Folliculitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

FOLLICULITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES ...

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FOLLICULITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Folliculitis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84426-7 1. Folliculitis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on folliculitis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FOLLICULITIS ............................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Folliculitis ..................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FOLLICULITIS................................................................................... 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Finding Nutrition Studies on Folliculitis .................................................................................... 47 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 48 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FOLLICULITIS ............................................................ 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 51 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 57 General References ....................................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON FOLLICULITIS ......................................................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Patents on Folliculitis .................................................................................................................. 59 Patent Applications on Folliculitis .............................................................................................. 72 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON FOLLICULITIS ............................................................................................. 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Chapters on Folliculitis ................................................................................................................ 75 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 79 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 81 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 85 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 90 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 93 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 93 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 93 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 99 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 100 FOLLICULITIS DICTIONARY................................................................................................... 103 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 139

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with folliculitis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about folliculitis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to folliculitis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on folliculitis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to folliculitis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on folliculitis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FOLLICULITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on folliculitis.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and folliculitis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “folliculitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Defining Pseudofolliculitis Barbae in 2001: A Review of the Literature and Current Trends Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 46(2): S113-S119. February 2002. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, classification, dermatopathology, diagnosis, and treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB). This chronic inflammatory and potentially disfiguring condition is most often seen in men and women of African American and Hispanic origin who have tightly curled hair and who shave or tweeze frequently. The etiology is multifactorial. The shape of the hair follicle, the hair cuticle, and the direction of hair growth all play a role in the inflammatory response once the hair is shaven or plucked and left to grow. This

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reaction often produces painful, pruritic, and sometimes hyperpigmented papules in the beard distribution. The result is an unappealing cosmetic appearance, often with emotionally distressing consequences for affected people. The diagnosis is made clinically. The differential diagnosis of PFB includes true folliculitis, acne vulgaris, tinea barbae, impetigo, and sarcoidal papules. Currently, prevention and early intervention are the mainstays of therapy. Many treatment options are available; however, none has been completely curative. Various hair releasing techniques have been recommended. Electric clippers are associated with what is felt to be the overall best outcome, but the 1 millimeter hair stubble that is left is often unacceptable to those who prefer a clean shaven appearance. Chemical depilatories are also recommended for hair removal in patients with PFB. These are available in powder, lotion, cream, and paste forms. A recent product of hair removal research and development is eflornithine hydrochloride cream 13.9 percent. Various topical agents may help decrease irritation after hair removal and are useful additions in the management of PFB. Neutral pH or more acidic emollients such as hydrocortisone cream, 10 percent urea cream, and lactic acid may be helpful. Other helpful topical agents are topical antibiotics, chemical peels, and liquid nitrogen. Hair removal techniques such as electrolysis and surgical depilation have also been used. The only definitive cure for PFB is permanent removal of the hair follicle. 3 figures, 3 tables, and 29 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Folliculitis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to folliculitis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to folliculitis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore folliculitis.

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html. 4 With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age.

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unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “folliculitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for folliculitis in the PubMed Central database: •

Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis acquired through use of a contaminated loofah sponge: an unrecognized potential public health problem. by Bottone EJ, Perez AA 2nd.; 1993 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=262805

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Pseudomonas folliculitis from sponges promoted as beauty aids. by Frenkel LM.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266034

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Whirlpool-associated folliculitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: report of an outbreak and review. by Ratnam S, Hogan K, March SB, Butler RW.; 1986 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268719

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with folliculitis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “folliculitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for folliculitis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of disseminated and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis responsive to treatment with systemic isotretinoin. Author(s): Calka O, Metin A, Ozen S. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 July; 29(7): 431-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12184642&dopt=Abstract

5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A case of eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (Ofuji's disease) induced by patch and challenge tests with indeloxazine hydrochloride. Author(s): Kimura K, Ezoe K, Yokozeki H, Katayama I, Nishioka K. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1996 July; 23(7): 479-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8772029&dopt=Abstract

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A case of folliculitis decalvans involving the beard, face and nape. Author(s): Karakuzu A, Erdem T, Aktas A, Atasoy M, Gulec AI. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2001 June; 28(6): 329-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11476113&dopt=Abstract

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A case of severe Pseudomonas folliculitis from a spa pool. Author(s): Shirtcliffe P, Robinson GM. Source: N Z Med J. 1998 October 9; 111(1075): 389. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9830421&dopt=Abstract

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A case of Trichosporon cutaneum folliculitis and septicaemia. Author(s): Chang SE, Kim KJ, Lee WS, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC, Koh JK. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 January; 28(1): 37-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12558627&dopt=Abstract

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A case of tufted hair folliculitis. Author(s): Isomura I, Morita A, Tamada Y. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 July; 29(7): 427-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12184641&dopt=Abstract

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A cycle: recurrent gram-negative folliculitis with Citrobacter diversus (koseri) following eradication of recurrent staphylococcal pyoderma. Author(s): Chastain MA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 June; 136(6): 803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10871958&dopt=Abstract

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A Pseudofolliculitis Barbae clinic for the black male who has to shave. Author(s): Galaznik JG. Source: Journal of American College Health : J of Ach. 1984 December; 33(3): 126-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6530503&dopt=Abstract

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A solitary nodule of the left cheek. Pseudolymphomatous folliculitis. Author(s): Kibbi AG, Scrimenti RJ, Koenig RR, Mihm MC Jr. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1988 August; 124(8): 1272-3, 1276. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3401035&dopt=Abstract

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A young adult with a recalcitrant scalp folliculitis. Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (LCDH) presenting as scalp folliculitis in an adult. Author(s): Guitart J, Micali G, Norton SA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1995 June; 131(6): 719-20, 722-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7778926&dopt=Abstract

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Acne and folliculitis due to diesel oil. Author(s): Das M, Misra MP. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1988 February; 18(2): 120-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2966703&dopt=Abstract

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Acne keloidalis nuchae and tufted hair folliculitis. Author(s): Luz Ramos M, Munoz-Perez MA, Pons A, Ortega M, Camacho F. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 194(1): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9031798&dopt=Abstract

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Acne necroticans (varioliformis) versus Propionibacterium acnes folliculitis. Author(s): Maibach HI. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 August; 21(2 Pt 1): 323. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2527876&dopt=Abstract

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Acral variant of eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (Ofuji disease). Author(s): Tsuboi H, Wakita K, Fujimura T, Katsuoka K. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 May; 28(3): 327-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12780728&dopt=Abstract

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Actinic folliculitis. Author(s): Verbov J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1985 November; 113(5): 630-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4063198&dopt=Abstract

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Actinic folliculitis--response to isotretinoin. Author(s): Norris PG, Hawk JL. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1989 January; 14(1): 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2805392&dopt=Abstract

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Actinic superficial folliculitis. Author(s): Jaeger C, Hartschuh W, Jappe U. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2003 September; 17(5): 562-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12941095&dopt=Abstract

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Actinic superficial folliculitis. Author(s): Labandeira J, Suarez-Campos A, Toribio J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 June; 138(6): 1070-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9747378&dopt=Abstract

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Actinic superficial folliculitis; a new entity? Author(s): Nieboer C. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1985 May; 112(5): 603-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4005159&dopt=Abstract

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Action of isotretinoin in acne rosacea and gram-negative folliculitis. Author(s): Plewig G, Nikolowski J, Wolff HH. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1982 April; 6(4 Pt 2 Suppl): 766-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6461680&dopt=Abstract

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AIDS associated eosinophilic folliculitis which responded to both high dose cotrimoxazole and low dose isotretinoin. Author(s): Downs AM, Lear JT, Oxley JD, Kennedy CT. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1998 June; 74(3): 229-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9849567&dopt=Abstract

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AIDS-related eosinophilic pustular folliculitis. Author(s): Buchness MR, Lim HW, Soter NA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991 November; 25(5 Pt 1): 866. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1802916&dopt=Abstract

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An epidemic outbreak of Malassezia folliculitis in three adult patients in an intensive care unit: a previously unrecognized nosocomial infection. Author(s): Archer-Dubon C, Icaza-Chivez ME, Orozco-Topete R, Reyes E, BaezMartinez R, Ponce de Leon S. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 June; 38(6): 453-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10397586&dopt=Abstract

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An immunologic and cultural study of Pityrosporum folliculitis. Author(s): Faergemann J, Johansson S, Back O, Scheynius A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 March; 14(3): 429-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3958257&dopt=Abstract

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An outbreak of Pseudomonas folliculitis in women after leg waxing. Author(s): Watts RW, Dall RA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1986 February 3; 144(3): 163-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3945206&dopt=Abstract

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Androgen levels in pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy. Author(s): Wilkinson SM, Buckler H, Wilkinson N, O'Driscoll J, Roberts MM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1995 May; 20(3): 234-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7671420&dopt=Abstract

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Anhydrous formulation of aluminum chloride for chronic folliculitis. Author(s): Shelley WB, Hurley HJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1980 October 24-31; 244(17): 1956-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7420706&dopt=Abstract

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Are eosinophilic pustular folliculitis of infancy and infantile acropustulosis the same entity? Author(s): Vicente J, Espana A, Idoate M, Iglesias ME, Quintanilla E. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 November; 135(5): 807-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8977688&dopt=Abstract

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Atypical plaquelike staphylococcal folliculitis in human immunodeficiency virusinfected persons. Author(s): Becker BA, Frieden IJ, Odom RB, Berger TG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 November; 21(5 Pt 1): 1024-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2808817&dopt=Abstract

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Bacteriologic and immunologic aspects of gram-negative folliculitis: a study of 46 patients. Author(s): Neubert U, Jansen T, Plewig G. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 April; 38(4): 270-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10321942&dopt=Abstract

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Candida albicans septicemia with folliculitis in heroin addicts. Author(s): Darcis JM, Etienne M, Demonty J, Christophe J, Pierard GE. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1986 December; 8(6): 501-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3812924&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis

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Candida folliculitis associated with hypothyroidism. Author(s): Dekio S, Imaoka C, Jidoi J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1987 November; 117(5): 663-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3689686&dopt=Abstract

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Candida folliculitis in heroin addicts. Author(s): Leclerc G, Weber M, Contet-Audonneau N, Beurey J. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1986 March; 25(2): 100-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3699950&dopt=Abstract

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Candida folliculitis mimicking tinea barbae. Author(s): Kurita M, Kishimoto S, Kibe Y, Takenaka H, Yasuno H. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 March-April; 80(2): 153-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10877146&dopt=Abstract

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Candida folliculitis mimicking tinea barbae. Author(s): Kapdagli H, Ozturk G, Dereli T, Inci R, Hilmioglu Z, Kazandi AC, Erboz S. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1997 April; 36(4): 295-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9169333&dopt=Abstract

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Caribbean sponge-related Pseudomonas folliculitis. Author(s): Scupham R, Fretzin D, Weinstein RA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1987 September 25; 258(12): 1607-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3625964&dopt=Abstract

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Case 2. Infantile eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (IEPF). Author(s): Coulson IH, Ling TC, Stringfellow HF. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 January; 27(1): 80-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952684&dopt=Abstract

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Case 4: eruption on the face of a diabetic man suffering from retinopathy, hypertension, and nephropathy. Diagnosis: ciclosporin-associated hyperplastic folliculitis. Author(s): Harman KE, Higgins EM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 May; 28(3): 341-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12780737&dopt=Abstract

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Case report. Folliculitis barbae caused by Candida albicans. Author(s): Suss K, Vennewald I, Seebacher C. Source: Mycoses. 1999; 42(11-12): 683-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10680449&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic acneiform eruption with crateriform scars. Acne necrotica (varioliformis) (necrotizing lymphocytic folliculitis). Author(s): Zirn JR, Scott RA, Hambrick GW. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 November; 132(11): 1367, 1370. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8915319&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic non-scarring folliculitis of the scalp. Author(s): Hersle K, Mobacken H, Moller A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1979; 59(3): 249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=87084&dopt=Abstract

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Citrobacter freundii in gram-negative folliculitis. Author(s): Mostafa WZ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 March; 20(3): 504-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2521870&dopt=Abstract

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Citrobacter koseri in scalp folliculitis. Author(s): Garcia-Bustinduy M, Lecuona M, Guimera F, Saez M, Dorta S, Sanchez R, Noda A, Garcia-Montelongo R. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2002 May; 69(5): 393-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12041821&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical features and treatment of Malassezia folliculitis with fluconazole in orthotopic heart transplant recipients. Author(s): Rhie S, Turcios R, Buckley H, Suh B. Source: The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation : the Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 2000 February; 19(2): 215-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10703699&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical picture. Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis. Author(s): Dale S, Shaw J. Source: Lancet. 2000 October 7; 356(9237): 1235. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11072943&dopt=Abstract

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Confocal reflectance imaging of folliculitis in vivo: correlation with routine histology. Author(s): Gonzalez S, Rajadhyaksha M, Gonzalez-Serva A, White WM, Anderson RR. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1999 April; 26(4): 201-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10335898&dopt=Abstract

12

Folliculitis

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Cutaneous larva migrans with folliculitis: report of seven cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Caumes E, Ly F, Bricaire F. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 February; 146(2): 314-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903247&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous manifestations in Kartagener's syndrome: folliculitis, nummular eczema and pyoderma gangraenosum. Author(s): Vazquez J, Fernandez-Redondo V, Sanchez-Aguilar D, Toribio J. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1993; 186(4): 269-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8513194&dopt=Abstract

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Debilitating folliculitis barbae candidomycetica in a trumpeter: successful treatment with fluconazole. Author(s): Kick G, Korting HC. Source: Mycoses. 1998 September-October; 41(7-8): 339-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9861841&dopt=Abstract

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Defining pseudofolliculitis barbae in 2001: a review of the literature and current trends. Author(s): Perry PK, Cook-Bolden FE, Rahman Z, Jones E, Taylor SC. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 February; 46(2 Suppl Understanding): S113-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11807473&dopt=Abstract

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Demodex folliculitis on the trunk of a patient with mycosis fungoides. Author(s): Nakagawa T, Sasaki M, Fujita K, Nishimoto M, Takaiwa T. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1996 March; 21(2): 148-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8759206&dopt=Abstract

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Demodex-associated folliculitis. Author(s): Vollmer RT. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1996 December; 18(6): 589-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8989930&dopt=Abstract

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Demodex-associated folliculitis. Author(s): Forton F. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1998 October; 20(5): 536-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9790123&dopt=Abstract

Studies

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Development of folliculitis and pyoderma gangrenosum in association with abdominal pain in a patient following treatment with isotretinoin. Author(s): Hughes BR, Cunliffe WJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1990 May; 122(5): 683-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2141275&dopt=Abstract

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Diffuse alopecia with stem cell folliculitis: chronic diffuse alopecia areata or a distinct entity? Author(s): Kossard S. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1999 February; 21(1): 46-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10027527&dopt=Abstract

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Dissecting folliculitis of the scalp with marginal keratitis. Author(s): Sivakumaran S, Meyer P, Burrows NP. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001 September; 26(6): 490-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678871&dopt=Abstract

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Dissecting folliculitis of the scalp. A case report of combined treatment using tissue expansion, radical excision, and isotretinoin. Author(s): Bachynsky T, Antonyshyn OM, Ross JB. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1992 October; 18(10): 877-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1430542&dopt=Abstract

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Disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis. Author(s): Owen WR, Wood C. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1979 February; 115(2): 174-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=426523&dopt=Abstract

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Disseminate and recurrent infundibulo-folliculitis. Author(s): Hitch JM, Lund HZ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1972 April; 105(4): 580-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5017270&dopt=Abstract

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Disseminate and recurrent infundibulo-folliculitis. Author(s): Wolf M, Tolmach JA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1971 July; 104(1): 111. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5120157&dopt=Abstract

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Disseminate and recurrent infundibulo-folliculitis. Author(s): Longo MI, Lecona M, Lazaro P. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(1): 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12013214&dopt=Abstract

14

Folliculitis

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Disseminate and recurrent infundibulo-folliculitis. Author(s): Wolf M, Tolmach J. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1971 May; 103(5): 552-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5580307&dopt=Abstract

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Disseminate and recurrent infundibulo-folliculitis. Report of a second case. Author(s): Thew MA, Wood MG. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1969 December; 100(6): 728-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5369115&dopt=Abstract

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Disseminate and recurrent infundibulo-folliculitis. Report of two cases. Author(s): Kaidbey KH, Farah FS, Matta MT. Source: Dermatologica. 1971; 143(1): 29-35. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5131766&dopt=Abstract

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Disseminate and recurrent infundibulo-folliculitis: report of a case. Author(s): Hitch JM, Lund HZ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1968 April; 97(4): 432-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5643238&dopt=Abstract

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Disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis: response to psoralen plus UVA therapy. Author(s): Ravikumar BC, Balachandran C, Shenoi SD, Sabitha L, Ramnarayan K. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 January; 38(1): 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10065617&dopt=Abstract

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Disseminated and recurrent infundibular folliculitis (D.R.I.F.): report of a case successfully treated with isotretinoin. Author(s): Aroni K, Aivaliotis M, Davaris P. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1998 January; 25(1): 51-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9519611&dopt=Abstract

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Disseminated candidiasis with extensive folliculitis in abusers of brown Iranian heroin. Author(s): Calandra T, Francioli P, Glauser MP, Baudraz-Rosselet F, Ruffieux C, Grigoriu D. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1985 June; 4(3): 340-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4018069&dopt=Abstract

Studies

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Disseminated cryptococcosis presenting as pseudofolliculitis in an AIDS patient. Author(s): Coker LR, Swain R, Morris R, McCall CO. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 September; 66(3): 207-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11006856&dopt=Abstract

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Disseminated lupus vulgaris presenting as granulomatous folliculitis. Author(s): Hruza GJ, Posnick RB, Weltman RE. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1989 July-August; 28(6): 388-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2767838&dopt=Abstract

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Diving suit dermatitis: a manifestation of Pseudomonas folliculitis. Author(s): Saltzer KR, Schutzer PJ, Weinberg JM, Tangoren IA, Spiers EM. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1997 May; 59(5): 245-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9169262&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophil cationic protein in eosinophilic pustular folliculitis: an immunohistochemical investigation. Author(s): Selvaag E, Thune P, Larsen TE, Roald B. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1997 September; 22(5): 255-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9536556&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic folliculitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome responds well to permethrin. Author(s): Blauvelt A, Plott RT, Spooner K, Stearn B, Davey RT, Turner ML. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1995 March; 131(3): 360-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7887675&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic folliculitis occurring after bone marrow autograft in a patient with nonHodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Evans TR, Mansi JL, Bull R, Fallowfield ME, Bevan DH, Harmer CL, Dalgleish AG. Source: Cancer. 1994 May 15; 73(10): 2512-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8174047&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic folliculitis occurring in a patient affected by Hodgkin lymphoma. Author(s): Vassallo C, Ciocca O, Arcaini L, Brazzelli V, Ardigo M, Lazzarino M, Borroni G. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 May; 41(5): 298-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100711&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis

