, a drop of water). [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydroalcoholic: Of or relating to water and alcohol. [EU] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Cyanide: HCN. A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolases: Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., esterases, glycosidases (glycoside hydrolases), lipases, nucleotidases, peptidases (peptide hydrolases), and phosphatases (phosphoric monoester hydrolases). EC 3. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hydroxytryptophol: 5-Hydroxy-indole-3-ethanol. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to
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damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypervascular: Having a large number of blood vessels. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]
Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Hypoxanthine: A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idoxifene: A drug that blocks the effects of estrogen. [NIH] Iduronic Acid: Component of dermatan sulfate. Differs in configuration from glucuronic acid only at the C-5 position. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization
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involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH]
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Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability. [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Industrial Waste: Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations. It represents an ecological problem and health hazard. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]
Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU]
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Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]
Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interneurons: Most generally any neurons which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH]
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Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraoperative Complications: Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH]
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Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Ischemic stroke: A condition in which the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Also called "plug-type" strokes. Blocked arteries starve areas of the brain controlling sight, speech, sensation, and movement so that these functions are partially or completely lost. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 80 percent of all strokes. Most ischemic strokes are caused by a blood clot called a thrombus, which blocks blood flow in the arteries feeding the brain, usually the carotid artery in the neck, the major vessel bringing blood to the brain. When it becomes blocked, the risk of stroke is very high. [NIH] Isocyanates: Organic compounds that contain the -NCO radical. [NIH] Isoflavones: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of flavones in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. [NIH] Isomaltose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. [NIH] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Jejunostomy: Surgical formation of an opening through the abdominal wall into the jejunum, usually for enteral hyperalimentation. [NIH] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kainate: Glutamate receptor. [NIH] Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog produced by the action of tissue and glandular kallikreins on low-molecular-weight kininogen. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that functions through vasodilatation. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratectomy: The surgical removal of corneal tissue. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients. [NIH]
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Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketorolac: A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Killer Cells: Lymphocyte-like effector cells which mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. They kill antibody-coated target cells which they bind with their Fc receptors. [NIH]
Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Lactate Dehydrogenase: A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of lactate and pyruvate. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Learning Disorders: Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These disorders may result from organic or psychological conditions.
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Relatively common subtypes include dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia. [NIH] Lectins: Protein or glycoprotein substances, usually of plant origin, that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes and thereby change the physiology of the membrane to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes in the cell. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lentivirus: A genus of the family Retroviridae consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU]
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Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the liver. [NIH] Liver Regeneration: Repair or renewal of hepatic tissue. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Long-Term Potentiation: A persistent increase in synaptic efficacy, usually induced by appropriate activation of the same synapses. The phenomenological properties of long-term potentiation suggest that it may be a cellular mechanism of learning and memory. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lorazepam: An anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent. [NIH] Lordosis: The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). It does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = posture + sex behavior, animal). [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH]
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Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysosome: A sac-like compartment inside a cell that has enzymes that can break down cellular components that need to be destroyed. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]
defect
resulting
from
an
intrinsically
abnormal
Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place.
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It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Maternal Exposure: Exposure of the female parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. It includes pre-conception maternal exposure. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Nerve: The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura. [NIH]
Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a fullterm fetus. It consists of secretions of the intestinal glands, bile pigments, fatty acids, amniotic fluid, and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn. [NIH]
Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediastinum: The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melibiose: A disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into
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immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental deficiency: A condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind from inherent causes or induced by disease or injury. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metabotropic: A glutamate receptor which triggers an increase in production of 2 intracellular messengers: diacylglycerol and inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative. [NIH] Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous. [NIH] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Micelle: A colloid particle formed by an aggregation of small molecules. [EU] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbicide: Any substance (gels, creams, suppositories, etc.) that can reduce transmission of sexually transmitted infections. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be
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detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]
labeled
with
Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Microwaves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum lying between UHF (ultrahigh frequency) radio waves and heat (infrared) waves. Microwaves are used to generate heat, especially in some types of diathermy. They may cause heat damage to tissues. [NIH] Middle Cerebral Artery: The largest and most complex of the cerebral arteries. Branches of the middle cerebral artery supply the insular region, motor and premotor areas, and large regions of the association cortex. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milk Ejection: Reflex in which tactile stimulation of nipples causes release of oxytocin which causes myoepithelial cells surrounding mammary alveoli to contract and expel the milk. Applies to humans and animals. [NIH] Miscible: Susceptible of being mixed. [EU] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH]
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Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]
Molasses: The syrup remaining after sugar is crystallized out of sugar cane or sugar beet juice. It is also used in animal feed, and in a fermented form, is used to make industrial ethyl alcohol and alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]
Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate muscle cells. [NIH] Mucilaginous: Pertaining to or secreting mucus. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucociliary Clearance: Rate of ciliary and secretory activity of the respiratory submucosal
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glands. It is a non-specific host defense mechanism, measurable in vivo by mucus transfer, ciliary beat frequency, and clearance of radioactive tracers. [NIH] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]
Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]
Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonia: Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after
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voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of myotonic disorders. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of naloxone. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasogastric: The process of passing a small, flexible plastic tube through the nose or mouth into the stomach or small intestine. [NIH] Natural selection: A part of the evolutionary process resulting in the survival and reproduction of the best adapted individuals. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and
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ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural Crest: A strip of specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonal neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms a column of isolated cells along the dorsal aspect of the neural tube. Most of the cranial and all of the spinal sensory ganglion cells arise by differentiation of neural crest cells. [NIH] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neuropharmacology: The branch of pharmacology dealing especially with the action of drugs upon various parts of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroprotective Agents: Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids. [NIH] Neuropsychological Tests: Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]
Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not
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acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Nipples: The conic organs which usually give outlet to milk from the mammary glands. [NIH]
Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitric-Oxide Synthase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-arginine, NADPH, and oxygen to citrulline, nitric oxide, and NADP+. The enzyme found in brain, but not that induced in lung or liver by endotoxin, requires calcium. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.14.13.39. [NIH] Nitriles: Organic compounds containing the -CN radical. The concept is distinguished from cyanides, which denotes inorganic salts of hydrogen cyanide. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Normotensive: 1. Characterized by normal tone, tension, or pressure, as by normal blood pressure. 2. A person with normal blood pressure. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the
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chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleoprotein: Chromosomes consist largely of nuclei acids and proteins, joined here as complexes called nucleoproteins. [NIH] Nucleotidases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a nucleotide and water to a nucleoside and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.-. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus Accumbens: Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the so-called ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Open Reading Frames: Reading frames where successive nucleotide triplets can be read as codons specifying amino acids and where the sequence of these triplets is not interrupted by stop codons. [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH]
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Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Orf: A specific disease of sheep and goats caused by a pox-virus that is transmissible to man and characterized by vesiculation and ulceration of the lips. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Ori region: The point or region (origin) at which DNA replication begins in a bacterium or virus. Plasmids used in rec DNA research always contain an ori region, which gives very efficient initiation of replication. [NIH] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteogenesis: The histogenesis of bone including ossification. It occurs continuously but particularly in the embryo and child and during fracture repair. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH]
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Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. [NIH] Oxaloacetate: An anionic form of oxaloacetic acid. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds. [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxytocin: A nonapeptide posterior pituitary hormone that causes uterine contractions and stimulates lactation. [NIH] Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be
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associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Parapoxvirus: A genus of the family Poxviridae, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, which infect ungulates and may infect humans. Orf virus is the type species. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Parathyroidectomy: Excision of one or both of the parathyroid glands. [NIH] Parenchyma: The essential elements of an organ; used in anatomical nomenclature as a general term to designate the functional elements of an organ, as distinguished from its framework, or stroma. [EU] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. [NIH]
Paroxetine hydrochloride: An antidepressant drug. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
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Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therpeutic uses including as antidiarreals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pentosephosphate Pathway: A pathway of hexose oxidation in which glucose-6-phosphate undergoes two successive oxidations by NADP, the final one being an oxidative decarboxylation to form a pentose phosphate. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage: Bleeding from a peptic ulcer. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Peptide Hydrolases: A subclass of enzymes from the hydrolase class that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Exopeptidases and endopeptidases make up the sub-subclasses for this group. EC 3.4. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH]
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Periaqueductal Gray: Central gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct in the mesencephalon. Physiologically it is probably involved in rage reactions, the lordosis reflex, feeding responses, bladder tonus, and pain. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Periodicity: The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian). [NIH] Periodontal Pocket: An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Perivascular: Situated around a vessel. [EU] Pernicious: Tending to a fatal issue. [EU] Peroneal Nerve: The lateral of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve. The peroneal (or fibular) nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to parts of the leg and foot. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pgp: Protein that pumps chemotherapy drugs out of tumor cells before they can kill those cells. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug
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dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacists: Those persons legally qualified by education and training to engage in the practice of pharmacy. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacopoeias: Authoritative treatises on drugs and preparations, their description, formulation, analytic composition, physical constants, main chemical properties used in identification, standards for strength, purity, and dosage, chemical tests for determining identity and purity, etc. They are usually published under governmental jurisdiction (e.g., USP, the United States Pharmacopoeia; BP, British Pharmacopoeia; P. Helv., the Swiss Pharmacopoeia). They differ from formularies in that they are far more complete: formularies tend to be mere listings of formulas and prescriptions. [NIH] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phlebitis: Inflammation of a vein. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases: A group of hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolysis of
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monophosphoric esters with the production of one mole of orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3. [NIH] Phosphorous: Having to do with or containing the element phosphorus. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Phototransduction: The transducing of light energy to afferent nerve impulses, such as takes place in the retinal rods and cones. After light photons are absorbed by the photopigments, the signal is transmitted to the outer segment membrane by the cyclic GMP second messenger system, where it closes the sodium channels. This channel gating ultimately generates an action potential in the inner retina. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pineal gland: A tiny organ located in the cerebrum that produces melatonin. Also called pineal body or pineal organ. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plana: The radiographic term applied to a vertebral body crushed to a thin plate. [NIH] Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH]
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Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmids: Any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant. Plasmids are self-replicating circular molecules of DNA that are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors: Drugs or agents which antagonize or impair any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pleomorphic: Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the size and shape of cells or their nuclei. [NIH] Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed.