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Eosinophilic folliculitis. The histologic spectrum. Author(s): McCalmont TH, Altemus D, Maurer T, Berger TG. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1995 October; 17(5): 439-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8599447&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (Ofuji disease) in a child. Author(s): Lazarov A, Wolach B, Cordoba M, Abraham D, Vardy D. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1996 August; 58(2): 135-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8864600&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (Ofuji's disease) in myelodysplastic syndrome. Author(s): Jang KA, Chung ST, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC, Koh JK. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1998 November; 25(11): 742-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9863288&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (Ofuji's disease) in Singapore: a review of 23 adult cases. Author(s): Tang MB, Tan E, Chua SH. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2003 February; 44(1): 44-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581081&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (Ofuji's disease). Author(s): Blume-Peytavi U, Chen W, Djemadji N, Zouboulis CC, Goerdt S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 August; 37(2 Pt 1): 25962. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9270514&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (Ofuji's disease): indomethacin as a first choice of treatment. Author(s): Ota T, Hata Y, Tanikawa A, Amagai M, Tanaka M, Nishikawa T. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001 March; 26(2): 179-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11298111&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis and B-cell chronic lymphatic leukaemia. Author(s): Lambert J, Berneman Z, Dockx P, Stevens W, Van Marck E. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1994; 189 Suppl 2: 58-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7841560&dopt=Abstract

Studies

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis effectively treated with recombinant interferongamma: suppression of mRNA expression of interleukin 5 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Author(s): Fushimi M, Tokura Y, Sachi Y, Hashizume H, Sudo H, Wakita H, Furukawa F, Takigawa M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 April; 134(4): 766-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8733389&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis in association with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Author(s): Kishimoto S, Yamamoto M, Nomiyama T, Kawa K, Takenaka H, Tukitani K. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 June-July; 81(3): 202-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11558878&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis in infancy: report of two affected brothers. Author(s): Dupond AS, Aubin F, Bourezane Y, Faivre B, Van Landuyt H, Humbert PH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 February; 132(2): 296-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7888372&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis in infancy: report of two new cases. Author(s): Larralde M, Morales S, Santos Munoz A, Lamas F, Schroh R, Corbella C. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 March-April; 16(2): 118-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10337675&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Report of three cases. Author(s): Soeprono FF, Schinella RA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 June; 14(6): 1020-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3722478&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis in three atopic children with hypersensitivity to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Author(s): Boone M, Dangoisse C, Andre J, Sass U, Song M, Ledoux M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1995; 190(2): 164-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7727841&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis induced after prolonged treatment with systemic corticosteroids in a patient with pustulosis palmoplantaris. Author(s): Mizukawa Y, Shiohara T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 May; 78(3): 221-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9602232&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis induced by allopurinol and timepidium bromide. Author(s): Maejima H, Mukai H, Hikaru E. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(4): 316-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12361147&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis induced by carbamazepine. Author(s): Mizoguchi S, Setoyama M, Higashi Y, Hozumi H, Kanzaki T. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 April; 38(4): 641-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9555813&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis responding to cyclosporin. Author(s): Taniguchi S, Tsuruta D, Hamada T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 November; 131(5): 736-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7999620&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis treated with naproxen. Author(s): Youn CS, Cho KH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 September; 145(3): 514-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531853&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis versus eosinophilic pustulosis. Author(s): Wolf R, Kuritzky J. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1994; 188(3): 243. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8186520&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis. Author(s): Majamaa H, Vaalasti A, Vaajalahti P, Reunala T. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 September; 16(5): 522-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428853&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis. Author(s): Ofuji S. Source: Dermatologica. 1987; 174(2): 53-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3556698&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis: a sterile folliculitis of unknown cause? Author(s): Brenner S, Wolf R, Ophir J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 August; 31(2 Pt 1): 2102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8040403&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis: report of seven cases in Thailand. Author(s): Rattana-Apiromyakij N, Kullavanijaya P. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2000 March; 27(3): 195-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10774147&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis: successful treatment with interferon-alpha. Author(s): Mohr C, Schutte B, Hildebrand A, Luger TA, Kolde G. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1995; 191(3): 257-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8534949&dopt=Abstract

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Experimental folliculitis with Pityrosporum orbiculare: the influence of host response. Author(s): Goodfield MJ, Saihan EM, Crowley J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1987; 67(5): 445-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2448999&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in dermal infiltrated eosinophils in eosinophilic pustular folliculitis. Author(s): Maruo K, Kayashima KI, Ono T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 March; 140(3): 417-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10233259&dopt=Abstract

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Facial folliculitis due to Clostridium perfringens in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Author(s): Caumes E, Mommeja-Marin H, Chosidow O, Jouan M, Nguyen J, Bricaire F. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 February; 26(2): 501-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9502482&dopt=Abstract

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Failure of isotretinoin therapy in Pityrosporum folliculitis. Author(s): Goodfield MJ, Saihan EM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1988 January; 18(1 Pt 1): 1434. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3162248&dopt=Abstract

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Fluconazole treatment of catheter-related right-sided endocarditis caused by Candida albicans and associated with endophthalmitis and folliculitis. Author(s): Venditti M, De Bernardis F, Micozzi A, Pontieri E, Chirletti P, Cassone A, Martino P. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1992 February; 14(2): 422-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1554827&dopt=Abstract

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Fluctuant nodules and alopecia of the scalp. Perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens. Author(s): Benvenuto ME, Rebora A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1992 August; 128(8): 1115-7, 1118-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1497369&dopt=Abstract

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Focal and generalized folliculitis following smallpox vaccination among vaccinianaive recipients. Author(s): Talbot TR, Bredenberg HK, Smith M, LaFleur BJ, Boyd A, Edwards KM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 June 25; 289(24): 3290-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12824211&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis and mesalamine. Author(s): Lizasoain J, Rubio FA, Erdozain JC, Olveira A, Conde P. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1996 April; 91(4): 819-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8677969&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis caused by Candida parapsilosis. Author(s): Li YN, Shi JQ, Huang WM. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1988 September; 27(7): 522-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3220638&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis decalvans and human T cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Author(s): Araujo AQ, Andrada-Serpa MJ, Paulo-Filho TA, Rodrigues MT, Prado LA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 March; 20(3): 696-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7756498&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis decalvans and tufted folliculitis are specific infective diseases that may lead to scarring, but are not a subset of central centrifugal scarring alopecia. Author(s): Powell J, Dawber RP. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 March; 137(3): 373-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11255348&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis decalvans including tufted folliculitis: clinical, histological and therapeutic findings. Author(s): Powell JJ, Dawber RP, Gatter K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 February; 140(2): 328-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10233232&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis decalvans. Author(s): Brooke RC, Griffiths CE. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001 January; 26(1): 120-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11260200&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis decalvans. Author(s): Scribner MD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1971 October; 104(4): 451-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5114431&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis decalvans. Long-lasting response to combined therapy with fusidic acid and zinc. Author(s): Abeck D, Korting HC, Braun-Falco O. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1992; 72(2): 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1350404&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis decalvans: successful treatment with a combination of rifampicin and topical mupirocin. Author(s): Kaur S, Kanwar AJ. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 March; 29(3): 180-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11990258&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis decalvans--a retrospective study in a tertiary referred centre, over five years. Author(s): Chandrawansa PH, Giam YC. Source: Singapore Med J. 2003 February; 44(2): 84-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14503782&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis decalvans--response to rifampin. Author(s): Brozena SJ, Cohen LE, Fenske NA. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1988 December; 42(6): 512-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3229140&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis from the use of a “loofah” cosmetic sponge. Author(s): Fisher AA. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1994 July; 54(1): 12-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7924442&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis in Down's syndrome. Author(s): Kavanagh GM, Leeming JP, Marshman GM, Reynolds NJ, Burton JL. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1993 December; 129(6): 696-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8286253&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis keloidis nuchae. Author(s): Sattler ME. Source: Wmj. 2001; 100(1): 37-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11315445&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis of the buttocks and pinworms. A case report. Author(s): Fiumara NJ, Tang S. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1986 January-March; 13(1): 45-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3952597&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis secondary to waxing for depilation--a cause for concern. Author(s): Imran D, Mandal A, Erdmann M. Source: Ir Med J. 2003 September; 96(8): 246. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14653381&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis spinulosa decalvans: successful therapy with dapsone. Author(s): Kunte C, Loeser C, Wolff H. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 November; 39(5 Pt 2): 891-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9810924&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis ulerythematosa reticulata (atrophoderma vermiculata): early detection of a case with unilateral lesions. Author(s): Nico MM, Valente NY, Sotto MN. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 July-August; 15(4): 285-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9720693&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis ulerythematosa reticulata. Author(s): Bedi TR, Mohindra M. Source: Indian J Dermatol. 1977 April; 22(3): 133-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=614176&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis ulerythematosa reticulata. A case with unilateral lesion. Author(s): Rozum LT, Mehregan AH, Johnson SA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1972 September; 106(3): 388-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5055099&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis ulerythematosus reticulata: a report of four cases and brief review of the literature. Author(s): Barron DR, Hirsch AL, Buchbinder L, Pomeranz JR. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1987 August; 4(2): 85-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3658838&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis. Author(s): Garcia RL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1971 August; 104(2): 222. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5093180&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculitis. A clinicopathologic review. Author(s): Herman LE, Harawi SJ, Ghossein RA, Kurban AK. Source: Pathol Annu. 1991; 26 Pt 2: 201-46. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1861886&dopt=Abstract

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Foscarnet-associated eosinophilic folliculitis in a patient with AIDS. Author(s): Roos TC, Albrecht H. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 March; 44(3): 546-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11209138&dopt=Abstract

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Fungal eosinophilic pustular folliculitis. Author(s): Dyall-Smith D, Mason G. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1995 February; 36(1): 37-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7763223&dopt=Abstract

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Giant folliculitis keloidalis. Author(s): Greer KE, Harman LE. Source: Va Med Mon (1918). 1976 June; 103(6): 427-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=132049&dopt=Abstract

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Gram-negative folliculitis - recognition and treatment. Author(s): James WD, Leyden JJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1983 July; 9(1): 165-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6577037&dopt=Abstract

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Gram-negative folliculitis in acne vulgaris. Author(s): Fulton JE Jr, McGinley K, Leyden J, Marples R. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1968 October; 98(4): 349-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4234087&dopt=Abstract

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Gram-negative folliculitis of the face. Author(s): Kennedy C. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1979 March; 4(1): 123-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=376191&dopt=Abstract

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Gram-negative folliculitis without systemic antibiotics? Author(s): Bartholow P, Maibach HI. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1979 June; 115(6): 676. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=378136&dopt=Abstract

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Gram-negative folliculitis. Follow-up observations in 20 patients. Author(s): Blankenship ML. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1984 October; 120(10): 1301-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6333214&dopt=Abstract

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Gram-negative folliculitis--a complication of antibiotic therapy in acne vulgaris. Author(s): Leyden JJ, Marples RR, Mills OH Jr, Kligman AM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1973 June; 88(6): 533-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4268682&dopt=Abstract

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Gram's-stained microscopy in the etiological diagnosis of Malassezia (Pityrosporon) folliculitis. Author(s): Lim KB, Boey LP, Khatijah M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1988 April; 124(4): 492. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3281593&dopt=Abstract

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Granuloma annulare following waxing induced pseudofolliculitis-resolution with isotretinoin. Author(s): Young HS, Coulson IH. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2000 June; 25(4): 274-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10971483&dopt=Abstract

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Granulomatous folliculitis as a manifestation of post-herpetic isotopic response. Author(s): Schena D, Barba A, Chieregato C. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2001 September; 15(5): 473-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11763396&dopt=Abstract

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Granulomatous folliculitis at sites of herpes zoster scars: Wolf's isotopic response. Author(s): Fernandez-Redondo V, Amrouni B, Varela E, Toribio J. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 November; 16(6): 628-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12482051&dopt=Abstract

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Guess what! Tufted hair folliculitis. Author(s): Weisshaar E, Ulrich J, Krause MH, Franke I, Gollnick H. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 1999 October-November; 9(7): 581-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10610237&dopt=Abstract

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Guess what. Perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens. Author(s): Moscatelli P, Ippoliti D, Bergamo F, Piazza P. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2001 March-April; 11(2): 155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11275817&dopt=Abstract

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Hair bundles: a presentation of folliculitis. Author(s): Oakley A, Scollay D. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1985 December; 26(3): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3835959&dopt=Abstract

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Health spa whirlpools: a source of Pseudomonas folliculitis. Author(s): Ford-Jones L, Clogg D, Delage G, Archambault A. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1981 November 1; 125(9): 1005-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7332886&dopt=Abstract

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Hemihypertrophy with unilateral folliculitis and acne. Author(s): Kaapa P, Susitaival P. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1979 November; 68(6): 921-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=161466&dopt=Abstract

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Herpetic folliculitis and syringitis simulating acne excoriee. Author(s): Brabek E, El Shabrawi-Caelen L, Woltsche-Kahr I, Soyer HP, Aberer W. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 January; 137(1): 97-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11176676&dopt=Abstract

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Herpetic folliculitis. Author(s): Al-Dhafiri SA, Molinari R. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 2002 January-February; 6(1): 19-22. Epub 2002 January 09. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11896419&dopt=Abstract

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HIV associated eosinophilic folliculitis--differential diagnosis and management. Author(s): Simpson-Dent S, Fearfield LA, Staughton RC. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1999 October; 75(5): 291-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10616350&dopt=Abstract

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HIV seronegative eosinophilic pustular folliculitis successfully treated with metronidazole. Author(s): Inaoka M, Hayakawa J, Shiohara T. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 May; 46(5 Suppl): S1535. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12004299&dopt=Abstract

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HIV-Associated eosinophilic folliculitis and follicular mucinosis. Author(s): Buezo GF, Fraga J, Abajo P, Rios L, Dauden E, Garcia-Diez A. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1998; 197(2): 178-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9732171&dopt=Abstract

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HIV-associated eosinophilic folliculitis in a Chinese woman: a case report and a survey in Hong Kong. Author(s): Ho MH, Chong LY, Ho TT. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1998 August; 9(8): 489-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9702601&dopt=Abstract

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HIV-associated eosinophilic folliculitis in an infant. Author(s): Ramdial PK, Morar N, Dlova NC, Aboobaker J. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1999 June; 21(3): 241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10380045&dopt=Abstract

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HIV-associated eosinophilic folliculitis: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Basarab T, Russell Jones R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 March; 134(3): 499-503. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8731676&dopt=Abstract

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HIV-associated eosinophilic folliculitis: diagnosis by transverse histologic sections. Author(s): Piantanida EW, Turiansky GW, Kenner JR, Mather MK, Sperling LC. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 January; 38(1): 124-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9448223&dopt=Abstract

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HIV-associated eosinophilic pustular folliculitis. Author(s): Basarab T. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 October; 37(4): 670-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9344221&dopt=Abstract

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HIV-associated eosinophilic pustular folliculitis: successful treatment of a Japanese patient with UVB phototherapy. Author(s): Misago N, Narisawa Y, Matsubara S, Hayashi S. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1998 March; 25(3): 178-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9575681&dopt=Abstract

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HIV-associated eosinophilic pustular folliculitis: The first case reported in a woman. Author(s): Stell I, Leen E. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 July; 35(1): 106-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8682943&dopt=Abstract

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HIV-related eosinophilic folliculitis: a panel discussion. Author(s): Majors MJ, Berger TG, Blauvelt A, Smith KJ, Turner ML, Cruz PD Jr. Source: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 1997 September; 16(3): 219-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9300633&dopt=Abstract

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Home shower-bath Pseudomonas folliculitis. Author(s): Huminer D, Shmuely H, Block C, Pitlik SD. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1989 January; 25(1): 44-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2925359&dopt=Abstract

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Honeycomb atrophy on the right cheek. Folliculitis ulerythematosa reticulata (atrophoderma vermiculatum). Author(s): Arrieta E, Milgram-Sternberg Y. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1988 July; 124(7): 1101, 1104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3389853&dopt=Abstract

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Hookworm folliculitis. Author(s): Miller AC, Walker J, Jaworski R, de Launey W, Paver R. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1991 April; 127(4): 547-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2006880&dopt=Abstract

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Hot tub (Pseudomonas) folliculitis. Author(s): Fowler JF Jr, Stege GC 3rd. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1990 February; 88(2): 66-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2307901&dopt=Abstract

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Hot tub dermatitis: a familial outbreak of Pseudomonas folliculitis. Author(s): Silverman AR, Nieland ML. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1983 February; 8(2): 153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6402527&dopt=Abstract

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Hot tub folliculitis. Author(s): Blazys D. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 2001 February; 27(1): 45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11759622&dopt=Abstract

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Hot tub folliculitis. Author(s): Jenkerson SA, Middaugh J. Source: Alaska Med. 1987 April-June; 29(2): 51-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3631443&dopt=Abstract

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Hot tub folliculitis: a clinical syndrome. Author(s): Zacherle BJ, Silver DS. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1982 September; 137(3): 191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7147933&dopt=Abstract

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Human immunodeficiency virus-associated eosinophilic folliculitis. A unique dermatosis associated with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. Author(s): Rosenthal D, LeBoit PE, Klumpp L, Berger TG. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1991 February; 127(2): 206-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1671328&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperplastic pseudofolliculitis barbae associated with cyclosporin. Author(s): Lear J, Bourke JF, Burns DA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 January; 136(1): 132-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9039313&dopt=Abstract

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I-131 accumulation in folliculitis of the scalp. Author(s): Kinuya S, Yokoyama K, Michigishi T, Tonami N. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1996 October; 21(10): 807-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8896935&dopt=Abstract

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Immune recovery inflammatory folliculitis. Author(s): Bouscarat F, Maubec E, Matheron S, Descamps V. Source: Aids (London, England). 2000 March 31; 14(5): 617-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10780726&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement of folliculitis decalvans following shaving of the scalp. Author(s): Walker SL, Smith HR, Lun K, Griffiths WA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 June; 142(6): 1245-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10848762&dopt=Abstract