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The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polydipsia: Chronic excessive thirst, as in diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus. [EU] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyurethanes: A group of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers containing polyisocyanate. They are used as elastomers, as coatings, as fibers and as foams. [NIH] Population Density: Number of individuals in a population relative to space. [NIH] Population Growth: Increase, over a specific period of time, in the number of individuals living in a country or region. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Postprandial Blood Glucose: Blood taken 1-2 hours after eating to see the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of
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muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for potassium ions. [NIH] Potassium Cyanide: Potassium cyanide (K(CN)). A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes, but has been shown to be an especially potent inhibitor of heme enzymes and hemeproteins. It is used in many industrial processes. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Povidone: A polyvinyl polymer of variable molecular weight; used as suspending and dispersing agent and vehicle for pharmaceuticals; also used as blood volume expander. [NIH] Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Pressoreceptors: Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body,
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secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Pronase: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Streptomyces griseus. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propolis: Resinous substance obtained from beehives; contains many different substances which may have antimicrobial or antimycotic activity topically; its extracts are called propolis resin or balsam. Synonyms: bee bread; hive dross; bee glue. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes
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a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatectomy: Complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. Three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; and transurethral (transurethral resection of prostate). [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Folding: A rapid biochemical reaction involved in the formation of proteins. It begins even before a protein has been completely synthesized and proceeds through discrete intermediates (primary, secondary, and tertiary structures) before the final structure (quaternary structure) is developed. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Protein Subunits: Single chains of amino acids that are the units of a multimeric protein. They can be identical or non-identical subunits. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteoglycan: A molecule that contains both protein and glycosaminoglycans, which are a type of polysaccharide. Proteoglycans are found in cartilage and other connective tissues. [NIH]
Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus
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of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]
Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychomotor Performance: The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of
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pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Punishment: The application of an unpleasant stimulus or penalty for the purpose of eliminating or correcting undesirable behavior. [NIH] Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Pyramidal Cells: Projection neurons in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region. [NIH] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radio Waves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency) waves are used in citizen's band communication. [NIH]
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Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiofrequency ablation: The use of electrical current to destroy tissue. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal. [NIH] Rage: Fury; violent, intense anger. [NIH] Raloxifene: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU]
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Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recuperation: The recovery of health and strength. [EU] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflective: Capable of throwing back light, images, sound waves : reflecting. [EU] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regulon: In eukaryotes, a genetic unit consisting of a noncontiguous group of genes under the control of a single regulator gene. In bacteria, regulons are global regulatory systems involved in the interplay of pleiotropic regulatory domains. These regulatory systems consist of several operons. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Renal Osteodystrophy: Decalcification of bone due to hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic kidney disease. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Replication Origin: The point or region (origin) at which DNA replication begins in a bacterium or virus. Plasmids used in rec DNA research always contain an ori region, which gives very efficient initiation of replication. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Resolving: The ability of the eye or of a lens to make small objects that are close together, separately visible; thus revealing the structure of an object. [NIH]
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Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Paralysis: Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with motor neuron diseases; peripheral nerve disorders; neuromuscular junction diseases; spinal cord diseases; injury to the phrenic nerve; and other disorders. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Reticular: Coarse-fibered, netlike dermis layer. [NIH] Reticulocytes: Immature erythrocytes. In humans, these are erythroid cells that have just undergone extrusion of their cell nucleus. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. ribosomes are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic "reticulum" (not the same as the endoplasmic reticulum), hence the name reticulocytes. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Ganglion Cells: Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU]
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Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retropubic: A potential space between the urinary bladder and the symphisis and body of the pubis. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhythmicity: Regular periodicity. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Root Caries: Dental caries involving the tooth root, cementum, or cervical area of the tooth. [NIH]
Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Saccades: An abrupt voluntary shift in ocular fixation from one point to another, as occurs in reading. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol
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more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sciatic Nerve: A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the tibial nerve and the peroneal nerve. [NIH] Sclerotherapy: Treatment of varicose veins, hemorrhoids, gastric and esophageal varices, and peptic ulcer hemorrhage by injection or infusion of chemical agents which cause localized thrombosis and eventual fibrosis and obliteration of the vessels. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some
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tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serrata: The serrated anterior border of the retina located approximately 8.5 mm from the limbus and adjacent to the pars plana of the ciliary body. [NIH] Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the
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GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sil: The arithmetical average of the octave band sound pressure levels of a noise, centered on the frequencies 425, 850 and 1700 Hz together with the frequency 212 of the SIL in this band exceeds the others by 10 dB or more. [NIH] Silage: Fodder converted into succulent feed for livestock through processes of anaerobic fermentation (as in a silo). [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin graft: Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Social Behavior: Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Facilitation: Any enhancement of a motivated behavior in which individuals do the same thing with some degree of mutual stimulation and consequent coordination. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall
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in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatosensory Cortex: Area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving general sensations. It lies posterior to the central sulcus. [NIH] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spike: The activation of synapses causes changes in the permeability of the dendritic membrane leading to changes in the membrane potential. This difference of the potential travels along the axon of the neuron and is called spike. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU]
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Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stellate: Star shaped. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stents: Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH]
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Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppuration: A pathologic process consisting in the formation of pus. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH]
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Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Taurine: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid. A conditionally essential nutrient, important during
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mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Temazepam: A benzodiazepinone that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-anxiety agent. [NIH]
Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Teratogen: A substance which, through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with the skin may involve a risk of subsequent non-hereditable birth defects in offspring. [NIH] Teratogenesis: Production of monstrous growths or fetuses. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Teratogenicity: The power to cause abnormal development. [NIH] Teratoma: A type of germ cell tumor that may contain several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, and bone. Teratomas occur most often in the ovaries in women, the testicles in men, and the tailbone in children. Not all teratomas are malignant. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Tetrahydrocannabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. Dronabinol is a synthetic form of delta-9-THC. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH]