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Infantile eosinophilic pustular “folliculitis” in infancy: a nonfollicular disease. Author(s): Taieb A. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1994 June; 11(2): 186. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8041667&dopt=Abstract

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Infantile eosinophilic pustular folliculitis. Author(s): Garcia-Patos V, Pujol RM, de Moragas JM. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1994; 189(2): 133-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8075439&dopt=Abstract

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Infundibulofolliculitis of the neck. Author(s): Heymann WR. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2002 September; 70(3): 178-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353894&dopt=Abstract

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Intrafollicular mucin deposits in Pityrosporum folliculitis. Author(s): Sina B, Kauffman CL, Samorodin CS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 May; 32(5 Pt 1): 807-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7722029&dopt=Abstract

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Isotretinoin treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-associated eosinophilic folliculitis. Results of an open, pilot trial. Author(s): Otley CC, Avram MR, Johnson RA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1995 September; 131(9): 1047-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7661606&dopt=Abstract

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Itchy folliculitis and human immunodeficiency virus infection: clinicopathological and immunological features, pathogenesis and treatment. Author(s): Fearfield LA, Rowe A, Francis N, Bunker CB, Staughton RC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 July; 141(1): 3-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10417509&dopt=Abstract

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Itraconazole therapy for human immunodeficiency virus-associated eosinophilic folliculitis. Author(s): Berger TG, Heon V, King C, Schulze K, Conant MA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1995 March; 131(3): 358-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7887674&dopt=Abstract

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Jeans folliculitis. Author(s): Heckman BH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1981 August 27; 305(9): 524. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7254303&dopt=Abstract

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Larva migrans with eosinophilic papular folliculitis. Author(s): Czarnetzki BM, Springorum M. Source: Dermatologica. 1982 January; 164(1): 36-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7067878&dopt=Abstract

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Lasers in treatment of Pseudofolliculitis barbae. Author(s): Thomas EJ. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1999 May; 25(5): 422-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10950573&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium-induced folliculitis. Author(s): Rifkin A, Kurtin SB, Quitkin F, Klein DF. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1973 September; 130(9): 1018-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4727757&dopt=Abstract

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Localization of human beta-defensin-2 and human neutrophil peptides in superficial folliculitis. Author(s): Oono T, Huh WK, Shirafuji Y, Akiyama H, Iwatsuki K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 January; 148(1): 188-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534631&dopt=Abstract

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Localized whirlpool folliculitis in a football player. Author(s): Green JJ. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 June; 65(6): 359-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10879303&dopt=Abstract

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Lymph folliculitis in ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Chiba M, Yamano H, Fujiwara K, Abe T, Iizuka M, Watanabe S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 March; 36(3): 332-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11305524&dopt=Abstract

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Malassezia (Pityrosporon) folliculitis occurring during pregnancy. Author(s): Heymann WR, Wolf DJ. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1986 January-February; 25(1): 49-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3949430&dopt=Abstract

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Malassezia (Pityrosporum) folliculitis occurring with granuloma annulare and alopecia areata. Author(s): Hanna JM, Johnson WT, Wyre HW Jr. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1983 October; 119(10): 869-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6614954&dopt=Abstract

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Malassezia folliculitis in immunocompromised patients. Author(s): Yohn JJ, Lucas J, Camisa C. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1985 June; 35(6): 536-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4017648&dopt=Abstract

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Malassezia furfur folliculitis in cancer patients. The need for interaction of microbiologist, surgical pathologist, and clinician in facilitating identification by the clinical microbiology laboratory. Author(s): Sandin RL, Fang TT, Hiemenz JW, Greene JN, Card L, Kalik A, Szakacs JE. Source: Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1993 September-October; 23(5): 377-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8239485&dopt=Abstract

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Malassezia furfur folliculitis of the vulva: olive oil solves the mystery. Author(s): Nyirjesy P, Nixon JM, Jordan CA, Buckley HR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994 October; 84(4 Pt 2): 710-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9205459&dopt=Abstract

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Management of pseudofolliculitis barbae. Author(s): Coquilla BH, Lewis CW. Source: Military Medicine. 1995 May; 160(5): 263-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7659218&dopt=Abstract

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Methods for preventing pseudomonas folliculitis. Author(s): Smith GL. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1982 April; 29(4): 378, 381. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7083913&dopt=Abstract

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Metronidazole for eosinophilic pustular folliculitis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-positive patients. Author(s): Smith KJ, Skelton HG, Yeager J, Ruiz N, Wagner KF. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1995 September; 131(9): 1089-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7661619&dopt=Abstract

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Micrococcus folliculitis in HIV-1 disease. Author(s): Smith KJ, Neafie R, Yeager J, Skelton HG. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 September; 141(3): 558-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10583069&dopt=Abstract

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Molluscum folliculitis in the absence of HIV infection. Author(s): Jang KA, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC, Koh JK. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 January; 140(1): 171-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10215794&dopt=Abstract

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Multigeminate beard hairs and folliculitis. Author(s): Naysmith L, De Berker D, Munro CS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 February; 144(2): 427-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11251593&dopt=Abstract

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Necrotizing eosinophilic folliculitis as a manifestation of the atopic diathesis. Author(s): Magro CM, Crowson AN. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 September; 39(9): 672-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11044192&dopt=Abstract

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Necrotizing eosinophilic folliculitis with mucinosis. Author(s): Kossard S. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2003 November; 44(4): 298-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14616502&dopt=Abstract

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Necrotizing folliculitis in AIDS-related complex. Author(s): Barlow RJ, Schulz EJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1987 April; 116(4): 581-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3580291&dopt=Abstract

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Necrotizing infundibular crystalline folliculitis. Author(s): Kossard S, Scurry J, Killingsworth M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 July; 145(1): 165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453930&dopt=Abstract

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Necrotizing lymphocytic folliculitis: the early lesion of acne necrotica (varioliformis). Author(s): Kossard S, Collins A, McCrossin I. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1987 May; 16(5 Pt 1): 100714. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2953765&dopt=Abstract

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Neonatal eosinophilic pustular folliculitis. Author(s): Buckley DA, Munn SE, Higgins EM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001 May; 26(3): 251-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11422167&dopt=Abstract

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Neutrophil folliculitis and serum androgen levels. Author(s): Vaughan Jones SA, Hern S, Black MM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1999 September; 24(5): 392-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10564330&dopt=Abstract

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Nevus with cyst and nevus with folliculitis. Author(s): Sanchez Yus E, Requena L. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1994 October; 16(5): 574-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7802173&dopt=Abstract

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Nodular granulomatous perifolliculitis. Author(s): Hazelrigg DE, Williams TE, Rudolph AH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1975 July 21; 233(3): 270-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1173838&dopt=Abstract

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Nosocomial outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis associated with a physiotherapy pool. Author(s): Schlech WF 3rd, Simonsen N, Sumarah R, Martin RS. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1986 April 15; 134(8): 909-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3955486&dopt=Abstract

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Occult herpesvirus folliculitis clinically simulating pseudolymphoma. Author(s): Sexton M. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1991 June; 13(3): 234-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1714247&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational irritant contact folliculitis associated with triphenyl tin fluoride (TPTF) exposure. Author(s): Andersen KE, Petri M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1982 May; 8(3): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6212184&dopt=Abstract

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Ofuji's disease and cytokines: Remission of eosinophilic pustular folliculitis associated with increased serum concentrations of interferon gamma. Author(s): Teraki Y, Imanishi K, Shiohara T. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1996; 192(1): 16-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8832945&dopt=Abstract

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Organisms associated with gram-negative folliculitis: in vitro growth in the presence of isotretinoin. Author(s): Simjee S, Sahm DF, Soltani K, Morello JA. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1986; 278(4): 314-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3461749&dopt=Abstract

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Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis associated with a swimming pool inflatable. Author(s): Tate D, Mawer S, Newton A. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2003 April; 130(2): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12729186&dopt=Abstract

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Papular fixed drug eruption mimicking folliculitis due to acetominophen. Author(s): Ko R, Tanaka M, Murata T, Nishikawa T. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2000 January; 25(1): 96-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10819605&dopt=Abstract

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Perforating folliculitis: report of a case in an HIV-infected man. Author(s): Rubio FA, Herranz P, Robayna G, Pena JM, Contreras F, Casado M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 February; 40(2 Pt 2): 300-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10025853&dopt=Abstract

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Perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens successfully controlled with topical isotretinoin. Author(s): Karpouzis A, Giatromanolaki A, Sivridis E, Kouskoukis C. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2003 March-April; 13(2): 192-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12695138&dopt=Abstract

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Perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens treated with isotretinoin (13-cisretinoic acid) Author(s): Schewach-Millet M, Ziv R, Shapira D. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 December; 15(6): 12912. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3468134&dopt=Abstract

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Perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens--a case report. Author(s): Omulecki A, Dabkowski J, Zak-Prelich M. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2000 May-June; 6(3): 602-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11208378&dopt=Abstract

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Photo quiz: fungal folliculitis. Author(s): Elston DM. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1999 December; 64(6): 370, 374. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10626098&dopt=Abstract

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Picture of the month. Folliculitis, furunculosis, and carbuncles. Author(s): Eley CD, Gan VN. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1997 June; 151(6): 625-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9193252&dopt=Abstract

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Pityrosporum (Malassezia) folliculitis in Saudi Arabia--diagnosis and therapeutic trials. Author(s): Abdel-Razek M, Fadaly G, Abdel-Raheim M, al-Morsy F. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1995 September; 20(5): 406-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8593718&dopt=Abstract

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Pityrosporum folliculitis and severe pruritus in two patients with Hodgkin's disease. Author(s): Helm KF, Lookingbill DP. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1993 March; 129(3): 380-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8447684&dopt=Abstract

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Pityrosporum folliculitis: renal transplantation case report. Author(s): Alves EV, Martins JE, Ribeiro EB, Sotto MN. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2000 January; 27(1): 49-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10692826&dopt=Abstract

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Pityrosporum folliculitis: treatment with isotretinoin. Author(s): Friedman SJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1987 March; 16(3 Pt 1): 632-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3469232&dopt=Abstract

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Presumed Pseudomonas folliculitis outbreak in children following an outdoor games event. Author(s): Evans MR, Wilkinson EJ, Jones R, Mathias K, Lenartowicz P. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2003 April; 6(1): 18-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12736966&dopt=Abstract

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Pruritic follicular facial rash: eosinophilic folliculitis. Author(s): Kossard S, Saywell L. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1997 August; 38(3): 161-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9293667&dopt=Abstract

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Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy treated with narrowband (TL-01) ultraviolet B phototherapy. Author(s): Reed J, George S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 July; 141(1): 177-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10417550&dopt=Abstract

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Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy. Author(s): Kroumpouzos G, Cohen LM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 July; 43(1 Pt 1): 132-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10863240&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudofolliculitis barbae and acne keloidalis nuchae. Author(s): Kelly AP. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2003 October; 21(4): 645-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14717405&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudofolliculitis barbae: review and update on new treatment modalities. Author(s): Garcia-Zuazaga J. Source: Military Medicine. 2003 July; 168(7): 561-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12901468&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudofolliculitis of the neck and the shoulder: a new effective treatment with alexandrite laser. Author(s): Valeriant M, Terracina FS, Mezzana P. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 September 15; 110(4): 1195-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198448&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudolymphomatous folliculitis: a clinicopathologic study of 15 cases of cutaneous pseudolymphoma with follicular invasion. Author(s): Arai E, Okubo H, Tsuchida T, Kitamura K, Katayama I. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1999 November; 23(11): 1313-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10554999&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis (“splash rash”). Author(s): Sausker WF. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1987 July-September; 5(3): 62-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3664424&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis acquired through use of a contaminated loofah sponge: an unrecognized potential public health problem. Author(s): Bottone EJ, Perez AA 2nd. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1993 March; 31(3): 480-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8458939&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis after shower/bath exposure. Author(s): Zichichi L, Asta G, Noto G. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 April; 39(4): 270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10809975&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis due to non-O:11 serogroups: acquisition through use of contaminated synthetic sponges. Author(s): Maniatis AN, Karkavitsas C, Maniatis NA, Tsiftsakis E, Genimata V, Legakis NJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 August; 21(2): 437-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8562759&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis: a sporadic case from use of a contaminated sponge. Author(s): Kitamura M, Kawai S, Horio T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 August; 139(2): 359-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9767271&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas folliculitis from a spa pool in an immunocompromised patient. Author(s): Corbett R. Source: N Z Med J. 1999 February 26; 112(1082): 59. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10091900&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas folliculitis from sponges promoted as beauty aids. Author(s): Frenkel LM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1993 October; 31(10): 2838. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8254002&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas folliculitis in a young child. Author(s): Stahelin-Massik J, Gnehm HE, Itin PH. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2000 April; 19(4): 362-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10783034&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas folliculitis. Author(s): Hogan PA. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1997 May; 38(2): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9159968&dopt=Abstract

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Pustular folliculitis associated with Demodex folliculorum. Author(s): Purcell SM, Hayes TJ, Dixon SL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 November; 15(5 Pt 2): 1159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3771870&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Folliculitis associated with weekly paclitaxel treatment. Author(s): Belda-Iniesta C, Casado E, Corral de la Calle M, Castelo B, Baron MG. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 March 5; 95(5): 410. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12618506&dopt=Abstract

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Recreationally associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis. Report of an epidemic. Author(s): Fox AB, Hambrick GW Jr. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1984 October; 120(10): 1304-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6486845&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent disseminated infundibulofolliculitis. Author(s): Soyinka F. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1973 September-October; 12(5): 314-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4747624&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent Pseudomonas folliculitis. Author(s): Trueb RM, Gloor M, Wuthrich B. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1994 March; 11(1): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8170847&dopt=Abstract

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Renal failure and perforating folliculitis. Author(s): Hudson RD, Apisarnthanarax P. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1982 April 9; 247(14): 1936. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7062497&dopt=Abstract

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Role of Th2 cytokines, RANTES and eotaxin in AIDS-associated eosinophilic folliculitis. Author(s): Amerio P, Verdolini R, Proietto G, Feliciani C, Toto P, Shivji G, Loconsole F, Cassano N, Amerio P, Vena G, Sauder DN. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 May; 81(2): 92-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11501668&dopt=Abstract

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Scar sarcoidosis in pseudofolliculitis barbae. Author(s): Norton SA, Chesser RS, Fitzpatrick JE. Source: Military Medicine. 1991 July; 156(7): 369-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1922852&dopt=Abstract

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Scarring alopecia due to folliculitis decalvans in a patient with Darier's disease. Author(s): Choudry K, Charles-Holmes R, Vella EJ, Burge S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001 May; 26(3): 307-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11426443&dopt=Abstract

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Scarring folliculitis in the ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome. Histologic, scanning electron-microscopic and biophysical studies of hair. Author(s): Trueb RM, Tsambaos D, Spycher MA, Muller J, Burg G. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 194(2): 191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9094476&dopt=Abstract

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Seborrhoeic dermatitis and Pityrosporum (Malassezia) folliculitis: characterization of inflammatory cells and mediators in the skin by immunohistochemistry. Author(s): Faergemann J, Bergbrant IM, Dohse M, Scott A, Westgate G. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 March; 144(3): 549-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11260013&dopt=Abstract

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Severe folliculitis with keloid scars induced by wax epilation in adolescents. Author(s): Mimouni-Bloch A, Metzker A, Mimouni M. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1997 January; 59(1): 41-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9013070&dopt=Abstract

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Severe perifolliculitis capitis with osteomyelitis. Author(s): Ramasastry SS, Granick MS, Boyd JB, Futrell JW. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1987 March; 18(3): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3592511&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term treatment of pityrosporum folliculitis: a double blind placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Parsad D, Saini R, Negi KS. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 1998 September; 11(2): 188-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9784054&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous occurrence of folliculitis decalvans capillitii in identical twins. Author(s): Douwes KE, Landthaler M, Szeimies RM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 July; 143(1): 195-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10886161&dopt=Abstract

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Skin infection provoked by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus resembling gramnegative folliculitis. Author(s): Lotem M, Ingber A, Filhaber A, Sandbank M. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1988 November; 42(5): 443-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2973972&dopt=Abstract

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Skin surface electron microscopy in Pityrosporum folliculitis. The role of follicular occlusion in disease and the response to oral ketoconazole. Author(s): Hill MK, Goodfield MJ, Rodgers FG, Crowley JL, Saihan EM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1990 August; 126(8): 1071-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2143368&dopt=Abstract

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Skin surface electron microscopy in Pityrosporum folliculitis. The role of follicular occlusion in disease and the response to oral ketoconazole. Author(s): Hill MK, Goodfield JD, Rodgers FG, Crowley JL, Saihan EM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1990 February; 126(2): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2137322&dopt=Abstract

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Solitary sclerotic fibroma of the skin: degenerated sclerotic change of inflammatory conditions, especially folliculitis. Author(s): Chang SN, Chun SI, Moon TK, Park WH. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2000 February; 22(1): 22-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10698211&dopt=Abstract

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Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon in Pityrosporum folliculitis (pseudoactinomycosis of the skin). Author(s): Clemmensen OJ, Hagdrup H. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1991 August; 18(4): 293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1939789&dopt=Abstract

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Squamous cell carcinoma arising in dissecting perifolliculitis of the scalp. A case report and review of secondary squamous cell carcinomas. Author(s): Curry SS, Gaither DH, King LE Jr. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1981 June; 4(6): 673-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7240474&dopt=Abstract

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Sterile neutrophilic folliculitis with perifollicular vasculopathy: a distinctive cutaneous reaction pattern reflecting systemic disease. Author(s): Magro CM, Crowson AN. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1998 April; 25(4): 215-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9609141&dopt=Abstract

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Sterile suppurative folliculitis associated with acute myeloblastic leukaemia. Author(s): Inuzuka M, Tokura Y. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 May; 146(5): 904-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000394&dopt=Abstract

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Steroid acne vs. Pityrosporum folliculitis: the incidence of Pityrosporum ovale and the effect of antifungal drugs in steroid acne. Author(s): Yu HJ, Lee SK, Son SJ, Kim YS, Yang HY, Kim JH. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 October; 37(10): 772-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9802688&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment regime for folliculitis decalvans despite uncertainty of all aetiological factors. Author(s): Powell J, Dawber RP. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 February; 144(2): 428-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11251594&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical depilation for the treatment of pseudofolliculitis or local hirsutism of the face: experience in the first 40 patients. Author(s): Hage JJ, Bouman FG. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1991 September; 88(3): 446-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1871222&dopt=Abstract