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Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]
Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thermal ablation: A procedure using heat to remove tissue or a part of the body, or destroy its function. For example, to remove the lining of the uterus, a catheter is inserted through the cervix into the uterus, a balloon at the end of the catheter is inflated, and fluid inside the balloon is heated to destroy the lining of the uterus. [NIH] Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH]
hydroxyethyl)-4-
Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances: Low-molecular-weight end products, probably malondialdehyde, that are formed during the decomposition of lipid peroxidation products. These compounds react with thiobarbituric acid to form a fluorescent red adduct. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]
Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either
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side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroid Nodule: A small circumscribed mass of differentiated tissue associated with the thyroid gland. It can be pathogenic or non-pathogenic. The growth of nodules can lead to a condition of nodular goiter. Most nodules appear between the ages of 30 and 50 years and most are benign. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tibial Nerve: The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like tamoxifen, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific
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biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoid: The material resulting from the treatment of toxin in such a way that the toxic properties are inactivated whilst the antigenic potency remains intact. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Tractus: A part of some structure, usually that part along which something passes. [NIH] Transaminase: Aminotransferase (= a subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyse the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxal-phosphate-proteins. [EU]
Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGFbeta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins. [NIH]
Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Transgenes: Genes that are introduced into an organism using gene transfer techniques. [NIH]
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Transketolase: An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the conversion of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to D-ribose 5-phosphate and D-xylulose 5-phosphate in the pentosephosphate pathway. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 2.2.1.1. [NIH]
Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Transurethral Resection of Prostate: Resection of the prostate using a cystoscope passed through the urethra. [NIH] Transurethral resection of the prostate: Surgical procedure to remove tissue from the prostate using an instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called TURP. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis. [NIH] Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trigeminal Nerve: The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the trigeminal ganglion and project to the trigeminal nucleus of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat
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tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Turpentine: The concrete oleoresin obtained from Pinus palustris Mill. (Pinaceae) and other species of Pinus. It contains a volatile oil, to which its properties are due, and to which form it is generally used. (Dorland, 28th ed) Turpentine is used as a solvent and an experimental irritant in biomedical research. Turpentine toxicity is of medical interest. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ubiquitin: A highly conserved 76 amino acid-protein found in all eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Uncompetitive: A type of enzyme inhibition that arises when the inhibitor cannot combine with the free enzyme, but is capable of combining only with the substrate-enzyme complex. [NIH]
Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the
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muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]
Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethane: Antineoplastic agent that is also used as a veterinary anesthetic. It has also been used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Urethane is suspected to be a carcinogen. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urodynamic: Measures of the bladder's ability to hold and release urine. [NIH] Urology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes and the genital tract in the male. It includes the specialty of andrology which addresses both male genital diseases and male infertility. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose vein: An abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs. [EU] Variola: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH]
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Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venom: That produced by the poison glands of the mouth and injected by the fangs of poisonous snakes. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventral Tegmental Area: A region in the mesencephalon which is dorsomedial to the substantia nigra and ventral to the red nucleus. The mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems originate here, including an important projection to the nucleus accumbens. Overactivity of the cells in this area has been suspected to contribute to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU]
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Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids, and their assembly into a new infectious particle. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitreous Humor: The transparent, colorless mass of gel that lies behind the lens and in front of the retina and fills the center of the eyeball. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vomica: The profuse and sudden expectoration of pus and putrescent matter. An abnormal cavity in an organ especially in the lung, caused by suppuration and the breaking down of tissue. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Watchful waiting: Closely monitoring a patient's condition but withholding treatment until symptoms appear or change. Also called observation. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly
Dictionary 379
used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Xylulose: A 5-carbon keto sugar. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
381
INDEX 1 1-Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase, 140, 279 A Abacavir, 74, 252, 279 Abdomen, 279, 292, 312, 329, 334, 349, 366, 367, 371, 378 Abdominal, 279, 280, 318, 331, 337, 346, 347, 349 Aberrant, 41, 279 Ablation, 97, 110, 113, 138, 248, 252, 279 Abscess, 279, 316, 364 Acatalasia, 279, 295 Acceptor, 75, 279, 333, 346, 373 Acetaldehyde, 51, 67, 68, 72, 93, 94, 105, 108, 138, 141, 160, 166, 248, 279, 281, 308 Acetaminophen, 111, 119, 124, 252, 279 Acetone, 113, 175, 177, 200, 225, 235, 279, 332 Acetylcholine, 6, 33, 45, 61, 279, 297, 343 Acetylgalactosamine, 229, 279 Acinus, 32, 279 Action Potentials, 44, 279 Acute renal, 83, 109, 280 Acyl, 88, 106, 108, 138, 280, 313 Adaptability, 280, 296 Adaptation, 12, 24, 59, 67, 174, 202, 280, 352 Adduct, 280, 371 Adenine, 228, 280, 358 Adenocarcinoma, 92, 94, 280, 324 Adenosine, 66, 280, 293, 326, 351 Adenylate Cyclase, 74, 280 Adhesives, 197, 280 Adipocytes, 51, 280, 301, 333 Adjustment, 53, 280 Adolescence, 5, 16, 19, 28, 280 Adrenal Medulla, 166, 280, 295, 312, 343 Adrenergic, 9, 31, 57, 203, 204, 280, 308, 312, 331, 369 Adsorption, 172, 280 Adsorptive, 172, 280 Adverse Effect, 11, 20, 21, 61, 108, 115, 181, 280, 364 Aerobic, 69, 228, 280 Aerosol, 80, 212, 223, 224, 280, 354, 368 Afferent, 59, 131, 281, 333, 351, 354 Affinity, 19, 21, 42, 51, 173, 281, 287, 333, 365
Age of Onset, 281, 375 Agonist, 38, 55, 61, 85, 105, 167, 203, 204, 281, 294, 299, 308, 341, 343, 359, 369, 372 Air Sacs, 279, 281, 282 Airway, 35, 279, 281 Albumin, 76, 200, 281, 352, 369 Alcohol Dehydrogenase, 42, 51, 74, 111, 164, 281 Alcohol Drinking, 5, 37, 49, 54, 87, 281 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, 68, 73, 160, 165, 248, 281, 308 Aldehydes, 76, 193, 197, 224, 281, 379 Alertness, 281, 292 Alexia, 281, 309 Algorithms, 281, 291 Alimentary, 104, 281, 311, 347, 348 Alkaline, 78, 177, 191, 232, 281, 283, 289, 293, 350, 368, 370 Alkaloid, 282, 294, 299, 339, 343, 347, 358 Alleles, 48, 282 Allergen, 282, 305, 364 Allergic Rhinitis, 282, 292 Allogeneic, 282, 322 Allylamine, 282 Alpha Particles, 282, 358 Alternative medicine, 253, 282 Aluminum, 180, 181, 282, 379 Aluminum Oxide, 180, 282 Alveoli, 279, 282, 305, 338, 377 Amebiasis, 282, 337 Amination, 200, 282 Amine, 184, 190, 282, 324 Amino Acid Neurotransmitters, 10, 282 Amino Acid Sequence, 282, 284, 290 Aminoethyl, 192, 283 Aminolevulinic Acid, 200, 283 Ammonia, 113, 180, 181, 193, 197, 282, 283, 320, 376 Ammonium Sulfate, 196, 283 Amnesia, 23, 26, 283 Amniotic Fluid, 283, 336 Amphetamine, 56, 59, 119, 123, 167, 283, 290, 306 Ampulla, 283, 311 Amygdala, 12, 16, 24, 30, 36, 49, 56, 59, 62, 119, 123, 165, 283, 289, 333, 370 Amylase, 204, 283 Amyloid, 111, 283
382
Ethanol
Anaemia, 283, 336 Anaerobic, 75, 220, 228, 240, 283, 365 Anaesthesia, 283, 328 Anaesthetic, 202, 283 Anal, 283, 316, 317, 350 Analgesic, 135, 230, 279, 283, 306, 326, 339, 345, 358 Analog, 56, 279, 283, 362 Analogous, 8, 283, 324, 352, 373 Anastomosis, 284, 318 Anatomical, 37, 58, 66, 284, 287, 310, 327, 334, 347 Anemia, 53, 248, 284, 316 Anemic, 53, 284 Anesthesia, 4, 46, 281, 284, 331 Anesthetics, 131, 246, 284, 312 Anginal, 284, 343 Angiosperms, 209, 284, 322, 374 Anhydrides, 197, 284 Animal model, 5, 10, 14, 17, 19, 30, 31, 33, 43, 49, 54, 56, 59, 65, 254, 284 Anionic, 284, 346 Anions, 281, 284, 330 Annealing, 284, 353 Anode, 190, 191, 284 Anomalies, 43, 284, 370 Anoxia, 68, 284 Antagonism, 7, 15, 56, 284, 293 Anterior chamber, 284, 330 Antiallergic, 118, 123, 129, 213, 284 Antibacterial, 232, 284, 307, 366 Antibiotic, 174, 232, 284, 298, 313, 348, 366 Antibodies, 33, 254, 284, 285, 288, 323, 326, 327, 335, 351 Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity, 285, 332 Anticholinergics, 213, 285 Anticoagulant, 285, 356 Anticonvulsant, 285, 297, 334 Antidepressant, 173, 203, 285, 303, 316, 347 Antidote, 79, 115, 285 Antiemetic, 285, 307 Antigen, 41, 64, 234, 281, 285, 300, 305, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 336, 364 Antigen-presenting cell, 285, 305 Antihistamine, 213, 285 Antihypertensive, 57, 285 Anti-infective, 285, 297, 316, 325, 330 Anti-Infective Agents, 285, 316
Anti-inflammatory, 118, 123, 129, 130, 230, 247, 279, 285, 287, 306, 320, 326, 328, 332, 347 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 285, 287, 332 Antimetabolite, 285, 313 Antimicrobial, 136, 235, 285, 306, 355 Antimycotic, 285, 355 Antioxidant, 11, 36, 118, 123, 130, 136, 285, 287, 346 Antipyretic, 130, 230, 279, 286, 306, 358 Antiseptic, 279, 286, 354 Antithrombotic, 39, 186, 286 Antitussive, 286, 307, 345 Antiviral, 8, 183, 286, 329 Antiviral Agents, 183, 286 Anxiety, 24, 28, 62, 87, 173, 203, 222, 286, 334, 347, 370 Anxiolytic, 28, 86, 286, 297 Aorta, 131, 286, 354, 377 Apolipoproteins, 286, 334 Apoptosis, 20, 21, 36, 42, 93, 103, 111, 130, 134, 139, 286, 295 Arachidonic Acid, 286, 355 Arcuate Nucleus, 119, 123, 286 Arginine, 232, 233, 286, 343 Aromatic, 101, 137, 177, 180, 286, 290, 350, 366 Arterial, 65, 79, 82, 101, 104, 107, 113, 282, 286, 287, 297, 302, 325, 356, 369 Arterial embolization, 104, 113, 286 Arteries, 286, 291, 296, 302, 331, 334, 337, 340, 357 Arteriolar, 286, 292 Arterioles, 286, 291, 293, 338, 340, 377 Arteriovenous, 77, 287, 338 Arteritis, 254, 287 Arthritis, Reactive, 254, 287 Ascorbic Acid, 122, 126, 287, 325, 346 Aseptic, 287, 345, 367 Aspartate, 21, 24, 34, 47, 48, 56, 59, 79, 119, 123, 287, 331 Aspirin, 138, 287 Assay, 35, 38, 222, 287, 375 Astrocytes, 91, 287, 339 Astrocytoma, 94, 287 Asymptomatic, 9, 279, 282, 287, 346 Ataxia, 121, 126, 287, 370 Atmospheric Pressure, 92, 287 Atrial, 287, 302, 374 Atrioventricular, 287, 302 Atrium, 287, 302, 374, 377 Atrophic Gastritis, 94, 287
Index 383
Attenuated, 22, 287, 307 Attenuation, 22, 53, 57, 62, 287 Auditory, 288, 354 Autacoids, 288, 328 Autoantibodies, 19, 254, 288 Autoantigens, 288 Autodigestion, 288, 346 Autoimmune disease, 254, 288 Autonomic, 57, 211, 279, 288, 343, 349 Autonomic Nervous System, 288, 349 Autopsy, 51, 288 Autoradiography, 61, 288 Axonal, 59, 288 Axons, 44, 118, 122, 288, 305, 329, 345, 349, 358, 361 B Babesiosis, 288, 358 Bacterial Infections, 236, 240, 288 Bacterial Physiology, 280, 288 Bactericidal, 72, 288, 313 Bacteriophage, 288, 351, 373 Bacteriostatic, 288, 313 Bacterium, 221, 288, 345, 360 Balloon dilation, 247, 289 Balloon Occlusion, 111, 289 Barium, 206, 289 Baroreflex, 57, 289 Basal Ganglia, 287, 289, 318, 333, 344 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 287, 289 Basement Membrane, 82, 289, 314, 332 Beer, 11, 95, 112, 181, 223, 289 Benign, 4, 92, 173, 246, 289, 318, 323, 341, 359, 372 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 4, 92, 246, 289 Benzaldehyde, 193, 289 Benzene, 192, 289, 331 Benzoic Acid, 225, 226, 289 Benzoin, 235, 289 Benzyl Alcohol, 214, 232, 289 Beta-Endorphin, 85, 290 Beta-pleated, 283, 290 Beta-sheet, 111, 290 Bilateral, 16, 290 Bile, 81, 92, 240, 290, 318, 320, 324, 334, 336, 367, 370 Bile Acids, 240, 290, 367, 370 Bile Acids and Salts, 290 Bile Ducts, 81, 290 Bile Pigments, 290, 336 Biliary, 42, 92, 105, 247, 290, 306, 346 Biliary Tract, 290, 346
Bilirubin, 281, 290, 320 Binding Sites, 32, 290 Bioavailability, 8, 192, 290, 328 Biodegradation, 228, 290 Biogenesis, 34, 290 Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters, 30, 290 Biogenic Amines, 290 Biological response modifier, 291, 329 Biological Transport, 291, 306 Biomass, 160, 161, 165, 176, 194, 208, 209, 216, 221, 236, 241, 244, 291 Biopsy, 291, 348 Biosynthesis, 12, 47, 72, 74, 118, 123, 176, 240, 279, 286, 291, 356, 364 Biotechnology, 67, 76, 135, 140, 245, 246, 253, 263, 291 Bladder, 100, 205, 289, 291, 342, 349, 355, 356, 362, 376 Blastocyst, 291, 301, 351 Blood Coagulation, 291, 293, 371 Blood Glucose, 133, 204, 205, 211, 291, 323, 326, 329 Blood Platelets, 291, 364 Blood pressure, 56, 97, 285, 289, 291, 294, 325, 326, 331, 339, 343, 357, 365 Blood transfusion, 235, 291 Blood urea, 174, 291 Blood Volume, 291, 354 Blood-Brain Barrier, 39, 291 Body Fluids, 291, 309, 365 Bone Marrow, 64, 235, 289, 291, 292, 313, 327, 335, 368 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 235, 292 Boron, 166, 185, 292, 303 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 292 Bowel, 8, 240, 283, 292, 307, 328, 329, 332, 349 Bowel Movement, 292, 307 Brachial, 292, 324 Brachytherapy, 292, 329, 330, 358, 379 Bradykinin, 22, 292, 331, 343, 352 Brain Stem, 292, 296, 374 Branch, 7, 186, 275, 292, 310, 335, 342, 348, 357, 366, 371, 372 Breakdown, 106, 138, 291, 292, 307, 318 Bromine, 186, 292 Bronchi, 292, 312, 336, 373 Bronchitis, 35, 292, 298 Budesonide, 83, 233, 292 Buffers, 289, 292 Butyric Acid, 292, 313
384
Ethanol
C Caffeine, 65, 81, 106, 119, 124, 251, 292, 358 Calcification, 136, 293 Calcinosis, 248, 293 Calciphylaxis, 248, 293 Calcium channel blocker, 193, 293 Calcium Channels, 9, 38, 293, 347 Calcium Signaling, 48, 293 Callus, 293, 310 Candidiasis, 86, 132, 293 Candidosis, 293 Cannabidiol, 293 Cannabinoids, 106, 138, 293 Cannabinol, 293 Capillary, 80, 206, 292, 293, 294, 295, 319, 362, 377 Capillary Fragility, 294, 295, 362 Capillary Permeability, 292, 294 Capsaicin, 131, 294 Capsules, 294, 308, 315, 319 Carbachol, 86, 294 Carbohydrate, 11, 204, 209, 212, 294, 320, 321, 344, 353 Carbon Dioxide, 174, 187, 188, 194, 196, 220, 228, 294, 304, 316, 318, 351, 361, 377 Carcinogen, 280, 294, 337, 376 Carcinogenesis, 130, 134, 240, 294 Carcinogenic, 94, 210, 289, 294, 328, 344, 355, 367 Carcinoma, 43, 77, 82, 84, 85, 97, 98, 101, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113, 140, 294, 324 Cardiac, 9, 11, 17, 55, 57, 60, 95, 166, 282, 289, 292, 294, 298, 302, 309, 311, 312, 314, 318, 323, 333, 340, 361, 367 Cardiac Output, 289, 294 Cardiomyopathy, 9, 97, 110, 294 Cardiovascular, 9, 39, 43, 57, 78, 85, 139, 176, 283, 293, 294, 306, 364 Cardiovascular Abnormalities, 9, 294 Cardiovascular disease, 176, 294 Cardiovascular System, 9, 39, 43, 85, 294, 306 Carnitine, 131, 294 Carotene, 132, 294, 361 Case report, 81, 108, 173, 295, 299 Caspase, 90, 295 Catabolism, 71, 72, 240, 295 Catalase, 39, 279, 295 Catalyse, 295, 373 Catechin, 204, 295
Catecholamine, 31, 295, 308, 350 Catheterization, 4, 110, 295, 330, 340 Catheters, 92, 189, 295, 327, 329 Cathode, 284, 295, 310 Cations, 295, 330 Caudal, 295, 306, 326, 344, 353 Caudate Nucleus, 289, 295, 344 Causal, 63, 67, 295, 323, 370 Cause of Death, 10, 295 Cell Adhesion, 7, 252, 295 Cell Communication, 12, 295 Cell Count, 42, 295 Cell Cycle, 40, 279, 295, 298, 303, 314, 357, 377 Cell Death, 21, 26, 48, 55, 67, 74, 75, 90, 286, 296, 314, 341 Cell Differentiation, 19, 296, 364 Cell Division, 288, 295, 296, 314, 336, 338, 351, 355, 363 Cell membrane, 291, 293, 296, 305, 318, 350, 354 Cell proliferation, 40, 41, 86, 296, 364 Cell Respiration, 296, 361 Cell Survival, 64, 87, 108, 133, 296 Cellobiose, 72, 296 Cellulose, 176, 177, 196, 208, 210, 211, 221, 228, 236, 296, 317, 323, 337, 351 Centchroman, 231, 296 Centrifugation, 208, 221, 296 Cerebellar, 5, 21, 31, 74, 97, 287, 296, 360 Cerebellum, 21, 31, 296, 302, 360 Cerebral Aqueduct, 296, 349, 371 Cerebral Arteries, 296, 338 Cerebrovascular, 289, 294, 296, 370 Cerebrum, 296, 302, 351 Cervical, 296, 334, 362 Cervix, 296, 371 Character, 32, 223, 297, 304, 321 Chelating Agents, 190, 297 Chemoembolization, 82, 101, 107, 297 Chemokines, 19, 297 Chemotherapy, 297, 349 Chlordiazepoxide, 173, 297 Chlorhexidine, 110, 235, 297 Chlorides, 201, 202, 297 Chlorine, 216, 225, 297 Chlorofluorocarbons, 213, 297 Chloroform, 29, 188, 200, 297 Chlorophyll, 297, 312, 317 Cholesterol Esters, 297, 334 Choline, 70, 134, 297 Cholinergic, 27, 30, 44, 294, 297, 343
Index 385
Chondroitin sulfate, 229, 298 Choriocarcinoma, 100, 298, 325 Chromatin, 286, 298 Chromium, 217, 234, 298 Chromosomal, 46, 298 Chromosome, 298, 322, 333, 363 Chronic, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 45, 46, 50, 51, 53, 57, 59, 60, 61, 64, 82, 83, 88, 96, 98, 101, 119, 120, 123, 125, 131, 132, 135, 139, 141, 161, 162, 163, 166, 178, 192, 213, 236, 254, 282, 287, 298, 306, 328, 332, 346, 353, 360, 368, 369, 375, 378 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 213, 298 Chronic prostatitis, 4, 298 Chylomicrons, 298, 334 Ciliary, 35, 298, 339, 364 Ciliary Body, 298, 364 Cinchona, 298, 358 CIS, 10, 35, 51, 298, 361 Cisplatin, 82, 298 Citrus, 287, 298 Clamp, 9, 24, 25, 31, 33, 38, 298 Clarithromycin, 194, 195, 298 Clear cell carcinoma, 298, 305 Clinical Medicine, 90, 96, 299, 354 Clinical study, 299, 302 Clinical trial, 4, 65, 169, 170, 263, 299, 302, 340, 356, 359 Clomiphene, 231, 299 Cloning, 73, 291, 299 Coagulation, 247, 291, 299, 323, 352, 371 Coal, 242, 289, 299 Coca, 299 Cocaethylene, 24, 53, 299 Cocaine, 23, 30, 53, 59, 75, 78, 167, 203, 240, 299 Cod Liver Oil, 299, 310 Coenzyme, 176, 287, 299, 332 Cofactor, 222, 299, 343, 356, 371 Cognition, 28, 299 Colchicine, 248, 299 Colitis, 299, 328 Collagen, 140, 202, 280, 289, 295, 299, 315, 319, 352, 355 Collapse, 292, 300 Colloidal, 242, 245, 281, 300, 310, 314, 349, 368 Combination Therapy, 101, 300 Comorbidity, 52, 300
Complement, 285, 300, 352, 364 Complementary and alternative medicine, 129, 158, 300 Complementary medicine, 129, 300 Computational Biology, 263, 300 Computed tomography, 84, 301 Computerized axial tomography, 301 Computerized tomography, 84, 301 Conception, 252, 298, 301, 315, 336, 367 Concomitant, 26, 34, 52, 301 Conduction, 9, 44, 301 Cones, 301, 322, 351, 361 Congenita, 301, 358 Conjugated, 289, 290, 301, 304 Conjunctiva, 301, 328, 374 Connective Tissue, 229, 287, 292, 300, 301, 315, 318, 319, 349, 356, 362, 369 Connective Tissue Cells, 301 Consciousness, 283, 301, 305, 307, 361 Constitutional, 301, 340 Constriction, 301, 331 Consumption, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 22, 25, 30, 34, 39, 43, 47, 49, 50, 60, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 87, 101, 112, 114, 120, 125, 131, 135, 159, 160, 162, 164, 166, 194, 196, 214, 232, 252, 268, 278, 301, 306, 318, 346 Contact dermatitis, 78, 301 Contamination, 76, 92, 218, 301 Continuum, 59, 301 Contractility, 9, 302 Contraindications, ii, 302 Control group, 52, 302 Controlled clinical trial, 184, 302 Convulsions, 5, 285, 302, 342 Coordination, 188, 296, 297, 302, 357, 365 Cor, 62, 63, 118, 122, 302, 303 Corn Oil, 131, 302 Corneum, 103, 111, 302, 312 Coronary, 39, 60, 102, 137, 176, 294, 302, 337, 340 Coronary Arteriosclerosis, 302, 340 Coronary heart disease, 60, 102, 137, 294, 302 Coronary Thrombosis, 302, 337, 340 Cortex, 13, 27, 42, 287, 296, 302, 303, 312, 316, 338, 354, 355, 358, 360 Cortical, 14, 34, 40, 42, 59, 87, 119, 123, 302, 314, 354, 358, 363, 370 Cortices, 27, 302 Corticosteroids, 248, 302, 320 Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, 63, 303
386
Ethanol