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Synthetic sport shorts folliculitis. Author(s): Rider EA. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1994 November; 148(11): 1230-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7921134&dopt=Abstract

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The causes and treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae. Author(s): Crutchfield CE 3rd. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1998 June; 61(6): 351-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9640558&dopt=Abstract

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The histopathology of folliculitis in HIV-infected patients. Author(s): Holmes RB, Martins C, Horn T. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 2002 February; 29(2): 93-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12150139&dopt=Abstract

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The role of radiation treatment in the management of eosinophilic pustular folliculitis. Author(s): Wilson BD, Kucera JC, Shin PJ. Source: J Med. 2002; 33(1-4): 111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12939110&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of folliculitis decalvans with tyrosine. Author(s): Salinger D. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 1999 August; 8(4): 363-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10439279&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of gram-negative folliculitis in patients with acne. Author(s): Boni R, Nehrhoff B. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2003; 4(4): 273-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12680804&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae in skin types IV, V, and VI with a long-pulsed neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser. Author(s): Ross EV, Cooke LM, Timko AL, Overstreet KA, Graham BS, Barnette DJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 August; 47(2): 263-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12140474&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae in very dark skin with a long pulse Nd:YAG laser. Author(s): Ross EV, Cooke LM, Overstreet KA, Buttolph GD, Blair MA. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 2002 October; 94(10): 888-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12408693&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae using the long-pulse Nd:YAG laser on skin types V and VI. Author(s): Weaver SM 3rd, Sagaral EC. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2003 December; 29(12): 1187-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14725660&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae using the Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with topical carbon suspension. Author(s): Rogers CJ, Glaser DA. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2000 August; 26(8): 737-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10940059&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae with the diode laser. Author(s): Yamauchi PS, Kelly AP, Lask GP. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Laser Therapy. 1999 April; 1(2): 109-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11357287&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of pseudofolliculitis with a pulsed infrared laser. Author(s): Kauvar AN. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 November; 136(11): 1343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11074696&dopt=Abstract

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Tufted folliculitis in a 10-year-old child. Author(s): Grabczynska SA, Holden CA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 May; 140(5): 975-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10354052&dopt=Abstract

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Tufted folliculitis of the scalp: a distinctive clinicohistological variant of folliculitis decalvans. Author(s): Annessi G. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 May; 138(5): 799-805. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9666825&dopt=Abstract

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Tufted hair folliculitis after scalp injury. Author(s): Fernandes JC, Correia TM, Azevedo F, Mesquita-Guimaraes J. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 March; 67(3): 243-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11270300&dopt=Abstract

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Tufted hair folliculitis associated with pemphigus vulgaris. Author(s): Jappe U, Schroder K, Zillikens D, Petzoldt D. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2003 March; 17(2): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12705759&dopt=Abstract

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Tufted hair folliculitis developing in a recalcitrant lesion of pemphigus vulgaris. Author(s): Saijyo S, Tagami H. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 May; 38(5 Pt 2): 857-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9591803&dopt=Abstract

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Tufted hair folliculitis. Author(s): Al-Khair YM. Source: Saudi Med J. 2001 February; 22(2): 174-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11299417&dopt=Abstract

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Tufted hair folliculitis: a pattern of scarring alopecia? Author(s): Petronic-Rosic V, Krunic A, Mijuskovic M, Vesic S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 July; 41(1): 112-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10411422&dopt=Abstract

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Tufted hair folliculitis: response to topical therapy with nadifloxacin. Author(s): Iwahara K, Ishii K, Chen Y, Miura Y. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 1999 June; 9(4): 276-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10356403&dopt=Abstract

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Two cases of eosinophilic pustular folliculitis associated with parasitic infestations. Author(s): Opie KM, Heenan PJ, Delaney TA, Rohr JB. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2003 August; 44(3): 217-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12869050&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual T cell pseudolymphoma with features of so-called pseudolymphomatous folliculitis. Author(s): Dargent JL, Debois J, Sass U, Theunis A, Andre J, Simonart T. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 204(2): 159-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11937751&dopt=Abstract

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Viral folliculitis on the face. Author(s): Jang KA, Kim SH, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC, Koh JK. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 March; 142(3): 555-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10735972&dopt=Abstract

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Viral folliculitis. Author(s): Weinberg JM, Turiansky GW, James WD. Source: Aids Patient Care and Stds. 1999 September; 13(9): 513-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10813030&dopt=Abstract

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Viral folliculitis. Atypical presentations of herpes simplex, herpes zoster, and molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Weinberg JM, Mysliwiec A, Turiansky GW, Redfield R, James WD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1997 August; 133(8): 983-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9267244&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin B12-induced folliculitis. Author(s): Gallastegui C, Cardona D, Pujol R, Garcia B, Bonal J, Andreu A. Source: Dicp. 1989 December; 23(12): 1033-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2603445&dopt=Abstract

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What is folliculitis? Author(s): Hogan P. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1998 June; 27(6): 528-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9648324&dopt=Abstract

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Whirlpool folliculitis. Author(s): Birkhead G, Vogt RL, Hudson PJ. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1987 April; 77(4): 514. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3826475&dopt=Abstract

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Whirlpool folliculitis: a review of its cause, treatment, and prevention. Author(s): Berger RS, Seifert MR. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1990 February; 45(2): 97-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2107063&dopt=Abstract

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Whirlpool-associated folliculitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: report of an outbreak and review. Author(s): Ratnam S, Hogan K, March SB, Butler RW. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1986 March; 23(3): 655-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3082930&dopt=Abstract

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Widespread Candida folliculitis in a nontoxic patient. Author(s): Ross EV, Baxter DL Jr. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1992 April; 49(4): 241-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1521475&dopt=Abstract

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Widespread folliculitis induced by human granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor therapy. Author(s): Ostlere LS, Harris D, Prentice HG, Rustin MH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1992 August; 127(2): 193-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1382537&dopt=Abstract

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Wolf's isotopic response: Trichophyton rubrum folliculitis appearing on a herpes zoster scar. Author(s): Tuzun Y, Iscimen A, Goksugur N, Demirkesen C, Tuzun B. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 October; 39(10): 766-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11095197&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FOLLICULITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and folliculitis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Folliculitis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “folliculitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “folliculitis” (or a synonym): •

Nickel dermatitis mimicking sycosis barbae. Source: Goh, C L Ng, S K Contact-Dermatitis. 1987 January; 16(1): 42 0105-1873

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Perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens. Resolution with combination therapy. Source: Shaffer, N Billick, R C Srolovitz, H Arch-Dermatol. 1992 October; 128(10): 132931 0003-987X

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Phrynoderma and perforating folliculitis due to vitamin A deficiency in a diabetic. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, King's College Hospital, London. Source: Neill, S M Pembroke, A C du Vivier, A W Salisbury, J R J-R-Soc-Med. 1988 March; 81(3): 171-2 0141-0768

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Pseudomonas folliculitis: an outbreak associated with bromine-based disinfectants-British Columbia. Author(s): Division of Microbiology, University Hospital-Shaughnessy Site, Vancouver, British, Columbia. Source: Penn, C Kain, K C Can-Dis-Wkly-Repage 1990 February 17; 16(7): 31-3 0382232X

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Treatment of steatocystoma multiplex and pseudofolliculitis barbae with isotretinoin. Source: Friedman, S J Cutis. 1987 June; 39(6): 506-7 0011-4162

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FOLLICULITIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to folliculitis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to folliculitis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “folliculitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to folliculitis: •

AIDS associated eosinophilic folliculitis which responded to both high dose cotrimoxazole and low dose isotretinoin. Author(s): Downs AM, Lear JT, Oxley JD, Kennedy CT. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1998 June; 74(3): 229-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9849567&dopt=Abstract

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alpha-Linolenic acid and long-chain omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in three patients with omega-3 fatty acid deficiency: effect on lymphocyte function, plasma and red cell lipids, and prostanoid formation. Author(s): Bjerve KS, Fischer S, Wammer F, Egeland T. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1989 February; 49(2): 290-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2563625&dopt=Abstract

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Characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from whirlpools and bathers. Author(s): Highsmith AK, Le PN, Khabbaz RF, Munn VP.

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Source: Infect Control. 1985 October; 6(10): 407-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3934099&dopt=Abstract •

Folliculitis from the use of a “loofah” cosmetic sponge. Author(s): Fisher AA. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1994 July; 54(1): 12-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7924442&dopt=Abstract

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Generalized rash form whirlpools and hot tubs. Author(s): Sausker WF. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1982 July; 118(7): 452. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7092267&dopt=Abstract

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Health spa whirlpools: a source of Pseudomonas folliculitis. Author(s): Ford-Jones L, Clogg D, Delage G, Archambault A. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1981 November 1; 125(9): 1005-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7332886&dopt=Abstract

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Histological distinction between early allergic and irritant patch test reactions: follicular spongiosis may be characteristic of early allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Vestergaard L, Clemmensen OJ, Sorensen FB, Andersen KE. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 October; 41(4): 207-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10515099&dopt=Abstract

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HIV associated eosinophilic folliculitis--differential diagnosis and management. Author(s): Simpson-Dent S, Fearfield LA, Staughton RC. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1999 October; 75(5): 291-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10616350&dopt=Abstract

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Host factors in whirlpool-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa skin disease. Author(s): Solomon SL. Source: Infect Control. 1985 October; 6(10): 402-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3934098&dopt=Abstract

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Hot tub (Pseudomonas) folliculitis. Author(s): Fowler JF Jr, Stege GC 3rd. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1990 February; 88(2): 66-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2307901&dopt=Abstract

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Hot tub dermatitis: a familial outbreak of Pseudomonas folliculitis. Author(s): Silverman AR, Nieland ML.

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Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1983 February; 8(2): 153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6402527&dopt=Abstract •

Hot tub folliculitis. Author(s): Blazys D. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 2001 February; 27(1): 45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11759622&dopt=Abstract

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Hot tub folliculitis. Author(s): Jenkerson SA, Middaugh J. Source: Alaska Med. 1987 April-June; 29(2): 51-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3631443&dopt=Abstract

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Hot tub folliculitis. A sheep in wolf's clothing. Author(s): Zacherle BJ, Silver DS. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1982 September; 142(9): 1620. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7114978&dopt=Abstract

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'Hot tub folliculitis'. Test the waters--and the patient--for Pseudomonas. Author(s): Bhatia A, Brodell RT. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1999 October 1; 106(4): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10533506&dopt=Abstract

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Hot tub folliculitis: a clinical syndrome. Author(s): Zacherle BJ, Silver DS. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1982 September; 137(3): 191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7147933&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrotherapy pools of the future--the avoidance of health problems. Author(s): Penny PT. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1991 June; 18 Suppl A: 535-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1679828&dopt=Abstract

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Itchy bumps on the back. Author(s): Usatine RP. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 2000 June; 172(6): 366-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10854376&dopt=Abstract

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Llama dermatology. Author(s): Rosychuk RA.

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Source: Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1989 March; 5(1): 203-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2647233&dopt=Abstract •

Localized whirlpool folliculitis in a football player. Author(s): Green JJ. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 June; 65(6): 359-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10879303&dopt=Abstract

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Loofah sponges as reservoirs and vehicles in the transmission of potentially pathogenic bacterial species to human skin. Author(s): Bottone EJ, Perez AA 2nd, Oeser JL. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1994 February; 32(2): 469-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8150959&dopt=Abstract

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Management of dermatoses peculiar to negroes. Author(s): KENNEY JA Jr. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1965 February; 91: 126-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14237591&dopt=Abstract

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Methods for preventing pseudomonas folliculitis. Author(s): Smith GL. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1982 April; 29(4): 378, 381. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7083913&dopt=Abstract

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Nosocomial outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis associated with a physiotherapy pool. Author(s): Schlech WF 3rd, Simonsen N, Sumarah R, Martin RS. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1986 April 15; 134(8): 909-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3955486&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis (“splash rash”). Author(s): Sausker WF. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1987 July-September; 5(3): 62-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3664424&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis acquired through use of a contaminated loofah sponge: an unrecognized potential public health problem. Author(s): Bottone EJ, Perez AA 2nd. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1993 March; 31(3): 480-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8458939&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis after shower/bath exposure. Author(s): Zichichi L, Asta G, Noto G. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 April; 39(4): 270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10809975&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis due to non-O:11 serogroups: acquisition through use of contaminated synthetic sponges. Author(s): Maniatis AN, Karkavitsas C, Maniatis NA, Tsiftsakis E, Genimata V, Legakis NJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 August; 21(2): 437-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8562759&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis: a sporadic case from use of a contaminated sponge. Author(s): Kitamura M, Kawai S, Horio T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 August; 139(2): 359-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9767271&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas folliculitis associated with the use of health spa whirlpools. Author(s): de Jager J. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1983 July 23; 2(2): 62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6679045&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas folliculitis associated with the use of health-spa whirlpools. Author(s): Gibson AR, De Jager J, McCrossin I. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1983 April 16; 1(8): 381-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6835147&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas folliculitis from a health club whirlpool. Author(s): Breitenbach RA. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1991 September 1; 90(3): 169-70, 173. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1881850&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas folliculitis in a resort whirlpool. Author(s): Maguire D, Aoki FY, Eadie JA. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1982 August 15; 127(4): 277. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7093866&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas folliculitis. Author(s): Hogan PA.

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Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1997 May; 38(2): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9159968&dopt=Abstract •

Pseudomonas folliculitis. Development after the home use of personal whirlpool spa. Author(s): Burkhart CG, Shapiro R. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1980 June; 25(6): 642-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7379595&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas folliculitis: an outbreak associated with bromine-based disinfectants-British Columbia. Author(s): Penn C, Kain KC. Source: Can Dis Wkly Rep. 1990 February 17; 16(7): 31-3. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2108806&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas keratitis and folliculitis from whirlpool exposure. Author(s): Insler MS, Gore H. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1986 January 15; 101(1): 41-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3942176&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Folliculitis associated with weekly paclitaxel treatment. Author(s): Belda-Iniesta C, Casado E, Corral de la Calle M, Castelo B, Baron MG. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 March 5; 95(5): 410. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12618506&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent Pseudomonas folliculitis. Author(s): Trueb RM, Gloor M, Wuthrich B. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1994 March; 11(1): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8170847&dopt=Abstract

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Whirlpool folliculitis. Author(s): Birkhead G, Vogt RL, Hudson PJ. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1987 April; 77(4): 514. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3826475&dopt=Abstract

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Whirlpool folliculitis: a review of its cause, treatment, and prevention. Author(s): Berger RS, Seifert MR. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1990 February; 45(2): 97-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2107063&dopt=Abstract

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Whirlpool-associated folliculitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: report of an outbreak and review. Author(s): Ratnam S, Hogan K, March SB, Butler RW. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1986 March; 23(3): 655-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3082930&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON FOLLICULITIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “folliculitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on folliculitis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Folliculitis By performing a patent search focusing on folliculitis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 8

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on folliculitis: •

Antiodor, antimicrobial and preservative compositions and methods of using same Inventor(s): Van Scott; Eugene J. (Abington, PA), Yu; Ruey J. (Ambler, PA) Assignee(s): Tristrata, Inc. (princeton, Nj) Patent Number: 5,641,475 Date filed: November 1, 1994 Abstract: Therapeutic treatment as well as prophylactic measures are provided by topical application of compositions containing an aryl 2-acetoxyethanoic acid to eradicate or prevent the development of axillary foul odor, foot malodor and other body odors, e.g. scalp, and skin, nail and follicular infections caused by microorganisms. The compositions are antimicrobial against several organisms that infect the skin and are specifically effective against P. acnes. The compositions are therapeutically effective against folliculitis and perifolliculitis and are useful for other skin lesions, nail and mucosal infections such as impetigo, seborrheic dermatitis, erythrasma and trichomycosis axillaris, associated with or caused by microorganisms. The therapeutic effect of the composition may be synergized or amplified by incorporating a cosmetic or dermatologic agent into the formulation for topical treatment of cosmetic and dermatologic indications. The compositions are also useful as preservatives in food products, cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations, and industrial preparations. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to antiodor, antimicrobial and preservative compositions for prophylactic measures as well as topical treatment of skin foul odor and infections caused by microorganisms. More particularly, the invention is directed to compositions useful for topical application to treat and to prevent the development of axillary foul odor, foot malodor and other body foul odor, and to alleviate skin disorders associated with microbial infections, and also useful as preservatives in food products and cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations. In human skin, sebaceous glands, eccrine sweat glands and apocrine glands secrete various chemicals onto the skin surface. These chemicals include sodium chloride, potassium bicarbonate, lactic acid, urea, squalene, proteins, carbohydrates, triglycerides and other lipids. Although body odor may be partially due to certain chemicals secreted by sebaceous glands and eccrine sweat glands, major axillary foul odor is due to secretions of the apocrine glands, which contain special nutrient materials for microorganisms. Apocrine glands are located primarily in the axillae, anogenital region, mammary areolae, ear canals, eyelids, and are scattered on parts of the face, anterior chest and abdomen. In general, the apocrine duct opens into the upper end of the hair follicle although it may occasionally open directly onto the skin surface. In contrast to the eccrine glands, which produce a clear watery liquid, the apocrine glands secrete a milky fluid that has a pH range of 5 to 6.5 and initially consists of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. Although fresh apocrine secretions do not have an objectionable odor, the secreted compounds are found to undergo decomposition by both chemical and microbial actions, and the degradation products are responsible for the offensive odors. Chemical substances identified as contributing to this unpleasant odor include lower organic acids such as butanoic, isopentanoic, hexanoic and octanoic acids; mercaptans; indoles; amines; hydrogen sulfide; ammonia; and phosphine. Although gram-positive bacteria, thriving on substances found on the moist skin surface, appear to be responsible for the production of malodor, the precise mechanisms of odor production are still unclear.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05641475__ •