Cortisol, 281, 303 Cortisone, 207, 303 Cotinine, 78, 303 Cranial, 55, 75, 296, 303, 323, 336, 342, 345, 349, 374 Craniofacial Abnormalities, 44, 303 Creatinine, 95, 303, 375 Crossing-over, 303, 359 Crystallization, 179, 187, 206, 303 Cues, 27, 118, 122, 303 Cultured cells, 94, 303 Curative, 303, 371 Curcumin, 132, 303 Cutaneous, 69, 92, 293, 301, 303, 335, 376 Cutaneous Fistula, 92, 303 Cyanide, 193, 303, 354 Cyclic, 11, 39, 120, 124, 192, 280, 293, 295, 303, 322, 343, 351, 355, 363 Cyclin, 40, 303 Cyclin-Dependent Kinases, 40, 303 Cyst, 88, 303 Cysteine, 297, 303, 311, 368 Cytochrome, 7, 37, 69, 72, 100, 165, 303, 346 Cytokine, 41, 64, 94, 304 Cytomegalovirus, 18, 304 Cytoplasm, 254, 286, 293, 296, 304, 322, 369 Cytosine, 221, 304 Cytoskeleton, 248, 304, 338 Cytotoxic, 192, 294, 304, 359, 365 Cytotoxicity, 39, 94, 282, 298, 304 D Dantrolene, 121, 125, 304 Databases, Bibliographic, 263, 304 De novo, 34, 304 Deamination, 304, 339, 376 Decarboxylation, 219, 290, 304, 324, 348 Decidua, 304, 351 Degenerative, 304, 324, 361 Dehydration, 69, 172, 217, 304 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 63, 151, 304, 306 Deletion, 35, 131, 286, 304 Delusions, 304, 357 Dementia, 17, 305 Denaturation, 305, 353 Dendrites, 305, 342, 358 Dendritic, 64, 80, 305, 361, 366 Dendritic cell, 64, 305 Density, 10, 16, 61, 175, 176, 185, 296, 305, 309, 334, 344, 353, 366 Dental Caries, 196, 235, 305, 316
Dental Cements, 282, 305 Dental Plaque, 236, 305 Dentate Gyrus, 305, 324 Dentition, 236, 305 Depolarization, 305, 365 Depressive Disorder, 305, 334 Deprivation, 15, 27, 49, 305 Dermatitis, 78, 83, 305 DES, 172, 211, 305 Desensitization, 9, 31, 35, 91, 305 Detergents, 190, 306 Detoxification, 15, 36, 306, 320 Deuterium, 306, 325 Developed Countries, 306, 316 Dextroamphetamine, 53, 283, 306 DHEA, 151, 304, 306 Diabetes Insipidus, 306, 353 Diabetes Mellitus, 50, 204, 205, 306, 320, 323, 353 Diagnostic procedure, 171, 253, 306 Dialysate, 190, 306 Dialyzer, 306, 323 Diastolic, 306, 325 Diathermy, 306, 338 Diclofenac, 230, 306 Diclofenac Sodium, 306 Dicyclomine, 285, 306 Diencephalon, 306, 326, 354, 371 Dietary Proteins, 225, 306 Diffusion, 165, 180, 291, 294, 306, 307, 375 Digestion, 235, 281, 290, 292, 307, 329, 334, 348, 367, 376 Digestive system, 170, 174, 307, 340 Digestive tract, 174, 307, 365, 367 Dihydropyridines, 9, 307 Dihydrotestosterone, 307, 360 Dihydroxy, 187, 307, 313, 362 Dilation, 292, 307, 377 Dilution, 218, 307 Dimethyl, 175, 180, 192, 217, 307 Diphenhydramine, 83, 109, 307 Diploid, 307, 351 Direct, iii, 3, 4, 14, 18, 46, 47, 53, 54, 58, 60, 69, 96, 107, 186, 207, 218, 219, 221, 295, 299, 307, 308, 319, 347, 358, 360, 369 Disaccharides, 229, 307 Discrimination, 70, 307 Disease Vectors, 307, 329 Disinfectant, 297, 307, 313 Disinfection, 110, 307 Disposition, 7, 42, 106, 163, 166, 307 Dissociation, 281, 307, 330
Index 387
Distal, 288, 307, 309, 357 Disulfiram, 101, 307 Diuresis, 292, 308 Diuretic, 308, 335, 366 Dolichol, 120, 125, 308 Dopamine, 12, 15, 16, 19, 24, 27, 58, 59, 95, 105, 160, 283, 290, 299, 306, 308, 339, 350 Dorsal, 36, 308, 342, 353, 366 Dorsum, 308, 318 Dosage Forms, 175, 192, 308, 350 Dose-dependent, 12, 308 Drinking Behavior, 63, 84, 308 Drosophila, 46, 47, 57, 67, 70, 163, 308 Dross, 308, 355 Drug Interactions, 8, 256, 308 Drug Resistance, 192, 308 Drug Tolerance, 308, 372 Duct, 42, 92, 283, 295, 309, 314, 362 Duodenum, 290, 309, 311, 318, 331, 367 Dyes, 283, 289, 309, 317, 350, 368 Dyslexia, 239, 309, 333 Dyslipidemia, 133, 309 E Eating Disorders, 203, 309 Echocardiography, 200, 309 Ectoderm, 309, 342 Edema, 301, 309, 340, 376 Effector, 25, 279, 285, 300, 309, 332, 342 Effector cell, 285, 309, 332, 342 Efficacy, 4, 11, 17, 29, 65, 87, 98, 104, 192, 201, 210, 309, 334 Ejaculation, 4, 173, 309, 364 Elastin, 300, 309 Elastomers, 309, 353 Elective, 309 Electrochemistry, 31, 57, 309 Electrocoagulation, 299, 309 Electrode, 38, 182, 191, 247, 284, 295, 309 Electrolyte, 180, 181, 182, 191, 242, 309, 323, 354, 365, 376 Electrons, 167, 286, 289, 295, 309, 330, 346, 358, 359 Electrophoresis, 11, 310 Electrophysiological, 5, 24, 25, 33, 44, 59, 74, 310 Electroplating, 310, 368 Ellagic Acid, 204, 310 Emboli, 81, 110, 111, 310 Embolization, 81, 110, 111, 310 Embryo, 7, 291, 296, 309, 310, 315, 328, 345, 352 Embryogenesis, 7, 310
Emergency Medicine, 89, 93, 102, 310 Emergency Treatment, 310 Emollient, 310, 321, 344 Emphysema, 298, 310 Emulsion, 110, 207, 231, 288, 310, 316 Enamel, 235, 305, 310, 331 Encephalitis, 17, 39, 310 Encephalitis, Viral, 310 Encephalopathy, 39, 311 Endocarditis, 293, 311 Endocrine Glands, 311, 347 Endocrine System, 311, 342 Endocytosis, 72, 73, 311 Endopeptidases, 311, 348, 356 Endoscope, 311 Endoscopic, 4, 84, 248, 311 Endothelial cell, 32, 36, 39, 93, 254, 291, 311, 371 Endothelium, 311, 343 Endothelium-derived, 311, 343 Endotoxemia, 65, 311 Endotoxic, 311, 333 Endotoxin, 32, 64, 67, 161, 311, 343, 375 Energetic, 26, 311 Energy balance, 311, 333 Enhancer, 163, 231, 311 Enkephalin, 290, 311 Enteral Nutrition, 10, 311 Enteric bacteria, 71, 312 Entorhinal Cortex, 312, 324 Environmental Health, 47, 119, 124, 262, 264, 312 Enzymatic, 162, 176, 196, 210, 211, 290, 293, 295, 300, 303, 305, 312, 313, 324, 353, 361 Ependyma, 286, 312, 371 Epidemic, 18, 312, 366 Epidemiological, 16, 39, 50, 60, 312 Epidermal, 312, 331 Epidermis, 302, 312, 331, 354 Epidermoid carcinoma, 312, 367 Epidural, 110, 312 Epigastric, 312, 346 Epinephrine, 280, 290, 308, 312, 343, 375 Epithelial, 88, 103, 131, 205, 247, 280, 291, 298, 304, 312, 332, 349 Epithelial Cells, 312, 332 Epithelium, 35, 88, 289, 298, 311, 312, 318, 330 Erythema, 301, 312 Erythrina, 153, 155, 312 Erythroblasts, 53, 312, 313
388
Ethanol
Erythrocytes, 99, 112, 120, 125, 138, 283, 284, 288, 291, 312, 313, 323, 360, 361, 364 Erythroid Progenitor Cells, 312 Erythromycin, 194, 195, 298, 313 Erythropoiesis, 312, 313 Erythropoietin, 53, 313 Escalation, 50, 106, 313 Esophageal, 313, 363 Esophageal Varices, 313, 363 Esophagus, 307, 313, 336, 350, 360, 367 Esterification, 198, 226, 227, 313 Estrogen, 120, 124, 162, 231, 299, 313, 326, 359, 363, 369, 372 Estrogen receptor, 231, 299, 313 Estrogen receptor positive, 231, 313 Ethanolamine, 69, 71, 72, 75, 102, 106, 138, 313 Ether, 88, 134, 164, 195, 219, 224, 313 Ethionine, 134, 313 Ethylene Glycol, 181, 217, 313 Etoposide, 207, 314 Eukaryotic Cells, 314, 327, 345, 375 Euphoria, 222, 314 Evacuation, 314, 318, 332 Excipient, 212, 314, 322 Excitability, 25, 59, 314 Excitation, 9, 304, 314 Excitatory, 13, 23, 32, 34, 282, 314, 320, 342 Excitatory Amino Acids, 314, 342 Excitotoxicity, 32, 314 Exhaustion, 284, 314 Exocrine, 314, 346 Exogenous, 204, 280, 314, 320, 375 Expander, 314, 354 Expiration, 314, 361 External-beam radiation, 314, 330, 358, 379 Extracellular, 23, 24, 31, 34, 40, 58, 71, 174, 283, 287, 301, 311, 314, 315, 338, 365, 370 Extracellular Matrix, 301, 314, 315 Extracellular Space, 314, 338 Extraction, 174, 177, 189, 216, 217, 221, 223, 231, 314 Extrapyramidal, 308, 315 Extremity, 315, 363 Exudate, 315, 322, 345 F Facial, 43, 303, 315 Failure to Thrive, 43, 315 Family Planning, 263, 315 Fat, 10, 96, 174, 175, 189, 199, 204, 231, 232, 240, 280, 286, 290, 291, 292, 294, 302,
310, 315, 332, 333, 344, 362, 365, 368, 369, 374 Fatigue, 248, 315, 323 Fatty acids, 176, 198, 224, 240, 281, 315, 321, 336, 355 Fatty Liver, 165, 248, 315 Feces, 212, 315 Fertilizers, 225, 315, 368 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, 7, 33, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 66, 100, 251, 268, 315 Fetal Development, 43, 315 Fetus, 60, 313, 315, 336, 351, 354, 376 Fibrin, 291, 315, 371 Fibroblasts, 7, 301, 315 Fibrosis, 178, 202, 252, 282, 315, 363 Filler, 185, 315 Filtration, 187, 192, 221, 234, 316 Fissure, 305, 316, 354 Fistulas, 81, 316 Fixation, 70, 188, 316, 362, 364 Flatus, 316, 318 Flavoring Agents, 316, 350 Fleas, 184, 316 Fluorine, 216, 297, 316 Fluoroscopy, 104, 316 Fluoxetine, 164, 173, 316 Flushing, 189, 308, 316 Folate, 53, 71, 100, 120, 125, 316 Fold, 10, 31, 42, 52, 195, 211, 316 Folic Acid, 128, 316 Food Additives, 77, 229, 316 Food Coloring Agents, 316, 317 Food Packaging, 198, 317 Food Preservatives, 316, 317 Forearm, 291, 317 Forestry, 209, 243, 317 Formularies, 91, 317, 350 Fossa, 296, 317 Fovea, 316, 317 Fractionation, 34, 283, 317 Frameshift, 317, 375 Frameshift Mutation, 317, 375 Frontal Lobe, 317, 354 Fructose, 71, 162, 165, 209, 240, 317, 321 Fungi, 285, 317, 322, 337, 338, 379 Fungistatic, 289, 317 Fungus, 188, 293, 317 G Gadolinium, 106, 317 Gallbladder, 279, 290, 307, 318 Gallic Acid, 204, 318 Gamma Rays, 318, 358, 359
Index 389
Ganglia, 279, 289, 318, 342, 349 Ganglion, 318, 342, 361, 374 Gap Junctions, 318, 369 Gas exchange, 318, 361, 377 Gasoline, 162, 163, 182, 183, 215, 220, 242, 289, 318 Gastric Bypass, 96, 318 Gastric Emptying, 137, 318 Gastric Juices, 318, 348 Gastric Mucosa, 109, 119, 121, 123, 125, 126, 131, 138, 139, 318, 348 Gastrin, 318, 324 Gastroenteritis, 292, 318 Gastrointestinal, 86, 95, 105, 240, 247, 292, 306, 311, 312, 313, 318, 319, 364, 368 Gastrointestinal tract, 86, 240, 247, 313, 318, 364 Gastrostomy, 311, 319 Gelatin, 319, 321, 368, 371 Gels, 11, 319, 337 Gene Expression, 11, 12, 31, 42, 55, 57, 62, 63, 119, 124, 132, 134, 319 Generator, 13, 319 Genetic Markers, 46, 319 Genetic testing, 319, 353 Genetics, 17, 84, 248, 308, 319 Genital, 298, 319, 376 Genomics, 31, 319 Genotype, 54, 97, 319, 350 Germ Cells, 319, 336, 344, 345, 365, 370 Gestation, 16, 319, 349, 351 Gestational, 21, 72, 319 Giardiasis, 319, 337 Ginseng, 149, 151, 154, 155, 319 Gland, 280, 303, 319, 346, 347, 351, 355, 356, 359, 363, 367, 371 Glioma, 94, 319 Glomerular, 319, 336 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 319, 336 Glomeruli, 319, 320 Glomerulosclerosis, 178, 320 Glomerulus, 319, 320 Glucocorticoid, 292, 320 Gluconeogenesis, 320 Glucose, 30, 51, 61, 67, 71, 112, 129, 162, 166, 205, 209, 211, 221, 228, 236, 240, 287, 291, 296, 298, 306, 320, 321, 323, 329, 331, 336, 348, 353, 362, 366 Glucose Intolerance, 51, 306, 320 Glucose tolerance, 320 Glucose Tolerance Test, 320 Glucuronic Acid, 229, 320, 326
Glucuronides, 320 Glutamate, 14, 15, 21, 23, 32, 38, 45, 47, 48, 56, 63, 65, 119, 123, 162, 282, 314, 320, 331, 337 Glutamate Dehydrogenase, 47, 320 Glutamic Acid, 47, 282, 316, 320, 323, 355 Glutamine, 47, 320 Gluten, 243, 320 Glycerol, 181, 196, 199, 292, 321, 350 Glycerophospholipids, 321, 350 Glycine, 6, 38, 70, 79, 92, 163, 283, 289, 290, 321, 364 Glycogen, 129, 204, 240, 321 Glycols, 196, 321 Glycolysis, 240, 321 Glycoprotein, 8, 313, 321, 332, 333, 371, 375 Glycosaminoglycan, 298, 321 Glycoside, 307, 321, 325, 362 Glycosidic, 296, 321, 331, 336, 344 Glycosylation, 51, 112, 321 Goats, 174, 321, 345 Goiter, 321, 372 Gonadal, 120, 124, 135, 321, 367 Gonadotropin, 298, 321 Gout, 299, 321 Governing Board, 321, 354 Gp120, 252, 321 Grade, 188, 214, 219, 235, 321 Graft, 192, 322, 324, 327, 340 Graft Rejection, 192, 322, 327 Grafting, 322, 327 Gram-negative, 311, 322 Gram-positive, 221, 322 Granule, 21, 74, 97, 305, 322, 352 Granulocytes, 67, 322, 365, 378 Grasses, 176, 209, 316, 322 Gravis, 85, 322 Greenhouse Effect, 220, 322 Guanylate Cyclase, 39, 322, 343 Gum Arabic, 211, 322 Gymnosperms, 209, 284, 322, 374 H Habitual, 297, 322 Hair follicles, 322, 378 Half-Life, 19, 34, 222, 322 Haloperidol, 56, 103, 111, 322 Haploid, 322, 351 Haptens, 281, 323 Headache, 292, 323, 328 Heart attack, 294, 323 Heart failure, 9, 323
390
Ethanol