Composition for the treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae and skin irritation and method for the application thereof Inventor(s): Shabazz; Alfonso A. (300 W. North Ave., Chicago, IL 60610) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,352,690 Date filed: April 17, 2000 Abstract: An effective and gentle formulation for the treatment and prevention of pseudofolliculitis barbae and skin irritation and method for the application of same is provided herein. In its preferred embodiment, the formulation consisting essentially of a petroleum balance containing 10% to 20% camphor, 5% fragrance oil and 1% to 2% mineral oil. The formulation is designed to prevent the razor bumps associated with pseudofolliculitis barbae without the use of harsh chemical compounds while allowing the user to continue to use a traditional method of shaving. The formulation is applied through a method consisting of shaving normally with a razor, application of a thin veneer of the formulation to the shaved area and removal of the formulation by means of a wet washcloth or other means. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae and in the treatment and prevention of skin irritation. Specifically, the invention is a topical ointment designed to eliminate raised bumps and skin irritation that develops on the skin of some individuals after shaving. The compound is applied most preferably as a component of a cosmetically acceptable balm immediately after shaving. Pseudofolliculitis barbae is a common condition of the beard area occurring most often in African American men and other people with curly hair. The condition is commonly referred to as `razor bumps`. The problem results when highly curved hairs grow back into the skin causing inflammation and a foreign body reaction. Over time, this can cause keloidal scarring which looks like hard bumps on the beard area and neck. Similar results can occur when other areas of the body are shaved, for example, the leg or underarm area. Pseudofolliculitis barbae is a direct result of blade shaving. As an individual is shaving, the razor sharpens the ends of the hairs and the hairs then curve back into the individual's skin causing the body to react to the hair. Individuals who allow the affected hair to grow naturally normally do not experience razor bumps. However, some individuals choose not to allow the hair to grow. Also, some corporations have "no beard" policies which requires an individual to shave. Therefore, a treatment is needed to allow individuals who normally experience razor bumps to shave normally. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06352690__

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Electro-medical method and apparatus for treating folliculitis and cutaneous infected conditions Inventor(s): O'Connor; Edward (10212 Plymouth Ave., Cleveland, OH 44125) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,846,179 Date filed: June 8, 1987

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Abstract: A method of treating folliculitis and other cutaneous infected conditions by an electrical spark discharge at the location of the cutaneous lesion, with intensity and duration sufficient to cause inhibition or destruction of the causative infective agent. Significant or permanent damage to the normal tissue or other harmful result is avoided by the utilization of a low discharge power and a short duration of application, as well as by an indirect application of the discharge. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an electro-medical treatment of the type in which a high-frequency alternating current of low power and high tension is applied to an affected site via a non-contacting electrode which serves as one end of a spark gap. Such application of high-frequency alternating current, when utilized for the removal of undesired skin growths, etc., has sometimes been designated in the prior art as fulguration, and has been referred to in numerous publications relating to electrosurgery. In the prior art, reference has been made to treating skin conditions by using an electrical corona discharge in air to generate ultraviolet radiation. Many references to epilating devices operating on an electrical discharge exist in the prior art. The prior art contains references to corona discharge devices for releiving pain and inducing local immunization by diathermy heat in underlying tissues. Nerve stimulators utilizing an air discharge to a skin-contacting electrode to generate a transcutaneous current pulse exist in the prior art. Dessicating devices for mild destruction of tissue by means of a relatively weak spark are well-known in electrosurgery, as are coagulating devices for producing severe destruction of tissue by means of a strong spark discharge. Quite surprisingly, in the light of the long history, extensive experimentation, study and evaluation of medically-related electrical discharge devices, it has now been discovered that cutaneous conditions such as pyoderma conditions and fungous conditions of the skin can be rapidly and effectively treated by the use of a properly-generated and controlled electrical spark discharge applied directly to the site of the cutaneous lesion. In spite of the possible trauma and risk of spreading infection known to be associated with disturbance, electrical or otherwise, of an infected site, it has now been realized that an electrical spark applied in accordance with the present invention has been found to produce rapid elimination of the aforementioned cutaneous infection without tissue scarring, epilation or other significant adverse effects. The described treatment is obviously advantageous over conventional antibiotic treatment for rapidity, and avoidance of allergic reaction and other antibiotic side effects. It is also obviously advantageous over such previously-used treatments as UV and x-ray, for reduced risk to the patient, as well as rapidity. Moreover, a new treatment is always advantageous, for it is well-known that no treatment is effective in all cases, particularly when relapsing or chronic, and some cases persist despite all existing treatment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04846179__ •

Facial brush for controlling pseudofolliculitis barbae Inventor(s): Chase; David O. (Skaneateles, NY), Iten; Clemens A. (Staunton, VA) Assignee(s): American Safety Razor Company (verona, Va) Patent Number: 4,325,392 Date filed: June 4, 1979 Abstract: A brush having bristles of varying heights in predetermined configurations is disclosed for extirpating ingrown facial hair from false follicles prior to shaving. The brush includes bristles of specified shapes, and incorporates a support for a razor. By

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properly preparing ingrown hairs for shaving a condition known as pseudofolliculitis barbae is more easily managed, thus alleviating physical and social discomfort. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to facial massage brushes, and more particularly to brushes utilizing bristles having varying heights for dislocating ingrown hairs. More specifically still, the present invention pertains to a facial massage brush for use in conjunction with a razor and containing support means for retaining such a razor. No prior art is known for dealing with problems associated with a condition known as razor bumps, or pseudofolliculitis barbae (hereinafter PFB). Facial massaging brushes for use during shaving are known. Such brushes are illustrated by Grove, U.S. Pat. No. 1,801,196; Seykora, U.S. Pat. No. 1,870,756 and Sohn, U.S. Pat. No. 1,188,214. These brushes, however, in providing massaging bristles of uniform height, fail to provide any alleviation for razor bumps, a condition afflicting large numbers of men having curly facial hair. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04325392__ •

Method for the treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae Inventor(s): Crutcher; Wilbert L. (222 E. Chestnut St., Chicago, IL 60611) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,867,967 Date filed: June 4, 1987 Abstract: A method of treating pseudofolliculitis barbae in humans and the prophylactic treatment thereof which comprises topically applying to the body of a person in need of such treatment povidone-iodine in an amount effective to treat and prevent pseudofolliculitis barbae wherein the povidone-iodine is in combination with a vehicle which facilitates the topical application of said povidone-iodine. Excerpt(s): The present invention is a method for the treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae (shaving and razor bumps). More particularly, the present invention is directed to a method of treating pseudofolliculitis barbae in humans and the prophylactic treatment thereof which comprises topically applying to the body of a person suffering from pseudofolliculitis barbae an effective amount of povidone-iodine to treat and prevent pseudofolliculitis barbae wherein said povidone-iodine is in combination with a vehicle which facilitates topical application. Many if not most men want a good, clean shave in order to have a smooth face and a well-groomed look. Black men are no exception. Most black men shave in order to have a clean-cut image in their respective careers in the military, business or in the professions. The use of soaps, shaving creams and gels and aftershave lotions and balms are used widely by men as grooming products to obtain and maintain a clean shave and smooth face. However, some men, and black in particular, have a skin condition that makes obtaining a clean-shaven, smooth face difficult. Particularly, they suffer from pseudofolliculitis barbae. Gary J. Brauner, MAJ., MC, and Kenneth L. Flandermeyer, MAJ., MC, two doctors who conducted important research reported in an article titled "Pseudofolliculitis Barbae. 2. Treatment", International Journal of Dermatology, Vol. 16 pages 520-525, 1977, stated that pseudofolliculitis barbae is a disease affecting essentially only blacks and almost all (83%) of those blacks who shave. Due to the tendency of black hair to form tight coils and spirals and an inherent curvature of the hair follicle, the hair will normally curve back toward the surface of the skin. When the free end of this hair is sharpened by the shaving process, it acts like a hook and penetrates the epidermis, resulting in a foreign

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body reaction in the dermis. This is subsequently complicated by secondary bacterial infection. The disease commonly affects the anterior neckline and the chin can also involve the maxillary prominence of the cheeks. The axilla and pubis when shaved, can be affected. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04867967__ •

Method for treatment and prevention of pseudofolliculitis barbae Inventor(s): Perricone; Nicholas V. (18 Corbin Cir., Branford, CT 06450) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,775,530 Date filed: January 6, 1987 Abstract: Treatment and prevention of pseudofolliculitis barbae ("razor bumps") is effected by topical application to beard areas of an alpha-hydroxy acid or derivative thereof, most preferably glycolic acid or glycolic acid derivatives, and most preferably as a component of a cosmetically acceptable lotion, cream, ointment, soap, shaving foam, stick, gel or solution. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the disorder known as pseudofolliculitis barbae, and more particularly to a method and topical preparation for treatment and prevention of pseudofolliculitis barbae. Pseudofolliculitis barbae is the clinical name given to the condition commonly referred to as "razor bumps". Generally, the condition describes the ingrowth of emerged facial hairs back into the skin at a location closely adjacent to the follicle from which the hair emerged. This penetration back into the skin causes an antigenic, foreign-body reaction at the point of penetration, resulting in lesions consisting of firm papules and pustules in which the ingrowing hair can become buried. Additional infections can become superimposed on this basic state, augmenting the inflammatory reaction. As a consequence, shaving becomes problematic and painful. From a purely mechanical point of view, pseudofolliculitis barbae comes about by virtue of strongly curved facial hairs. For this reason, the condition tends to have a greater incidence in males of the Negro race. These curved facial hairs emerge closely parallel to the skin and, owing to their curvature, are biased toward reentry into the skin. Because of their emergence so close to the skin surface, these hairs often are not closely cut at their point of emergence during shaving. Indeed, shaving exacerbates the condition (and to a large degree is the sine qua non for it) because shaving serves to obliquely cut these hairs, above the skin surface, leaving relatively sharp pointed tips which facilitate skin penetration. Before the next shaving, the point hair ingrows into the skin, bringing about the reactions and conditions earlier discussed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04775530__

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•

Pharmaceutical composition for skin diseases Inventor(s): Chang; Man Sik (Seoul, KR), Choi; Wahn Soo (Seoul, KR), Chun; Jae Kwang (Kyunggi-do, KR), Chun; Jong Ok (Kyunggi-do, KR), Chung; Kae Jong (Seoul, KR), Kim; Sung Chul (Kyunggi-do, KR) Assignee(s): Yungjin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (seoul, Kr) Patent Number: 5,731,007 Date filed: July 25, 1996 Abstract: The present invention relates to novel pharmaceutical composition for skin diseases, in particular to novel pharmaceutical composition useful for treatment of skin diseases; e.g. burns, wounds, general operative wounds, pernio, decubitus, folliculitis, impetigo, intertrigo, radiation ulcer, acne vulgaris or infectious eczematous dermatitis comprising deproteinized dialysate of calf's blood with tissue regenerative activity and aminoglycoside antibiotic with bacterial infection inhibitory activity as active ingredients. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel pharmaceutical composition for skin diseases, in particular which comprises deproteinized dialysate of calf's blood and aminoglycoside antibiotic as active ingredients. It is known that skin diseases, e.g. burns, wounds, general operative wounds, pernio, decubitus, folliculitis, impetigo, intertrigo, radiation ulcer, acne vulgaris or infectious eczematous dermatitis develop erythema, swelling, bulla, erosion, or ulcer etc., being accompanied with bacterial infections. For the treatement of those skin diseases, tissue regeneration activators which can accelerate regeneration of the necrotinized tissue and fibroblast proliferation have been developed ›Acta. Therapeutica Vol. 10,107-115 (1984)!. However, it has been pointed out as demerits that those activators are unable to prevent appropriately bacterial infections in foci during the treatment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05731007__

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Pharmaceutical compositions and methods for managing scalp conditions Inventor(s): Murad; Howard (4265 Marina City Dr. Penthouse 11, Marina del Rey, CA 90292) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,207,694 Date filed: July 27, 1998 Abstract: This application relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention, treatment, and management of scalp conditions, such as dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, folliculitis, and hair thinning including a therapeutically effective amount of an acidic component of a hydroxyacid or tannic acid, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. A preferred anti-dandruff composition and method of managing dandruff includes a therapeutically effective amount of the acid component, a vitamin A component, and an anti-growth agent. A preferred anti-hair thinning composition and method of managing thinning hair includes a therapeutically effective amount of the acidic component, a niacin component present in an amount sufficient to locally increase blood circulation, and a 5-.alpha. reductase inhibitor. The invention also relates to a method of treating chemically processed hair by administering to a patient an amount of an acidic component of a hydroxy acid or tannic acid, or a pharmaceutically acceptable

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salt thereof, in an amount sufficient to essentially close the cuticle and inhibit modification of the chemically processed hair. Excerpt(s): This application relates to pharmaceutical compositions, as well as methods, to normalize skin for the prevention, treatment, and management of scalp conditions. Human skin is a composite material of the epidermis and the dermis. The topmost part of the epidermis is the stratum corneum. This layer is the stiffest layer of the skin, as well as the one most affected by the surrounding environment. Below the stratum corneum is the internal portion of the epidermis. Below the epidermis, the topmost layer of the dermis is the papillary dermis, which is made of relatively loose connective tissues that define the micro-relief of the skin. The reticular dermis, disposed beneath the papillary dermis, is tight, connective tissue that is spatially organized. The reticular dermis is also associated with coarse wrinkles. At the bottom of the dermis lies the subcutaneous layer. The principal functions of the skin include protection, excretion, secretion, absorption, thermoregulation, pigmentogenesis, accumulation, sensory perception, and regulation of immunological processes. These functions are detrimentally affected by, for example, dryness, yeast, and structural changes in the skin, such as due to aging and excessive sun exposure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06207694__ •

Razor for shaving a face having pseudofolliculitis barbae Inventor(s): Hultman; Carl A. (Derby, CT) Assignee(s): Warner Lambert Company (morris Plains, Nj) Patent Number: 4,741,103 Date filed: July 25, 1986 Abstract: This invention provides a razor having a knurled guard bar and a single sharp blade particularly adopted for shaving one suffering from pseudofolliculitis barbae. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a system with a roughened guard bar and particularly a system adapted to be used by sufferers of pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB). Razors, whether of the replacement blade/cartridge type or of the disposable variety include a handle, a blade, a support platform or seat upon which the blade rests, a guard bar which is an extension of the platform beyond the cutting edge of the blade positioned below its cutting edge and a cap which protects the top of the blade and aids positioning. Razor systems are used herein refer to both the disposable and replacement blade/cartridge type. Guard bars protect the face from deep direct cuts by the blade by extending beyond the cutting edge and also serve to control skin flow to the blade in combination with the blades relative position. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04741103__

•

Shaving composition and method for preventing pseudofolliculitis barbae Inventor(s): Darkwa; Adu Gyamfi (Olympia Fields, IL), Villanueva; Apolonio L. (Northbrook, IL), Willis; Isaac (Atlanta, GA) Assignee(s): Johnson Products Co., Inc. (chicago, Il) Patent Number: 5,853,709 Date filed: December 12, 1996

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Abstract: A topically applied shaving composition for use by a human subject suffering from or prone to development of pseudofolliculitis barbae is disclosed. The composition comprises as its active ingredient about 0.01-5% by weight of a bacteriostatic/hemostyptic agent, and an aqueous or water-miscible solvent, a volatile silicone and a thickening agent. A method of removing hair from a hairy skin area of such a subject comprising the application of a topical shaving composition containing about 0.01-5% by weight of a bacteriostatic/hemostyptic agent prior to removal of the hair by shaving, tweezing or waxing, is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to shaving cream compositions and methods for allowing the shaving of hair-bearing areas of the human body without causing or aggravating the skin disease pseudofolliculitis barbae. Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the hair-bearing areas of the lower face and neck as well as other hairy skin areas (such as the nuchal, bikini and leg areas) and is characterized by the following: irritating "bumps", soreness, itchiness, and dark or red discolored spots of the affected skin areas. The condition is a direct result of shaving, occurring in more than 80% of African Americans and about 22% of other racial groups. It may lead to infection, permanent dark discoloration, scarring, and even keloid formation in some individuals. PFB is also commonly referred to as "razor burns" and "ingrown hairs". Studies of PFB have revealed that it results in most instances from an inflammatory response incited by hairs which are "ingrown" or trapped underneath the cornified layer (stratum corneum) of the skin, or hairs which emerge from their follicles with a sharp curl and whose points penetrate back into the skin to form a "pseudo follicle" (thus, "pseudofolliculitis"). The hair trapped beneath the skin or the ends which have repenetrated the skin from the surface cause the eruption of swollen pus-filled lesions known as perifollicular papules which blanket the shaved skin area. This reaction is commonly called "bumping up". PFB can be caused not only by shaving but also by waxing and tweezing the hairy area. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05853709__ •

Shaving cream composition for the treatment of acne vulgaris and pseudofolliculitis barbae and method of producing and using same Inventor(s): Victor; Steven A. (301 E. 79th St., New York, NY 10021) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,204,093 Date filed: July 2, 1991 Abstract: A non-gritty brushless, or gel-foam shaving cream composition is provided containing a therapeutically effective amount of benzoyl peroxide. The shaving cream composition can be used in the topical treatment of acne vulgaris, pseudofolliculitis barbae and other skin conditions. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to brushless or gel-foam shaving cream compositions and methods of producing and using the same. More particularly, this invention relates to shaving cream compositions used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and pseudofolliculitis barbae. There are generally three types of shaving creams each having their own distinct properties: lathering; brushless or non-lathering; and postfoaming gel, or gel foam. Lathering shaving creams are generally concentrated dispersions of alkali metal soaps in glycerol and water. The lathering effect exhibited by these shaving creams results from mixing stearic acid with a coconut oil fatty acid in a

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ratio of approximately 1 part to 3 parts. These shaving creams normally contain between about 30 and 50% soap and either potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, or a combination of the two to saponify the fatty acids. As with other types of shaving creams, the formulation of a lathering shaving cream may include lubricants, fragrances, preservatives, foam stabilizers, humectants and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05204093__ •

Shaving method and shaving kit Inventor(s): Mitchell, Jr.; Clarence (3608 Fairmeade Dr., Nashville, TN 37218) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,012,463 Date filed: November 24, 1998 Abstract: This invention relates to a method for reducing folliculitis. A method is disclosed which delineates precise razor pulling techniques and methods of preparing a skin surface to be shaved. The razor pulling methods comprise consistent razor strokes. A kit comprising tools for carrying the disclosed method is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): Many with sensitive skin particularly in the African American community have suffered from folliculitis throughout the years. Folliculitis is inflammation of one or more follicles, especially of the hair. Ingrown hairs or hair bumps are the cause of folliculitis. It is generally thought that it is also caused by improper shaving techniques. It can be very painful and unsightly. What is needed is a method for reducing folliculitis. This method should be effective and relatively simple. This invention relates to a method for reducing folliculitis. The method delineates precise razor pulling techniques and methods of preparing the skin surface to be shaved. The razor pulling methods comprise consistent razor strokes. The consistent razor strokes train the hair to grow in a uniform pattern. It is important and necessary to avoid shaving hair below the surface of the skin. The preparation phase is important for reducing the infected areas and for allowing the hair to grow from beneath the surface of the skin. Accordingly an object of the present invention is to provide a method of reducing folliculitis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06012463__

•

Skin care and shaving composition Inventor(s): Tutsky; Ronald J. (P.O. Box 1646, Greenwich, CT 06836) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,525,344 Date filed: August 15, 1983 Abstract: A combination skin care and shaving composition which essentially contains a phospholipid, wheat germ oil and vitamin E that prevents pseudo folliculitis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel skin conditioning compositions which can be utilized as shaving preparations. More particularly, the present invention relates to a shaving preparation which can be utilized with or without soap and water, and which provides the skin with a protective coating so as to avoid nicks during shaving. Additionally, the invention relates to novel shaving compositions which avoids pseudo

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folliculitis. The treatment of human skin with various agents has been undertaken for many years with the goal being to keep the skin in a smooth supple condition. Skin has the tendency to dry out when exposed to conditions of low humidity or to extended periods in detergent. These considerations have never been taken to mind when shaving preparations are proposed. Sagarin, Cosmetics, Science and Technology, 2nd Edition, Vol. 1, Wiley Interscience (1972) has been recommended for applications for the skin. There is disclosed some of the ingredients of the current invention but not in the critical combination or for use as a shaving preparation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04525344__ •

Topical agent and method for the treatment of Pseudofolliculitis barbae Inventor(s): Rosen; Steven E. (2150 SW. 90th Ave., #A, Ft. Landerdale, FL 33324), Thomas; Robert M. (2052 Cottage St., Ft. Myers, FL 33901) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,034,221 Date filed: June 22, 1989 Abstract: A topical agent and method for the treatment and prevention of pseudofolliculitis barbae, commonly known as "razor bumps", is effected by the topical application to beard areas of the face of a combination of acetylsalicylic acid, corn starch, isopropyl alcohol, and aloe vera. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a disorder known as pseudofolliculitis barbae and, more particularly, to a product in the nature of a topical preparation and a method for the treatment and prevention of psuedofolliculitis barbae. Pseudofolliculitis barbae is the clinical name given to the condition commonly known as "razor bumps". Generally, this condition describes the ingrowth of emerged facial hairs back into the skin at a location currently adjacent to the follicle from which the hair has emerged. This penetration back into the skin causes an antigenic foreign body reaction at the point of re-penetration, resulting in lesions consisting of firm papules and pustules in which the ingrown hair can become buried. Further, infections can become super imposed upon this basic state, augmenting the inflammatory reaction. Resultingly, further shaving becomes difficult and painful. From the point of view of physiomechanics, pseudofolliculitis barbae is caused by strongly curved facial hairs. For this reason, the condition tends to have a greater incidence in males of the Negro race. These curved facial hairs emerge closely parallel to the skin and, owing to their curvature, are mechanically biased toward re-entry into the skin. Because of their initial emergence so close to the skin surface, these hairs often are not closely cut, at their point of emergence during shaving. In practice, shaving operates to aggravate the condition because shaving serves to obliquely cut the biased hair, above the skin surface, leaving a relatively sharp point at the tips which facilitates skin penetration. As such, the act of shaving is at least a partial cause of the condition itself. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05034221__

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Topical compositions and methods for treating Pseudofolliculitis barbae and ingrown hair Inventor(s): Brown; Robert Lee (Irving, TX), Rosen; Steven E. (2150 SW. 90th Ave., Unit "A", Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33324) Assignee(s): Rosen; Steven E. (ft. Lauderdale, Fl) Patent Number: 6,001,340 Date filed: March 30, 1993 Abstract: Topical compositions and methods are disclosed for the treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae and ingrown hair. The compositions comprise acetylsalicylic acid, propylene glycol, glycerine, and isopropyl alcohol. The method involves the step of applying the composition to the beard areas of the face after shaving. The acetylsalicylic acid is dissolved in a solvent mixture comprising propylene glycol, glycerine, and isopropyl alcohol. The acetylsalicylic acid is present in the range of between about 5 percent by weight per unit volume of the solvent mixture up to saturation of the solvent mixture. The solvent mixture comprises propylene glycol in the range of about 5 to 15 percent by volume, glycerine in the range of about 1 to 10 percent by volume, and the balance of the volume made up with isopropyl alcohol alone or a solution comprising at least 50 percent by volume of isopropyl alcohol. The isopropyl alcohol can be in a solution with water, methanol, or ethanol, provided that the polarity of the resulting solution is not so high that the acetylsalicylic acid would readily precipitate from the solution at ordinary room temperature ranges. Excerpt(s): The present inventions relate to improvements in topical compositions and methods for the treatment and prevention of pseudofolliculitis barbae and ingrown hair. Pseudofolliculitis barbae is the clinical name given to the condition commonly known as "razor bumps." Generally, this condition is described as the ingrowth of emerged hairs back into the skin at a location adjacent to the follicle from which the hair has emerged. This penetration back into the skin causes an antigenic foreign body reaction at the point of penetration, resulting in lesions consisting of firm papules and pustules in which the ingrown hair can become buried. Infections can become superimposed upon this basic state, augmenting the inflammatory reaction. Thus, further shaving becomes difficult and painful. Pseudofolliculitis barbae is caused by shaving strong and highly curved hairs. For this reason, the condition tends to have a greater incidence in the bearded areas of males of the Negro race. However, it also affects other races, and ingrown hairs can be a problem for other shaved areas such as the underarms and legs. These curved hairs, instead of emerging straight from the hair follicle and the surface of the skin, tend to emerge oriented parallel to the skin surface and, owing to their curvature, are mechanically biased toward reentry into the skin. Because these hairs are curved, they often are not closely cut at their point of emergence during shaving. In practice, shaving serves to obliquely cut the biased hair rather than cut across the cross-section of the hair, leaving a relatively sharp point at the tips that facilitates skin penetration. Before the next shave, the point or tip of the hair grows into the skin, bringing about the reaction and condition of pseudofolliculitis barbae. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06001340__

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•

Treatment of acne or of pseudofolliculitis barbae Inventor(s): Harrington; F. Eugene (652 Fearrington Post, Fearrington Village, NC 27312), Shander; Douglas (16112 Howard Landing Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 20878), Whitmore; Mary C. (1 Vista Ave., Lynchburg, VA 24503) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,328,686 Date filed: October 30, 1991 Abstract: Patients suffering from acne and/or pseudofolliculitis barbae are treated by applying to the skin of the patient an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the treatment of acne and pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) by the topical application of compositions containing materials capable of inhibiting the action of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). In a preferred embodiment of this invention, such inhibitors are applied along with an antiandrogen or a retinoid. Although the exact mechanisms leading to acne are not known, antiandrogens, retinoic acid, steroids and antibiotics, inter alia have generally been proposed for its treatment, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,139,638; 4,161,540; 4,191,775; 4,344,943; and West German OLS no. 2,840,144. Many of the treatments for PFB, and particularly for acne, produce such serious side effects that the treatment can be justified only in the most severe cases; other treatments are of limited effectiveness. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05328686__

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Use of aryloxycarboxylic acid derivatives against dermatological diseases Inventor(s): Gligora; Mario (A. Kovacica 22a, 5100 Rijeka, YU), Ilg; Laszlo (Zermatter Strasse 29, 2800 Bremen 41, DE) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,871,752 Date filed: June 30, 1987 Abstract: The use of aryloxycarboxylic acid derivatives for the production of a medicament against dermatological diseases especially for combatting ulcus cruris, striae distense atrophicae, cellulitis, collagenoses (lupus erythematosus, sclerodermia, dermatomyositis etc.), REM-syndrome (reticular erythematus-syndrome), alopecia mucinosa, necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, paniculitis nodosa, folliculitis decalvans, psoriasis vulgaris, elastosis senilis, disorders and diseases of elastic fibers, and mesenchymal tumors, collagenous and vascular diseases of the kidneys, liver and lungs, muscle diseases, mesenchymal tumors, burns, cicatrix, lichen sclerosus and atrophicans, anetodermiae (atrophiae cutis), immunological diseases, etc. and as an antagonist against corticosteroids is described. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the use of aryloxycarboxylic acid derivatives for the production of a medicament against dermatological diseases, especially for combatting striae distense atrophicae, ulcus cruris, cellulitis, REM-syndrome (reticular erythematossyndrome), alopecia mucinosa, necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, paniculitis nodosa, folliculitis decalvans, psoriasis vulgaris, and mesenchymal tumours, cicatrix, immunological diseases and as an antagonist for corticosteroids. In DE-OS 36 06 041 the use of aryloxycarboxylic acid derivatives for controlling effluvium oleosum capilicium, i.e. hair loss due to excessive fat at the point of attachment of the hair, is described. Here,

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the drug is worked directly onto the lipocytes or matrix and bulb of the hair without thus causing damaging side effects. Fat synthesis occurs in the lipocytes. Groups of lipocytes form "nodules" (globuli). The nodules are surrounded with collagen and reticular fibres. This capillary system serves to transfer the fat from the cells to the blood. Numerous lipogenic and lipobiotic factors have an influence on the lipocytes in the subcutis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04871752__

Patent Applications on Folliculitis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to folliculitis: •

Methods for managing scalp conditions Inventor(s): Murad, Howard; (Marina del Ray, CA) Correspondence: Pennie & Edmonds Llp; 1667 K Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20020009423 Date filed: August 3, 2001 Abstract: This application relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention, treatment, and management of scalp conditions, such as dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, folliculitis, and hair thinning including a therapeutically effective amount of an acidic component of a hydroxyacid or tannic acid, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. A preferred anti-dandruff composition and method of managing dandruff includes a therapeutically effective amount of the acid component, a vitamin A component, and an anti-growth agent. A preferred anti-hair thinning composition and method of managing thinning hair includes a therapeutically effective amount of the acidic component, a niacin component present in an amount sufficient to locally increase blood circulation, and a 5-.alpha. reductase inhibitor. The invention also relates to a method of treating chemically processed hair by administering to a patient an amount of an acidic component of a hydroxy acid or tannic acid, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in an amount sufficient to essentially close the cuticle and inhibit modification of the chemically processed hair. Excerpt(s): This application relates to pharmaceutical compositions, as well as methods, to normalize skin for the prevention, treatment, and management of scalp conditions. Human skin is a composite material of the epidermis and the dermis. The topmost part of the epidermis is the stratum corneum. This layer is the stiffest layer of the skin, as well as the one most affected by the surrounding environment. Below the stratum corneum is the internal portion of the epidermis. Below the epidermis, the topmost layer of the dermis is the papillary dermis, which is made of relatively loose connective tissues that define the micro-relief of the skin. The reticular dermis, disposed beneath the papillary dermis, is tight, connective tissue that is spatially organized. The reticular dermis is also associated with coarse wrinkles. At the bottom of the dermis lies the

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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subcutaneous layer. The principal functions of the skin include protection, excretion, secretion, absorption, thermoregulation, pigmentogenesis, accumulation, sensory perception, and regulation of immunological processes. These functions are detrimentally affected by, for example, dryness, yeast, and structural changes in the skin, such as due to aging and excessive sun exposure. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Shaving preparations and pseudofolliculitis barbae

methods

for

the

prevention

and

treatment

of

Inventor(s): Bright-Ellington, Virgie; (New York, NY) Correspondence: Kenyon & Kenyon; 1500 K Street, N.W., Suite 700; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20020187118 Date filed: June 7, 2001 Abstract: Improved shaving preparations for the prevention and treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae and ingrown hair containing glucocorticoid and an antibacterial agent. Optionally, the shaving preparation may also include a therapeutic amount of benzoyl peroxide. The present invention also provides a method for preventing and/or treating pseudofolliculitis barbae, wherein the shaving preparations of the present invention are applied to the affected area immediately before shaving, during, after or in between shaves. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improvements in shaving preparations and methods to aid in treatment and prevention of the skin condition pseudofolliculitis barbae, also known as ingrown hair or razor bumps. Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) is a skin condition in which hair tends to become ingrown. As a consequence, a foreignbody type of inflammatory papule or pustule develops, which may then progress into a nodule or abscess. PFB is generally treated by applying a topical therapeutic agent to the infected area. In severe cases of untreated PFB, systemic antibiotics are used to treat secondary bacterial infection. While some of the prior art agents provide some relief by treating the inflammation and infection caused by PFB, they generally do not provide treatment or prevention of PFB. Most of the therapeutic agents disclosed in the prior art include the use of topical compositions containing ingredients requiring a medical prescription, or drying and acidic agents which cause inflammatory reactions in some with sensitive skin, precluding usage for all skin types. Moreover, the prior art disclosures regarding shaving preparations require multiple treatment steps in addition to shaving. Applicant knows of nothing in the prior art that teaches the use of a shaving preparation of the present invention in a single treatment step prior to shaving. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with folliculitis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps:

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Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “folliculitis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on folliculitis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning folliculitis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON FOLLICULITIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to folliculitis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on folliculitis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Folliculitis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to folliculitis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and folliculitis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “folliculitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on folliculitis: •

Chapter 201: Bacterial Skin Infections Source: in Berkow, R., ed. The Merck Manual of Medical Information: Home Edition (online version). Rahway, NJ: Merck and Company, Inc. 2000. 6 p. Contact: Available online from Merck and Company, Inc. (800) 819-9456. Website: www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/contents.htm. Also available from your local book store. PRICE: $29.95 plus shipping. Summary: This chapter provides the general public and people who have bacterial skin infections with information on the symptoms and treatment of impetigo, folliculitis, boils, carbuncles, erysipelas, cellulitis, paronychia, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, and erythrasma. Although many types of bacteria can infect the skin, the most common are Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. People at high risk of contracting skin infections include people who have diabetes or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Keeping the skin undamaged and clean usually prevents infections. Impetigo, which is caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus, is a skin infection that

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leads to the formation of small pus filled blisters. An oral antibiotic is used to treat impetigo. Folliculitis, which is caused by infection with Staphylococcus, causes hair follicles to become irritated and reddened. Boils, which are caused by staphylococcal infection around hair follicles, are large, tender, swollen, raised areas with a pus filled center. Carbuncles are clusters of boils. These three infections can be prevented by keeping the skin clean with a liquid soap containing an antibacterial agent. Moist heat can be used to help a boil drain spontaneously. Antibiotics are also used to treat boils and carbuncles. Erysipelas, which is caused by Streptococcus, is characterized by a shiny, red, slightly swollen, tender rash, often with small blisters. Antibiotics are used to treat this infection. Cellulitis, which is usually caused by streptococcal or staphylococcal infection, produces swelling, tenderness, warmth, and redness of the skin. Treatment involves taking penicillin or a penicillin type drug. Paronychia, which can be caused by many different bacteria or by fungi, is an infection around the edge of a fingernail or toenail. Hot compresses and warm soaks help relieve symptoms and fight infection. A doctor may need to drain the infection. Antibiotics and antifungals may also be prescribed. Staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome causes the top layer of skin to peel off as though burned. Infants, young children, and people with depressed immune systems are usually affected. Diagnosis is based on examination or culture of a skin sample. Oral or intravenous penicillin type antibiotics are used to treat this syndrome. Erythrasma, an infection of the top layers of the skin caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum, often occurs in areas where skin touches skin. An oral antibiotic can eliminate the infection.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html. 11

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The NLM Gateway13

The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “folliculitis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1549 13 880 25 120 2587

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “folliculitis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 17 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 13 14

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 18 19

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on folliculitis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to folliculitis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to folliculitis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “folliculitis”:

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Other guides Autoimmune Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/autoimmunediseases.html Dermatitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dermatitis.html Food Allergy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodallergy.html Hair Diseases and Hair Loss http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hairdiseasesandhairloss.html Head Lice http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headlice.html Hearing Disorders and Deafness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearingdisordersanddeafness.html Hepatitis C http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitisc.html Skin Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skindiseases.html Tinea Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tineainfections.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to folliculitis, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Baldness Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00278 Hair Loss and Its Causes Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/081.xml Keeping the Luster in Your Locks: The Four Most Common Hair Concerns Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/PressReleases/HairCare.html

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms Hair Loss Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/501.xml Unraveling the Mystery of Hair Loss: Dermatologists Can Help Provide Answers Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/PressReleases/McMichael%2520-%2520Hair%2520Loss.html

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Treatment Hair Restoration Treatments Source: American Society for Dermatologic Surgery http://www.asds-net.org/Patients/FactSheets/patients-Fact_Sheet-hair_rest.html Understanding Hair Replacement: Surgery of The Scalp Source: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery http://www.facial-plastic-surgery.org/patient/procedures/hair_replace.html

•

Coping Cancer Chemotherapy: How Do I Deal with Losing My Hair? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/mbc/content/mbc_2_2x_how_do_i_deal_with_lo sing_my_hair.asp?sitearea=mbc Chemotherapy and You: Coping with Side Effects Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/chemotherapy-and-you/page4

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Alopecia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/alopecialoader.html Alopecia Areata: Frequently Asked Questions Source: National Alopecia Areata Foundation http://www.alopeciaareata.com/requestinfo/faq.asp Folliculitis Source: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/folliculitis.html Gray Hair: What Causes It? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00310 Heading Off Hair-Care Disasters: Use Caution With Relaxers and Dyes Source: Food and Drug Administration http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/fdahdye.html Hirsutism (Excess Hair) Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/210.xml Merkel Cell Cancer Source: National Cancer Institute http://cis.nci.nih.gov/fact/6_11.htm Telogen Effluvium Hair Loss Source: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/telogen_effluvium.html Vaccines and Hair Loss Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nip/vacsafe/concerns/Hairloss.htm

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Children Help! It's Hair Loss! Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/health_problems/skin/hair_loss.html Say Hello to Hair and Nails Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/body/hair_nail_noSW.html

•

From the National Institutes of Health Questions and Answers about Alopecia Areata Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/alopecia/alopecia.htm

•

Men Male Pattern Baldness Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ6Q72SWAC &sub_cat=300

•

Organizations American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/ National Alopecia Areata Foundation http://www.alopeciaareata.com/ National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/

•

Research National Registry Established for Alopecia Areata Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/ne/press/2001/02_20.htm

•

Teenagers Alopecia Areata Facts Source: National Alopecia Areata Foundation http://www.alopeciaareata.com/kids/teen-facts.asp Hair Loss Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/skin/hair_loss.html Skin, Hair, and Nails Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/body_basics/skin_hair_nails.html

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Women Female Pattern Hair Loss Source: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/female_pattern_hai.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on folliculitis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Pityrosporum Folliculitis Source: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. 2001. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. (800) 449-2623. Fax: (660) 627-2623. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This fact sheet provides an overview of pityrosporum folliculitis, a condition in which the yeast pityrosporum gets into hair follicles causing an acne-like condition. The pimples are the size of pinheads and are most commonly found on the upper chest and upper back. Patients are more likely to develop this condition if they have seborrheic dermatitis or severe dandruff, are overweight, wear tight or synthetic clothing, use sunscreens or oily emollients, have a compromised immune system, are stressed or fatigued, have diabetes, or are taking oral steroids. Both the yeast overgrowth and any predisposing factors must be treated. Topical treatments include special shampoos, propylene glycol, Lamisol solution, and Loprox or Nizoral cream. For more resistant cases, oral Nizoral, Sporonox, or Accutane may be used. 2 figures.