Helminths, 323, 328 Heme, 283, 290, 303, 323, 354 Hemicellulose, 177, 197, 208, 228, 236, 323 Hemodialysis, 107, 190, 306, 323, 332, 375 Hemofiltration, 190, 323, 375 Hemoglobin, 284, 297, 312, 323, 333 Hemoglobin A, 297, 323 Hemoglobin C, 284, 323 Hemolysis, 207, 288, 323 Hemorrhage, 309, 323, 340, 368 Hemorrhoids, 323, 363 Hemostasis, 323, 364 Hepatic, 11, 42, 65, 71, 98, 105, 110, 122, 126, 136, 163, 178, 244, 247, 281, 320, 323, 334, 339 Hepatitis, 86, 178, 202, 248, 324, 378 Hepatocellular, 43, 82, 84, 85, 97, 98, 101, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113, 140, 324 Hepatocyte, 29, 64, 71, 324 Hepatoma, 103, 108, 324 Hepatotoxicity, 119, 124, 139, 252, 324 Hereditary, 321, 324, 352, 361 Heredity, 319, 324 Heterogeneity, 173, 281, 324 Hippocampus, 20, 32, 44, 61, 162, 305, 324, 333, 358, 368 Histamine, 138, 167, 285, 290, 307, 324 Histology, 324, 347 Homeostasis, 51, 59, 61, 324 Homodimer, 324, 373 Homogeneous, 59, 191, 301, 324, 350 Homologous, 236, 282, 303, 324, 363, 364, 369 Hormonal, 8, 45, 296, 324, 349 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 45, 324 Host, 18, 35, 72, 222, 236, 288, 293, 307, 324, 326, 327, 340, 376, 378 Humeral, 19, 324 Humoral, 64, 322, 324 Humour, 324 Hydatidiform Mole, 298, 325 Hydration, 85, 180, 325 Hydroalcoholic, 231, 325 Hydrochloric Acid, 173, 197, 200, 297, 325 Hydrogen Cyanide, 325, 343 Hydrogen Peroxide, 39, 76, 190, 295, 325, 333 Hydrolases, 34, 325, 350 Hydrolysis, 162, 176, 193, 196, 197, 208, 217, 236, 296, 298, 325, 348, 350, 353, 356 Hydrophilic, 306, 325
Hydrophobic, 45, 192, 207, 306, 321, 325, 334 Hydroxylysine, 300, 325 Hydroxyproline, 300, 325 Hydroxytryptophol, 114, 325 Hypercholesterolemia, 143, 175, 176, 309, 325, 348 Hyperglycemia, 204, 325 Hyperlipidemia, 309, 325 Hypersensitivity, 48, 70, 89, 207, 282, 293, 305, 307, 325, 362, 364 Hypertension, 9, 56, 97, 140, 143, 159, 294, 323, 325, 331, 376 Hyperthermia, 54, 111, 140, 306, 325 Hypertriglyceridemia, 309, 326 Hypertrophy, 166, 289, 302, 326, 374 Hypervascular, 104, 326 Hypnotic, 5, 50, 307, 326, 334 Hypoglycemia, 204, 211, 326 Hypoglycemic, 211, 326 Hypoplasia, 21, 326 Hypotension, 57, 302, 308, 326 Hypotensive, 56, 326, 331 Hypothalamic, 109, 326 Hypothalamus, 286, 288, 303, 306, 311, 326, 333, 351, 371 Hypothermia, 5, 66, 112, 140, 326 Hypoxanthine, 326, 379 Hypoxia, 68, 284, 326, 370 I Ibuprofen, 207, 326 Id, 127, 142, 268, 274, 276, 326 Idoxifene, 231, 326 Iduronic Acid, 229, 326 Immune function, 326, 373 Immune response, 18, 64, 183, 240, 248, 285, 288, 303, 322, 323, 326, 327, 364, 368, 376, 378 Immune Sera, 326, 327 Immune system, 41, 64, 285, 309, 326, 327, 335, 341, 376, 378 Immunity, 18, 64, 162, 240, 326, 327, 373 Immunization, 19, 326, 327, 364 Immunocompromised, 17, 327 Immunodeficiency, 17, 69, 74, 327 Immunofluorescence, 60, 254, 327 Immunogenic, 327, 333 Immunohistochemistry, 57, 327 Immunologic, 64, 327, 359 Immunology, 17, 89, 93, 281, 327 Immunosuppressive, 41, 79, 254, 320, 327 Immunosuppressive therapy, 254, 327
Index 391
Immunotherapy, 234, 305, 327 Impairment, 51, 120, 125, 164, 192, 240, 287, 327, 337, 357 Implant radiation, 327, 329, 330, 358, 379 Implantation, 190, 301, 327 Impotence, 327, 347 In situ, 57, 190, 327 In Situ Hybridization, 57, 327 Incision, 247, 327, 330, 356 Incubated, 216, 327 Incubation, 327, 333 Incubation period, 327, 333 Indicative, 241, 328, 348, 376 Indinavir, 8, 328 Indomethacin, 139, 328 Induction, 8, 19, 21, 27, 31, 41, 64, 68, 99, 120, 124, 306, 328, 331 Industrial Waste, 180, 328 Infarction, 328, 360 Infertility, 328, 376 Infestation, 184, 328 Inflammatory bowel disease, 254, 328 Influenza, 22, 328 Infusion, 11, 248, 328, 340, 363, 373 Inhalation, 72, 212, 213, 280, 328, 352 Initiation, 20, 69, 328, 345, 360, 373 Innervation, 16, 31, 328, 349, 363, 372 Inorganic, 185, 196, 200, 217, 297, 298, 328, 340, 343, 350 Inositol, 29, 329, 337, 363 Inotropic, 308, 329 Insecticides, 184, 329, 349 Insight, 20, 24, 35, 40, 56, 329 Insomnia, 50, 329, 374 Insulin, 21, 50, 90, 91, 204, 209, 211, 240, 248, 320, 329, 332, 375 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 329 Intensive Care, 80, 329 Interferon, 100, 119, 124, 329 Interferon-alpha, 329 Intermittent, 141, 329, 349 Internal Medicine, 35, 248, 329 Internal radiation, 329, 330, 358, 379 Interneurons, 30, 329 Interstitial, 178, 247, 292, 314, 329, 330, 379 Intestinal, 74, 191, 240, 295, 320, 329, 335, 336 Intestine, 285, 290, 292, 329, 332 Intoxication, 5, 9, 23, 25, 28, 31, 38, 45, 54, 59, 106, 138, 163, 166, 329, 379 Intramuscular, 330, 347 Intraoperative Complications, 4, 330
Intravascular, 189, 190, 330 Intravenous, 190, 192, 207, 328, 330, 347 Intrinsic, 29, 48, 281, 289, 330 Intubation, 295, 330 Invasive, 4, 92, 107, 248, 325, 326, 330 Involuntary, 289, 330, 340, 360 Iodine, 330, 354 Ion Channels, 6, 33, 38, 54, 287, 330, 342, 369 Ion Exchange, 182, 223, 296, 330 Ionization, 11, 52, 330 Ionizing, 209, 282, 330, 336, 359 Ions, 38, 199, 209, 289, 292, 293, 297, 307, 309, 325, 330, 354 Iris, 88, 284, 330 Irradiation, 200, 292, 330, 379 Irrigation, 88, 114, 330 Ischemia, 11, 25, 32, 60, 68, 331, 340, 342, 360 Ischemic stroke, 106, 331 Isocyanates, 197, 331 Isoflavones, 102, 137, 331 Isomaltose, 205, 331 Isopropyl, 182, 226, 227, 234, 331 J Jejunostomy, 311, 331 Jejunum, 318, 331 Joint, 248, 287, 331, 369 K Kainate, 120, 124, 164, 307, 331 Kallidin, 292, 331 Kb, 262, 331 Keratectomy, 82, 331 Keratin, 331 Keratinocytes, 88, 331 Keratolytic, 305, 331, 352 Ketamine, 56, 331 Ketanserin, 24, 331 Keto, 332, 373, 379 Ketone Bodies, 112, 240, 279, 332 Ketorolac, 230, 332 Kidney Disease, 170, 262, 332, 360 Kidney Failure, 320, 332, 336 Killer Cells, 64, 332 Kinetic, 32, 79, 163, 330, 332 L Laceration, 332, 370 Lactate Dehydrogenase, 75, 332 Lactation, 8, 332, 346 Laminin, 289, 332 Large Intestine, 307, 329, 332, 360, 365 Larynx, 332, 373
392
Ethanol
Latency, 81, 332 Lavage, 278, 332 Laxative, 332, 337, 366 Learning Disorders, 47, 332 Lectins, 312, 333 Lens, 301, 333, 360, 378 Lentivirus, 18, 333 Leptin, 84, 91, 333 Lesion, 102, 333, 334, 375 Lethal, 38, 43, 288, 303, 333 Leucine, 290, 333, 348 Leukocytes, 291, 297, 322, 328, 329, 333, 375 Library Services, 274, 333 Lidocaine, 290, 333 Ligament, 333, 356 Ligands, 14, 333 Limbic, 24, 59, 283, 333, 354 Limbic System, 283, 333, 354 Linkage, 296, 319, 331, 333, 336, 348 Lipid A, 108, 191, 333 Lipid Peroxidation, 11, 72, 333, 346, 371 Lipophilic, 191, 207, 333 Lipopolysaccharide, 105, 140, 322, 334 Lipoprotein, 101, 175, 176, 309, 322, 334 Liposome, 231, 334 Liquor, 164, 177, 187, 223, 334 Lithium, 185, 334 Liver Cirrhosis, 143, 202, 334 Liver Neoplasms, 313, 334 Liver Regeneration, 64, 334 Liver Transplantation, 107, 110, 247, 248, 334 Lobe, 209, 334 Localization, 60, 327, 334 Localized, 15, 36, 56, 305, 316, 328, 332, 334, 339, 351, 363, 370, 375 Locomotion, 59, 119, 123, 334, 351 Locomotor, 15, 59, 135, 167, 334 Long-Term Potentiation, 21, 32, 334 Loop, 183, 216, 318, 334 Lorazepam, 56, 334 Lordosis, 334, 349 Low-density lipoprotein, 309, 334 Lubricants, 335, 349 Luciferase, 10, 335 Lumbar, 4, 81, 334, 335, 363, 372 Lumen, 189, 335 Lupus, 335, 369 Lymph, 296, 311, 324, 335, 336 Lymphatic, 311, 328, 335, 352, 366, 371 Lymphatic system, 335, 366, 371
Lymphocyte, 41, 64, 137, 285, 332, 335, 336 Lymphoid, 19, 285, 302, 335 Lymphoma, 134, 335 Lysosome, 34, 335 M Malabsorption, 240, 335 Malformation, 78, 335 Malignant, 105, 130, 192, 280, 298, 335, 341, 359, 370 Malignant tumor, 298, 335 Malnutrition, 281, 335 Malondialdehyde, 335, 371 Mammary, 103, 335, 338, 343, 359, 369, 372 Mammogram, 293, 335, 338 Manic, 334, 335, 357 Manic-depressive psychosis, 335, 357 Manifest, 31, 38, 44, 177, 288, 335 Mannitol, 209, 335 Mastication, 336, 374 Maternal Exposure, 60, 336 Maxillary, 336, 374 Maxillary Nerve, 336, 374 Meat, 174, 204, 214, 336, 362 Meconium, 78, 336 Medial, 27, 62, 336, 345, 372 Mediastinum, 298, 336 Mediate, 24, 27, 31, 34, 46, 58, 62, 308, 332, 336 Mediator, 36, 41, 58, 63, 336, 364 Medicament, 226, 336, 368 MEDLINE, 263, 336 Megaloblastic, 53, 316, 336 Meiosis, 336, 369 Melanin, 330, 336, 350, 375 Melibiose, 71, 336 Membrane Glycoproteins, 336 Memory, 17, 19, 20, 23, 26, 32, 64, 81, 99, 163, 164, 240, 283, 305, 334, 336 Meninges, 296, 337 Mental deficiency, 315, 337 Mental Disorders, 170, 337, 357 Mental Health, iv, 4, 36, 170, 262, 264, 337, 357 Mental Retardation, 47, 337 Mesentery, 337, 349 Mesolimbic, 15, 19, 27, 58, 59, 74, 337, 377 Metabolite, 52, 166, 307, 337, 354 Metabotropic, 15, 32, 337 Metastasis, 77, 337 Methionine, 71, 102, 290, 307, 313, 337, 368 Methylcellulose, 231, 337 Methylguanidine, 184, 337
Index 393
Methyltransferase, 70, 337 Metronidazole, 101, 337 MI, 86, 132, 182, 214, 215, 218, 229, 235, 278, 337 Micelle, 191, 337 Microbe, 337, 372 Microbicide, 186, 337 Microbiology, 17, 135, 228, 280, 337 Microcalcifications, 293, 337 Microcirculation, 334, 338 Microdialysis, 58, 59, 338 Microorganism, 299, 338, 378 Micro-organism, 216, 305, 338, 351 Microscopy, 14, 42, 57, 60, 289, 338 Microspheres, 200, 338 Microtubules, 338, 346 Microwaves, 172, 338, 358 Middle Cerebral Artery, 65, 338 Migration, 36, 96, 209, 338, 349 Milk Ejection, 8, 338 Miscible, 230, 231, 338, 350 Mitochondrial Swelling, 338, 341 Mitosis, 286, 333, 338 Mitotic, 21, 314, 338 Mobility, 172, 338 Mobilization, 293, 338 Modeling, 14, 338 Modification, 5, 74, 75, 240, 339, 358 Modulator, 74, 214, 339, 370 Molasses, 165, 179, 339 Molecular, 5, 6, 12, 17, 23, 24, 25, 30, 34, 35, 38, 39, 43, 45, 46, 47, 51, 54, 55, 57, 62, 63, 66, 67, 72, 73, 79, 82, 85, 96, 97, 102, 119, 121, 124, 126, 141, 160, 165, 172, 177, 188, 209, 221, 228, 229, 263, 265, 283, 291, 301, 305, 314, 321, 331, 339, 348, 354, 359, 371, 375 Monitor, 31, 209, 303, 339, 343 Monoamine, 52, 283, 306, 339 Monoamine Oxidase, 283, 306, 339 Monoclonal, 330, 339, 358, 379 Monocyte, 41, 64, 285, 339 Mononuclear, 132, 339, 375 Morphine, 240, 308, 339, 341, 345 Morphogenesis, 7, 315, 339 Morphological, 43, 44, 310, 317, 339 Morphology, 21, 44, 57, 165, 166, 247, 339 Motility, 35, 240, 328, 339, 364 Motor Activity, 302, 339, 357 Motor Neurons, 134, 339 Mucilaginous, 336, 339 Mucins, 305, 339, 362
Mucociliary, 35, 339 Mucociliary Clearance, 35, 339 Mucositis, 340, 371 Mucus, 339, 340 Multicenter study, 56, 340 Muscle relaxant, 304, 340 Mutagenesis, 7, 25, 38, 49, 130, 340 Mutagens, 317, 340 Myalgia, 328, 340 Myasthenia, 85, 340 Myelin, 107, 121, 126, 340 Myocardial infarction, 302, 337, 340 Myocardial Ischemia, 26, 340 Myocardial Reperfusion, 340, 360 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 340, 360 Myocardium, 26, 337, 340 Myotonia, 340, 358 N Naive, 11, 66, 341 Naloxone, 290, 341 Naltrexone, 14, 56, 341 Narcolepsy, 306, 341 Narcotic, 161, 279, 339, 341 Nasal Mucosa, 328, 341 Nasogastric, 311, 341 Natural selection, 290, 341 Nausea, 285, 308, 318, 341, 375 NCI, 1, 170, 261, 298, 341 Necrosis, 11, 36, 247, 286, 328, 337, 340, 341, 360 Need, 3, 28, 66, 174, 175, 176, 180, 190, 192, 197, 215, 217, 230, 231, 233, 239, 246, 253, 256, 257, 269, 280, 313, 321, 335, 341, 372 Neoplasia, 341 Neoplasm, 341 Neoplastic, 134, 335, 341 Nephropathy, 211, 332, 341 Nerve Growth Factor, 42, 119, 124, 132, 341 Networks, 30, 342 Neural, 5, 7, 12, 19, 24, 27, 28, 37, 40, 45, 49, 55, 59, 75, 167, 281, 283, 324, 339, 342, 349 Neural Crest, 75, 342 Neuroblastoma, 12, 40, 139, 342 Neuroendocrine, 119, 124, 342 Neurogenic, 342, 376 Neurologic, 37, 39, 342 Neuromuscular, 44, 279, 304, 342, 361, 375 Neuromuscular Junction, 44, 279, 342, 361