•

Folliculitis Source: Kirksville, MO: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology (AOCD). 2001. 2 p. Contact: Available online from American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. 1501 East Illinois Street, P.O. Box 7525, Kirksville, MO 63501. (800) 449-2623 or (660) 665-2184. Fax (660) 627-2623. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/ index.html. Summary: This fact sheet provides people who have folliculitis with information on the symptoms and treatment of this infection of the hair follicles. The condition looks like acne pimples or nonhealing, crusty sores. Symptoms include itching and a little

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soreness. An acute eruption is usually caused by Staph germs. Treatment is with oral Keflex, dicloxacillin, or similar oral antibiotics for 10 days. Topical antibiotic creams or lotions can also be used. Chronic folliculitis can occur in any areas that are shaved, waxed, or plucked, or where there is friction. In chronic cases, hair needs to be allowed to grow for at least 3 months. Oral antibiotics can be given for 4 to 6 weeks. Antiseptic lotions should be used on the affected areas unless the skin is sensitive. People who have sensitive skin should avoid Lycra workout clothes and tight fitting rough fabrics like blue jeans. A nongreasy moisturizer plus a mild prescription cortisone cream should be applied to the affected area if there is associated eczema. Hair removal laser treatments may be helpful in resistant and recurrent cases. 2 figures. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to folliculitis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to folliculitis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with folliculitis.

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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about folliculitis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “folliculitis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “folliculitis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “folliculitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “folliculitis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 95 •

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 97 •

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on folliculitis: •

Basic Guidelines for Folliculitis Acne Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000873.htm Aids Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000594.htm Folliculitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000823.htm Pseudofolliculitis barbae Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000823.htm Tinea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001439.htm Tinea barbae Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000823.htm

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Signs & Symptoms for Folliculitis Erythema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Papule Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003233.htm Pustules Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003234.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Reddened skin areas Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm

•

Diagnostics and Tests for Folliculitis Eosinophils Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003649.htm Fasting blood sugar Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003482.htm

•

Background Topics for Folliculitis Aggravated by Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002227.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

Online Glossaries 101

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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FOLLICULITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Keloid: A type of acneiform disorder in which secondary pyogenic infection in and around pilosebaceous structures ends in keloidal scarring. It manifests as persistent folliculitis of the back of the neck associated with occlusion of the follicular orifices. It is most often encountered in black or Asian men. [NIH] Acne Rosacea: An acneiform eruption occurring mostly in middle-aged adults and appearing generally on the forehead, cheeks, nose, and chin. Three types are recognized: granulomatous, glandular hyperplastic with rhinophyma, and ocular. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element,

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organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allopurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor that decreases uric acid production. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anogenital: Pertaining to the anus and external genitals. [EU]

Dictionary 105

Antiandrogens: Drugs used to block the production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]

Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Apocrine Glands: Large, branched, specialized sweat glands that empty into the upper portion of a hair follicle instead of directly onto the skin. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and Eucarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct.

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They are characterized by: 1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; 2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; 3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and 4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least three kingdoms: crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and korarchaeota. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Axilla: The underarm or armpit. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for burns and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of acne and poison ivy. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry. [NIH]

Dictionary 107

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH]

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Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Camphor: A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plant (primarily the camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora). Natural camphor is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw

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material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Cicatrix: The formation of new tissue in the process of wound healing. [NIH] Cicatrix, Hypertrophic: An elevated scar, resembling a keloid, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coenzymes: Substances that are necessary for the action or enhancement of action of an enzyme. Many vitamins are coenzymes. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and

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leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH]

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Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Co-trimoxazole: A combination of two anti-infection drugs, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. It is used to fight bacterial and protozoal infections. [NIH] Cryptococcosis: Infection with a fungus of the species Cryptococcus neoformans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is

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multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatologic Agents: Drugs used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialysate: A cleansing liquid used in the two major forms of dialysis--hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diathermy: The induction of local hyperthermia by either short radio waves or highfrequency sound waves. [NIH] Diathesis: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Eccrine Glands: Simple sweat glands that secrete sweat directly onto the skin. [NIH] Ectoderm: The outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH] Ectodermal Dysplasia: A group of hereditary disorders involving tissues and structures derived from the embryonic ectoderm. They are characterized by the presence of abnormalities at birth and involvement of both the epidermis and skin appendages. They are generally nonprogressive and diffuse. Various forms exist, including anhidrotic and hidrotic dysplasias, focal dermal hypoplasia, and aplasia cutis congenita. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous

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and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Eflornithine: 2-(Difluoromethyl)-DL-ornithine. An inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. As a result of this inhibition of polyamine synthesis, the compound is effective in preventing cancer formation in many organ systems, inhibiting cancer growth, and reducing tumor size. It also has synergistic action with other antineoplastic agents. In addition, it has been found effective as a trypanocidal agent. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endophthalmitis: Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye; not all layers of the uvea are affected. Fungi, necrosis of intraocular tumors, and retained intraocular foreign bodies often cause a purulent endophthalmitis. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the

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pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Erysipelas: An acute infection of the skin caused by species of streptococcus. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrasma: A chronic bacterial infection of major folds of the skin, caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exotoxin: Toxic substance excreted by living bacterial cells. [NIH] Expander: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight. used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. called also extender. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU]

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Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fibroma: A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Folliculitis: Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Foreign-Body Reaction: Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fulguration: Destroying tissue using an electric current. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Furunculosis: An infection where furuncles are present over a period of weeks to months. Species of Staphylococcus are usually the causative agents. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH]

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Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH]

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Granuloma Annulare: Benign granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by a ring of localized or disseminated papules or nodules on the skin and palisading histiocytes surrounding necrobiotic tissue resulting from altered collagen structures. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]

Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless,

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odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypertrichosis: Localized or generalized excess hair. The concept does not include hirsutism, which is excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH]

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Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impetigo: A common superficial bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or

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bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intertrigo: A superficial dermatitis occurring on skin surfaces in contact with each other, such as the axillae, neck creases, intergluteal fold, between the toes, etc. Obesity is a predisposing factor. The condition is caused by moisture and friction and is characterized by erythema, maceration, burning, and exudation. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keloid: A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (cicatrix, hypertrophic) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Larva: Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals. [NIH] Larva Migrans: Infections caused by nematode larvae which never develop into the adult stage and migrate through various body tissues. They commonly infect the skin, eyes, and viscera in man. Ancylostoma brasiliensis causes cutaneous larva migrans. Toxocara causes visceral larva migrans. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series,

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lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH]

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Maceration: The softening of a solid by soaking. In histology, the softening of a tissue by soaking, especially in acids, until the connective tissue fibres are so dissolved that the tissue components can be teased apart. In obstetrics, the degenerative changes with discoloration and softening of tissues, and eventual disintegration, of a fetus retained in the uterus after its death. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and

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viruses. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Migrans: Infestation of the dermis by various larvae, characterized by bizarre red irregular lines which are broad at one end and fade at the other, produced by burrowing larvae. [NIH] Millimeter: A measure of length. A millimeter is approximately 26-times smaller than an inch. [NIH] Mineral Oil: A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient. [NIH] Miscible: Susceptible of being mixed. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing. [NIH] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycosis Fungoides: A chronic malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages the lymph nodes and viscera are affected. [NIH] Myelodysplastic syndrome: Disease in which the bone marrow does not function normally. Also called preleukemia or smoldering leukemia. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis,

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prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrobiosis Lipoidica: A degenerative disease of the dermal connective tissue characterized by the development of erythematous papules or nodules in the pretibial area. The papules form plaques covered with telangiectatic vessels. More than half of the affected patients have diabetes. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neodymium: Neodymium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nevus: A benign growth on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes and surrounding supportive tissue that usually appears as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on the skin. The plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye). [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH]

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Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nummular: Coin-sized and coin-shaped. [EU] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. [NIH] Ornithine Decarboxylase: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein, believed to be the rate-limiting compound in the biosynthesis of polyamines. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine, which is then linked to a propylamine moiety of decarboxylated Sadenosylmethionine to form spermidine. EC 4.1.1.17. [NIH] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Papule: A small circumscribed, superficial, solid elevation of the skin. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paraparesis: Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; muscular diseases; intracranial hypertension; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH]

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Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Paronychia: Inflammation involving the folds of tissue surrounding the nail. Called also perionychia. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologist: A doctor who identifies diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH]

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Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an antiarrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium hydroxide: A toxic and highly corrosive chemical used to make soap, in bleaching, and as a paint remover. It is used in small amounts as a food additive and in the preparatrion of some drugs. [NIH] Povidone: A polyvinyl polymer of variable molecular weight; used as suspending and dispersing agent and vehicle for pharmaceuticals; also used as blood volume expander. [NIH] Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government

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agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Preleukemia: Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have

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oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Pseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants. [NIH] Psoralen: A substance that binds to the DNA in cells and stops them from multiplying. It is being studied in the treatment of graft-versus-host disease and is used in the treatment of psoriasis and vitiligo. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Putrescine: A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine. [NIH] Pyoderma: Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Pyoderma Gangrenosum: An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU]

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Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radio Waves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency) waves are used in citizen's band communication. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Reentry: Reexcitation caused by continuous propagation of the same impulse for one or more cycles. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Reticular: Coarse-fibered, netlike dermis layer. [NIH] Reticulata: Part of substantia nigra. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinophyma: A manifestation of severe Acne rosacea resulting in significant enlargement of the nose and occurring primarily in men. It is caused by hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands and surrounding connective tissue. The nose is reddened and marked with numerous telangiectasias. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each

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consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Sclerotic: Pertaining to the outer coat of the eye; the sclera; hard, indurated or sclerosed. [NIH]

Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Smoldering leukemia: Disease in which the bone marrow does not function normally. Also called preleukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are

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obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spermidine: A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spongiosis: Oedema in the epidermis with separation of the prickle cells, and stretching and ultimate rupture of their prickles. [NIH]

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Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome: A disease of infants due to group 2 phage type 17 staphylococci that produce an epidermolytic exotoxin. Superficial fine vesicles and bullae form and rupture easily, resulting in loss of large sheets of epidermis. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other

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disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sycosis: A chronic pustular perifolliculitis. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thermoregulation: Heat regulation. [EU] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of

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thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Expansion: Process whereby tissue adjacent to a soft tissue defect is expanded by means of a subcutaneously implanted reservoir. The procedure is used in reconstructive surgery for injuries caused by trauma, burns, or ablative surgery. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ulcus cruris: Ulcer of the foot [EU] Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. UV radiation can damage the skin and cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB rays. UVB rays are more likely than UVA rays to cause sunburn, but UVA rays pass deeper into the skin. Scientists have long thought that UVB radiation can cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. They now think that UVA radiation also may add to skin damage that can lead to skin cancer and cause premature aging. For this reason, skin

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specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that reflect, absorb, or scatter both kinds of UV radiation. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Variola: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Larva Migrans: Infestation of the dermis by various larvae, characterized by bizarre red irregular lines which are broad at one end and fade at the other, produced by burrowing larvae. [NIH]

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Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Vulva: The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdomen, 60, 103, 107, 121, 126, 132, 133, 134 Abdominal, 13, 103, 115, 125, 126, 135 Abdominal Pain, 13, 103, 115, 135 Abscess, 73, 103 Acantholysis, 103, 126 Acetylcholine, 103, 124 Acne, 4, 7, 8, 11, 23, 24, 25, 32, 36, 41, 42, 65, 67, 71, 89, 99, 103, 106, 120, 130 Acne Keloid, 36, 103 Acne Rosacea, 8, 103 Acne Vulgaris, 4, 23, 24, 65, 67, 103, 120 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 15, 17, 75, 103 Adrenal Cortex, 103, 117, 128 Adverse Effect, 62, 103, 120, 127, 131 Aerobic, 103, 129 Aerosol, 103, 127 Affinity, 103, 132 Algorithms, 104, 107 Alkaline, 104 Allopurinol, 18, 104 Aloe, 69, 104 Alopecia, 13, 20, 30, 39, 44, 71, 87, 88, 104 Alpha Particles, 104, 130 Alternative medicine, 104 Aluminum, 9, 42, 104, 137 Amber, 104, 119 Amebiasis, 104, 122 Amino acid, 104, 105, 106, 118, 125, 126, 127, 128, 134, 135, 136 Ammonia, 60, 104, 134, 136 Analgesic, 104, 123 Anatomical, 104, 109 Anogenital, 60, 104 Antiandrogens, 71, 105 Antibacterial, 73, 76, 105, 132 Antibiotic, 24, 62, 65, 76, 90, 105, 123, 126, 132 Antibodies, 105, 118, 119, 121 Antibody, 104, 105, 110, 111, 119 Anticonvulsant, 105, 108, 127 Antifungal, 41, 105, 115, 120 Antigen, 104, 105, 110, 116, 118, 119 Anti-infective, 105, 108, 120, 132 Anti-inflammatory, 105, 116, 119, 123 Antimicrobial, 60, 105

Antineoplastic, 105, 113, 125 Antineoplastic Agents, 105, 113 Antipruritic, 105, 108 Antipyretic, 105, 123 Antiseptic, 90, 105, 127 Antiviral, 105, 120 Anus, 104, 105, 110, 120 Aplasia, 105, 112 Apocrine Glands, 60, 105 Aqueous, 67, 105, 106, 111 Archaea, 105, 122 Arginine, 106, 124, 125, 129 Arterial, 106, 118, 128, 134 Arteries, 106, 107, 111, 122 Arterioles, 106, 107, 108 Artery, 106, 107, 111, 126, 129, 136 Atopic, 17, 32, 106 Atrophy, 27, 103, 106 Autacoids, 106, 119 Axilla, 64, 106 Axillary, 60, 106 B Bacteria, 75, 105, 106, 116, 122, 123, 129, 132, 133, 134, 136 Bacterial Infections, 65, 106 Bactericidal, 106, 114 Bacteriostatic, 67, 106 Basal cell carcinoma, 17, 106 Basal cells, 106 Base, 106, 120, 123 Basophils, 106, 116, 121 Benign, 106, 115, 117, 124 Benzoyl Peroxide, 67, 73, 106 Bilateral, 107, 125 Bile, 107, 115, 121, 133 Biological response modifier, 107, 119 Biotechnology, 4, 5, 81, 107 Blister, 107, 126 Blood pressure, 107, 118, 132 Blood vessel, 107, 109, 113, 117, 120, 122, 132, 136 Blood Volume, 107, 127 Body Fluids, 107, 112, 132 Body Mass Index, 107, 125 Bone Marrow, 15, 107, 116, 118, 121, 123, 128, 131 Bowel, 107, 120, 135 Bradykinin, 107, 124

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Branch, 97, 107, 126, 129, 132 Bromine, 48, 56, 107 Buccal, 107, 121 Burns, 28, 65, 67, 71, 106, 107, 108, 135 Burns, Electric, 107, 108 C Camphor, 61, 108 Candidiasis, 14, 108, 115 Candidosis, 108 Capillary, 72, 107, 108, 136 Carbamazepine, 18, 108 Carbohydrate, 108, 116 Carcinogen, 108, 122 Carcinogenic, 108, 133 Carcinoma, 108 Cardiac, 108, 113, 114, 123, 133 Case report, 10, 13, 22, 26, 27, 34, 35, 40, 108 Catheter, 19, 108 Causal, 108, 131 Caustic, 108, 132 Cell Division, 106, 108, 127 Cellulitis, 71, 75, 108 Cellulose, 108, 115, 127 Cerebral, 109, 114, 129, 132 Cerebral Palsy, 109, 132 Chemotherapy, 87, 109 Chin, 64, 103, 109, 122 Cholesterol, 107, 109, 121, 133 Chromatin, 109, 114 Chronic Disease, 109, 121 Cicatrix, 71, 109, 120 Cicatrix, Hypertrophic, 109, 120 CIS, 34, 87, 109 Clinical trial, 4, 81, 109, 111 Cloning, 107, 109 Coenzymes, 109, 124 Colitis, 109 Collagen, 72, 104, 109, 117, 120, 127, 128 Collagen disease, 109, 117 Colon, 109, 135 Combination Therapy, 48, 110 Complement, 110 Complementary and alternative medicine, 51, 57, 110 Complementary medicine, 51, 110 Computational Biology, 81, 110 Congenita, 110, 112 Congestion, 110, 114 Connective Tissue, 66, 72, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 115, 120, 121, 122, 124, 130 Connective Tissue Cells, 110

Contact dermatitis, 52, 111 Contraindications, ii, 111 Controlled study, 39, 111 Cornea, 111, 120, 131 Corneum, 66, 67, 72, 111, 114 Coronary, 111, 122 Coronary Thrombosis, 111, 122 Cortex, 111, 125 Corticosteroids, 17, 71, 111, 116 Cortisone, 90, 111 Co-trimoxazole, 8, 51, 111 Cryptococcosis, 15, 111 Curative, 4, 111, 124 Cyclic, 111, 117, 124 Cyst, 33, 111 Cytokines, 33, 38, 111 Cytoplasm, 106, 111, 114 D Deamination, 111, 136 Decarboxylation, 111, 125, 129 Decubitus, 65, 111 Degenerative, 111, 122, 124, 130 Dementia, 103, 111 Dermal, 19, 112, 124 Dermatitis, 7, 15, 27, 33, 39, 48, 52, 60, 65, 72, 86, 89, 112, 120 Dermatologic Agents, 112 Dermatosis, 28, 112 Dermis, 64, 66, 72, 112, 120, 123, 130, 134, 136 Deuterium, 112, 118 Diagnostic procedure, 59, 112 Dialysate, 65, 112 Diastolic, 112, 118 Diathermy, 62, 112 Diathesis, 32, 112 Digestion, 107, 112, 121, 133 Digestive tract, 112, 133 Dihydrotestosterone, 112, 130 Direct, iii, 61, 66, 67, 112, 116, 130 Disinfectant, 112, 114 Distal, 112, 113 Duct, 60, 112, 134 Dysmenorrhea, 112, 123 E Eccrine Glands, 60, 112 Ectoderm, 112 Ectodermal Dysplasia, 39, 112 Eczema, 12, 90, 112 Edema, 111, 113, 120 Eflornithine, 4, 113 Elastic, 71, 113, 132