394
Ethanol
Neurons, 5, 13, 14, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 30, 31, 34, 42, 44, 48, 57, 59, 61, 73, 74, 87, 91, 119, 123, 137, 165, 282, 290, 299, 305, 314, 318, 329, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 358, 369 Neuropeptide, 87, 303, 342 Neuropharmacology, 52, 118, 122, 138, 244, 342 Neurophysiology, 27, 305, 342 Neuroprotective Agents, 106, 138, 342 Neuropsychological Tests, 27, 342 Neurotoxic, 47, 342 Neurotoxicity, 22, 47, 252, 342 Neurotransmitters, 38, 45, 161, 282, 290, 314, 342 Neutralization, 180, 186, 343 Neutrons, 282, 292, 330, 343, 358 Neutrophil, 36, 254, 343 Nickel, 191, 343 Nicotine, 33, 61, 89, 166, 343 Nifedipine, 9, 343 Nipples, 338, 343 Nitric Oxide, 35, 39, 40, 70, 102, 134, 343 Nitric-Oxide Synthase, 94, 343 Nitriles, 193, 343 Nitrogen, 174, 194, 196, 282, 316, 320, 325, 343, 375 Norepinephrine, 12, 31, 57, 160, 280, 290, 308, 343 Normotensive, 57, 343 Nuclear, 70, 97, 103, 104, 109, 131, 242, 289, 310, 314, 317, 318, 333, 341, 343, 361, 371 Nuclei, 62, 282, 283, 309, 333, 338, 343, 344, 345, 352, 356 Nucleic acid, 304, 326, 327, 340, 343, 344, 358, 378 Nucleoprotein, 69, 344 Nucleotidases, 325, 344 Nucleus, 12, 14, 19, 27, 30, 42, 56, 57, 58, 70, 71, 164, 165, 185, 286, 288, 298, 303, 304, 306, 314, 318, 336, 339, 343, 344, 354, 355, 356, 361, 367, 370, 374, 377 Nucleus Accumbens, 14, 19, 27, 30, 56, 58, 164, 344, 377 Nutritive Value, 316, 344 O Ocular, 344, 362 Odour, 286, 344, 375 Ointments, 308, 344, 347 Oligosaccharides, 208, 344 Oliguria, 332, 336, 344
Oncogenic, 333, 344, 357 Oncology, 82, 95, 120, 124, 344 Oocytes, 6, 38, 70, 92, 344 Opacity, 305, 344 Open Reading Frames, 333, 344 Operon, 68, 73, 75, 236, 344, 360 Ophthalmic, 344, 374 Ophthalmology, 88, 90, 316, 344 Opium, 308, 339, 345, 347 Optic Chiasm, 326, 345 Optic Nerve, 118, 122, 345, 361 Orbit, 345 Orbital, 27, 345 Orf, 202, 345, 347 Organ Culture, 345, 372 Organelles, 296, 304, 345, 361 Orgasm, 309, 345 Ori region, 345, 360 Osmolarity, 336, 345 Osmotic, 75, 281, 338, 345 Ossification, 345 Osteogenesis, 121, 125, 345 Osteoporosis, 345, 359 Outpatient, 4, 345 Ovary, 284, 322, 345, 346, 352 Overdose, 53, 83, 109, 277, 346 Overexpress, 5, 63, 70, 346 Ovulation, 299, 346 Ovum, 304, 319, 346, 355 Oxalic Acid, 192, 346 Oxaloacetate, 47, 346 Oxidation, 39, 101, 165, 180, 194, 228, 248, 279, 286, 303, 333, 346, 348 Oxidation-Reduction, 228, 346 Oxidative Phosphorylation, 29, 346 Oxidative Stress, 11, 29, 36, 75, 79, 82, 87, 94, 122, 126, 133, 346 Oxygen Consumption, 346, 361 Oxytocin, 338, 346 P Paclitaxel, 207, 346 Palate, 219, 346 Palliative, 346, 371 Palmitic Acid, 199, 346 Pancreas, 42, 204, 247, 279, 307, 329, 346 Pancreatic, 43, 240, 294, 346 Pancreatitis, 42, 96, 240, 346 Panic, 203, 347 Papaverine, 187, 345, 347 Papilla, 347 Papillary, 98, 347 Paraffin, 113, 141, 202, 347
Index 395
Parapoxvirus, 202, 347 Parasitic, 316, 323, 328, 347 Parathyroid, 98, 101, 107, 114, 248, 347, 370 Parathyroid Glands, 98, 114, 248, 347 Parathyroid hormone, 248, 347 Parathyroidectomy, 107, 248, 347 Parenchyma, 178, 347 Parenteral, 53, 231, 347 Parietal, 347, 349, 366 Parietal Lobe, 347, 366 Paroxetine, 173, 347 Paroxetine hydrochloride, 173, 347 Particle, 176, 206, 207, 233, 334, 337, 347, 366, 373, 378 Patch, 9, 24, 25, 31, 33, 38, 347, 373 Pathogenesis, 34, 35, 39, 55, 165, 240, 247, 248, 347 Pathologic, 286, 291, 293, 302, 325, 348, 361, 368, 377 Pathologic Processes, 286, 348 Pathophysiology, 239, 247, 248, 348 Pectins, 177, 348 Pelvic, 348, 356 Penicillin, 284, 348 Penis, 309, 348, 349 Pentosephosphate Pathway, 348, 374 Pepsin, 348 Pepsin A, 348 Peptic, 84, 143, 348, 363 Peptic Ulcer, 84, 143, 348, 363 Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage, 348, 363 Peptide, 61, 64, 251, 290, 298, 311, 325, 331, 333, 348, 353, 356, 374 Peptide Chain Elongation, 298, 348 Peptide Hydrolases, 311, 325, 348 Perception, 17, 348, 363 Perennial, 348, 374 Perfusion, 60, 326, 348 Periaqueductal Gray, 137, 349 Pericardium, 349, 369 Perinatal, 17, 47, 349 Periodicity, 349, 362 Periodontal Pocket, 236, 349 Peripheral blood, 105, 329, 349 Peripheral Nerves, 44, 349, 366 Peripheral Nervous System, 44, 290, 349, 368 Peritoneal, 190, 247, 306, 349 Peritoneal Dialysis, 306, 349 Peritoneum, 190, 337, 349 Perivascular, 17, 349
Pernicious, 336, 349 Peroneal Nerve, 349, 363 Pesticides, 290, 329, 349 Petrolatum, 83, 310, 349 Petroleum, 220, 224, 244, 318, 347, 349 Pgp, 8, 349 Phallic, 316, 349 Pharmaceutic Aids, 316, 349 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 233, 296, 313, 319, 349, 350, 355 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 308, 350 Pharmacists, 207, 350 Pharmacokinetic, 52, 74, 350 Pharmacologic, 14, 89, 248, 284, 288, 322, 350, 372, 376 Pharmacopoeias, 317, 350 Pharmacotherapy, 56, 83, 101, 107, 109, 350 Pharynx, 328, 350 Phenolphthalein, 310, 350 Phenotype, 5, 31, 46, 48, 65, 350 Phenyl, 184, 350 Phenylalanine, 348, 350, 375 Phlebitis, 207, 350 Phosphates, 26, 350 Phospholipases, 22, 350, 365 Phospholipids, 29, 51, 115, 315, 329, 334, 350 Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases, 325, 350 Phosphorous, 225, 351 Phosphorus, 113, 212, 293, 347, 351 Phosphorylated, 299, 351 Phosphorylation, 21, 22, 35, 38, 51, 70, 95, 105, 303, 351 Photocoagulation, 299, 351 Phototransduction, 351, 363 Physiologic, 25, 281, 291, 315, 322, 351, 355, 359, 361 Physiology, 8, 9, 22, 24, 26, 41, 47, 102, 118, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 226, 310, 333, 342, 351 Pigments, 290, 294, 351, 361 Pilot study, 52, 65, 106, 252, 351 Pineal gland, 298, 351 Pitch, 177, 351 Pituitary Gland, 303, 351 Placenta, 60, 112, 141, 351, 355 Plana, 351, 364 Plant Diseases, 312, 351 Plaque, 297, 351 Plasma cells, 19, 285, 351
396
Ethanol
Plasma protein, 281, 352 Plasmids, 75, 345, 352, 360 Plasticity, 20, 23, 24, 30, 59, 323, 352 Platelet Activation, 352, 365 Platelet Aggregation, 186, 331, 343, 352 Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors, 186, 352 Platelets, 92, 343, 352, 371 Platinum, 182, 298, 334, 352 Pleomorphic, 344, 352 Plexus, 352, 363 Pneumonitis, 178, 352 Podophyllotoxin, 314, 352 Point Mutation, 10, 55, 352 Poisoning, 78, 79, 83, 93, 115, 163, 252, 297, 318, 329, 341, 352 Pollen, 352, 358 Polydipsia, 49, 353 Polyethylene, 207, 230, 231, 353 Polymerase, 24, 69, 242, 286, 353, 360 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 24, 242, 353 Polymers, 188, 228, 236, 353, 356 Polymorphic, 176, 305, 353 Polypeptide, 34, 74, 282, 299, 348, 353, 379 Polysaccharide, 204, 229, 285, 296, 321, 353, 356 Polyurethanes, 188, 353 Population Density, 219, 353 Population Growth, 214, 353 Posterior, 283, 287, 296, 308, 330, 346, 353, 366 Postmenopausal, 345, 353, 359 Postnatal, 20, 43, 162, 315, 353, 367 Postoperative, 4, 353 Postprandial, 204, 353 Postprandial Blood Glucose, 204, 353 Postsynaptic, 13, 48, 73, 120, 124, 353, 365, 369 Postural, 87, 353 Potassium, 6, 25, 209, 211, 214, 225, 289, 353, 354 Potassium Channels, 214, 354 Potassium Cyanide, 289, 354 Potentiate, 13, 16, 134, 354 Potentiation, 32, 36, 48, 54, 82, 92, 95, 165, 334, 354, 365 Povidone, 110, 354 Povidone-Iodine, 110, 354 Practice Guidelines, 78, 264, 354 Precipitation, 84, 106, 161, 187, 223, 231, 354 Preclinical, 15, 56, 131, 354
Precursor, 53, 218, 234, 286, 297, 308, 309, 312, 343, 350, 354, 373, 375 Prefrontal Cortex, 27, 354 Prenatal, 32, 40, 42, 43, 44, 121, 125, 138, 161, 162, 310, 315, 354 Pressoreceptors, 289, 354 Presynaptic, 31, 354, 369 Prevalence, 203, 215, 235, 247, 354 Prickle, 331, 354 Probe, 338, 354 Prodrug, 229, 354 Progesterone, 354, 367 Progression, 39, 284, 303, 355 Progressive, 27, 296, 305, 308, 313, 322, 341, 352, 355 Projection, 30, 58, 329, 343, 345, 354, 355, 358, 360, 377 Proline, 300, 325, 355 Promoter, 10, 75, 76, 355 Pronase, 229, 355 Prophase, 344, 355, 369 Prophylaxis, 202, 286, 355, 376 Propolis, 86, 88, 119, 121, 123, 125, 131, 132, 134, 355 Proportional, 64, 355 Propylene Glycol, 103, 201, 214, 230, 231, 232, 355 Prostaglandin, 230, 352, 355 Prostaglandins A, 328, 355 Prostate, 4, 113, 246, 252, 289, 298, 355, 356, 374 Prostate gland, 298, 356 Prostatectomy, 114, 356 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 4, 246, 356 Prostatitis, 356 Protease, 7, 283, 300, 328, 356, 362 Protease Inhibitors, 7, 356 Protein C, 6, 211, 281, 282, 286, 288, 331, 334, 356, 376 Protein Folding, 356, 374 Protein Kinases, 35, 40, 70, 356 Protein S, 32, 34, 189, 246, 286, 291, 298, 313, 356 Protein Subunits, 32, 356 Proteinuria, 320, 356 Proteoglycan, 229, 356 Proteolytic, 34, 235, 300, 355, 356 Protocol, 49, 356 Protons, 282, 325, 330, 356, 358 Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 346, 357 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 346, 357
Index 397
Proximal, 10, 247, 248, 307, 318, 354, 357, 364 Pruritus, 248, 307, 357, 375 Psychiatric, 20, 239, 240, 337, 357 Psychiatry, 20, 33, 44, 48, 50, 56, 78, 173, 316, 357, 377 Psychic, 357, 363 Psychogenic, 357, 376 Psychomotor, 81, 86, 357 Psychomotor Performance, 81, 86, 357 Psychosis, 47, 319, 357 Psychotomimetic, 283, 306, 357 Public Health, 55, 114, 214, 264, 357 Public Policy, 263, 357 Publishing, 67, 240, 357 Pulmonary, 35, 36, 83, 212, 213, 291, 297, 301, 302, 323, 332, 357, 361, 368, 377 Pulmonary Artery, 291, 357, 377 Pulmonary Edema, 297, 332, 357 Pulmonary hypertension, 302, 357 Pulse, 339, 357 Punishment, 24, 358 Purifying, 174, 185, 216, 306, 358 Purines, 358, 364, 379 Putrefaction, 180, 337, 358 Pyramidal Cells, 45, 305, 358 Pyridoxal, 358, 373 Q Quality of Life, 4, 247, 358 Quaternary, 200, 356, 358 Quercetin, 122, 126, 358 Quinine, 187, 298, 358 R Race, 187, 338, 358 Radiation, 113, 209, 288, 314, 317, 318, 326, 329, 330, 336, 337, 358, 359, 379 Radiation therapy, 113, 314, 317, 329, 330, 358, 379 Radio Waves, 306, 338, 358 Radioactive, 288, 322, 325, 327, 329, 330, 340, 343, 344, 358, 359, 379 Radiofrequency ablation, 82, 359 Radiolabeled, 61, 330, 354, 358, 359, 379 Radiological, 348, 359 Radiopharmaceutical, 319, 359 Radiotherapy, 292, 330, 358, 359, 379 Raffinose, 71, 359 Rage, 349, 359 Raloxifene, 231, 359, 364 Randomized, 56, 110, 309, 359 Rape, 222, 359 Reactive Oxygen Species, 36, 105, 359
Reagent, 190, 200, 297, 313, 318, 325, 335, 346, 359 Reality Testing, 357, 359 Receptors, Serotonin, 359, 364 Recombination, 236, 279, 319, 359 Reconstitution, 38, 359 Rectum, 292, 307, 316, 318, 328, 332, 356, 360, 368 Recuperation, 176, 360 Red blood cells, 96, 312, 360, 362, 365 Red Nucleus, 287, 360, 377 Reductase, 176, 195, 196, 227, 360 Refer, 1, 300, 316, 317, 329, 334, 341, 343, 357, 360 Reflective, 59, 360 Reflex, 5, 338, 349, 360 Reflux, 195, 360 Refraction, 360, 366 Regeneration, 64, 172, 359, 360 Regimen, 72, 309, 350, 360 Regulon, 72, 360 Relapse, 14, 15, 49, 54, 62, 360 Relaxant, 121, 125, 181, 347, 360 Renal Osteodystrophy, 248, 360 Reperfusion, 11, 25, 32, 60, 65, 340, 360 Reperfusion Injury, 25, 60, 360 Replication Origin, 69, 360 Repressor, 75, 344, 360 Resection, 98, 104, 247, 360, 374 Resolving, 187, 360 Resorption, 166, 349, 361 Respiration, 36, 294, 339, 361 Respiratory Paralysis, 279, 361 Respiratory Physiology, 361, 377 Respiratory System, 281, 339, 361 Restoration, 340, 359, 360, 361, 362 Resuscitation, 310, 361 Reticular, 13, 361 Reticulocytes, 312, 361 Retina, 298, 301, 333, 345, 351, 361, 362, 364, 378 Retinal, 345, 351, 361 Retinal Ganglion Cells, 345, 361 Retinoblastoma, 205, 361 Retinoid, 167, 226, 361 Retinopathy, 211, 351, 361 Retrograde, 4, 362 Retropubic, 356, 362 Retrospective, 98, 104, 362 Reversion, 362, 375 Rheumatism, 326, 362 Rheumatoid, 192, 254, 362