Index 141

Elastin, 109, 113 Electrode, 62, 113 Electrolysis, 4, 113 Electrolyte, 113, 127, 132 Emaciation, 103, 113 Emodin, 104, 113 Emollient, 113, 116, 123, 125 Endemic, 113, 133 Endocarditis, 19, 108, 113 Endocardium, 113 Endogenous, 112, 113 Endophthalmitis, 19, 113 Endothelium, 113, 124 Endothelium-derived, 113, 124 Environmental Health, 80, 82, 113 Enzyme, 71, 109, 113, 117, 119, 128, 130, 137 Eosinophils, 19, 100, 114, 116, 121 Epidemic, 8, 38, 114, 133 Epidermis, 63, 66, 72, 103, 106, 107, 111, 112, 114, 117, 126, 128, 129, 132, 133 Epidermoid carcinoma, 114, 133 Epinephrine, 114, 135 Erysipelas, 75, 114 Erythema, 65, 100, 111, 114, 120, 134 Erythrasma, 60, 75, 114 Erythrocytes, 107, 114 Ethanol, 70, 114 Exogenous, 113, 114 Exotoxin, 114, 133 Expander, 114, 127 Extensor, 114, 129, 137 Extracellular, 110, 114, 132 Extracellular Matrix, 110, 114 Extremity, 114, 125 F Facial, 19, 35, 62, 63, 64, 69, 87, 115, 126 Family Planning, 81, 115 Fat, 71, 107, 115, 121, 125, 131, 132 Fatty acids, 68, 115, 128, 131 Fibroma, 40, 115 Fibrosis, 115, 131 Fluconazole, 11, 12, 19, 115 Fold, 115, 120 Follicles, 62, 67, 68, 76, 115 Foramen, 109, 115 Foreign-Body Reaction, 64, 115 Friction, 90, 115, 120 Fulguration, 62, 115 Fungi, 76, 105, 113, 115, 122, 123, 134, 137 Fungus, 108, 111, 115, 123 Furunculosis, 35, 115

G Gallbladder, 103, 115 Gas, 104, 115, 118, 124 Gastroenteritis, 107, 115 Gastrointestinal, 107, 114, 115, 134 Gastrointestinal tract, 114, 115 Gels, 63, 116 Gene, 107, 116, 120 Genital, 116, 137 Giant Cells, 116, 131 Giardiasis, 116, 122 Gland, 103, 111, 116, 121, 125, 126, 131, 133, 134 Glucocorticoid, 73, 116, 117 Glycerol, 67, 116, 127 Gonadal, 116, 133 Gout, 116, 123 Governing Board, 116, 128 Graft, 116, 117, 129 Graft-versus-host disease, 116, 129 Gram-negative, 6, 8, 9, 11, 23, 24, 33, 40, 42, 116, 129 Gram-positive, 60, 116, 123, 133 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 60, 116 Granulocyte, 45, 116 Granuloma, 24, 30, 115, 116, 117 Granuloma Annulare, 30, 117 Growth, 3, 33, 65, 72, 105, 106, 113, 117, 119, 122, 124, 127, 129, 134, 135 Guanylate Cyclase, 117, 124 H Hair follicles, 76, 89, 112, 115, 117, 133, 137 Hemodialysis, 112, 117 Hemolytic, 117, 119 Hereditary, 112, 116, 117 Heredity, 103, 116, 117 Herpes, 24, 44, 45, 117 Herpes Zoster, 24, 44, 45, 117 Heterotrophic, 115, 117 Hirsutism, 41, 87, 117, 118 Histiocytosis, 7, 117 Histology, 11, 117, 122 Hormonal, 106, 117 Hormone, 111, 114, 117, 120, 128, 130, 134 Horny layer, 114, 117 Host, 19, 52, 108, 117, 118, 136 Hydrocortisone, 4, 117 Hydrogen, 60, 106, 108, 112, 117, 124, 128 Hydroxylysine, 109, 118 Hydroxyproline, 104, 109, 118 Hypersensitivity, 17, 118, 130 Hypertension, 10, 118, 120

142

Folliculitis

Hyperthermia, 112, 118 Hypertrichosis, 117, 118 Hypoplasia, 112, 118 Hypothyroidism, 10, 118 Hypoxic, 118, 122 I Id, 49, 57, 86, 87, 90, 96, 98, 118 Idiopathic, 118, 129, 131 Immune response, 105, 111, 118, 134, 136 Immune Sera, 118 Immune system, 76, 89, 118, 119, 121, 123, 136, 137 Immunity, 103, 118, 125, 135 Immunization, 62, 118 Immunocompromised, 31, 37, 118 Immunodeficiency, 9, 19, 28, 29, 31, 103, 118 Immunohistochemistry, 39, 119 Immunologic, 8, 9, 118, 119 Immunosuppressive, 116, 119 Impetigo, 4, 60, 65, 75, 119 In vitro, 33, 119 In vivo, 11, 119 Indicative, 119, 126, 136 Indomethacin, 16, 119 Induction, 112, 119 Infancy, 9, 17, 29, 119 Infarction, 111, 119, 122 Intensive Care, 8, 119 Interferon, 17, 19, 33, 119 Interferon-alpha, 19, 119 Intertrigo, 65, 120 Intestines, 103, 112, 115, 120 Intracellular, 119, 120, 124, 127 Intracranial Hypertension, 120, 125 Intraocular, 113, 120 Intravenous, 76, 120 Iodine, 63, 120, 127 Ions, 106, 113, 118, 120 Ischemia, 106, 120 Isopropyl, 69, 70, 120 Isotretinoin, 5, 7, 8, 13, 14, 19, 24, 29, 33, 34, 35, 48, 51, 120 K Kb, 80, 120 Keloid, 39, 67, 109, 120 Keratitis, 13, 56, 120 Ketoconazole, 40, 120 L Larva, 12, 30, 120 Larva Migrans, 12, 120 Laxative, 113, 120, 123

Lethargy, 118, 120 Leucocyte, 120, 121 Leukaemia, 16, 41, 121 Leukocytes, 106, 107, 111, 114, 119, 121 Library Services, 96, 121 Life cycle, 115, 120, 121 Lipid, 116, 121 Lipopolysaccharide, 116, 121 Lipoprotein, 116, 121 Liver, 71, 103, 107, 115, 121, 131, 136 Localization, 30, 119, 121 Localized, 30, 54, 103, 117, 118, 119, 121, 125, 127, 135 Lubricants, 68, 121, 126 Lupus, 15, 71, 109, 121 Lymph, 30, 106, 113, 121, 123, 131 Lymph node, 106, 121, 123, 131 Lymphatic, 16, 113, 119, 121, 122, 132, 134 Lymphocyte, 51, 103, 105, 121 Lymphocyte Count, 103, 121 Lymphocytic, 11, 32, 121 Lymphoid, 105, 111, 121 Lymphoma, 15, 121, 123 M Maceration, 120, 122 Malignant, 103, 105, 117, 122, 123, 124 Malnutrition, 106, 122 Mammary, 60, 122 Mandible, 109, 122 Maxillary, 64, 122 Medical Records, 122, 130 Medicament, 71, 122 MEDLINE, 81, 122 Melanin, 122, 127, 135 Melanocytes, 122, 124 Melanoma, 122, 135 Membrane, 110, 114, 116, 122, 123, 127, 130 Meningitis, 115, 122 Mental, iv, 4, 80, 82, 109, 111, 118, 122, 129 Mental Health, iv, 4, 80, 82, 122, 129 Mesenchymal, 71, 122 Methanol, 70, 122 Metronidazole, 26, 31, 122 MI, 13, 100, 122 Microbiology, 14, 31, 36, 37, 45, 48, 54, 57, 122 Micro-organism, 123, 131 Microscopy, 24, 40, 123 Microtubules, 123, 125 Migrans, 30, 120, 123 Millimeter, 4, 123

Index 143

Mineral Oil, 61, 123 Miscible, 67, 123 Modification, 66, 72, 104, 123 Molecular, 81, 83, 104, 107, 110, 114, 123, 127 Mononuclear, 17, 116, 123 Motility, 119, 123 Mucosa, 121, 123 Mucus, 123, 135 Mupirocin, 21, 123 Muscular Diseases, 123, 125 Mycosis, 12, 123 Mycosis Fungoides, 12, 123 Myelodysplastic syndrome, 16, 123, 131 Myocardium, 122, 123 N Naive, 20, 123 Naproxen, 18, 123 NCI, 1, 79, 87, 109, 123 Necrobiosis Lipoidica, 71, 124 Need, 3, 31, 63, 75, 76, 91, 103, 124 Neodymium, 42, 124 Neoplasms, 103, 105, 124 Neoplastic, 117, 121, 124 Nephropathy, 10, 124 Nerve, 62, 109, 124, 126, 130, 131, 133, 136 Nervous System, 103, 124, 126 Neuronal, 19, 124 Neurons, 124 Neutrons, 104, 124, 130 Neutrophil, 30, 32, 124 Nevus, 33, 124 Niacin, 65, 72, 124, 135 Nitric Oxide, 19, 124 Nitrogen, 4, 124, 135 Nosocomial, 8, 33, 54, 125 Nucleic acid, 124, 125, 132 Nucleus, 106, 109, 111, 112, 114, 123, 124, 125, 128 Nummular, 12, 125 O Ocular, 103, 125 Ointments, 125, 132 Omega-3 fatty acid, 51, 125 Opportunistic Infections, 103, 125 Ornithine, 71, 113, 125, 129 Ornithine Decarboxylase, 71, 113, 125 Osteomyelitis, 39, 125 Overweight, 48, 89, 125 P Paclitaxel, 38, 56, 125 Pancreas, 103, 125

Papilla, 125 Papillary, 66, 72, 125 Papule, 73, 100, 125 Paralysis, 125, 132 Paraparesis, 20, 125 Parasite, 125, 126, 135 Parasitic, 44, 126 Paronychia, 75, 126 Parotid, 126, 131 Patch, 6, 52, 126 Pathogenesis, 3, 29, 126 Pathologic, 108, 111, 118, 126, 129, 132 Pathologist, 31, 126 Patient Education, 89, 94, 96, 100, 126 Pelvis, 103, 126 Pemphigus, 43, 103, 126 Penicillin, 76, 126 Peptide, 104, 126, 128, 134 Perception, 66, 73, 126 Peripheral blood, 17, 119, 126, 128 Peripheral Nervous System, 125, 126, 134 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 125, 126 Peritoneal, 112, 126 Peritoneal Dialysis, 112, 126 Peroxide, 106, 126 Petroleum, 61, 123, 126 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 109, 114, 126, 128 Pharmacologic, 106, 127, 135 Phenylalanine, 127, 135 Phenytoin, 108, 127 Phospholipids, 115, 121, 127 Phototherapy, 27, 35, 127 Plants, 113, 127, 129, 130, 135 Plasma, 51, 105, 107, 114, 127 Platelet Aggregation, 124, 127 Platelets, 124, 127 Pneumonia, 111, 127 Poisoning, 115, 127, 131 Potassium, 60, 68, 127, 131 Potassium hydroxide, 68, 127 Povidone, 63, 127 Povidone-Iodine, 63, 127 Practice Guidelines, 82, 127 Precursor, 127, 128, 132, 135 Preleukemia, 123, 128, 131 Prickle, 103, 128, 132 Progesterone, 128, 133 Progressive, 112, 117, 128 Proline, 109, 118, 128 Prone, 67, 128

144

Folliculitis

Prophylaxis, 128, 136 Propylene Glycol, 70, 89, 128 Prostaglandins, 119, 128 Prostaglandins A, 119, 128 Protease, 110, 128 Protein C, 121, 128, 136 Protein S, 107, 128 Proteins, 60, 104, 105, 109, 110, 111, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 135 Protons, 104, 118, 128, 130 Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 125, 128, 129 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 125, 129 Protozoal, 111, 129 Pruritic, 4, 9, 35, 36, 112, 129 Pruritus, 35, 129 Psoralen, 14, 129 Psoriasis, 65, 71, 72, 129 Psychomotor, 108, 129 Public Health, 5, 35, 36, 45, 54, 56, 82, 129 Public Policy, 81, 129 Pulmonary, 107, 114, 129, 136 Pulse, 42, 62, 129 Purulent, 113, 129, 136 Putrescine, 125, 129, 132 Pyoderma, 6, 12, 13, 62, 129 Pyoderma Gangrenosum, 13, 129 Pyogenic, 103, 125, 129, 131 Pyridoxal, 125, 130 R Race, 64, 69, 70, 130 Radiation, 42, 65, 118, 122, 130, 135, 137 Radio Waves, 112, 130 Radioactive, 118, 130 Radiolabeled, 127, 130 Recombinant, 17, 130 Reductase, 65, 72, 130 Reentry, 64, 70, 130 Refer, 1, 66, 107, 110, 115, 117, 121, 123, 124, 125, 130 Refraction, 130, 132 Regeneration, 65, 130 Reticular, 66, 71, 72, 130 Reticulata, 22, 27, 130 Retina, 130 Retinoid, 71, 130 Retinopathy, 10, 130 Retrospective, 21, 130 Retrospective study, 21, 130 Rheumatoid, 109, 123, 130 Rheumatoid arthritis, 109, 123, 130 Rhinophyma, 103, 130 Rod, 129, 130

S Saponins, 130, 133 Sarcoidosis, 38, 131 Scatter, 131, 136 Sclera, 131 Sclerotic, 40, 131 Screening, 109, 131 Sebaceous, 60, 112, 130, 131, 137 Sebaceous gland, 60, 112, 130, 131, 137 Sebum, 103, 131 Secretion, 66, 73, 103, 118, 123, 131 Seizures, 108, 127, 131 Septicaemia, 6, 131 Septicemia, 9, 131 Serum, 32, 33, 110, 118, 131 Shock, 117, 131, 135 Side effect, 62, 71, 72, 103, 131, 135 Smallpox, 20, 131, 136 Smoldering leukemia, 123, 131 Soaps, 63, 67, 131 Sodium, 60, 68, 116, 123, 131, 132, 134 Soft tissue, 107, 132, 135 Solvent, 67, 70, 114, 116, 122, 128, 132 Sound wave, 112, 132 Spastic, 20, 132 Spasticity, 132 Specialist, 91, 132 Species, 54, 104, 111, 114, 115, 125, 126, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135 Spectrum, 16, 120, 130, 132 Spermidine, 125, 132 Spinal cord, 109, 124, 125, 126, 132 Spinal Cord Diseases, 125, 132 Spinous, 114, 132 Spleen, 121, 131, 132 Spongiosis, 52, 132 Sporadic, 37, 55, 133 Squamous, 40, 114, 133 Squamous cell carcinoma, 40, 114, 133 Squamous cells, 133 Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome, 75, 133 Staphylococcus, 40, 75, 115, 119, 133 Staphylococcus aureus, 115, 119, 133 Sterile, 18, 40, 41, 133 Steroid, 41, 111, 131, 133 Stimulus, 113, 133, 134 Stomach, 103, 112, 115, 117, 120, 132, 133 Streptococcal, 76, 133 Streptococci, 119, 123, 133 Streptococcus, 75, 114, 133 Subacute, 119, 133

Index 145

Subclinical, 119, 131, 133 Subcutaneous, 66, 73, 108, 113, 134 Subspecies, 132, 134 Substance P, 131, 134 Sunburn, 134, 135 Supplementation, 51, 134 Suppression, 17, 134 Sweat, 60, 105, 112, 134 Sweat Glands, 60, 105, 112, 134 Sycosis, 48, 134 Symphysis, 109, 134 Synergistic, 113, 134 Systemic, 5, 17, 24, 40, 73, 107, 108, 109, 114, 119, 120, 131, 134, 135, 136 Systemic disease, 40, 131, 134 Systolic, 118, 134 T Teichoic Acids, 116, 134 Teratogenic, 120, 134 Testosterone, 130, 134 Thermoregulation, 66, 73, 134 Thorax, 103, 134 Threshold, 118, 134 Thrush, 108, 134 Thymus, 118, 121, 134 Thyroid, 118, 120, 134, 135 Thyrotropin, 118, 134 Tin, 33, 135 Tissue Expansion, 13, 135 Topical, 4, 21, 34, 42, 44, 60, 61, 63, 64, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 89, 90, 114, 120, 127, 132, 135 Toxic, iv, 114, 118, 122, 127, 129, 135 Toxicology, 82, 135 Toxins, 105, 119, 131, 135 Trace element, 135 Transcutaneous, 62, 135 Transfection, 107, 135 Transfer Factor, 118, 135 Transplantation, 11, 35, 118, 135 Trauma, 62, 135 Trichomoniasis, 122, 135 Tryptophan, 109, 135 Tyrosine, 42, 135

U Ulcer, 65, 108, 135 Ulcerative colitis, 30, 129, 135 Ulcus cruris, 71, 135 Ultraviolet radiation, 62, 134, 135 Unconscious, 118, 136 Urea, 4, 60, 125, 134, 136 Uric, 104, 116, 136 Urinary, 136, 137 Uvea, 113, 136 V Vaccination, 20, 136 Vaccine, 136 Vaccinia, 20, 136 Vagina, 108, 136, 137 Vaginal, 136, 137 Vaginitis, 108, 136 Variola, 136 Vascular, 71, 112, 113, 119, 124, 132, 136 Vasodilators, 124, 136 Vein, 120, 126, 136 Ventricle, 129, 134, 136 Venules, 107, 108, 136 Vesicular, 117, 131, 136 Veterinary Medicine, 81, 136 Virus, 9, 19, 20, 28, 29, 31, 103, 116, 119, 131, 136 Visceral, 120, 136 Visceral Larva Migrans, 120, 136 Vitiligo, 129, 137 Vitro, 137 Vivo, 137 Vulgaris, 15, 43, 71, 103, 137 Vulva, 31, 137 W White blood cell, 105, 116, 121, 123, 124, 137 Wound Healing, 109, 123, 137 X Xanthine, 104, 137 Xanthine Oxidase, 104, 137 X-ray, 62, 137 Y Yeasts, 108, 115, 137 Yttrium, 42, 137

146

Folliculitis

Index 147

148

Folliculitis

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