398
Ethanol
Rheumatoid arthritis, 192, 254, 362 Rhythmicity, 9, 362 Ribose, 280, 362, 374 Rigidity, 351, 362 Risk factor, 50, 102, 137, 362 Rod, 288, 298, 311, 362 Root Caries, 235, 362 Rutin, 358, 362 S Saccades, 90, 362 Saline, 20, 362 Saliva, 204, 362 Salivary, 174, 240, 304, 305, 307, 362 Salivary glands, 174, 240, 304, 305, 307, 362 Sanitary, 180, 362 Saponins, 139, 362, 367 Saquinavir, 8, 362 Saturated fat, 346, 362 Schizoid, 363, 378 Schizophrenia, 30, 363, 377, 378 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 363, 378 Sciatic Nerve, 44, 349, 363, 372 Sclerotherapy, 78, 104, 108, 363 Screening, 214, 299, 363 Sebaceous, 363, 378 Second Messenger Systems, 9, 14, 342, 363 Secondary tumor, 337, 363 Secretion, 70, 71, 90, 100, 137, 298, 306, 324, 329, 332, 339, 340, 363, 364, 373, 376 Secretory, 339, 363, 369 Sedative, 12, 47, 80, 297, 307, 334, 363 Segmental, 110, 320, 363 Segregation, 359, 363 Seizures, 32, 137, 363 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 359, 363, 369, 372 Semen, 309, 356, 364 Semisynthetic, 298, 314, 364 Sensitization, 63, 75, 364 Sensor, 182, 183, 233, 234, 364 Sepsis, 36, 364 Septal, 97, 110, 333, 364 Sequencing, 31, 353, 364 Serine, 22, 311, 357, 364 Serotonin, 24, 85, 163, 164, 165, 167, 173, 203, 290, 316, 331, 339, 347, 350, 359, 364, 375 Serrata, 150, 298, 364 Serrated, 364 Serum, 19, 42, 76, 84, 167, 248, 281, 300, 321, 326, 334, 359, 364, 375
Sex Characteristics, 280, 364, 370 Shock, 69, 311, 364, 374 Side effect, 65, 173, 184, 209, 230, 255, 257, 280, 334, 364, 372 Signal Transduction, 5, 9, 10, 12, 22, 29, 35, 39, 51, 91, 329, 364 Signs and Symptoms, 360, 365, 375 Sil, 71, 135, 140, 365 Silage, 174, 365 Skeletal, 51, 298, 304, 365 Skeleton, 331, 355, 365 Skin graft, 365, 367 Skull, 345, 365, 370 Sludge, 196, 365 Small intestine, 205, 290, 298, 309, 319, 324, 329, 331, 341, 365 Smallpox, 365, 376 Smooth muscle, 140, 282, 288, 292, 301, 324, 339, 347, 365, 368 Social Behavior, 28, 365 Social Environment, 358, 365 Social Facilitation, 28, 365 Sodium, 121, 125, 166, 180, 181, 195, 209, 225, 306, 321, 351, 358, 365 Soft tissue, 291, 365 Soma, 358, 365 Somatic, 19, 280, 310, 324, 333, 336, 338, 349, 354, 365 Somatosensory Cortex, 42, 366 Sorbitol, 209, 240, 244, 335, 366 Sound wave, 301, 306, 360, 366 Soybean Oil, 231, 232, 366 Spasticity, 304, 366 Specialist, 269, 307, 366 Specificity, 7, 111, 281, 293, 311, 366 Spectrum, 54, 200, 303, 338, 358, 366 Spices, 181, 366 Spike, 24, 27, 366 Spinal cord, 134, 287, 292, 296, 297, 312, 318, 337, 341, 342, 349, 360, 361, 363, 366 Spinal Nerves, 349, 366 Spinous, 312, 331, 366 Spleen, 304, 335, 366 Sporadic, 361, 366 Sputum, 70, 366 Squamous, 90, 312, 366, 367 Squamous cell carcinoma, 90, 312, 367 Squamous cells, 367 Stabilization, 23, 34, 67, 75, 367 Stabilizer, 207, 213, 367 Staging, 13, 367 Steady state, 220, 367
Index 399
Steatosis, 315, 367 Steel, 298, 367 Stellate, 32, 367 Stem Cells, 312, 313, 367 Stents, 247, 367 Sterile, 287, 347, 367 Sterility, 235, 328, 367 Steroid, 102, 139, 164, 213, 240, 290, 303, 320, 362, 367 Stimulant, 59, 80, 135, 283, 292, 303, 306, 324, 331, 367 Stimulus, 302, 309, 314, 328, 330, 332, 358, 360, 367, 371 Strand, 199, 353, 367 Striatum, 344, 367 Stroke, 9, 65, 106, 170, 251, 262, 294, 331, 342, 368 Stroma, 330, 347, 368 Stromal, 95, 247, 368 Strontium, 185, 368 Subacute, 328, 368 Subclinical, 328, 363, 368 Subcutaneous, 113, 280, 309, 347, 368 Subiculum, 324, 368 Subspecies, 366, 368 Substance P, 213, 313, 337, 359, 363, 368 Substrate, 19, 21, 51, 184, 185, 188, 220, 221, 236, 325, 368, 375 Suction, 316, 368 Sulfur, 337, 368 Sulfuric acid, 197, 283, 368 Supplementation, 53, 121, 125, 131, 132, 138, 141, 166, 248, 368 Suppositories, 143, 319, 337, 368 Suppression, 26, 140, 160, 162, 178, 368 Suppuration, 368, 378 Surfactant, 207, 212, 313, 368 Survival Rate, 192, 218, 368 Suspensions, 72, 200, 212, 368 Sympathomimetic, 283, 306, 308, 312, 343, 369 Symphysis, 356, 369 Symptomatic, 104, 110, 247, 297, 346, 369 Symptomatic treatment, 297, 369 Synapses, 31, 334, 343, 366, 369 Synapsis, 369 Synaptic, 13, 20, 23, 24, 27, 30, 32, 59, 141, 334, 343, 365, 369 Synaptic Transmission, 13, 20, 343, 369 Synaptic Vesicles, 369 Synovial, 287, 369 Synovial Fluid, 287, 369
Systemic lupus erythematosus, 254, 369 Systolic, 325, 369 T Tamoxifen, 231, 364, 369, 372 Taurine, 100, 122, 126, 290, 369 Teichoic Acids, 322, 370 Temazepam, 77, 88, 370 Temporal, 65, 141, 283, 324, 370 Temporal Lobe, 283, 370 Teratogen, 40, 370 Teratogenesis, 7, 43, 130, 160, 370 Teratogenic, 7, 21, 43, 66, 252, 370 Teratogenicity, 79, 141, 370 Teratoma, 298, 370 Testis, 298, 370 Testosterone, 164, 360, 370 Tetani, 370 Tetanic, 370 Tetanus, 41, 370 Tetany, 347, 370 Tetrahydrocannabinol, 293, 370 Thalamic, 13, 287, 370 Thalamic Diseases, 287, 370 Thalamus, 13, 42, 306, 333, 354, 370, 371 Therapeutics, 9, 25, 46, 79, 91, 104, 108, 121, 125, 131, 141, 176, 212, 256, 339, 371 Thermal, 110, 292, 307, 343, 353, 371 Thermal ablation, 110, 371 Thiamine, 252, 371 Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, 122, 126, 371 Third Ventricle, 286, 326, 371 Thorax, 279, 335, 371 Threonine, 357, 364, 371 Threshold, 13, 14, 21, 314, 325, 371 Thrombin, 315, 352, 356, 371 Thrombocytes, 352, 371 Thrombolytic, 65, 371 Thrombomodulin, 356, 371 Thrombosis, 106, 176, 356, 363, 368, 371 Thrombus, 189, 190, 302, 328, 331, 340, 352, 371 Thymidine, 42, 371 Thymus, 85, 157, 327, 335, 371 Thyroid, 76, 87, 98, 104, 109, 110, 321, 330, 347, 371, 372, 375 Thyroid Gland, 109, 321, 347, 371, 372 Thyroid Hormones, 372, 375 Thyroid Nodule, 76, 87, 98, 104, 372 Thyroxine, 281, 350, 372 Tibial Nerve, 363, 372 Ticks, 184, 328, 372
400
Ethanol
Tin, 75, 352, 372 Tissue Culture, 33, 372 Tomography, 84, 372 Tonic, 181, 372 Tonicity, 323, 372 Tonus, 349, 372 Tooth Preparation, 280, 372 Topical, 69, 183, 184, 201, 231, 235, 297, 313, 325, 347, 349, 354, 372 Toremifene, 231, 372 Toxicity, 11, 22, 43, 65, 76, 79, 120, 124, 135, 139, 162, 167, 184, 192, 308, 372, 375 Toxins, 285, 293, 310, 320, 328, 372 Toxoid, 41, 373 Trace element, 292, 298, 316, 343, 372, 373 Trachea, 121, 125, 292, 332, 336, 350, 371, 372, 373 Traction, 298, 373 Tractus, 57, 373 Transaminase, 47, 373 Transcriptase, 179, 205, 279, 373 Transcription Factors, 10, 95, 373 Transcutaneous, 190, 373 Transdermal, 231, 373 Transduction, 5, 22, 29, 293, 364, 373 Transfection, 7, 291, 373 Transfer Factor, 327, 373 Transferases, 105, 321, 373 Transforming Growth Factor beta, 102, 137, 373 Transfusion, 314, 373 Transgenes, 47, 373 Transketolase, 236, 374 Translation, 76, 313, 374 Translocation, 10, 51, 61, 70, 298, 313, 374 Transmitter, 279, 287, 308, 314, 330, 336, 343, 369, 374 Transplantation, 98, 101, 107, 113, 114, 248, 327, 374 Transurethral, 99, 113, 114, 247, 356, 374 Transurethral Resection of Prostate, 356, 374 Transurethral resection of the prostate, 99, 374 Trauma, 41, 88, 289, 323, 341, 342, 347, 370, 374 Trees, 176, 298, 312, 374 Triazolam, 77, 374 Trichomoniasis, 337, 374 Tricuspid Atresia, 302, 374 Trifluoroacetic Acid, 201, 202, 374 Trifluoroethanol, 73, 111, 202, 374
Trigeminal, 42, 336, 374 Trigeminal Nerve, 42, 374 Triglyceride, 198, 326, 374 Tryptophan, 76, 300, 364, 375 Tubercle, 344, 375 Tuberculosis, 70, 301, 335, 375 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 64, 67, 121, 125, 375 Tumor suppressor gene, 205, 375 Turpentine, 101, 137, 147, 375 Type 2 diabetes, 240, 375 Typhimurium, 69, 71, 72, 75, 375 Tyrosine, 12, 21, 140, 252, 308, 375 U Ubiquitin, 34, 375 Ulcer, 97, 135, 348, 375, 376 Ulceration, 345, 375 Ultrafiltration, 323, 375 Ultrasonography, 101, 375 Uncompetitive, 111, 375 Unconscious, 278, 284, 326, 375 Uraemia, 347, 375 Urea, 76, 174, 196, 197, 240, 291, 375, 376 Ureters, 376 Urethane, 197, 376 Urethra, 247, 289, 348, 355, 356, 374, 376 Urinary, 4, 84, 95, 114, 247, 306, 344, 356, 362, 376, 379 Urinary Retention, 4, 376 Urinary tract, 247, 306, 376 Urinate, 376 Urine, 4, 95, 99, 108, 289, 291, 303, 306, 308, 320, 332, 344, 346, 356, 376 Urodynamic, 247, 376 Urology, 4, 84, 92, 100, 106, 246, 376 Uterus, 296, 304, 355, 371, 376 V Vaccination, 18, 19, 376 Vaccine, 18, 235, 356, 376 Vaccinia, 202, 376 Vacuoles, 311, 345, 376 Vagina, 293, 296, 305, 376 Vaginitis, 293, 376 Valves, 199, 212, 376 Varicose, 363, 376 Varicose vein, 363, 376 Variola, 376 Vascular, 39, 78, 106, 240, 282, 289, 311, 322, 328, 334, 338, 343, 351, 354, 371, 376, 377 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 39, 376
Index 401
Vascular Resistance, 289, 377 Vasculitis, 254, 347, 377 Vasoactive, 131, 377 Vasodilation, 308, 347, 377 Vasodilator, 292, 308, 324, 340, 343, 347, 377 Vector, 205, 322, 373, 377 Vegetative, 291, 377 Vein, 106, 190, 287, 289, 330, 343, 350, 377 Venom, 218, 377 Venous, 78, 83, 92, 104, 190, 287, 323, 356, 374, 377 Venous blood, 83, 377 Ventilation, 180, 361, 377 Ventral, 12, 14, 23, 27, 30, 36, 58, 59, 286, 326, 344, 366, 377 Ventral Tegmental Area, 14, 23, 27, 30, 36, 58, 59, 377 Ventricle, 283, 287, 295, 302, 324, 344, 357, 358, 369, 371, 374, 377 Ventricular, 9, 25, 60, 121, 125, 138, 302, 340, 374, 377 Venules, 291, 293, 338, 377 Vertebrae, 366, 377 Vesicular, 29, 34, 51, 365, 376, 377 Veterinary Medicine, 263, 377 Viral, 17, 18, 143, 202, 205, 218, 247, 286, 310, 328, 344, 373, 377, 378 Viral Hepatitis, 143, 202, 247, 378 Viral vector, 205, 378 Virulence, 287, 372, 378 Virus Diseases, 286, 378 Virus Replication, 17, 378 Viscera, 337, 366, 378 Visceral, 288, 333, 349, 378
Viscosity, 179, 182, 206, 378 Vitamin A, 329, 361, 378 Vitreous Humor, 83, 378 Vitro, 6, 13, 20, 21, 31, 34, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 53, 64, 71, 86, 96, 99, 103, 111, 112, 120, 121, 124, 125, 130, 132, 136, 164, 186, 196, 221, 254, 327, 353, 372, 378 Vivo, 6, 11, 12, 20, 25, 31, 33, 34, 35, 40, 41, 42, 44, 47, 48, 52, 53, 57, 58, 64, 70, 71, 99, 112, 136, 186, 195, 209, 221, 228, 235, 246, 254, 327, 338, 340, 378 Vomica, 138, 378 Vulgaris, 157, 378 W Watchful waiting, 247, 378 Weight Gain, 315, 378 White blood cell, 285, 327, 333, 335, 339, 340, 343, 351, 378 Windpipe, 350, 371, 378 Withdrawal, 5, 9, 14, 15, 24, 32, 37, 45, 61, 62, 64, 68, 74, 79, 80, 97, 119, 123, 134, 137, 141, 142, 190, 378 X Xanthine, 136, 379 Xanthine Oxidase, 136, 379 Xenograft, 284, 379 X-ray, 209, 295, 301, 316, 318, 330, 335, 343, 358, 359, 367, 379 X-ray therapy, 330, 379 Xylulose, 374, 379 Y Yeasts, 73, 293, 317, 350, 379 Yttrium, 234, 379 Z Zymogen, 356, 379
402
Ethanol
Index 403
404
Ethanol
